BOOKS III and IV - The Search For Mecca

LIVYBOOKS IIIand IVTranslated byB. O. FOSTER

KQX TO85

THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARYFOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D.EDITED BYtT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D.fE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. fW. H. D. ROUSE, LITT.D.L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.LIVYIIBOOKS IIIAND IV133

LIVYWITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATIONIN FOURTEEN VOLUMESIIBOOKS IIIAND IVTRANSLATED BYB. O. FOSTER, PH.D.OF STANFORD UNIVERSITYCAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTSHARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDONWILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDMOMLXVII

First printed 1922Reprinted 1939, 1953, 1960, 196?Printed in Great Britain

CONTENTSTRANSLATOR'S PREFACEPAGEvBOOK in 1SUMMARY OF BOOK III 250BOOK iv 257SUMMARY OF BOOK IV 458INDEX 461MAP OF CENTRAL ITALY . . At endV

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACETHE Latin text of Vols. II. to IV. (comprisingBooks III.-X.) has been set up, like that of Vol. I.,from the latest revisions of the Weissenborn-Muelleredition with German notes, except that the Periochaehave been reprinted from the text of Rossbach(1910). But the spelling is that adopted by ProfessorsConway and Walters in their critical editionof Books I.-V. and Books VI.-X. (Oxford, 1914 and1919), which is the source also of most of the rathernumerous readings which differ from those of theWeissenborn-Mueller text, and has furnished besidesthe materials from which the textual notes havebeen drawn up. I have aimed to record everyinstance where the reading printed does not rest onthe authority of one or more of the good MSS., andto indicate the provenience of the emendation.addition to the symbols used by the Oxford editors,I have employed O to designate such of the goodMSS. as are not cited specificallyfor some otherreading, and s to designate one or more of the lateMSS. or early printed texts.Besides the translations mentioned in the prefaceto Vol. I.(those of Philemon Holland, GeorgeInvii

PREFACEBaker, and Canon Roberts)I have had by me theanonymous version printed in London in 1686, infolio, "for Awnsham Churchill at the Black Swanin Ave-Mary Lane, near Paternoster Row."I am also indebted to the following editions ofparts of Livy : Book III. by P. Thoresby Jones,Oxford, 1914; IV. by H. M. Stephenson, Cambridge,1890; V. by Leonard Whibley, Cambridge,1910; V.-VII. by Cluer and Matheson, Oxford,1904; VI. by F. H. Marshall, Cambridge, 1908;IX. by W. B. Anderson, Cambridge, 1909, and byT. Nicklin, Oxford, 1910. The commentaries ofWeissenborn-Mueller and Luterbacher have, ofcourse, been constantly consulted.B. O. F.In the second impression of this volume a numberof misprints and one or two errors of translation havebeen corrected.I wish to thank Prof. G. R. Noyes ofthe University of California, and Mr. O. J. S. Satchelof the Boys' High School, Kimberley, South Africa,for the notes of errata with which they very kindlyfurnished me.August, 1939.vm

THE MANUSCRIPTS/'" = Veronensis, 4th century.F = Floriacensis, 9th century.P= Parisiensis, 10th century.E = Einsiedlensis, 10th century.H = Harleianus prior, 10th century.T = Thuaneus, 10th century.B = Bambergensis, 10th or llth century.3/= Mediceus, 10th or llth century.Form. = Vormatiensis (as reported by Rhenanus).R = Romanus, llth century.U = Upsaliensis, llth century.D = Dominicanus, llth or 12th century.L = Leidensis, 12th century.tiA = Aginnensis, 13th century.a = later part of A, 14th century.Frag. Haverk. = Fragmentum Haverkampianum (cf.Conway and Walters, vol. i., Praef. ix. 1 ).M 1 ,3/ 2 , etc., denote corrections made by theoriginal scribe or a later corrector.When it isimpossible to identify thecorrector M x isemployed.O = such of the above MSS. as contain thepassage in question and are not otherwisereported.S = one or more of the late MSS. or earlyprinted texts. ix

ABBREVIATIONS= Aid. (or ed. Aid) the Aldine edition, Venice, 1518.Cassiod. = Cassiodorius.Class. Quart. = The Classical Quarterly, London, 1907 ff.C. I. L. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. 2 i. Berlin,1893-5.Diod. = Diodorus Siculus.Dion. Hal. = Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

LIVYFROM THE FOUNDING OF THE CITYBOOK III

T. LIVIAB URBE CONDITALIBERIIII. ANTIO capto T. Aemilius et Q. Fabius consulesfiunt. Hie erat Fabius 1 quiCremeram genti superfuerat.unus exstinctae adlam priore consulatu2 Aemilius dandi agri plebi fuerat auctor ;itaquesecundo quoque consulatu eius et agrarii sein spemlegis erexerant, et tribuni, rem contra consules saepetemptatam adiutore utique consule obtineri posserati, suscipiunt;et consul manebat in sententia sua.3 Possessores et magna pars patrum,tribuniciis seiactare actionibus principem civitatis et largiendode alieno popularem fieri querentes, totius invidiam4 rei a tribunis in consulem averterant. Atrox certarnenaderat, ni Fabius consilio neutri parti acerbo21Fabius 5- : Fabius Quinctius n.

LIVYFROM THE FOUNDING OF THE CITYBOOK IIII. AFTER the capture of Antium, Titus Aemilius and B.C.Quintus Fabius were elected consuls. This was that 467Fabius who had been the sole survivor of his family1destroyed at the Cremera. In his former consulshipAemilius had already supported the assignment ofland to the plebs. Consequently, when he entered asecond time upon the office, not only had the agrariansbegun to have hopes of a law, but the tribunes,who had often tried to carry the measure againstthe opposition of the consuls, now took itup in thebelief that with the co-operation of a consul itcould certainly be made good and;the consulcontinued of the same mind. The possessors ol theland, comprising a large proportion of the patricians,complained that the head of the state was openlysupporting tribunician policies and making himselfpopular by a generosity exhibited at other men's expensethey thus diverted the resentment awakened;by the whole affair from the tribunes to the consul.A bitter struggle was impending, when Fabius, by aproposal which neither side found injurious, set the1See n. 1. 11.

LIVY

BOOK III. i.4-n. 3matter right. Under the leadership and auspices of B.C. 467Titus Quinctius, as he pointed out, a considerableterritory had been conquered the year before from theVolsci ; Antium, a well-situated maritime city, couldbe made the seat of a colony;in this way thepiebs would obtain farms without causing the landholdersto complain, and the state would be atharmony. This suggestion was adopted. As commissionersfor distributing the land Fabius appointedTitus Quinctius, Aulus Verginius, and Publius Furius,and it was ordered that those who wished to receivegrants should give in their names. There at onceappeared the fastidiousness which usually attendsabundance, and so few persons enrolled that Volsciancolonists were added to fill out the number; therest of the populace preferred demanding land atRome to receiving it elsewhere. The Aequi beggedQuintus Fabius, who had invaded their country, togrant them peace and broke it themselves by a;sudden raid on Latin territory.II. Quintus Servilius, being sent against the B - c -Aequiin the following year when he and Spurius Postumiuswere consuls made a permanent camp in the Latincountry, where the army was attacked by a pestilencewhich deprivedit of the power to act. The wardragged on into its third year, the consulship ofQuintus Fabius and Titus Quinctius. To Fabiuswas given the command against the Aequi, withoutthe customary drawing of lots, since he had beenvictorious over them and had granted them peace.Setting out in the full expectation that the gloryof his name would bring the enemy to terms, hesent envoys to their national council and bade themannounce that Quintus Fabius the consul said that

LIVYA.U.O. Romam tulisse. ab Roma Aequis bellum adferre;88-liS9eadem dextera armata quam pacatamillis antea4 dederat. Quorum id perfidia et periurio fiat deosnunc testes esse, mox fore ultores. Se tamen,utcumque sit, etiam nunc paenitere sua sponte Aequostutum re-6 quam pati hostilia malle. Si paeniteat,ceptum ad expertam clementiam fore : sin periuriogaudeant, dis magis iratis quam hostibus gesturos6 bellum. Haec dicta adeo nihil moverunt quemquamut legati prope violati sint exercitusque in Algidum7 adversus Romanos missus. Quae ubi Romam suntnuntiata, indignitas rei magis quam periculum consulemalterum ab urbe excivit. Ita duo consularesexercitus ad hostem accessere acie instructa ut con-8 festim dimicarent. Sed cum forte baud multumdiei superesset, unus ab statione hostium exclamat :9 " Ostentare hoc est, Romani, non gerere bellum. Innoctem imminentem aciem instruitis ;longiore lucead id certamen quod instat nobis opus est. Crastinodie oriente sole redite in aciem ; erit copia pugnandi 510 ne timete." His vocibus inritatus miles in diemposterum in castra reducitur, longam venire noctemratus quae moram certamini faceret. Turn quidemcorpora cibo somnoque curant ;ubi inluxit postero6

BOOK III. ii.3-10he had brought peace from the Aequi to Rome, andwas then bringing war from Rome to the Aequi inthe same right hand, now armed, which he hadformerly given them in friendship. Whose faithlessnessand perjury were responsible for this, thegods were even then witnesses, and would presentlypunish the offenders. Yet however that mightbe, he would himself prefer that the Aequi shouldeven now freely repent, instead of suffering thepenalties of war. If they did so, they could counton a safe refuge in the clemency they had alreadyproved but if they rejoiced in perjury, it was rather;with the angry gods than with their enemies thatthey would be at war. So far were these wordsfrom having the slightest effect on anyone, that theenvoys narrowly escaped violation, and an armywas dispatched to Algidus against the Romans.On the arrival of this news at Rome, the insult,rather than the danger, brought the other consulout from the City. And so two consular armiesapproached the enemy, drawn up in line of battle,that they might instantly engage them. But sinceithappened to be near the end of the day, a mancalled out to them from an outpost of the enemy,"This, Romans, is making a parade of war, notwaging When it. night is about to fall, you drawup your battle-line we need more;hours of daylightfor the struggle which is close at hand. To-morrowat sunrise form your battle-line again there will be;opportunity for fighting, never fear "Galled by!these words the troops were led back to their campto await the morrow ;the night would be a long one,they felt, that must intervene before the combat.Meanwhile they refreshed themselves with food andB.C.

LIVY4 v.r. die, prior aliquanto constitit Romana acies ; tandem73S-289U et Aequi processere. Proelium fitutrimque vehemens,quod et Romanus ira odioque pugnabat etAequos conscientia contract! culpa periculi etdesperatio futurae sibi posteafidei ultima audere12 et experiri cogebat. Non tamen sustinuere aciemRomanam Aequi ; pulsique cum in fines suos serecepissent, nihilo inclinatioribus ad pacem animisferox multitudo increpare duces, quod inaciem, quapugnandi arte Romanus excellat, commissa res sit ;13 Aequos populationibus incursionibusque melioresesse, etmultas passim manus quam magnam molemunius exercitus rectius bella gerere.III. Relicto itaque castris praesidio egressi tantocum tumultu invasere fines Romaiios ut ad urbem2 quoque terrorem pertulerint. Necopinata etiam resplus trepidationis fecit, quod nihil minus quam nevictus ac prope in castris obsessus hostis memor3 populations esset timeri poterat, agrestesque pavidiincidentes portis non populationem nee praedonumparvas manus, sed omnia vano augentes timoreexercitus et legiones adesse hostium et infesto4 agmine ruere ad urbem clamabant. Ab his proximi 1audita incerta eoque vaniora ferre ad alios. Cursus1 proximi $- :proxume MUD :proxime VL :proximum(-umum H) n.8

BOOK III. ii. lo-in. 4sleep. When itgrew light next morning, the RomanB--army took the held, some time before the enemy. Atlast the Aequi too came out. The battle ragedfiercely on both sides, for the Romans fought withexasperation and hatred, while the Aequi were consciousthat the danger in which they were involvedi ii c. u j.- i c , i460-405was due to their own fault, and this, with theirdespair of ever being trusted again, incited them tothe last degree of daring and exertion. Neverthelessthey were unable to withstand the attack ofthe Romans. And yet, when they had been defeatedand had fallen back to their own territory,the warlike soldiers, their spirit as little inclined topeace as ever, complained against their generals forhaving staked the cause on a pitched battle, aspecies of fighting in which the Romans excelled ;the Aequi, they said, were better at pillaging andraiding, and a number of scattered bands couldmake war more effectively than the great mass ofa single army.III. Leaving a garrison, therefore, in their camp,they crossed the Roman border in so headlong anincursion as to carry terror even to the City.Moreover, the unexpectedness of the inroad addedto the alarm, for nothing could have been apprehendedless than that an enemy who was defeatedand almost shut up in his camp should be thinkingof a raid ;and the country people who in theirfright came tumbling in through the gates told notof pillaging nor of small bands of raiders, but, exaggeratingeverything in their senseless fear, cried outthat whole armies of the enemy were close at handand rushing on the City in a serried column. The veryvagueness of these rumours led to further exaggera-

LIVYA o.c.**sX *'8Qclamorque vocantium ad arma baud multum a navore5 captae urbis abesse. Forte ab Algido Quinctiusconsul redierat Romam. Id remedium timori fait ;tumultuque sedato victos timer! increpans hostes6 praesidia portis imposuit. Vocato dein senatu cumex auctoritate patrum iustitio indicto profectus adtutandos fines esset Q. Servilio praefecto urbis relicto,7 hostem in agris non invenit. Ab altero consule resgesta egregie est ; qui, qua venturum hostem sciebat,gravem praeda eoque impeditiore agmine incedentem8 adgressus funestam populationem fecit. Pauci hostiumevasere ex insidiis ; praeda omriis recepta est.Sic finem iustkio, quod quadriduum fuit_, reditusQuincti consulis in urbem fecit.9 Census deinde actus et conditum ab Quinctiolustrum.Censa civitim capita centum quattuor miliaseptingenta l quattuordecim dicuntur praeter orbos10 orbasque. In Aequis nihil deinde memorabile actum.In oppida sua se recepere, uri sua popularique passi.Consul, cum aliquotiens per omnem hostium agruminfesto agmine populabundus isset, cum ingentilaude praedaque Romam rediit.A.TT.C. IV. Consules inde A. Postumius 2 Albus Sp.2901 septingenta Weisscnlorn (cf. Periocha): ace n : et cc RL :et cc (ivith suprascript ti)D.2A. Postumius R*>. Pighius (cf. C.I.L. i 2 , p. 103): anPostumius M :Postumius C1.1The iustitium also involved the closing of shops and ageneral suspension of business.10

BOOK III. in. 4-iv. ition as the bystanders passed them on to others. B.C.The running and shouting of men as they called 466 ~46""To arms ! was almost like the panic in a capturedcity. It chanced that the consul Quinctius hadreturned from Algidus to Rome. This circumstanceallayed men's fears, and when the confusion hadbeen stilled, he indignantly reminded them thatthe enemy they dreaded had been conquered, andposted watches at the gates. He then convenedthe senate, and in accordance with a resolution whichthe Fathers passed, proclaimed a suspension of thecourts. 1 After that he set out to defend the frontier,leaving Quintus Servilius as prefect of the City, butdid not meet with the enemyin the field. The otherconsul campaigned with great success. Knowingwhere the enemy would come, he felluponwhen themthey were weighed down with the booty whichincumbered their advancing column, and causedthem bitterly to rue their pillaging. But few ofthem escaped the ambush, and the spoils were allrecovered. So the suspension of the courts, whichhad lasted four days, was lifted on the return of theconsul Quinctius to the City.The census was then taken and Quinctius solemnizedthe concluding purification. There are said tohave been registered 104,714 citizens, besides orphansand widows. In the Aequian country there was nomemorable action after that ;the people retired totheir towns, and permitted their farms to be burntand ravaged. The consul made a number of forayswith his army throughout the enemy's territory, andreturned to Rome with great renown and hugespoils.IV. The next consuls were Aulus Postumius B.C. 404ii

LIVY'.t'.c. Furius Fusus. 1 Furios Fusios 2 scripsere quidain ;id admoneo, ne quis immutationem virorum ipsorum2 esse quae nominum est putet. Haud dubium eratquin cum Aequis alter consulum bellum gereret.Itaque Aequi ab Ecetranis Volscis praesidiumpetiere quo cupide oblato adeo civitates hae3;perpetuo in Romanes odio certavere bellum summa3 vi parabatur. Sentiunt Hernici et praedicuntRomanisEcetranum ad Aequos descisse. Suspecta et coloniaAiitium fuit, quod magna vis hominum inde, cumoppidum cap turn esset, confugisset ad Aequos isque;miles per bellum Aequicum vel acerrimus fuit.4 Compulsis deinde in oppida Aequis ea multitudodilapsa cum Antium redisset, sua sponte iam infidos5 colonos Romanis abalienavit. Necdum matura recum defectionem parari delaturn ad senatum esset,datum negotium est consulibus ut principibus coloniae6 Roman) excitis quaererent quid rei esset. Qui cumhand gravate venissent, introducti a consulibus adsenatum ita responderunt ad interrogata, ut magissuspecti quam venerant dimitterentur.7 Bellum inde baud dubium haberi. Sp. Furius, consulumalter, cui ea provincia evenerat, profectus inAequos Hernicorum in agro populabundum hosteminvenit ignarusque multitudinis, quia nusquam uni-,:116) Fuscus n.1Fusus Uigonius (C.I.L.i 2 p. 2 Furios Fusios $- : Furios (or -us) Fusios Fabios H.3hae : haec H : eae VD* : ae or aee or se (omitted ly17) fl.1Fusius is in fact only an earlier form of Furius. By300 B.C. intervocalic s had developed into r. Livy is puzzledby the same thing in chap. viii.12

BOOK III. iv. 1-7Albus and Spurius Furius Fusus. (Some writers n.o.464spell the name Fusius instead of Furius, which Inote lest anybody should regard as a substitution ofone man for another what is really only a matter ofnames.) 1 There was no doubt but that one consulwould make war on the Aequi, and these accordinglyappealed to the Ecetranian Volsci for help. It waseagerly granted them such was the rivalry betweenthese nations in inveterate hatred of Rome and themost vigorous preparations were made for war. TheHernici perceived, and warned the Romans, thatEcetra had gone over to the Aequi. Suspicionalready rested on the colony of Antium, on theground that a large body of men, escaping from theplace at the time of its capture, had taken refugewith the Aequi and in fact they fought with the;greatest spirit all through the Aequian war ;afterwards,when the Aequi had been shut up in theirtowns, this company dispersed, returned to Antium,and won over the colonists, who were even then atheart disloyal to the Romans. The plot was not yetripe when their proposed defection was reported tothe senate, and the consuls were instructed tosummon the leaders of the colony to Rome andinquire what was going on. These men made noobjection to coming, but on being introduced intothe senate by the consuls returned such answers tothe questions they were asked that they were undera stronger suspicion when dismissed than they hadbeen on their arrival.War was from that moment regarded as certain.Spurius Furius, one of the consuls, having receivedthat command, set out against the Aequi. In thecountry of the Hernici he found the enemy engaged13

LIVYA.D.O. versa conspecta fuerat, imparem copiis exercitum8 temere pugnae commisit. Primo concursu pulsusse intra castra recepit. Neque is finis periculi fuit ;namque et proxima nocte et posterodie tanta vicastra sunt circumsessa atque oppugnata ut ne9 nuntius quidem inde mitti Romam posset. Herniciet male pugnatum et consulem exercitumqueobsideri nuntiaverunt tantumque terrorem incusserepatribus ut, quae forma senatus consulti ultimaesemper necessitatis habita est, Postumio, alteri consulum,negotiurn daretur videret ne quid res publica10 detriment! caperet. Ipsum consulem Romae maneread conscribendos omnes qui arma ferre possent optimumvisum est :pro consule T. Quinctium subsidio1 1 castris cum sociali exercitu mitti ;ad eum explendumLatini Hernicique et colonia Antium dare Quinctiosubitarios milites ita turn repentina auxilia appellabantiussi.V. Multi per eos dies motus multique impetushinc atque illinc facti, quia superante multitudineliostes carpere multifariam vires Romanas, ut non2 sufFecturas ad omnia, adgressi sunt ;simul castraoppugnabantur, simul pars exercitus ad populandumagrum Romanum missa urbemque ipsam, si qua3 fortuna daret, temptandam. L. Valerius ad praesidiumurbis relictus, consul Postumius ad arcendas1The ultimum senatus consultum conferred dictatorialpowers on the consul, and amounted to declaring a state ofmartial law.

BOOK III. iv. y-v. 3in marauding, and being ignorant of their strength,because they had never all been seen together, rashlyoffered battle with an army which was no match fortheirs in numbers. At the first attack he wasrepulsed and withdrew into his camp. Nor did thisend his danger, for both that night and the followingday his camp was so vigorously hemmed in andassaulted that not even a messenger could be gotoff to Rome. The Hernici reported the defeat andblockade of the consul and his army, striking suchterror into the hearts of the senators that they passeda decree which has always been held to signify thedirest necessity: that Postumius, the other consul,should be commissioned to see to it that the republictook no hurt. 1 It was deemed wisest that the consulhimself should remain in Rome, to enroll all whowere capable of bearing arms ;and that a proconsul,Titus Quinctius, should be sent, with an army of theallies, to relieve the camp. In order to fill out thisarmy the Latins and the Hernici and the colony ofAntium were commanded to furnish Quinctius with" emergency-men," as they used then to termhastily-levied auxiliaries.V. There was much manoeuvring during the daysthat followed, and many attacks were delivered inone place or another, for the enemy, having a preponderanceof numbers, set about harassing theRoman forces inmany places, with the expectationthat they would prove unequal to all the demandsthat were made upon them ;at the same time thatthey were besieging the camp, a part of their armywas sent to devastate the Roman fields and to attackthe City itself, should an opportunity offer.LuciusValerius was left to defend the City, while the consulB.C. 464

LIVYA.C.O. 4 populationes finium missus. Nihil remissum ab ullaJ90parte curae aut laboris ; vigiliae in urbe, stationesante portas, praesidiaque in muris disposita, et quodnecesse erat in tanto tumultu, iustitium per aliquot6 dies servatum. Interim in castris Furius consul cumprimo quietus obsidionem passus esset, in incautumhostem decumana porta erupit, et cum persequiposset, metu substitit, ne qua ex parte altera in castra6 vis fieret. Furium legatum frater idem consuliserat longius extulit cursus ;nee suos ille redeuntespersequendi studio neque hostium ab tergo incursumvidit. Ita exclusus multis saepe frustra conatibuscaptis ut viani sibi ad castra faceret, acriter dimicans7 cecidit, et consul nuntio circumventi fratris conversusad pugnam, dum Jse temere magis quamsatis cautein mediam dimicationem infert, volnere accepto aegreab circumstantibus ereptus et suorum animos turbavit8 et ferociores hostes fecit ; qui caede legatiet consulisvolnere accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere,ut 2 compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderenturnee spe nee viribus pares;venissetque in periculumsumma rerum, ni T. Quinctius peregrinis copiis,9 Latino 3 Hernicoque exercitu, subvenisset. Is in-1pugnam, dum f:pugnandum fl.2ut Conway and Walters : cum n.3Latino :Madvig cum Latino n.1The porta decumana was normally in the west wall,in these wars usually farthest from the enemy, hence its usein this surprise attack.16

BOOK III. v.3-9Postumius was sent out to protect the frontier from B.C. 404pillage. There was no relaxation anywhere ofvigilance or effort watches were;set in the City,outposts were established before the gates, andtroops were posted on the walls ; and, as was necessaryin the midst of such confusion, the courts weresuspended for several days. In camp meanwhile theconsul Furius, having begun by submitting tamelyto the blockade, caught the Aequi off' their guard,and made a sortie by the decuman gate. 1 He mighthave pursued the enemy, but stopped for fear thecamp might be assailed from the opposite quarter.The lieutenant Furius, a brother of the consul, wascarried a good way off by his charge, nor did heeither that hisobserve, in the ardour of pursuit,friends were retiring or that the enemy were movingup to attack him in the rear. His retreat was thuscut off, and after repeated but unsuccessful attemptsto force his way back to the camp, he perished,fighting bravely.The consul too, upon learningthat his brother was surrounded, set his face towardsthe battle and plunged into the midst of the mellay,with more rashness than prudence ;for he receiveda wound, and was barely rescued by the men abouthim. This misfortune dismayed his own troops andquickened the courage of the enemy, who were soinspirited by the death of the lieutenant and thewounding of the consul that from that moment noforce could withstand them, and the Romans weredriven into their camp and again besieged, being nomatch for their opponents either in confidence orstrength. The very existence of the army wouldhave been imperilled, had not Titus Quinctius comeup with the foreign troops, the Latins and Hernici.17

LIVYA.U.C. tentos in castra Romana Aequos legatique caputferociter ostentantes ab tergo adortus simul adsignum a se procul editum ex castris eruptione facta10 magnam vim hostium circumvenit. Minor caedis,fuga effusior Aequorum in agro fuit Romano, in quospalatos praedam agentes Postumius aliquot locis,quibus opportuna imposuerat praesidia, impetumdedit. Hi vagi dissipato agmine fugientes in Quinctiumvictorem cum saucio 1 consul e revertentem in-1 1 cidere. Turn consulans exercitus egregie 2 consulisvolnus, legati et cohortium ultus est caedem. Magnaeclades ultro citroqueillis diebus et inlatae et ac-12 ceptae. Difficile ad fidem est in tarn antiqua remilia octingentos: ex praedatoribus Aequorum quipopulabundi in finibus Romanis vagabantur ab A.Postumio consule duo milia et quadringentos caesos :quot pugnaverint ceciderintve exacto adfirmare numero;audet tamen Antias Valerius concipere sum-13 mas : Romanes cecidisse in Hernico agro quinqueceteram multitudinem praedam agentem, quae incideritin Quinctium, nequaquam pari defunctamesse caede : interfecta inde quattuor milia et, exsequendosubtiliter numerum, ducentos ait et triginta.14 Ut Romam reditum est,3 iustitium remissum. 4Caelum visum est ardere plurimo igni, portentaquesautio) n.2egregie Conway: egregiae M :egregia pugna n.3reditum est et Conway and Walters : reditum est n.4remissum Gruter : remissum est A.18

BOOK III. v.9-14He found the Aequi intent on the Roman camp,and B.C. 464truculently displaying the head of the lieutenant.Attacking them in the rear, while the besieged, inanswer to a signal he had given them from afar,were making a sally from the camp, he intercepted alarge body of them. There was less carnage but amore headlong rout in the case of the Aequi whowere in Roman territory. These men were dispersedand collecting booty when they were attacked byPostumius at several points where he had opportunelystationed troops. The pillagers, fleeing in a disorderedcrowd, fell in with Quinctius, who was returningfrom his victory with the wounded consul ;whereupon the consular army splendidly avenged theconsul's wound and the slaughter of the lieutenantand his cohorts. Heavy losses were inflicted andsustained on both sides at that time. It is hard tomake a trustworthy statement, in a matter of suchantiquity, as to just how many fought and howmany fell ;yet Valerius Antias ventures to specifythe totals, saying that the Romans lost five thousandeight hundred in the country of the Hernici; thatof the Aequian marauders who were roaming aboutand pillaging within the Roman borders two thousandfour hundred were slain by Aulus Postumius, theconsul ;and that the rest of the expedition, whichstumbled upon Quinctius as they were driving offtheir booty, got off by no means so lightly, fortheir killed amounted, so he says, with minuteto four thousand two hundred andparticularity,thirty.When the army had returned to Rome, and thesuspension of the courts was ended, the heavenswere seen to blaze with numerous fires, and other19

LIVYA.TT.O. alia aut obversata oculis aut vanas exterritis ostenta-''90vere species. His avertendis terroribus in triduumferiae indictae, per quas omnia delubra pacein deumexposcentium virorum mulierumque turba imple-16 bantur. Cohortes inde Latinae Hernicaeque absenatu ob gratiis impigram militiam actis remissaedomos. Antiates mille milites, quia serum auxiliumpost proelium venerant, prope cum ignominia dimissi.A.U.O. VI. Comitia inde habita ;creati consules L.201Aebutius P. Servilius. Kal. Sextilibus, ut tune2 principium anni agebatur, consulatum ineunt. Gravetempus et forte annus pestilens erat urbi agrisquenee hominibus magis quam pecori;et auxere vimmorbi terrore populationis pecoribus agrestibusque3 in urbem acceptis. Ea conluvio * mixtorum omnisgenerisanimantium et odore insolito urbanos etagrestem confertum in arta tecta aestu ac vigiliisangebat, ministeriaque in vicem ac contagio ipsa4 volgabant morbos. Vix instantes sustinentibus cladesrepente legati Hernici nuntiant in agro suo AequosVolscosque coniunctis copiis castra posuisse, inde6 exercitu ingenti fines suos depopulari. Praeterquamquod infrequens senatus indicio erat sociis adflictamcivitatem pestilentia esse, maestum etiam responsum1conluvio 5- : conluuione H.1The official year began at various times in differentperiods, until, in 153 B.C., the 1st of January was adopted.20

BOOK III. v. i4 -vi. 5portents either were actually seen or were due to B.C. 464the illusions of the terror-stricken observers. Toavert these alarms a three days' season of prayerwas ordered, and during this period all the shrineswere crowded with a throng of men and womenbeseeching the pardon of the gods. After that thecohorts of the Latins and the Hernici were thankedby the senate for their energetic service and senthome. A thousand men from Antium who hadcome too late to help, when the battle was over,were dismissed, almost in disgrace.VI. The elections were then held, and Lucius B -c 4 3-Aebutius and Publius Servilius were chosen consuls.On the first of August, then the beginning of the1year, they entered office. It was the sickly season,and chanced to be a year of pestilence both in theCity and in the country, for beasts as well as men ;and the people increased the virulence of the disease,in their dread of pillage, by receiving flocks andcountry-folk into the City. This conflux of all kindsof living things distressed the citizens with its strangesmells, while the country-people, being packed intonarrow quarters, suffered greatly from the heat andwant of sleep;and the exchange of ministrationsand mere contact spread the infection. The Romanscould scarce endure the calamities which pressedhard upon them, when suddenly envoys from theHernici appeared, announcing that the Aequi andthe Volsci had joined forces arid established a campin their territory, from which base they were devastatingtheir land with an enormous army. Not onlydid the reduced numbers of the senate show theirallies that the nation was prostrated by the pestilence,but they also returned a melancholy answer toVOL. II.B21

LIVYA.n.o tulere, ut per se ipsi Hernici cum Latinis res suas291tutarentur : urbem Romanam subita deum ira morbosi popular! qua eius mail quies veniat, ut anno ante,;8 ut semper alias, sociis opem laturos. Discessere sociipro tristi nuntio tristiorem domum reportantes, 1quippe quibus per se sustinendum bellum erat, quod7 vix Romanis fulti viribus sustinuissent. Non diutiusse in Hernico hostis continuit ; pergit inde infestusin agros Romanos etiam sine belli iniuria vastatos.Ubi cum obvius nemo ne inermis quidem fieret perqueomnia non praesidiis modo deserta sed etiam cultuagresti transirent, pervenere ad tertium lapidemGabina via.*8 Mortuus Aebutius erat Romanus consul ;collegaeius Servilius exigua in spe trahebat animam adfecti;plerique principum, patrum maior pars, militaris fereaetas omnis, ut non modo ad expeditiones, quas intanto tumultu res poscebat, sed vix ad quietas9 stationes viribus sufficerent. Munus vigiliarum senatores,qui per aetatem ac valetudinem poterant, perse ipsi obibant; circumitio ac cura aedilium plebierat ;ad eos summa rerum ac maiestas consularisimperil venerat.1 reportantes V: referentes n.1The plebeian aedileship had been created at the sametime as the plebeian tribuneship, but was not mentioned byLivy at II. xxxiii. 2.22

BOOK III. vi.5-9.their suit, that the Hernici, namely, with the helpB.C. 463of the Latins, must defend their own possessions;for the City of Rome, in a sudden visitation of divinedispleasure, was being ravaged by disease if;thereshould come any respite from their suffering, theywould help their friends, as they had done the yearbefore and on every other occasion. The alliesdeparted, bearing home, in return for their sadtidings, a reply that was even sadder, since it meantthat their people must sustain by themselves a warwhich thev could hardly have sustained with the/powerful assistance of the Romans. No longer didthe enemy confine themselves to the country of theHernici ;they proceeded thence to invade theRoman fields, which had been made desolate evenwithout the violence of war. Encounteringono onethere, not even an unarmed man, and passing througha country wholly destitute not only of defenders butalso of cultivation, they came to the third milestoneon the Gabinian Way.Death had taken Aebutius, the Roman consul ;for his colleague Servilius there was little hope,though he still breathed ;the disease had attackedmost of the leading men, the greater part of thesenators, and almost all of military age, so that theirnumbers were not only insufficient for the expeditionswhich so alarming a situation called for, but.were almost too small for mounting guard. Thewatchmen's duty was performed by those of thesenators themselves whose years and strengthadmitted of it ;the rounds were made and thewatches supervised by the 1plebeian aediles; intotheir hands had passed the supreme control, and themajesty of consular authority.2 3

LIVYVII. Deserta omnia, sine capite, sine viribus, dipraesides ac fortuna urbis tutata est, quae VolscisAequisque praedonum potius men tern quam hostium2 dedit ;adeo enim nullam spem non potiundi modo.sed ne adeundi Jquidem Romana moenia animuseorum cepit tectaque procul visa atque imminentes3 tumuli avertere mentes eorum, ut totis passim castrisfremitu orto, quid in vasto ac deserto agro inter tabempecorum hominumque desides sine praeda tempustererent, cum integra loca, Tusculanum agrum opimumcopiis,petere possent,signa repente convellerenttransversisque itineribus per Labicanos 2agros in Tusculanoscolles transirent. Eo vis omnis tempestas-4 que belli conversa est. Interim Hernici Latinique,pudore etiam, non misericordia solum moti, si neeobstitissent communibus hostibus infesto agmineRornanam urbem petentibus nee opem ullam obsessissociis ferrent, coniuncto exercitu Romam pergunt.5 Ubi cum hostes non invenissent, secuti famam acvestigia obvii fiunt descendentibus ab Tusculana 3 inAlbanam vallem. Ibi haudquaquam aequo proeliopugnatum est, fidesque sua sociis parumfelix inpraesentia fuit.6 Haud minor Romae fit morbo strages quam quantaferro sociorum facta erat. Consul qui unus supereratmoritur ;mortui et alii clari viri, M. Valerius, 4 T.1animus 5- : animos n.*Labicanos V : lauicanos H.8Tusculana VMHD ? L : Tusculano PFUBOD*.4M. Valerius II : M'. Valerius (identifying him with theM'. Valerius of II. xxx. 5, and (?) in. xxv. 2) Pighius.24

BOOK III. vn. 1-6VII. In this helpless plight, without a leader and B .o. 463without strength, the commonwealth was saved byits tutelary gods and the good fortune of the City,which inspired the Volsci and Aequi with thespirit of plunderers rather than of soldiers. Forthey were so far from entertaining any hope ofapproaching, not to speak of capturing, the walls ofRome, and the distant sight of her roofs and beetlinghills so damped their ardour, that the entire armybegan to murmur, and to ask why they should wastetheir time in desolate and abandoned fields, wherebodies of beasts and men lay rotting and there wasno booty, when they might be invading an unspoiledcountry, the land of Tusculum, abounding in wealth ;so they suddenly pulled up their standards, andpassed by cross-roads through the Labican fields tothe hills of Tusculum, and on that point all theimpetus and fury of the war converged. Meanwhilethe Hernici and Latins, moved not by pityalone but by shame, if they should fail to opposethe common enemy, advancing in force against theCity of Rome, and should bring no assistance totheir besieged allies, united their armies and proceededto the City. Failing to find the enemythere, but following the report and traces ofhis march, they met him as he was coming downfrom the Tusculan valley into that of Alba. Therethey engaged the invaders on far from equal terms,and their loyalty to their friends was for the momentnot attended with success.In Rome the ravages of the disease were no lessfatal than those of the sword had been amongst herallies. The surviving consul died ;and death tookother famous men, the augurs Marcus Valerius and25

LIVYA.D.O.Verginius Rutulus l augures, Ser. Sulpicius curio7 maximus et ;per ignota capita late vagata est vismorbi. Inopsque senatus auxilii humani ad deospopulum ac vota vertit. lussi cum coniugibus acliberis supplicatum ire pacemque exposcere deum,8 ad id quod sua quemque mala cogebant auctoritatepublica evocati omnia delubra implent. Stratae passimmatres crinibus templa verrentes veniam irarumcaelestium finemque pesti exposcunt.VIII. Inde^.u.c. paulatim seu pace deum impetrataseu graviore tempore anni iam circumacto defuncta2 morbis corpora salubriora esse incipere ;versisqueanimis iam ad publicam curam, cum aliquot interregnaexissent, P. Valerius Publicola tertio die quam interregnuminierat consules creat L. Lucretium Tricipitinumet T. Veturium Geminum, sive ille Vetusius3 fuit. Ante diem tertium idus Sextiles consulatumineunt iam satis valida civitate ut noil solum arcere4 bellum sed ultro etiam inferre posset. Igitur nuntiaritibusHernicis in fines suos transcendisse hostesimpigre promissum auxilium. Duo consulares exercitusscripti. Veturius missus in Volscos ad bellum ultro6 inferendum :Tricipitinus populationibus arcendissociorum agro oppositus lion ultra quam in Hernicosprocedit. Veturius primo proelio hostes fundit fu-6 gatque Lucretium, dum in Hernicis : sedet, prae-1Rutulus :Gonway Rutilus Sigonius: Rutilius n.1Each of the thirty wards, or curiae (an account of theirorigin is given at i. xiii. 6), had a priest called a curio, topreside over its religious ceremonies. These thirty curioneswere themselves under the presidency of a curio maximus.2See note 011 chap. iv. 1.26

BOOK III. vn. 6-vni. 6Titus Verginius Rutulus, and the head 1curio, Servius B.C. 463Sulpicius as for the base rabble, the violence of the;plague stalked at large amongst them until;thesenate, finding no help in man, sent the people tothe gods in prayer, commanding them to take theirwives and children and supplicate Heaven for forgiveness.Thus summoned by the state's authorityto do what each was impelled to by his own distress,they crowded all the shrines. Everywhere wereprostrate matrons, sweeping the floors of the templeswith their hair, while they besought the angry godsto grant them pardon and end the pestilence.VIII. After that, littleby little, whether it was B.C. 4C2that the gods had been persuaded to forgive or thatthe sickly season was now past, those whose diseasehad run its course began to regain their health ;and men's thoughts now turned to the commonwealth.Several interregna had expired, whenPublius Valerius Publicola, three days after beingmade interrex, declared the election to the consulshipof Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus and TitusVeturius Geminus or Vetusius, if that was hisname. 2 On the llth of August they took office, thenation being by that time so strong that it was ablenot only to defend itself, but even to assume theoffensive. Accordingly when the Hernici reported,that the enemy had crossed their borders, they werepromptly offered assistance. Two consular armieswere enlisted ;Veturius was sent to carry the warinto the country of the Volsci ;while Tricipitinus,having been appointed to secure the territory of theallies from inroads, proceeded no further than theland of the Hernici. Veturius in his first battledefeated and routed his opponents Lucretius, while;27

LIVYA.U.C. donum agmen fefellit supra292montes Praenestinosductum, inde demissum 1 in campos. Vastavere agrosPraenestinum Gabinumque ex Gabino in Tuscu-;7 lanos flexere colles urbi ;quoque Romae ingenspraebitus terror, magis in re subita quam quod adarcendam vim parum virium esset. Q. Fabius praeeraturbi. Is armata iuventute dispositisque praesidiis8 tuta omnia ac tranquilla fecit. Itaque hostes praedaex proximis locis rapta adpropinquare urbi non ausi,cum circumacto agmine redirent quanto longius aburbe hostium abscederent eo solutiore cura, in Lucretiumincidunt consulem, iam ante exploratis itineribus9 suis instructum et ad certamen intentum. Igiturpraeparatis animis repentino pavore perculsos adortialiquanto pauciores multitudinem ingentem funduntfugantque et compulsos in cavas valles, cum exitus10 baud in facili essent, circumveniunt. Ibi Volscumnomen prope deletum est. Tredecim milia quadringentosseptuaginta cecidisse in acie ac fuga, milleseptingentos quinquaginta vivos captos, signa vigintiseptem militaria relata in quibusdam annalibus invenio;ubi etsi adiectum aliquid numero sit, magna1 1 certe caedes fuit. Victor consul ingenti praeda potitus281demissum U': missum VH: dimissum fi.

BOOK III. vni. 6-1 1encamped among the Hernici, was eluded by acompany of raiders, who marched over the mountainsof Praeneste and thence down into the campagnathere they laid waste the Praenestine and;Gabinian fields ;and from the latter district turnedtowards the hills about Tusculum. The City ofRome itself received a great fright, more on accountof the surprise than from any lack of resources fordefence. Quintus Fabius was in charge of the City.Arming the young men and disposing his defences,he made everything secure and tranquil. And sothe enemy, having laid hold of the plunder intheir immediate neighbourhood, did not venture toapproach Rome, but making a detour, set out towardshome. The farther they got from the hostile Citythe less was their anxiety, tillthey came unexpectedlyupon Lucretius the consul, who havingalready marked their line of march, had drawn uphis troops and was eager to fight. The spirits ofthe Romans were therefore prepared for their task,while the enemy were stricken with a sudden panicon being attacked, though by somewhat inferiornumbers. The Romans completely routed the greatmultitude, and driving them into deep valleys, fromwhich escape was difficult, surrounded them. Therethe Volscian name was almost blotted out. Thirteenthousand four hundred and seventy fell in thebattle and the flight, seventeen hundred and fiftywere taken alive, and twenty-seven military standardswere brought in, as I find recorded in certain annals ;and though there may be some exaggeration of thenumbers, it was beyond question a great slaughter.The victorious consul, in possession of enormousspoils, returned to the permanent camp he had29BC - 462

LIVYA.D.O. eodem in stativa rediit. Turn consules castra coniungunt,et Volsci Aequique adHictas vires suas in unumcontulere. Tertia iliapugna eo anno fuit. Eademfortuna victoriam dedit ;fusis hostibus etiam castracapta.IX. Sic res Romana in antiquum statum rediit,secundaeque belli res extemplo urbanos motus ex-2 citaverunt. C. Terentilius Harsa tribunus plebis eoanno fuit. Is consulibus absentibus ratus locum tribuniciisactionibus datum, per aliquot dies patruinsuperbiam ad plebem criminatus, maxime in consulareimperium tamquam iiimium nee tolerabile liberae3 civitati invebebatur. Nomine enim tantum minusinvidiosum, re ipsa prope atrocius quam regium esse ;4 quippe duos pro uno dominos acceptos, immoderata,infinita potestate, qui soluti atque etf'renati ipsi omnismetus legum omniaque supplicia verterent in plebem.5 Quae ne aeterna illis licentia sit, legem se promulgaturumut quinque viri creentur legibus de imperioconsular! scribendis ;quod populus in se ius dederit,eo consulem usurum ;non ipsos libidinem ac licen-6 tiam suam pro lege habituros. Qua promulgata legecum timerent patres ne absentibus consulibus iugumacciperent, 1 senatus a praefecto urbis Q. Fabiovocatur, qui adeo atrociter in rogationem latoremque1 acciperent 3/V : acciperet n.1 Terentilius probably aimed at restricting the power ofthe patricians by a codification of all the laws, not merelythose, as Livy seems to think, which limited the authorityof the consuls. The Fasti refer to the similar board actuallycreated ten years later, as decemviri consulari imperio le gibusscribundis ("decemvirs with consular authority for writingthe laws "), and Livy has perhaps misunderstood some suchphrase in the annalist he was here following.30

BOOK III. viii. II-I.Y. 6occupied before. Then the consuls encampedgether, and the Volsci and Aequi united theirshattered forces. The ensuing battle was the thirdof that year. Fortune bestowed the victory whereshe had done before the ;enemy were routed, andeven lost their camp.IX. Rome was thus restored to her former condition,and the success of the campaign at onceoccasioned disturbances in the City. Gaius TerentiliusHarsa was tribune of the plebs that year.Thinking that the absence of the consuls affordedthe tribunes an opportunity for action, he employedsome days in complaining to the people of the prideof the patricians, and inveighed especially againstthe authority of the consuls, as a thing excessiveand intolerable in a free state. For it was only inname, he said, that it was less hateful than thatof a king in; reality it was almost crueler, since inplace of one master they had now got two, whopossessed an unregulated and unlimited power, andwhile free themselves and without restraint, broughtto bear all the terrors of the law and all its punishmentsupon the plebs. That they might not forever have this licence, he was about to propose alaw providing for the appointment of five men towrite out the statutes pertaining to the consularlpower ;such authority over them as the peoplehad granted the consuls they should enjoy, but theyshould not make a law of their own whims andcaprices. When this measure had been promulgated,the Fathers were alarmed lest they might be humbled,in the absence of the consuls ;the prefect of theCity, Quintus Fabius, convened the senate, andattacked the measure and its author himself withto- B.O. 40231

LIVYA.U.O. ipsum est invectus ut nihil, si ambo consules infestijtf2circumstarent tribunum, relictum minarum atque7 terroris sit : insidiatum eum et tempore capto adortum8 rem publicam. Si quern similem eius priore annointer morbum bellumqueirati di tribunum dedissent,non potuisse sisti.Mortuis duobus consulibus, iacenteaegra civitate, in conluvione omnium rerum, ad tollendumrei publicae consulare imperium laturumleges fuisse, ducem Volscis Aequisque ad oppugnan-9 dam urbem futurum. Quid tandem ? Illi non licere,siquid consules superbe in aliquemcrudeliter fecerint, diem dicere, accusare iiscivium autipsis10 iudicibus quorum in aliquem saevitum sit? Non ilium1consulare imperium, sed tribuniciam potestatem invisamintolerandamque facere ;quam placatam 2 reconciliatamquepatribus de integro in antiqua redigimala. Neque ilium se deprecari, quo minus pergat11 ut" "coeperit; Vos inquit Fabius, " ceteri tribuni,oramus, ut primum omnium cogitetis potestatemistam ad singulorum auxilium, non ad perniciemuniversorum comparatam esse; tribunos plebis vos12 creates, non bostes patribus. Nobis miserum, invidiosumvobis est desertam rem publicam invadi.Non ius vestrum, sed invidiam minueritis. Agite cumcollega ut rem integram in adventum consulum1 *ilium 5- : illud n.placatam M :pacatam il.32

BOOK III. ix. 6-12such bitterness that if both the consuls had been B.C. 462present to outface the tribune there was nothingthey could have added to his threats and denunciations.Terentilius, he said, had laid an ambush andwatching his opportunity had attacked the state.If the angry gods had given them a tribune likehim the year before, when they were suffering fromwar and disease, it would have been impossible tosave the situation. Finding both consuls dead, thecitizens plague-stricken, and confusion everywhere,he would have proposed a law to do away withconsular government, and would have led the Volsciand the Aequi to besiege the City. Pray what didhe desire ? Was he not at liberty, if the consulshad committed any act of pride or cruelty againsta citizen, to call them into court and accuse themwhere the judges would be the very men against oneof whom the injury had been done ?It was not theauthority of the consul but the power of the tribunethat he was making hateful and intolerable ;thispower had been reconciled and brought into harmonywith the senate, but was now being degraded again toits former evil state. Yet he would not supplicateTerentilius to abandon the course on which he hadembarked. "It isyou other tribunes," he cried,"whom we beg to reflect, as a matter of the lastimportance, that your power was obtained for thepurpose of assisting individuals, not for the destructionof us all that ;you were elected tribunes of theplebs, not enemies of the senate. To us it is asource of sorrow, to you of odium, that the stateshould be attacked in the absence of its defenders.You will be diminishing, not your authority, butyour unpopularity, if you plead with your colleague33

LIVYA292'A.U.O.differat. Ne Aequi quidem ac Volsci morbo absumptispriore anno consulibus crudeli superboque nobis bello13 institere." Agunt cum Terentilio 1 tribuni, dilataquein speciem actione, re ipsa sublata, consules extemploarcessiti.X. Lucretius cum ingenti praeda, maiore multogloria rediit. Et auget gloriam adveniens expositaomni in campo Martio praeda, ut suum quisque pertriduum cognitum abduceret. Reliqua vendita, quibus2 domini non exstitere. Debebatur omnium consensuconsuli triumphus, sed dilata res est tribune de lege3 agente id antiquius consuli fuit. lactata per aliquot;dies cum in senatu res, turn apud populum est. Cessitad ultimum maiestati consulis tribunus et destitit.Turn imperatori exercituique honos suus redditus ;4 triumphavit de Volscis Aequisque, triumphantemsecutae suae legiones. Altcri consuli datum, ut ovanssine militibus urbem iniret.5 Anno deinde insequenti lex Terentilia 2 ab totorelata collegio iiovos adgressa consules est ;erant6 consules P. Volumnius Ser. Sulpicius. Eo annocaelum ardere visum, terra ingenti concussa motuest. Bovem locutam, cui rei priore anno fides nonfuerat, creditum. Inter alia prodigia et carne pluit,1Terentilio F. Nicbuhr : terentillo (or terr-) n.1 Terentilia edd. (from c/iap.ix):terentilla fl: tarentilla 17.1The ovation was a lesser triumph, grantedfor a comparativelyeasy or bloodless victory.34

BOOK III. ix. i2-x. 6to postpone the question, as it stands, until the 0.0.402arrival of the consuls. Even the Aequi and theVolsci, when disease last year had carried off theconsuls, refrained from pressing a cruel and pitilesswar against us." The tribunes pleaded with Terentilius,and the measure having been ostensibly postponed,but in reality killed, the consuls wereimmediately summoned.X. Lucretius returned with vast spoils and far B.C. 461greater glory; and this he increased, on his arrival,by exposing all the booty in the Campus Marti us,where it lay for three days, that every man mightidentify and carry off what belonged to him. Theother things, for which no owner appeared, weresold. That the consul had earned a triumph allagreed but the matter was ; put off, for the tribunewas urging his law, and this was a question of moreimportance in the eyes of Lucretius. The measurewas debated several days, not only in the senatebut before the people. Finally the tribune gaveway to the majesty of the consul and desisted. Thegeneral and his army then received their meed ofhonour; Lucretius triumphed over the Volsci andthe Aequi, and his own legions followed the triumphalchariot. The other consul was permitted to enter1the City in an ovation, without soldiers.In the following year the Terentilian law wasbrought up again by the entire college and menacedthe new consuls, to wit, Publius Volumnius andServius Sulpicius. This year the heavens were seento blaze, and the earth was shaken with a prodigiousquake. That a cow had spoken a thing which hadfound no credence the year before was now believed.Among other portents there was even a rain of flesh,35

quern imbrem ingensrapuisse fertur ;LIVYnumerus avium intervolitandoquod intercidit, sparsurn ita iacuisse7 per aliquot dies, ut nihil odor mutaret. Libri perduumviros sacrorum aditi ; pericula a conventu alienigenarumpraedicta, ne qui in loca summa urbis impetuscaedesque inde fierent ;inter cetera monitum utseditionibus abstineretur.Id factum ad impediendamlegem tribuni criminabantur, ingensque aderat certa-8 men. Ecce, ut idem in singulos annos orbis volveretur,Hernici nuntiant Volscos et 1Aequos, etsi abscisaeres sint, reficere exercitus; Antii summam rei positam,Ecetrae 2 Antiates colonos palam concilia facere ;id9 caput, eas vires belli esse. Ut haec dicta in senatusunt, dilectus edicitur. Consules belli administrationeminter se dispertiri iussi, alteri ut Volsci, alteri10 ut Aequi provincia esset. Tribuni coram in foro personarefabulam compositam Volsci belli, Hernicos adpartes paratos.lam ne virtute quidem premi liberta-11 tern populi Romani, sed arte eludi. 3 Quia occidioneprope occisos Volscos et Aequos movere sua spontearma posse iam fides abierit, novos hostes quaeri ;12 coloniam fidam, propinquam infamem fieri. Belluminnoxiis Antiatibus indici, geri cum plebe Romana,1 abscisae n : accisae IVeissenborn- Mueller (after Rhenanus).2Ecetrae Vorm. 1 : eceterae (or similar corruptions) il.3 eludi D ? r: ludi n.36

BOOK III. x. 6-12which is said to have been intercepted by vast numbers B.O. 461of birds flying round in the midst of it ;what fell tothe ground lay scattered about for several days, butwithout making any stench. The two commissionersfor sacred rites consulted the Sibylline Books, whereit was predicted that there was danger to come froma concourse of foreigners, lest they attack thehighest places of the City, and blood be shed ;amongst other things was a warning to avoidfactions. The tribunes charged them with tryingto hinder their law, and a violent struggle wasimpending when lo ; ! that the same cycle ofevents might recur each year the Hernici announcedthat the Volsci and the Aequi, despite thelosses they had sustained, were again fitting outtheir armies ;that Antium was the centre of theenterprise that at Ecetra Antian colonists were;holding public meetings and that the Antiates were;the head and sinews of the war. After listening tothis report, the senate decreed a levy, and directedthe consuls to divide between them the direction ofthe war, so that one might operate against the Volsci,the other against the Aequi. The tribunes openlyand loudly protested in the Forum that the Volscianwar was a prearranged farce, and that the nobles hademployed the Hernici to act a part in it they no:longer used manhood even, to suppress the libertyof the Roman People, but cajoled and tricked them.Inasmuch as the almost total destruction of the Volsciand Aequi made it incredible that they should begoing to war on their own initiative, new enemieswere trumped up, and a loyal and neighbouringcolony was traduced. It was against the innocentAntiates that Avar was being declared ;it was being37

LIVYquam oneratam armis ex urbe praecipiti agmineacturi essent, exsilio et relegatione civium ulciscentes13 tribunes. Sic ne quid aliud actum putent victamlegem esse, nisi, dum in integro res sit, dum domi,dum togati sint, caveant ne possessione urbis pellan-14 tur, ne itigum accipiant. Si animus sit, non deforeauxilium ;consentire omnes tribunes. Null um terroremexternum, nullum periculum esse ;cavisse decspriore anno ut tuto libertas defendi posset.Haectribuni.XI. At ex parte altera consules in conspectu eorumpositis sellis dilectum habebant. Eo decurrunt tribunicontionemque secum trahunt. Citati pauci velut rei2 experiundae causa, et statini vis coorta. Quemcumquelictor iussu consulis prendisset, tribunus mitti iubebat;neque suum cuique ius modum faciebat, sed viriumspes, et manu obtinendum erat, quod intenderes.3 Quern ad modum se tribuni gessissent in prohibendodilectu, sic patres se l in lege, quae peromnes comitiales dies ferebatur, impedienda gere-4 bant. Initium erat rixae, cum discedere populumiussissent tribuni, quod patres se submoveri baudsinebant. Nee fere seniores rei intererant, quippe1 patres se Luterlacher (patress D):patres fl.1There was required to be an interval of twenty-four days(frinum nundinum) between meetings of the comitia.1For the purpose of forming by centuries, in order to vote.38

BOOK III. x. i2-xi. 4waged against the Roman plebeians, whom the B.C. 461consuls would load with arms and lead out of theCity in hot haste, exiling and banishing citizens toavenge themselves upon the tribunes. By thesemeans and they need not think that anything elsehad been intendedthe law was already defeated,unless, while the situation was still intact, whilethey were at home, while theystill wore the toga,they should guard themselves against expulsion fromthe City and submitting to the yoke. If they provedcourageous, help would not be wanting the tribunes;were all of one mind. There was no fear of foreignfoes, no danger the ; gods had seen to it the previousyear that they might defend their liberties in safety.To this purport the tribunes.XI. But the consuls, on the other hand, had placedtheir chairs in full sight of the tribunes, and beganto hold the levy. The tribunes hastened to theplace, drawing the people after them. A few werecited, as if by way of a test, and immediately a riotbegan. As often as a lictor arrested a man on theconsul's order, a tribune would command that he bereleased in ;every case it was not a man's right thatdetermined his conduct, but the confidence he hadin his strength and one had to make good by force;what one meant to do.Precisely as the tribunes had borne themselves inpreventing the levy, so did the senators in blockingthe law, which was brought forward every day thecomitia could be held. 1 The quarrel broke out when2the tribunes had ordered the people to separate,since the patricians would not permit themselves tobe removed. And yet the older nobles for the mostpart took no share in an affair which was not to be39

LIVYquae non consilio regenda, sed permissa temeritati6 audaciaeque esset. 1 Multum et consules se abstinebant,ne cui in conluvione rerum maiestatem suamcontumeliae offerrent.6 Caeso erat Quinctius, ferox iuvenis, qua nobilitategentis qua corporis magnitudine et viribus. Ad eamunera data a dis et ipse addiderat multa belli decorafacundiamque in foro, ut nemo, non lingua non manu,7 promptior in civitate haberetur. Hie cum in mediopatrum agmine constitisset eminens inter alios, velutomnes dictaturas consulatusque gerens in voce acviribus suis, unus impetus tribunicios popularesque8 procellas sustinebat. Hoc duce saepe pulsi foro tribuni,fusa ac fugata plebes est ;qui obvius fuerat,mulcatus nudatusque abibat, ut satis appareret, si sic9 agi liceret, victam legem esse. Turn prope iam perculsisaliis tribunis A. Verginius ex collegio unusCaesoni capitis diem dicit. Atrox ingenium accenderateo facto magis quam conterruerat ;eo acrius obstarelegi, agitare plebem, tribunes velut iusto persequi10 bello. Accusator pati reum ruere invidiaeque flammamac materiam criminibus suis suggerere ; legeminterim non tarn ad spem perferendi quam ad laces-1 1 sendam Caesonis temeritatem ferre. Ibi multa 2 saepe1 esset F*Ji* $- : essent n.2 ibi multa n : multa ibi V.1A capital chargeifproven carried with it loss of capict,i.e. "the full legal status of a Roman citizen." (SeeGreenidge, Roman Public Life, p. 31.) From chap. xii. 6,it appears that a sentence of banishment rather than deathwas anticipated in the present instance.40

BOOK III. xr. 4-nguided by wisdom, but had been committed to rash- B.C. 461ness and impudence. To a considerable extent theconsuls too kept aloof, lest they should expose theirdignity to some affront in the general confusion.There was a young man, Caeso Quinctius, emboldenednot only by his noble birth but also by hisgreat stature and physical strength and to these;gifts of the gods he had himself added many honoursin the field, and also forensic eloquence, so that nocitizen was held to be readier, whether with tongueor with hand. When this man had taken his place inthe midst of the band of senators, towering abovehis fellows as though wielding all the might ofdictators and consuls in his voice and strength ofbody, he would sustain unaided the attacks of thetribunes and the fury of the rabble. His leadershipoften drove the tribunes from the Forum andignominiously routed the plebeians the man who;crossed his path came off bruised and stripped so;that it was clear that if things were allowed to goon in this way the law was beaten. Finally, whenthe other tribunes had already been pretty wellcowed, one of their college named Aulus Verginiussummoned Caeso to stand trial on a 1capital charge.The man's fierce nature was rather aroused bythis than terrified ;and he continued all the morebitterly to resist the law, to harry the plebs, andto assail the tribunes as if in actual warfare. Theaccuser permitted the defendant to storm, and tofan the flames of popular resentment, while furnishingfresh materials for the charges which heintended to bring against him meanwhile he;continued to urge the law, not so much from anyhope of carrying it as to provoke Caeso to reckless-41

LIVYA.U.O.293ab iuventute inconsulte dicta factaque in unius12 Caesonis suspectum incidunt ingenium. Tamen legiresistebatur. Et A. Verginius identidem plebi:" Ecquid sentitis iam vos, Quirites, Caesonem simulcivem et legem quam cupitis habere non posse ?13Quamquam quid ego legem loquor ? Libertati obstat ;omnes Tarquinios superbia exsuperat. Exspectate,dum consul aut dictator fiat, quern privatum viribuset audacia regnantem videtis."Adsentiebantur multipulsates se querentes, et tribunum ad rem peragendamtiltro incitabant.XII. Iam aderat iudicio dies apparebatque volgohomines in damnatione Caesonis libertatem agicredere.Turn demum coactus cum multa indignitateprensabat singulos. Sequebantur necessarii, principes2 civitatis. T. Quinctius Capitolinus, qui ter consulfuerat, cum multa referret sua familiaeque decora,3 adfirmabat neque in Quinctia gente neque in civitateRomana tantam indolem tarn maturae virtutis unquamexstitisse ;suum primum militem fuisse, se4 saepe vidente pugnasse in hostem ; Sp. Furius,missum ab Quinctio Capitolinosibi eum in dubiissuis rebus venisse subsidio ;42neminem unum esse cuius

BOOK III. xr. ii-xn. 4ness. In these circumstances it was Caeso alone, B.C. 461as being a suspected character, who got all theblame for many a rash word and act which proceededfrom the youngaristocrats. Neverthelessthe law continued to meet resistance. And AulusVerginius kept saying to the "plebeians : Isupposeyou see now, Quirites, that you cannot at the sametime have Caeso for a fellow-citizen and obtain thelaw you desire ? And yet why do I say law ? Itislibertyhe isthwarting in all the Tarquinian;house was no such arrogance. Wait till this manbecomes consul or dictator, whom you see lordingit over us while a private citizen, by virtue of hisstrength and "impudence There were many who!agreed with him ;they complained of the beatingsthey had received, and freely urged the tribune tosee the business through.XII. The day of the trial now drew near, and itwas clearly the general opinion that liberty dependedon Caeso's condemnation. Then at last he w r asobliged, though greatly disdaining such a course, tosue for the support of individuals. He was accompaniedby his friends, the chief men of the state.Titus Quinctius Capitolinus, who had thrice beenconsul, rehearsed the many honours which had cometo himself and his family, and declared that neitherin the Quinctian clan nor in the Roman state hadthere ever been such native qualities, so early ripeninginto manly worth Caeso had been his best;soldier, and had often fought under his own eyes.Spurius Furius testified that Caeso had been sent tohim by Quinctius Capitolinus, and had come to hisaid when he was in a dangerous plight; that therewas no single person whose services he considered to43

LIVY29 3'5 magis opera putet rem restitutam. L. Lucretius, 1consul anni prioris, recenti gloria nitens, suas laudesparticipare cum Caesone, memorare pugnas, referreegregia facinora, mine in expeditionibus nunc in acie6 suadere et monere iuvenem egregium, instructumnaturae fortunaeque omnibus bonis, maximum momentumrerum eius civitatis, inquamcumque venisset,7 suum quam alienum mallent civem esse. Quodoffendat in eo, fervorem et audaciam, aetatem cottidiemagis auferre ;quod desideretur, consilium, id in diescrescere. Senescentibus vitiis, maturescente virtute8 sinerent tantum virum s^nem in civitate fieri. Paterinter hos L. Quinctius, cui Cincinnato cognomenerat, non iterando laudes, ne cumularet invidiam, sedveniam errori atque adulescentiae petendo, sibi, quinori dicto, non facto quemquam offendisset, ut con-9 donarent filium orabat. Sed alii aversabantur precesaut verecundia aut metu ; alii se suosque mulcatosquerentes atroci response indicium suum praeferebant.XIII. Premebat reum praeter volgatam invidiamcrimen unum, quod M. Volscius Fictor, qui antealiquot annos tribunus plebis fuerat, testis exstiterat2 se, baud multo post quam pestilentia in urbe fuerat,lucretius1L. Lucretius V (cf. viii. 2) : p. lucretius n : p.MF1f.44

BOOK III. xn. 4-xin. 2have been more effectual in saving the day. Lucius B.C. 401Lucretius, the consul of the year before, in thesplendour of his new-won renown, shared his glorywith Caeso, told of the young man's combats, andrecounted his wonderful exploits on raids or in thefield of battle ;he earnestly advised the people toprefer that a distinguished youth, endowed withevery advantage of nature and of fortune, and sureto be an important factor in the affairs of any statewhich he might join, should rather be their own thanthe citizen of another nation. Those qualities in himwhich gave offence, impetuosity and rashness, werediminishing each day, as he grew older : that inwhich he was deficient, namely prudence, was dailyincreasing. They should suffer a man of his greatnesshis worth maturing as he outlived his faultsto grow old in the possession of his citizenship.The young man's father, Lucius Quinctius, surnamedCincinnatus, was among his advocates. Hedid not dwell on Caeso's praises, lest he should addto his unpopularity but, craving indulgence for his;errors and his youth, he begged them to acquit theson as a favour to the father, who had offended noman either in word or deed. But some turned awayfrom the petitioner, through either embarrassmentor fear; while others complained of the injurieswhich Caeso had inflicted on themselves or theirfriends, and showed by their harsh replies howthey meant to vote.XIII. There was one charge, besides the generaldislike of him, which bore hard upon the accused.Marcus Volscius Fictor, who had been a tribune ofthe plebs a few years before, had certified thatshortly after the epidemic had been in the City he45

LIVYin iuventutem * grassantem in Subura incidisse. Ibirixam natam esse, fratremque suum maiorem natu,necdum ex morbo satis valid urn, pugno ictuni ab3 Caesone cecidisse ;semianimem inter manus domumablatum mortu unique inde arbitrari, nee sibi rem exsequitani atrocem per consules superiorum annorumlicuisse. Haec Volscio clamitante adeo concitati hominessunt ut baud multum afuerit quin impetu populi4 Caeso interiret. Verginius arripi iubet hominem etin vincula duci. Patricii vi contra vim resistunt.T. Quinctius clamitat, cui rei capitalis dies dicta sitet de quo futurum propediem indicium., euni indem-5 natum indicta causa non debere violari. Tribunussupplicium negat sumpturum se de indemnato servatururntarnen in vinculis esse ad iudicii diem;ut,qui hominem necaverit, de eo supplicii sumendi copia6 populo Romano fiat. Appellati tribuni medio decretoius auxilii sui expediunt: in vincla conici vetant ;sistireum, pecuniamque ni sistatur populo promitti placere7 pronuntiant. Summam pecuniae quantam aequumesset promitti, veniebat in dubium ;id ad senatumreicitur. Reus, dum consulereiitur patres, retentus8 in publico est. Vades dari 2 placuit unum vadem;tribus milibus aeris 3obligarunt ; quot darentur periniuv r entutera V \ iuuentutem n.1* dari :Madvig dare n.obligauerunt M.8 obligarunt n :obligarent PF ? UB :1A populous street lying in the hollow between theQuirinal and the Viminal on the one hand, and theEsquiline on the other.2The tribunes had been created to protect plebeiansagainst the oppression of the nobles, but there were severalother occasions when patricians did not disdain to availthemselves of their help. See II. Ivi. 5 ;ix. xxvi. 16.46

BOOK III. xiii. 2-8had fallen in with a band of young men swaggeringB.C. 4ithrough the Subura. 1 There a brawl had arisen,and his elder brother, who had not yet fully recoveredfrom the disease, had been felled by ablow from Caeso's fist ;he had been picked up halfaliveand carried home, and his death, Volsciusconsidered, had resulted from this hurt ;yet underthe consuls of previous years he had been unableto avenge that wicked crime. As Volscius shoutedout this story, men became so excited that Caesohad nearly perished by the fury of the people.Verginius gave orders to seize the fellow and throwhim into prison. The patricians resisted force withcried out that a man whoforce. Titus Quinctiushad been charged with a capital crime and whoseday of trial was at hand ought not to suffer violence,uncondemned and unheard. The tribune answeredthat he did not propose to punish him uncondemned,but that he should keep him in prison notwithstanding,till the day of trial, that the Roman Peoplemight have it in their power to punish a homicide.The other tribunes, on being appealed 2 to, assertedby a compromise their prerogative of protection :they forbade the imprisonment of the accused, butdeclared it to be their pleasure that he be producedfor trial, and that money be pledged to the peoplein the event of a failure to produce him. How greata sum was proper to be guaranteed was a doubtfulpoint it was referred to the senate, and Caeso;was detained in custodytill the Fathers could beconsulted. They voted that sureties should befurnished, and fixed the responsibility of one suretyat 3,000 asses ;how many sureties should be giventhey left the tribunes to determine, They decided47

LIVYA.U.O. missum tribunis est. Decem finierunt. Tot vadibus293accusator vadatus est reum. Hie primus vades publico1dedit. Dimissus e foro nocte proxima in Tuscos in9 exsilium abiit. ludicii die cum excusaretur solumvertisse exsilii causa, nihilo minus Verginio comitia* Ohabente collegae appellati dimisere concilium.10 Pecunia a patre exacta crudeliter, ut divenditisomnibus bonis aliquamdiu trans Tiberim velutirelegatus devio 2 quodam tugurio viveret.A.UO. XIV. Hoc indicium et promulgata lex exercuitM I*"*2 civitatem : ab externis armis otium fuit. Cum velutvictores tribuni perculsis patribus Caesonis exsilioprope perlatam esse crederent legem et, quod adseniores patrum pertineret, cessissent possessione3 rei publicae, iuniores, id maxime quod Caesonis sodalicium3 fuit, auxere iras in plebem, non minueruntanimos ;sed ibiplurimum profectum est, quod modo4 quodam temperavere impetus suos. Cum primo postCaesonis exsilium lex coepta ferri est, instructi paratiquecum ingenti clientium exercitu sic tribunes,ubi primum submoventes praebuere causam, adorti1publico Oronovius :publicos n.1devio V (conj. by Campanns and Rhenanus before the discoveryof tins MS.) : deuo (or de ullo) n.3sodalicium V : sodalium fl.1Verginius wished to try Caeso in absentia, but hiscolleagues, by adjourning the meeting, acquiesced in the*iew that a defendant had the right to avoid convictionby going into voluntary exile. In similar cases the tribessubsequently passed a resolution the effect of which was togive to this voluntary exile the binding force of a legalsentence (xxv. iv. 9; xxvi. iii. 12).48

BOOK III. xiii. 8-xiv. 4on ten, and with this number of sureties the B.C. 46)accuser admitted the accused to bail. Caeso was thefirst that ever gave sureties to the people. Beingallowed to leave the Forum, he departed that nightand went into exile amongst the Etruscans. Onthe day of trial, when it was pleaded that he hadgone into voluntary exile, Verginius neverthelessattempted to hold the comitia, but an appeal wastaken to his colleagues, who dismissed the1assembly.The money was exacted from Caeso's father withoutpity, so that he was obliged to sell all that he hadand live for some time on the other side of theTiber, 2 like one banished, in a certain lonely hovel.XI V. This trial and the promulgation of the law 3kept the citizens in a turmoil from : foreign warsthere was a respite. The tribunes, assuming thntthe rebuff sustained by the patricians in Caeso'sexile had given themselves the victory, believedthe law to be as good as passed and so far as the;older senators were concerned, they had indeedrelinquished their grasp upon the government ; butthe juniors, especially those who had been of Caeso'sfellowship, grew more bitter against the plebs,and their courage ran as high as ever. Yet theygreatly promoted their cause by tempering theirfury with a kind of moderation. At the first attemptafter Caeso's exile to pass the law, they were organizedand ready, and fellupon the tribunes with agreat army of clients, as soon as the tribunes gavethem an excuse by attempting to remove them ;insuch wise that no single patrician came off with any*The Trastevere was not incorporated in the City tillAugustus made of it his fourteenth region.3The Terentilian Law. See chap. ix.49

LIVYi.u.o.w -70sunt ut nemo unus inde praecipuum quicquam gloriaedomum invidiaeve ferret, mille pro uno Caesones6 exstitisse plebes quereretur. Mediis diebus quibustribuni de lege non agerent, nihil eisdem illis placidiusaut quietiuserat. Benigne salutare, adloqui plebishomines, domum invitare, adesse in foro, tribunosipsos cetera pati sine interpellatione concilia habere,numquam ullineque publice neque privatim trucesesse, nisi cum de lege agi coeptum esset ;alibi popularisiuventus erat. Ne voce quidem incommodi,nedum ut ulla vis fieret, paulatim permulcendo tractandoquemansuefecerant plebem. His per totum6 annum artibus lex elusa est. Nee cetera modo tribunitranquillo peregere, sed refecti quoque ininsequentem annum. 1A.U.C. XV. Accipiunt civitatem placidiorem consules C.294Claudius Appifilius et P. Valerius Publicola. Nihi]novi novus annus attulerat ;legis ferendae aut acci-2 piendae cura civitatem tenebat. Quantum iuniorespatrum plebi se magis insiiiuabant, eo acrius contratribuni tendebant ut plebi suspectos eos criminando3 facerent : coniurationem factam ;Caesonem Romaeesse ;interficiendorum tribunorum, trucidandae ple-1 nee cetera, etc. The MSS. put this sentence after iuuentuserat. The transposition is due to Conway and Walters.50

BOOK III. xiv. 4-xv. 3conspicuous share of glory or unpopularity, and the B.C. 461plebeians complained that a thousand Caesos hadsprung up in the place of one. During the interveningdays on which the tribunes took no actionabout the law, nothing could have been more peaceableor quiet than these same youths. They wouldsalute plebeians courteously, converse with them,invite them to their houses, assist them in thecourts, and permit the tribunes themselves to holdtheir other assemblies without interruption. Theynever displayed arrogance towards any one, eitheropenly or in private, except when the law came up ;at other times they were democratic. By avoidingso much as an offensive word, to say nothing of anysort of violence, they managed little by little, withgentleness and tact, to disarm the hostility of theplebs. By such arts the law was evaded for anentire year. And yet not only did the tribunescarry through their other measures without opposition,but they were even re-elected for the followingtwelvemonth.XV. The state was less distracted when the consulsGaius Claudius, the son of Appius, and PubliusValerius Publicola assumed control. No new difficultyhad come in with the new year ; anxiety topass the law on the one side, and on the otherthe dread of having to accept it, occupied thethoughts of the citizens. The more the youngerpatricians tried to ingratiate themselves with theplebs, the more sharply were they opposed by thetribunes, who endeavoured by bringing chargesagainst their adversaries to make the plebeianssuspect them A : conspiracy had been formed ;Caesowas in Rome ; plans had been laid to kill the tri-51B.C. 4GO

LIVYA.U.C, bis consiKa inita ;id negotii datum ab senioribus294patrum ut luventus tribuniciam potestatem e republica tolleret formaque eadem civitatis esset quae4 ante Sacrum montem occupatum fuerat. Et a Volsciset Aequis statum iam ac prope sollemne in singulosannos bell um timebatur, propiusque aliud novum5 malum necopinato exortum. Exsules servique, adduo milia l hominum et quingenti, duce Ap. HerdonioSabino nocte Capitolium atque arcem occu-6 pavere. Confestim in arce facta caedes eorum quiconiurare et simul capere arma noluerant : alii intertumultum praecipites pavore in forum devolant.Alternae voces "Ad arma!' et " Hostes in urbe7 sunt " audiebantur. Consules et armare plebem etinermem pati timebant incerti quod malum repentinum,externum an intestinum, ab odio plebisan ab servili fraude, urbem invasisset. Sedabanttumultus, sedando interdum movebant ;nee enimpoterat pavida et consternata multitude regi imperio.8 Dant tamen arma, non volgo, tantum ut incertohoste praesidium satis fidum ad omnia esset.Sollicitireliquum noctis incertique qui homines, quantusnumerus hostium esset, in stationibus disponendisad opportuna omnis urbis loca egere. Lux deinde9 aperuit bellum ducemquebelli. Servos ad liberta-1duo milia $- : oo oo milia fl: ccc milia 0: cecc miliaP*FUD 3 (cf. Dion. HaL x. xiv. 1).1Livy implies thac Coriolanus and Caeso were not the onlycitizens who had been compelled to leave Rome during thequarrels between senate and plebs.52

BOOK III. xv. 3-9bunes and massacre the plebs ;the elder patriciansB.C. 4txhad intrusted the younger men with the task ofabolishing the tribunician power from the com-have the samemonwealth, that the state mightaspect it had worn before the occupation of theSacred Mount. Also men feared the Volsci andAequi, whose attack was by this time almost aregular and stated custom of annual recurrence ;anda new and unexpected danger sprang up nearer home.Exiles 1 and slaves to the number of twenty-fivehundred, led by Appius Herdonius, the Sabine,came by night and seized the Capitol and theCitadel. They at once put to the sword those inthe Citadel who refused to conspire and take uparms with them. Some escaped in the confusionand ran down terror-stricken into the Forum. Alternatingcries were heard, " "To arms ! and " Theenemy is in the 'City The consuls were afraid!either to arm the plebs or to leave them unarmed,not knowing whence this sudden attack upon theCity had come, whether from without or from within,from the hatred of the plebs or the treachery ofslaves. They tried to still the uproar, and sometimesby their efforts made it the greater for the;trembling, panic-stricken multitude could not be controlledby authority. Nevertheless they gave outarms, not to everybody, but only so far as to insure,in the uncertainty regarding their foe, that thereshould be a fairly dependable defence for any emergency.Filled with concern, and wondering whotheir enemy was and what his numbers, they employedthe rest of the night in disposing pickets atsuitable points throughout the City. Then camedaylight and disclosed the nature of the war and itsVOL. II.C53

LIVYAi>94tern Ap. Herdonius ex Capitolio vocabat : se miserrimicuiusque suscepisse causam, ut exsules iniuriapulsos in patriam reduceret et servitiis grave iugumdemeret. Id malle populo Romano auctore fieri : siibi spes non sit, se Volscos et Aequos et omniaextrema temptaturum et concitaturum.XVI. Dilucere res magis patribus atque consulibus.Praeter ea tamen quae denuntiabantur, neVeientium neu Sabinorum id consilium esset timere,2 et, cum tantum in urbe hostium esset, mox SabinaeEtruscaeque legiones ex composito adessent, turnaeterni hostes, Volsci et Aequi, non ad populandos,ut ante, fines sed ad urbem ut ex parte captam3 venirent. Multi et varii timores ;inter ceteroseminebat terror servilis, ne suus euique domi hostisesset, cui nee credere nee non credendo, ne infestior4 fieret, fidem abrogare satis erat tutum ; vixque concordiasisti videbatur posse. Tantum superantibusaliis ac mergentibus malis nemo tribunos aut plebemtimebat ;mansuetum id malum et per aliorum quietemmalorum semper exoriens turn quiesse1pere-6 grino terrore sopitum videbatur. At 2 id prope unum1 turn quiesse Scheller :tumque esse n. * at U$-: ad fl.1Caeso had taken refuge with the Etruscans (chap. xiii.8).54

BOOK III. xv. 9-xvi. 5leader. From the Capitol Herdonius was calling the B.C. icoslaves to freedom ;he had undertaken, he said, thecause of all the wretched, that he might bring backto their native land the exiles who had been wrongfullyexpelled, and release the slaves from theirheavy yoke he had rather this were done with the;approval of the Roman :people if there were nohope in that quarter, he would call in the Volsciand the Aequi and leave no desperate measureunattempted.XVI. The situation became clearer to the senatorsand the consuls. Still, besides the dangers withwhich they were publicly threatened, they wereafraid that this might be a ruse of the Veientes orthe Sabines, and that while there were somanyenemies within the City, Sabine and Etruscan leviesmight presently combine for an invasion 1 or ; againthat their perpetual foes, the Volsci and Aequi,might come, not as before to lay waste their fields,but to the City, which they would regard as alreadypartly captured. Men's fears were many and various ;above all the rest stood out their dread of the slaves.Everybody suspected that he had an enemyown in hishousehold, whom it was safe neither to trust,nor, from want of confidence, to refuse to trust, lesthis hostility should be intensified; and it seemedhardly possible that even co-operation between theclasses should arrest the danger. So greatly didother evils overtop and threaten to engulf themthat no one feared the tribunes or the plebeians ;that seemed a milder mischief, and springing up, asitalways did, when other troubles were quieted,appeared now to have been lulled to sleep by theforeign peril. But in fact it bore down almost55

LIVYmaxime inclinatis rebus incubuit. Tantus enim tribunosfuror tenuit ut non bellum sed vanam imaginembelli ad avertendos ab legis cura plebis animosCapitol ium insedisse contenderent ;patriciorum hospitesclientesque si perlata lege frustra tumultuatosesse se sentiant, maiore quam venerint silentio6 abituros. Concilium1inde legi perferendae habereavocato 2 populo ab armis. Senatum interim consuleshabent alio se maiore ab tribunis metu osteiidente,quam quern nocturnus hostis intulerat.XVII. Postquam arma poni et discedere hominesab stationibus nuntiatum est, P. Valerius collegasenatum retinente se ex curia proripit, inde in tem-2plum ad tribunos venit. "Quid hoc rei est" inquit," tribuni ? Ap. Herdonii ductu et auspicio rem publicameversuri estis ? Tarn felix vobis corrumpendisfuit qui servitia non commovit auctor ? Cum hostessupra caput sint, discedi ab armis legesque ferri3 "placet? Inde ad multitudinem oration e versa ": Si3vos urbis, Quirites, si vestri nulla cura tangit, at vosveremini deos vestros ab hostibus captos. luppiteroptimus maximus, luno regina et Minerva, alii dideaeque obsidentur castra servorum;publicos vestros4 penates tenent ;haec vobis forma sanae civitatisvidetur ? Tantum hostium non solum intra muros est1legi n :legis 0. 2avocato $- FÛ* : aduocato n.3 urbis, Quirites Sabellicus :urbisque fl.1The word templum means any place marked off withaugural rites. The tempium meant here is the Comitium.56

BOOK III. xvi. 5-xvn. 4more heavily than anything else upon their sinkingfortunes. For so frenzied were the tribunes thatthey asserted it was no war which had taken possessionof the Capitol, but an idle mimicry of war,got up to divert the minds of the plebeians fromthinking about the law ;the patricians' friends andretainers would depart, when the passing of the lawshowed them how useless had been their insurrection,even more silently than they had come. They thenconvened an assembly to carry the measure through,having called the people away from their service assoldiers. Meantime the consuls were holding ameeting of the senate, where more fear of thetribunes was manifested than the night-attack ofthe enemy had caused.XVII. On being informed that the men werelaying down their arms and quitting their posts,Publius Valerius left his colleague to keep thesenate together, and hurrying from the Curia soughtout the tribunes in their 1 " meeting-place. Whatmeans this, tribunes?" he exclaimed, "Are youVgoing to overturn the state under the leadershipand auspices of Appius Herdonius ? Has he whocould not arouse the slaves been so successful incorrupting you ? With the enemy over your headscan you choose to quit your arms and "legislate ?Then, turning to the crowd, he continued ": If youfeel no concern, Quirites, for your City, or for yourselves,yet fear your gods, whom the enemy holdcaptive. Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Queen Juno,and Minerva, and the other gods and goddesses, arebeleaguered a camp of slaves is in ; possession of thetutelary deities of your country does this seem to;you a healthy polity ? All these foes are not merely57B.C. ieo

LIVYm arce su P ra forum curiamque ;comitia interimin foro sunt, senatus in curia est ;velut cum otiumsuperat, senator sententiam dicit, alii Quirites suffra-5 gium ineunt. Non quidquid patrum plebisque est,consules, tribunes, deos hominesque omnes armatosopem ferre, in Capitolium currere, liberare ac pacareaugustissimam illam domum lovis optimi maximi de-6 cuit ? Romule pater, tu mentem tuam, qua quondamarcem ab his iisdem Sabinis auro captain recepisti, daiube hanc ingredi viam, quam tu dux,quamPrimus en ego consul,stirpi tuae ;tuus ingressus exercitus est !quantum mortalis deum possum, te ac tua vestigia7 sequar." Ultimum orationis fuit : se arma capere,vocare omnes Quirites ad arma. Si qui impediat,iam se consularis imperil, iam tribuniciae potestatissacratarumque legum oblitum, quisquis ille sit, ubicumquesit, in Capitolio, in foro, pro hoste habiturum.8 Iuberenttribuni,quoniamiii Ap. Herdonium vetarent,in P. Valerium consulem sumi arma ;ausurum se intribunis, quod princeps familiae suae ausus in regibus9 esset. Vim ultimam apparebat futuram spectaculoqueseditionem Romanam hostibus fore. Nee lextamen ferri nee ire in Capitolium consul potuit.Nox certamina coepta oppressit. Tribuni cessere10 nocti, timentes consulum arma. Amotis inde sedi-1Publius Valerius, son of Volesus (i. Iviii. 6), afterwardscalled Publicola (n. viii. 1).58

BOOK III. xvn. 4-10within our walls, but in the Citadel, above the B.C. 46uForum and the Curia ;the people meanwhile areassembled in the Forum, and in the Curia sits thesenate ;as when peace reigns supreme, the senatorgives voice to his opinion, the other Quirites vote.Should not every patrician and plebeian, the consuls,the tribunes, gods, and men, all have drawn thesword and helped have rushed ;upon the Capitol ;have brought liberty and peace to that most augusthouse of Jupiter Optimus Maximus? Father Romulus,grant thou to thy descendants that spirit in whichthou didst aforetime regain thy Citadel from thesesame Sabines, when they had capturedit with gold ;bid them advance by that road where thou didstlead, and thy army followed. Lo, I the consul willbe the first, so far as mortal can emulate a god, tofollow in 'thy footsteps He ended !by announcingthat he drew his sword and called to arms all theQuirites if ; any hindered, he should no longer rememberconsular authority, nor tribunician power,nor the guarantees of sanctity whoever the;man,wherever he might be, on the Capitol, in the Forum,he should hold him a public enemy. Since thetribunes forbade them to arm against AppiusHerdonius, let them order an attack on PubliusValerius the consul ;he would not fear to deal withtribunes as the founder of his family * had dealtwith kings. It was evident that there would soonbe an appeal to force, and that the enemy would beafforded the spectacle of mutiny among the Romans.Yet it was equally impossible for the law to becarried and for the consul to go up into the Capitol.Night put an end to the struggle. The tribunesretired as darkness fell, fearing the armed strength59

neLIVYtionis auctoribus patres circumire plebem inserentesquese in circulos sermones tempori aptos serere,admonere ut viderent in quod discrimen rem publi-1 1 cam adducerent : non inter patres ac plebem certamenesse, sed simul patres plebemque, arcem urbis^ templadeorum, penates publicos privatosquehostibus dedi.12 Dum haec in foro sedandae discordiae causa aguntur,consules interim, ne Sabini neve Veiens * hostismoveretur, circa portas murosque discesserant.XVIII. Eadem nocte et Tusculum de arce captaCapitolioque occupatoet alio turbatae urbis statu2 nuntii veniunt. L. Mamilius Tusculi turn dictatorerat. Is confestim convocato senatu atque intro-3 ductis nuntiis magno opere censet ne exspectent dumab Roma legati auxilium petentes veniant ;periculumipsum discrimenque ac sociales deos fidemquefoederum id poscere. Demerendi 2 beneficio tarnpotentem, tam propinquam civitatem numquam4 parem occasionem daturos deos. Placet ferri auxilium;iuventus conscribitur, anna dantur. Romamprirnaluce venientes procul speciem hostium praebuere; Aequi aut Volsci venire visi sunt ;deindeubi vanus terror abiit, accepti in urbem agmine in1neve Veiens MHR : ueiens PFUODL : ne ueniensFIB.2demerendi 5- : demereno (or de merendo) fl : demorendo B.60

BOOK III. xvn. lo-xvin. 4of the consuls. When the instigators of insurrection B.C. 46were once out of the way, the Fathers went aboutamong the plebs, and mingling with the differentgroups, talked to them in a strain adapted to thecrisis. They warned them to have a care into whatstraits they brought the nation : It was not betweenpatricians and plebeians that the conflict lay patriciansand plebeians alike, the Citadel of the City,the temples of the gods, and the guardian deities of;the state and of privatewrcitizens, ere being surrenderedto enemies. Such were the means employedin the Forum to allay dissension. Meanwhile theconsuls, lest Sabine or Veientine enemies might beafoot, had set out to make the round of the gatesand walls.XVIII. That same night Tusculum received tidingsof the capture of the Citadel, the seizure of theCapitol, and the general disorder in the City. LuciusMamilius was then dictator at Tusculum. He atonce convoked the senate ;and having introducedthe messengers, expressed an earnest conviction thatthey ought not to wait till ambassadors should comefrom Rome requesting help;her perilous andcritical situation spoke for itself the gods of theiralliance and the obligations of their treaty called onthem to act. Heaven would never bestow on theman equal opportunity to earn the gratitude of sopowerful and so near a state, by doingit a service.The senate resolved to help. The young men wereenrolled, and arms were issued. As they marchedtowards Rome in the early dawn, the Tusculans, whowere seen a w7long way off, ere taken for enemies ;it looked like an invasion of the Aequi or the Volsci,When the alarm proved groundless, they were61

'LIVY5 forum descendunt. Ibi iam P. Valerius relicto ad6 portarum praesidia collega instruebat aciem. Auctoritasvirimoverat adfirmantis Capitolio reciperato eturbe pacatasi1edoceri se sissenl, quae fraus ab tribunisocculta in lege ferretur, memorem se maiorumsuorum, memorem cognominis quo populi colendivelut hereditaria cura sibi a maioribus tradita esset,7 concilium plebis non impediturum. Hunc ducemsecuti ncquiquamCapitolinum erigunt aciem.reclamantibus tribunis in clivumAdiungitur e t Tusculanalegio. Certare socii civesque, utri reciperatae arcissuum decus facerent ;dux uterque suos adhortatur.8 Trepidare turn hostes, nee ulli satis rei praeterquamloco fidere ; trepidantibus inferunt signa Romanisociique, iam in vestibulum perruperant templi, cumP. Valerius inter primores pugnam ciens interficitur.9 P. Volumnius consularis vidit cadentem. Is datonegotio suis ut corpus obtegerent, ipsevicemque consulis provolat.in locumPrae ardore impetuquetantae rei sensus non pervenit ad militem ;prius10 vicit quam se pugnaresine duce sentiret. Multiexsulum caede sua foedavere templa,2multi vivicapti, Herdonius interfectus. Ita Capitol ium reci-1 si edoceri se sissent Ehenanus : si se doceri sensissent fl :si se doceri siuissent U*-.2templa V :teinplum (templi DL] fl.62

BOOK III. xvm. 4-10received into the City, and marched in column down B.C. 460into the Forum. There they found Publius Valerius,who had left his colleague to protect the gates andwas marshalling his army. The personal influenceof the man had prevailed. He had assured thepeople that when the Capitol should be won backand peace restored in the City, if they would permithim to point out to them the mischief which lurkedin the law the tribunes were proposing, he wouldremember his forefathers and the surname withwhich he had, as it were, inherited from thoseforefathers the charge of caring for the people, norwould he interfere with the council of the plebs.Following him as their leader, despite the idle effortsof the tribunes to restrain them, they advanced upthe Clivus Capitolinus, accompanied by the troopsfrom Tusculum. It was a contest between the alliesand the citizens, which should obtain the honour ofrecovering the Citadel. The leader of each partyurged on his followers. The enemy now began toquake with fear, having no great confidence in anythingbut their position. As they stood there quaking,the Romans and their allies assailed them. Theyhad already burst into the vestibule of the temple,when Publius Valerius was killed, *as he was directing c5the attack in the van. Publius Volumnius, a formerconsul, saw him fall.Charging his men to cover upthe body, he threw himself into the consul's place.In the ardour and enthusiasm of the soldiers soimportant an event passed unnoticed ;and they hadwon the victory before they realized that they werefighting without their leader. Manyof the exilesstained the temples with their blood ;many weretaken alive ;Herdonius was slain. Thus the Capitol63

LIVYA.n.o.peratum. De captivis, ut quisque liber aut servus94esset, suae fortunae a quoque sumptum suppliciumest ;Tusculanis gratiae actae ;Capitolium purgatum11 atque lustratum. In consulis domum plebes quadrantesut funere ampliore efferretur 1 iactasse fertur.XIX. Pace parta instare turn tribuni patribus utP. Valeri fidem exsolverent, instare C. Claudio, 2 utcollegae deos manes fraude liberaret, agi de legesineret. Consul antequam collegam sibi subrogasset2 iiegare passurum agi de lege. Hae tenuere contentionesusque ad comitia consulis subrogandi. Decembrimense summo patrum studio L. QuinctiusCincinnatus, pater Caesonis, consul creatur, qui3 magistratum statim occiperet. Perculsa erat plebesconsulem habitura iratum, potentem favore patrum,virtute sua, tribus liberis, quorum nemo Caesonicedebat magnitudine animi, consilium et modum4 adhibendo ubi res posceret priores erant. Is utmagistratum iniit, adsiduis contionibus pro tribunalinon in plebe coercenda quam senatu castigandovehementior fuit, cuius ordinis languore perpetuiiam tribuni plebis, non ut in re publica populiRomani sed ut in perdita domo lingua criminibusque1 efiferretur F 3 (over erasure}: referretur RDL: ferretur(amplio referretur //") n.2 C. Claudio //. J. Mueller : Claudio n.1 Cf. the funeral of his father (n. xvi. 7), and of MeneniusAgrippa (n. xxxiii. 11).64

BOOK III. xvin. lo-xix. 4was regained. The captives, according as they were B.C. 460free or slave, paid the penalty appropriate in eachcase to their condition ;the Tusculans were thanked ;the Capitol was purged and ceremonially purified.It is said that the plebeians flung their coppers intothe consul's house, that he might be given a granderfuneral. 1XIX. When peace had been established, thetribunes began to urge the patricians to fulfil thepromise made by Publius Valerius and to ; urgeGaius Claudius to absolve the manes of his colleaguefrom deceit, and allow the law to be discussed. Theconsul refused to permit discussion of the law,until he should have accomplished the election of acolleague. These disputes continued up to the timewhen the comitia met to fill the vacant consulate. InDecember, thanks to extraordinary zeal on the partof the patricians, Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus,Caeso's lather, was declared consul, to enter uponthe office at once. The plebs were filled with dismayat the prospect of a consul incensed againstthemselves and strong in the favour of the senate,his own worth, and his three sons, none of whomwas inferior to Caeso in courage, while they surpassedhim in using wisdom and restraint when the needarose. Cincinnatus, having taken up the magistracy,harangued the people incessantly from the tribunal ;yet was no more vehement in repressing the plebsthan in castigating the senate. It was owing, hedeclared, to the apathy of that order that the tribunesof the plebs, whose tenure was now become permanent,exercised such a tyranny of speech andaccusation as might be expected in a disorderedhousehold, but not in the public affairs of the Roman65

LIVYA2945 regnarent. Cum Caesone filio suo virtutem, constantiam,omnia iuventutis bellidomique decorapulsa ex urbe Romana et fugata esse ;loquaces,seditiosos, semina discordiarum, iterum ac tertium tri-6 bunos pessimis artibus regia licentia vivere. "Aulus"inquit "ille Verginius, quia in Capitolio non fuit,minus supplicii quam Ap. Herdonius meruit? Plusheroule aliquanto, qui vere rem aestimare velit.Herdonius, si nihil aliud, hostem se fatendo propedenuntiavit ut arma caperetis hie ;negando bellum lesse arma vobis ademit nudosque servis vestris et7 exsulibus obiecit. Et vos C. Claudi pace et P.Valeri mortui loquar prius in clivum Capitolinumsigna intulistis quam hos hostes de foro tolleretis?Pudet deorum hominumque. Cum hostes in arce,in Capitolio essent, exsulum et servorum dux profanatisomnibus in cella lovis optimi maximi habitaret,Tusculi ante quam Romae sumpta sunt arma ;quidem ipsis,8 in dubio fuit, utrum L. Mamilius, Tusculanus dux,an P. Valerius et C. Claudius consules Romanamarcem liberarent ;et qui ante Latinos ne pro secum in finibus hostem haberent, attingerearma passi sumus, nunc, nisi Latini sua sponte9 arma sumpsissent, capti et deleti eramus. Hoc est,tribuni, auxilium plebi ferre, inermem earn hostitrucidandam obicere ? Scilicet, si quis vobis humil-1bellum :Madvig bella n.66

BOOK 111. xix. 4-9People. With his son Caeso, manhood, steadfast- B c. 460ness, and all the qualities which honour youth inwar and in civil life had been driven from Rome andput to rout. Garrulous, seditious, sowers of discord,obtaining office by the most wicked practices fora second and even a third term, the tribunes led aslawless a life as kings." Did Aulus Verginius," hecried, " because he was not in the Capitol, deserveless punishment than Appius Herdonius? Nay,somewhat more, if one were disposed to be fair.Herdonius had one thing to his credit :by professinghimself an enemy, he as good as warned you to arm ;the other, denying the existence of a war, took awayyour arms and exposed you unprotected to yourslaves and exiles. And did you without offence toGaius Claudius and the dead Publius Valerius be itsaid, did you carry your standards against theCapitoline Hill before clearing these enemies out ofthe Forum ? I am ashamed in the sight of gods andmen. When foes were in the Citadel, foes in theCapitol, when the captain of slaves and exiles, profaningeverything, was quartered in the very shrine ofJupiter Optimus Maximus, it was Tusculum notRome where the first sword was drawn. It was aquestion whether Lucius Mamilius, the Tusculangeneral, or Publius Valerius and Gaius Claudius, theconsuls, would free the Roman Citadel ;and we whountil then did not allow the Latins to touch theirweapons, even in their own defence, though they hadan enemy within their borders, had now, unless theLatins had armed of their own free will, been takencaptive and destroyed. Is this, tribunes, what youmean by helping the plebs, to deliver them overunarmed to be slaughtered by the enemy ? Why,67

LIVYlimus homo de vestra plebe, quam partern velutabruptam a cetero populo vestram patriam peculiaremquerem publicam fecistis, si quis ex his domumsuam obsessam 1 a familia armata nuntiaret, ferendum10 auxilium putaretis:luppiter optimus maximus exsulumatque servorum saeptus armis nulla humana opedignus erat ? Et hi postulantut sacrosancti habeantur,quibus ipsi di neque sacri nequesancti sunt ?11 At enim divinis humanisque obruti sceleribus legemvos hoc anno perlaturos dictitatis. Turn hercule illodie quo ego consul sum creatus, male gesta respublica est, peius multo, quam cum P. Valerius12 consul periit,si tuleritis. lam primum omnium"inquitj " Quirites, in Volscos et Aequos mihi atquecollegae legiones ducere in animo est. Nescio quofato magis bellantes quam pacati propitios habemusdeos. Quantum periculum ab illis populis fuerit,siCapitolium ab exsulibus obsessum scissent,suspicari de praeterito quam re ipsa experiri estmelius."XX. Moverat plebem oratio consulis ;erecti patresrestitutam credebant rem publicam. Consul alter,comes animosior quam auctor, suscepisse coliegam2priorem action es tarn graves 3 facile passus, in peragendisconsularis officii partem ad se vindicabat.2 Turn tribuni, eludentes velut vana dicta persequi681obsessam fl :oppressara V. * actiones , : actionem n.* graves ,- :grauis n.

BOOK III. xix. 9-xx. 2if the humblest man belonging to your plebs, a partof the people which you have sundered, as it were,from the rest and made a country of your own anda state apart, if one of these, I say, had announcedthat his slaves had armed and seized his house, youB.C. 460would have thought yourselves bound to help him ;was Jupiter Optimus Maximus, beset by the swordsof exiles and slaves, too mean to merit any man'sassistance ? And do these tribunes demand thatthey be held sacred and inviolable, in whose eyes thevery gods are neither the one nor the other? So!Weighed down with crimes against gods and men youassert that you will carry through your law this year !Then, by Heaven, it was an evil day for the nationwhen I was chosen consul, far more evil than whenPublius Valerius the consul fell, if indeed you carryit ! First of all then, Quirites," he " concluded, Iand my colleague are resolved to lead the legionsagainst the Volsci and the Aequi. We are somehowfated to enjoy the favour of the gods in largermeasure when warring than when at peace. Howdangerous these peoples would have been, had theyknown that the Capitol was seized by exiles, we maymore profitably conjecture from the past than ascertainby trying it."XX. The consul's speech had moved the plebs,and the senators took courage, believing that thestate was on its feet again. The other consul, morespirited in co-operation than invention, had beenquite willing that his colleague should take the leadin initiating such weighty measures ;but in carryingthem out he claimed for himself a share of theduties of the consulship. Then the tribunes, jeeringat what they termed the idle words of Cincin-69

LIVYquaerendo quonam niodo exercitum educturi consulesessent quos dilectum habere nemo passurus3 sit. 1 "Nobisvero" inquit Quinctius "nihil dilectuopus est, cum, quo tempore P. Valerius ad recipiundumCapitol ium arma plebi dedit, omnes in verbaiuraverint conventuros se iussu consulis nee iniussu4 abituros. Edicimus itaque, omnes qui in verbaiurastis crastina die armati ad lacum Regillum adsitis."Cavillari turn tribuni et populum exsolverereligione velle : privatum eo tempore Quinctium5 fuisse cum sacramento adacti sint. Sed nondumhaec quae nunc tenet saeculum neglegentia deumvenerat, nee interpretando sibi quisque ius iurandumet leges aptas faciebat, sed suos potius mores ad ea6 accommodabat. Igitur tribuni, ut impediendae reinulla spes erat, de proferendo exitu 2 agere, eomagis, quod et augures iussos adesse ad Regillumlacum fama exierat, locumque inaugurari ubi auspicatocum populo agi posset, ut quidquid Romae vitribunicia rogatum esset id comitiis ibi abrogaretur :7 omnes id iussuros quod consules velint; 3 nequeenim provocationem esse longius ab urbe mille passuum,et tribunos, si eo veniant, in alia turba8 Quiritium subiectos fore consulari imperio. Terrebanthaec ;sed ille maximus terror animos agitabat,1 sit PFUBO : esset MHRDL.2de proferendo exitu Perizonius : de proferendo exercitu H.8veliut V': vellent A.70

BOOK III. xx. 2-8natus, proceeded to inquire how the consuls were B,O. 460going to lead out an army, when no one wouldpermit them to hold a " levy. But we have noneed of a levy," said Quinctius, " for when PubliusValerius gave arms to the people for the recovery ofthe Capitol, theyall made oath that they wouldassemble at the bidding of the consul and riotdepart without his order. We therefore commandthat allyou who took the oath report to-morrow,armed, at Lake Regillus." Whereupon the tribunes,seeking to release the people from their obligation,resorted to a quibble:Quinctius had been a privatecitizen at the time when they bound themselves bythe oath. But there had not yet come about thatcontempt for the gods which possesses the presentgeneration nor;did everybody seek to construeoaths and laws to suit himself, but rather shapedhis own practices by them. Accordingly the tribunes,as there was no prospect of thwarting thedesign, concerned themselves with retarding thedeparture the;more so since a story was about thatthe augurs had been commanded to present themselvesat Lake Regillus., there to inaugurate a placewhere the auspices could be taken and mattersbrought before the people, to the end that whateverhad been enacted at Rome thanks to the violenceof the tribunes might there be repealed by thecomitia ;everybody, they said, would vote as theconsuls wished ;for there was no appeal when onewas more than a mile from the City, and thetribunes, if they should come there, would be subjected,amongst the rank and file of the citizens,to the consular authority. These were terrifyingrumours, but far the greatest terror that preyed7 1

LIVYA294' quod saepius Quinctius dictitabat se consulum comitianon habiturum ;non ita civitatem aegram esse utconsuetis remediis sisti possit * dictatore opus esse;rei publicae, ut qui se moverit ad sollicitandumstatum civitatis sentiat sine provocatione dictaturamesse.XXI. Senatus in Capitolio erat ;eo tribuni cumperturbata plebe veniunt. Multitudo clamore ingentinunc consulum, nunc patrum fidem implorantnee ante moverunt de sententia consulem quamtribuni se in auctoritate patrum futures esse polliciti2 sunt. Tune referente consule de tribunorum etplebis postulatis senatus consulta fiunt ut 2 nequetribuni legem eo anno ferrent neque consules aburbe exercitum educerent in ;reliquum magistratuscontinuari et eosdem 3 tribunos refici iudicare sena-3 turn contra rem publicam esse. Consules fuere in:patrum potestate tribuni reclamantibus consulibusrefecti. Patres quoque, ne quid cederent plebi, etipsi L. Quinctium consulem reficiebant. Nulla toto4 anno vehementior actio consulis fuit. "Mirer" inquit,"si vana vestra, patres conscripti, auctoritas adplebem est ? Vos elevatis earn; quippe qui quia 45plebs senatus consultum continuandis magistratibus5 solvit, ipsi quoque solutum voltis, ne temeritati1 possit $-: posset n.2 fiunt ut V: fiunt ft.3eosdem V$-: eos ft.724qui quia Madmg : quia quia V\ quiafl.6continuandis :Madvig in continuandis n.

BOOK III. xx. 8-xxi. 5upon their spirits was this, that Quinctius repeatedlyB.C. 460declared that he would hold no consular election ;the disease of the commonwealth was not one thatcould be cured by ordinary remedies ;the nationneeded a dictator, that whoever went about todisturb the state might learn that the dictatorshipknew no appeal.XXI. The senate was in the Capitol. Thithercame the tribunes with the troubled plebs. Themultitude loudly besought protection, now of theconsuls, now of the senators. Yet they could notmove the consul from his purpose, until the tribuneshad promised that they would submit to theauthority of the Fathers. The consul then broughtup the demands of the tribunes and the plebs, andthe senate resolved that neither should the tribunesproceed with the law that year, nor the consuls leadthe army out of the City that as regarded the;future, it was the sense of the senate that formagistrates to succeed themselves and for the sametribunes to be re-elected was contrary to the generalwelfare. The consuls acquiesced in the authorityof the Fathers ;the tribunes, in spite of the protestsof the consuls, were returned to office. Then thepatricians also, that they might yield in no respectto the plebs, would themselves have re-electedLucius Quinctius consul. At no time during theentire year did the consul express himself withgreater vehemence. "Can I wonder," he cried, "ifyour influence with the people, Conscript Fathers,isunavailing? You yourselves impair it, when,because the people have disregarded the senate'sresolution regarding successive terms, you desire todisregard it yourselves, that you may not lag behind73

LIVYmultitudinis cedatis, tamquam id sit plus posse incivitate plus levitatis ac liceritiae Inhere. Leviusenim vaniusque profecto est sua decreta et consul ta6 tollere quam aliorum. Imitamini, patres conscripti,turbam inconsultam, et qui exemploaliis esse debetisaliorum exemplo peccate l potius quam aliivestro recte faciant, dum ego ne imiter tribunos neeme contra senatus consultum coiisulem renuntiari7 patiar. Te vero, C. Claudi, adhortor, ut et ipsepopulum Romanum hac licentia arceas et de me hoctibi persuadeaSj me ita accepturum ut non honoremmeum a te imped itum, sed gloriam spreti honorisauctam, invidiam quae 2 ex continuato eo impenderet8 levatam putem." Communiter inde edicunt ne quisL. Quinctium consulem faceret ; si quis fecisset, seid suffragium non observaturos. XXII. Consulescreati Q. Fabius Vibulanus tertium et L. CorneliusMaluginensis. Census actus eo anno : lustrumpropter Capitolium captum, consulem occisum condireligiosum fuit.2 Q. Fabio L. Cornelio consulibus principio annistatim res turbulentae. Instigabant plebem tribuni ;bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis Latini atqueHernici nuntiabant : iam Antii Volscorum legionesesse. Et ipsam coloniam ingens metus erat defec-1peccate Klock :peccatis fl.a invidiam quae VH\ inuuidiamque quae fl: inuuidiamquaeque D ? L.74

BOOK III. xxi. 5-xxn. 2the multitude in rashness; as if to be more in- B.C. 430constant and more lawless were to possess morepower in the state. For surely it is more fickle andlight-minded to nullify one's own decrees and resolutions,than those of others. Pattern yourselves,Conscript Fathers, after the thoughtless crowd and;do you, who ought to set others an example, errrather by the example of those others, than permitthem to follow yours and do right. But I, withyour leave, will not imitate the tribunes, nor suffermyself to be named consul against the senate'sresolution. As for you, Gains Claudius, I urge thatyou too restrain the Roman People from this law-be assured I shalllessness ;and formy own partnot feel that your action has stood in the way of myelection, but that my renown has gained by myrefusal of the office, and that the odium whichthreatened me from its continuation has been removed."They then united in an edict that no oneshould vote for Lucius Quinctius for consul; if anyman should do so they would disregard his vote.XXII. The consuls elected were Quintus Fabius B.C. 459Vibulanus (for the third time) and Lucius CorneliusMaluginensis. The census was taken that year, butthere were scruples against performing the lustralsacrifice, on account of the seizure of the Capitoland the slaying of the consul.The consulship of Quintus Fabius and LuciusCornelius was a stormy one from the very beginningof the year.The tribunes egged on the plebs the;Latins and the Hernici reported that a great attackwas being launched by the Volsci and the Aequi,and that Volscian levies were already at Antium.There was much apprehension too lest the colony75

L1VYturam ;aegreque impetratuma tribunis ut bellum3 praeverti sinerent. Consules inde partiti provincias :Fabio ut legiones Antium duceret datum, Cornelio 1ut Romae praesidio esset, ne qua pars hostium, qui4 Aequis mos erat, ad populandum veniret. Herniciet Latini iussi milites dare ex foedere, duaequepartes sociorum in exercitu, tertia civium fuit. Postquamad diem praestitutum venerunt socii, consulextra portam Capenam castra locat. Inde lustratoexercitu Antium profectus hand procul oppido sta-6 tivisque hostium consedit. Ubi cum Volsci, quianondum ab Aequis venisset exercitus, dimicare nonausi, quern ad modum quieti vallo se tutarentur,pararent, postero die Fabius non permixtam unamsociorum civiumque sed trium populorum tres separatimacies circa vallum hostium instruxit ; ipse erat6 medius cum legionibus Romanis. Inde signum observareiussit, ut pariter et socii rem inciperentreferrentque pedem, si receptui cecinisset. Equites7 item suae cuique parti post principia collocat. Itatrifariam adortus castra circumvenit et, cum undiqueinstaret, non sustinentes impetum Volscos vallodeturbat. Transgressus inde munitiones pavidamturbam inclinatamque in partem unam castris ex-8 pellit. Inde effuse fugientes eques, cui superare1Cornelio 5- : Cornelius n.761i. e. over their law.

BOOK III. xxn. 2-8itself should revolt; and the tribunes were hardly B.C. 459prevailed upon to allow the war to have precedence. 1Then the consuls divided the commands, appointingFabius to take the legions to Antium, and Corneliusto defend Rome, lest some part of the enemy, inaccordance with the Aequian custom, should makea foray. The Hernici and the Latins were biddento furnish soldiers, as by treaty bound ; two-thirdsof the army were allies, one-third citizens. Whenthe allies had reported on the appointed day, theconsul encamped outside the Porta Capena. Thence,after purifying the army, he set out for Antium,and took up a position at no great distance from thetown and the standing camp of the enemy. Therethe Volsci, not daring to give battle for the Aequianarmy had not yet come up sought to protect themselves,without fighting, behind their rampart. Thenext day Fabius, instead of mingling allies and citizensin one line of battle, drew up the three nations inthree separate armies, about the enemy's works,taking the centre himself with the Roman legions.He then commanded them all to wait for the signal,that the alliesmight act with the citizens in beginningthe fight, and in retreating, if he should soundthe recall. He also stationed the cavalry belongingto each division behind its first line.Advancingthus in three sections he surrounded the camp, andattacking sharply on every side, dislodged theVolsci, who were unable to sustain his charge, fromtheir intrenchments. Passing over these, he drovethe frightened rabble before him in one directionand cleared the camp of them. As they dispersedin flight, the cavalry, who had found it difficult tosurmount the rampart and had hitherto been mere77

LIVYvallum baud facile fuenit, cum ad id spectatorpugnae adstitisset, libero campo adeptus parte vic-9 toriae fruitur territos caedendo. Magna et in castriset extra munimenta caedes fugientium fuit, sedpraeda maior, quiavix arma secum efFerre hostispotuit. Deletusque exercitus foret, ni fugientissilvae texissent.XXIII. Dum ad Antium haec geruntur, interimAequi robore iuventutis praemisso arcem Tusculanamimproviso nocte capiunt reliquo exercitu baud ;proculmoenibus Tusculi considuntut distenderent host-2 ium copias.Haec celeriter Romanr, ab Roma in castraAntium perlata movent Romanes baud secus quamsiCapitolium captum nuntiaretur ;adeo et recenserat Tusculanorum meritum et similitudo ipsa peri-3 culi reposcere datum auxilium videbatur. Fabiusomissis omnibus praedam ex castris raptim Antiumconvehit ;ibi modico praesidio relicto citatum agmeiiTusculum rapit. Nibil praeter arma et quod cocti 1ad manum fuit cibi ferre militi licuit ;commeatum4 ab Roma consul Cornelius subvebit. Aliquot mensesTusculi bellatum. Parte exercitus consul castraAequorum oppugnabat, partem Tusculanis dederatad arcem reciperandam. Vi nunquam eo subiri 21 cocti D l (or D 2 :) $- coacti n.2subiri U (confirming Gronovius]: subire A.781The soldiers ordinarily carried a ration of corn.

BOOK III. xxn. 8-xxin. 4spectators of the battle, having now a clear field B .c. 459before them played their part in the victory bycutting off the fugitives. Great was the slaughterinflicted on the enemy as they attempted to escape,both in the camp and outside the works but;thebooty was still greater, since they had barely beenable to carry away their arms. If the forests hadnot covered the flight, their army would have beenutterly destroyed.XXIII. While this battle was being fought nearAntium, the Aequi had sent forward the flower oftheir troops, and by a surprise attack at night, hadcaptured the Tusculan citadel. The rest of theirarmy they stationed at a short distance from thewalls of the town, in order to induce the enemy toextend his forces. The news of these events beingspeedily carried to Rome and thence to the camp atAntium, had the same effect upon the Romans as ifit had been announced that the Capitol was taken,so fresh in their recollection was the service donethem by the Tusculans, and so strongly did thesimilarity of the risk which their allies now ranseem to call for repayment of the assistance theyhad given. Letting everything else go, Fabiusquickly conveyed the pi under of the camp to Antium,and leaving there a moderate garrison, hastened byforced marches to Tusculum. The soldiers wereallowed to take nothing but their arms and suchbread as happened to be at hand 1; supplies weresent them from Rome by the consul Cornelius. Thefighting at Tusculum lasted for some months. Witha part of his army the consul laid siege to the campof the Aequi a part he had ;given to the Tusculansto use in recovering the citadel. The place could79

LIVY'095''6 potuit;fames postremo inde detraxit 1 hostem. Qua 2postquam ventum ad extremum est, inermes nudiqueomnes sub iugum ab Tusculanis missi. Hos ignominiosafuga domum se recipientes Romanus consul in6 Algido consecutus ad unum omnes occidit. Victorad Columen id loco nomen est exercitu reducto 3castra locat. Et alter consul, postquam moenibusiam Romanis pulso hoste periculum esse desierat,7 et ipse ab Roma profectus. Ita bifariam consulesingressi hostium fines ingentiEodem anno descissecertamine hinc Volscos,hinc Aequos populantur.Antiates apud plerosque auc tores invenio ;L. Corneliumconsulem id bellum gessisse oppidumquecepisse. Certum adfirmare, quia nulla apud vetustioresscrip tores eius rei mentio est, non ausim.XXIV. Hoc bello perfecto tribunicium domibellum patres territat. Clamant fraude fieri, quodforis teneatur exercitus ;frustrationem earn legistollendae esse ;se nihilo minus rem susceptam2 peracturos. Obtinuittamen L. Lucretius, 4 praefectusurbis, ut actiones tribuniciae in adventum consulum3 differrentur. Erat et nova exorta causa motus.A. Cornelius et Q. Servilius quaestores M. Volscio,quod falsus haud dubie testis in Caesonem exstitisset,1 *detraxit n : traxit UH. qua Ml Gronovius: quo fl.3reducto V (confirming Rubcnius and Crevier]: relicto n.4 L. Lucretius V': p. 1. lucretius Mi p. lucretius n.1 Unidentified. Dion. Hal., x. xxi., calls the townAlgidum.80

BOOK III. xxiir. 4-xxiv. 3never be entered by assault but the ;enemy were B.C. 459finally driven out by hunger. Having thus reducedthem to extremities, the Tusculans took away theirarms, and stripping them to the tunic, sent themunder the yoke. As they were ignominiously fleeinghomeward, the Roman consul overtook them onMount Algidus, and slew them, every man. Thevictor led his army back to Columeii this is thename of a place * and went into camp. Theother consul too, now that the defeat of the enemyhad removed alldanger from the walls of Rome,set out himself from the City. Thus at two pointsthe consuls invaded the enemy's borders, and withkeen rivalry devastated the lands of the Volsci onthe one hand, and those of the Aequi on the other.I find in a good many writers that the Antiatesrevolted that same year and that Lucius;Corneliusthe consul conducted the war and took the town.I should not venture to affirm it for a certainty,since there is no mention of the matter in the olderhistorians.XXIV. This war was no sooner finished, than thepatricians were alarmed by one waged against themat home, by the tribunes, who cried out that thearmy was dishonestly kept afield a trick intendedto frustrate the passage of the law ; which, notwithstanding,they had undertaken and proposed to carrythrough. Still, Lucius Lucretius, the prefect of theCity, obtained the postponement of any action bythe tribunes until the consuls should have come.There had also arisen a new cause for disquiet.Aulus Cornelius and Quintus Servilius, the quaestors,had summoned Marcus Volscius to trial, on thecharge that he had been guilty of undoubted perjury81

LIVY4 diem dixerant. Multis enim emanabat indiciis nequefratrem Volsci ex quo semel fuerit aeger unquamnon modo visum in publico sed ne adsurrexissequideni ex morbo, multorumque tabe mensum mor-6 tuum, nee iis 1 temporibus in quae testis crimenconiecisset Caesonem Romae visum, adfirmantibusqui una merueraiit secum eum turn frequentem adsigna sine ullo commeatu fuisse. Nisi ita esset,G multi privatim ferebant Volscio iudicem. Cum adindicium ire non auderet, omnes eae res 2 in unumcongruentes baud magis dubiam damnationem Volsci7quam Caesonis Volscio teste fuerat 3 faciebant. Inmora tribuni erant, qui comitia quaestores habere dereo, nisi prius habita de lege essent, passuros negabant.Ita extracta utraque res in consulum adventum8 est. Qui ubi triumphantes victore cum exercituurbem inierunt, quia silentium de lege erat, per-9 culsos magna pars credebant tribunos. At illietenim extremum anni iam erat, quartum adfectantestribunatum, in comitiorum disceptationem ablege certameii averterant. Et cum consules nihilominus adversus continuationem tribunatus quam silex minuendae suae maiestatis causa promulgataferretur tetendissent, victoria certaminis penes tribunosfuit.10 Eodem anno Aequis pax est petentibus data.1nee iis Madi'ig: nee his fl : ne his H.* eae res F 3 D Z- : ease res M: eas res fl c3fuerat F 3 0b 3 $-: fuerant n.1Livy seems here to have accepted the account of thelate annalists which he had suspected in chap, xxiii. 7.An extant inscription (C.LL. xv. 44) commemorating thetriumph of Fabius over the Aequi and Volsci and that ofCornelius over the Antiates shows that his suspicion wasunfounded.82

BOOK 111. xxiv. 3-10against Caeso. For it was becoming generally known, B.C.from many witnesses, first, that the brother of Volsciusafter having once fallen ill had not only neverappeared in public, but had not even got up fromhis sick-bed, where he had died of a wasting diseasewhich lasted many months ;and secondly, thatwithin the period to which Volscius, in his testimony,had referred the crime, Caeso had not been seen inRome ;for those who had served with him affirmedthat he had often during that time been in theircompany at the front, without taking any furlough.To prove this contention, many persons offeredVolscius to refer the question of fact to a privatearbitrator. Since he did not dare proceed to arbitration,all these things, pointing in one direction, madethe condemnation of Volscius as certain as that ofCaeso had been made by Volscius' s evidence. Thetribunes delayed matters by refusing to allow thequaestors to hold an assembly for his trial until oneshould first have been held to consider the law. Soboth affairs dragged on till the arrival of the consuls.When they had entered the City in triumph l withtheir victorious army, nothing was said about thelaw, and many people thought the tribunes hadbeen daunted. But the tribunes were seeking afourth term of office for the end of the year wasnow at hand and had diverted their efforts fromthe law to the contest for the election. And thoughthe consuls strove quite as vehemently against there-election of the incumbents to the tribuneship, asif a law were being urged which had been promulgatedto curtail their own majesty, the contestresulted in victory for the tribunes.That same year the Aequi sought and obtained83

LIVYA.' ) Q-AC'Census, res priore anno incohata, perficitur; idquelustrum ab origine urbis decimum conditum ferunt.Censa l civium capita centum septendecim milia 2domi belli-311 trecenta undeviginti. Consulum magnaque eo anno gloria fuit, quod et foris pacem peperere,et domi etsi non concors, minus tamen quam aliasinfesta civitas fuit.XXV. L. Minucius inde et C. Nautius 4 consules;,y^,facti duas residuas anni prioris causas exceperunt.2 Eodem modo consules legem, tribuni iudicium deVolscioimpediebant sed in quaestoribus novis maior;vis, maior auctoritas erat. Cum M. Valeric, Mani 5n'lio, Volesi nepotc quaestor erat T. Quinctius Capito-3 linus, qui ter consul fuerat. Is, quoniam nequeQuinctiae familiae Caeso neque rei publicae maximusiuvenum restitui posset, falsum testem qui dicendaecausae innoxio potestatem ademisset, iusto ac pio4 bello persequebatur. Cum Verginius maxime extribunis de lege ageret, duum mensum spatiumconsulibus datum est ad inspiciendam legem ut cumedocuissent populum quid fraudis occultae ferretur,sinerent deinde suffragium inire. Hoc intervalli6 datum res tranquillas in urbe fecit. Nee diuturnamquietem Aequi dederunt, qui rupto foedere quod1 ferunt. Censa 5-: fuerunt censa n : fuerant censa D.2centum septendecim milia(l._ e. CXVI1) MPFUBiCXIIII 0: CXXXII H: CXXXII CXVII RL: CXXXIICCCXNÎII D3 trecenta undeviginti (i.e.CCCXVIIII MO: CCCXVIIIPFUBH : a.? before, the numbers are conflated in EDL (CXVIICCCXVIIII D).4 C. Nautius Glareanus and Sigonius (cf. Dion. Hal.x. xxii. 1; Diod. xi. Ixxxviii. 1; C.I. L. i 8 , p. 104: L.Nautius 1.845Mani Sigonius (cf. n. xxx. 5 and (?) in. vii. :6) Valerii &.

BOOK III. xxiv. lo-xxv. 5peace. The census, which had been begun the yearbefore, was completed;and this, they say, was thetenth lustral sacrifice performed since the foundingof the City. There were enrolled 117,319 citizens.This year the consuls won great renown, at homeand in the field ;not only had they brought aboutpeace with other nations, but at home also, thoughthe state was not yet harmonious, yetit was lesstroubled than at other times.XXV. Lucius Minucius and Gaius Nautius were B.C. 458chosen to be the next consuls, and inherited the twocauses left over from the preceding year. As before,the consuls obstructed the passage of the law, andthe tribunes the trial of Volscius ;but the newquaestors were men of superior force and influence.Marcus Valerius, son of Manius, and grandson ofVolesus, shared the magistracy with Titus QuinctiusCapitolinus,, who had thrice been consul. Capitolinus,since it was beyond his power to restore Caeso tothe Quinctian family and the greatest of her young1men to the state, waged war, as justice and loyaltydemanded, on the false witness who had deprivedan innocent man of the power to plead his cause.Verginius was the most active amongst the tribunesin working for the law. The consuls were allowedtwo months' time to inspect the measure, that havingexplained to the people what hidden mischief wasbeing proposed they might then permit them tovote. The granting of this breathing-space broughttranquillity to the City. But the Aequi did notsuffer it to remain long at rest; breaking the treatyB.C. 4591Livy here assumes that Caeso is dead, and possibly thinksof him as having perished with Herdonius. 85VOL. II.D

LIVYictum erat priore anno cum Romanis imperium adGracchum Cloelium deferunt ;is turn longe prin-6 ceps in Aequiserat. Graccho duce in Labicanumlagrum, inde in Tusculanum hostili populationeveniunt plenique praedae in Algido castra locant.In ea castra Q. Fabius, P. Volumnius, A. Postumiuslegati ab Roma venerunt questuminiurias et ex7 foedere 2 res repetitum. Eos Aequorum imperatorquae mandata habeant ab senatu Romano ad quercumiubet dicere ;se alia interim acturum. Quercus,ingens arbor, praetorio imminebat, cuius umbra opaca8 sedes erat. Turn ex legatis unus abiens "et haec "inquit, " sacrata quercus et quidquid deorum estaudiant foedus a vobis ruptum, nostrisque et nuncquerellis adsint et mox armis, cum deorum homi-9 numque simul violata iura exsequemur." Romamut 3 rediere legati, senatus iussit alterum consulemcontra Gracchum in Algidum exercitum ducere,alteri populationem finium Aequorum provinciamdedit. Tribuni suo more impedire dilectum etforsitari ad ultimum impedissent;sed novus subitoadditus terror est.XXVI. Vis Sabinorum ingens prope ad moeniaurbis infesta populatione venit ;foedati agri, terroriniectus urbi est. Turn plebs benigne arma cepit ;reclamantibus frustra tribunis magni duo exercitus1Labicanum Cluverius and Gruter (cf. chap. vii. 3) :lanuuinum 1.2ex foedere $- : ex eo foedere n.863 Romam ut V1M$-: Romam fl.

BOOK III. xxv. 5-xxvi.iwhich they had made with the Romans the yearB.C. 458intrusted the command of their forcesbefore, theyto Cloelius Gracchus, at that time by far the mosteminent man in their state. Under this man'sleadership they invaded the territory of Labici,and from there the territory of Tusculum, with fireand sword, and, loaded with booty, pitched theircamp on Algidus. To thiscamp came QuintusFabius, Publius Volumnius, and Aulus Postumius,envoys from Rome, to complain of the wrongs doneand demand restitution, as provided in the treaty.The Aequian general bade them recite the messageof the Roman senate to the oak, saying that hewould meantime attend to other matters. (The a oak,mighty tree, overhung head-quarters and with itsdense shade afforded a cool resting-place.) Thereuponone of the envoys said, as he departed, "Letboth this sacred oak and whatever gods there are hearthat the treaty has been broken by you ;and let themattend now to our complaints and presently supportour arms, when we shall avenge the simultaneousviolation of the rights of gods and men." On thereturn of the envoys to Rome, the senate orderedone consul to lead an army to Algidus, againstGracchus, and to the other assigned the task of devastatingthe territories of the Aequi. The tribunessought in their usual fashion to prevent the levy,and might perhaps have held out against it to theend ;but suddenly a fresh alarm supervened.XXVI. A great body of Sabines made a hostileincursion almost to the walls of Rome, wasting thefields and terrifying the citizens.Thereupon theplebeians willingly enlisted, and despite the unavailingprotests of the tribunes, two large armies were87

LIVY2 scripti.Alterum Nautius contra Sabinos duxit castrisquead Eretum positis, per expeditiones parvas,plerumque nocturnis incursionibus, tantam vastitaternin Sabino agro reddidit ut comparati ad earn3 prope intacti bello fines Roman! viderentur. Minucioneque fortuna nee vis animi eadem in gerendonegotio fuit ;nam cum baud procul ab hostecastra posuisset, nulla magnopere clade accepta4 castris se pavidus tenebat. Quod ubi senseranthostes, crevit ex metu alieno, ut fit, audacia, et nocteadorti castra postquam parum vis aperta profecerat,munitiones postero die circumdant. Quae priusquamundique vallo obiectae clauderent exitus quinqueequites inter stationes hostium emissi Romam6 pertulere consulem exercitumque obsideri. Nihiltain inopinatum nee tarn insperatum accidere potuit.Itaque tantus pavor, tanta trepidatio fuit quanta si6 urbem, non castra hostes obsiderent. Nautiumconsulem arcessunt. In quo cum parum praesidiivideretur dictatoremque dici placeret qui rem perculsamrestitueret, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus consensuomnium dicitur.7 Operae pretium est audire qui omnia prae divitiisbumana spernunt neque bonori magno locum nequevirtuti putant esse, nisi ubi effuse 1 afluant 2 opes.8 Spes unica imperii populi Romani L. QuinctiusP881 effuse Form ? FJB : effusae fl.J afluant Af: affluant fl : effluantD?: afluentP: affluent

BOOK III. xxvi. 1-8enrolled. One of these Nautius led against the B.C. 45$Sabines. Pitching his camp at Eretum, he sent outlittle expeditions, chiefly nocturnal raiding parties,and so liberally repaid on their own fields thedepredations of the Sabines, that the Roman territoriesin comparison seemed scarcely to have beentouched by war. Minucius had neither the samegood fortune nor equal spirit in conducting hiscampaign for he encamped not far from the enemy,;and without having suffered any considerable defeat,within his breastworks. When thekept timidlyenemy perceived this, their audacity was heightened,as is usually the case, by their opponents' fear, andthey attacked the camp by night. Failing to accomplishanything by open force, they next day surroundedthe place with earthworks ;but beforethese could be thrown up on every side of thecamp and so shut off all egress, five horsemen weresent out through the enemy's outposts and carriedto Rome the news that the consul and his armywere beleaguered. Nothing more surprising or unlooked-forcould have happened. And so the alarmas if it had beenand consternation were as greatthe City, not the camp, which the enemy wereinvesting. They sent for the consul Nautius ;butdeeming him unequal to their defence, and resolvingto have a dictator to restore their shattered fortunes,they agreed unanimously on the nomination of LuciusQuinctius Cincinnatus.What followed merits the attention of those whodespise all human qualities in comparison withriches, and think there is no room for great honoursor for worth but amidst a profusion of wealth. Thesole hope of the empire of the Roman People, Lucius89

LIVYtrans Tiberim, contra eum ipsum locum ubi nuncnavalia sunt, quattuor iugerum colebat agrum, quae9 prata Quinctia vocantur. Ibi ab legatis seu fossamfodiens palae l iniiixus seu cum araret, operi certe,id quod constat, agresti intentus salute data invicem redditaque rogatus ut, quod bene verteretipsi reique publicae, togatus mandata senatus audiret,admiratus " "rogitansque satin salve ?2togampropere e tugurio proferre uxorem Raciliam iubet.10 Qua simul absterso pulvere ac sudore velatus processit,dictatorem eum legati gratulantes consalu-terror sit in exercitutant, in urbem vocant, qui1 1exponunt. Navis Quinctio publice parata fuit, transvectumquetres obviam egressi filii excipiunt, indealii propinqui atque amici, turn patrum maior pars.Ea frequentia stipatus antecedentibus lictoribus de-12 ductus est domum. Et plebis concursus ingens fuit;sed ea nequaquam tarn laeta Quinctium vidit, etimperium 3 nimium et virum4 ipso irnperio vehementioremrata. Et iliaquidem nocte nihil praeterquamvigilatum est in urbe.XXVII. Postero die dictator cum ante lucem in forumvenisset, magistrum equitum dicit L. Tarquitium, 5patriciae gentis, sed qui ;6cum stipendia pedibus1palae Sdbellicus: paleae V\ palo fl: paulo 0.2 satin salve VP\ satisne salva essent omnia H.8imperium Walters : imperi (or -ii) n.4virum ipso Christ 5- : uirum in ipso n.6Tarquitium Sigonius (C.LL. i 2 , p. 16) : Tarquinium n.turn n : turn6qui Conway:qui cuin V Form. R ? : quiqui //.1 Strictly speaking, a trifle less than three acres, since theiugerum contained only 28,800 square feet.90

BOOK III. xxvi. 8-xxvn. iQuinctius, cultivated a field of some four acres l across B.C. 453the Tiber, now known as the Quinctian Meadows,directly opposite the place where the dockyards areat present. There he was found by the representativesof the state. Whether bending over his spadeas he dug a ditch, or ploughing, he was, at all events,as everybody agrees, intent upon some rustic task.After they had exchanged greetings with him, theyasked him to put on his toga, to hear (and mightgood come of it to himself and the republic the!)mandates of the senate. In amazement he " cried, Is"all well ? and bade his wife Racilia quickly fetchout his toga from the hut. When he had put it on,after wiping off the dust and sweat, and came forthto the envoys, they hailed him Dictator, congratulatedhim, and summoned him to the City, explainingthe alarming situation of the army. A boat waswaiting for him, provided by the state ;and as hereached the other side his three sons came out toreceive him ;after them came his other kinsmenand friends ;and after them the greater part of thesenate. Attended by this throng and preceded byhis lictors he was escorted to his house. Theplebeians too were gathered in great numbers ;butthey were by no means so rejoiced at the sight ofQuinctius, because they thought that not only was hisauthority excessive, but that the man was even moredangerous than the authority itself. That nightnothing more was done than to keep a watch inthe City.XXVII. On the following day the dictator, comingbefore dawn into the Forum, named as his master ofthe horse Lucius Tarquitius, a man of patrician birth,but one who had served as a foofc-soldier because of

LIVYA.U.O296propter paupertatem fecisset, hello tamen primus2 longe Romanae iuventutis habitus esset. Cummagistro equitum in contionern venit, iustitiumedicit, claudi tabernas tota urhe iubet, vetat quem-3quam privatae quicquam rei agere. Turn, quicumqueaetate militari essent, armati cum cibariis indies quinque coctis vallisque duodenis ante solis4 occasum Martio in campo adessent ; quibus aetasad militandum gravior esset, vicino militi, dum isarma pararet vallumque peteret, cibaria coquere5 iussit. Sic iuventus discurrit ad vallum petendum.Sumpsere unde cuique proximum fuit ;prohibit usnemo est ;impigreque omnes ad edictum dictatoris6 praesto fuere. Inde composite agmine non itinerimagis apti quam proelio, si res ita tulisset, legionesipse dictator, magister equitum suos equites ducit.In utroque agmine quas tempus ipsum poscebat7 adhortationes erant : adderent gradum ; maturateopus esse ut nocte ad hostem perveniri 1 posset ;consulem exercitumque Romanum obsideri, tertiumdiem iam clauses esse ; quid quaeque nox aut diesferat, incertum esse ; puncto saepe temporis maxi-8 marum rerum momenta verti. " "Adcelera signifer1"Sequere miles!" inter se quoque gratificantesducibus clamabant. Media nocte in Algidum perveniuntet, ut sensere se iam prope hostes esse,signaconstituunt.1 perveniri F 3 ^- : peruenire fl : peruenere B :wanting in V.1The Roman soldier usually carried three or four stakes,to use in making a palisade.92

BOOK III. xxvn. 1-8poverty, though in war he had been esteemed bytar the best of the Roman youth. With his masterB.C. 458of the horse the dictator appeared before the people ;proclamed a suspension of the courts; ordered theshops to be closed all over the City and forbade;anybody to engage in any private business. Hethen commanded all those who were of militaryage to come armed, before sunset, to the CampusMartius, bringing each enough bread to last fivedays, and twelve stakes 1;those who were too oldfor war he ordered to prepare food for their neighbourswho were soldiers, while the latter weregetting their arms in order and looking for stakes.So the young men ran this way and that in searchof stakes, and every one took them from the nearestsource, nor was anyone interfered with ;and allpresented themselves promptly as the dictator hadcommanded. Then, having drawn up their columnso as to be ready for fighting as well as for marching,if need were, the dictator himself led thelegions, the master of the horse his cavalry. Ineach division were spoken such words of encouragementas the occasion called for : Let them mendtheir pace there was need of speed, that they;might reach the enemy's camp in the night a consul;and a Roman army were being besieged, and itwas now the third day of their investment ;whateach night or day might bring forth was uncertain ;a single instant was often the turning-point of agreat event. The soldiers also, in complaisance totheir commanders, cried out to one another, " Make'haste, standard-bearer" "! Follow me, men ! Atmidnight they came to Algidus, and perceiving thatthey were now close to the enemy, halted. 93

LIVYXXVIII. Ibi dictator quantum nocte prospicipoterat equo circumvectus contemplatusque qui tractuscastrorum quaeque forma esset, tribunis militumimperavit, ut sarcinas in unum conici iubeant, militemcum armis valloque redire in ordines suos.2 Facta quae imperavit. Turn, quo fuerant ordine invia, exercitum omnem longo agmine circumdathostium castris et ubi signum datum sit clamoremomnes tollere iubet, clamore sublato ante se quem-3 que ducere fossam et iacere l vallum. Edito imperiosignum secutum est. lussa miles exsequitur;clamor hostes circumsonat ;superat inde castra4 hostium et in castra consulis venit alibi ; pavorem,alibigaudium ingens facit. Romaiii civilem esseclamorem atque auxilium adesse inter se gratulantesultro ex stationibus ac vigiliis territant hostem.5 Consul differendum negat ; illo clamore non adventummodo significari, sed rem ab suis coeptam ;mirumque esse ni iam exteriore parte castra hostium6 oppugnentur. Itaque anna suos capere et se subsequiiubet. Nocte initum proelium est ;legionibusdictatoris clamore significant ab ea quoque parte7 rem in discrimine esse. Iam se ad prohibendacircumdari opera Aequi parabant cum ab interiorehoste proelio coepto, ne per media sua castrafiereteruptio, a munientibus ad pugnantes introrsum versi94* iacere HRDLf: facere PFUBO.

BOOK III. xxvin. 1-7XXVIII. Then the dictator, having ridden about B.C. 458and observed, as well as he could for the night, theextent of the camp and its shape, directed themilitary tribunes to make the soldiers throw downtheir packs in one place, and return, with armsand stakes, to their proper ranks. They did ashe commanded. Then, keeping the order of themarch, he led out the whole army in a long columnand surrounded the enemy's camp, commanding thatat a given signal the troops should allraise a shout,and that after shouting every man should dig atrench in front of his own position and erect apalisade.The signal followed close on the announcement.The men did as they had been bidden.Their cheer resounded on all sides of the enemy,and passing over their camp, penetrated that of theconsul ;in the one it inspired panic, in the othergreat rejoicing. The Romans, congratulating oneanother that it was their fellow-citizens who shouted,and that help was at hand, on their own part beganto threaten the enemy with attacks from their picketsand outposts. The consul said that they ought toact without delay the shout not;only signified thattheir friends were come, but that they had begunto fight and it would be; surprising if they werenot already assailing the enemy's camp from without.He accordingly bade his men stand to armsand follow him. It was night when they enteredthe battle ;with a cheer they gave the legions ofthe dictator to know that on their side as well theissue had been joined. The Aequi were already preparingto resist the work of circumvallation, whenthe attack was begun upon their inner line. Lesta sortie should be made through the midst of their95

LIVYvacuam noctem operi dedere ;pugnatumque cum8 consule ad lucem est. Luce prima iam circumvallatiab dictatore erant et vix adversus unum exercitumpucrnam sustinebant. Turn a Quinctiano exercitu,qui confestim a perfecto opere ad arma rediit, invaditurvallum. Hie instabat nova :pugna ilia nihil9 remiserat prior. Turn ancipiti malo urgente a proelioad preces versi bine dictatorem, bine consulemorare, ne in occidione victoriam ponerent, ut inermesse inde abire sinerent Ab consule ad dictatorem10 ire iussi ;is x ignominiam infensus addidit ;GracchumCloelium ducem principesque alios vinctos adse adduci iubet, oppido Corbione decedi. Sanguinisse Aequorum non egere licere abire ; ; sed, utexprimatur tandem confessio subactam domitamque11 esse gentem, sub iugum abituros. Tribus hastisiugum fit humi fixis duabus superque eas transversauna deligata. Sub hoc iugum 2 dictator Aequosmisit.XXIX. Castris hostium receptis plenis omniumrerum nudos enim emiserat praedam omnem suo2 tantum militi dedit ;consularem exercitum ipsumque1iussi ;is :Euperti iussis A.2 iugum Duker : iugo A.96

BOOK III. xxvm. y-xxix. 2camp, they turned their backs on those who were B.C. 458entrenching, and faced the attacking forces ; and,leaving the others free to work all night, theyfought till break of day with the soldiers of theconsul. At early dawn they had already been shutin by the dictator's rampart, and were scarcelymaintaining the battle against one army. Thenthe troops of Quinctius, who had at once, on completingthe works, resumed their weapons, assailedthe rampart of the Aequi. Here was a new battle ontheir hands, and the other not yet in the leastabated. At this, hard-driven by a double danger,they turned from fighting to entreaties, and on theone hand implored the dictator, on the other theconsul, not to make the victory a massacre, but totake their arms and let them go. The consulreferred them to the dictator, who in his angeradded ignominy to their surrender. He commandedthat Cloelius Gracchus, their commander, and theother captains, be brought to him in chains, andthat the town of Corbio be evacuated. He saidthat he did not require the blood of the Aequi ;they might go but, that they might at last be;forced to confess that their nation had been defeatedand subdued, they should pass beneath the yokeas they departed. A yoke was fashioned of threespears, two being fixed in the ground and the thirdlaid across them and made fast. Under this yokethe dictator sent the Aequi.XXIX. Having taken possession of the enemy'scamp, which abounded in all sorts of suppliesfor he had sent them out with nothing but theirtunics he gaveall the booty to his own troopsexclusively, rebuking the consular army and the97

LIVYA.U.O.consulem increpans, "Carebis " inquit"praedae parte,miles, ex eo hoste cui prope praedae fuisti et; tu,L. Minuci, donee consularem animum incipias habere,3 legatus his legionibus praeeris." Ita se Minuciusabdicat consulatu iussusque ad exercitum manet.Sed adeo turn imperio meliori animus mansueteoboediens erat ut beneficii magis quam ignorniniaehie exercitus memor et coronam auream dictator!libram pondo decreverit et proficiscentem eum4 patronum salutaverit. Romae a Q. Fabio praefectourbis senatus habitus triumphantem Quinctium quoveniebat agmine urbem ingredi iussit. Ducti antecurrum hostium duces, militaria signa praelata, secu-6 tus exercitus praeda onustus. Epulae instructaedicuntur fuisse ante omnium domus, epulaiitesquecum carmine triumphali et l sollemnibus iocis comi-6 santium modo currum secuti sunt. Eo die L. MamilioTusculano adprobantibus cunctis civitas data est.Confestim se dictator magistratu abdicasset, nicomitia M. Volsci, falsi testis, tenuissent. Ea ne im-7 pedirent tribuni dictatoris obstitit metus. Volsciusdamnatus Lanuvium in exsilium 2 abiit. Quinctiussexto decimo die dictatura in sex menses accepta seabdicavit. Per eos dies consul Nautius ad Eretumcum Sabinis egregie pugnat ;ad vastatos agros ea1 et FT) 4 : ex fl.2 in exsilium $- : exsilium fl : exsulatum -.1Livy thinks of Cincinnatus as removing (or perhaps onlysuspending) Minucius from the consulship, in virtue of hissuperior authority. In 509 B.C. (u. ii. 7 ff. )Lucius Tarquiniushad been compelled to resign by his colleague Brutus and otherleading men.2The first recorded instance of the bestowal of citizenshipin requital of service done the state.98

BOOK III. xxix. 2-7consul himself in these terms " : You shall have no B.C. 458share, soldiers, in the spoils of that enemy to whomyou almost fell a spoil and ; you, Lucius Minucius,until you begin to have the spirit of a consul, shallcommand these legions as my lieutenant." So Minuciusabdicated the consulship, and remained, as hewas ordered to 1do, with the army. But so tame andsubmissive was the temper of this army now towards abetter commander, that, considering rather the benefitthey had received at his hands than the humiliation,they voted the dictator a golden chaplet of a poundin weight, and when he departed, saluted him astheir protector. At Rome the senate, being convenedby Quintus Fabius, the prefect of the City,commanded Quinctius to enter the gates in triumph,with the troops that accompanied him. Before hischariot were led the generals of the enemy the;military standards were borne on ahead; after themcame the soldiers, laden with booty. It is said thattables were spread before all the houses, and thetroops, feasting asthey marched, with songs of triumphand the customary jokes, followed the chariot likerevellers. On that day Lucius Mamilius the Tusculanwas granted citizenship, with the approval of all. 2Cincinnatus would at once have resigned his office,had not the trial of Marcus Volscius, the false witness,caused him to delay. The awe in which the tribunesheld the dictator prevented them from interferingwith the trial. Volscius was condemned and wentinto exile at Lanuvium. On the sixteenth dayQuinctius surrendered the dictatorship which hehad received for six months. During that periodthe consul Nautius fought a successful engagementat Eretum with the Sabines, who in addition to the99

LIVYA.U.O. quoque clades accessit Sabinis. Minucio Fabius 12968 successor in Algidum missus. Extreme anno agitatumde lege ab tribunis est ;sed quia duo exercitusaberant, ne quid ferretur ad populum patres tenuere ;plebes vicit ut quintum eosdem tribunos crearet. 29 Lupos visos in Capitolio ferunt a canibus fugatos ;ob id prodigium lustratum Capitolium esse. Haeceo anno gesta.A.U.O. XXX. Sequuntur consules Q. Minucius M. Hora-297tius 3 Pulvillus. Cuius initio anni cum foris otiumesset, domi seditiones iidem tribuni, eadem lex2 faciebat; ulteriusque ventum foret adeo exarserantanimis ni velut dedita opera nocturno impetuAequorum Corbione amissum praesidium nuntiatum3 esset. Senatum consules vocant ;iubentur subitariumscribere exercitum atque in Algidum ducere. Indeposito legis certamine nova de dilectu contentio4 orta ;vincebaturque consulare imperium tribunicioauxilio cum alius additur terror, Sabinum exercitumpraedatum descendisse in agros Romanes, inde ad5 urbem venire. Is metus perculit ut scribi militemtribuni sinerent, non sine pactione tamen ut quoniamipsi quinquennium elusi essent parvumque id plebipraesidium foret, decem deinde tribuni plebis crearen-1Fabius 5- : Fabius Quinctius (or Quintius) n : FabiusQuintus 0.crearet V : crearent n.3M. Horatius fi (Diod. xi. xci. 1): C. Horatius Glareanusand Sigonius (G.l.L.i 2 , p. 104 ;Dion. Hal. x. xxvi. 1).1001They had not been able to pass the Lex Terentilia.

BOOK III. xxix. 7-xxx. 5devastation of their fields now suffered this new B.O, >t58disaster. Fabius was sent to Mount Algidus tosucceed Minucius. At the close of the year therewas some agitation for the law on the part of thetribunes ;but since two armies were abroad, thesenators insisted that no proposal should be laidbefore the people the; plebs were successful inelecting the same tribunes for the fifth time. Itis said that wolves were seen on the Capitol, pursuedby dogs because of which prodigy the Capitol was;purified. Such were the events of this year.XXX. The next consuls were Quintus Minucius B.O. 457and Marcus Horatius Pulvillus, At the beginningof the year, though foreign relations were peaceful,at home there were dissensions, inspired by thesame tribunes and the same law ;and they wouldhave proceeded to even greater lengths so inflamedwere men's passions had it not been announced, asif designedly, that the garrison at Corbio had perishedThe consulsin a night-attack made by the Aequi.convoked the senate, and were directed to makeH summary levy and lead the army to Mount Algidus.From that moment the quarrel over the law was laidaside, and a fresh dispute arose, concerning the levy;in this consular authority was in a fairway to bedefeated, by the help of the tribunes, when a newalarm was reported: that a Sabine army bent onpillage had descended upon the Roman fields, andwas thence approaching the City. This was suchstaggering news that the tribunes permitted theenrolment of troops ; yet not without having obtainedan agreement that since they had themselvesbeen baffled for five years, 1 and the existing tribunatewas an insufficient protection to the plebs, ten tribunes101

LIVYA.U.O. 6 tur. Expressit hoc necessitas patribus ; id modo exceperene postea eosdem tribunes viderent. Tribuniciacomitia, ne id quoque post bellum ut cetera vanum7 esset, extemplo habita. Tricensimo sexto anno aprimis tribuni plebis decem creati sunt, bini exsingulis classibus, itaque cautum est ut postea crearen-8 tur. Dilectu deinde habito Minucius contra Sabinosprofectus non invenit hostem. Horatius, cum iamAequi Corbione interfecto praesidio Ortonam etiamcepissent, in Algido pugnat multos mortalis occidit ; ;fugat hostem non ex Algido modo, sed a CorbioneOrtonaque. Corbionem etiam diruit propter proditumpraesidium.A.U.C. XXXI. Deinde M. Valerius, Sp. Verginius consules facti. Domi forisque otium fuit ;annonapropter aquarum intemperiem laboratum est. DeAventino publicando lata lex est. Tribuni plebis2 iidem refecti. Hi sequente anno T. Romilio C. Veturioconsulibus legem omnibus contionibus suis celebrabant:lpudere se numeri suinequiquam aucti, siea res aeque suo biennio iaceret ac toto superiore3 lustro iacuisset. Cum maxime haec agerent, trepidinuntii ab Tusculo veniunt Aequos in agro Tusculanoesse. Fecit pudorem recens eius populi meritum1celebrabant :VHRDL$- celebrant n.1The lowest class, paying no tributum, had no representation.102

BOOK III. xxx. 5-xxxi. 3should in future be elected. To this the patriciansB.C. 45?were compelled to agree, only stipulating that theyshould not thereafter see the same men tribunes.The tribunician election was held immediately, lestwhen the war was over this promise too might bebroken, as the others had been. In the thirty-sixthyear from the first plebeian tribunes ten men were1elected, two from each class, and it was enactedthat they should be chosen thus thereafter. Thelevy was then held, and Minucius marched againstthe Sabines, but did not find the enemy. Horatius,after the Aequi, having put the garrison at Corbio tothe sword, had also captured Ortona, fought a battlewith them on Mount Algidus, killed many men, anddrove off the enemy, not only from Algidus, but fromCorbio and Ortona. Corbio he razed because of itsbetrayal of the garrison.XXXI. Marcus Valerius and Spurius VerginiusB.C.succeeded to the consulship. Affairs were quietboth at home and abroad ;but there was a shortagein the corn-supply, due to excessive rains. A lawwas passed opening up the Aventine to settlement.The same tribunes of the plebs were returned ;andin the following year, when Titus Romilius andGaius Veturius were consuls, they took occasion to urgethe law in all their speeches They were ashamed,:they said, of the futile increase in their numbers, ifthis measure was to lie disregarded during their owntwo years of office, precisely as it had done throughoutthe five preceding years. Just when this agitationwas at its height, there came a disquieting reportfrom Tusculum that the Aequi were in Tusculanterritory.Men were ashamed, in view of the recentservice of that nation, to delay in sending aid. Both103

LIVYA.U.O. morandi auxilii. Ambo consules cum exercitu missi4 hostem in sua sede, in Algido, inveniunt. Ibi pugnatum.Supra septem milia hostium caesa, aliifugati praeda parta ingens. Earn ; propter inopiamaerarii consules vendiderunt. Invidiae tamen res adexercitum fuit eademque tribunis materiam crimi-6 nandi ad plebem consules praebuit. Itaque ergo, utmagistratu abiere Sp. Tarpeio J A. Aternio 2 consulibus,dies dicta est, Romilio ab C. Calvio Ciceronetribune plebis, Veturio ab L. Alieno aedile plebis.6 Uterque magna patrum indignatione damnatus,Romilius decem milibus aeris, Veturius quindecim.Nee haec priorum calamitas consulum segniores novosfecerat consules ;et se damnari posse aiebant, et7plebem et tribunos legem ferre non posse. Turnabiecta lege, quae promulgata consenuerat, tribunilenius agere cum :patribus finem tandem certaminumfacerent si ;plebeiae leges displicerent, atilli communiter legum latores et ex plebe et expatribus, qui utrisque utilia ferrent quaeque aequan-8 dae libertatis essent sinerent creari. Rem non aspernabanturpatres: laturum 3 leges neminem nisi expatribus aiebant. Cum de legibus conveniret, den :p. tarpeioU':spuerio p. tarpio B.2A. Aternio Pighius (C.I.L. i l , p. 104) a. aeternio : (or et-H : a. ethernio U : aeternio D.3laturum Klock : daturumA.1See chap. ix. 5 and note. Apparently the codificationcontemplated by Terentilius was to have been in the handsof a plebeian board.104

BOOK III. xxxi. 3-8consuls were dispatched with an army and ; findingB.C.the enemy on their usual 45t3ground, Mount - 454Algidus,they there engaged them. Above seven thousand ofthe enemy were slain ;the rest were put to flight ;and immense spoils were taken. These the consulssold, owing to the impoverished condition of thetreasury. Nevertheless, their action made themunpopular with the army, and it also furnished thetribunes with an occasion for impeaching the consulsbefore the plebs. Accordingly when they laiddown their office and Spurius Tarpeius and AulusAternius became consuls, they were brought totrial Romilius ;by Gaius Calvius Cicero, a plebeiantribune, Veturius by Lucius Alienus, an aedile of theplebs. Both were condemned, greatly to the indignationof the patricians ;Romilius was fined 10,000asses, Veturius 15,000. And yet this disaster totheir predecessors did not diminish the energy otthe new consuls ;they said that it was possible thatthey should themselves be condemned, but that itwas not possible that the plebs and the tribunesshould carry their law. Then the tribunes, discardingthe law, which, in the time it had been beforethe people, had lost its vitality, began to treat moremoderately with the patricians: Let them at last putan end, they said, to these disputes if;the plebeianmeasure were not agreeable to them, let them permitframers of laws to be appointed jointly from boththe plebs and the nobility, that they might proposemeasures which should be advantageous to bothsides, and1secure equal liberty. The patricians didnot reject the principle but; they declared that noone should propose laws unless he were a patrician.Since they were agreed in regard to the laws, and105

LIVYA.U.O. latore taiitum discreparet, missi legati Athenas Sp.Postumius Albus A. Manlius P. Sulpicius Camerinusiussique inclitas leges Solonis describere et aliarumGraeciae civitatium instituta mores iuraque noscere.A.U.C. XXXII. Ab externis bellis quietus annus fuit,quietior insequens P. Curiatio l et Sex. Quinctilioconsulibus perpetuo silentio tribunorum, quod primolegatorum qui Athenas ierant legumque pere-2 griiiarum exspectatio praebuit, dein duo simul malaingentia exorta, fames pestilentiaque, foeda homini,foeda pecori. Vastati agri sunt, urbs adsiduis exhaustafuneribus ;multae et clarae lugubres domus.3 Flamen Quirinalis Ser. Cornelius mortuus, augur C.Horatius Pulvillus ; 2 in cuius locum C. Veturium eocupidius quia damnatus a plebe erat, augures legere.4 Mortuus consul Quinctilius, quattuor tribuni plebi.Multiplici clade foedatus annus ;ab hoste otiumfuit.5 Inde consules C. Meneiiius P. Sestius 3 Capitolinus.Neque eo anno quicquambelli externi fuit : domi6 motus orti. lam redieraiit legati cum Atticis legibus.Eo intentius instabant tribuni ut tandem scribendarumlegum initium fieret. Placet creari decemvirossine provocatione, et ne quis eo anno alius7 magistratus esset. Admiscerenturne plebeii, 4 con-Curiatio xxxiii. 3 and C.I.L. ia , p. 104) :$- (cf. chap,curatio (curacio H: curario U) n.2 Pulvillus 5- :pulvilius fi.3 Sestius Sigonius (cf. chap, xxxiii. 4 and C.I.L. 2 i,p. 104) : sextius (textius P : sextilius D) H.4 plebeii El? : plebi n.106

BOOK III. xxxi. 8-xxxn. 7only differed about the mover, they sent Spurius B c.Postumius Albus, Aulus Manlius, and Publius 456~ 454Sulpicius Camerinus on a mission to Athens, withorders to copy the famous laws of Solon, andacquaint themselves with the institutions, customs,and laws of the other Greek states.XXXII. No foreign wars disturbed the quiet of B.C.that year;but even more quiet was the year that 453~ 4a3followed, when Publius Curiatius and Sextus Quinctiliuswere consuls, for the tribunes preserved anunbroken silence. This was due in the first placeto their waiting for the commissioners who had goneto Athens, and for the foreign laws ;in the secondplace two terrible misfortunes had come at the sametime, famine and pestilence, baneful alike to menand beasts. The fields were left untenanted ;theCity was emptied by incessant funerals ;many distinguishedfamilies were in mourning. The flamenof Quirinus, Servius Cornelius, died, and the augurGaius Horatius Pulvillus, in whose place the augurselected Gaius Veturius, the more eagerly becauseof his condemnation by the plebs. Death took theconsul Quinctilius, and four tribunes of the plebs.The numerous losses made it a gloomy year; butRome's enemies did not molest her.The next consuls were Gaius Menenius and PubliusSestius Capitolinus. In this year likewise therewas no foreign war, but disturbances arose at home.The commissioners had now returned with the lawsof Athens. The tribunes were therefore the moreinsistent that a beginning should be made at lasttowards codification. It was resolved to appointdecemvirs, subject to no appeal, and to have no othermagistrates for that year. Whether plebeians should107

4Romilius D (cf. chap. xxxi. 2 and Dion. Hal. x. Ivi. 2) :L1VYIL.D.O. troversia aliquamdiu fuit ;postremo concessum patribus,modo ne lex Icilia l de Aventino aliaeque sacrataeleges abrogarentur.A.U.O. XXXIII. Anno treceritensimo 2 altero quam conditaRoma erat iterum nmtatur forma civitatis, abconsulibus ad decemviros, quern ad modum ab regibusante ad consules venerat, translate imperio. Minus2 insignis, quia non diuturna, mutatio fuit. Laeta enimprincipia magistratus eius nimis luxuriavere ;eocitius lapsa res est repetitumque duobus uti man-3 daretur consulum nomen imperiumque. Decemviricreati Ap. Claudius T. Genucius P. Sestius 3 L.Veturius C. lulius A. Manlius P. Sulpicius P. Curia-4 tins T. Romilius 4 Sp. Postumius. Claudio etconsules in eum annumGenucio, quia designatifuerant, pro honore honos redditus, et Sestio, altericonsulum prioris anni, quod earn rem collega invito6 ad patres rettulerat. His proximi habiti legati tresqui Athenas ierant, simul ut pro legatione tarnlonginqua praemio esset honos, simul peritos legumperegrinarum ad condenda nova iura usui fore6 credebant. Supplevere ceteri numerum. Gravesquoque aetate electos novissimis suffragiis ferunt,quo minus ferociter aliorum scitis adversarentur.7Regimen totius magistratus penes Appium erat1 Icilia Glareanus f : acilia (or other corruptions] fl.2trecentensimo Conwai/ and Walters : trecentesimo n.3 Sestius (cf. chap, xxxii. :5) Sextius n.Romulius (Romolius) n.1The reference is especially to the law establishing thetribunate (n. xxxiii. 1). The violation of a sacrata lex entailedoutlawry on the offender.2 A circumstance which Livy did not notice in chap, xxxii.108

BOOK III. xxxii. 7-xxxm. 7be permitted a share in the work was for some time B.C.4oidisputed in the end ; they yielded to the " 4 2patricians,only bargaining that the Icilian law about the Aventineand the other sacred laws l should not beof consuls.abrogated.XXXIII. In the three hundred and second yearB.C. 451from the founding of Rome the form of the politywas changed again, with the transfer of supremeauthority from consuls to decemvirs, even as beforeit had passed from kings to consuls. It was not soremarkable a change,, because it did not last long.For the luxuriant beginnings of this magistracy tookon too rank a growth and in consequence ; it soondied down, and the custom was resumed of entrustingto two men the name and authorityThe decemvirs chosen were Appius Claudius, TitusGenucius, Publius Sestius, Lucius Veturius, GaiusJulius, Aulus Manlius, Publius Sulpicius, PubliusCuriatius, Titus Romilius, and Spurius Postumius.To Claudius and Genucius, the consuls-elect for thatyear, the new office was given in compensation forthe other; and to Sestius, one of the consuls of theyear before, because he had brought the measurebefore the senate against his colleague's will. 2 Nextto these were honoured the three envoys who hadgone to Athens, not only that the officemight serveto reward them for so distant a mission, but also inthe belief that their knowledge of foreign laws wouldbe useful in compiling a new code. The other fourfilledup the number. It is said that old men werechosen for the last places, that they might make aless vigorous opposition to the measures proposed bythe rest. The guiding hand in the whole magistracywas that of Appius, thanks to the favour of the109

LIVYA.U.C. favore l plebis ; adeoque novum sibi ingenium indueratut plebicola repente omnisque aurae populariscaptator evaderet pro truci saevoque insectatore8 plebis. Decimo die ius populo singuli reddebant.Eo die penes praefectum iuris fasces duodecim erant:collegis novem singuli accensi apparebant. Et inunica concordia inter ipsos, qui consensus privatis2interdum inutilis summa est, adversus alios aequitas9 erat. Moderationis eorum argumentum exemplounius rei notasse satis erit. Cum sine provocationecreati essent, defosso cadavere domi apudP. Sestium, 310 patriciae gentis virum, invento prolatoque in contionem,in re iuxta manifesta atque atroci C. Juliusdecemvir diem Sestio 4 dixit et accusator ad populumexstitit, cuius rei iudex legitimus erat, decessitqueiure 5 suo, ut demptum de vi magistratus populilibertati adiceret.XXXIV. Cum promptum hoc ius velut ex oraculoincorruptum pariter ab iis summi infimique ferrent,turn legibus condendis opera dabatur ;ingentiquehominum exspectatione propositis decem tabulis2 populum ad contionem advocaverunt, et quod bonum,1 favore P* marg. F 3 Oti z D l $- : pauore n : auore P :P l :p.1. auore B.* est :Duering esset A.p 'auore3 P. Sestium 5- (chap, xxxii. 5) : p. sextium n :sextium Vorm. M.4 Sestio PFUHL: festio M': sextio BOD.5iure 5- : ex iure H.1This sentence and the reference to Claudius's years andhonours in chap, xxxiii. 3 seem inapplicable to a young man,110

BOOK 111. xxxin. 7-xxxiv. 2plebs ; and so novel a character had he assumed, B.C. 451that from being a harsh and cruel persecutor of theplebs, he came out all at once as the people's friend,and caught at every breath of popularity. 1 Sittingeach one day in ten they administered justice to thepeople. On that day he who presided in court had2twelve fasces ;his nine colleagues were eachattended by a single orderly. And while theymaintained an unparalleled harmony amongst themselvesa unanimity sometimes prejudicial to thegoverned, they treated others with the utmostfairness. As proof of their moderation, it will sufficeto note a single example. Though they had beenchosen to a magistracy from which there was noappeal, yet when a corpse was found buried in thehouse of Publius Sestius, a patrician, and producedbefore the assembly, and the man's guilt was as clearas it was heinous, Gaius Julius the decemvir summonedSestius to trial, and appeared before thepeople to prosecute a man of whose guilt he was thelawful judge, surrendering his own prerogative thathe might add to the liberty of the people what hesubtracted from the power of the magistracy.XXX IV. While this prompt justice, as pure asthough derived from an oracle, was being meted outimpartially by the decemvirs to the highest and thelowest, they were also busily engaged in framinglaws. Men's expectations were running high, whenthey setup ten tables, and summoning the peopleand it is probable that the decemvir was, in reality, theconsul of 471 B.C. (see II. Ivi. 5), not the nephew of C.Claudius, as Livy thought (chap. xxxv. 9), which wouldmake him the son of the consul of 471.8 " " Fasces is here equivalent to " lictors."Ill

LIVYA.O.O. faustum felixque rei publicae ipsis liberisque eorum3 esset, ire et legere leges propositas iussere. Se,quantum deceni hominum ingeniis provider! potuerit,omnibus, summis infimisque, iura aequasse plus;4 pollere multorum ingenia consiliaque. Versarent inanimis secum unamquamque rem, agitarent deindesennonibus, atque in medium quid in quaque re plus5 minusve esset conferrent. Eas leges habiturumpopulum Romanum quas consensus omnium non6 iussisse latas niagis quam tulisse videri posset. Cumad rumores hominum de unoquoque legum capitaeditos l satis correctae viderentur, centuriatis comitiisdecem tabularum leges perlatae sunt, qui nunc 2quoque, in hoc immense aliarum super alias acervatarumlegum cumulo, fons omnis publici privatique7 est iuris. Volgatur deinde rumor duas deesse tabulasquibus adiectis absolvi posse velut corpus omnisRomani iuris. Ea exspectatio, cum dies comitiorumadpropinquaret, desiderium decemviros iterum cre-8 andi fecit. lam plebs, praeterquam quod consulumnomen haud secus quam regum perosa erat, ne tribuniciumquidem auxilium cedentibus in vicem appellatione3 decemviris quaerebat.XXXV. Postquam vero comitia decemviris creandis2 in trinum nundinum indicta sunt, tanta exarsit am-1editos Duker : edito fi.2qui nunc FZ>? 5- :quae (or que) nunc fi : nunc P.3 appellatione fl :appellationem BL>* : appellation! Drakenborch.1This sentence supports Momrasen's view that the newlegislation was intended originally to substitute for tribunicianintercession a limitation of the consular power by writtenlaw.I 12

BOOK III. xxxiv. 2-xxxv. 2to assemble, commanded them with a prayer that B.C. 451the result might be prosperous, favourable, andfortunate, for the commonwealth, for themselves,and for their children to go and read the proposedstatutes. They themselves, they said, so far as thecapacities of ten men could forecast the event, hadequalized the rights of all, both high and low ;butthere was greater efficacy in the capacities andcounsels of many. Let them consider each singlepoint in their own minds, then discuss it with theirfellows, and lastly state in public what excess orshortcoming there was in the several articles ;theRoman People should have only such laws as theirunanimity might fairly be considered not only tohave passed, but to have proposed. When itappearedthat the laws had been sufficiently amended, in thelight of the opinions that men expressed concerningeach separate section, the centuriate comitia metand adopted the Laws of the Ten Tables ;whicheven now, in this great welter of statutes piled oneupon another, are the fountain-head of all publicand private law. Afterwards the opinion was generalthat there lacked two tables, by the addition ofwhich a corpus, so to speak, of all the Roman lawcould be rounded out. The hope of filling thislack made people desirous, when election daydrew near, of choosing decemvirs again. The plebs,besides the fact that they hated the name ofconsul quite as much as that of king, had alreadyceased to require even the help of the tribunes,since the decemvirs yielded to one another when anappeal was1taken.XXXV. But when the comitia for the election ofdecemvirs had been announced to take place in four-

LIVYA.U.O. bitio ut primores quoquecivitatis metu, credo, netanti possessio imperil vacuo ab se relicto loco haudsatis dignis pateret prensarent homines, honoremsumma ope a se impugnatum ab ea plebe cum qua3 contenderant l suppliciter petentes. Demissa 2 iamin discrimen dignitas ea aetate iisque honoribus actisstimulabat Ap. Claudium. Nescires utrum inter de-4 cemviros an inter candidates numerares. Propiorinterdum petendo quam gerendo magistratui erat.Criminari optimates, extollere candidatorum levissimumquemque humillimumque, ipse medius inter5 tribunicios, Duillios 3 Iciliosque, 4 in foro volitare, perillos se plebi venditare, donee collegae quoque, quiunice illi dediti fuerant ad id tempus, coniecere in6 eum oculos, mirantes quid sibi vellet :apparere nihilsinceri esse ;profecto haud gratuitam in tanta superbiacomitatem fore : nimium in ordinem se ipsumcogere et volgari cum privatis 11011 tarn properantisabire magistratu quam viam ad continuandum magis-7 tratum quaerentis esse. Propalam obviam ire cupiditatiparum ausi obsecundando mollire impetumadgrediuntur. Comitiorum illi habendorum, quando8 minimus natu sit, munus consensu iniungunt. Arshaec erat, ne semet ipse creare posset, quod praetertribunes plebi et id ipsum pessimo exemplo nemo1 contenderant R* $- : contenderent n.2 demissa 5-: dimissa (dlmissa B) Ci.3 Duillius F 3 Madvig (n. Iviii. 2): duellios n.* Icilios que H :silicisosque (silitiosque 0) n.1 A nundinum contained 8 days. The name (novem =ninej came from the Roman way of counting the Sunday,as it were, with the old week, as well as the new.114

BOOK III. xxxv. 2-8and-twenty days/ there was a great outburst of B.C. 451canvassing even the chief men in the state from;fear, I doubt not, that if they left the field thisgreat power might fall into unworthy handssolicited men's votes and humbly begged for anoffice which they had themselves opposed withall their influence, from those plebeians with whomthey had contended. The risk of losing hisposition, at his time of life, and after holding theoffices he had held, acted as a spur to Appius Claudius.One would not have known whether to reckon himamong the decemvirs or the candidates. He was attimes more like one who sought a magistracy thanlike one who exercised it. He vilified the nobles;praised all the most insignificant and low-borncandidates ;and surrounding himself with formertribunes, like Duillius and Icilius, bustled about theForum, and through them recommended himself tothe plebs till even his; colleagues, who had beensingularly devoted to him until then, looked askanceat him and wondered what this could mean. It wasevident there could be nothing genuine about it; soproud a man would certainly not be affable fornothing excessive self-abasement and mingling with;private citizens were not so much the marks of onewho was in haste to retire from office as of one whosought the means of re-election. Open oppositionto his desires being more than they dared venture,they endeavoured by a show of complaisance tolessen its intensity and unanimously appointed him,;as their youngest colleague, to preside at the election.This was a trick, that he might be unable to declarehimself elected, a thing which none but tribunes ofthe plebs (and even there the precedent was most

!LIVYt.u.o.unquam fecisset. Ille enimvero, quod bene vertat,9 habiturum se comitia professus, impedimentum prooccasione arripuit, deiectisque honore per coitionem lduobus Quinctiis, Capitolino et Cincinnato, et patruoA.U.C.3')4suo C. Claudio, constantissimo viro in optimatiumcausa, et aliis eiusdem fastigii civibus, nequaquam10 splendore vitae pares decemviros creat, se in primis,quod baud secus factum improbabant boni quam11 nemo facere ausurum crediderat. Creati cum eoM. Cornelius Maluginensis M. Sergius L. MinuciusQ. Fabius Vibulanus Q. Poetelius 2 T. AntoniusMerenda K. Duillius 3 Sp. Oppius Cornicen M'.Rabuleius.XXXVI. Ille finis Appio alienae personae ferendaefuit. Suo iam inde vivere ingenio coepit novosquecollegas, iam priusquam inirent magistratum, in suos2 mores formare. Cottidie coibant remotis arbitris ;inde impotentibus instructi consiliis, quae secreto abaliis coquebant, iam baud dissimulando superbiam,rari aditus, conloquentibus difficiles, ad idus Maias1coitionem Sigonius: contionem (contentionem M} H.Poetelius Sigonius (O.I.L. 2 i, pp. 126, 130) : poetilius n.3K. Duillius f (cf. ii. Iviii. 2 ; l>ion.c. duillius M : c. duilius fl : eduilius RD.Hal. x. Iviii.1Coitio is an understanding between two candidateswhereby the stronger transfers a part of his support to theweaker, in order to defeat a third candidate.

BOOK III. xxxv. 8-xxxvi 2as it B.C. 45;vicious) had ever done. But Ap'pius, strangemay seem, having promised,, with a prayer forHeaven's blessing, to convene the comitia, turnedthe obstacle into an opportunity. He effected bycollusion 1 the defeat of the two Quinctii, Capitolinusand Cincinnatus, of his uncle Gains Claudius, asteadfast champion of the aristocratic cause, and ofother citizens of the same exalted rank ;and declaredthe election of decemvirs who were no match forthese men in excellence. His own name he announcedamong the first, a thing which good citizens condemnedwith as perfect unanimity, now it was done,as they had before believed he would not dare to doit. With him were elected Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis,Marcus Sergius, Lucius Minucius, QuintusFabius Vibulanus, Quintus Poetelius, Titus AntoniusMerenda, Caeso Duillius, Spurius Oppius Cornicen,Manius Rabuleius. 2XXXVI. Appius now threw off the mask he had B.C. 450been wearing, and began from that moment to liveas his true nature prompted him. His new colleaguestoo he commenced, even before they entered uponoffice, to fashion after his own character. Everyday they met together without witnesses. Thetyrannical designs which they there adopted theymatured in secret.They now no longer sought toconceal their pride;they \vere difficult of access,and surly towards those who sought to speak withthem. Thus they carried matters until the Ides ofa Dion. Hal. xi. xxiii. says that Poetelius, Duillius, andOppius were plebeians, as were probably Antonius andRabuleius as well. But Livy tells us (iv. iii. 17) thatthey were all patricians.VOL.11. E II7

initioLIVYA.U.C. 3 rem perduxere. Idus turn Maiae solleranes ineundis"illmagistrati bus erant. Inito igitur magistratu l primumhonoris diem denuntiatione ingentis terroris insignemfecere. Nam cum ita priores decemviri servassent utunus fasces haberet et hoc insigne regium in orbem,suam cuiusque vicem, per omnes iret, subito omnes4 cum duodenis fascibus prodiere. Centum vigintilictores forum impleverant et cum fascibus securesinligatas praeferebant nee attinuisse demi securem,;cum sine provocation e creati essent, interpreta-6 bantur. Decem regum species erat multiplicatusqueterror non infimis solum sed primoribus patrum, ratiscaedis causam ac principium quaeri, ut si quismemorem libertatis vocem aut in senatu aut inpopulo 2 misisset statim virgae securesque etiam ad6 ceterorum metum expedirentur. Nam praeterquamquod in populo nihil erat praesidii sublata provocatione,intercessionem quoque consensu sustulerant,cum priores decemviri appellatione collegaecorrigi reddita ab se iura tulissent et quaedam, quaesui iudicii videri possent, ad populurn reiecissent.7 Aliquamdiu aequatus inter omnes terror fuit; paulatimtotus vertere in plebem coepit. Abstinebatur a patribus;in humiliores libidinose crudeliterque consule-1 Inito igitur magistratu Madvig (after Dukcr):magistratus H.2 in populo 5- in populum : fl.igiturtl81May 15th.

BOOK III. xxxvi. 2-7May, 1 at that time the traditional date for begin- B.c.45oning a term of office. So then, when they hadtaken up their duties, they signalized the first dayof their administration by a terrible threat. Forwhereas the former decemvirs had kept to the rulethat only one should have the fasces, and that thisfrom one to another inregal emblem should passrotation, so that each should have his turn, theysuddenly appeared in public, every man with histwelve fasces. A hundred and twenty lictors crowdedthe Forum, and before them, bound up in the rods,they carried axes. And indeed the decemvirs explainedthat there had been no reason for removingthe axe, since the office to which they had beenchosen was without appeal. They seemed like tenkings and the terror they inspired, not only in the;humblest citizens but in the leaders of the senate,was intensified by the belief that the decemvirs weremerely seeking a pretext and an opening for bloodshed,so that if anybody should pronounce a word inpraise of liberty, either in the senate or before thepeople, the rods and axes might instantly be madeready, were it only to frighten the rest. For besidesthat there was no help in the people, the right ofappeal having been taken away, they had furtheragreed not to interfere with each other's decisions ;whereas their predecessors had allowed their judgmentsto be revised upon appeal to one of theircolleagues and certain cases which might have been;held to be within their own competence they hadreferred to the people. For a brief period the terrorwas shared equally byall ;but littleby little its fullforce began to fall upon the plebs. The patricianswere left unmolested ;humbler folk were dealt with119

LIVYA.U.O. batur. Hominum, non causarum toti erant, ut apud3048 quos gratia vim aequi haberet. Indicia domi conflabant,pronuntiabant in foro. Si quis collegamappellasset, ab eo ad quern venerat ita discedebat ut9 paeniteret non prioris decreto stetisse. Opinio etiamA.U.O.sine auctore exierat non in praesentis modo ternporiseos iniuriam conspirasse, sed foedus clandestinuminter ipsosiure iurando ictum, ne comitia haberentperpetuoque decemviratu possessum semel obtinerentimperium.XXXVII. Circumspectare turn patriciorum voltusplebeii et inde libertatis captareauraui unde servitutenitimendo in eum statum rem publicam ad-2 duxerant. Primores patrum odisse decemviros, odisseplebem ; nee probare quae fierent, et credere handindignis accidere ;avide ruendo ad libertatem in3 servitutem elapsos iuvare nolle, cumulari l quoqueiniurias, ut taedio praesentium consules duo tandem4 et status pristinus rerum in desiderium veiiiant. lamet processerat pars maior anni et duae tabulae legumad prioris anni decem tabulas erant adiectae, neequicquam iam supererat, si eae quoque leges centuriatiscomitiis perlatae essent, cur eo magistratu rei6 publicae opus esset. Exspectabant quam mox consulibuscreandis comitia edicerentur. Id modoI2O1cumulari :Madmg cumulare (cumin. H) n.

BOOK III. xxxvi. 7-xxxvn. 5arbitrarily and cruelly. It was all a question of persons,not of causes, with the decemvirs, since influence heldwith them the place of right. They concocted theirjudgments in private, and pronounced them in theForum. If anybody sought redress from anotherdecemvir, he came away regretting that he had notaccepted the decision of the first. Moreover areport had got out, though it was not vouched for,B.C. 450that they had not only conspired for present wrongdoingbut had ratified with an oath a secret agreementamongst themselves not to call an election,but by means of a perpetual decemvirate to holdthe power they had once for all acquired.XXXVI I. The plebeians then fell to searching the B.C. 449countenances of the patricians, and would catch atthe breath of freedom in that quarter where theyhad so feared enslavement as to have reduced thestate to its present plight. The leading senatorshated the decemvirs and hated the plebs. Theycould not approve of the things that were beingdone ;stillthey believed them to be not undeserved.They had no desire to help those who in their greedyrush for liberty had fallen upon servitude, preferringthat their wrongs should even be multiplied, thatdisgust at their actual situation might in the endarouse a longing for the two consuls and the formerstatus of affairs. And now the greater part of theyear had passed, and the two tables of laws had beenadded to the ten of the year before ;nor was thereany further business to make the decemviratenecessary to the republic, so soon as those statutes tooshould have been enacted in the centuriate assembly.People were anxiously looking forward to the timewhen the comitia for the election of consuls should121

LIVYvu.o. plebes l agitabat, quonam modo tribuniciam potestatem,munimentura libertati,rem intermissam, repararent; cum interim mentio comitiorum nullaG fieri. Et decemviri, qui primo tribunicios homines,quia id populare habebatur, circum se ostentaverantplebi, patriciis iuvenibus saepserant latera. Eorum7 catervae tribunalia obsederaiit. Hiferreagere plebem2plebisque res, cum fortuna, quidquid cupitum foret,8 potentioris esset. Et iam ne tergo quidem abstinebatur; virgis caedi, alii securi subici ;et ne gratuitacrudelitas esset, bonorum donatio sequi domini supplicium.Hac mercede iuventus nobilis corrupta nonmodo non ire obviam iniuriae, sed propalam licentiamsuam malle quam omnium libertatem.XXXVIII. Idus Maiae venere. Nullis subrogatismagistratibus privati pro decemviris neque animis adimperium inhibendum imminutis neque ad speciemhonoris insignibus prodeunt. Id vero regnum haud2 dubie videri. Deploratur in perpetuum libertas, neevindex quisquam exsistit aut futurus videtur. Neeipsi solum desponderant animos, sed contemni coeptierant a finitimis populis, imperiumqueibi esse ubi3 non esset libertas indignabantur. Sabini magnamanu incursionem in agrum Romanum fecere ;lateque1plebes HIP : :plebs plebe FfilDL: plebem P-FUBD*.2quidquid Duker: qua quidquid (qui quicquid H) n.1 Rome enjoyed no hegemony over Sabines and Aequiansat this time, though Livy evidently thinks she did.122

BOOK III. x.xxvn. 5 xxxvin. 3be announced. The plebeians felt only one con- B.C. 449cern : how were they ever going to restore thetribunician power (their bulwark of liberty) whichhad been suspended? Meanwhile there was nomention of an election. And the decemvirs, whohad at first exhibited themselves to the plebs in thesociety of former tribunes, because this had beenthought a recommendation to the people, had nowassumed a retinue of young patricians. Their bandsblocked the tribunals. They bullied the plebs andplundered their possessions for success attended;the strong, no matter what they coveted. And nowthey ceased even to respect a man's person some;they scourged with rods, others they made to feelthe axe ; and, that cruelty might not go unrequited,they bestowed the victim's property upon his slayer.Corrupted by these wages, the young nobles notonly made no stand against wrong-doing, but franklyshowed that they preferred licence for themselves toliberty for all.XXXVIII. The Ides of May came.Without causingany magistrates to be elected, the decemvirs,now private citizens, appeared in public with noabatement either of the spirit with which theyexercised their power or the insignia which proclaimedtheir office. But this was unmistakabletyranny. Men mourned for liberty as for ever lost ;nor did any one arise, or seem likely to do so, in itsdefence. And not only had the people themselveslost heart ;but they had begun to be despised bythe neighbouring nations, who could ill brook theexistence of imperial power where there was noliberty. 1 The Sabines made an incursion with alarge force into Roman territory, which they every-123

LIVYA.U.C.populati, cum hominum atque pecudum inulti praedas*egissent, recepto ad Eretum quod passim vagatumerat agmine castra locant, spem in discordia Romana4 ponerites: earn impedimentumdilectui fore. Nonnuntii solum sed per urbem agrestium fuga trepidationeminiecit. Decemviri consultant quid opus factosit, destituti inter patrum et plebis odia. Addit 2 ter-5 rorem insuper alium fortuna. Aequi alia ex partecastra in Algido locant depopulanturque inde excursionibusTusculanum agrum. Legati ea 3 ab Tusculo6 praesidium orantes nuntiant. Is pavor perculit decemvirosut senatum simul duobus circumstantibusurbem bellis consulerent. Citari iubent in curiampatres hand ignari quanta invidiae immineret tem-7 pestas omnes vastati : agri periculorumque imminentiumcausas in se congesturos, temptationemque earnfore abolendi sibi magistratus, ni consensu resisterentimperioque inhibendo acriter in paucos praeferocis8 animi conatus aliorum comprimerent. Postquamaudita vox in foro est praeconis patres in curiamad decemviros vocantis, velut nova res, quia intermiserantiam diu morein consulendi senatus, mirabundamplebem convertit, quidnam incidisset, cur ex9 tanto intervallo rem desuetam usurparent; hostibus1ad Eretum $-: ad fretum li : ac eretum M ? : ad efretumPFU.2additn: addidit VHEDL.9legati ea V\ legatie D\ :legati n.124

BOOK III. xxxvin. 3-9where laid waste. Having safely driven off their B.C. 449booty, comprising men and beasts, they withdrew'their army, which had ranged far and wide, toEretum. There they established a camp, hopingthat the want of harmony at Rome would interferewith the levying of troops. Not only the messengerswho came, but the flight of the country-people, whothronged the City, inspired a feeling of dismay.The decemvirs considered what they had best do ;for they were left in the lurch by the hatred of thepatricians on the one side and of the plebs on the other.Moreover Fortune sent an additional alarm. TheAequi came from another quarter and encamped 011Algidus, and from there raided the lands of Tusculum.Tusculan envoys brought tidings of these acts, and besoughtprotection. The fright which this occasioneddrove the decemvirs, now that the City was hemmedin between two simultaneous wars, to consult thesenate. They ordered the Fathers to be summonedto the Curia, though they were not ignorant howgreat a storm of unpopularity was brewing the:devastation of the land and the dangers whichimpended would be laid by everybody at theirdoors ;and this would lead to an attempt beingmade to abolish their magistracy, unless they presenteda united resistance, and by sharply exercisingtheir power upon the few really daring spirits, put ato the efforts of the rest. When the crier'sstopvoice was heard in the Forum, calling the senatorsto meet the decemvirs in the Curia, it was like aninnovation, so long had they disregarded the customof consulting the senate, and it aroused the attentionof the plebs, who wondered what in the world couldhave happened, that after so long an interval they125

LIVYA.TI.O.305belloque gratiam habendam, quod solitum quicquamliberae civitati 1 fieret. Circumspectare omnibus fori10 partibus senatorem raroque usquam noscitare ;curiaminde ac solitudinem circa decemviros intueri, cum etipsi 2 consensu invisum imperium et plebs, quia privatisius non csset vocandi senatum, non convenire patresinterpretarentur iam : caputfieri libertatem repetentium,si se plebs comitem senatui det, et quern admodum patres vocati non coeant in senatum, sic plebs11 abnuat dilectum. Haec fremunt plebes. Patrumbaud fere quisquam in foro, in urbe rari erant. Indignitatererum cesserant in agros, suarumque rerumerant amissa publica, tantum ab iniuria se abesserati, quantum a coetu congressuque impotentium12 dominorum se amovissent. Postquamcitati non conveniebant,dimissi circa domos apparitoressimul adpignera capienda sciscitandumque num consultodetrectarent referunt senatum in agris esse.Laetiusid decemviris accidit quam si praesentes detrectare13 imperium referrent. lubent acciri omnes, senatumquein diem poster um edicunt ; qui aliquanto1261 civitati Drakenborch (confirmed by V]: ciuitatis fl.ipsi suum Conway and Walters.ipsi n : ipsisM :

BOOK III. xxxvm. 9-13should be reviving a forgotten usage the ;enemythe war deserved men's gratitude, ifanything whateverwas being done which was usual in a free state.Men looked about in every corner of the Forum todiscover a senator, and seldom recognized one anywhere;then their glances rested on the Curia andthe decemvirs sitting there alone. Meantime thedecemvirs themselves explained the Fathers' failureto assemble as owing to the universal detestation oftheir rule ;the commons as due to their having noauthority, being private citizens, to convoke thesenate : a beginning,it seemed, was already beingmade towards the recovery of freedom, if the plebswould join with the senate ;and if, even as theFathers were refusing, when summoned, to attendthe session, so they, for their part, would reject theand B.O. 449levy. Such were the murmurs of the plebs.Of senators there was scarce one in the Forum, andthere were but few in the City. In their resentmentat the situation they had withdrawn to their farmsand were absorbed in their private affairs, disregardingthose of the nation for ;they felt that they weresecure from insult only so far as they removed themselvesfrom contact and association with their tyrannicalmasters. When on being cited they failed toappear, officers were sent round to their houses, forthe double purpose of exacting fines and of ascertainingwhether their recalcitrancy were deliberate.They reported that the senators were in the country.This was more pleasing to the decemvirs than ifthey, had announced that the Fathers were in townand repudiated their authority. They commandedthem all to be summoned, and proclaimed a meetingof the senate for the following day. This session127

LIVYA.n.o.spe ipsorum frequentior convenit. Quo facto proditama patribus plebs libertatem rata, quodiis qui iammagistratu abissent privatisque, si vis abesset, tamquamiure cogentibus senatus paruisset.XXXIX. Sed magis oboedienter ventum in curiam 12quam obnoxie dictas sententias accepimus. L. ValeriumPotitum proditum memoriae est post relationemAp. Claudi, priusquam ordine sententiaerogarentur, postulando ut de re publicaliceret dicere,prohibentibus miiiaciter decemviris proditurum se ad3 plebemdenuntiantemtumultum excivisse. Nee minusferociter M. Horatium Barbatum isse in certamen,decem Tarquinios appellantem admonentemque Va-4 leriis et Horatiis ducibus pulsos reges. Nee nominishomines turn pertaesum esse, quippe quo lovemappellari fas sit, quo Romulum, conditorem urbis,deincepsque reges, 2 quod sacris etiam ut sollemneretentum sit :superbiam violentiamque turn perosos5 regis. Quae si in rege turn 3 aut in filio regis ferendanon fuerint, quern eadem 4 laturum in tot privatis?6 Viderent ne vetando in curia libere homines loquiextra curiam etiam moverent vocem ; neque se videre11in curiam Madvig : in curiam est (esse M) n.reges Madvig :reges appellatos fl.3rege turn Walters :rege turn eodem n.*quern eadem laturum Walters :quern laturum n qua:laturiam R :quam laturiam DL.1Livy did not mention Horatius in his account of the expulsionof the kings, but he is named by Dion. Hal. iv.Ixxxv. Here Livy and Dion. Hal. (xi. v. ),are in agreement,and are perhaps following the account of Licinius Macer.8See ii. ii. 1.128

BOOK III. xxxviii. i3~xxxix. 6was somewhat better attended than they had them- B.C. 449selves expected. Whereupon the plebs concludedthat liberty had been betrayed by the senators, sincethose who had already gone out of office and weremere private citizens, save for the force they exercised,were obeyed by them as though they had theauthority to command.XXXIX. But their obedience in coming to thesenate-house was greater, we are told, than theirsubmissiveness in the expression of their views.It is related that Lucius Valerius Potitus, afterAppius Claudius had proposed his motion and beforethe senators were called upon in order for theiropinions, demanded leave to speak on the state ofthe nation ;and when the decemvirs tried withthreats to prevent his doing so, stirred up a violentcommotion by declaring that he would go before theplebs. With equal spirit, it is said, did MarcusHoratius Barbatus enter the dispute, calling themten Tarquinii, and warning them that the Valeriiand the Horatii had been leaders in the expulsion of1the kings. Nor was it the name, said he, whichhad then disgusted men, since by this name Jupiterwas duly called ;and Romulus, the founder of theCity and the successive ; kings;and it had evenbeen retained for religious rites as a solemn title. 2No, it was the pride and violence of the king whichmen had hated in those days;and if these qualitieshad then been intolerable in a king, or the son of aking, who would endure them in so many privatecitizens? Let them beware lest by denying menfreedom of speech in the Curia they should set thema-talking outside the Curia as well. He could notsee, he continued, how, as a private citizen, he was129

LIVYqui l sibi minus private ad contionem populum vocare7quam illis senatum cogereliceat. Ubi vellent experirenturquanto fortior dolor in libertate 2 suavindicanda quam cupiditas in iniusta dominatione8 esset. De bello Sabino eos referre, tamquam maiusullum populo Romano bellum sitquam cum iis 3 quilegumferendarum causa creati nihil iuris in civitatereliquerint, qui comitia, qui annuos magistrates, quivicissitudinem imperitandi, quod unum exaequandaesit libertatis, sustulerint ;qui privati fasces et regium9 imperium habeant. Fuisse regibus exactis patriciosmagistratus, createspostea post secessionem plebisplebeios ; cuius illi partis essent, rogitare. Populares ?Quid enim eos per populum egiss^ ?Optimates ? Quianno iam prope senatum non habuerintj nunc 4 ita10 habeaiit, ut de re publica loqui prohibeant ? Nenimium in metu alieno spei ponerent ; gravioraquae patiantur videri iam hominibus quam quaemetuant.XL. Haec vociferante Horatio cum decemviri neeirae nee ignoscendi modum reperirent nee quo evasura2 res esset cernereiit, C. Claudi, qui patruus Appi decemvirierat, oratio fuit precibus quam iurgio similior, 5orantis per sui fratris parentisque1qui UOli 2 :quin n.2 in libertate :R*D*

BOOK III. xxxix. 6-xL. 2less entitled to assemble the people for a speech BC.than they were to convene the senate. When theyliked they might learn by making the experimenthow much stronger indignation was in the vindicationof a man's own liberty than was ambition indefence of unjust power. The decemvirs talked ofa Sabine war, as ifany war were more important tothe Roman People than war with those who, thoughthey had been appointed to propose statutes, had leftno law in the state ;who had done away withelections, with annual magistracies, with the successionof new governors the only means of equalizingliberty and who, though ; private citizens, had therods and the power of kings. Following the expulsionof the kings there had been patrician magistrates ;later, after the secession of the plebs, plebeianmagistrates had been elected. Of what party, heasked, were they? Of the popular party? Praywhat had they done through the agency of thepeople Of ? the aristocratic party When ? theyhad held no meeting of the senate for close upon ayear, and were now so conducting it as to suppressdiscussion of the national welfare ? Let them nottrust too much to other men's fears ;the things menwere enduring now seemed more grievous to themthan the things they feared.XL. While Horatius was thus declaiming, thedecemvirs were at a loss to know how far they couldafford either to resent or to overlook it ;nor couldthey make out what the upshot was likely to be.But Gaius Claudius, the uncle of Appius the decemvir,made a speech, approaching more nearly to entreatythan expostulation, in which he implored him in thename of his own brother's and his father's departed

LIVYA.U.C. 3 civilis potius societatis, in qua natus esset, quam305foederis nefarie icti cum collegis meminisset. Multoid magis se illius causa orare quam rei publicae ;4 quippe rem publicam, si a volentibus nequeat, abinvitis ius expetituram ; sed ex magno certaminemagnas excitari ferine iras ;earum eventum se hor-5 rere. Cum aliud praeterquam de quo rettulissentdecemviri dicere prohiberent, Claudium interpellandiverecundia fuit. Sententiam igitur peregit nullum6 placere senatus consultum fieri. Omnesqueita accipiebant,privates eos a Claudio iudicatos ;multique7 ex consularibus verbo adsensi sunt. Alia sententia,asperior in speciem, vim minorem aliquanto habuit,quae patricios coire ad prodendum interregem iubebat.Ceiisendo enim quodcumque 1 magistratus essequi senatum haberent iudicabant,quos privates fecerat8 auctor nullius senatus consulti faciendi. Ita labenteiam causa decemvirorum L. Cornelius Maluginensis,M. Cornell decemviri frater, cum ex consularibus adultimum dicendi locum consulto servatus esset, simulandocuram belli9 quonamfratrem collegasque eius tuebatur,fato incidisset mirari se dictitans ut decemviros,qui decemviratum petissent aut soli ii aut 210 maxime oppugnarent ; aut quid ita, cum per tot1quodcumque Madvig : quoscumque (quiscunque F) n.2 aut soli ii aut Conwayaut hi 5-: aut socii aut ii (or hi) fl.132: aut soli aut ii Crevier : aut solii

BOOK III. XL. 3-10spirits to remember rather the civil society in which B.O 449he had been born than the wicked compact he hadentered into with his colleagues. This he beggedmuch more for Appius's own sake than for the sake ofthe nation ;indeed the nation would demand itsrights in spite of the decemvirs, if they did notaccord them voluntarily; but a great struggleusually aroused great passions, and he shudderedto think what these might lead to. Although thedecemvirs wished to prevent discussion of anythingbut the subject they had introduced, they wereashamed to interrupt Claudius, who accordinglybrought his speech to a conclusion, with the proposalthat the senate should take no action. Everybodyaccepted this as meaning that Claudius held thedecemvirs to be private citizens and ;many of consularrank signified their approval, without discussion.Another motion, ostensibly harsher, but in realitysomewhat less drastic, directed the patricians toassemble and proclaim an interrex. For by passingany measure whatsoever they declared those whopresided over the senate to be magistrates whereas;they had been rated as mere citizens by him whoadvised the senate against adopting any resolution.Thus the cause of the decemvirs was alreadycollapsing, when Lucius Cornelius Maluginensis,brother of Marcus Cornelius the decemvir, whohad purposely been reserved to be the last speakeramong the ex-consuls, defended his brother and hisbrother's colleagues by feigning anxiety about thewar. He said he wondered by what fatalityit hadcome about that the decemvirs were being attackedsolely, or at least chiefly, by those who had soughtelection to that office ;or why it was that during133

LIVYmenses vacua civitate nemo iustine magistratus ~ sum-mae rerum praeessent controversiam 1 fecerit, nuncdemum cum hostes prope ad portas shit, civiles dis-A;V'P'si &cordias serant, nisi quod in turbido minus perspicuum11 fore putent quid agatur. Ceterum nonne enim 2maiore cura occupatis animis verum esse praeiudiciumrei tantae auferri? sibi placere de eo quod ValeriusHoratiusque ante idus Maias decemviros abissemagistratu 3 insimulent, bellis quae immineant perfectis,re publica in tranquillum redacta, senatu12 disceptante agi, et iam mine ita se parare Ap.Claudium ut comitiorum quae decemviris creandisdecemvir ipse habueiit sciatsibi rationem reddendamesse utrum in unum annum creati sint, an donee13 leges quae deessent perferrentur.In praesentiaonmia praeter bellum omitti placere;cuius si falsofamam volgatam, vanaque non nuntios solum sedTusculanorum etiam legates adtulisse putent, speculatoresmittendos censere qui certius explorata14 referant; sin fides et nuntiis et legatis habeatur,dilectum primo quoque tempore haberi et decemvirosquo cuique eorum videatur exercitus ducere nee remaliam praeverti.XLI. In hanc sententiam ut discederetur iuniores1 fecerit F 3 U :fecerint (fecerunt 0} Cl.2nonne enim Walters: neminem (nemini Be Ml) fl.3magistratu F 3 (or F*) DX :magistratum n.1Apparently the decemvirs were technically within theirrights in claiming that they held office until the tables wereratified by popular vote.134

the manyBOOK III. XL. IO-XLI. imonths in which the state had been at B.C. 449peace nobody had raised the question whether regularmagistrates were at the head of affairs, and onlynow, when the enemy were almost at their gates,were men sowing political dissension ;unless it wasbecause they thought that in troubled waters itwould be harder to discern what was going on.For the rest, was it not right that when men'sattention was taken up with the larger concern, allprejudgment of so important a matter should beeliminated ? He therefore proposed, concerning thecharge brought by Valerius and Horatius that theofficial term of the decemvirs had expired on the daybefore the Ides of May, that they should first concludethe impending wars and restore the state'stranquillity, and then refer the question to the senatefor settlement ;and that Appius Claudius shouldat once make up his mind to recognize that he mustexplain, regarding the comitia which he had heldfor the election of decemvirs being one himselfwhether they were chosen for one year or until themissing laws should be enacted.1For the presenthe thought they should pay no attention to anythingbut the war. If the current rumours about it seemedto them to be false, and if they supposed that notonly tiie couriers but the Tusculan envoys also hadbrought them idle stories, he suggested that theysend out scouts to investigate and return with morecertain information. But if they trusted bothcouriers and envoys, a levy should be held at theearliest possible moment ;and the decemvirs shouldlead the armies whither it seemed good to each ofthem, giving precedence to no other business.XLI. The younger senators were about to force135

LIVY^305' patrum evincebant. Ferocioresque iterum coorti ValeriusHorati usque vociferari ut de re publica liceretdicere ;dicturos ad populum,si in senatu per factionemnon liceat ;neque enim sibi privates aut in curia autin contione posse obstare, neque se imaginariis fasci-2 bus eorum cessuros esse. Turn Appius, iam propeesse ratus ut ni violentiae eorum pari resisteretur3 audacia victum imperium esset, " Non erit melius "inquit, "nisi de quo consulimus vocem misisse," etad Valerium, negantem se private reticere, lictorem4 accedere iussit. Iam Quiritium fidem imploranteValeric a curiae limine, L. Cornelius complexusAppium, non cui 1 simulabat consulendo, diremitcertamen ;factaque per Cornelium Valerio dicendigratia quae vellet, cum libertas non ultra vocem ex-6 cessisset, decemviri propositum tenuere. Consularesquoque ac seniores ab residuo tribuniciae potestatisodio, cuius desiderium plebi multo acrius quam consularisimperil rebantur esse, prope malebant postmodoipsos decemviros voluntate abire magistratu6quam invidia eorum exsurgere rursus plebem : sileniter ducta res sine popular! strepitu ad consulesredisset, aut bellis interpositis aut moderatione consulumin imperils exercendis posse in oblivionemtribunorum plebem adduci.1non cui Form,? (Rhcnanus): non quid cui M: non quid(qd. 0)0.: non quod1 He pretended concern for Valerius, but was reallyprompted by a wish to further the ends of Appius, bypreventing an undesirable test of men's temper.136

power, bring the plebeians to forget the tribunes. 137BOOK III. XLI. 1-6this motion through on a division, when Valerius and B.C. 449Horatius, in a second and more impassioned outburst,demanded that they be permitted to speakabout the state of the nation. They would addressthe people, they said, if they were restrained by afaction from speaking in the senate ;for neither couldprivate citizens prevent them, whether in the senatehouseor in an assembly, nor would they yield to theemblems of a fictitious authority. Thereupon Appius,thinking the moment was at hand when, unless heopposed their violence with equal boldness, hisauthority was doomed, cried out, " It will be safernot to utter a word except on the subject of debate!" And when Valerius asserted that he wouldnot be silenced by a mere citizen, he sent a lictor toarrest him. Valerius was imploring the citizens forhelp, from the threshold of the Curia, when LuciusCornelius, throwing his arms about Appius, andfeigning to be concerned for the other man, 1stoppedthe quarrel.At his request Valerius was permittedto say what he wished. But liberty went no furtherthan speech ;the decemvirs made good their design.Even the ex-consuls and the elder senators, in consequenceof their lingering hatred of the tribunicianpower, which they thought the plebs regretted muchmore keenly than they did the authority of the consuls,almost preferred that at some later time the decemvirsshould voluntarily abdicate than that hatredof them should lead to another rising of the plebs.If gentle measures should restore the government tothe consuls, without any popular outcry, they might,either through the intervention of wars, or throughthe moderation of the consuls in the exercise of their

LIVYA305'' Silentio patrum edicitur dilcctus. luniores, cumsine provocatione imperium esset, ad nomina respondent.Legionibus scriptis inter se decemviricomparant, 1 quos ire ad bellum, quos praeesse exer-8 citibus oporteret. Principes inter decemviros erantQ. Fabius et Ap. Claudius. Bellum domi mainsquam foris apparebat. Appi violentiam aptioremrati ad comprimendos urbanos motus in Fabio;minusin bono constans potius quam 2 navum in malitia9 ingenium esse. Hunc enim virum, egregium olimdomi militiaeque, decemviratus collegaeque ita mutaverant,ut Appi quamsui similis mallet esse. Huicbellum in Sabinis M'. Rabuleio 3 et Q. Poetelio 410 additis collegis mandatum. M. Cornelius in Algidummissus cum L. Minucio et T. Antonio et K. Duillio5et M. Sergio. Sp. Oppium Ap. Claudio adiutoremad urbein tuendam aequo omnium decemvirorumimperio decernunt.XLII. Nihilo militiae quam domi melius res2 publica administrata est. Ilia modo in ducibus culpaquod ut odio essent civibus fecerant alia;omnispenes milites noxia erat, qui ne quid ductu atqueauspicio decemvirorum prospere usquam gerereturvinci se per suum atque illorum dedecus patiebantur.3 Fusi et ab Sabinis ad Eretum 6 et in Algido ab Aequis1comparant Cobet : comparabant n.2constans potius quam //. J. Mueller : constans quam n.3 M'. Rabuleio A' Sigonius (cf. chap. xxxv. 11 ; Dion. Hal.X. Iviii. 4) f5. rabulleio : (-bule- D) fl.4 Poetelio Sigonius (cf. chap. xxxv. 11): poetilio fl :poetioli B :petilio F 3 1(petelio J ?).6M. Sergio g- (cf. chap. xxxv. 11) : 1. sergio fl Sergio U.:1383Eretum 5- : fretum n.

BOOK III. XLI. 7-xLii. 3The senators permitted in silence the proclamationof a levy.The young men answered to their names,since the authority of the decemvirs was withoutappeal. When the legions were enrolled, the decemvirssettled among themselves who ought to gcto the front and who command the armies. Chiefamong the ten were Quintus Fabius and AppiusClaudius. The war at home seemed more importantthan that abroad. The violence of Appius was, theythought, more adapted to quell disturbances in theCity while Fabius was of a character deficient in;steady rectitude rather than actively bad. For thisman, once pre-eminent in civil and in military affairs,had been so altered by the decemvirate and by hiscolleagues that he chose rather to be like Appiusthan like himself. To him was intrusted the warin the Sabine country, and Manius Rabuleius andQuintus Poetelius were given him as colleagues.Marcus Cornelius was sent to Mount Algidus, withLucius Minucius, Titus Antonius, Caeso Duillius, andMarcus Sergius. Spurius Oppius they assigned toAppius Claudius, to help him in looking out for theCity and they gave them the same powers as had;been exercised by the entire board.XLII. The business of the nation was managedno better in the field than at home. The only faultof the generals was that they had made the citizensdetest them ;the rest of the blame belonged to thesoldiers, who, that nothing might anywhere prosperunder the command and auspices of the decemvirs,permitted themselves to be beaten, to their own disgraceand that of their commanders. Their armieswere routed, both by the Sabines near Eretum,and on Algidus by the Aequi. From Eretum they139B.C. 449

LIVYexercitus erant. Ab Ereto l per silentium noctis profugipropius urbem, inter Fidenas Crustumeriamque,4 loco edito castra communierant ; persecutis hostibusnusquam se aequo certamine committentes^natura loci5 ac vallo, non virtuteautarmistutabantur. Maiusflagitiumin Algido^maior etiam clades accepta; castra quoqueamissa erant, exutusque omnibus utensilibus milesTusculum se, fide misericordiaque victurus hospitum,6 quae tamen non fefellerunt, contulerat. 2 Romamtanti erant terrores allati ut posito iam decemviraliodio patres vigilias in urbe habendas censerent, omnesqui per eietatem arma ferre possent custodire moenia7 ac pro portis stationes agere iuberent, arma Tusculumac 3 supplementum decernerent decemvirosque abarce Tusculi degressos in castris militem habere ;castra alia a Fidenis in Sabinum agrum transferri,belloque ultro inferendo deterreri hostes a consiliourbis oppugnandae.XLII I. Ad clades ab hostibus acceptas duo nefanda2 facinora decemviri belli domique adiciunt. L. Sicciumin Sabinis, per invidiam decemviralem tribunorumcreandorum secessionisque mentiones ad volgus militumsermonibus occultis serentem, prospeculatum ad3 locum castris capiendum mittunt. Datur negotiummilitibus quos miserant expeditionis eius comites ut1Ereto JLfg- : efreto (or freto) n.2contulerat U^ : contulerant (wanting in3ac VM-. adn.1Surnamed Dentatus, and known, according to AulusGellius (n. xi.) as the Roman Achilles. Dion. Hal. (xi.xxv. f.) tells the story at greater length and somewhatdifferently.140

BOOK III. XLII. 3-xLin. 3fled in the silence of the night, and intrenched B.C. 449themselves near the City, between Fidenae andCrustumeria, on elevated ground. When the enemyfollowed them up, they nowhere ventured to fightin the open field, but defended themselves by theposition and their rampart, not by bravery andarms. The disgrace on Algidus was worse, anda worse disaster was sustained ;even the camp waslost, and stripped of all their baggage, the soldiersfled to Tusculum, to subsist by the loyalty andcompassion of their hosts, which nevertheless didnot fail them. To Rome came such alarming reportsthat the patricians, laying aside now their hatred ofthe decemvirs, voted to establish watches in theCity, and commanded all who were of an age tobear arms to guard the walls and do outpost dutybefore the gates. They decreed that arms shouldbe dispatched to Tusculum, and reinforcements, andthat the decemvirs should descend from the Tusculancitadel and hold their troops in camp; that the othercamp should be transferred from Fidenae to Sabineterritory, so that by taking the offensive they mightfrighten the enemy into abandoning his design tobesiege the City.XLIII. To the disaster suffered at the hands ofthe enemy the decemvirs added two shameful crimes,one committed in the field, the other at home. LuciusSiccius 1 was serving in the Sabine campaign. Takingadvantage of the hatred entertained for the decemvirs,he would scatter hints, in secret conversations withshould elect tribunesthe common soldiers, that theyand secede. So the generals sent him to look out aplace for an encampment and instructed the menwhom ; they assigned to share his expedition to set141

LIVY4 eum PP 01"tuno adorti loco interficerent Hand inultuminterfecere ;nam circa repugnantem aliquotinsidiatores cecidere, cum ipse se praevalidus pari5 viribus animo circumventus tutaretur. Nuntiant incastra ceteri praecipitatum in insidias esse ;Sicciumegregie pugnantem militesque quosdam cum eo6 amissos. Primo fides nuntiantibus fuit ;profectadeinde cohors ad sepeliendos qui ceciderant decemvirorumpermisso,postquam nullum spoliatum ibi corpuslSicciumque in medio iacentem armatum omnibus ineum versis corporibus videre, hostium neque corpusulluin nee vestigia abeuntium, profecto ab suis inter-7 fectum memorantes rettulere corpus. Invidiaequeplena castra erant, et Romam ferri protinus Sicciumplacebat, ni decemviri funus militare ei publica inpensafacere maturassent. Sepultusingenti militumfama est.maestitia, pessima decemvirorum in volgusXLIV. Sequitur aliud in urbe nefas ab libidineortum, baud minus foedo eventu quam quod perstuprum caedemque Lucretiae urbe regnoque Tarquiniosexpulerat, ut non finis solum idem decemvirisqui regibus sed causa etiam eadem imperil amittendi2 esset. Ap. Claudium virginis plebeiae stuprandaelibido cepit. Pater virginis, L. Verginius, bonestum1421armatum V \annatumque il.

BOOK III. XLIII. 3-xLiv. 2upon him when they had got to a suitable spot, B.C. 44sand kill him. He died not unavenged. For helaid about him, and several of the assassins fell,for he was very strong, and though surrounded,defended himself with a courage equal to hisstrength. The others reported at the camp thatthey had fallen into an ambuscade, and thatSiccius had perished, fighting, valiantly, and withhim certain soldiers. At first their report wasbelieved ;afterwards a cohort set out, by permissionof the decemvirs, to bury the slain and; finding thatnone of the bodies there had been despoiled, and thatSiccius lay armed in the midst, with all the bodieshad left no dead norfacing him, while the enemyany indication of having withdrawn, they broughtback the corpse, and declared that Siccius hadcertainly been murdered by his own men. Thecamp was ablaze with indignation, and it wr as resolvedthat Siccius should be carried to Rome forthwith;but the decemvirs made haste to give him amilitary funeral at the public cost. The soldierssorrowed greatlyat his burial, and the worst reportswere current about the decemvirs.XLIV. This outrage was followed by another,committed in Rome, which was inspired by lust andwas no less shocking in its consequences than thatwhich had led, through the rape and the death ofLucretia, to the expulsion of the Tarquinii fromthe City and from their throne ;thus not only didthe same end befall the decemvirs as had befallenthe kings, but the same cause deprived them oftheir power. Appius Claudius was seized with thedesire to debauch a certain maiden belonging tothe plebs.The girl's father, Lucius Verginius, a'43

LIVYordinem in Algido ducebat, vir exemplirecti domimilitiaeque.3 instituebantur. DesponderatPerinde uxor instituta fuerat liberiquefiliam L. Icilio tribunicio,viro acri et pro causa plebis expertae virtutis.4 Hanc virginem adultam forma excellentem Appiusamore amens pretio ac spe perlicere adortus,postquam omnia pudore saepta animadvertit, 1 ad6 crudelem superbamque vim animum convertit. M.Claudio clienti negotium dedit ut virginem in servitutemadsereret neque cederet secundum libertatempostulantibus vindicias, quod pater puellae abesset6 locum iniuriae esse rat us. Virgini venienti in forumibinamque in tabernaculis litterarum ludi erantminister decemviri libidinis manum iniecit, serva sua 2natam servamque appellans, sequique se iubebat 3:7 cunctantem vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupentead clamorem nutricis fidem Quiritium implorantis fitconcursus. Vergini patris sponsique Icili popularenomen celebrabatur. 4 Notos gratia eorum, turbam8 indienitas O rei virgini O conciliat. lam a vi tuta erat, *cum adsertor nihil opus esse multitudine concitataait ;se iure grassari,non vi. Vocat puellam in ius.1animadvertit V \ animaduerterat n.2serva sua VD* : seruam suam n.sequique se iubebat Gronov. : esse sequique se iubebat3ft :sequi iubebat F$- esse sequique seuiebat DL.:celebratum V,1444celebrabatur H : celebratur ORDL :

BOOK III. XLIV. 2-8centurion of rank, was serving on Algidus, a man B.C. 449of exemplary life at home and in the army. Hiswife had been brought up in the same principles,and his children were being trained in them. Hehad betrothed his daughter to the former tribuneLucius Icilius, an active man of proven courage inthe cause of the plebeians. She was a grown girl,remarkably beautiful, and Appius, crazed with love,attempted to seduce her with money and promises.But finding that her modesty was proof againsteverything, he resolved on a course of cruel andtyrannicalviolence. He commissioned MarcusClaudius, his client, to claim the girl as his slave,and not to yield to those who demanded hermfliberation, thinking that the absence of the maiden'sfather afforded an opportunity for the wrong. AsVerginia was entering the Forum for there, inbooths, were the elementary schools the ministerof the decemvir's lust laid his hand upon her, andcalling her the daughter of his bond-woman andherself a slave, commanded her to follow him, andthreatened to drag her off by force if she hungback. Terror made the maiden speechless, but thecries of her nurse imploring help of the Quiritesquickly brought a crowd about them. The namesof Verginius her father and of her betrothed Iciliuswere known and popular. Their acquaintance wereled to support the girl out of regard for them the;crowd was influenced by the shamelessness of theattempt. She was already safe from violence, whenthe claimant protested that there was no occasionfor the people to become excited ;he was proceedinglawfully, not by force. He then summoned the girlto court. She was advised by her supporters toMS

LIVYA..U.O. Auctoribus qui aderant ut tSequeretur, Ad tribunalAppi perventum est.Notam iudici fabulam petitor,quippe apud ipsum auctorem argumenti, peragit:puellam domi suae natam furtoqueinde in domum10 Vergini translatam suppositam ei esse ;id se indiciocompertum adferre probaturumque vel ipso Verginioiudice, ad quern maior pars iniuriae eius pertineat ;1 1 interim dominum sequi ancillam aequumesse. Advocatipuellae, cum Verginium rei publicae causadixissent abesse, biduo adfuturum si nuntiatum ei12 sit, iniquum esse absentem de liberis dimicare,postulant ut rem integram in patris adventumdifferat, lege ab ipsolata vindicias det secundumlibertatem, neu patiatur virginem adultam famaeprius quam libertatis periculum adire.XLV. Appius decreto praefatur,,1quam libertatifaverit earn ipsam legem declarare quam Vergini2 amici postulationi suae praetendant ; ceterum itain ea firmum libertati fore praesidiumsi nee causisnee personis variet ;in aliis 2 enim qui adserantur in1 praefatur F :praefatus n.2 in aliis Karsten : in iis R : in his ft.1 Dion. Hal. (XL. iv.) mentions Icilius and Numitoriusas ottering to be Verginia's vindiccs, i. e. to put in a claimto interim custody of the girl, till the suit determining herstatus should be decided.146

BOOK III. XLIV. 9-XLV. 2follow him, and they went before the tribunal of B.O 449Appius. The plaintiff acted out a comedy familiarto the judge, since it was he and no other who hadinvented the plot: The girl had been born, saidMarcus, in his house, and had thence been stealthilyconveyed to the home of Verginius and palmed offupon him as his own ;he had good evidence forwhat he said, and would proveit even thoughVerginius himself were judge, who was morewronged than he was meanwhile;it was right thatthe hand-maid should follow her master. The friendsof the girl said that Verginius was absent on theservice of the state ;he would be at hand in twodays' time if he were given notice of the matter ;itwas unjust that a man should be involved in litigationabout his children when away from home ;theytherefore requested Appius to leave the case openuntil the father arrived, and in accordance with thelaw he had himself proposed, grant the custody of1the girl to the defendants, nor suffer a grownmaiden's honour to be jeopardized before herfreedom should be adjudicated.XLV. Appius prefaced his decision by saying thatit was evident how much he favoured liberty fromthat very law which the friends of Verginius madethe pretext for their claim ;but the law would affordliberty a sure protection only if it varied neitherwith causes nor with persons; for in the case otothers who were claimed as free, the demand waslegal, since any one might bring an action : in the caseof one who was under the authority of a father therewas no one else to whom the master ought to yieldthe custody;accordingly he decreed that the fathershould be summoned, and that meanwhile the

LIVYlibertatem quia quivis lege agere possit, id iurisesse : in ea quae in patrismanu sit neminem esse3 alium cui dominus possessione cedat. Placere itaquepatrem arcessiri, interea iuris sui iacturam adsertoremnoil facere quin ducat puellam sistendamquein adventum eius qui pater dicatur promittat.4 Ad versus iniuriamdecreti cum multimagisfremerentquam quisquam unus recusare auderet, P. Numitorius,'6 puellae avus, 1 et sponsus Icilius interveniunt dataqueinter turbam via, cum multitude Icili maxima;interventu resisti posse Appio crederet, lictordecresse ait vociferantemque Icilium submovet.6 Placidum quoque ingenium tarn atrox iniuria accendisset." "Ferro hinc tibi submovendus sum, Appiinquit, " ut taciturn feras quod celari vis. Virginemego hanc sum ducturus nuptamque pudicam habi-7 turus. Proinde omnes collegarum quoque lictoresconvoca ; expediri virgas et secures iube ;non8 manebit extra domum patris sponsaIcili. Non, sitribunicium auxilium et provocationem plebi Ro~manae, duas arces libertatis tuendae, ademistis,ideo in liberos quoque nostros coniugesque regnum9 vestrae libidini datum est. Saevite in tergum et incervices nostras :pudicitia saltern in tuto sit. Huicsi vis adferetur, ego praesentium Quiritium prosponsa, Verginius militum pro unica filia, omnes1avus fl : auunculus 5- (cf. Dion. Hal. xi. xxviii. 7).1Appius argued that Verginia was either the slave of hisclient or under her father's control, and in neither case free,so that an action for recovering her freedom did not lie, andit was merely a question of title between Verginius and MarcusClaudius.148

BOOK III. XLV. 2-9B -- 44Bclaimant should not relinquish his right, but shouldtake the in girl charge and guarantee that sheshould be produced at the coming of him who wascalled her father. 1Against the injustice of the decree, though manymurmured their disapproval, there was not a singleman who dared to stand out; when Publius Numitorius,the 2girl's great-uncle, and her lover Icilius, arrivedon the scene. When a path had been opened forthem through the throng, since the crowd believedthat the intervention of Icilius would be particularlyeffectual in resisting Appius, the lictor cried thatthe case had been decided, and as Icilius began toprotest, attempted to thrust him aside. Even aplacid nature would have been incensed by so violentan insult. " You must use iron to rid yourself ofme, Appius," he cried, "that you may carry throughin silence what you desire should be concealed./This maiden I am going to wed ;and I intend thatmy bride shall be chaste. So call together all yourcolleagues' lictors too bid them make; ready rodsand axes the :promised wife of Icilius shall not passthe night outside her father's house. No If !youhave taken from the Roman plebs the assistance ofthe tribunes and the right of appeal, two citadelsfor the defence of liberty, it has not therefore beengranted to your lust to lord it over our children andour wives as well ! Vent your rage upon our backsand our necks : let our chastity at least be safe. Ifthat shall be assailed, I will call on the Quiriteshere present to protect my bride, Verginius will2Some take avus literally, as "grandfather." See chap,liv. 11, note.VOL. II.F

LIVY.U.O.deorum hominumque implorabimus fidem, neque tuistud unquamdecretum sine caede nostra referes.10 Postulo, Appi, etiam atque etiam consideres quo11 progrediare. Verginius viderit de filia ubi veneritquid agat hoc tantum ; sciat, sibi si huius vindiciiscesserit condicionem filiaequaerendamesse. Mevindicantem sponsam in libertatem vita citiusdeseret quam fides."XLVI. Concitata multitudo erat certamenqueinstare videbatur. Lictores Icilium circumsteterant ;nee ultra minas tamen processum est, cum Appius2 non Verginiam defendi ab Icilio., sed inquietumhominem et tribunatum etiam nunc spirantem3 locum seditionis quaerere diceret. Non praebiturumse illi eo die materiam ;sed ut iam sciretnon id petulantiae suae sed Verginio absenti etpatrio nomini et libertati datum, ius eo die se nondicturum neque decretum interpositurum a M.:Claudio petiturum, ut decederet iure suo vindi-4 carique puellam in posterum diem pateretur ; quodnisi pater postero die adfuisset, denuntiare se Iciliosimilibusque Icili, neque legi suae latorem nequedecemviro constantiam defore. Nee se utique collegarumlictores convocaturum ad coercendos seditionisauctores :contentum se suis lictoribus fore.5 Cum dilatum tempus iniuriae esset secessissentque

BOOK III. XLV. 9-xLvi. 5invoke the help of the soldiers in behalf of his onlydaughter, and all of us will implore the protectionof gods and men ;nor shall you ever repeat thatdecree of yours without shedding our blood. Iask you, Appius, to consider earnestly whither youare going. Let Verginius decide what to do abouthis daughter, when he comes but of one;thing hemay rest assured if he : yields to this man's claim,he will have to seek a husband for her. As forme, in defence of the freedom of my bride I willsooner die than prove disloyal."XLVI. The crowd was deeply moved and a conflictappeared to be imminent. The lictors hadsurrounded Icilius, but had nevertheless gone nofurther than to threaten him, since Appius declaredthat it was not a question of Virginia's defence byIcilius, but of a turbulent fellow, who even nowbreathed the spirit of the tribunate, seeking anopportunity to stir up strife. He would furnish himno excuse for it that day but that he might knownow ; that the concession had not been made to hisown wantonness but to the absent Verginius, to thename of father, and to liberty, he would not pronouncejudgment that day nor deliver a decision ;he would request Marcus Claudius to waive his rightand suffer the girl to remain at large until the morrow ;but unless the father should appear the next day, hegave notice to Icilius and to those like Icilius thatthe proposer of his law would not fail to supportit, nor the decemvir be wanting in firmness ;and inany case he should not call together his colleagues'lictors to repress the instigators of sedition, butrest content with his own.The time for accomplishing the wrong havingB -- 449

LIVYA.U.C.S05advocati puellae, placuit omnium primum fratremIcili filiumque Numitori, impigros iuvenes, pergereinde recta ad portam, et quantum adcelerari posset6 Verginium acciri e castris : in eo verti puellaesalutem, si postero die vindex iniuriae ad tempuspraesto esset. lussi pergunt citatisque equis nun-7 tium ad patrem perferunt. Cum instaret adsertorpuellae ut vindicaret sponsoresque daret, atque idipsum agi diceret Icilius, sedulo tempus terens dumpraeciperent iter nuntii l missi in castra, manustollere undique multitudo et se quisque paratum8 ad spondendum Icilio ostendere. illeAtque lacrimabundus" Gratum est " inquit ; '" crastina die vestraopera utar ; sponsorummine satis est." Ita vindi-9 catur Verginia spondentibus propinquis. Appiuspaulisper moratus ne eius rei causa sedisse videretur,postquarn omissis rebus aliis prae cura unius nemoadibat, domum se recepit collegisque in castra scribit,ne Verginio commeatum dent atque etiam in cu-10 stodia habeant. Improbum consilium serum, utdebuit, fuit, et iam commeatu sumpto profectusVerginius prima vigilia erat, cum postero die manede retinendo eo nequiquamlitterae redduntur.XLVII. At in urbe prima luce cum civitas inforo1 iter nuntii VormlD*?: in tern until XI.

BOOK III. XLVI. 5-XLvn. ibeen postponed, the girl's supporters went apart byB.C. 449themselves, and decided that first of all the brotherof Icilius and the son of Numitorius, active youngmen, should proceed straight to the City gate andmake all possible haste to the camp, to summonVerginius for the maiden's safety turned on her;protector's being at hand in time. They set out themoment they got their orders, and galloping theirhorses, carried the message throughto the father.When the claimant of the girl pressed Icilius tofurnish the sureties required of her guarantor, andIcilius said that it was precisely that which he wasconsidering (though he was doing his best to consumetime, that the messengers who had beendispatched to the camp might get a start on theway), the people began on every side to raise theirhands, and every man of them to indicate his readinessto go bail for Icilius. And Icilius said, withtears in his" eyes, I am grateful to you to-morrow;I will use your services ;of sureties I now haveenough." So Verginia was surrendered, on thesecurity of her kinsmen. Appius waited a littlewhile, that he might not appear to have sat forthis case only, and when nobody applied to himfor all other matters were forgotten in men's concernover this, he went to his house and wrote to hiscolleagues in camp that they should grant no furloughto Verginius, and should even detain himin custody. His base design was too late, as itdeserved to be ;Verginius had already got his leave,and had set out in the fore-part of the night, norwas it until early the next morning that the lettersfor detaining him were delivered, to no purpose.XLVII. But in the City, as the citizens at break153

LIVYA.U.C.305 exspectatione erecta stare t, Verginius sordidatusfiliam secum obsoleta veste comitantibus aliquotmatronis cum ingenti advocatione in forum deducit.2 Circumire ibi et prensare homines coepitet nonorare solum precariam opem, sed pro debita petere:Se pro liberis eorum ac coniugibus cottidie in aciestare, nee alium virum esse cuius strenue ac fortiter lfacta in bello plura memorari possent ;si,quid prodesseincolumi urbe, quae capta ultima timeantur liberis3 suis sint patienda ? Haec prope contionabunduscircumibat homines. Similia his ab Icilio iacta-4 bantur. Comitatus muliebris plus tacito fletuquamulla vox movebat.Adversus quae omnia obstinateanimo Appius tanta vis amentiae verius quamamoris mentem turbaverat in tribunal escendit,2et ultro querente pauca petitore quod ius sibi3pridieper ambitionem dictum non esset, priusquam autillepostulatum perageret aut Verginio respondendi5 daretur locus, Appius interfatur. Quern decretosermonem praetenderit, forsan aliquem verumauctores antiqui tradiderint :quia nusquam ullumin tanta foeditate clecreti veri similem invenio, idquod constat nudum videtur proponendum, decresse1541 fortiter :Doujat ferociter fl.2escendit MP : ascendit ft.3 ius sibi D*r: sibi fl.

BOOK III. XLVII. 1-5of day were standing in the Forum, agog with B.C. 449expectation, Verginius, dressed in sordid clothesand leading his daughter, who was also meanlyclad and was attended by a number of matrons,came down into the market-place with a vast throngof supporters. He then began to go about andcanvass people, and not merely to ask their aid as afavour, but to claim it as his due, saying that hestood daily in the battle-line in defence of theirchildren and their wives ;that there was no manof whom more strenuous and courageous deeds inwar could be related to what end, if despite thesafety of the City those outrages which were dreadedas the worst that could follow a city's capture mustbe suffered by their children ? Pleading thus, asif in a kind of public appeal, he went aboutamongst the people. Similar appeals were thrownout by Icilius ;but the women who attended themwere more moving, as they wept in silence, thanany words. In the face of all these things Appiushardened his heart so violent was the madness, asitmay more truly be called than love, that hadoverthrown his reason and mounted the tribunal.The plaintiff was actually uttering a few wordsof complaint, on the score of having been balkedof his rights the day before through partiality,when, before he could finish his demand, or Verginiusbe given an opportunity to answer, Appius interruptedhim. The discourse with which he led upto his decree may perhaps be truthfully representedin some one of the old accounts, but since I cannowhere discover one that is plausible, in view ofthe enormity of the decision, it seems my duty toset forth the naked fact, upon which all agree, that155

LIVY*S05^ vindicias secundum servitutem.Primo stupor omnesadmiratione rei tamatrocis defixit ;silentium indealiquamdiutenuit. Dein cum M. Claudius circumstantibusmatronis iret ad prehendendam virginem, lamentabilisqueeum mulierum comploratio excepisset, Ver-7 ginius intentans in Appium manus, "Icilio" inquit," Appi, non tibi filianidespondi et ad nuptias, nonad stuprum educavi.Placet pecudum ferarumque ritupromisee in concubitus ruere ? Passurinehaec isti sint,nescio: non spero esse passuros illos,quiarma habent."8 Cum repelleretur adsertor virginis a globomulierum circumstantiumque advocatorum, silentiumfactum per praeconem. XLVIII. Decemviralienatus ad libidinem animo negatex hesterno1 tantum convicio Icili violentiaque Vergingcuius testem populum Romanum habeat, sedcertisquoque indiciis compertum se habere nocte totacoetus in urbe factos esse ad movendam seditionem.2 Itaque se baud insciumeius dimicationis cum armatisdescendisse, non ut quemquam quietum violaret, sedut turbantes civitatis otium pro maiestate imperil3 coerceret. " Proinde quiesse erit melius. I," inquit, 2"lictor^ submove turbam et da viam domino ad1ex hesterno Form.? ex haesterno M : ex sterno P :esterno U : hesterno F*OD* : externo BHRDL.2i, inquit R*D\ : ii inquit RDL :inquit (inquid ) fl.156

BOOK III. XLVII. 5-XLvin. 3he adjudged Verginia to him who claimed her as his B.C. 449slave. At firsteverybody was rooted to the spot inamazement at so outrageous a proceeding, and fora little while after the silence was unbroken. Then,when Marcus Claudius was making his way throughthe group of matrons to lay hold upon the girl, andhad been greeted by the women with wails andlamentations, Verginius shook his fist at Appius andcried, " It was to Icilius, Appius, not to you thatI betrothed my daughter and it was for wedlock,;not dishonour, that Ibrought her up. Would youhave men imitate the beasts of the field and theforest in promiscuous gratification of their lust ?Whether these people propose to tolerate such conductI do not know : I cannot believe that thosewho have arms will endure it."The claimant of the maiden was being forcedback by the ring of women and supporters whosurrounded her, when silence was commanded by aherald; (XLVIII.) and the decemvir, crazed withlust, declared that he knew, not only from theabusive words uttered by Icilius the day before andthe violence of Verginius, which he could prove bythe testimony of the Roman People, but also fromdefinite information, that allthrough the nightmeetings had been held in the City to promotesedition. Accordingly, having been aware of thehe had come down into theapproaching struggle,Forum with armed men, not that he might doviolence to any peaceable citizen, but to coerce,conformably to the dignity of his office, those whowould disturb the nation's peace." You willtherefore," he cried, "best be quiet! Go, lictor,remove the mob and open a wayfor the master'57

LIVYAS05 prehendendum mancipium." Cum liaec intonuissetplenus irae, multitude ipsa se sua sponte dimovit4 desertaque praeda iniuriae puella stabat. TurnVerginius ubi nihil usquam auxilii " vidit, Quaeso "inquit, "Appi, primum ignosce patrio dolori, si quo 1inclementius in te sum invectus ;deiiide sinas hiecoram virgine nutricem percontari quid hoc rei sit,ut si falso pater dictus sum aequiore hinc animo5 discedam." Data venia seducit filiam ac nutricemprope Cloacinae ad tabernas quibus mine novis estnomen atque ibi ab lanio cultro " arrepto, Hoc te unoquo possum " ait " modo, filia, in libertatem vindico."Pectus deinde puellae transfigit respectansque adtribunal "Te" inquit, "Appi, tuumque caput sanguine6 hoc consecro." Clamore ad tarn atrox facinus ortoexcitus Appius comprehend! Verginium iubet. Illeferro quacumque ibat viam facere, donee multitudineetiam prosequeiitium tuente ad portam perrexit.7 Icilius Numitoriusque exsangue corpus sublatumostentant populo ; scelus Appi, puellae infelicem8 formam, necessitatem patris deplorant. Sequentesclamitant matronae : eamne liberorum procreandorumcondicionem, ea pudicitiae praemiaesse ? ceteraquae in tali re muliebris dolor, quo est maestiorimbecillo animo, eo miserabilia magis querentibus1si quo Weissenborn (cf. iv. i. 5): si quod (qct H) n : siquot RDL : siquid 5- si AlschefsM.:I 5 8

BOOK III. XLVIII. 3-8When he had wrathfully B.O."to seize his slave !thundered out these words, the crowd partedspontaneously and left the girl standing there, aprey to villainy.Then Verginius, seeing no helpanywhere, " said, I ask you, Appius,first to pardona father's grief if I have somewhat harshly inveighedagainst you and then to suffer me to question the;nurse here, in the maiden's presence, what all thismeans, that if I have been falsely called a father,Imay go away with a less troubled spirit." Permissionbeing granted, he led his daughter andthe nurse apart, to the booths near the shrine ofCloacina, now known as the "New Booths," andthere, snatching a knife from a butcher, he exclaimed," Thus, my daughter, in the only way I can, do I assertyour freedom "! He then stabbed her to the heart,and, looking back to the tribunal, cried, " 'Tis you,Appius, and yourlife I devote to destruction with'this blood ! The shout which broke forth at thedreadful deed roused Appius, and he orderedVerginius to be seized. But Verginius made apassage for himself with his knife wherever hecame, and was also protected by a crowd of menwho attached themselves to him, and so reachedthe City gate. Icilius and Numitorius lifted upthe lifeless body and showed it to the people, bewailingthe crime of Appius, the girl's unhappy beauty,and the necessity that had constrained her father.After them came the matrons " crying aloud, Wasit on these terms that children were brought into"the world ? Were these the rewards of chastity?with such other complaints as are prompted ata time like this by a woman's anguish, and are somuch the more pitiful as their lack of self-control159

LIVY9 subicit. Virorum etmaxime Icili vox tota tribuniciaepotestatis ac provocationis ad populuin ereptaepublicarumque indignationum erat.XLIX. Concitatur multitude partim atrocitatesceleris, partim spe per occasionem repetendae2 libertatis. Appius mine vocari Icilium, nunc retractantemarripi, postremo, cum locus adeundiapparitoribus non daretur, ipse cum agmine patriciorumiuvenum per turbam vadens in vincula duci3 iubet. lam circa Icilium non solum multitude sedduces quoque multitudinis erant,L. Valerius et M.Horatius, qui repulso lictore, si iure ageret, vindicarese a private Icilium aiebant ;si vim adferre con-4 aretur, ibi quoque baud l impares fore. Hinc atroxrixa oritur. Valerium Horatiumque lictor decemviriinvadit :franguntur a multitudine fasces. In2contionem Appius escendit :sequuntur HoratiusValeriusque. Eos contio audit : decemviro ob-5 strepitur. lam pro imperio Valerius discedere aprivate lictores iubebat, cum fractis animis Appiusvitae metueris in domum se propiiiquam foro insciis6 adversariis capite obvoluto recipit. Sp. Oppius, utauxilio collegae esset, in forum ex altera parte1baud :VIM? se haud n.2 escendit PM Z : aescendit M :asceridit fl.1Livy doubtless means the crime of Appius rather thanthe justifiable though shocking deed of Verginius (see chap,xlviii. 7, and chap.1. 5).1 60

BOOK III. XLVIII. S-XLIX. 6makes them the more give way to grief. The men, B.C. 449and especially Icilius,, spoke only of the tribunicianpower of the ; right of appeal to the people whichhad been taken from them ;and of their resentmentat the nation's wrongs.XLIX. The wildest excitement prevailed amongstthe people, occasioned in part by the atrocity of thecrime, 1 in part by the hope of improving the opportunityto regain their liberty. Appius first commandedthat Icilius be summoned ; then, on hisresisting, that he be arrested ;and at last, when thecrowd would not allow his attendants to approachthe man, he headed a band of patrician youths inperson, and advancing through the mob, bade themdrag his enemy off to prison. By this time Iciliuswas supported not only by the populace but by theleaders of the populace as well, Lucius Valerius andMarcus Horatius, who, forcing the lictor back, declaredthat ifAppius proceeded legally, they wouldprotect Icilius from the prosecution of a mere citizen;if he sought to make use of violence, there too theywould be a match for him. This led to a desperatestruggle. The decemvir's lictor now made a rush atValerius and Horatius ;his rods were broken by themob. Appius mounted the platform; Horatius andValerius followed him. To them the crowd listened ;the decemvir's voice they drowned with noise. Andnow, as though vested with authority, Valerius wascommanding the lictors to withdraw from one whowas a private citizen ;when Appius, broken in spiritand fearing for his covered life, up his head andsought refuge in a house near the Forum, unobservedby his opponents. Spurius Oppius, wishing to assisthis colleague, burst into the Forum from the other161

LIVYinrumpit. Videt imperium vi victum. Agitatusdeinde consiliis ad quae1ex omni parte adsentiendomultis auctoribus trepidaverat, senatum postremo7 vocari iussit. Ea res, quod magnae parti patrumdisplicere acta decemvirorum videbantur, spe persenatum finiendae potestatis eius multitudinem se-8 davit. Senatus nee plebem inritandam censuit etmulto magis providendum ne quid Verginii adventusin exercitu motus faceret.L. Itaque missi iuniores patrum in castra, quaeturn in monte Vecilio erant, nuntiant decemviris2 ut omni ope ab seditione milites contineant. IbiVerginius maiorem quam reliqueratin urbe motum3 excivit. Nam praeterquam quod agmine propequadringentorum hominum veniens, quiab urbeindignitate rei accensi comites ei se dederant, conspectusest, strictum etiam telum respersusque ipsecruore tota in se castra convertit. Et togae multifariamin castris visae maioris aliquanto quam erat4 speciem urbanae multitudinis fecerant. Quaerentibusquid rei esset flens diu vocem non misit;tandem, ut iam ex trepidatione concurreiitium turbaconstitit ac silentium fuit, ordine cuncta, ut gesta6 erant, exposuit. Supinas deinde tendens manus1621ad quae Stroth :atque il.

BOOK III. XLIX. 6-L. 5quarter.He saw that authority had been overcome B.C.by force. Distracted then by the suggestions whichcame from every side, and timidly agreeingfirstwith one and then with another of his manyadvisers, he ended by ordering the senate to besummoned. This course, inasmuch as a great proportionof the patricians appeared to disapprove ofthe decemvirs' acts, afforded hopes that the senatorswould end their power, and so quieted the multitude.The senate decided that the plebs must not beprovoked, and that it was even more necessary tosee to it that the arrival of Verginius in the armyshould not occasion any turbulence.L. Accordingly certain of the younger senatorswere dispatched to the camp, which was then onMount Vecilius, and carried word to the decemvirsthat they must employ all their resources to keepthe troops from mutiny. There Verginius aroused agreater commotion than he had leftoin Rome. Forbesides that he was seen approaching attended by abody of nearly four hundred men, who had joinedhim when he left the City, in their anger and resentmentat the affair, the weapon in his hand and thegore with which he was spattered drew the attentionof the entire camp upon him. Then too theappearance of togas in the camp, in many places,produced the effect of a greater company ofcivilians than were actually there. Being askedwhat the matter was, Verginius wept, and for a longtime answered never a word ;at length, when thebustle and confusion of the gathering had subsidedhad ensued, he gave an orderly accountand silenceof all that had taken place. Then, lifting up hishands in an attitude of prayer, and addressing the163

LIVYA.TT.O. commilitones appellans orabat ne quod scelus Ap.305Claudi esset sibi attribuerent neu se ut parricidam6 liberum aversarentur. Sibi vitam filiae sua 1 carioremfuisse, si liberae ac pudicae 2 vivere licitum fuisset :cum velut servam ad stuprum rapi videret, morteamitti melius ratum quam contumelia liberos, miseri-7 cordia se in speciem crudelitatis lapsum. Nee sesuperstitem filiae futurum fuisse, nisi spem ulciscendaemortis eius in auxilio commilitonum habuisset.Illisquoque enim filias sorores coniugesque esse, neecum filia sua libidinem Ap. Claudi exstinctam esse,8 sed quo impunitior sit, eo effrenatiorem fore. Alienacalamitate documentum datum illiscavendae similisiiiiuriae. Quod ad se attineat, uxorem sibi fatoereptam, filiam, quia non ultra pudica victura fuerit,9 miseram sed honestam mortem occubuisse ;non esseiam Appilibidini locum in domo sua : ab alia violentiaeius eodem se animo suum corpus vindicaturumquo vindicaverit filiae : ceteri sibi ac liberis suis10 consulerent. Haec Verginio vociferanti succlamabatmultitudo nee illius dolori nee suae libertati sedefuturos. Et immixti turbae militum togati, eadem 3iliaquerendo docendoque quanto visa quam auditaindigniora potuerint videri, simul profligatam iam1sua - : suae n.2 liberae ac pudicae 5-: libere ac pudicae F^-:libere acpudice fl.3eadem j- : cum eadem fl : simul eadem Zingerle.164

BOOK III. L. 5 10crowd as his fellow-soldiers, he besought them not B.C. 449to attribute to him the crime of which AppiusClaudius stood guilty, nor to repudiate him as onewho had murdered his child. To him the life of hisdaughter had been dearer than his own, if she hadbeen permitted to live pure and chaste ;when hesaw her being carried off like a slave to be dishonoured,thinking it better to lose his children bydeath than by outrage, he had been impelled bv pityto an act of seeming cruelty nor would he have;survived his daughter, had he not hoped to avengeher death by the help of his fellow-soldiers. Theytoo had daughters, sisters, and wives ;the lust ofAppius Claudius had not been extinguished withthe life of Verginia, but its lawlessness would beproportioned to its impunity. In the calamity ofanother they had been given a warning to be ontheir guard against similar wrongs. So far as hewas concerned, his wife had been taken from him inthe course of nature, his daughter, because she couldno longer have lived chaste, had died a pitiful butan honourable death ;for the lust of Appius therewas now no longer in his house any scope from;other forms which his violence might take he woulddefend his own person with no less spirit than hehad shown in defence of his daughter the othersmust ; look out for themselves and for their ownchildren. As Verginius spoke these words in a loudvoice, the multitude signified with responsive shoutsthat they would not forget his sufferings nor fail tovindicate their liberty. And the civilians, minglingwith the crowd, repeated the same complaints andtold them how much more shameful the thing o wouldhave appeared if they could have seen it instead of165

LIVYAppiumA.TT.O. 11 rein nuiitiando Romae esse, insecutis 1qui305 . .-T i j-prope interemptum in exsihum abisse dicerent, perpulerimtut ad arma conclamaretur vellerentque12 signa et Romam proficiscerentur. Decemviri simuliisquae videbant iisque quae acta Romae audierantperturbatij alius in aliam partem castrorum ad sedandosmotus discurrant. Et leniter 2 agentibusresponsum non redditur imperium si quis inhiberet,:13 et viros et armatos se esse respondetur. Eunt agminead urbem et Aventinum insidunt, ut quisque occurreratplebem ad repetendam libertatem creandosque14 tribunes plebis adhortantes. Alia vox nulla violentaaudita est. Senatum Sp. Oppius habet. Nihil placetaspere agi ; quippe ab ipsis datum locum seditioni 315 esse. Mittuntur tres legati consulares, Sp. TarpeiusC. lulius P. Sulpicius, qui quaererent senatus verbis,cuius iussu castra deseruissent aut quid sibi vellentqui armati Aventinum obsedissent belloque averso ab16 hostibus patriam suam cepissent. Non defuit quodresponderetur : deerat qui daret responsum nullodumcerto duce nee satis audentibus singulis invidiaese ofterre. Id modo a multitudine conclamatum estut L. Valerium et M. Horatium ad se mitterent : his 4se daturos responsum.1 insecutis Walters (after Alschefski]:insecutosque il :insccutique $-.2Et leniter 5- : et leuiter n : Sed leniter Madvig.3 seditioni F"Glareanus seditionis Q.4 his MHRDL ::iis PFBO.1661 Viz. by the senate and decemvirs.

BOOK III. L. 11-16hearing about it ;at the same time they reportedB-C, 449that the decemvirate was already overthrown atRome ;and on the arrival of later tidings, to theeffect that Appius had almost lost his life and had goneinto exile, they induced the troops to raise the'" cryTo arms ! and to pluck up their standards and setout for Rome. The decemvirs, troubled alike by whatthey saw and by what they heard had taken place inRome, rushed through the camp, one this way, anotherthat, to still the rising.And so long as theymildly remonstrated, they got no answer ;but if oneof them tried to use his authority, they told him thatthey were men, and armed. They marched in columnto the City and took possession of the Aventine,urging the plebeians, as often as they fell in withone, to make an effort to regain their liberty andto elect plebeian tribunes. Save this, no violentproposals were heard. The senate was convenedby Spurius Oppius. It was resolved that no harshaction should be taken, seeing that occasion forthe mutiny had been given by themselves. 1 Threedelegates of consular rank, Spurius Tarpeius, GainsJulius, and Publius Sulpicius, were dispatched inthe name of the senate to inquire by whose ordersthe men had deserted the camp, and what theymeant, who with arms had seized the Aventine, and,abandoning the enemy, had captured their nativeCity.The men were at no loss for an answer :what they lacked was some one to make it, sincethey had as yet no definite leader, nor did individualsquite dare to single themselves out forenmity. But the crowd called out in unison thatthey should send them Lucius Valerius and MarcusHoratius, to whom they would intrust their reply.167

LIVYA.U.O. LI. Dimissis legatis admonet milites Verginius in305re non maxima paulo ante trepidatum esse quia sinecapite multitude fuerit, responsumque quamquamnon inutiliter, fortuito tamen magis consensu quam2 communi consilio esse. Placere decem creari quisummae rei lpraeessent militarique honore tribunes3 militum appellari.2Cum ad eum ipsum primumishonos deferretur," Melioribus meis vestrisque rebus4 reservate " inquit "ista de me iudicia ;nee mihifilia inulta 3 honorem ullum iucundum esse patitur,nee in perturbata re publica eos utile est praeesse6 vobis qui proximi invidiae sint. Si quis usus meiG est, nihilo minor ex private capietur." Ita decemnumero tribunes mili tares creari t.7 Neque in Sabinis quievit exercitus. Ibi quoqueauctore Icilio Numitorioque secessio ab decemvirisfacta est, non minore motu animorum Sicci caedismemoria renovata quam quern nova fama de virgine8 adeo foede ad libidinem petita accenderat. Iciliusubi audivit tribunos militum in Aventino creates, necomitiorum militarium praerogativam urbana comitia9 iisdem tribunis plebis creandis sequerentur, peritusrerum popularium imminensqueei 4 potestati et ipse,1rei 5-: ..i V \reip (i.e. rei publicae) il.2 appellari $- :appellare (wanting in V) n.3 inulta V: inuita n.* imminensqueei lihenanus: imminensque (inm -B) et H:imminensque OH.1Comitia is here used untechnically of the extemporizedelection called by Verginius.1 68

BOOK III. LI. 1-9LI. After the delegates had heen dismissed, B.C. 449Verginius reminded the soldiers that they had beenthrown into confusion a few minutes before, over amatter of no very great importance, because themultitude had been without a head ;and althougha very good answer had been returned, yet thishad been due rather to their happening to feel alikeabout the matter than to a concerted plan. Herecommended that ten men should be chosen tohave supreme command, and that they should bestyled, by a military title, tribunes of the soldiers.When they would have tendered Verginius himselfthe firstappointment to this office, he replied,"Reserve your good opinion of me tillmy ownaffairs and yours are in a better plight ; to me nohonour can be agreeable while my daughter isunavenged nor is it well for ; you, with the statein such confusion, to be led by those who are mostexposed to hatred. If I can render any service, itshall not be less because I am a private citizen."So they chose ten military tribunes.Nor was the army in the Sabine country inactive.There too, at the instigation of Icilius and Numitorius,a secession from the decemvirate was broughtabout ;men's anger on being reminded of themurder of Siccius being no less violent than thatwhich was kindled in them by the new story of themaiden whose dishonour had been so foully sought.Icilius, on hearing that military tribunes had beenelected on the Aventine, feared lest the City comitiamight take their cue from the comitia of the soldiers 1and elect the same men to be tribunes of theplebs, for he was experienced in the ways of thepeople and ; having designs upon that office himself,169

LIVYA.O.O.priusquam iretur ad urbem, pan potestate eundem10 numerum ab suis creandum curat. Porta Collinaurbem intravere sub signis, mediaque urbe agminein Aventinum pergunt. Ibi coniuncti alter! exercituiviginti tribunis militum negotium dederunt ut exsuo numero duos crearent qui summae rerum praeessent.M. Oppium Sex. Manilium creant.11 Patres solliciti de summa rerum cum senatuscottidie esset iurgiis saepius terunt tempus quam12 consiliis. Sicci caedes decemviris et Appiana libidoet dedecora militiae obiciebantur.Placebat ValeriumHoratiumque ire in Aventinum. Illi negabant sealiter ituros quam si decemviri deponerent insignia13 magistratus eius quo anno iam ante abissent. Decemviriquerentes se in ordinem cogi non ante quamperlatis legibus quarum causa creati essent depositurosimperium se aiebant.LII. Per M. Duillium,1qui tribunus plebis fuerat,certior facta plebs contentionibus adsiduis nihiltransigi,in Sacrum montem ex Aventino transit2 adfirmante Duillio 2 non prius quam deseri urbemvideant curam in animos patrum descensuram admoniturumSacrum montem constantiae;plebis,sciturosque sine restituta potestate tribunicia 3 redigi1 'Duillium ^V duilium fl: diluluum S: diluiuum B*.2Duillio F 3 0$-: duellio Vormi duilio PUR: c. duilioMFWHDL.1703 tribunicia inserted by Gronovius.

BOOK III. LI. 9-Lii. 2he saw to before it, they marched to the City, that B.C. 449the same number of men, vested with equal power,were chosen by his own army. They entered Romeunder their standards, by the Colline Gate, andmarched right through the midst of the City to theAventine. There they joined the other army, anddirected the twenty military tribunes to appointtwo of their number to exercise supreme command.Marcus Oppius and Sextus Manilius were appointed.The Fathers were alarmed about the state ; but,though the senate held daily sessions, they spentmore time in recriminations than in deliberating.Siccius's murder was cast in the teeth of the decemvirs,as well as the lust of Appius, and theirdisgraces O in the field. It was decided that Valeriusand Horatius should go to the Aventine. They agreedto go only on condition that the decemvirs wouldput off the insignia of that magistracy which theyhad already ceased to hold the year before. Thedecemvirs, complaining that they were being deprivedof their office, asserted that they would notlay down their authority until after the enactmentof the laws which had been the reason of theirappointment.LI I.Having learned from Marcus Duillius, whohad been a plebeian tribune, that nothing wascoming of the endless bickerings of the senate, thecommons quitted the Aventine for the SacredMount, since Duillius assured them that not untilthe patricians beheld the City deserted would theyfeel any real concern ;the Sacred Mount wouldremind them of the firmness of the plebs, and theywould know whether it were possible or not thataffairs should be reduced to harmony without the171

LIVY1A.U.C. 3 in concordiam resne queant. Via Nomentana, cuiturn Ficolensi 2 nomen fuit, profecti castra in monteSacro locavere moclestiam patruni suorum nihil violandoimitati. Secuta exercitum plebs nullo qui per4 aetatem ire posset retractante. Prosequuntur coniugesliberique, cuinam se relinquerent in ea urbein qua nee pudicitia nee libertas sancta esset miserabiliterrogitantes.5 Cum vasta Romae omnia insueta solitudo fecisset,in foro praeter paucos seniorum nemo esset, vocatisutique in seiiatum patribus desertum apparuissetHoratius ac Valeriusforum, plures 3 iam quam6 vociferabantur :"Quid exspectabitis, patres coriscripti? Si decemviri finem pertinaciae non faciunt,ruere ac deflagrare omnia passuri estis ?Quod autemistud imperium est, decemviri, quod amplexi te-7 netis ? Tectis ac parietibus iura dicturi estis ? Nonpudet lictorum vestrorum maiorem prope numerumin foro conspici quam togatorum aliorum ? 4Quid sihostes ad urbeni veniant facturi estis ?Quid si plebsmox, ubi parum secessioiie moveamur, armata veniat ?8 Occasune urbis voltis finire imperium ? Atqui autplebs non est habenda aut habendi sunt tribuniplebis.Nos citius caruerimus patriciis magistratibus9quam illi plebeiis.Novam inexpertamque earn potestatemeripuere patribus iiostris ;ne nunc dulce-1 resne queant ffarant : res nequeant H.2 Ficolensi : ficulensi f (cf.i.figulensi figulensiM :tingulensi R.xxxviii. 4):figulensi fi :3 plures 5-:pluresque fl.4aliorum j- : aliorumqueQ,.172

BOOK III. LIT. 2-9out B.C.restoration of the tribunician power. Marchingby the Via Nomentana, then called Ficulensis, theypitched their camp on the Sacred Mount, havingimitated the good behaviour of their fathers andmade no depredations. Following the army camethe plebeian civilians ;nor did any one who was ofan age to go hold back. They were attended alittleway forth by their wives and children, whoinquired pathetically to whose protection they wereleaving them, in that City where neither chastitynor liberty was sacred.Now that all Rome was desolate with an unwontedloneliness, and there was nobody in the Forum buta few old men, and itappeared, particularly whenthe Fathers had been summoned to the senate-house,quite deserted, there were many others besidesHoratius and Valerius who remonstrated. " Whatwill you wait for, Conscript Fathers?" they criedout. "If the decemvirs persist in their obstinacy,will you suffer everything to go to wrack and ruin ?Pray what is that authority, decemvirs, to which youcling with such tenacity ? Is it to roofs and walls youwill render judgment? Are you not ashamed thatyour lictors should be seen in the Forum in almostlarger numbers than the other citizens ? What doyou mean to do if the enemy should come to theCity? What if, by and bye, the plebs, finding usunmoved by their secession, come with sword inhand ? Do you wish the downfall of the City to bethe end of your rule And ? yet, either we must haveno plebs, or we must have plebeian tribunes. Wewill sooner dispense w r ithpatrician magistrates thanthey with plebeian. It was a new and untried powerwhen they extorted it from our fathers : now

LIVYauxiliiA.V.C. dine semel capti ferant desiderium, cum praesertim305nec nos temperernus imperiis, quo minus illi10 egeant." Cum haec ex omni parte iactarentur, victiconsensu decemviri futuresse, quandoita videatur,11 in potestate patrum adfirmant. Id modo simul orantac monent, ut ipsis ab invidia caveatur nec suosanguine ad suppliciaLI 1 1.patrum plebem adsuefaciant.Turn Valerius Horatiusque missi ad plebemcondicionibus quibus videreturrevocandam componendasqueres, decemviris quoque ab ira et impetu2 multitudinis praecavere iubentur. Profecti gaudioingenti plebisin castra accipiuntur, quippe liberatoresbaud dubie et motus initio et exitu rei. Ob haec3 iis l advenientibus gratiae actae ; Icilius pro multitudineverba facit. Idem, cum de condicionibusageretur, quaerentibus legatis quae postulata plebisessent, composite iam ante adventum legatorum consilioea postulavitut appareret in aequitate rerum4 plus quam in armis reponi spei. Potestatem enimtribuniciam provocationemque repetebant, quae antedecemviros creatos auxilia plebis fuerant, et ne cuifraudi esset concisse milites aut plebem ad repe-1haec iis $-'.haechis n : haec RDL.174

BOOK III. LII. 9-Lin. 4that they have once been captivated by its charm, B.C.they would be even less willing to forgo it, especiallywhen we on our side do not so temper the exerciseof our authority that they stand in no need of help."As these reproaches were flung at them from everyquarter, the decemvirs were overborne by the consensusof opinion and gave assurances that theywould submit, since it was thought best, to theauthority of the senate. They had but this onerequest to make which was also a warning, thattheir persons might be protected from men's hate,and that their blood might not be the means ofaccustoming the plebs to punish senators.LIU. Valerius and Horatius were then sent tobring back the plebs and adjust all differences, onsuch terms as might seem good to them ;and theywere also instructed to secure the decemvirsagainst the anger and violence of the people. Havingproceeded to the camp, they were received withgreat rejoicings by the plebs, as undoubted championsof liberty both in the beginning of the disturbanceand in the sequel. In recognition of this they werethanked on their arrival, Icilius speaking on behalfof the multitude. And it was Icilius too who, whenterms were discussed and the commissioners inquiredwhat the plebeians demanded, made such requests,in pursuance of an understanding already reachedbefore the arrival of the envoys, that it was apparentthey based their hope more on equity than on arms.For the recovery of the tribunician power and theappeal were the things they sought things whichhad been the help of the plebs before the election ofdecemvirs ;and that it should not be held againstany man that he had incited the soldiers or the people175

LIVY5 tendam per secessionem*libertatem. De decemvi-rorum modo supplicio atrox postulatum fuit ;dediquippe eos aequum censebant vivosque igni concre-6 matures minabantur. Legati ad ea : " Quae consiliifuerunt adeo aequa postulastis ut ultro vobis deferendafuerint ;libertati enim ea praesidia petitis,7 non licentiae ad impugnandosmagis ignoscendum quam indulgeiidurnalios. Irae vestraeest, quippequi crudelitatis odio in crudelitatem ruitis et priuspaene quam ipsiliberi sitis dominari iam in adver-8 sarios voltis. Numquamne quiescet 1 civitas nostraa suppliciis aut patrum in plebem Romanam aut9 plebisin patres? Scuto vobis magis quam gladioopus est. Satis superque humili 2 est, qui iure aequoin civitate vivit nee inferendo iniuriam nee patiendo.10 Etiam siquando metuendos vos praebituri estis, cumreciperatis magistratibus legibusquevestris indiciapenes vos eruiit de capite nostro fortunisque,tunc utquaeque causa erit statuetis : nunc libertatem repetisatis est."LIV. Facerent ut vellent permittentibus cunctismox redituros se legati rebus perfectis adfirmant.2 Profecti cum mandata plebis patribus exposuissent,alii decemviri, quando quidem praeter spem ipsorumsuppliciisui nulla mentio fieret, baud quicquam1761quiescetR z $- : quieactt M :*humili PD1 : humilis n.quiescit

BOOK III. LIII. 4-Liv. 2to recover their liberties by secession. Only in regard B.C. 149to the punishment of the decemvirs was their demanda harsh one for ;they thought it just that thedecemvirs should be delivered up to them, andthreatened to burn them alive. To these proposalsthe commissioners " replied: The demands whichhave been prompted by your judgment are so rightthat they ought to have been accorded you voluntarilyfor you seek in them guarantees of ; liberty,not of a licence to make attacks on others. But youranger calls for pardon rather than indulgence, seeingthat hatred of cruelty is driving you headlong intocruelty, and almost before you are free yourselvesyou are wishing to lord it over your adversaries.Will the time never come when our state shall restfrom punishments visited either by the patricianson the Roman plebs or by the plebs on the patriciansA ?shield is what you need more than a sword. Itisenough and more than enough for a lowlywhen citizenhe lives in the enjoyment of equal rights inthe state, neither inflicting an injury nor receivingone. Even if you are one day to make yourselvesdreaded, when you have got back your magistratesand laws and possess authority to put us on trial forour lives and fortunes, you shall then give judgmentin accord with the merits of each particular case :for the presentit isenough to regain your liberty."L1V. When the people all consented that theyshould do as they saw fit, the envoys assured themthat they would settle matters and presently return.So they departed and explained to the Fathers thedemands of the plebs. The other decemvirs, whenthey found that, contrary to their expectation, nomention was made of any punishment of themselves,177

LIVYA -u -c -3 abnuere :Appius truci ingenio et invidia praecipuaodium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens " odio, Haud4 ignaro" inquit" imminet fortuna. Video doneearma adversariis tradantur difFerri adversus nos certamen.Dandus invidiae est sanguis. Nihil ne egoquidem moror quo minus decemviratu abeam."6 Factum senatus consultum ut decemviri se primoquoque tempore magistratu abdicarent, Q. Furiuspontifex maximus tribunes plebis crearet, et ne cuifraudi esset secessio militum plebisque.6 His senatus consultis perfectis dimisso senatudecemviri prodeunt in contionem abdicantque semajnstratu Oinffenti O hominum laetitia. Nuntiantur7 haec plebi. Legates quidquid in urbe hominumsupererat prosequitur. Huic multitudini laeta aliaturba ex castris occurrit. Congratulantur libertatem8 concordiamque civitati restitutam. Legati pro contione:" Quod bonum faustum felixque sit vobisreique publicae, redite in patriam ad penates,coniuges liberosque vestros sed ;qua hie modestiafuistis, ubi nullius ager in tot rerum usu necessariotantae multitudini est violatus, earn modestiam fertein urbem. In Aventinum ite, unde profecti estis.9 Ibi felici loco, ubi prima initia incohastis libertatisvestrae, tribunes plebi creabitis. Praesto erit pontifex1Asconius (ed. Clark, p. 77) commenting on Cicero's speechPro Cornelia de Maiestate (which states that the plebs on thisoccasion "elected ten plebeian tribunes, through the instrumentalityof the pontifex, because there was no magistrate")gives the name of the pontifex maximus as M. Papirius.This is the first time that Livy has mentioned the pontifexmaximus, thus implying the existence of a college of pontiffs.See IV. xliv.

BOOK III. LIV. 2-9made no objection to anything: Appius, hard-hearted, B.o.4i9knowing himself peculiarly unpopular, and measuringother men's hatred of himself by his own ofthem, exclaimed, " I am not unaware of the lotwhich threatens me. I perceive that the attackupon us is only beingtillpostponed arms are handedover to our adversaries. Hatred must have itsoffering of blood. I too am willing to relinquishthe decemvirate." A decree was passed by thesenate that the decemvirs should abdicate the map-is- Otracy at the earliest possible moment ;that QuintusFurius, the Pontifex Maximus, 1 should hold anelection of plebeian tribunes ;and that no one shouldbe made to suffer for the secession of the soldiersand the plebs.Having so decreed the senate adjourned and thedecemvirs went before the people and laid downtheir office, to the great delight of all. These eventswere reported to the plebs, the envoys being accompaniedby all the people left in the City. Themultitude was met by another joyful throng fromthe camp, and they exchanged congratulations onthe restoration of freedom and harmony to the state.The commissioners addressed the people as follows :" Prosperity, favour, and good fortune to you andthe Republic! Return to your native City, to yourhomes, to your wives, and your children ;but let theself-restraint you have shown here, where no man'sfarm has been violated, though so many things wereuseful and necessary to so great a multitude, be preservedwhen you return to the City.Go to the Aventine,whence you set out. There in the auspiciousplace where you first laid the foundations of yourliberty, you shall choose tribunes of the plebs. The179

LIVYA.ti.u. 10 maximus qui comitia habeat." Ingens adsensusalacritasque cuncta adprobantiumfuit. Convelluntinde signa profectique Romam certaiit cum obviisgaudio. Armati per urbem silentio in Aventinum11 perveniunt. Ibi extemplo pontifice maximo comitiahabente tribunes plebis creaverunt, omnium primumL. Verginium, 1 inde L. Icilium et P. Numitorium,2avunculum Verginiae, auctores secessionis, turn12 C. Sicinium, progeniem eius, quern primum tribunumplebis creatum in Sacro monte proditum memoriaeest, et M. Duillium, qui tribunatum insignem antedecemviros creatos gesserat nee in decemviralibus13 certaminibus plebi defuerat. Spe deinde magisquam meritis electi M. Titinius M. Pomponius14 C. Apronius Ap. Villius C. Oppius. Tribunatu initoL. Icilius extemplo plebem rogavit et plebs scivitne cui fraudi esset secessio ab decernviris facta.15 Confestim de consulibus creandis cum provocationeM. Duillius rogationein pertulit.Ea omnia in pratisFlami nils concilio plebis acta, quern nunc circumFlaminium appellant.LV. Per interregem deinde consul es creati L.Valerius M. Horatius, qui extemplo magistratumocceperunt. Quorum consulatus popularis sine ulla2 patrum iniuria nee sine offensione fuit ;quidquid1 L. Verginium Sigonius (in. xliv. 2 and Iviii. 5) : aulumuerginium fl.8Verginiae D1 Sabellicus (chap. xlvi. 5) : uergini (or ii) n.1Avunculus means properly "uncle," but sometimes"great-uncle," as I have here translated it, taking it to referto the P. Numitorius who in chap. xlv. 4 is called puellaeavus.180

BOOK III. LIV. 9-Lv. 2Pontifex Maximus will be at hand to hold the B.C. 449election." With loud applause and great alacritythe people showed their approval of all that hadbeen said.They pulled up their standards from theplace and set out for Rome, vying with those whomthey met in joyful demonstrations. Armed, theyproceeded in silence through the City to the Aventine.There the Pontifex Maximus at once held thecomitia, and they elected tribunes of the plebs ;firstof all Lucius Verginius ;then Lucius Icilius andPublius Numitorius, Verginia's great-uncle, 1 the instigatorsof the secession then Gaius; Sicinius, sonof the man who is related to have been the firstplebeian tribune chosen on the Sacred Mount ;andMarcus Duillius, who had filled the tribuneship withdistinction before the decemvirs were appointed,and had not failed the plebs in their contentionswith the decemvirs. Then, more by reason of theirpromise than for any deserts of theirs, they electedMarcus Titinius, Marcus Pomponius, Gaius Apronius,Appius Villius, and Gaius Oppius. As soon as theyhad taken office, Lucius Icilius proposed to thepeople, and they so voted, that no man should sufferfor the secession from the decemvirs. Immediatelya bill that consuls should be elected subject toappeal was offered by Marcus Duillius and wascarried. These matters were all transacted by thecouncil of the plebs, in the Flaminian Meadows,which men now call the Flaminian Circus.LV. Then, through an interrex, theyelected tothe consulship Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius,who at once assumed office. Their administrationwas favourable to the people, without in any waywronging the patricians, though not without offendingVOL. II.GlSl

LIVY.V.CI. enim libertati plebis caveretur, id suis decedere3 opibus credebant. Omnium primum, cum velut incontroverso iure esset tenerenturne patres plebiscitis, legem centuriatis comitiis tulere ut quodtributim plebes iussisset populum teneret ;qua legetribuniciis rogationibus telum acerrimum datum est.4 Aliam deinde consularem legem de provocatione,unicum praesidium libertatis, decemvirali potestateeversam, non restituunt modo, sed etiam in posterum5 muniunt sanciendo novam legem, ne quis ullummagistratum sine provocatione crearet; qui creasset,eum ius fasque esset occidi, neve ea caedes capitalis6 noxae haberetur. Et cum plebem hinc provocationehinc tribunicio auxilio satis firmassent, ipsis quoquetribunis, ut sacrosancti viderentur, cuius rei propeiam memoria aboleverat, relatis quibusdam ex magno7 intervallo caerimoniis renovarunt, et cum religioneinviolatos eos turn lege etiam fecerunt, sanciendo utqui tribunis plebis aedilibus iudicibus decemvirisnocuisset, eius caput lovi sacrum esset, familia ad8 aedem Cereris Liberi Liberaeque venum iret. Haclege iuris 1 interpretes negant quemquam sacro-1 lege iuris Jf 2 or M 1 : iuris lege n : iuris legem RDL.1 i. e. the plebeian aediles, two in number, elected by theplebeians to assist the tribunes, as the quaestors did theconsuls, and take charge of the archives of the plebs, kept inthe temple of Ceres (see 13).2These decemviri stlitibus iudicandis judged cases involvingliberty or citizenship.182

BOOK III. LV, 2-8them ;for whatever was done to protect the B.C. 449liberty of the plebs they regarded as a diminutionof their own strength. To begin with, since itwas virtually an undecided question whether thepatricians were legally bound by plebiscites, theycarried a statute in the centuriate comitia enactingthat what the plebs should order in the tribalorganization should be binding on the people alaw which provided the rogations of the tribuneswith a very sharp weapon. Next they not onlyrestored a consular law about the appeal, the uniquedefence of liberty, which had been overthrown bythe decemviral power, but they also safeguardedit for the future by the solemn enactment of a newlaw, that no one should declare the election of anymagistrate without appeal, and that he who shouldso declare might be put to death without offence tolaw or religion, and that such a homicide should notbe held a capital crime. And having sufficientlystrengthened the plebs, by means of the appeal onthe one hand and the help of the tribunes on theother, they revived, in the interest of the tribunesthemselves, the principle of their sacrosanctity(which was a thing that had now come to be wellnighforgotten) by restoring certain long-neglectedceremonies ;and they rendered those magistratesinviolate, not merely on the score of religion butalso by a statute, solemnly enacting that he who1should hurt the tribunes of the plebs, the aediles,2or the decemviral judges should forfeit his headto Jupiter, and that his possessions should besold at the temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera.Expounders of the law deny that any one is sacrosanctby virtue of this statute, but maintain that

LIVYA.TT.O. sanctum esse, sed eum qui eorum cui l nocuerit. lovi3059 sacrum 2 sanciri ;itaque aedilem prendi duciquea maioribus magistratibus, quodetsi non iure fiatnoceri enim ei cui hac lege non liceat tamenargumentum esse non haberi pro sacro sanctoque 310 aedilem ;tribunes vetere 4 iure iurando plebis,cumprimum earn potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse.11 Fuere qui interpretarentur eadem hac Horatia legeconsulibus quoque et praetoribus, quia eisdem auspiciisquibus consules crearentur, cautum esse : iudicem12 enim consulem appellari. Quae refellitur interpretatio,quod iis temporibus nondum consulem13 iudicem sed praetorem appellari mos fuerit. Haeconsulares leges fuere. Institutum etiam ab iisdemconsulibus ut senatus consulta in aedem Cereris adaediles plebis deferrentur, quae antea arbitriocon-14 sulum supprimebantur vitiabanturque. M. Duilliusdeinde tribunus plebis plcbem rogavit plebesquescivit qui plebem sine tribunis reliquisset, quiquemagistratum sine provocatione creasset, tergo ac15 capite puniretur. Haec omnia ut invitis, ita non1 cui :cuiquam cui FB :quecui P: cuiquera MP* :cuiquam UD* :quern fi.2lovi sacrum H. J. Mueller : id (or id ad) sacrum n.3 sacro sanctoque MRDL : sacrosancto n.* vetere 5- : ueteres n.1The legal experts seem to have held that there was adistinction between the status of the tribunes and that ofthe aediles based on the belief that the former had beengiven sacrosanctitns at the time their office and that of theaediles was established, and that any violation of theirpersons automatically made the violator an outlaw (sacer) ;184

BOOK III. LV. 8-15the man who has injured any of these officials is B.C. 449solemnly forfeited to Jupiter hence the aedile;may be arrested and imprisoned by the greatermagistrates, an act which, though it be unlawfulforhe isthereby injured who, according to thisstatute, may not be injured, is nevertheless a proofthat the aedile is not regarded as sacrosanct ;whereas the tribunes are sacrosanct in consequenceof the ancient oath taken by the plebs, when theyfirst created this magistracy. 1 There were somewho taught that by this same Horatian law theconsuls also were protected, and the praetors, inasmuchas they were created under the same auspicesas the consuls; for the consul was called "judge."But this interpretation is refuted by the fact thatit was not yet the custom in those days for theconsul to be called "judge," but "praetor." Suchwere the consular laws. The practice was alsoinstituted by the same consuls that the decrees ofthe senate should be delivered to the aediles ofthe plebs at the temple of Ceres. Up to that timethey were wont to be suppressed or falsified, atthe pleasure of the consuls. Marcus Duillius, thetribune of the plebs, then proposed to the plebs,and they so decreed, that whosoever should leavethe plebs without tribunes and whosoever shoulddeclare the election of a magistrate without appealshould be scourged and beheaded. All thesemeasures, though they were passed against the willof the patricians, were yet not opposed by them,whereas it was necessary for an aedile to bring suit againstthe higher magistrate ami convict him of the violation,before the man became sacer.

LIVYA.U.C. adversantibus patriciis transacta, quia nondum in305quemquamunum saeviebatur.LVI. Fundata deinde et potestate tribunicia etplebis libertate turn tribuni adgredi singulos tutummaturumque iarn rati accusatorem primum Verginium2 et Appium reum deligunt. Cum diem Appio Verginiusdixisset et Appius stipatus patriciisiuvenibusin forum descendisset, redintegrata extemplo estomnibus memoria foedissimae potestatis, cum ipsum3 satellitesque eius vidissent. Turn Verginius " O ratio "" inquit, rebus dubiis inventa est ;itaque neque egoaccusando apud vos eum tempus teram a cuiuscrudelitate vosmet ipsi armis vindicastis, nee istumad cetera scelera impudentiamin defendendo se4 adicere patiar. Omnium igitur tibi, Ap. Claudi, quaeimpie nefarieque per biennium alia super alia esausus, gratiam facio : unius tantum criminis nisiiudicem dices, te ab libertate in servitutem contraleges vindicias non dedisse, in vincla te duci iubebo."5 Nee in tribunicio auxilio Appius nee in iudicio populiullam spem habebat ;tamen l et tribunes appellavitet, nullo morante arreptus a viatore," Provoco"6 inquit. Audita vox una vindex libertatis, ex eo1tamen Madvig: attamen ft.1 Verginius did not mean to deprive Appius of the rightto speak eventually in his own defence, as we see in chap.Ivii. 6, but merely to abridge the preliminary hearing. Hetherefore proposed a sponsio (cf. chap. xxiv. 5) to determinethe guilt or innocence of Appius on one essential point.186

BOOK 111. LV. 15-Lvi. 6since, so far, no one person had been singled out B.C. 449for attack.LVI. Then, when the tribunician power and theliberty of the plebs were firmly established, thetribunes, believing that it was now safe to proceedagainst individuals and that the time was ripe fordoing so, selected Verginius to bring the firstaccusation and Appius to be defendant. WhenVerginius had cited Appius to appear, and thelatter, attended by a crowd of young patricians,had come down into the Forum, there was instantlyrevived in the minds of all the recollection of thatmost wicked power, as soon as they caught sightof the man himself and his satellites. ThenVerginius" said, Oratory was invented for doubtfulmatters ;and so I shall neither waste time inarraigning before you the man from whose crueltyyou freed yourselves with arms, nor shall I sufferhim to add to his other crimes the impudence ofdefending himself. 1 I therefore pardon you, AppiusClaudius, all the impious and wicked deeds whichyou dared, during two years, to heap one uponanother; on one charge only, unless you shall name areferee to establish your innocence of having illegallyassigned custody of a free person to him who claimedher as his slave, I shall order you to be taken toprison." Neither in the protection of the tribunes norin the decision of the people had Appius anything tohope yet he called upon the tribunes, and when;none of them would stay proceedings, and he hadbeen arrested by an officer, he " cried, 1 appeal."The sound of this word, the one* safeguard O ofliberty, coming from that mouth by which, shortlybefore, a free person had been given into the187

LIVYA.TT.C. missa ore quo vindiciae nuper ab libertate dictae3057 erant, silentium fecit. Et dum pro se quisque deostandem esse et non neglegere Immana fremunt, etsuperbiae crudelitatique etsi seras, non leves tarnen8 venire poenas provocare qui provocationem sustulisset,et implorare praesidium populi qui omnia iurapopuli obtrisset, rapique in vincla egentemiure libertatis,qui liberum corpus in servitutem addixisset,ipsius Appi inter contionis murmur fidem populi9 Romani implorantis vox audiebatur. Maiorum meritain rem publicam domi militiaeque commemorabat,suum infelix erga plebem Romanam studium, quoaequandarum legum causa cum maxima offensionepatrum consulatu abisset, suas leges, quibus manenti-10 bus lator earum in vincla ducatur. Ceterum suapropria bona malaque,cum causae dicendae datafacultas sit, turn se experturum ; in praesentia secommuni iure civitatis civem Romanum die dictapostulare ut dicere liceat, ut iudicium populi Romaniexperiri.Non ita se invidiam pertimuisse ut nihil inaequitate et misericordia civium suorum spei habeat.11 Quod si, indicta causa in vincla ducatur, iterum setribunes plebei appellare, et monere ne imitentur1 881The Twelve Tables.

BOOK III. LVI. 6-1 1custody of one who claimed her as a slave, pro-duced a hush. And while the people muttered,each man to himself, that there were godsafter all, who did not neglect the affairs ofmen ;and that pride and cruelty were receivingtheir punishment, which though late was neverthelessnot light that he was appealing who hadnullified appeal ; that he was imploring the protectionof the people who had trodden all the rightsof the people under foot ;that he was being carriedoff to prison, deprived of his right to liberty, whohad condemned the person of a free citizen toslavery the voice of Appius himself was heardamidst the murmurs of the assembly, beseechingthe Roman People to protect him. He remindedthem of the services his forefathers had renderedthe state in peace and in war ;of his own unfortunateaffection for the Roman plebs, in consequenceof which he had given up his consulshipin order to make the laws equal for all with greatoffence to the patricians of;the laws he had himself1drawn up, which were stillstanding while theirauthor was being dragged off to prison. For the rest,when he should be given an opportunity to plead hiscause, he would try what would come of his ownpeculiar services and shortcomings at present he;asked that, in accordance with the common right oof citizenship, he be permitted, being a Romancitizen and under accusation, to speak, and to bejudged by the Roman People. He did not so fearmen's malice as to have no hope in the justice andpity of his fellow citizens. But if he was to be imprisoned,his cause unheard, he appealed once moreto the tribunes of the plebs, and warned them not to189B.C. 449

A.U.C. 12 quos oderint. Quodsi tribuni eodem foedere obliit\jt)LIVYgatos se fateantur tollendae appellationis 1 in quod 2conspirasse decemviros criminati sint, at 3 se provocaread populum, implorare leges de provocatione et13 consulares et tribunicias, eo ipso anno latas. Quernenim provocaturum,si hoc indemnato indicta causanon liceat? Cui plebeio et humili praesidium inClaudio non sit ? Se documentolegibus fore, si Ap.futurum utrum novis legibus dominatio an libertasfirmata sit, et appellatio provocatioque adversusiniuriam magistratuumlitteris an vere data sit.ostentata tantum inanibusLVII. Contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudiumet legum expertem et civilis et humani foederis esse2 aiebat :respicerent tribunal homines, castellumomnium scelerum, ubi decemvir ille perpetuus, bonis,tergo, sanguini civium infestus, virgas securesqueomnibus minitans, deorum hominumque contemptor,3 carnificibus, non lictoribus stipatus, iam ab rapinis etcaedibus animo ad libidinem verso virginem ingenuamin oculis populi Romani, velut bello captam,ab complexu patris abreptam ministro cubiculi sui4 clienti dono dederit ;ubi crudeli decreto nefandisquevindiciis dextram patris in filiam armaverit ;ubitollentis corpus semianime virginis sponsum avumappellationisV :appellationis causa (causam RDL) fl.12 in quod Crevier $ : in quam fi in qua BD% : : inquamin qua M.3 at lac. Gronovius : ait fl.190

BOOK III. LVI. II-LVII. 4imitate those whom they hated. And if the tribunes B.C. 449should confess that they were bound by the sameagreement which they charged the decemvirs withhaving entered into, not to hear an appeal, he stillappealed to the people, and invoked the laws, bothconsular and tribunician, which had been enactedconcerning appeals that very year. For who, heasked, should make an appeal, if a man who hadnot been condemned, whose cause had not beenheard, might not do so What ? humble plebeianwould find protection in the laws, if they affordednone to Appius Claudius ? His own case wouldshow whether the new statutes had establishedtyranny or freedom, and whether the appeal to thetribunes and that to the people against the injusticeof magistrates had been merely a parade of meaninglessforms, or had been really granted.LVI I.Against this plea Verginius asserted thatAppius Claudius alone was beyond the pale of thelaws and of the rights of citizens and men. He badehis hearers look on the tribunal, the stronghold of allcrimes, where that man, as perpetual decemvir,deadly foe to their fortunes, their persons, and theirlives, threatening them all with rods and axes, despisinggods and men, backed by executioners insteadof lictors, had began to turn his thoughts from rapineand murder to lust; and, in full sight of the RomanPeople, had torn a free maiden from her father'sarms, as though she had been a captive taken inwar, and bestowed her as a gift upon his pimp andclient; the tribunal where, by his tyrannical decreeand wicked judgments, he had armed a father'sright hand against his daughter where, as they;were lifting up the body of the dying girl,he had191

LIVYA.TT.O. que l in carcerem duel iusserit. stupro interpellato305magis quam caede motus. Et illi carcerem aedificatumesse quod domicilium plebis Romanae vocare5 sit solitus. Proinde ut ille iterum ac saepius provocet,sic se iterum ac saepius iudicem illi ferre ni vindiciasab libertate in servitutem dederit ;si ad iudicen\6 non eat, pro damnato in vincla duci iubere. Ut baudquoquam improbante sic magno motu animorum,cum tanti viri supplicio suamet plebi iam nimialibertas videretur, in carcerem est coniectus. Tribunusei diem prodixit.7 Inter haec ab Latinis et Hernicis legati gratulatumde concordia patrum ac plebis Romam venerunt,donumque ob earn lovi optumo maximo coronamauream in Capitolium tulere parvi ponderis, proutres baud opulentae erant colebanturque religiones8 pie magis quam magnifice. lisdem auctoribus cognitumest Aequos Volscosquesumma vi bellum9 apparare. Itaque partiri provincias consules iussi.Horatio Sabini, Valerio Aequi evenere.Cum ad eabella dilectum edixissent, favore plebis non iuniores1avumque H auunculamque Sabelllcus : (cf. note on chap.xlv. 4).1921And the Volsci, apparently, see chap. Ix. 1.

HOOK III. LVII.4-9ordered her betrothed and her uncle to be haled to B.C. 449prison more moved by the disappointing of hispleasure than by her death. For Appius too hadbeen built that prison which he was wont to callthe home of the Roman plebs. Accordingly, thoughhe should again and repeatedly appeal, he wouldhimself again and repeatedly challenge him to provebefore a referee that he had not adjudged a freecitizen to the custody of one who claimed her as aslave. Should he refuse to go before a referee, hebade him be led to gaol, as one found guilty.Though none raised his voice in disapproval, therewere yet profound misgivings on the part of theplebs when he was cast into prison, since they sawin the punishment of so great a man a sign thattheir own liberty wâs already grown excessive.The tribune appointed a day for the continuanceof the trial.Meanwhile from the Latins and the Hernicicame envoys to congratulate the Romans upon theharmony subsisting between the patricians and theplebs and to commemorate itthey brought a;gift for Jupiter Optimus Maximus, to the Capitol.This was a golden crown, of no great weight,for their states were not rich, and they observedthe worship of the gods with piety rather thanmagnificence. From these same envoys came theinformation that the Aequi and the Volsci weremaking strenuous preparations for war. The consulswere therefore bidden to divide the commandsbetween them. To Horatius fell the campaignagainst the Sabines ;to Valerius that against theAequi. 1 When they had proclaimed a levy forthese wars, the plebs showed so much good-will193

LIVYA.U.O. modo sed emeritis etiam stipendiis pars magnavoluntariorum ad nomina danda praesto fuere, eoquenon copia modo sed genere etiam militum, veteranis10 admixtis, firaaior exercitus fuit. Priusquara urbeegrederentur, leges decemvirales, quibus tabulisduodecim est nomen, in aes incisas in publico proposuerunt.Sunt qui iussu tribunorum aediles functoseo miiiisterio scribant.LVIII. C. Claudius, qui perosus decemvirorumscelera et ante omnes fratris filiisuperbiae infestusRegillum, antiquam in patriam, se contulerat, ismagno iam natu, cum ad pericula eius deprecandaredisset cuius vitia fugerat,sordidatus cum gentilibusclientibusque in foro prensabat singulos orabatque2 ne Claudiae genti earn inustam maculam vellent utcarcere et vinculis viderentur digni. Virum 1 honoratissimaeimaginis futurum ad posteros, legumlatorem conditoremque Romani iuris, iacere vinctum3 inter fures nocturnos ac latrones. Averterent abiraparumper ad cognitionem cogitationemqueanimos, et potius unum tot Claudiis deprecantibuscondonarent quam propter unius odium multorum4 preces aspernarentur. Se quoque id generi ac nominidare nee cum eo in gratiamredisse cuiusadversae fortunae velit succursum. Virtute liber-1941virum3 A3^-: verum 1.

BOOK III. LVII. 9-Lvni. 4that not only the juniors but also a great number B.C. 449of volunteers who had served their time presentedthemselves for enrolment, with the result that notalone in numbers but in the quality of the troopsas well, owing to the admixture of veterans, thearmy was stronger than usual. Before they leftthe City, the consuls had the decemviral laws, whichare known as the Twelve Tables, engraved onbronze, and set them up in a public place. Someauthors say that the aediles, acting under ordersfrom the tribunes, performed this service.LVIII. Gains Claudius, who loathed the wickednessof the decemvirs and was particularly offendedby his nephew's insolence, had retired to Regillus,the ancient seat of his family. He was advancedin years, but he returned to Rome to beg for thepardon of the man whose vices he had fled. Insordid garments, accompanied by his clansmen andclients, he went about the Forum, soliciting thesupport of one citizen after another, beseeching themthat they would not seek to brand the Claudian racewith the shame of being held to merit imprisonmentand chains. A man whose portrait-mask would beheld in the highest honour by coming generations,the framer of statutes and the founder of Roman law,lay in prison among night-prowling thieves and banditti.Let them turn their minds from wrath, for amoment, to consider and reflect upon the matter ;and let them sooner forgive one man, at the entreatyof so many Claudii, than scorn, in their hatredof one, the prayers of many. He was doing this, hesaid, out of regard to his family and his name nor;had there been any reconciliation between him andthe man whose adversity he sought to succour. By195

LIVYA.U.O. tatem reciperatam esse : dementia concordiam3056 ordinum stabiliri posse. Erant quos moveret suamagis pietate quam eius pro quo agebat causa ;sed Verginius sui potiusut misererentur orabatfiliaeque, nee gentis Claudiae regnum in plebemsortitae sed necessariorum Verginiae trium tribunorumpreces audirent, qui ad auxilium plebis creati6 ipsi plebis fidem atque auxilium implorarent. lustioreshae lacrimae videbantur. Itaque spe incisa,priusquam prodicta dies adesset, Appius mortemsibiconscivit.7 Subinde arreptus a P. Numitorio Sp. Oppius,proximus invidiae, quod in urbe fuerat cum iniustae8 vindiciae a collega dicerentur. Plus tarnen factainiuria Oppio quam non prohibitainvidiae fecit.Testis productus, qui septem et viginti enumeratisstipendiis octiens extra ordinem donatus donaque eagerens in conspectu populi, scissa veste tergumlaceratum virgis ostendit, nihilum deprecans quinsiquam suani noxam reus dicere posset, privatus9 iterum in se saeviret. Oppius quoqueductus invincula est, et ante iudicii diem finem ibi vitae fecit.Bona Claudi Oppique tribuni publicavere.196Collegae

BOOK III. LVIII.4-9courage they had got back their liberty by showing 3.0.449;mercy they had it in their power to establishharmony between the orders. 1 here were somewhom he moved, more by his family-loyalty thanby the cause of the man for whom he pleaded. ButVerginius begged them rather to pity himself andhis daughter, and to hearken, not to the entreatiesof the Claudian family, whose province it was totyrannize over the plebs, but instead to those ofVirginia's relations, the three plebeian tribunes,who had been appointed to help the plebs but werethemselves imploring the plebs to protect and comfortthem. Men found more reason in his tears. Andso Appius, cut off from hope, did not wait for theappointed day to come, but killed himself.Immediately thereafter Publius Numitorius causedthe arrest of Spurius Oppius, who stood next inpoint of unpopularity, because he had been in theCity when the unjust verdict was pronounced byhis colleague. Yet a wrong which Oppius committedwas more responsible for men's bitternesstowards him than the one which he failed to prevent.A witness was produced who, after enumeratinghis twenty-seven campaigns, during which hehad eight times received special decorations, whichhe wore in full sight of the people, tore open histunic and exhibited his back, scored by the rods,professing that if the defendant could name anycrime of which he had been guilty, he would sufferhim without complaining, private citi/en though hewas, to vent his rage upon him a second time.Oppius too was led to prison, and before the dayof trial he there put an end to his life. Theproperty of Claudius and that of Oppius was con-197

LIVYA.U.O.eorum exsilii causa solum verterunt ;bona publicata10 sunt. Et M. Claudius,, adsertor Verginiae, die dictadamnatus, ipso remittente Verginio ultimam poenam11 dimissus Tibur exsulatum abiit, manesque Verginiae,mortuae quam vivae felicioris, 1 per tot domos adpetendas poenas vagati nullo relicto sonte tandemquieverunt.LIX. Ingens metus incesserat patres, voltusqueiam iidem 2 tribunorum erant qui decemvirorumfuerant, cum M. Duillius tribunus plebis inhibito2 salubriter modo nimiae potestatiieEt libertatis "" inquit, nostrae et poenarum ex inimicis satis est ;nee in vinclaitaque hoc anno nee diem dici cuiquam3 duci quemquam sum passurus. Nam neque vetera 3peccata repeti iam oblitterata placet, cum 4 novaexpiata sint decemvirorum suppliciis, et nihil admissumiri, quod vim tribuniciam desideret spondetperpetua consulum amborum in libertate vestra4 tuenda cura." Ea primum moderatio tribuni metumpatribus dempsit, eademque auxit consulum invidiam,quod adeo toti plebis fuissent ut patrum salutislibertatisque prior plebeio magistratui quam patriciocura fuisset, et ante inimicos satietas poenarum1 felicioris Gidielmus 5- : feliciores n.2iidem D^: idem j- : inde il : indies Rt indie D">L:iam die A.3vetera Z*V tira = : ( vestra) 1.4placet, cum j- (Rhenanus) : placet et cum Vurm. M :placet cum et fl : placet cum etiam 5-.198

BOOK III. LVIII. 9~Lix. 4fiscated by the tribunes. Their colleagues in the 3.0.449decemvirate went into exile, and their possessionswere forfeited. Marcus Claudius also, the claimantof Verginia, was cited and condemned, but at theinstance of Verginius himself the extreme penaltywas remitted ;and being allowed to depart, he wentinto exile at Tibur. And so the manes of Verginia,who was more fortunate after her death than shehad been while alive, after ranging through so manyhouses in quest of vengeance, were finally at peace ;for no guiltyman remained.LIX. A great fear had come over the patricians,and the bearing of the tribunes was now just whatthat of the decemvirs had been, when MarcusDuillius, a tribune of the plebs, placed a salutarycheck upon their excessive "power. Our ownliberty," he declared, "and the exaction of penaltiesfrom our enemies have gone far Ienough shall;therefore this year allow no one to be arraigned orthrown into gaol. For on the one hand it is notgood to rake up old offences, already blotted outof memory, now that recent crimes have beenexpiated by the punishment of the decemvirs ;andon the other hand we have a guarantee that nowrong will be attempted that could call for theintervention of tribunician authority, in view of theunceasing care both consuls take to protect yourliberty." It was this moderation on the tribune'spart which first relieved the patricians of their fear.It also increased their dislike of the consuls, sincethe latter had been so wholly devoted to the plebsthat the safety and independence of the patricianshad been dearer to a plebeian magistracy than totheir own, and their opponents had grown sated199

LIVYA.U.O.suarum cepisset quam obviam ituros licentiae eorum5 consules appareret. Multique erant qui mollius consultumdicerent, quod legum ab iis latarum patresauctores fuissent, neque erat dubium quin turbatorei publicae statu tempori succubuissent.LX. Consules rebus urbanis compositis fundatoqueplebis statu in provinciasdiversi abiere.Valerius adversusconiunctos iam in Algido exercitus Aequorum2 Volscorumque sustinuit consilio bell um ; quod siextemplo rem fortunae commisisset, hand scio an,qui turn anirai ab decemvirorum infelicibus auspiciisRomanis hostibusque erant, magno detrimento cer-3 tameii staturum fuerit. Castris mille passuum abhoste positis copias continebat. 1 Hostes mediuminter bina castra spatium acie instructa complebant,provocantibusque ad proelium responsum Romanus4 nemo reddebat. Tandem fatigati stando ac nequiquamexspectando certamen Aequi Volscique, postquamconcessum propemodum de victoria credebant,pars in Hernicos, pars in Latinos praedatum abeunt ;relinquitur magis castris praesidium quam satis6 virium ad certamen. Quod ubi consul sensit, redditinlatum antea terrorem instructaque acie ultro6 hostem lacessit. Ubi illi conscientia quid abesset2001 coutinebat 2i*A 3 $- : continebant fl.

BOOK III. LIX. 4-LX. 6with punishing them before the consuls evinced any B.C. 449intention of opposing their licence. And there weremany who said that the senate had shown a wantof resolution in having voted for the measures proposedby the consuls ;and indeed there was nodoubt that in the troubled state of public affairsthey had yielded to the times.LX. The consuls, having set affairs in order inthe City and established the position of the plebs,departed to their respective commands. Valerius,facing the armies of the Aequi and Volsci, whichhad already effected a junction on Mount Algidus,deliberately postponed engaging them ;had herisked an immediate decision, it islikely suchwas the difference in spirit between the Romansand the enemy, in consequence of the godlessdealings of the decemvirs that the struggle wouldhave cost him a severe defeat. He established hiscamp a mile from the enemy and kept his menwithin the works. The enemy repeatedly drew uptheir troops in fighting order on the ground betweenthe camps, and challenged the Romans to comeout and engage them ;but no one answered them.At length, weary with standing and waiting, to nopurpose, for the battle, the Aequi and Volsci concludedthat the Romans had virtually yielded themthe victory and marched off to;pillage, some againstthe Hernici, others against the Latins, leaving behindwhat was rather a garrison for the camp thana sufficient force for giving battle. On perceivingthis the consul repaid the fear he had previouslybeen made to feel, and forming a line of battle,himself provoked the enemy. Since they declinedthe combat, conscious of their want of strength, the201

LIVYA.U.O. virium detractavere pugnam, crevit extemplo Romanisanimus, et pro victishabebant paventes intra7 vallum. Cum per totum diem stetissent intentiad certamen, nocti cessere. EtRomani quidem plenispei corpora curabant : haudquaquam pari hostesanimo nuntios passim trepidi ad revocandos praedatoresdimittunt. Recurritur ex proximis locis :8 ulteriores non inventi. Ubi inluxit, egreditur castrisRomanus vallum invasurus ni copia pugnae fieret.Et postquam multa iam dies erat neque movebaturquicquam ab hoste, iubet signa inferri consul ;motaque acie indignatio Aequos et Volscos incessit,si victores exercitus vallum potius quam virtuset arma tegerent. Igitur et ipsi efflagitatum ab du-9 cibus signum pugnae accepere. lamque pars egressaportis erat, deincepsquealii servabant ordinemin suum quisque locum descendentes, cum consulRomanus, priusquam totis viribus fulta constaret10 hostium acies, intulit signa ; adortusque nee omnesdum eductos, nee qui erant, satis explicatis ordinibus,prope fluctuantem turbam trepidantium hueatque illuc circumspectantiumque se ac suos, additoturbatis mentibus clamore atque impetu invadit.1 1 Rettulere primo pedem hostes ; deinde, cum animos202

BOOK III. LX. 6-1 1Romans felt an immediate access of courage, and B.C. 449regarded their opponents, cowering behind thepalisade, as beaten men. After standing in lineallday intent on fighting, the Romans withdrew atnightfall.And they, on their side, were full ofhope, as they ate their evening meal ;but theenemy's spirits were by no means so high, andthey sent out couriers far and wide, in great alarm,to recall the marauders. The nearest of thesehastened back ;but those who were farther afieldcould not be found. As soon as it was light, o theyRomans sallied from their camp, intending to assaultthe rampart, unless the enemy gave battle. So,when the day was now far spent and the enemymade no move, the consul ordered an advance.The Roman line having got in motion, the Aequiand Volsci were ashamed that their victorious armiesshould depend for protection upon stockades, insteadof valour and the sword. Accordingly they toodemanded of their leaders, and received, the signalto attack. A part had already passed out throughthe gates and the rest were following in good order,each man coming out into his proper place when;the Roman consul, not waitingtill the enemy's lineshould be strongly posted in full force, advancedto the charge. The attack, which he deliveredbefore their troops had all been brought out, andwhen those who had been were insufficiently deployed,found little more than a surging mob of men,who as they hurried this way and that cast anxiouslooks at one another and wished for their missingfriends. The shouting and the fury of the onsetincreased their agitation, and at firstthey fell back ;then, when they had collected their wits and on203

LIVYA.U.C.305collejrissent et unclique duces victisne cessuri essentincreparent, restituitur pugna.LXI. Consul ex altera parte Romanes meminisseiubebat illo die primum liberos prolibera urbeRomana pugnare: sibimet ipsis victuros, non ut2 decemvirorum victores praemium essent. NonAppio duce rem geri, sed consule Valerio, ab liberatoribuspopuli Roman! orto, liberatore ipso.Ostenderent prioribus proeliis per duces, non per3 milites stetisse ne vincerent ; turpe esse contra civesplus animi habuisse quam contra hostes, et domi4 quam foris servitutem magis timuisse. Unam Verginiamfuisse cuius pudicitiae in pace periculurnesset, unum Appium civem periculosae libidinis ;at si fortuna belli inclinet, omnium liberis ab tot6 milibus hostium periculurn fore; nolle ominari quaenee luppiter nee Mars pater passuri sint iis auspiciisconditae urbi accidere. Aventini Sacrique mentisadmonebat, ut ubi libertas parta esset paucis ante6 mensibuSj eo imperium inlibatum referrent, ostenderentqueeandem indolem militibus Romanis postexactos decemviros esse quae ante creates fuerit,nee aequatis legibus imminutam virtutem populi7 Romani esse. Haec ubi inter signa peditum dicta204

BOOK III. LX. II-LXI. 7every side heard their officers wrathfully demandingif they meant to yield to troops whom they hadbeaten, they rallied and held their own.LXI. The consul, on the other side, bade theRomans remember that on that day they were forthe first time fighting as free men for a freeRome. They would be conquering for themselves,not that they might become the spoil of decemvirsin the hour of victory. It was no Appius who wascommanding them, but the consul Valerius, descendantof liberators of the Roman People, and himselftheir liberator. Let them show that in previousbattles it had been the fault of the generals, not ofthe soldiers, that they had failed to win. It wouldbe disgraceful to have shown more courage in facingtheir fellow citizens than in facing the enemy, andto have been more fearful of enslavement at homethan abroad. No one's chastity but Virginia's hadbeen in danger while they were at peace, no citizenbut Appius had been possessed of a dangerous lust ;but if the fortune of war turned against them, thechildren of all of them would be in danger from allthose thousands of enemies ;yet he would not utteran omen which neither Jupiter nor Mars their Fatherwould suffer to come home to a City founded withsuch auspices. He reminded them of the Aventineand the Sacred Mount, that they might bring backan undiminished power to the spot where liberty hada few months before been won, and might showthat the nature of Rome's soldiers was the sameafter the expulsion of the decemvirs that it hadbeen before they were elected, and that equalitybefore the law had not lessened the courage of theRoman People. Having pronounced these words205B.C. 449

LIVYA.r.o. dedit, avolat deinde ad equites: ^ "Agite, & iuvenes"'305inquit, "praestate virtute peditem ut honore atque8 ordine praestatis. Primo concursu pedes movithostem, pulsum vos immissis equis exigite e campo.Non sustinebunt impetum, et nunc cunctantur magis9 quam resistunt." Concitant equos permittuntque inhostem pedestri iam turbatum pugna et perruptisordinibus elati ad novissimam aciem, pars liberospatio circumvecti iam fugam undique capessentesplerosque a castris avertunt praeterequitantesque10 absterrent. Peditum acies et consul ipse visqueomnis belli fertur in castra, captisque cum ingenticaede maiore praeda potitur.11 Huius pugnae fama perlata non in urbem modosed in Sabinos ad alterum exercitum, in urbe laetitia1 celebrata est, in castris animos militum ad12 aemulandum decus accendit. Iam Horatius eosexcursionibus 2 proeliisque levibus 3 experiundo adsuefeceratsibi potius fidere quam meminisse ignominiaedecemvirorum ductu acceptae, parvaque cer-13 tamina in summam totius profecerant spei. Neecessabant Sabini, feroces ab re priore anno benegesta, lacessere atque instare, rogitantes quid latrociniimodo procursantes pauci recurrentesque tere-1 laetitia V \ laetitia modo n.2excursionibns V\ excursionibus sufficiendo H: ex incursionibussufficiendo fl.3levibus Fj-: lenibus H : lenius PFUB.206

BOOK III. LXI. 7-13amid the standards of the infantry, lie hastened to B.C. 419the " cavalry. Come, young men/' he " cried, surpassthe foot-soldiers in daring as you do in honour andin rank ! At the first encounter the infantry haveforced the enemy back now;that they are repulsed,do you give rein to your horses and drive them fromthe field.They will not sustain the shock even;now they are rather hesitating than resisting."Clapping spurs to their horses they charged theenemy, already disordered by the infantry-attack,and penetrating his lines, dashed through to therear ;while another division made a detour overunoccupied ground, and finding the enemy everywherein flight turned most of them back from theircamp and frightened them off by riding across theircourse. The infantry and the consul himself swepton into the camp in the full tide of battle, and tookpossession of The it. enemy's losses in men weregreat, but in booty were even greater.The report of this battle having been brought notonly to Rome but also to the Sabine country and theother army, was celebrated in the City with rejoicings,and in the camp inspired the soldiers with adesire to emulate the glorious achievement. Horatiushad already accustomed them, by practice in raidsand skirmishes, to be* self-reliant, instead of*dwellinor Oon the disgrace they had incurred under the leadershipof the decemvirs and small ;engagements hadencouraged the highest hopes of the general outcome.Nor were the Sabines backward emboldened asthey were by their victory of the year before withchallenges and threats. Why, they asked, did theRomans waste their time advancing swiftly in smallcompanies, like brigands, and as hurriedly retreating ;207

LIVYA.U.O. rent tempus et in multa proelia parvaque carperent14 summam unius belli ?Quin illi congrederentur acieinclinandamque semel fortunae rem darent ?LXII. Ad id quod sua sponte satis conlecturoanimorum erat indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur: iam alterum exercitum victorem in urbemrediturum, sibi ultro percontumelias hostem insultare; quando autem se, si turn non sint, pares2 hostibus fore ? Ubi haec fremere militem in castrisconsul sensit, contione advocata "Quern ad modum"inquit, "in Algido res gesta sit, arbitror vos, milites,audisse. Qualem liberi populi exercitum decuitesse, talis fuit. Consilio 1 collegae, virtute militum3 victoria parta est. Quod ad me attinet, id consiliianimique habiturus sum 2quod vos mihi feceritis.Et trahi bellum salubriter et mature perfici potest.4 Si trahendum est, ego ut in dies spes virtusquevestra crescat, eadem qua institui disciplina efficiam :si iam satis animi est decernique placet, agitedumclamorem qualem in acie sublaturi estis tollite hieindicem voluntatis virtutisque vestrae." Postquamingenti alacritate clamor est sublatus, quod benevertat gesturum se illis morem posteroque die inaciem deducturum adfirmat. Reliquum diei apparandisarmis consumptum est.1 consilio P*A 2 $-: Gy consulto H: consilio consul to ML :consul consilto P : consilto FB : consulto ii : . . . V.2 mihi feceritis Crevier: . . hi f . . eritis s V\milites geritis Vorm MA 2 :tegeritis Hi mihi tegaritis feceritis0: mihi tegeritis RL : mihi .... feceritis P: mihieffeceritis P*FUD*: michi .... geritis D.208

spent in making ready their arms. 209BOOK III. LXI. 13-Lxn. 5thus dissipating inmanyone pitched battle ?Why did they not attack inline and suffer fortune to decide the matter once forlittle combats the issues of B.C. 449all?LXI I. Besides the fact that they had of themselvesaccumulated a good store of confidence, theRomans were also kindled with indignation. Theother army, they said, would presently be returningvictorious to the City;they themselves were actuallybeing insulted and reviled by the enemy but when;should they be a match for him, if they were not atthat moment ? When the consul became aware howthe soldiers were murmuring in the camp, he calledthem together. "Soldiers," said uhe, you haveheard, I suppose, how matters have gone on Algidus.The army has proved to be such as it was fitting thatthe army of a free people should be. By my colleague'sstrategy and the bravery of his men avictory has been won. As for me, my strategy andmy courage will be what you make them yourselves.It is within our power either to prolong the war withadvantage or to bring it to a speedy and successfulend. If it is to be prolonged,I shall seek to increaseyour hopes and courage from day to day bythe same course of trainingI have begun if your;spirits are already high enough and you wish thewar to be decided, come, give a shout here in thecamp, to show your good-will and your" courage, likethe cheer you will raise in the battle ! The shoutwas given with great alacrity, and the consul promised,invoking good fortune on the enterprise, thathe would do as they wished and lead them forth tobattle on the morrow. The rest of the day they

LIVYA.U.O. 6 Postero die simul instrui Romanam aciem Sabini305videre et ipsl,iam pridern avidi certaminis, procedant.Proelium fuit, quale inter fidentes sibimetambo exercitus, veteris perpetuaeque alterum gloriae,7 alterum nuper nova victoria elatum. Consilio etiamSabini vires adiuvere ;nam cum aequassent aciem,duo extra ordinem milia quaein sinistrum cornuRomanorum in ipso certamine impressionem facerent8 tenuere. Quae ubi inlatis ex transverse signisdegravabant prope circumventum cornu, equitesduarum legionum sescenti 1 fere ex equis desiliuntcedentibusque iam suis provolant inprimum simulqueet hosti se opponunt et aequato primum periculo,pudore deinde animos peditum accendunt ;9 verecundiae erat equitem suo alienoque Martepugnare, peditem ne ad pedes quidem degressoequitiparem esse.LXIII. Vadunt igitur in proelium ab sua parteomissum et locum ex quo cesserant repetuiit ; momentoquenon restituta modo pugna, sed inclinatur2 etiam Sabinis cornu. Eques inter ordines peditumtectus se ad equos recipit. Transvolat inde inpartem alteram suis victoriae nuntius ;simul et in2IO1 sescenti f : sescentis V\ ac (or ac or ac) i.e. DC Si.

BOOK III. LXII. 6-Lxm. 2Next day, as soon as the Sabines saw the Romans B.C. 448forming, they came out themselves, for they hadlong been eager to fight. It was a battle such astakes place when both armies are confident ;for theglory of the one was ancient and unbroken, and theother was exalted by its recent unaccustomed victory.Moreover the Sabines employed a stratagem to increasetheir strength for when they had marshalled;a front of equal extent with the Roman, they heldtwo thousand men in reserve to hurl against theiropponent's left, as soon as the battle should be underway. These troops, attacking in flank, had almostencompassed that wing, and were beginning to overpowerit ;when the cavalry of the two legions,numbering about six hundred, leaped down fromtheir horses and rushed to the front, where theircomrades were already giving ground. There theymade a stand against the foe and at the same timeroused the courage of the infantry, firstby the sharingdanger on equal terms, and then by causingthem to feel ashamed. Theyfelt humiliated thatthe cavalry should be fighting in their own fashionand in that of infantry too, and that the infantryshould not be as good as the horsemen, even whenthese were dismounted.LXIII. They therefore renewed the battle whichon their flank had been given up, and advanced againinto the position from which they had retreated,and in a trice the fighting was not merely even, butthe Sabine wing had begun to yield. The horsemen,under cover of the ranks of infantry, regained theirmounts. Then they galloped across to the otherwing, announcing the victory to their friends ;andat the same time they made a charge against the2IT

LIVYAU.O. hostes iam pavidos, quippe fuso suae partis validiorecornu, impetum facit.Non aliorum eo proelio virtus3 magis enituit. Consul providere omnia, laudarefortis, increpare sicubi segnior pugnaesset. Castigatifortium statim virorum opera edebant, tantumquehos pudor quantumalios laudes excitabant.4 Redintegrate clamore undique omnes conisi hostemavertunt, nee deinde Romana vis sustineri potuit.Sabinifusi passim per agros castra hosti ad praedamrelinquunt. Ibi non sociorum sicut in Algido res,sed suas Romanus populationibus agrorum amissasrecipit.5 Gemina victoria duobus bifariam proeliis partamaligne senatus in unum diem supplicationes consulumnomine decrevit. Populus iniussu et alterodie frequensiitsupplicatum ; let haec vaga popularisquesupplicatio studiis propecelebratior fuit.6 Consules ex composito eodem biduo ad urbem accesseresenatumque in Martium campum evocavere.Ubi cum de rebus ab se gestis agerent, questiprimores patrum senatum inter milites dedita opera7 terroris causa haberi. Itaque iride consules, ne crimination!locus esset, in prata Flaminia, ubi nunc aedesApollinis est iam turn Apollinare appellabant,1eupplicatum j- supplicatumque est fl supplicatumque: :eD.211

BOOK III. LXIII. 2-7enemy, who were already panic-stricken, as theymight well be when the stronger of their wings hadbeen defeated. No other troops showed more conspicuouscourage in that battle. The consul lookedout for every contingency, commended the brave,and upbraided any who fought listlessly. Being rebukedthey would at once begin to acquit themselveslike men, shame proving as powerful an incentive tothem as praise to the others. With a fresh cheer allalong the line the Romans made a concerted effortand drove the enemy back, and from that momentthere was no resisting the violence of their onset.The Sabines tfed in confusion through the fields andleft their camp to be plundered by their foes. Therethe Romans won back not the possessions of theirallies, as on Algidus, but their own which had earlierbeen lost to them through the raids on their lands.Though a double victory had been gained in twoseparate battles, the senate was so mean as to decreethanksgivings in the name of the consuls for oneday only.The people went unbidden on the secondday also in great numbers, to offer up thanks to thegods; and this unorganized and popular supplicationwas attended with an enthusiasm which almost exceededthat of the other. The consuls had arrangedto approach the City within a day of one another, andsummoned the senate out into the Campus Martius.While they were there holding forth on the subjectof their victories, complaints were made by leadingsenators that the senate was being held in themidst of the army on purpose to inspire fear. Andso the consuls, to allow no room for the accusation,adjourned the senate from that place to theFlaminian Meadows, where the temple of ApolloB.C. 449VOL. II.H213

L1VYA.U.C. 8 avocavere senatum. LJbi cum ingenti consensupatrum negaretur triumphus, L. Icilius tribunusplebis tulit ad populum de triumpho consulum9 multis dissuasurn prodeuntibus, maxime C. Claudiovociferante de patribus, non de hostibus consulestriumphare velle, gratiamque pro private merito intribunum, non pro virtute honorem peti. Numquamante de triumpho per ])opulum actum ;semper aestimationemarbitriumque eius honoris penes senatum10 fuisse ;ne reges quidem maiestatem summi ordinisimminuisse ;ne ita omnia tribuni potestatis suaeimplerent, ut nullum publicum consilium sinerentesse ;ita demum liberam civitatem fore, ita aequatasleges, si sua quisque iura ordo, suam maiestatem11 teneat. In eandem sententiam multa et a ceterissenioribus patrum cum essent dicta, omnes tribusearn rogationem acceperunt. Turn primum sineauctoritate senatus populi iussu triumphatum est.LXIV. Haec victoria tribunorum plebisque propein baud salubrem luxuriam vertit conspiratione intertribunes facta ut iidem tribuni reficerentur, et quosua minus cupiditas emineret, consules quoque con-2 tinuarent magistratum. Consensum patrum causabantur,quo per contumeliam consulum iura tri-3 bunorum plebis labefactata 1 essent. Quid futurum1labefactata DA 3 $-labefactor F': labefacta (lebe- L') n.: labe factata A: labefacta turn V :1 It was not the last time, however (cf.vn. xvii. 9).Sometimes the consul triumphed without the authorizationof either senate or plebs (x. xxxvii. 8), in which case theceremony took place on the Alban Mount sometimes; byvirtue of a plebiscite confirmed by resolution of the senate(iv. xx. 1). But unless granted by the senate the triumphwas paid for by the victorious consul, instead of by the state.214

BOOK III. LXIII. 7-Lxiv. 3is now, and which was called even then Apollo'sB.C. 449Precinct. When the Fathers, meeting there, refusedwith great unanimity to grant a triumph,Lucius Icilius the plebeian tribune laid the issuebefore the people. Many came forward to dissuadethem, and Gains Claudius was particularly vehement.It was a triumph, he said, over the patricians, notRome's enemies, which the consuls desired ;theywere seeking a favour in return for personal servicesthey had done the tribune, not an honour in requitalof valour. Never before had a triumph beenvoted by the people the decision whether this;honour had been deserved had always rested withthe senate ;not even the kings had infringed themajesty of the highest order in the state let;notthe tribunes so dominate all things as not to sufferthe existence of any public council if each;orderretained its own rights and its own dignity, then,and only then, would the state be free and the lawsequal for all. After many speeches had been madeto the same purpose by the other older members ofthe senate, all the tribes voted in favour of themotion. Then, for the first time, a triumph whichlacked the authorization of the senate was celebratedat the bidding of the1 people.LXIV. This victory of the tribunes and thecommons had nearly resulted in a dangerous abuse ;for the tribunes conspired together to obtain theirre-election, and, that their own ambition might beless conspicuous, to procure as well the return tooffice of the consuls. Their pretext was the solidarityof the patricians, which had operated, byinjurious treatment of the consuls, to break downthe authority of the tribunes of the plebs. What215

LIVYA.U.C. nondum firmatis legibus, si novos tribunos perfactionis suae * consules adorti essent ? Non enimsemper Valerios Horatiosque consules fore, qui liber-4 tati plebis suas opes postferrent. Forte quadamutili ad tempus ut comitiis praeesset potissimumM. Duillio sorte evenit, viro prudenti et ex continuationemagistrates invidiam imminentem cernenti.5 Qui cum ex veteribus tribunis negaret se ulliusrationem habiturum, pugnarentque collegae utliberas tribus in suffragium mitteret aut concederetsortem comitiorum collegis, habituris e lege potius6 comitia quam ex voluntate patrum, iniecta contentioneDuillius consules ad subsellia accitos cuminterrogasset quid de comitiis consularibus inammo haberent, respondissentque se novos consulescreatures, auctores populares sententiae baudpopularis 2 nactus in contionem cum iisprocessit.7 Ubi cum consules producti ad populum interrogatique,si eos populus Romanus, memor libertatisper illos receptae domi, memor militiae rerum 3gestarum, consules iterum faceret, quidnam facturi8 essent, nilril sententiae suae mutassent, conlaudatisconsulibus quod perseverarent ad ultimum dissimilesdecemvirorum esse, comitia habuit ;et quinquetribunis plebi creatis cum prae studiis aperte peten-1 factionis suae Madvig Ml : factionis sua V \ factionessuas n.2populares sententiae hand popularis Stroth : popularissententiae baud popularis 5- :popularis sententiae haud populariV :popularis sententiae baud populares n (but for haudF has auc, II L aut).3 militiae rerum lac. Gronovius: militiae quae rerum V ;militiae rerumque fl.216

BOOK III. LXIV. 3-8would happen if, ere the laws were firmly estab- B.C. 449lished, the new tribunes should be assailed throughthe agency of consuls belonging to the patricians'own party? For there would not always be consulslike Valerius and Horatius, who preferred the libertyof the plebs to their own interests. By a fortunatechance in this emergency the superintendence ofthe elections fellby lot to none other than MarcusDuillius, a far-seeing man who perceived that there-election of the magistrates would be fraughtwith odium. But when he asserted that he wouldnot consider the candidacy of any of the formertribunes, his colleagues vehemently insisted thathe should receive the suffrages of the tribes withoutrestriction, or else resign the presidency of theelection to his fellow-tribunes, who would conductthe voting in accordance with the law rather thanthe desires of the patricians.A controversy havingthus arisen, Duillius summoned the consuls beforethe benches of the tribunes and asked them whatcourse they meant to pursue in the consular elections;and finding, by their replying that theyshould have new consuls chosen, that he had gotin them popular supporters of his unpopular policy,he went with them before the assembly. Whenthe consuls, on being there brought forth to thepeople and asked what they would do if the RomanPeople, mindful of their help in the recovery ofliberty at home and remembering their militarysuccesses, should again elect them to office, declinedto alter their determination, Duillius first praisedthe consuls for persisting to the end in theirunlikeness to the decemvirs, and then held theelection. And after five tribunes had been chosen217

LIVYA.U.O.Otium novem tribunoruin alii candidati tribus nonrtexplerent,concilium dimisit nee deinde comitiorum9 causa habuit. Satisfactuin legi aiebat, quae numeroiiusquam praefinito tribuni modo ut relinquerentursanciret, et ab iis qui creati essent cooptari collegas10 iuberet ;recitabatque rogationis carmen, in quo sicerat: x "Si tribunes plebei decem rogabo ; si qui vosminus hodie decem tribunes plebei feceritis, 2 turn utii 3 quos hi sibi collegas cooptassint 4 legitimi eademlege tribuni plebei sint ut illi quos hodie tribunes11 plebei feceritis. 3 ' Duillius cum ad ultimum perseverassetiiegando quindecim tribunes plebei rempublicam habere posse, victa collegarum cupiditatepariter patribus plebeique acceptus magistratu abiit.A.U.C. LXV. Novi tribuni plebis in cooptandis collegis306-307patrum voluntatem foverunt ;duos etiam patriciosconsularesque, Sp. Tarpeium et A. Aternium, 5 co-2 optavere. Consules creati Sp. Herminius T. VerginiusCaelimontanus., nihil magnopere ad patrum aut plebis3 causam inclinati, otium domi ac foris habuere. L."sic erat : Si Foster : sic erat H. J. Mueller : sic esset ": Si1Conway and Walters : est :Madvig si n.2 feceritia Vt : fecerint iis (or his or ii or ut or hi) n.3 turn ut ii JVeissenborn : turn uti n.* cooptassint Rhenanus :cooptassent V :cooptassent utilli :coaptassent ut illi U.5A. Aternium D 1 Alschefski (chap. xxxi. :5) a. aeternumHft: a. aethernium U: a. aeternum H: a. eternium BD Z A.1More accurately "fourteen, "si nee the reference is to thefive whose election Duillius recognized, together with thenine incumbents who claimed re-election.218

BOOK III. LXIV. 8-Lxv. 3and no other candidates obtained a majority of the B.C. 449tribes, on account of the eagerness with which thenine incumbents openly sought re-election, he dismissedthe assembly, nor did he afterwards conveneit for an election. He declared that the law hadbeen satisfied, which, without anywhere prescribingthe number, provided only that the tribunate shouldnot be left vacant ;and directed that those who hadbeen elected should co-opt colleagues. He recitedtoo the formula of the announcement, in which thefollowing words occurred : "If I shall call for yoursuffrages for ten tribunes of the plebs if for any;reason you shall elect to-day less than ten tribunesof the plebs, then let those whom the electedtribunes co-opt as their colleagues be as legallytribunes of the plebs as those whom you shall thisday have chosen to that office."Having perseveredto the end in denying that the state could havefifteen plebeian tribunes, 1 and having defeated thecupidity of his colleagues, Duillius laid down hismagistracy, approved by patricians and plebs alike.LXV. The new tribunes of the plebs consultedB.C.the wishes of the nobles in the co-optation of colleaguesthey even chose two who were patricians;and ex-consuls, Spurius Tarpeius and Aulus Aternius. 2The new consuls, Spurius Herminius and TitusVerginius Caelimontanus, being specially devotedneither to the cause of the patricians nor to thatof the plebs, enjoyed a peaceful year both at home2The lex sacrata (n. xxxiii. 1) denied patricians access tothe tribunate, but apparently there was at this time a dispositionto wink at their co-optation. Tarpeius and Aterniushad been consuls in 454 B.C.219

LIVY806-307Trebonius tribunus plebis, infestuspatribus quod seab iis 1 in cooptandis tribunis fraude captum proditumquea collegis aiebat, rogationem tulit ut qui4 plebem Romanam tribunes plebi rogaret, is usque eorogaret dum decem tribunes plebi faceret ;insectandisquepatribus, unde Asperoetiam inditum estcognomen, tribunatum gessit.5 Inde M. Geganius Macerinus 2 et C. lulius consulesfacti contentiones tribunorum adversus nobiliumiuventutem ortas sine insectatione potestatis eitis6 conservata maiestate patrum sedavere. Plebemdecreto ad bellum Volscorum et Aequorum dilectusustinendo rem ab seditionibus continuere, urbanootio forisquoque omnia tranquilla esse adfirmantes,7 per discordias civiles externos tollere animos. Curapacis concordiae quoque intestinae causa fuit. Sedalter semper ordo gravis alterius modestiae erat ;quiescenti plebi ab iunioribus patruminiuriae fieri8 coeptae. Ubi tribuni auxilio humilioribus essent,in primis parum proderat; deinde ne ipsi quideminviolati erant, utique postremis mensihus, cum etper coitiones potentiorum iniuria fieret et vis potestatisomnis aliquanto posteriore anni parte languidior9 ferme esset. lamque plebs ita in tribunatu ponere1ab iis Vt : ab hiis A : ab his ft.2Macerinus 8i

BOOK III. LXV. 3-9and abroad. Lucius Trebonius, a tribune of the com- B.C.mons, being angry with the patricians, because, ashe said, he had been defrauded by them in theco-optation of the tribunes and had been betrayedby his colleagues, 1proposed a law that he who calledupon the Roman plebs to elect tribunes should continueto callupon them until he should effect theelection of ten ;and he so baited the nobles duringhis year of office as even to gain the surname ofAsper, or "the Truculent."Next, Marcus Geganius Macerinus and GaiusJulius became consuls, and assuaged the strife ofthe tribunes with the young nobles, without censuringthose magistrates or sacrificing the dignity ofthe patricians. They withheld the plebs from seditionby suspending a levy which had been decreedwith a view to making war on the Volsci and theAequi, averring that so long as the City was quiettheir foreign relations were likewise entirely peaceful;that it was discord in Rome which made othernations take heart. The pains they were at tomaintain peace were also productive of internalharmony. But the one order was always takingadvantage of the moderation of the other ;theplebs were tranquil, but the younger patriciansbegan to insult them. When the tribunes attemptedto assist the lowly, at first their services were oflittle effect ;and later they did not even escapeviolence themselves, especially in the last monthsof their term, since not only were wrongs committedthrough cabals of the more powerful, butthe effectiveness of every magistrate rather languished,as a rule, in the latter part of the year.By this time the plebs had ceased to count upon221

LIVYA.U.O. aliquid spei, si similes Icilio tribunes haberet : nominaS06-S0710 tantum se biennio habuisse. Seniores contra patrum,ut nimis feroces suos credere iuvenes esse, ita malle,si modus excedendus esset, suis quam adversariis11 superesseanimos. Adeo moderatio tuendae libertatis,dum aequari velle simulando ita se quisqueextollit ut deprimat aliurn, in difficili est, cavendoquene metuant, homines metuendos ultro se efficiunt, etiriiuriam a nobis repulsam, tamquam aut facere autpati necesse sit, iniungimus aliis.ATJOt'LXVI. T. Quinctius Capitolinus quartum etSOSAgrippa Furius consules inde facti nee seditionemdomi nee foris bellum acceperunt sed imminebat;2 utrumque. lam non ultra l discordia civium reprimipoterat et tribunis et plebe incitata in patres, cumdies alicui nobilium dicta novis semper certaminibus3 contiones turbaret. Ad quarum primum strepitumvelut signo accepto arma cepere Aequi ac Volsci,simul quod persuaserant iis duces, cupidi praedarum,biennio ante dilectum indictum haberi non potuisseabnuente iam plebe imperium;eo adversus se non4 esse 2 missos exercitus. Dissolvi licentia militandi2221non ultra n : nee ultra V,2 esse n : nosse V.

BOOK III. LXV. 9-Lxvi. 4the tribunate, unless they could have tribunes like B.C.Icilius; for two years they had had mere names.The elder patricians, for their part, though theythought their young men too headstrong, yetpreferred, if moderation must be left behind, thatthe excess of spirits should be on their side ratherthan with their adversaries. So difficult is it to bemoderate in the defence of liberty, since everyone,while pretending to seek fair-play, so raises himselfas to press another down ;while insuring themselvesagainst fear, men actually render themselvesfearful to others ;and having defended ourselvesfrom an injury, we proceed as thoughit werenecessary either to do or suffer wrong to inflictinjury upon our neighbour.LXVI. Titus Quinctius Capitolinus (for the fourth B.C. 448time) and Agrippa Furius were then made consuls.They experienced neither domestic sedition norforeign war, but were threatened with both. Thestrife between citizens could now no longer berepressed, since tribunes and plebs alike were inflamedagainst the patricians, and the trial of oneor another of the nobles was continually embroilingthe assemblies in new quarrels. At the first disturbancein these meetings the Aequi and Volscitook up arms, as though they had received a signal,and also because their leaders, being eager forplunder, had convinced them that the Romans hadfound it impossible, the year before, to carry outthe levy which they had proclaimed, since the plebswere no longer amenable to authority and that;this had been the reason why armies were notdispatched against themselves. Lawlessness wasbreaking down their martial traditions, nor was223

LIVYA.D.O.morem, nee pro communi iam patria Romam esse.Quidquid irarum simultatiumque cum externis fueritin ipsos verti. Occaecatos lupos intestina rabie5 opprimendi occasionem esse. Coniunctis exercitibusLatinum primum agrum perpopulati sunt; deindepostquam ibi nemo vindex occurrebat, turn veroexsultantibus belli auctoribus ad moenia ipsa Rornaepopulabundi regione portae Esquilinae accesserevastationem agrorum per contumeliam urbi osten-6 tantes. Unde postquam inulti praedam prae seagentes retro ad Corbionem agmine iere, Quinctiusconsul ad contionem populum vocavit.LXVII. Ibi in hanc sententiam locutum accipio:" Etsi mihi nullius noxae conscius, Quirites, sum,tamen cum pudore summo in contionem in conspectumvestrum l processi. Hoc vos .scire, hocposteris memoriae traditum iri, Aequos et Volscos,vix Hernicis modo pares, T. Quinctio quartum consulead moenia urbis Romae impune armatos venisse !2 Hanc ego ignominiam, quamquam iam diu ita viviturut 2 nihil boni divinet animus, si huic potisshnumimminere anno scissem, vel exsilio vel morte, si alia3 fuga honoris non esset, vitassem. Ergosi viri armailia habuissent quae in portis fuere nostris, capi Romame consule potuit. Satis honorum, satis superque1 in contionem in eonspectum vestrum Walters : in contionem(or cone-) vestram n in :conspectum ves m . V.. .2 vivitur ut Karsten : uiuitur is status rerum est ut (cf. noteof Comcay and Walters) n.2241Alluding to the wolf that ruckled Romulus and Remus.

BOOK III. LXVI. 4-Lxvn. 3Rome any longer a united nation ;all the hostility B.C. 446and quarrelsomeness they had formerly entertainedtowards other nations was now being turned againstthemselves ;the wolves 1 were blinded with madrage at one another, and there was now an opportunityto destroy them. Combining their armies,they first desolated the country of the Latins,and then, when itappeared that there was noone in that region to punish them, they carriedtheir marauding, amidst the triumphant rejoicingsof the advocates of war, to the very walls of Rome,in the direction of the Esquiline Gate, where theyinsolently exhibited to the inhabitants of the Citythe devastation of their lands. After they hadwithdrawn unmolested, and driving their bootybefore them had marched to Corbio, the consulQuinctius summoned the people to an assembly.LXVII. There he spoke, as I understand, to thefollowing effect " :AlthoughI am conscious, Quirites,of no wrong-doing, nevertheless it is with greatshame that I have come to this assembly to confrontyou. To think that you know, to think that futuregenerations will be told, that the Aequi and theVolsci, but now scarce a match for the Hernici, havein the fourth consulship of Titus Quinctius approachedthe walls of the City of Rome with impunity, andarmed ! We have now for a long time been livingunder such conditions that my mind could foreseenothing good yet had I known that such a disgrace;was in store for this year, of all others, I should haveshunned it even at the cost of exile or of death, indefault of other means of escaping office. So ! Hadthey been men whose swords were there at our gates,Rome might have been captured inmy consulship !225

LIVYA.U.O. 4 vitae erat ;mori consulem tertium oportuit. Quern308tandem ignavissimi hostium contempsere? Nos consulesan vos, Quirites?Si culpa in nobis est, auferteimperium indignis, et si id parum est, insuper poenas5 expetite : si in vobis, nemo deorum nee hominumsit qui vestra :puniat peccata, Quirites vosmet tanturneorum paeniteat. Non illi vestram ignaviamcontempsere nee suae virtuti confisi sunt ;quippetotiens fusi fugatique, castris exuti, agro multati, sub6 iugummissi et se et vos novere : discordia ordinumet l venenum urbis huius, patrum ac plebis certamina,dum nee nobis imperii nee vobis libertatisest modus, dum taedet vos patriciorum, nos 2plebei-7 orum magistratuum, sustulere illis 3 animos. Prodeum fidem quid vobis voltis ? Tribunes plebis concupistis; eoncordiae causa concessimus. Decemvirosdesiderastis ;creari passi sumus. Decemvirorum vos8 pertaesum est ; coegimus abire magistratu. Manentein eosdem privates ira vestra mori atque exsularenobilissimos viros honoratissimosque passi sumus.9 Tribunes plebis creare iterum voluistis ; creastis ;consules facere vestrarum partium ; etsi patribusvidebamus iniquum, patricium quoque magistratumplebi donum fieri vidimus. 4 Auxilium tribunicium,et Mndrig VD1 : est n.2nos Gruter V : hos n.13illis Clericus : illi n.4vidimus Welz :quidem n : quid . . V.226

BOOK III. LXVII. 3-9I had enjoyed honours enough,I had had enough,n.r 446and more than enough, of life ;death should havecome to me in my third consulship. For whom, pray,did the most dastardly of our enemies feel such contempt?For us, the consuls, or for you, Quirites ?If the fault is ours, deprive us of authority we do notmerit ;and if that is not enough, then punish usto boot if :yours, may neither god nor man seekto punish your sins, Quirites ;only may you yourselvesrepent of them ! It was not cowardice in youthat they despised, nor was it their own courage inwhich they put their trust ;in truth they have beentoo often beaten and routed, despoiled of theircamps, stripped of their lands, and sent under theyoke, not to know both themselves and : ityou wasthe discord betwixt the classes, and the quarrelspoison of this City between the patricians and theplebs that roused their hopes, as they beheld ourgreed for power and yours for liberty your disgust;at the patrician magistracies and ours at the plebeian.In Heaven's name what would you have ? You conceiveda longing for tribunes of the plebs for the;sake of harmony we granted them. You desireddecemvirs ;we allowed them to be elected. Yougrew exceedingly weary of the decemvirs ;we compelledthem to abdicate. When your resentmentagainst them persisted in their retirement to privatelife, we permitted men of the highest birth and themost distinguished careers to suffer death and exile.Again you desired to choose tribunes of the plebs,and chose them to ; appoint consuls of your ownfaction, and though we saw that this was unfair tothe patricians,we beheld even the patrician magistracypresented to the plebs. That you should227

LIVYA.IT.O.provoeationem ad populum, scita plebis iniunctapatribus, sub titulo aequandarum legum nostra iura10 oppressa tulimus et ferimus. Qui finis erit discordiarum?Ecquando 1 unam urbem habere, ecquandocommunem hanc esse patriamlicebit ? Victi nos1 1 aequiore animo quiescimus quam vos victores. Satisneest nobis vos metuendos esse ? Adversus nos Aventinumcapitur, adversus nos Sacer occupatur mons ;Esquilias vidimus ab hoste prope captas,et scandentemin aggerem Volscum. Hostem 2 nemosubmovit : in nos viri, in nos armati estis.LXVIII. " Agitedum, ubihie curiam circumsederitiset forum infestum feceritis et carcerem impleveritisprincipibus,iisdem istis ferocibus animis2 egredimini extra portam Esquilinam, aut si ne hocquidem audetis, ex muris visite agrosvestros ferroignique vastatos, praedam abigi, fumare incensa3 passim tecta. At enim communis res per haec locoest peiore; ager uritur, urbs obsidetur, belli gloriapenes hostes est. Quid tandem ? Privatae resvestrae quo statu sunt? lam unicuique ex agris4 sua damna nuntiabuntur. Quid est tandem domi1ecquando 5- : et quando n (so also at the second occurrenceof thr expression, but there V has ecquando).2Volscum. Hostem Madvigs punctuation.228

BOOK III. LXVII. 9-LXVin. 4enjoy the support of tribunes and the right of appeal B - c-to the people; that the decrees of the plebs shouldbe made binding upon the patricians ;that on thepretext of equalizing the laws our rights should betrodden under foot all this we have endured andare now enduring. What end will there be to ourdissensions? Will a time ever come when we canhave a united City? Will a time ever come whenthis can be our common country?We, the beatenparty, accept the situation with more equanimitythan do you, the victors. Is it not enough that wemust fear you ? It was against us that the Aventinewas taken ; against us that the Sacred Mount wasoccupied we have seen the ; Esquiline almost capturedby the enemy, and the Volscian mounting ourram} art. The enemy found none to drive him back ;against us you show your manhood ;have drawn the sword.against us youLXVIII. " Come now, when you have laid siege c?to the senate-house*"here, and rendered the Forumunsafe, and filled the gaol with our leading men,go out in that same valorous spirit beyond theEsquiline Gate ;or if your courage is not equaleven to that, behold from the walls how your fieldshave been laid waste with fire and sword, how yourcattle are being driven off, while far and widethe smoke is rising from 'burning buildings. But,'you may say, ' it is the community that suffers bythese things: the fields are burned ;the City isbesieged; the glory of the war rests with theenemy.' How now ? In what plight are your privateinterests? Every man of you will presently begetting from the country a report of his personallosses. Pray what resources do you command for229

LIVYA " c unde ea expleatis? Tribuni vobis amissa reddentac restituent?Vocis verborumque quantum voletisingerent et criminum in principes et legum aliarumsuper alias et contionum ;sed ex illis contionibusnunquam vestrum quisquam re, fortuna domum6 auctior rediit. Ecquis rettulit aliquid ad coniugemac liberos praeter odia offensiones simultates publicasprivatasque A ? quibus semper non vestra virtute6 innocentiaque, sed auxilio alieiio tuti sitis. At herculescum stipendia nobls consulibus, non tribunisducibus, et in castris, non in foro faciebatis, et inacie vestrum clamorem hostes, non in contione patresRomani horrebant, praeda parta, agro ex hostecapto, pleni fortunarum gloriaeque simul publicaesimul privatae triumphantes domum ad penatesredibatis : nunc oneratum vestris fortunis hostem7 abire sinitis. Haerete adfixi contionibus et in forovivite :sequetur 1 vos necessitas militandi quamfugitis.Grave erat in Aequos et Volscos proficisci :ante portasest bellum. Si inde non pellitur, iamintra moenia erit et arcem et Capitoliumscandet et8 in domos vestras vos persequetur. Biennio antesenatus dilectum haberi et educi exercitum inAlgidumiussit : sedemus desides domi mulierumritu inter nos altercantes, praesenti pace laeti nee2301sequeturV':sequitur n.

BOOK III. LXVIII. 4-8supplying the want of these ? tilings Shall the B.C. 446tribunes restore and make good to you your losses ?Resounding words they will pour forth to yourhearts' content, and accusations against prominentmen, and laws one after another, and assemblies ;but from those assemblies there was never one ofyou returned home the better off in circumstances orin fortune. Has ever one of you carried aught backto wife and children but animosities, complaints, andquarrels, both public and private ? from which youalways fly for refuge, not to your own bravery andinnocence, but to the help of others. But, by Hercules! when you used to serve under us, theJconsuls, 'instead of under tribunes, and in camp instead of inthe Forum ;when your shout was raised in the battleline,not the assembly, and caused not the Romannobles but the enemy to shudder in those; days,I say, you ere wont to capture wr booty, to strip theenemy of his lands, and crowned with success andglory for the state no less than for yourselves toreturn in triumph to your homes and your householdgods now you suffer the foe to load himself wr ith;your riches and depart. Hold fast to your assembliesand live your lives in the Forum ;you shall still bepursued by the necessity of that service which youseek to evade. It was hard to march against theAequi and Volsci the war is before ;your gates. Ifit is not driven back, it will soon be within the wallsand will scale Citadel and Capitol and pursue you intoyour homes. Last year the senate commanded thatan army should be levied and led out to Algidus :we are still sitting idly at home, scolding each otherlike so many women, rejoicing in the temporarypeace, and not perceiving that we shall soon be231

LIVYA.U.C.308cernentes ex otio illo brevi multiplex bellum reditu-9 rum. His ego gratiora dictu alia esse scio ;sed mevera pro gratis loqui, etsi meum ingenium nonmoneret, necessitas cogit. Vellem equidem vobisplacere, Quirites ;sed multo malo vos salvos esse,10 qualicumque erga me animo futuri estis. Naturahoc itacomparatum est ut qui apud multitudinemsua causa loquitur gratior eo sit cuius mens nihilnisi forte adsen-praeter publicum commodum videt ;tatores publicos, plebicolas istos, qui vos nee inarmis nee in otio esse sinunt, vestra vos causa incitare11 et stimulare putatis.Concitati aut honori antquaestui illis estis, et quia in concordia ordinumnullos se usquam esse vident, malae rei se quam12 nullius duces l esse voluiit. Quarum rerum si vostaedium tandem capere potest et patrum vestrosqueantiques mores voltis pro his novis sumere, nulla13 supplicia recuso, nisi paucis diebus hos populatoresagrorum nostrorum fusos fugatosque castris exueroet a portis nostris moenibusque ad illorum urbeshunc belli terrorem quo nunc vos attoniti estistranstulero."LXIX. Raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior2 plebi quam tune severissimi consulis fuit. luventusquoque, quae inter tales metus detractationemmilitiae telum acerrimum adversus patres habere1duces Karsten : turbarum ac seditionum duces fl.232

BOOK III. LXV1II. 8-LXIX. 2paying for this brief repose with a war many times B.O. 446as great. 1 know that there are other things morepleasant to hear ;but even ifmy character did notprompt me to say what is true in preference to whatis agreeable, necessity compels me. I could wish togive you pleasure, Quirites, but I had far sooner youshould be saved, no matter what your feeling towardsme isgoing to be. It has been ordained by naturethat he who addresses a crowd for his own selfishends should be more acceptable to it than he whosemind regards nothing but the general welfare ;unlessperhaps you suppose that it is for your sakes thatthe public flatterers I mean your courtiers of theplebs, who will suffer you neither to be at war nor tokeep the peace are exciting you and urging youon. Once thoroughly aroused you are a source ofpolitical advancement or of profit to them and;because they see that so long as the orders areharmonious they themselves count for nothinganywhere, they had rather lead an evil causethan none. If you are capable at last of feelinga disgust for these things, and are willing to resumeyour fathers' and your own old-fashioned manners,in place of these new-fangled ones, I give you leaveto punish me as you like, if within a few days I havenot defeated and routed these devastators of ourfields, stripped them of their camp, and shifted thisalarm of war which now dismays you from our gatesand walls to the cities of our enemies."LXIX. Rarely has the speech of a popular tribunebeen more agreeable to the plebs than was at thattime this speech by the sternest of consuls. Eventhe young men, who amid such alarms were wontto regard a refusal to enlist as their sharpest weapon233

LIVY.n.r. solita erat, arma et bell um snectabat. Et affrestium308fuga spoliatique in agris et volnerati, foediora iisquae subiciebantur oculis nuntiantes, totam urbem3 ira implevere. In senatum ubi ventum est, ibi veroin Quinctium omnes versi ut unum vindicem maiestatisRomanae intueri, et primores patrum dignamdicere contionem imperio consular!, dignam totconsulatibus ante actis, dignam vita omni, plena 14 honorum saepe gestorum, saepius meritorum. Aliosconsules aut per proditionem dignitatis patrum plebiadulatos aut acerbe tuendo iura ordinis asperioremdomando multitudinem fecisse : T. Quinctium orationemmemorem maiestatis patrum concordiaeque5 ordinum et temporum in primishabuisse. Orareeum collegamque ut capesserent rem publicam;orare tribunos ut uno animo cum consulibusbellumab urbe ac moenibus propulsari vellent plebemqueoboedientem in re tain trepida \ âtribus praeberent ;appellare tribunos communem patriam auxiliumqueeorum implorare vastatis agris, urbe prope oppugnata.6 Consensu omnium dilectus decernitur habeturque.Cum consules in contione pronuntiassent tempusnon esse causas cognoscendi omnes iuniores postero;2341plena fl :plenam MRDL.

against the nobles, beganBOOK III. LXIX. 2-6to look forward to war B.C. 448and arms. And the flight of the country-peopleand the presence of those who had been plunderedwhile on their farms and wounded, and who re-than those which met theported worse outrageseyes of the citizens, filled all Rome with resentment.When the senate had met, then in truth all turnedto Quinctius, whom they looked on as the solechampion of Roman majesty. The foremost senatorsdeclared that his speech had been worthy of theconsular authority, worthy of the many consulshipshe had held in the past, worthy of his whole life,crowded as it had been with honours which, oftenas he had received them, he had still oftener deserved.Other consuls had either flattered the plebsby betraying the dignity of the patricians, or byharshly inforcing the rights of their order had exasperatedthe populace while seeking to subjugatethem ;Titus Quinctius had spoken without forgettingthe dignity of the patricians, or the harmonyof the orders, or what was particularly importantthe existing crisis.They begged him and his colleagueto undertake the guidance of the state ;they besought the tribunes to unite with the consulsin a single-minded effort to repel their enemiesfrom the wails of the City, and to cause the plebsto yield obedience to the patricians in so alarming asituation ;the appeal to the tribunes came, theysaid, from their common country, which imploredtheir assistance for its wasted fields and its wellnighbeleaguered City. By general consent a levywas proclaimed and held. The consuls announcedin the assembly that there was no time to considerexcuses; that all the juniors should present them-2 35

L1VYA.U.C. 7 die prima luce in campo Martio adessent ; cognoscendiscausis eorum qui nomina non dedissent belloperfecto se daturos tempus pro desertore futurum;cuius non probassent causam ;omnis iuventus adfuit8 postero die. Cohortes sibi quaeque centurioneslegeruiit, binisenatores singulis cohortibus praepositi.Haec omnia adeo mature perfecta accepimus ut signaeo ipso die a quaestoribus ex aerario prompta delataquein campum quarta diei hora mota ex campo sintexercitusque novus paucis cohortibus veterum militumvoluntate sequentibus manserit ad decimum9 lapidem. Insequens dies hostem in conspectumdedit, castraque ad Corbionem castris sunt coniuncta.10 Tertio die, cum ira Romanos, illos, cum totiensrebellassent, conscientia culpae ac desperatio inritaret,mora dimicandi nulla est facta.LXX. In exercitu Romano cum duo consulesessent potestate pad, quod saluberrimum in administrationemagnarum rerum est, summa imperil concedenteAgrippa penes collegam erat ;et praelatusille facilitati l summittentis se comiter respondebatcommunicando consilia laudesque et aequando im-2parem sibi. In acie Quinctius dextrum cornu,Agrippa sinistrum tenuit ;Sp. Postumio Albo legato1facilitati :U$- facilitate !i.1On the Latin Way.436

BOOK III. LXIX. 6-LXX. 2selves at dawn of the following day in the Campus n .c . 446Martius that ; they would take time when the warwas over to listen to the excuses of those who hadfailed to hand in their names ;and that any manwhose excuse they did not approve would be treatedas a deserter. Next day the entire body of youngmen appeared. The cohorts each chose their owncenturions, and two senators were put in commandof every cohort. We are told that all these measureswere carried out so promptly that the standardswere fetched from the treasury by the quaestorsthat very day, and being carried to the CampusMartius, headed the line of march from the musteringground at ten o'clock in the morning and the;newly recruited army, with the voluntary escort of afew cohorts of veterans, encamped over night at thetenth mile-stone. 1 The following day brought theenemy into view, and the Roman camp was establishedclose to theirs, near Corbio. On the thirdday, the Romans being urged on by indignation, andthe enemy, who had so often revolted, by the consciousnessof their guilt and by despair, no attemptwas made to delay the battle.LXX. Although the two consuls were of equalauthority in the Roman army, yet they made anarrangement which is extremely advantageous inthe administration of important measures, by whichAgrippa yielded the supreme command to his colleague.The latter, thus preferred, responded courteouslyto the ready self-effacement of the other byadmitting him to a share in his plans and hisachievements, and treating him as an equal, despitehis inferiority. In the battle-Iins Quinctius held theright wing, Agrippa the left to ;Spurius Postumius237

LIVYA.U.C. datur media acies tuenda, legatum alterum P. Sul-S083 picium equitibus praeficiunt. Pedites ab dextrocornu egregie pugnavere baud segniter resistentibus4 Volscis. P. Sulpicius per mediam hostium aciemcum equitatu perrupit. Unde cum eadem revertiposset ad suos priusquamhostis turbatos ordinesreficeret, terga impugnare hostium satius visum est ;momentoque temporis in aversam incursando aciemancipiti terrore dissipasset hostes, ni suo proprioeum proelio equites Volscorum et Aequorum ex-5 ceptum aliquamdiu tenuissent. Ibi vero Sulpiciusnegare cunctandi tempus esse, circumventos interclusosqueab suis vociferans, ni equestre proelium6 conixi omni vi perficerent.Nee fugare equitemintegrum satis esse : conficerent equos virosque, nequis reveheretur inde ad proelium aut integraretpugnam non ; posse illos resistere sibi, quibus x con-7 ferta peditum acies cessisset. Haud surdis auribusdicta. Impressione una totum equitatum fudere,magnam vim ex equis praecipitavere, ipsos equosque8 spiculis confodere. Is finispugnae equestris fuit.Tune adorti peditum aciem mmtios ad consules reigestae mittunt, ubi iam inclinabatur hostium acies.Nuntius deinde et vincentibus Romanis animos auxit1 sibi, quibus n :quibus sibi MPFUB : quibus Conway (innote}.1 Livy is thinking chiefly of Quinctius. From 10 itappears that Agrippa's victory came later.238

BOOK III. LXX. 2-8Albus, the lieutenant, they gave the centre incharge and the other lieutenant, Publius ;Sulpicius,they put in command of the horse. The infantryon the right fought brilliantly, and were vigorouslyresisted by the Volsci. Publius Sulpicius brokethrough the enemy's centre with his cavalry. Hemight have returned to the Roman side the way hewent, before the enemy could re-form their brokenranks ;but it seemed better to assail them in therear. It would have been but the work of amoment to charge them from behind and throwthem into confusion between the two attacks ;butthe Volscian and Aequian cavalry met him with hisown kind of troops and held him in check for somelittle while. Thereupon Sulpicius cried out thatthere was no time for hesitation ;they were surroundedand cut off from their fellows, unless theyput forth all their might and disposed of theenemy's cavalry. Nor was itenough to rout themand let them get safely off; they must destroythem, horse and man, that none might ride backinto the battle or renew the fight. It would beimpossible, he said, for their cavalryto resist hismen, when the close ranks of their infantry hadgiven way before them. His words did not fallrush the Romansupon deaf ears. With a singlerouted the entire body of cavalry. Hurling greatnumbers of them from their horses, they transfixedmen and steeds with their javelins. This endedthe cavalry-battle. Then theyfellupon the hostileinfantry, and sent off gallopers to announce theirsuccess to the consuls, where the enemy's line wasalready beginning to give way. 1 The tidings at oncearoused fresh ardour in the conquering Romans and239B.C. 446

LIVYA.D.O. 9 et referentes gradum perculit Aequos. In mediaprimum acie vinci coepti, qua permissus equitatus10 turbaverat ordines ;sinistrum deinde cornu abQuinctio consule pelli coeptum in dextro plurimum;laboris fuit. Jbi Agrippa, aetate viribusque ferox,cum omni parte pugnae melius rem geri quam apud* se videret, arrepta signa ab signiferis ipse inferre,quaedam iacere etiam in confertos hostes coepit ;11 cuius ignominiae metu concitati milites invaserehostem. Ita aequata ex omni parte victoria estNuntius turn a Quinctio venit victorem iam se immiiierehostium castris nolle ;inrumpere antequam12 sciat debellatum et in sinistro cornu esse : si iamfudisset hostes, conferret ad se signa, ut simul omnis13 exercitus praeda potiretur. Victor Agrippa cummutua gratulatione ad victorem collegam castraquehostium venit.Ibi paucis defendentibus momentoquefusis sine certamine in munitiones inrumpunt, praedaqueingenti compotem exercitum suis etiam rebusreciperatis quae populatione agrorum amissae erant14 reducunt. Triumphum nee ipsos postulasse needelatum iis ab senatu accipio, nee traditur causa2401arrepta Dtiker : accepta H.

BOOK III. LXX. 8-14filled the faltering Aequi with confusion. It was B.C. 446in the centre that their defeat began, where theattack of the troopers had thrown their ranks intodisorder ;then the left wing began to fall back beforethe consul Quinctius. The Romans experiencedmost difficulty on the right; there Agrippa, young,active, and courageous, perceiving that the battlewas everywhere going better than on his own front,snatched the standards from the men who borethem, and began to carry them forward himself,and even to Ming some of them into the press ofthe enemy. The disgrace with which his soldierswere thus threatened spurred them to the attack,and the victory was extended to every part of theline. A message then came from Quinctius, sayingthat he had beaten the enemy and was alreadythreatening their camp, but did not wish to stormit until he knew that the fight had been decidedon the left wing also if;Agrippa had alreadydefeated his opponents, let him bring up his troops,that the entire army might enter together intopossession of the spoils. The victorious Agrippaaccordingly joined his victorious colleague, withmutual congratulations, in front of the enemy'scamp. Its handful of defenders was speedily putto Might, and the Romans burst into the entrenchmentswithout encountering resistance. Theconsuls led their army back to the City ladenwith a vast quantity of booty, as well as with thegoods which they had lost by the pillage of theirfields but had now recovered. I do not findeither that the consuls themselves asked for atriumph or that one was offered them by thesenate ;nor is there any record of the reason why241

L1VYA.U.C.30g15 spreti aut non sperati honoris. Ego quantum intanto intervallo temporum conicio, cum Valerioatque Horatio consulibus, qui praeterVolscos etAequos Sabini etiam belli perfecti gloriam pepererant,negatus ab senatu triumphus esset, verecundiaefuit pro parte dimidia rerum consulibus peteretriumphunij ne etiamsi impetrassent magis hominumratio quam meritorum habita videretur.LXXI. Victoriam honestam ex hostibus 1 partamturpe domi de finibus sociorum iudicium populi2 deformavit. Aricini atqueIArdeates de ambiimo

sinceBOOK III. LXX. i4-Lxxi. 5for it. B.C. 446they despised the honour or did not hopeThe best conjecture Imyself can offer, after solong an interval of time, is this : the consulsValerius and Horatius, who besides beating theVolsci and Aequi had also attained renown by bringingthe Sabine war to a successful conclusion, hadbeen refused a triumph by the senate, they wereashamed to ask for that distinction in recompenseof an achievement only half as great, lest evenif it should be granted,itmight seem that accounthad been taken rather of persons than of deserts.LXXI. The glory of defeating the enemy wassullied by a shameful judgment given by the peoplein Rome regarding the boundaries of her allies.The men of Aricia and those of Ardea had oftengone to war over a territory which both citiesclaimed. Exhausted by the many defeats whicheach had experienced, they referred their quarrelto the Roman People for decision. When they hadcome to plead their cause, and a popular assemblyhad been granted them by the magistrates, theyargued their respective claims with great vehemence.The testimony had already been taken, and thetime had come for the tribes to be summoned andthe people to give their votes, when PubliusScaptius, an aged plebeian, arose and said " If:I am permitted, consuls, to speak concerning thenation's interests, I will not suffer the people togo wrong in this matter." The consuls declaredthat he was an untrustworthy fellow and oughtnot to be listened to, and when he protested noisilythat the public cause was being betrayed, theyordered him to be removed ; whereat he appealedto the tribunes. The tribunes, as almost always

LIVYmagis quam regunt, dedere cupidaeaudiendi plebi6 ut quae vellet Scaptius diceret. Ibi infit annum setertium et octogensimum agere et in eo agro de quoagitur militasse, non iuvenem, vicesima iam stipendiamerentem, cum ad Coriolos sit bellatum. Eo remse vetustate oblitteratam, ceterum suae memoriae7 infixam adferre, agrum de quo ambigitur finiumCoriolanorum fuisse captisque Coriolis iure bellipublicum populi Romani factum. Mirarise quonamore x Ardeates Aricinique, cuius agriiusnunquamusurpaverint incolumi Coriolana re, eum sea populoRomano, quern pro domino iudicem fecerint, inter-8 cepturos sperent.Sibi exiguum vitae temptissuperesse ; non potuissese tamen inducere in animumquin, quern agrum miles pro parte virili manucepisset, eum senex quoque voce, qua una posset,ne inutilivindicaret. Magnopere se suadere populo,pudore suam ipse causam damnaret.LXXII. Consules, cum Scaptium non silentiomodo, sed cum adsensu etiam audiri animadvertissent,deos hominesque testantes flagitium ingensfieri2 patrum primoresarcessunt. Cum iis circumiretribus, 2 orare ne pessimum facinus peiore exemplo1 ore J/? /) 3 ? KlocTc : in more D : more n.2442 tribus Perizonius : tribunes n.

BOOK III. LXXI. 5-LXXII. 2happens, were swayed by the crowd, instead of B -cswayingit, and, to please the greedy ears of theplebs, gave Scaptius leave to say what he wished.He therefore began, and said that he was eightytwoyears old and had fought in the army, in thatdistrict which was under discussion, not as a youth,but as one already in his twentieth year of serviceat the time of the campaign before Corioli. Henceit came that he was telling them of a matter forgottenwith the lapse of years, but fixed in his ownmemory, namely that the disputed land had beena part of the territory of Corioli, and had consequently,on the capture of that town, become, byright of conquest, the property of the RomanPeople. He marvelled, he said, at the effronterywith which the men of Ardea and Aricia hopedto deprive the Roman People whom they hadmade the judge, in place of being the owner ofa territory over which they had never exercisedany authority so long as the state of Corioli wasintact. He had himself but a little while to live ;yet he had not been able to convince himself that,having as a soldier done his part to conquer theland, he should not defend it, even in his old age,with the only weapon left him, to wit his voice.He earnestly counselled the people not to condemntheir own cause from an unreasonable motive ofpropriety.LXXII. When the consuls had perceived thatScaptius was listened to not only in silence butactually with approval, they called on gods and mento witness that a great outrage was being perpetrated,and sent for the leaders of the senate. With themthey went about among the tribes and imploredVOV. II.I245

LIVYA.U.O. admitterent iudices in suam rem litem vertendo,3U3cum praesertim etiam si fas sit curam emolumentisui iudici esse, ncquaquam tan turn agro intercipiendoadquiratur, quantum amittatur alienandis iniuria so-3 ciorum animis. Nam famae quidem ac fidei damnamaiora esse quam quae aestimari possent. Hoc legatesreferre domum, hoc volgari, hoc socios audire, hoc4 hostes, quo cum dolore hos, quo cum gaudio illos !Scaptione 1 hoc, contionali seni, adsignaturos putarentfinitimos populos ? Clarum hac fore imagine Scaptium;sed 2 populum Romanum quadruplatoris et5 interceptoris litis alienae personam laturum. Quernenim hoc privatae rei iudicem fecisse ut sibi controversiosamadiudicaret rem ?quidem, etsi praemortui iam sit pudoris,Scaptium ipsum idnon fac-6 turum. Haec consules, haec patres vociferantur ;sed plus cupiditas et auctor cupiditatis Scaptius valet.Vocatae tribus iudicaverimt agrum publicum populi7 Romani esse. Nee abnuitur ita fuisse, si ad iudicesalios itum foret; nunc haud sane quicquam bonoScaptione R 2 A' t (or A*): scaptioni fl: sp cationi D:1spacioni A.2Scaptium ;sed Alschefski:scaptium esse fl.246

BOOK III. LXXII. 2-7them not to be guilty of an act which, utterly wrongin itself, would establish a precedent that was evenworse, by diverting to their own possession, as judges,the property in dispute and that too when, even if;it were right O that a judge should be concerned for/ Ohis own advantage, they would by no means gain somuch by the seizure of the land as they would loseby the wrongful estrangement of their allies. Forreputation at least and trustworthiness were thingsthe loss of which was beyond all reckoning. Wasthis to be the report carried home by the envoys?Was this to be noised abroad and come to the earsof allies and enemies ? What grief it would causethe former, and what joy the latter ! Did theysuppose that Scaptius, a meddling old hanger-on ofassemblies, would be held responsible for this bythe neighbouring nations ? It would be a famousthing for Scaptius to have inscribed beneath hisportrait, but the Roman People would be playing arole of chicanery and of usurpation of the claims ofothers. For what umpire in a private suit wouldhave thought of awarding to himself the object oflitigation Even ? Scaptius, though he had alreadyoutlived all sense of shame, would not do that.These arguments were loudly urged both by theconsuls and. by the Fathers ;but they were less convincingthan men's cupidity, or than Scaptius, whohad aroused it. The tribes, being called upon tovote, decided the territory to be public land belongingto the Roman People. Nor is it denied thatsuch would have been the verdict if recourse hadbeen had to another court; but in the circumstancesthe excellence of the cause did not in the slightestdegree extenuate the disgrace of the judgment,247B.C. 446

LIVYA.U.C. causae levatur dedecus iudicii :idque non Aricinis308Ardeatibusque quam patribus Romanis foedius atqueacerbius visum. Reliquum anni quietum ab urbanismotibus et ab externis mansit.248

BOOK III. LXXII. 7which seemed no less scandalous and harsh to the B.O 446Roman senators than to the men of Aricia andArdea. The remainder of the year passed withoutdisturbances in either domestic or foreignrelations.249

LIBRI III PERIOCHASRDITIONES de agrariis legibus fuere. Capitolium abexulibus et servis occupatum caesis his receptum est.Census bis actus est. Priore lustro censa sunt civiumcapita vm milia DCCXIIII praeter orbos orbasque, sequent!cxvn milia ccxvmi. Cum adversus Aequos male gestares esset, L. Quintius Cincinnatus dictator factus, cumrure intentus operi rustico esset, ad id bellum gerendumarcessitus est. Is victos hostes sub iugum misit. Tribunorumplebis numerus ampliatus est, ut essent x,tricesimo sexto anno a 1 primis tribmiis plebis. Petitisper legates et adlatis Atticis legibus ad constituendas easproponendasque x viri pro consulibus sine ullis aliismagistratibus creati altero et treceiitesimo 2 anno quamRoma condita erat, et ut a regibus ad consules, ita aconsulibus ad x viros imperium translatum.Hi x tabulislegum positis cum modeste se in eo honore gessissent etob id in alterum quoque annum eundem esse magistratumplacuisset, duabus tabulis 3 ad x adiectis cum complurainpotenter fecissent, magistratum noluerunt deponere etin tertium annum retinuerunt, donee inviso eorum imperiomiem adtulit libido Appi Claudi. Qui cum in amoremVirginiae virginis incidisset, summisso, qui earn in servitutempeteret, necessitatem patri eius Virgiiiio inposuit.Rapto ex taberna proxima cultro filiam occidit, cum alitereffici non posset ne in potestatem stuprum inlaturi veniret.Hoc tarn magnae iniuriae exemplo pleps concitata montem2501a omitted in the MSS.2 altero et trecentesimo Aid. : nono trigesimo MSS.3 placuisset, duabus tabulis :Sigonius omitted in MSS.

SUMMARY OF BOOK IIITHERE were quarrels about land-laws. The Capitolwas seized by exiles and slaves who;were slain andthe Capitol recovered. The census was taken twice. Bythe earlier enumeration there were returned 8714 icitizens,besides male and female wards; by the second 117,219.After a defeat had been sustained at the hands of theAequi, Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, being appointeddictator, was summoned to the control of the war whileengaged in working on his farm. He defeated the enemyand sent them under the yoke. The number of tribuneswas increased to ten in the 38th year from the electionof the first ones. After the laws of Athens had beensearched out and brought to Rome by envoys, decemvirswith consular powers were chosen, without any othermagistrates, to draw up and publish them. It was inthe 302nd year after the founding of Rome that the powerwas transferred from consuls to decemvirs, as it hadformerly been from kings to consuls. When the decemvirshad posted up ten tables of laws, after such moderation inthe conduct of their office that it had been voted to continuethe same magistracy for another year, they addedtwo tables to the ten ;and after many insolent actsrefused to lay down their authority, butfretained it fora third year, till the lust of Appius Claudius put an end totheir hated dominion. Having fallen in love with themaiden Verginia, he suborned an agent to claim her ashis slave, and obliged her father Verginius to act. Seizinga knife from the nearest stall, he slew his daughter, sincethere was no other way to keep her from tailing intothe hands of the man who meditated her dishonour.By this great wrong the plebeians were roused to action,1Livy in. iii. 9 gives the numbers as 104,714. Apparentlythere has been a mistake in copying the Periochae due to theconfusion of cini and vm.25 1

LIVYAventinum occupavit coegitque x viros abdicare se magistratu.Ex quibus Appius, qui praecipuam poenammeruerat, in carcerem coniectus est ;ceteri in exiliumacti. Res praeterea contra Sabinos et Vulscos prosperegestas continet et parum honestum populi Romaniindicium, qui iudex inter Ardeates et Ariciuos sumptusagrum de quo ambigebatur sibi adiudicavit.252

SUMMARY OF BOOK IIIand occupying the Aventine, forced the decemvirs toabdicate. Of these, Appius, who had been most guilty,was flung into prison the;rest were exiled. The bookcontains also successful campaigns against the Sabinesand the Volsci, and a discreditable judgment renderedby the Roman People, who, being chosen umpire betweenthe Ardeates and the Aricini, awarded to themselves theterritory in dispute.253

BOOK IV

LIBER IVA.U.O. I. Hos secuti M. Genucius et C. Curtius 1 consules.OAQFuit annus domi forisque infestus. Nam 2 principleet de conubio patrum et plebis C. Canuleius tribunus2 plebis rogationem promulgavit, qua contaminarisanguinem suum patres confundique iura gentiumrebantur, et mentio primo sensim inlata a tribunis,ut alterum ex plebe consulem liceret fieri, eoprocessit deinde ut rogationem novem tribuni pro-3 mulgarent, ut populo potestas esset, seu de plebeseu de patribus vellet, consules faciendi ;id vero sifieret, non volgari modo cum infimis, sed prorsusauferri a primoribus ad plebem summum imperium4 credebant. Laeti ergo audiere patres Ardeatiumpopulum ob iniuriam agri abiudicati descisse, etVeientes depopulates extrema agri Romani, etVolscos Aequosque ob communitam Verruginemfremere ;adeo vel infelix bellum ignominiosae paci6 praeferebant. His itaque in maius etiam acceptis,ut inter strepitum tot bellorum conticiscerentactiones tribuniciae, dilectus haberi, bellum armaque1 C. Curtius Sigonius (cf. G.I.L. i 2 , p. 108 ; Diod. xn.xxxi. 1 who however gives the prcenomen as "Aypnnrav ;Varro, L.L. v. 150): p. curatius n.2 Nam Conway and Walters : nam anni (ani B, animiPU] H : anni nam M.1This ia Livy's first mention of Verrugo,situated on a steep hill in the Trerus valley.which was256

BOOK IVI. MARCUS GENUCIUS and Gaius Curtius succeeded B.O 445these men as consuls. It was a year of quarrels bothat home and abroad. For at its commencementGaius Canuleius, a tribune of the plebs, proposed abill regarding the intermarriage of patricians andplebeians which the patricians looked upon as involvingthe debasement of their blood and the subversionof the principles inhering in the gentes, orfamilies ;and a suggestion, cautiously put forward atfirstby the tribunes, that it should be lawful for oneof the consuls to be chosen from the plebs, was afterwardscarried so far that nine tribunes proposed abill giving the people power to choose consuls asthey might see fit,from either the plebs or thepatriciate.To carry out this last proposal would be,in the estimation of the patricians, not merely togive a share of the supreme authority to the lowestof the citizens, but actually to take itaway from thenobles and bestow it on the plebs. The Fatherstherefore rejoiced to hear that the people of Ardeahad revolted because of the unjust decision whichdeprived them of their land ;that the men of Veiihad ravaged the Roman frontier ;and that the Volsciand Aequi were murmuring at the fortification of]Verrugo so decidedly did they prefer even an unfortunatewar to an ignominious peace. Accordingly;they made the most of these threats, that the proposalsof the tribunes might be silenced amidst the257

LIVYi.u.c. vi summa apparari iubent, siquo intentius possit,6quam T. Quinctio consule apparatumsit. Turn C.Canuleius pauca in senatu vociferatus nequiquam:territando consules avertere plebem a cura novarumlegum ; nunquam eos se vivo dilectum habituros,antequam ea quae promulgata ab se collegisqueessent plebes scivisset,1confestim ad contionemadvocavit.II. Eodern tempore et consules senatum in tribunumet tribunus populumin consules incitabat.Negabant consules iam ultra ferri posse furorestribunicios ;ventum iam ad finem esse ;domi plusbelli concitari quam foris. Id adeo non plebis quampatrum neque tribunorum magis quam consulum2 culpa accidere. Cuius rei praemium sit in civitateêarn maximis semper auctibus crescere sic ;pace3 bonos, sic bello Maximum fieri. Romae praemiumseditionum esse ;ideo 2 singulis universisque semper4 honor! fuisse. Reminiscerentur quam maiestatemsenatus ipsi a patribus accepissent, quam liberistradituri essent, vel 3quern ad modum plebs gloriariposset auctiorem amplioremque se esse. 4 Finemergo non fieri nee futuram donee quam felices seditionestarn honorati seditionum auctores essent.6 Quas quantasque res C. Canuleium adgressum ! Conluvionemgentium, perturbationem auspiciorumscivisset $- : sciuisset et n.12ideo F1 Weissenb'irn : id et Q.3 vel Conway and Walters : ut H.* se esse g- (se est :D] esse n.253

BOOK IV. i.5-n. 5din or so many wars; and ordered levies to be held B.C.

LIVYA.U.O.publicorum privatorumque adferre, ne quid sinceri,lie quid incontamiiiati sit, ut discrimiiie omni sublato6 nee se quisquam nee suos noverit. Quam enim aliamvim conubia promiscua habere nisi ut ferarum properitu volgentur concubitus plebis patrumque ? Utqui natus sit ignoret, cuius sanguinis, quorum sacrorumsit ; dimidius patrum sit, dimidius plebis, ne7 secum quidem ipse concors. Parum id videri, quodomnia divina humanaque turbentur ;iam ad consulatumvolgi turbatores accingi. Et primo utalter consul ex plebe fieret, id modo sermonibustemptasse nunc ; rogari ut seu ex patribus seu explebe velit populus consules creet. Et creaturesbaud dubie ex plebe seditiosissimum quemque ;8 Canuleios igitur Iciliosque consules fore. Ne idluppiter optimus maximus sineret regiae maiestatisimperium eo recidere et se miliens morituros;potius quam ut tantum dedecoris admitti patiantur.9 Certum habere maiores quoque,si divinassent concedendoomnia non mitiorem in se plebem, sedasperiorem alia ex aliis iniquiora postulando cumprima impetrasset futuram, primo quamlibet dimicationemsubituros fuisse potius quam eas leges10 sibi imponi paterentur. Quia turn concessum sit11 de tribunis, iteruin concessum esse ;finem non1The right to ascertain the will of the gods by auspiceswas claimed as an exclusively patrician prerogative. Cf.chap. vi. 1.*This is inaccurate. We see from chap.i. 2 that thesuggestion was that one of the consuls might be (not shouldbe) a plebeian.260

BOOK IV. ii.5-1 1throw the auspices, both public and private, into B.C. 445confusion, that nothing might be pure, nothingunpolluted so that, when all distinctions had been;obliterated, no man might recognise either himselfor his kindred. 1 For what else, they asked, was theobject of promiscuous marriages, if not that plebeiansand patricians might mingle together almost likethe beasts ? The son of such a marriage would beignorant to what blood and to what worship hebelonged he would pertain half to the ; patricians,half to the plebs, and be at strife even with himself.It was not enough for the disturbers of the rabbleto play havoc with all divine and human institutions:they must now aim at the consulship. And whereasthey had at firstmerely suggested in conversationsthat one of the two consuls should be chosen from2the plebeians, they were now proposing a law thatthe people should elect consuls at its pleasure frompatriciate or plebs. Its choice would without doubtalways fall upon plebeians of the most revolutionarysort, and the result would be that they would haveconsuls of the type of Canuleius and Icilius. Theycalled on Jupiter Optimus Maximus to forbid that apower regal in its majesty should sink so low. Fortheir parts, they would sooner die a thousand deathsthan suffer so shameful a thing to be done. Theyfelt certain that their forefathers too, had theydivined that all sorts of concessions would make thecommons not more tractable but more exacting, andthat the granting of their first demands would leadto others, ever more unjust, would rather have facedany conflict whatsoever than have permitted suchlaws to be imposed upon them. Because they hadyielded then, in the matter of the tribunes, they had261

LIVYA.U.O fieri posse si in l eadem civitate tribuni 2 plebiset patres essent ;3aut hunc ordinem aut iliummagistratum tollendum esse, potiusque sero quamnunquam obviam eundum audaciae temerita-12 tique. Illine ut impune primo discordias serentesconcitent finitima bella, deinde adversus ea, quaeconcitaverint, armari civitatem defendique prohibeant,et cum bostes tantum non arcessierint,exercitus conscribi adversus hostes non patiantur,13 sed audeat Canuleius in senatu proloqui se, nisi suasleges tamquam victoris patres accipi sinant, dilectumhaberi prohibiturum?Quid esse aliud quam minarise proditurum patriam, oppugnari atque capi passurum!Quid earn vocem animorum non plebiRomanae, sed Volscis et Aequis et Veientibus alla-14 turam ! Nonne Canuleio duce se speraturos Capitoliumatque arcem scandere posse? Nisi 4 patribustribuni cum iure ac maiestate adempta animos etiameripuerint, consules paratos esse duces prius adversusscelus civium quam adversus hostium arma.III. Cum maxirne haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleiuspro legibus suis et adversus consules ita2 disseruit :" Quanto opere vos, Quirites, contemnerentpatres, quam indignos ducerent qui unasecum urbe intra eadem moenia viveretis, saepe1posse si in Conway : posse sin F M :posse iin :posse in 12.2tribunes F* UOH : \xMLA.tribuni PFBD : 3 essent \Conway ee ML : esse fl.4 nisi Luterbacher : si n : ni Madvig.262

BOOK IV. ii. ii-in. 2yielded a second time; it was impossible there B.C. 445should be any settlement of the trouble, if in oneand the same state there were both plebeian tribunesand patricians ;one thing or the other must go,the patriciate or the tribunate. It was better latethan never to oppose their rashness and temerity.Were they to be suffered with impunityfirst to sowdiscord and stirup neighbouring wars, and then toprevent the state from arming and defending itselfagainst the wars they had raised themselves?they had all but invited in the enemy, should theyrefuse to allow the enrolment of armies to opposethat ;enemy while Canuleius had the hardihood toannounce in the senate that unless the Fathers permittedhis laws to be received, as though he were aconqueror, he would forbid the W7levy? hat elsewas this than a threat that he would betray hisnative City to attack and capture? How must thatspeech encourage, not the Roman plebs, but theVolsci, the Aequi, and the Veientes ! Would theynot hope that, led by Canuleius, they would be ableto scale the Capitol and the Citadel ? Unless thetribunes had robbed the patricians of their couragewhen they took away their rights and their dignity,the consuls were prepared to lead them againstcriminal citizens sooner than against armed enemies.III. At the very time when these opinions werefinding expression in the senate, Canuleius heldforth in this fashion in behalf of his laws and inopposition to the consuls :" How greatly the patriciansdespised you, Quirites, how unfit they deemedyou to live in the City, within the same walls asthemselves, I think I have often observed before,but never more clearly than at this very moment,263

LIVYi.u.c.equidem et ante videor animadvertisse, nunc tamenmaxime quod adeo atroces in has rogationes nostras3 coorti sunt, quibus quid aliud quam admonemuscives nos eorum esse, et si noii easdem opes habere,4 eandem tamen patriam incolcre? Altera conubiumpetimus, quod finitimis externisque dari solet nosquidem civitatem, quae plus quam conubium est,5 hostibus etiam victis dedimus ;altera nihil noviferimus, sed id quod populi est repetirnus atqueusurpamus, ut quibus velit populus Romanus honores6 mandet. Quid tandem est cur caelum ac terrasmisceant, cur in me impetus modo paenein senatusit factus, negent se manibus temperatures vio-7 laturosque denuntient sacrosanctam potestatem ? Sipopulo Romano liberum suffragium datur, ut quibusvelit consulatum mandet,, et non praeciditur spesplebeio quoque, si dignus summo honore erit, apiscendisummi honoris, stare urbs haec non poteritrDe imperio actum est? Et perinde hoc valet,servum aut liber-plebeiusne consul fiat, tamquam8 tinum aliquis consulem futurum dicat? Ecquid 1sentitis in quanto contemptu vivatis ? Lucis vobishuius partem,si liceat, adimant ;quod spiratis, quodvocem mittitis, quod formas hominum habetis, indig-9 nantur ; quin etiam, si dis placet,nefas aiunt esseconsulem plebeiumfieri. Obsecro vos, si non ad1Ecquid M: et quid n.264

BOOK IV. in. 2-9when they are rallying so fiercely against these B.C. 445proposals of ours. Yet what else do we intend bythem than to remind our fellow citizens that we areof them, and that, though we possess not the samewealth, still we dwell in the same City they inhabit?In the one bill we seek the right of intermarriage,which is customarily granted to neighbours andforeigners indeed we have granted citizenship,which is more than intermarriage, even to defeatedenemies ;in the other we propose no innovation,but reclaim and seek to exercise a popular right, towit that the Roman People shall confer officeuponwhom it will. What reason is there, pray, why theyshould confound heaven and earth ;why they shouldalmost have attacked me just now in the senate ;why they should declare that they will place norestraint on force, and should threaten to violateour sacrosanct authority? If the Roman Peopleisgranted a free vote, that so itmay commit theconsulship to what hands it likes, if even the plebeianis not cut off from the hope of gaining the highesthonours if he shall be deservingolf the highesthonours will this City of ours be unable to endure ?Is her dominion at an end ? When we raise thequestion of making a plebeian consul, is it the sameas if we were to say that a slave or a freedmanshould attain that office ? Have you any conceptionof the contempt in which you are held ? Theywould take from you, were it possible, a part of thisdaylight. That you breathe, that you speak, thatyou have the shape of men, fills them with resentment.Nay, they assert, if you please, that it issinning against Heaven to elect a plebeian consul.Tell me, if we are not admitted to consult the265

LIVYfastos, non ad commentaries pontificum admittimur,ne ea quidem scimus quae omnes peregrin! etiamsciunt, consules in locum regum successisse nee autiuris aut maiestatis quicquam habere quod non in10 regibus ante fuerit En ? unquam 1 creditis fandoauditum esse Numam Pompilium, non modo nonpatricium sed ne civem quidem Romanum, ex Sabinoagro accitum, populi iussu, patribus auctoribus 21 1 Romae regnasse? L. deinde Tarquinium, nonRomanae modo, sed ne Italicae quidem gentis,Demarati Corinthii filium, incolam ab Tarquiniis,12 vivis liberis Anci, regem factum ? Ser. Tulliumpost hunc, captiva Corniculana natum, patre nullo,matre serva, ingenio virtute regnum tenuisse ? Quidenim de T. Tatio Sabino dicam, quern ipse Romulus,13 parens urbis, in societatem regni accepit ? Ergodum nullum fastiditur genus in quo eniteret virtus,crevit imperium Romanum. Paeniteat nunc vosplebeii consulis, cum maiores nostri advenas regesnon fastidierint et ne regibus quidem exactis clausa14 urbs fuerit peregrinae virtuti ? Claudiam certeexactos ex Sabinis non in civi-gentem post regestatem modo accepimus sed etiam in patriciorum1 En unquam MA 1 (or A z en ) umquam enim : :quamPS: en inquam P Z F*U': ennumquam HDLA :nunquamKarsten : et unquam Fl2auctoribus $- : omitted by n.1Dies fasti were the days on which it was lawful to pronouncejudgment. Fasti often means, as here, the calendarkept by the pontiffs on which such days were marked. Itwas not until 304 B.C., when Cn. Flavins posted a list ofthem in the Forum (ix. xlvi. 5), that the plebeians couldknow with certainty when they fell.266

They probably furnished guidance regarding ceremonies. 267BOOK IV. in. 9-14Fasti 1 2or the Commentaries of the Pontiffs,' are we 3.0.445therefore ignorant of what all men, even foreigners,know, viz. that the consuls succeeded to the placeof the kings, and possess no jot nor tittle of right ordignity that belonged not to the kings before ?Come ! Would you believe the story was ever heardhow Numa Pompilius not only no patrician, butnot even a Roman citizen was sent for from thecountry of the Sabines, and reigned at Rome, bycommand of the people and with the senators'consent ? And again, how Lucius Tarquinius, whowas not even of Italian stock not to mentionRoman being the son of Demaratus of Corinth, andan immigrant from Tarquinii, was made king, whilethe sons of Ancus were still ? living And how afterhim Servius Tullius, son of a captive woman fromCorniculum, who had nobody for his father and abond-woman for his mother, held the royal power byhis innate ability and worth ? For why should Ispeak of Titus Tatius the Sabine, with whom Romulushimself, the Father of the Citv, v * shared his sover-eignty? Well then, so long as men despised nofamily that could produce conspicuous excellence,the dominion of Rome increased. And are you nowto scorn a plebeian consul, when our ancestors werenot above accepting alien kings, and when the Citywas not closed against the meritorious foreigner,even after the expulsion of the kings? The Claudianfamily at least we not only received from the Sabinecountry, after the kings had been driven out, andgave them citizenship, but even admitted them tothe number of patricians. Shall the son of a stranger2Minutes of the proceedings of the pontifical college.

LIVYA.U.O. 15 numerum. Ex peregrinone patricius, deinde consulOAQfiat, civis Romanus si sit ex plebe, praecisa consulatus16 spes erit? Utrum tandem non credimus fieri posseut vir fortis ac strenuus, pace belloque bonus, explebe sit, Numae, L. Tarquinio, Ser. Tullio similis,17 an, ne si sit quidem, ad gubernacula rei publicaeaccedere eum patiemur, potiusque decemviris, taeterrimismortalium, qui tamen x omnes ex patribuserant, quam optimis regum, novis hominibus, similesconsules sumus habituri ?IV. "At enim nemo post reges exactos de plebeconsul fuit. Quid?postea Nullane res nova instituidebet, et quod nondum est factum multa enimnondum sunt facta in novo populo, ea ne si utilia2 quidem sint fieri oportet ? Pontifices, auguresRomulo regnante nulli erant ;ab Numa Pompiliocreati sunt. Census in civitate et discriptio2centuriarumclassiumque non erat ;ab Ser. Tullio est3 facta. Consules nunquam fuerant 3; regibus exactiscreati sunt. Dictatoris nee imperium nee nomenfuerat :apud patres esse coepit. Tribuni plebi,aediles, quaestores nulli erant ;institutum est, utfierent. Decemviros legibus scribendis intra decemhos annos et creavimus et e re publica sustulimus.4 Quis dubitat quin in aeternum urbe condita, inimmensum crescente nova imperia, sacerdotia, iura5 gentium hominumque instituantur ? Hoc ipsum, ne2681tamen $- : turn H.2 discriptio H. J. Mueller', descriptio fl.3fuerant 5- : fuerunt A.

BOOK IV. in. i4 -iv. 5become patrician and then consul, but a Roman B.C. 445citizen, if plebeian, be cut off from allhope of theconsulship? Do we not believe it possible that abold and strenuous man, serviceable both in peaceand in war, should come from the plebs, a man likeNuma, Lucius Tarquinius, or Servius Tullius ? Orshall we refuse, even if such an one appear, to lethim approach the helm of state? Must we ratherlook forward to consuls like the decemvirs, thevilest of mortals, who nevertheless were all ofpatrician birth, than to such as shall resemble thebest of the kings, new men though they were ?IV. " ' But,' you will say, ' from the time the kingswere expelled no plebeian has ever been consul.'Well, what then ? Must no new institution beadopted ? Ought that which has not yet been doneand in a new nation many things have not yetbeen done never to be put in practice, even if it beexpedient ? There were neither pontiffs nor augursin the reign of Romulus ;Numa Pompilius createdthem. There was no census in the state, no registrationof centuries and classes; Servius Tullius madeone. There had never been any consuls ;when thekings had been banished, consuls were elected.Neither the power nor the name of dictator hadever been known ;in the time of our fathers theybegan. Plebeian tribunes, aediles, and quaestors,there were none ;men decided to have them.Within the past ten years we have elected decemvirsfor drawing up the laws, and removed them from thecommonwealth. Who can question that in a cityfounded for eternity and of incalculable growth, newpowers, priesthoods, and rights of families andindividuals, must be established ? Was not this very269

LIVYA.n.o. conubium patribus cum plebe esset, non decemviritulerunt paucis his annis pessimo publico, 1 cumsumma iniuria plebis? An esse ulla maior aut insignitiorcontumelia potest quam partem civitatis6 velut contaminatam indignam conubio haberi ? Quidest aliud quam exsilium intra eadem moenia, quamrelegationem pati Ne ? adfinitatibus, ne propinquitatibusimmisceamur cavent, 2 ne societur sanguis.7 Quid? Hoc si polluit nobilitatem istam vestram,quam plerique oriundi ex Albanis et Sabinis nongenere nee sanguine sed per cooptationem in patreshabetis, aut ab regibus lecti aut post reges exactosiussu populij sinceram servare privatis consiliis nonpoteratis, nee ducendo ex plebe neque vestras filias8 sororesque ecnubere 3 sinendo e patribus? Nemoplebeius patriciae virgini vim adferret; patriciorumista libido est ;nemo invitum pactionem nuptialem9quemquam facere coegisset. Verum enimvero legeid prohiberi et conubium tolli patrum ac plebis, iddemura contumeliosum plebi est. Cur enim nonfertis, 4 ne sit conubium divitibus ac pauperibus?10 Quod privatorum consiliorum ubique semper fuit,ut in quam cuique feminae convenisset domumnuberet, ex qua pactus esset vir domo in matrimoniumduceret, id vos sub legis superbissimaevincula conicitis, qua dirimatis societatem civilem1pessimo publico Klock: pessimo exemplo publicopessimo exemplo n (publico added in marg. of P, by secondhand).2cavent$-: caueantfl: caueamurD: caueantur A.8 ecnubere M: enubere $- : et nubere (nubere U] n.4cur enim non fertis Madvig: cur enim non confertis fl :cur ent n confertis FB : curent non confertis Pi cur nonconfertis U.270

BOOK IV. iv.5-10provision, that patricians and plebeians might not B.C. 445intermarry, enacted by the decemvirs a few yearssince, with the worst effect on the community andthe gravest injustice to the plebs? Or can there beany greater or more signal insult than to hold aportion of the state unworthy of intermarriage, asthoughit were defiled ? What else is this but tosuffer exile within the same walls and banishment ?They guard against having us for connections orrelations, against the mingling of our blood withtheirs. Why, if this pollutes that fine nobility ofyours which many of you, being of Alban or ofSabine origin, possess not by virtue of race or blood,but through co-optation into the patriciate, havingbeen chosen either by the kings, or, after theirexpulsion, by decree of the people could you notkeep it pure by your own private counsels, neithertaking wives from the plebs nor permitting yourdaughters and sisters to marry out of the patriciate ?No plebeian would offer violence to a patricianmaiden : that is a patrician vice. No one wouldhave compelled anybody to enter a compact ofmarriage against his will. But let me tell you thatin the statutory prohibition and annulment of intermarriagebetween patricians and plebeians we haveindeed at last an insult to the plebs. Why, pray, doyou not bring in a law that there shall be no intermarryingof rich and poor ? That which has alwaysand everywhere been a matter of private policy, thata woman might marry into whatever family it hadbeen arranged, that a man might take a wife fromthat house where he had engaged himself, youwould subject to the restraint of a most arrogant'aw, that thereby you might break up our civil271

LIVYA.U.O. 11 duasque ex una civitate 1 faciatis. Cur non sancitis109ne vicinus patricio sit plebeius nee 2 eodem itinereeat, ne idem convivium ineat, ne in foro eodemconsistat ?Quid enim in re est aliud, siplebeiampatricius duxerit, si patriciam plebeius ? Quid iuristandem mutatur? Nempe patrem sequuntur liberi.12 Nee quodiios ex conubio vestro petamus quicquamest, praeterquam ut hominum, ut civium numerosimus, nee vos, nisi in contumeliam ignominiamquenostram certare iuvat, quod contendatis quicquamest.V. " Denique utrum tandem populi Romani anvestrum summum imperium est? Regibus exactisutrum vobis dominatio an omnibus aequa libertas2 parta est ? Oportet licere populo Romano, si velit,iubere legem ; an, ut quaeque rogatio promulgataerit, vos dilectum pro poena decernetis, et, simulego tribunus vocare tribus in suffragium coepero,tu statim consul sacramento iuniores adiges et incastra educes et minaberis plebi, minaberis tribuno?3 Quid si non quantum istae minae adversus plebisconsensum valerent, bis iam experti essetis ? Scilicetquia nobis 3 consultum volebatis, certamine abstinuistis;an ideo non est dimicatum, quod quae pars4 firmior eadem modestior fuit ? Nee nunc eritcertamen, Quirites animos vestros illi; temptabunt6 semper, vires non experientur. Itaque ad bella1civitate fl: ciuitates MA 3 .3 nobis 5- : uobis n.2nee XI : ne U$->1In the plebeian secessions of 494 and 449 B.C.272

BOOK IV. iv. lo-v. 5society and make two states out of one. Why do B.C. 445you not enact that a plebeian shall not live near apatrician, nor go on the same road ? That he shallnot enter the same festive company ? That he shallnot stand by his side in the same Forum ? Forwhat real difference does it make if a patrician takesa plebeian wife, or a plebeian a patrician ? Whatright, pray, is invaded ? The children of course takethe father's rank. There isnothing we are seekingto gain from marriage with you, except that weshould be accounted men and citizens. Neitherhave you any reason to oppose us, unless youdelight in vying with each other how you mayoutrage and humiliate us.V. " Finally I would ask, is it you, or the RomanPeople, who have ?supreme authority Did thebanishment of the kings bring you dominion, or toall men equal liberty?Ought the Roman People tobe permitted, if it so desire, to enact a law ;or shallyou, as each proposal is brought up, proclaim a levyby way of penalty, and so soon as I, the tribune,begin to summon the tribes to vote, shall you, theconsul, at once administer the oath to those of militaryage and march them out to camp, with threats againstthe plebs and with threats against the tribune ? How1would it be ifyou had not twice already proved howlittle those threats of yours are worth against theunanimous will of the plebs? I supposeit was considerationfor our good that made you refrain fromfighting? Or was this rather the reason there wasno strife, because the stronger side was also themore moderate ? Neither will there be any strugglenow, Quirites; they will always test your courage;but will never put your strength to the proof.And273

LIVYi.c.o. ista. seu falsa seu vera sunt, consules, parata vobis309plebes est, si conubiis redditis unam hanc civitatemtandem facitis ;si coalescere, si iungi misceriquevobis privatis necessitudinibus possunt ; si spes, siaditus ad honores viris strenuis et fortibus datur ;si in consortio, si in societate rei publicae esse, si,quod aequae libertatis est, in vicem annuis magis-6 tratibus parere atque imperitare licet. Si haecimpediet aliquis, ferte sermonibus et multiplicatefama bella ;nemo est nomen daturus, nemo armacapturus, nemo dimicaturus pro superbis dominis,cum quibus nee in re publica honorum nee in privataconubiisocietas est."VI. Cum in contionem consules processissent etres a perpetuis oratioiiibus in altercationem vertisset,interroganti tribune cur plebeiumconsulem fieri2 non oporteret, ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliterin praesens Curtius * "responditj Quod nemoplebeius auspicia haberet, ideoque decemviros conubiumdiremisse ne incerta prole auspicia turba-3 rentur." Plebes ad id maxime indignatione exarsit,quod auspicari, tamquam invisi dis immortalibus^negarentur posse nee ante finis contentionum ;fuit,cum et tribunum acerrimum auctorem plebes nactaesset et ipsa cum eo pertinacia certaret, quam2741 Curtius Walters : certamen fl.

BOOK IV. v. 5-vi. 3so the commons are ready, consuls, for those wars B c 445you deal in, be they feigned or genuine, if you givethem back their right of intermarriage, and makethis a singlestate at last: if you enable them tocoalesce, to unite, to merge with you in domesticalliances ;if the hope of attaining honours is heldout to strenuous men and brave if ;they are granteda share in the partnership of government ; if, in theenjoyment of equal liberty, they are allowed togovern and obey in turn, with the annual change ofmagistrates.If anyone shall prevent these reforms,you may talk of wars, and multiply them in thetelling but nobody will give in his name, nobody;will take up arms, nobody will fight for haughtymasters with whom he has no association in thehonours of the state nor in the marriages of privatelife."VI. When the consuls had come forth to thepeople and set speeches had given place to wrangling,the tribune demanded what reason there was whya plebeian should not be chosen consul ;to whomCurtius replied, with truth perhaps, yet, in thecircumstances, to little purpose, " because no plebeianhas the auspices, and that is the reason the decemvirshave forbidden intermarriages, lest the auspicesshould be confounded by the uncertain standingof those born of them." At this the plebs fairlyblazed with indignation, because it was declaredthat they could not take auspices, as though theywere hated by the immortal gods nor was the controversyended for the plebeians had got a most;energetic champion in their tribune, and rivalledhim themselves in determination, until at last thepatricians were beaten, and allowed the law regard-275

LIVYA.U.O. victi tandem patres ut de conubio ferretur con-4 cessere, 1 ita maxime rati contentionem de plebeiisconsulibus tribunes aut totam deposituros aut postbellum dilaturos esse, contentamque interim conubioplebem paratam dilectuifore.5 Cum Canuleius victoria de patribus et plebisfavore ingens esset, accensi alii tribuni ad certamenpro rogatione sua summa vi pugnant et crescente6 in dies fama belli dilectum impediunt. Consules,cum per senatum intercedentibus tribunis nihil agiposset, concilia 2 principum domi habebant. Apparebataut hostibus aut civibus de victoria concedendum7 esse. Soli ex consularibus Valerius atque Horatiusnon intererant consiliis. C. Claudi sententia consulesarmabat in tribunes ; Quinctiorum, Cincinnatiqueet Capitolini, sententiae abhorrebant a caedeviolandisque quos foedere icto cum plebe sacro-8 sanctos accepissent. Per haec consilia eo deductaest res ut tribunes militum consular! potestate promisee3 ex patribus ac plebe creari sinerent, deconsulibus creandis nihil mutaretur ;eoque contenti9 tribuni, contenta plebs fuit. Comitia tribunis con-1concessere Rhenanus : consensere concessere V. : consenserereconcessere M: consensere A.2concilia Gronov : consilia 1.8promisee Conway:prorniscue UOHA :promiscuae H.1The first recorded instance of the tribunician veto beingexercised upon a decree of the senate.2Leaders of that element in the senate which stood for apolicy of conciliation, and authors of the Valerio-Horatiawlaws (in. li.-lv.).276

BOOK IV. vi. 3-9ing intermarriage to be passed, chiefly because theythought that so the tribunes would either whollygive over their contention for plebeian consuls orwould postponeit until after the war, and that theplebs meantime, contented with the right to intermarry,would be ready to submit to the levy.But since Canuleius was grown so great throughhis victory over the patricians and the favour of theplebs, the other tribunes were encouraged to takeup the quarrel and they fought for their measure;with the utmost violence, hindering the levy, thoughthe rumours of war increased from day to day. Theconsuls, since they were powerless to do anythingthrough the senate when the tribunes interposed1their veto, held councils of their leading men inprivate. It was clear that they must submit to beconquered either by the enemy or by their fellowcitizens. Of all the consulars only Valerius andHoratius 2 took no part in their deliberations. GaiusClaudius spoke in favour of arming the consulsagainst the tribunes ;the Quinctii, both Cincinnatusand Capitolinus, were opposed to bloodshed and toinjuring those whom they had acknowledged by asolemn treaty with the plebs to be inviolable. Theupshot of these consultations was this, that theypermitted military tribunes with consular authorityto be chosen indifferently from the patriciate andthe 3 plebs, but made no change in the election ofconsuls. With this decision both tribunes andcommons were content. An election was called, forB.C. 4453The office thus instituted (very probably by a speciallaw, cf. chap. xxxv. 10) was not finally given uptill 367 B.C.During this period consuls were chosen twenty-two timesand tribunes fifty-one times.VOL. II.K277

LIVYA.U.O. sulari potestate tribus creandis indicuntur. Quibusindictis extemplo quicumque aliquid seditiose dixerataut fecerat unquam, 1 maxime tribunicii, et prensarehomines et concursare toto foro candidati coepere,10 ut patricios desperatio primo inritata plebe apiscendihonoris, deinde indignatio, si cum his gereiidusesset honos, deterreret. Postremo coactitamen a primoribus petiere, ne cessisse possessione11 rei publicae viderentur. Eventus eorum comitiorumdocuit alios animos in contentione libertatis dignitatisque,alios secundum deposita certamina incorruptoiudicio esse tribunos enim omnes; patricioscreavit populus, contentus eo quod ratio habita12 plebeiorum esset. Hanc modestiam aequitatemqueet altitudinem animi ubi nunc in uno inveneris, quaeturn populi universi fait ?A.U.O. VII. Anno trecentesimo decimo quam urbs Romacoiidita erat primum tribuni militum pro consulibusmagistratum ineunt, A. Sempronius Atratinus L.Atilius T. Cloelius/ 2 quorum in magistratu con-2 cordia domi pacem etiam foris praebuit. Sunt quipropter adiectum Aequorurn Volscorumque bello etArdeatium defectioni Veiens belluin, quia duo consulesobire tot simul bella nequirent, tribunos milituintrescreates dicant, sine mentione promulgatae1unquam Crevier : hunc quam n.2 Cloelius Sigonius (Dion. Hal. xi. Ixi. 3): caecilius (orcecilius) n : caelius (or celius) ALL.1Other Atilii were plebeians (see e. g. Liv. v. xiii. 3),hence Niebuhr conjectured that Livy was in error in statingthat the three tribunes were all patricians.278

BOOK IV. vi. 9-vn. 2choosing three tribunes with consular powers. No B.C. 445sooner was itproclaimed than everybody who hadever spoken or acted in a seditious manner, especiallythose who had been tribunes, fell to canvassingvoters and bustling about all over the Forum in thewhite robes of candidates ;so that the patricians, whatwith despair of obtaining office now that the plebswere so wrought up, and what with scorn if theymust share its administration with these fellows,were deterred from standing. At last, however, theywere compelled by their leaders to compete, lestthey might seem to have surrendered the control ofthe commonwealth. The outcome of this electionshowed how different are men's minds when strugglingfor liberty and station from what they are whenthey have laid aside their animosities and theirjudgment is unbiassed for;the people chose all thetribunes from among the patricians, quite satisfiedthat plebeians should have been allowed to stand.Where shall you now find in one single man thatmoderation, fairness, and loftiness of mind, which atthat time characterized the entire people ?VII. In the year three hundred and ten from B.O. iuthe founding of Rome, military tribunes for the firsttime took office in place of consuls. Their nameswere Aulus 1Sempronius Atratinus, Lucius Atilius,and Titus Cloelius. Daring their administrationdomestic harmony insured peace abroad, as well.(Some say that on account of a war with Veii, whichbroke out in addition to the war with the Aequiand Volsci and the revolt of the men of Ardea, twoconsuls were unable to cope with so many wars atonce, and therefore three military tribunes werecreated. These writers say nothing of the pro-279

LIVYi.u.o. legis de consulibus creandis ex plebe, et imperio3 et insignibus consularibus usos. Non tamen profirmatoiam stetit magistratus eius ius, quia tertio menseac vitioquam inierunt, augurum decreto perindecreati, honore abiere, quod C. Curtius, 1 qui comitiiseorum praefuerat, parum recte tabernaculum cepisset.4 Lejrati ab Ardea Rornam venerunt. ita de iniuriao *querentes ut si demeretur ea in foedere atque6 amicitia mansuros restitute agro appareret, Absenatu responsum est iudicium populi rescindi absenatu non posse, praeterquam quod nullo neeexemplo nee iure fieret, concordiae etiam ordinum6 causa : si Ardeates sua tempora exspectare velintarbitriumque senatui levandae iniuriae suae permittant,fore ut postmodo gaudeant se irae moderates,sciantque patribus aeque curae fuisse ne qua iniuria7 in eos oreretur ac ne orta diuturna esset. Ita legaticum se rem integram relaturos dixissent, comiterdimissi.Patricii, cum sine curuli magistratu res publicaesset, coiere et interregem creavere. Contentioconsul esne an tribuni militum crearentur in inter-1 C. Cnrtius Sigoniics (cf. chap. i. 1) : centum curiatiusMA 2 : c. curiatius (c. curatius V) H.1The lictors, with their rods and axes.2The tabernaculum was a tent erected on the templum, orplace marked out for the augural ceremony. Through anaperture in its roof the sky was watched for the flightof birds. Any flaw in the procedure would vitiate thesubsequent election.280

BOOK IV vn. 2-7mulgation of a law about the election of consuls B.O 4-yfrom the plebs, but record that the three tribunesenjoyed the authority and insignia 1 of consuls.)Still, the power of that magistracy was not yetupon a firm footing, for three months after theyhad taken up their office they laid it down, theaugurs having decreed that there had been a flawin their election, because Gaius Curtius, who hadpresided over the assembly, had not properly selectedthe 2ground for the tent.Ambassadors from Ardea came to Rome, complainingof the injustice done them, and with suchfairness that it was evident that ifthey weregranted redress, through the restoration of theirland, they would abide by the treaty and remainfriendly.The senate replied that the judgmentof the people could not be rescinded by them, notonly because they had no precedent or authorityfor such action, but also because they had regardto the harmony between the orders, if the Ardeateswould bide their time and leave the senate todecide upon a remedy for the injury done them,the day would come when they would be glad thatthey had controlled their anger, and they wouldlearn that the senators had been equally concernedthat no wrong should be done them and thatwhat had been done should be speedily redressed.So the ambassadors, having said that they wouldrefer the whole matter to their people, werecourteously dismissed.The patricians, since the state was without anycurule magistrate, met and chose an interrex. Adispute whether consuls or military tribunes shouldbe appointed kept the state in an interregnum for281

LIVYAUO 8 regno rem dies complures tenuit. Interrex acsib senatus consul um comitia, tribuni plebis et plebstribunorum militum ut habeantur tendunt. Viceruntpatres, quia et plebs, patriciis seu hunc seu ilium9 delatura honorem, frustra certare supersedit, etprincipes plebis ea comitia malebant quibus noilhaberetur ratio sua, quam quibus ut indigni praeterirentur.Tribuni quoque plebi certamen sineeffectu in beneficio apud primores patrum reliquere.10 T. Quinctius Barbatus interrex consules creat L.Papirium Mugillanum, 1 L. Sempronium Atratinum.His consulibus cum Ardeatibus foedus renovatumest ; idque monument! est consules eos illo annofuisse, qui neque in annalibus priscis neque in libris11 magistratuum inveniuntur. Credo quod tribunimilitum initio anni fuerimt. eo perinde ac si toturnannum in imperio iuerint, sufiectos iis consules12 praetermissos. Nomina 2 consulum horum LiciniusMacer auctor est et in foedere Ardeatino et inlinteis libris ad Monetae inventa. Et foris, cum totterrores a finitimis ostentati essent, et domi otiumi'uit.AUG. VIII. Hunc annum, seu tribunos modo seu tribunis311 suffectos consules quoque liability sequitur annusMugillanum r Sigonius (cf. C.I.L. i z , p. 112 ;Dion. Hal.1XI. Ixii. 2) mngilanum : fl.2suffectos iis consules praetermissos. Nomina Madvig:suftectis (sufifecti U) iis (his 0) consulibus praetermissanomina H.Perhaps the Aiinales Maximi.1*Livy perhaps has in mind Libri consular es, or lists ofconsuls.282

BOOK IV. vn. 7-vin.iseveral days. The interrex and the senate held out B.C. 444for the election of consuls ;the plebeian tribunesand the plebs were for military tribunes. Victoryrested with the senators, not only because the plebsgave up the idle contest whether they should conferthis honour or that upon the patricians, but alsobecause the leaders of the plebs preferred an electionin which they would not be reckoned candidates toone in which they would be passed over as unworthy.The tribunes, too, of the plebs relinquishedthe unavailing contest in favour of the leaders of thepatricians. Titus Quinctius Barbatus, as interrex,declared the election of Lucius Papirius Mugillanusand Lucius Sempronius Atratinus. In their consulshipthe treaty with the Ardeates was renewed ;andin this lies the proof that these men were consulsthat year, although their names are found neither inthe ancient annals l nor in the lists of2magistrates;Isuppose that, because there were military tribunesin the beginning of the year, the consuls who wereelected in their place were passed over as if thetribunes had been in power throughout the year.Licinius Macer testifies that the names of theseconsuls were given both in the treaty with Ardeaand in the Linen Rolls in the temple of 3Moneta.Things were quiet both abroad and at home, despitethe numerous alarms which neighbouring states hadcaused.VIII. This year, whether it had tribunes only or 8.0.443tribunes succeeded by consuls, was followed by one3The temple of Juno Moneta was erected on the CapitolineHill in 344 B.C. (vn. xxviii. 6). The Linen Rolls whichLivy tells us were preserved there contained chronologicallists of magistrates.o283

LIVYA.U.O311baud dubiis consulibus, M. Geganio Macerino iterum2 T. Quinctio Capitolino quintum. 1 Idem hie annuscensurae initium fuit, rei a parva origineortae, quaedelude tanto incremento aucta est ut morum disciplinaequeRomanae penes cam regimen, senatui 2equitumque centuriis decoris dedecorisque discrimensub dicione eius magistrates, ius publicorum 3 privatorumquelocorum, vectigalia populi Romani sub3 riutu atque arbitrio eius 4 essent. Ortum auteminitium est rei, quod in populo per multos annosincenso neque differri census poterat neque consulibus,cum tot populorum bella imminerent, operae4 erat id negotium agere. Mentio inlata ad senatum 5est rem operosam ac minime consularem suo propriomagistratu egere, cui scribarum ministerium custodiaequetabularum 6 cura, cui arbitrium formulae6 censendi subiceretur. Et patres quamquam remparvam, tarnen quo plures patricii magistratusin republica essent, laeti accepere, id quod evenit, futurum,credo, etiam rati, ut mox opes eorum quipraeesseiit ipsi honori ius maiestatemque adicerent ;Get tribuni, id quod tune erat, rnagis necessarii 7quamspeciosi ministerii procurationem intuentes, ne inquintum Gronovius : quintum consule (consulem 0) fl.1senatui M. Mueller : senatu 1.publicorum M :pulilicorum ius H.224urbitrio eius Luterbacher : arbitrio fl.5ad senatum FÂlsrhefski: ab senatum MPB: ab senatu n.6tabularum Crevier : et tabularum n : et tabularis M ?7284necessarii Madvig :necessarium fi.

BOOK IV. viii. 1-6which had consuls about whom there is no question.B.C.These were Marcus Geganius Macerinus, for thesecond time, and Titus Quinctius Capitolinus, forthe fifth time. This same year saw the adoptionof the censorship, an institution which originatedin a small way but afterwards grew to such dimensionsthat it was invested with the regulation of themorals and discipline of the Romans. The distributionof honour and ignominy amongst the senate andthe centuries of the knights was controlled by thismagistracy, while jurisdiction over public and privatesites, together with the revenues of the RomanPeople, were entirely subject to its discretion.What firstgave rise to the office was this : thepeople had not been rated for many years and thecensus could not be postponed;yet the consuls,when so many nations threatened war, had no timefor this work. The subject was brought up in thesenate, where it was held that the task, which wasa laborious one and beneath the dignity of a consul,required its own proper magistrates, who shouldhave a staff of clerks, assume the custody of therecords, and regulate the form of the census. Thesenators, though it was a small matter, neverthelessgladly welcomed the suggestion, in order thatthere might be more patrician magistracies in theadministration of the state. They thought eventhen, I imagine, as afterwards proved to be thecase, that it would not be long before the consequenceof those who held the office would lendauthority and dignity to the office itself. Thetribunes also, regardingit as a necessary ratherthan a showy service, as in those days it actuallywas, did not hold out against the plan, lest they285

LIVYA.U.O.parvis quoque rebus incommode adversarentur, baud7 sane tetendere. Cum a primoribus civitatis spretushonor esset, Papirium Semproniumque, quorum deconsulatu dubitatur, 1 ut eomagistratu parum solidumconsulatum explerent, censui agendo populus suffragiispraefecit. Censores ab re appellati sunt.IX. Dum haec Romae geruntur, legati ab Ardeaveniunt pro veterrima societate renovataque 2 foedererecenti auxilium prope eversae urbi implorantes.2 Frui namque pace optimo consilio cum populoRomano servata per intestina arma non licuit ;quorum causa atque initium traditur ex certamine3 factionum ortum, quae fuerunt eruntque pluribuspopulis exitio 3 quam bella externa, quam famesmorbive, quaequealia in deum iras velut ultima4 publicorum malorum vertunt. Virginem plebeiigeneris maxime forma notam duo 4 petiere iuvenes,alter virgini genere par, tutoribus fretus, qui et ipsieiusdem corporis erant, nobilis alter, nulla re praeter-5 quam forma captus. Adiuvabant eum optumatiumstudia, per quae in domum quoque puellae certamenpartium penetravit. Nobilis superior iudicio matrisesse, quae quam splendidissimis nuptiis iungi puellamvolebat : tutores in ea quoque re partium memores6 ad suum tendere. Cum res peragi intra parietes1dubitatur $- : dubitur Hi dubitabatur ft.2renovataque Conway : renouatoque n.3 exitio Weseiiberg : magis exitio 1.*notam duo Kiehl : notam il.2861 i.e. the aristocratic party.

BOOK IV. vin. 6-ix. 6might seem to be vexatiousl y obstinate even in B.C. 443trifles. The principal men in the state scorned theoffice, and the taking of the census was, by thevotes of the people, committed to Papirius andSempronius (whose consulship is questioned), tliatthey might round out their incomplete year ofoffice with this magistracy. They were calledcensors from their function.IX. While these things were going on in Rome,there came envoys from Ardea begging the Romansin the name of their ancient alliance, renewed bythe recent treaty, to send help to their city,whichwas on the brink of ruin. For the enjoyment ofpeace, which they had most wisely preserved withthe Roman People, had been denied them, owingto civil war. This is said to have had its causeand origin in the rivalry of factions, which havebeen and will be fraught with destruction to morenations than foreign wars, or famine and pestilence,or whatsoever other scourges men attribute, as themost desperate national calamities, to the wrath ofHeaven. A maiden of plebeian family who wasfamous for her beauty had two youthful suitors.One was of her own class and relied on the approvalof her guardians, who were themselves of the samestanding. The other was a noble, captivated solelyby her good looks, who was supported by the favourof the 1optimates, which resulted in the introductionof party strife into the household of the girlherself.The noble was preferred by the mother, who wishedher daughter to make as grand a match as possible.The guardians, mindful even in a matter like thisof political interests, held out for their fellowplebeian. When the dispute could not be settled287

LIVYA.U.O.nequisset, ventum in ius est. Postulatu audito matristutorumque magistratus secundum parentis arbitrium7 dant ius nuptiarum. Sed vis potentior fuit ;namquehomines de iniuria decretitutores, inter suae partispalam in foro contionati, manu facta virginem ex8 domo matris rapiunt adversus; quos infestior coortaoptumatium acies sequitur accensum iniuria iuvenem.Fit proelium atrox. Pulsa plebs, nihil Romanae plebisimilis, armata ex urbe profecta colle quodam captoin agros optumatium cum ferro ignique excursiones9 facit ;urbem quoque omni 1 etiam expertium2antecertaminis multitudine opificum ad spem praedae10 evocata obsidere parat;nee ulla species cladesquebelli abest velut contacta civitate rabie duorumiuvenum funestas nuptias ex occasu patriae peten-11 tium. Parum parti utrique domi armorum belliqueest visum ; optumates Romanes ad auxilium urbisobsessae, plebs ad expugnandam secum Ardeam12 Volscos excivere. Priores Volsci duce Aequo Cluilio 3Ardeam venere et moenibus hostium vallum obiecere.13 Quod ubi Romam est nunliatum, extemplo M.Geganius consul cum exercitu profectus tria miliapassuum ab hoste locum castris cepit praecipitique1omni Morstadt : omnis fl.expertium Walters : expertem n.23 Cluilio r : ciuilio YDÂ* (or A 3 ): ciuili fl.1The injustice probably lay in the disregard of theguardians' traditional right to dispose of the hand of theirward. The mother herself would be a ward.2This looks as though the Volscian party were freelances, since a regular army would hardly have been ledby an Aequian.288

BOOK IV. ix.6-13privately, a suit was instituted. After listening to the B.C. 443pleas of the mother arid the guardians, the magistratesdecreed that the mother should have powerto decide as she saw fit about the marriage. Butviolence was stronger than they for;the guardians,after openly addressing a crowd of their own partyin the market-place, on the injustice x of the decision,collected a party and carried the girl offfrom her mother's house. To confront them aneven more warlike band of nobles gathered, underthe leadership of the injured and indignant youth,and a desperate battle followed. The plebs wererouted, but, unlike the Roman plebs, having armedand withdrawn from their and city encamped upona certain hill, they sallied forth, sword and torch inhand, to sack the farms of the nobles. They evenprepared to besiege the city itself, for the entirebody of artizans, even those who had hitherto had nopart in the quarrel, had been called out by the hopeof plunder nor was there wanting any form of the;horrors of war, as though the nation had been infectedwith the madness of the two young men who soughta fatal marriage in the ruin of their country.Neither side saw that there had been enough of warand arms at home; the optimates called upon theRomans to relieve their beleaguered city the;plebeians sent for the Volsci to help them captureArdea. The Volsci, with the Aequian Cluilius fortheir leader, 2 were the first to reach Ardea, andthrew up intrenchments against the walls of theirenemies. When the news was brought to Rome,Marcus Geganius the consul immediately set outwTith an army. When three miles from the enemyhe chose a place for his camp and as the day was;289

LIVYA u.c. iam die curare corpora milites iubet. Quarta deinde311vigilia sigria profert, coeptumque opus adeo adproperaturnest ut sole orto Volsci firmiore se munimentoab Roman is circumvallatos quam a se urbem14 viderent ;et alia parte consul muro Ardeae bracchiuminiunxerat, qua ex oppido sui commeare possent.X. Volscus imperator, qui ad earn diem non commeatupraeparato sed ex populatione agrorum raptoin diem frumento aluisset militem, postquam saeptusvallo repente inops omnium rerum erat, ad conloquiumconsule evocato, si solvendae obsidionis causavenerit Romanus, abducturum se inde Volscos ait.2 Adversus ea consul victis condiciones accipiendasesse, non ferendas respondit, neque ut venerint adoppugnandos socios populi Romani suo arbitrio, ita3 abituros Volscos esse. Dedi imperatorem, arma poniiubet, et fatentes victos se esse l imperio parere ;aliter tarn abeuntibus quam manentibus se hosteminfensum victoriam potius ex Volscis quam pacem4 infidam Romam relaturum. Volsci exiguam spem inarmis alia undique abscisa cum temptasseiit, praetercetera adversa loco quoque iniquo ad pugnain con-1 et fatentes victos se esse Walters: fatentes uictos seesse et n.1Apparently the Volsci had not succeeded in drawingtheir lines completely round the city.290

BOOK IV. ix. i3-x. 4now fast drawing to a close, ordered his soldiers B.C. 443to refresh themselves. Then in the fourth watchhe marched out, and commencing a contravallation,made such speed that at sunrise the Volsci perceivedthat they were more securely hemmed inby the Romans than was the city by themselves ;and on one side the consul had thrown out awork to join the walls of Ardea, in order that hisfriends in the town might be enabled to come andgo- 1 X.The Volscian commander, who had maintainedhis men up to that time not out of a store providedin advance, but with corn taken from day to day inpillaging the country-side, was no sooner shut in bythe rampart than he found himself all at oncedestitute of everything. He therefore invited theconsul to a parley, and said that if the Romangeneral had come for the purpose of raising thesiege, he would lead the Volscians off. The consulreplied that it was for the conquered to acceptterms, not to make them ;the Volsci had consultedtheir own pleasure in coming to attack the allies ofthe Roman People ;it would be otherwise with theirdeparture. He ordered them to surrender theirgeneral, to lay down their arms, and, confessingthemselves defeated, to yield to his authority ; ifthey did not, he would be their determined enemy,whether they attempted to go or to stay, and wouldrather bring back to Rome a victory over the Volscithan a treacherous peace with them. The Volsci,testing the small hope that arms held out to themfor all other hope had been cut off fought, not tospeak of other disadvantages, in a position that wasunfavourable for battle and still more unfavourable291

LIVYA.U.O. gressi, iniquiore ad fugam, cum ab omni partecaederentur, ad preces a certarnine versi, deditoimperatore traditisque armis sub iugum missi cumsingulis vestimentis ignominiae cladisque pleni dimit-5 tuntur ;et cum baud procul urbe Tusculo consedissent,vetere Tusculanorum odio inermes oppress!6 dederunt poenas vix nuntiis caedis relictis. RomanusArdeae turbatas seditione res principibus eius motussecuri percussis bonisque eorum in publicum Ardeatiumredactis composuit ; demptamque iniuriamiudicii tanto beneficio populi Roman! Ardeates credebant;senatui superesse aliquid ad delendum pablicae7 avaritiae monumentum videbatur. Consul triumphansin urbem redit Cluilio 1 duce Volscorum ante currumducto praelatisque spoliis quibus dearmatum exercitumhostium sub iugum miserat.8 Aequavit, quod hand facile est, Quinctius consultogatus armati gloriam collegae, quia concordiaepacisque domesticae 2 curarn iura infimis summisquemoderando ita tenuit ut eum et patres severum con-9 sulem et plebs satis comem crediderint. Et adversustribunos auctoritate plura quam certaminetenuit ;quinque consulatus eodem tenore gestivitaque omnis consulariter acta verendum paene1Cluilio Vascosanus: ciuilio MOHD [LA: ciuili F? PFUJ'>.2domesticae Jac. Gronov. : domesticam fl.1Whereby certain land over which Ardea and Aricia werein litigation was awarded by the Roman People to themselves.See in. Ixxi. and IV. i. 4.292

BOOK IV. x. 4-9for flight;and being cut to pieces on every side, B.C. 443left off fighting and fell to entreaties ;and aftergiving up their general and handing over theirweapons, were sent under the yoke, with a singlegarment each, and so dismissed, overwhelmed withshame and disaster. But on their encamping notfar from the city of Tusculum, the Tusculans, uponan old grudge, attacked them in their defencelessstate, and exacted so heavy a penalty that theyscarce leftany to report the massacre. TheRoman commander, finding Ardea distracted bysedition, composed its troubles by beheading theringleaders of the revolt and confiscating theirproperty to the public treasury of the Ardeates.The townsmen thought that the great service whichthe Roman People had thus rendered them had cancelledthe injustice of the judgment, 1 but theRoman senate felt that somethingstill remainedto do in order to wipe out that reminder of thenational greed. The consul returned to the City andtriumphed, making Cluilius, the leader of the Volsci,walk before his chariot, and displaying the spoilswhich he had taken from the hostile army, beforesending them under the yoke.It is no easy thing to do, but the consul Quinctiusequalled in civil life the fame of his armed colleague ;for so well did he maintain domestic peace andconcord, by tempering the law to high and low,that the Fathers regarded him as a strict consul,and the plebs as mild enough. He held hisown, too, with the tribunes, more by his personalinfluence than by contending with them. Fiveconsulships administered on the self-same principles,and a life which had been throughout of consular293

L1VYA.U c.ipsum magis quam honorem faciebant. Eo tribunorummilitarium nulla mentio his consulibus fuit.A l; ;-aXI. Consules creantur l M. Fabius Vibulanus,2 Postumus Aebutius Cornicen. Fabius et Aebutiusconsules, quo maiori gloriae rerum domi forisquegestarum succedere se cernebant, maxime autemmemorabilem annum apud finitimos socios hostesquetanta foretesse, quod Ardeatibus in re praecipiti3 cura subventum, eo impensius, ut delerent prorsusex animis hominum infamiam iudicii, senatus consultumfecerunt ut, quoniam civitas Ardeatiumintestine tumultu redacta ad paucos esset, coloni eo4 praesidii causa adversus Volscos scriberentur. Hocpalam relatum in tabulas, ut plebem tribunosquefalleret iudicii rescindendi consilium initum ;consenserantautem ut multo maiore parte Rutulorumcolonorum quam Romanorum scripta nee ager ullusdivideretur nisi is, qui interceptus iudicio infamierat, nee ulli prius Romano ibi quam omnibus Rutu-5 lis divisus esset, gleba ulla agri adsignaretur. Sica

BOOK IV. x. 9-xi. 6dignity, made the man himself almost more revered B.C. 443than his office. Hence there was no talk of militarytribunes while these men were consuls.XI. Marcus Fabius Vibulamis and Postumus B.c,4ir;Aebutius Comicen were elected to the consulship.These men, perceiving that they succeeded to aperiod of great renown for civil and militaryachievements, and that nothing made the year somemorable in the eyes of neighbouring peoples,both allies and enemies, as the earnestness withwhich the Romans had come to the assistance of theArdeates in their dangerous crisis, were the moreconcerned to erase completely from men's mindsthe disgrace of the judgment. They accordinglycaused the senate to decree that inasmuch as thecitizens of Ardea had been reduced by domestictroubles to a small number, colonists should beenrolled to defend that city against the Volsci.This was the form in which the decree was drawnup and published, 1 that the plebs and the tribunesmight not perceive that a plan was on foot forrescinding the judgment but the senators had;privately agreed that they would enrol as colonistsa much larger proportion of Rutulians than Romans,and that no land should be parcelled out except thatwhich had been sequestered by the infamous decision,nor a single clod assigned there to any Roman untilall the Rutulians had been provided for. Thus theland reverted to the Ardeates. As triumvirs forestablishing the colony at Ardea they appointedAgrippa Menenius, Titus Cloelius Siculus, MarcusAebutius Helva. These men not only had a far frompopular service to perform, and offended the plebs byassigning to the allies land which the Roman People295

LIVYA.UO. offendissent, ne primoribus quidem patrum satis7 accept!, quod nihil gratiae cuiusquam dederant, vexationesad populum iam die dicta ab tribunis, remanendol in colonia, quam testem integritatisiustitiaeque habebant, vitavere.A.U.C.AXII. Pax domi fovisque firit et hoc et insequente_O"1anno C. Furio Paculo 2 et M. Papirio Crasso consuli-o~i2 bus. Ludi ab decemviris per secessionem plebis apatribus ex senatus consulto voti eo anno facti sunt.3 Causa seditionum nequiquam a Poetelio 3 quaesita,qui tribunus plebis iterum ea ipsa denuntiando factus4 neque ut de agris dividendis plebi referrent consulesad senatum pervincere potuit, et cum magno certamineobtinuisset ut consulerentur patres, consuluman tribunorum placeret comitia haberi, consules6 creari iussi sunt ;ludibrioque erant minae tribunidenuntiantis se dilectum impediturum, cum quietisfinitimis neque bello neque belli apparatu opusesset.6 Sequitur hanc tranquillitatem rerum annus ProculoGeganio Macerino L. Menenio Lanato consulibusmultiplici clade ac periculo insignis, seditionibus,fame, regno prope per largitionis dulcedinem in7 cervices accepto ; unum afuit bellum externum ;quodeorum omniumsi adgravatae res essent, vix ope1remanendo V: colon! adscript! remanendo (adscribitiM colonis D;M;296colon! adscripta F) fl.2Paculo Conway : pacilio fl.3 Poetelio Sigonius (C.I.L. i2 , p. 126): poetilio (poetiriopotilio F ; petilio BOA] n.

BOOK IV. xr. 6-xn. 7had adjudged to be its own ;but failed to satisfy even B.C. 442the great patricians, because they had done nothingto conciliate any man's goodwill. They thereforeavoided vexatious attacks before the peoplewhere the tribunes had already summoned them fortrialby remaining in the colony, which bore witnessto their integrity and justice.XII. There was peace at home and abroad B - c -duringthis and the following year, when Gaius FuriusPaculus and Marcus Papirius Crassus were consuls.The games which the decemvirs had vowed inpursuance of a decree of the senate, during thesecession of the plebs from the patricians, werethat year celebrated. Occasion for dissension wassought in vain by Poetelius, who though he had gothimself elected plebeian tribune for the second time,by proclaiming that he would carry through thesevery measures, was unsuccessful in forcing theconsuls to lay before the senate a proposal for assigningland to the plebs and when, after a hard;struggle, he obtained a vote of the senate to determinewhether consuls or tribunes should be elected,the decision was for consuls. Men only laughedwhen the tribune threatened to hold up the levy,for the neighbouring peoples were quiet, and warand warlike preparations were alike uncalled for.To this tranquil period succeeded the consulshipof Proculus Geganius Macerinus and Lucius MeneniusLanatus, a year conspicuous for numerous deaths anddangers, for seditions, famine, and for the yoke ofsovereignty, to which, won over by largesses, menalmost bowed their necks. The one thing lackingwas foreign war, and if that had been added to theirburden they could hardly have held out, thoughall297

LIVYA.U.O.oresist! potuisset. Coepere a fame*mala, seu adversusi *> 1annus frugibus fuit, sen dulcedine contionum eturbis deserto agrorum cultu nam; utrumque traditur.Et patres plebem desidem et tribuni plebis nuncfraudem nutic neglegeiitiam consul um accusabant.8 Postremo perpulere plebem haud adversante senatuut L. Minucius praefectus annonae crearetur, feliciorin eo magistratu ad custodiam libertatis futurus quamad curationem ministerii sui, qiianiquam postremoannonae quoque levatae haud immeritam et gratiam9 et gloriam tulit. Qui cum multis circa finitimospoj)ulos legationibus terra marique nequiquam missis,nisi quod ex Etruria haud ita multum frumentiadvectum est, nullum momentum annonae fecisset,10 et revolutus ad dispensationem inopiae, profitedcogendo frumentum et vendere quod usui menstruosuperesset, fraudandoque parte diurni cibi servitia,criminando inde et obiciendo irae populi frumentarios,acerba inquisitione aperiret magis quam11 levaret inopiam, multi ex plebe, spe amissa, potiusquam ut cruciarentur trahendo animam, capitibusA.U.O. obvolutis se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt.XIII. Turn Sp. Maelius ex equestri ordine, ut illistemporibus praedives, rem utilem pessimo exemplo2 peiore consilio est adgressus. Frumento namque ex1As the ancients usually did when conscious that theywere about to die. Cf. the story of Caesar's death inSuetonius (lulius, Ixxxii).2The ordo equestcr here means the eighteen centuries ofcavalry, and must not be confused with the later ordo cquester,consisting of all citizens below senatorial rank, whoseproperty v/as assessed at 400,000 sesterces. Maelius was aplebeian cques.298

BOOK IV xii. 7-xin. 2with B.C.the gods had aided them. The troubles begana dreadful famine, whether because the season was 4unfavourable for crops, or that the attraction ofassemblies and city-lifehad left the fields uncultivated;for both explanations have been given. Thepatricians accused the plebeians of idleness, and thetribunes of the plebs accused the consuls now ofdishonesty, now of carelessness. In the end theybrought the plebs, with no opposition on the senate'spart, to elect Lucius Minucius prefect of the cornsupply.He was destined, while filling this magistracy,to be more successful in safe-guarding libertythan in discharging the duties of his office, althoughin the end he also earned and received both gratitudeand glory for relieving the scarcity. For althoughhe had dispatched to neighbouring peoples manyembassies by land and sea without result save thata little corn was brought in from Etruria- he foundthat he had not materially improved the supply. Hethen fell back upon the plan of distributing the shortage.He forced men to declare their stocks of cornand to sell the surplus above the requirements of amonth ;he deprived the slaves of a portion of theirdaily ration he; brought charges against the dealersand exposed them to the anger of the people and;by this bitter inquisition rather revealed than alleviatedthe scarcity, so that many of the plebeianslost hope, and sooner than suffer torment by prolongingtheir existence, covered up their heads l andthrew themselves into the Tiber.XIII. Then Spurius Maelius, of the equestrian B .c.order, 2 a man for those times very rich, undertook 44 - 439to do a useful thing in a way that set a very badexample and had a motive still worse. For having299

LIVY314-315Etruria privata pecunia per hospitum clientiumqueministeria coempto, quae, credo, ipsa res ad levandampublica cura annonam impedimento fuerat,3 largitiones frumenti facere instituit ; plebemque hocmunere delenitam, quacumque incederet, conspectuselatusque supra modum hominis privati, secumtrahere, baud dubium consulatum favore ac spe4 despondentem. Ipse, ut est humanus animus insatiabiliseo quod fortuna spondet, ad altiora et nonconcessa tendere, et quoniam consulatus quoqueeripiendus invitis patribus esset, de regno agitare:id unum dignum tanto apparatu consiliorum etcertamine, quod ingens exsudandum esset, praemium5 fore. lam comitia consularia instabant ; quae reseum necdum compositis maturisve satis consiliis6 oppressit. Consul sextum creatus T. QuinctiusCapitolinuSj minime opj)ortunus vir novanti res ;collega additur ei Agrij)pa Menenius, cui Lanato7 erat cognomen et L. Minucius ; praefectus annonaeseu refectus seu, quoad res posceret, in incertumcreatus ;nihil enim constat, nisi in libros linteosutroque anno relatum inter magistratus praefecti8 nomen. Hie Minucius eandem publicelcurationemagens quam Maelius privatim agendamsusceperat, cum in utraque domo genus idemhominum versaretur, rem compertam ad senatum1eandem publice Florcbellus : eandem reip. (or reip) n :eandem rep. M : ead . .300reip. V.1 i.e. corn-dealers.

BOOK IV. xin. 2-8bought up corn in Etruria with his own money, B.Cthrough the agency of friends and clients therewhich very circumstance had hindered, I can wellbelieve, the public efforts to bring down prices heset about distributing it gratis. The plebeians werecaptivated by this munificence wherever;he went,conspicuous and important beyond the measure of aprivate citizen, they followed in his train and; thedevotion and hope he inspired in them gave him nouncertain assurance of the consulship. He himself,so insatiable of fortune's promisesis the heart ofman, began to cherish a loftier and less allowableambition ;and since even the consulship would haveto be wrested from unwilling nobles, considered howhe might be king nothing : else, he felt, would adequatelyreward him for his elaborate schemes andthe toil and moil of the great struggle he must make.The consular election was now at hand, and foundhim with his plans not yet fully ripened. For thesixth time Titus Quinctius Capitolinus was chosenconsul, a most unsuitable man for the purposes of awould-be revolutionary. For colleague he was givenAgrippa Menenius, surnamed Lanatus ;and LuciusMinucius either was reappointed prefect of the cornsupplyor had been named for an indefinite period,so long as the situation should require for authorities;do not agree, but the name of the prefect is enteredin the Linen Rolls among the magistrates for bothyears. This Minucius was discharging the samefunction in his public capacity which Maelius hadundertaken to perform as a private citizen, and thesame sort of men l were coming and going in boththeir houses. Thus Minucius discovered the affairand reported to the senate that weapons were

LIVYÂ.U.O.9 defert : tela in domum Maeli 1 conferri, eumquecontiones domi habere, ac non dubia regni consiliaesse. Tempus agendae rei nondum stare : ceteraiam convenisse : et tribunes mercede emptos adprodendam libertatem et partita ducibus multitudinisministeria esse. Serius se paene quam tutum fuerit,ne cuius incerti vanique auctor esset, ea deferre.10 Quae postquam sunt audita, cum 2 undique primorespatrum et prioris anni consules increparent quod easlargitiones coetusque plebis in privata domo passiessent fieri, et novos consules quod exspectassentdonee a praefecto annonae tanta res ad senatumdeferretur, quae consulem non auctorem solum11 desideraret sed etiam vindicem ;turn Quinctiusconsules immerito increpari ait, qui constricti legibusde provocatione ad dissolvendurn imperium latis,nequaquam tantum virium in magistratu ad earnrem pro atrocitate vindicandam quantum animihaberent. Opus esse non forti solum viro, sed12 etiam libero exsolutoque legum vinclis. Itaque sedictatorem L. Quinctium dicturum ;ibi animumparem tantae potestati esse. Adprobantibus cunctisprimo Quinctius abnuere et quid sibi vellent rogitare,qui se aetate exacta tantae dimicationi obicerent.13 Dein cum undique plus in illo senili animo nonconsilii modo, sed etiam virtutis esse quamin omnibusaliis dicerent laudibusque baud immeritis onerarent,3021Maeli Conway and Walters : maelii (or melii) li : maeuii V.2cum Alschefski: et il.

BOOK IV. XHI. 8-13being collected at the house of Maelius, that he B.C.was haranguing people there, and that they were 4certainly contriving a kingdom the time for executingthe plot was not yet fixed: all else had been;agreed upon the tribunes had been bribed to betray:liberty, and the leaders of the mob had been assignedtheir parts. He said that he had withheld his reportof these things almost longer than was safe, thathe might not become voucher for anything of anuncertain or trivial nature. On hearing this the leadersof the senate loudly blamed the consuls of the yearbefore because they had suffered these donations andplebeian gatherings to take place in a private house,and the new consuls because they had waited tillinformation of so grave a crime was laid before thesenate by the prefect of the corn-supply, though itwanted a consul not only to report it but to punishit ;but Quinctius said that the consuls were blamedunjustly, for, constrained by the laws of appeal,which had been enacted in order to break downtheir authority, they had by no means so muchpower in their office as they had will to punish soheinous an offence in the wayit deserved. Therewas need, he continued, of a man, and one whowas not only brave, but free and unfettered by thelaws. He would therefore name Lucius Quinctiusdictator ;there was a spirit whose stature was equalto that great power. Despite the universal approvalof this step, Quinctius at first refused, andasked what they meant by exposing him at the endof his life to so fierce a struggle. Then, when mencalled out on every side that there was not onlymore wisdom but more courage in that old man'sheart than in all the rest and loaded him with not33

LIVYA.U.C. 14 et consul niliil remitteret. precatus tandem deosSU-316immortales Cincinnatus ne senectus sua in tarntrepidis rebus damno dedecorive rei publicae esset,dictator a consule dicitur.Ahalam magistrum equitumdicit.Ipse deinde C. ServiliumA.U.O. XIV. Postero die dispositis praesidiis cum in forumdescendisset conversaque in eum plebs novitate reiac miraculo esset, et Maeliani atque ipse dux eorum2 in se intentam vim tanti imperii cernerent, expertesconsiliorum regni qui tumultus, quod bellum repensaut dictatoriam maiestatem aut Quinctium postoctogesimum annum rectorem rei publicae quaesisset3 rogitarent, missus ab dictatore Servilius magisterequitum ad Maelium "Vocat te " inquit, "dictator."Cum pavidus ille quid vellet quaereret Serviliusquecausam dicendam esse proponeret crimenque a4 Miimcio delatum ad senatum diluendum, tuneMaelius recipere se in catervam suorum, etprimumcircumspectans tergiversari, postremo cum apparitoriussu magistri equitum duceret, ereptus a circumstantibusfugiensque fidem plebis Romanae implorare,6 et opprimi se consensu patrum dicere, quod plebibenigne fecisset ;orare ut opemsibi ultimo in discrimineferrent neve ante oculos suos trucidari34

BOOK IV. xni. 13-xiv. 5unmerited compliments, and when the consul would B.C.not recede from his purpose, at length Cincinnati^ 440 ' 439uttered a prayer to the immortal gods that theywould not suffer his old age to bring harm or shameto the republic in so perilous a case, and was pronounceddictator by the consul. He then himselfnamed Gaius Servilius Ahala his master of the horse.XIV. The next day, after disposing guards at B.C. 43 cseveral points he went down into the Forum, wherethe novel and surprising sight drew upon him theattention of the plt-bs. The followers of Maeliusand their leader himself perceived that it was againstthem that the force of that high authority wasaimed ;while those who knew nothing of the plansfor setting up a king asked what outbreak or whatsudden war had called for the majesty of a dictatoror for Quinctius (now past his eightieth year) todirect the state. Then Servilius, the master of thehorse, being sent by the dictator to Maelius, said :"The dictator summons you." When Maelius,trembling, asked what he wanted, Servilius repliedthat he must stand his trial and clear himself of acharge which Minucius had lodged against him withthe senate. Then Maelius drew back into the crowdof his retainers, and at first, glancing this way andthat, attempted to avoid the issue ;but finally,whenthe attendant, being so commanded by the masterof the horse, would have led him away, he wastorn from his grasp by the bystanders and fled,calling on the Roman plebs to protect him, declaringthat he was overthrown by a plot of the patriciansbecause he had acted kindly by the commons, andbegging them to help him in his extremity and notpermit him to be murdered before their eyes. While305

LIVYA.TT.O. 6 sinerent. Haec eum vociferantem adsecutus Ahala3 1 5Servilius obtruncat, respersusque cruore, 1 stipatuscaterva patriciorum iuvenum, dictator! renuntiatvocatum ad eum Maelium repulso apparitore eoncitantemmultitudinem poenam meritam habere.7 Turn dictator " Macte virtute " inquit, " C. Servili,esto liberata re publica."XV. Tumultuantem deinde multitudinem incertaexistimatione facti ad contionem vocari iussit etMaelium iure caesum pronuntiavit etiam siregnicrimine insons fuerit, qui vocatus a magistro equitum2 ad dictatorem non venisset. Se ad causam cojrnosocendam conseclisse, qua cognita habiturum fuisseMaelium similem causae fortunam ;vim parantem3 ne iudicio se committeret, vi coercitum esse. Neecum eo tamquam cum cive agendum fuisse, qui natusin libero populo inter iura legesque, ex qua urbereges exactos sciret eodemque anno sororis filiosregis et liberos consul is, liberatoris patriae, propterpactionem indicatam recipiendorum in urbem regum4 a patre securi esse percusses, ex qua CollatinumTarquinium consulem nominis odio abdicare semagistratu atque exsulare iussum, in qua de Sp.Cassio post aliquot annos propter consilia inita de1cruore V: cruore obtruncati n.1 This is inexact ;from i. Ivi. 7 we learn that it was Brutus,the father of the young men in question, who was nephew tothe king, on the mother's side.2See LI. xli.306

BOOK IV. xiv. 5-xv. 4he was screaming out these appeals, Servilius Ahala B.C. 439overtook and slew him ; then, bespattered with hisblood and guarded by a company of young nobles,he returned to the dictator and reported thatMaelius, having been summoned to appear beforehim, had repulsed the attendant and was rousing upthe populace when he received the punishment hehad deserved. Whereat the dictator exclaimed,"Well done, Gains Servilius ;"commonwealth !you have delivered theXV. Then, as the crowd was in a turmoil, notknowing what to think of the deed, he bade convokethem to an assembly. There he asserted that Maeliushad been justly slain, even though he had beeninnocent of plotting to make himself king, since hehad been cited before the dictator by the master ofthe horse and had not obeyed. He himself, he said,had sat to hear the cause, and if the hearinoc^hadbeen concluded Maelius would have prospered as hiscause deserved ; but, planning violence to avoidundergoing trial, he had been repressed by violence.Neither would it have been right to deal with Maeliusas with a citizen. The man had been born amongsta free people enjoying rights and laws, in a City fjomwhich he knew that the kings had been banished,and how in1that very year the king's nephews, sonsof the consul who had freed his country, had, on theexposure of a compact they had made to bring theprinces back to Rome, been beheaded by their father'sorders. He knew that in this City the consulTarquinius Collatinus had been commanded, out ofhatred for the name he bore, to lay down his officeand go into exile ; that here, some years after,Spurius Cassius 2 had been punished for aiming at37

LIVYA.C.C.regno supplicium sumptum, in qua nuper decemvirosbonis, exsilio, capite multatos ob superbiam regiam,5 in ea Sp. Maelius spem regni conceperit. Etquis homo ? Quamquam nullam nobilitatem, nulloshonores, nulla merita cuiquam ad dominationempandere viam sed tamen; Claudios, Cassios consulatibus,decemviratibus, suis maiorumque honoribus,splendore familiarum sustulisse animos quo6 nefas fuerit :Sp. Maelium, cui tribunatus plebismagis optandus quam sperandus fuerit, frumentariumdivitem, bilibris farris sperasse libertatem se civiumsuorum emisse, ciboque obiciendo ratum victoremfinitimorum omnium populum in servitutem perlici7 posse, ut quern senatorem concoquerecivitas vixposset regein ferret, Romuli conditoris, ab dis orti,1recepti ad deos, insignia atque imperium habentem.Non pro scelere id magis quam pro monstro haben-8 dum, nee satis esse sanguine eius expiatum, nisitecta parietesque intra quaetantum amentiae concejjtumesset dissiparentur bonaque contacta pretiisregni mercandi publicarentur. lubere itaque quaestoresvendere ea bona atque in publicum redigere.XVI. Domum deinde, ut monumento area essetoppressae nefariae spei, dirui extemploiussit. Idab dis (spelled, as often, diis) orti H : ab diis sorti MPH :ad diis B.3081The reference is to Appius Claudius the decemvir.

BOOK IV. xv. 4-xvi. iroyalty; that here, but lately, the decemvirs had B.C. 439been visited with confiscation, banishment, anddeath, because of kingly arrogance. Yet in thissame City a Spurius Maelius had conceived the hopeof reigning. And who was this fellow ? To besure, no nobility, no honours, no merits, opened widethe road to tyranny for any man ;nevertheless theClaudii * and Cassii had been encouraged by consulshipsand decemvirates, by their own honours andthose of their forefathers, and by the splendour oftheir families, to aim at forbidden heights ; SpuriusMaelius, a rich corn-dealer, a man who might havedesired but ought scarcely to have hoped to becomea plebeian tribune, had flattered himself that for acouple of pounds of spelt he had purchased theliberty of his fellow citizens he had; imagined thatby flinging food to them he could entice into slaverya people who had conquered all their neighbours,so that a state which could scarce have stomachedhim as a senator would endure him for its king,having the insignia and authority of Romulus itsfounder, who was descended from the gods andhad returned to them. This ought to be regardedas a thing no less monstrous than wicked ;nor washis blood sufficient expiation, unless the roof andwalls within which such madness had been conceivedshould be demolished, and the goods whichhad been tainted with the offer of them as theprice to buy a tyranny be confiscated ;he thereforebade the quaestors sell those goods and place theproceeds in the public treasury.XVI. Quinctius then commanded the man's house B.O. 438to be pulled down, that the bare site might commemoratethe frustration of his wicked purpose. TheVOL. II.L

LIVYA.U.C. 2 Aequimaelium appellatum est. L. Minucius bove etstatua aurata 1 extra portam Trigeminam est donatusne plebe quidem invita quia frumentum Maelianum3 assibus in modios aestimatum plebi divisit. HuncMinucium apud quosdam auctores transisse a patribusad plebern undecimuraque tribunum plebiscooptatum seditionem motam ex Maeliana caede4 sedasse invenio ;ceterum vix credibile est numerumtribunorura patres augeri passes, idque potissimumexemplum a patricio homine introductum, nee deindeid plebem 2 concessum semel obtinuisse aut certetemptasse. Sed ante omnia refellit falsum imaginistitulum pane-is ante annis lege cautum ne tribunis6 collegam cooptare liceret. Q. Caecilius, Q. lunius,Sex. Titinius soli ex collegio tribunorum nequetulerant de honoribus Minuci legem et criminarinunc Minucium nunc Servilium apud plebem queri-6 que indignam necem Maeli non destiterant. Perviceruntigitur ut tribunorum militurn potius quamconsulum comitia haberentur, baud dubii quin sexlocis tot enim iam creari licebat et plebeii aliquiprofitendo se ultores fore Maelianae caedis, crea-7 rentur. Plebs, quamquam agitata multis eo anno etvariis motibus erat, nee pluris quam tres tribunos1bove et statua aurata Conicay (in note, but cites against Mscowj. XL. xxxiv. 5): boue aurato (aturato M) n.2plebem $- : plebi n.1The Aequimaelium was in the Vicus lugarius, below theCapitol. Cicero derives the name from" aequus just," becauseMaelius was justly punished (de Domo, 101); Varro fromaequus "level" (L.L. V. 157).2The Lex Trebonia of 448 B.C. (m. Ixv. 4) required theelection officials to continue the voting until ten tribunes hadbeen chosen, but said nothing about the co-optation of aneleventh.310

BOOK IV. xvi. 1-7place was named Aequimaelium. 1 Lucius Minucius B.o.438was presented with an ox and a gilded statue outsidethe Porta T rigemina, without opposition even on thepart of the plebs, since Minucius divided the corn ofMaelius among them at the price of one as the peck.I find it stated by some historians that this Minuciuswent over from the patricians to the plebeians, andbeing co-opted an eleventh tribune of the plebs,allayed the rebellious feeling which arose from thekilling of Maelius but;it is hardly credible that thepatricians should have permitted the number oftribunes to be increased, and that this precedent, ofall others, should have been introduced by a patrician;or that the plebs, having once obtained thisconcession, should not have held fast to it, or atleast have tried to do so. But what proves more conclusivelythan anything the falsity of the inscriptionon his portrait is this, that it was enacted by lawa few years before that the tribunes might notco-opt a colleague. 2 Quintus Caecilius, QuintusJunius, and Sextus Titinius were the only membersof the college of tribunes who had not supported thelaw conferring honours on Minucius, and had neverceased to accuse now Minucius, now Servilius, beforethe plebs, and to complain of the unmerited deathof Maelius. So they forced through a measureproviding that military tribunes should be electedinstead of consuls, not doubting that for some ofthe six places for this was now the number thatmight be filled plebeians would be chosen, if theywould promise to avenge the death of Maelius.The plebeians, though they had been aroused thatyear by many ditferent commotions, elected no morethan three tribunes with consular powers, and among

LIVYA.U.O. consular! potestate creavit et in his L. Quinctium,Cincinnati filium, ex cuius dictaturae invidia tumultus8 quaerebatur. Praelatus suffragiis Quinctio MamercusAemUius, vir summae dignitatis ; L. lulium tertiumcreant.\.o.a XVII. In horum magistratu Fidenae, coloniaRomana, ad Lartem Tolumnium l ac Veientes de-2 fecere. Mains additum defectioni scelus : C. FulciniumCloelium Tullum Sp. Antiuin 2 L. Roscium,legates Romanes, causam novi consilii quaerentes,3 iussu Tolumni interfecerunt. Levant quidam regisfacinus : in tesserarum prospero iactu vocem eiusambiguanij ut occidi iussisse videretur, a Fidenatibusexceptam causam mortis legatis fuisse, rem incredi-4 bilem, interventu Fidenatitim, novorum sociorum,consulentiuin de caede ruptura ius gentium, nonaversuin ab intentione lusus animum nee deinde5 in errorem versum facinus. Propius est fidemobstringi Fidenatium populum ne respicere spemullam ab Romanis posset conscientia tanti sceleris6 voluisse. Legatorum qui Fidenis caesi erant statuaepublice in Rostris positae sunt. Cum VeientibusFidenatibusque, praeterquam finitimis populis, abcausa etiam tarn nefanda bellum exorsis atroxdimicatio instabat.1Tolumnium H. J. Mueller: Tolumnium Veientium (uenientiumB) regem n.2 Sp. Antium (espantium M\Mommsen (cf. Flin. N.U. xxxiv. vi. 23).spuantium V) n :Sp. Nautium1A slight anachronism, as the speaker's platform in theForum was not called Rostra till 338 B.C., when GaiusMenenius decorated it with the rostra (beaks) of the shipstaken at Antium (vin. xiv. 12).312

BOOK IV. xvi. 7-xvn. 6these Lucius Quinctius, son of Cincinnatus, from B.C. 438whose dictatorship men were trying to derive theodium for inspiring a mutiny. Aemilius Mamercus,a man of the highest standing, was ahead ofQuinctius in the voting ; Lucius Julius was electedthird.XVII. During the term of these magistrates,B.C. 437Fidenae, a Roman colony, revolted to Lars Tolumniusand the Veientes. To their defection they added aworse crime, for when Gains Fulcinius, CloeliusTullus, Spurius Antius, and Lucius Roscius, Romanenvoys, came to inquire the reason of this new policy,at the command of Tolumnius they put them todeath. Some persons seek to palliate the king'sact, saying that an ambiguous expression of his upona lucky throw of dice, which made him seem toorder them to kill the envoys, was heard by theFidenates and was responsible for the men's death.But it is quite incredible that the king 011 beinginterrupted by the Fidenates, his new allies, cometo consult him about a murder that would violate thelaw of nations, should not have withdrawn his attentionfrom the game, and that the attribution of thecrime to a mistake did not come later. It is easierto believe that he wished the people of Fidenaeto be involved by the consciousness of so heinous adeed, that itmight be impossible for them to hopefor any reconciliation with the Romans. The envoyswho had been slain at Fidenae were honoured, atthe public cost, with statues on the Rostra. 1 Withthe Veientes and Fidenates, not only because theywere neighbouring peoples, but also in consequenceof the nefarious act with which they had begun thewar, a bitter struggle now impended.313

LIVYA.U.O. 7 Itaque ad curam summae rerum quieta plebetribunisque eius nihil controversiae fuit quin consulescrearentur M. Geganius Macerinus tertium8 et L. Sergius Fidenas. A bello credo quod deindegessit appellatum ; hie enim primus cis Anienemcum rege Veientium secundo proelio conflixit, neeincruentam victoriam rettulit. Maior itaque excivibus amissis dolor quamfuit, et senatus ut in trepidislaetitia fusis hostibusrebus dictatorem dici9 Mamercum Aemilium iussit. Is magistrum equitumex collegio prioris anni, quo simul tribuni militumconsular! potestate fuerant, L. Quinctium Cincin-10 natum, dignum parente iuvenem, dixit. Ad dilectuma consulibus habitum centuriones veteres belliperitiadiecti et numerus amissorum proxima pugnaexpletus. Legates T. Quinctium l Capitolinum et11 M. Fabium Vibulanum sequi se dictator iussit. Cumpotestas maior turn vir quoque potestati par hostesex agro Romano trans Anienem submovere ;collesqueinter Fidenas atque Anienem ceperunt referentescastra, nee ante in campos degressi 2 sunt quam12 legiones Faliscorum auxilio 3 venerunt. Turn demumcastra Etruscorum pro moenibus Fideiiarum posita.Et dictator Romanus haud procul inde ad confluentesconsedit in utriusque ripis amnis, qua sequi muni-1 T. Quinctium H. J. Mueller : quinctiumZ : quintium V\qnintum il.2degressi Sigonius : digressi il.3Faliscorum auxilio Kiehl : Faliscorum auxiliorum V :auxilio Faliscorum il.

BOOK IV. xvii. 7-12Accordingly, out of regard for the general welfare, s.o.437the plebeians and their tribunes kept quiet, andraised no opposition to the election as consuls ofMarcus Geganius Macerinus (for the third time) andLucius Sergius Fidenas. Isuppose that the namewas given him from the war which he then waged ;for he was the first who fought a successful battleon this side the Anio with the king of the Veientes ;but he gained no bloodless victory, and so therewas more grief for the citizens who were lost thanrejoicing over the defeat of the enemy and the;senate, as is usual in an alarming situation, commandedthe appointment of a dictator, MamercusAemilius. He named as his master of the horse aman who had been his colleague the year before, whenthey had both been military tribunes with consularauthority, namely Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, ayoung man worthy of his father. To the troopswhich the consuls levied were added veteran centurionsexperienced in war, and the losses of the lastbattle were made good. The dictator bade TitusQuinctius Capitolinus and Marcus Fabius Vibulanusfollow him as his lieutenants. The high authorityof the dictatorship, in the hands of one who wasequal to it, drove the enemy out of Roman territoryand across the Anio. They withdrew their campand pitched upon the hills between Fidenae and theAnio ;nor did they descend into the plains until theforces of the Faliscans had come to their support.Then, and not till then, did the Etruscans encampbefore the walls of Fidenae. The Roman dictatorlikewise went into camp not far off, on the banks ofboth rivers, at their confluence, and threw up arampart between his army and the enemy, where he315

LIVYA.U.O. mento poterat vallo interposito. Postero die in317aciem eduxit.XVIII. Inter hostes variae fuere sententiae.Faliscus, procul ab domo militiam aegre patienssatisque fidens :sibi, poscere pugnam Veienti Fiden-2 atique plus spei in trahendo bello esse. Tolumnius,quamquam suorum magis placebant consilia, ne longinquammilitiam non paterentur Falisci, postero3 die se pugnaturum edicit. Dictator! ac Rornanis,quod detractasset pugnam hostis, animi accessere ;posteroque die iam militibus castra urbemque seoppugnaturos frementibus ni copia pugnae fiat,utrimque acies inter bina castra in medium campi4 procedunt. Veiens multitudine abundans, qui interdimicationem castra Romana adgrederentur postmontes circummisit. Trium populorum exercitusita stetit instructus ut dextrum cornu Veientes,sinistrum Falisci tenerent, medii Fidenates essent.5 Dictator dextro cornu adversus Faliscos, sinistrocontra Veientem Capitolinus Quinctius intulit signa ;ante mediam aciem cum equitatu magister equitum6 processit. Parumper silentium et quies fuit neeEtruscis, nisi cogerentur, pugnam inituris et dictatorearcem Romanam respectante, ut ex ea ab lauguribus, simul aves rite admisissent, ex composito7 tolleretur signum. Quod simul 2 conspexit, primes1ex ea ab Alschrfslci: ex (anguribus) ft: ex (auribus) M.2simul 5-: simul ubi H.1 i.e. where the distance from bank to bank was not toogreat. 2Their city Falerii (now Civita Castellana) was abouttwenty-five miles north of Rome.316

BOOK IV. xvn. 12-xvin. 7was able to span the interval with intrenchments. 1 B.C. 437Next day he formed up in line of battle.XVIII. The enemy were of several minds. TheFaliscans, chafing under service performed awayfrom home 2 and fairly self-confident, demandedbattle : the Veientes and Fidenates anticipatedgreater success from a prolongation of the war.Tolumnius, though the views of his own followerswere more agreeable to him, announced that he\vould fight on the following day, lest the Faliscansmight not tolerate a protracted campaign. Thedictator and the Romans were encouraged at theenemy's reluctance ;and the next day, on thesoldiers threatening that they would at once attackthe camp and the city, unless the enemy came to anengagement, both armies marched out in line ofbattle into the plain between the two camps. TheVeientes, having men to spare, dispatched a partyround the mountains to assail the camp of theRomans during the engagement. The army of thethree nations was so drawn up that the Veientesheld the right wing, the Faliscans the left, and theFidenates formed the centre. The dictator advancedon the right, against the Faliscans, and QuinctiusCapitolinus on the left, to meet the Veientes ;whilethe master of the horse, with the cavalry, led theattack on the centre. For a brief moment all washushed and still ; since the Etruscans were resolvednot to begin fighting unless they were forced, andthe dictator kept looking back to the Citadel ofRome, that the augurs might thence make him asignal, as they had arranged to do, the moment theomens were propitious. As soon as he descried thesignal, he first sent his cavalry against the enemy,317

LIVYA.D.C. eauites clamore sublato in hostem emisit : secuta3178 peditum acies ingenti vi conflixit. Nulla partelegiones Etruscae sustinuere impetum Romanorum ;eques maxime resistebat ;equitumque longe fortissimusipse rex ab omni parte effuse sequentibusobequitans Romanis trahebat certamen.XIX. Erat turn inter equites tribunus militumA. Cornelius Cossus, eximia pulchritudine corporis,animo ac viribus par memorque generis, quodamplissimum acceptum maius auctiusque reliquit2 posteris.Is cum ad impetum To! umni, quacumquese intendisset, trepidantes Romanas videret turmas,insignemque eum regio habituvolitantem tota acie3 cognosset, " Hicine est " inquit, " ruptor foederishumani violatorque gentiumiuris ? lam ego hancmactatam victimam, si rnodo sancti quicquam interris esse di volunt, legatorum4 Calcaribus subditis infesta cuspidehostem ;manibus dabo."in unum ferturquern cum ictum equo deiecisset, confestim5 et ipse hasta innixus se in pedes excepit. Adsurgentemibi regem nmbone resupinat repetitumquesaepius cuspide ad terram adfixit. Turn exsanguidetracta spolia caputque abscisum victor spiculogerens terrore caesi regis hostes fundit. 1 Ita equi-3181fundit n : fudit MDAf:perfudit Madmg.

BOOK IV. xvm. 7-xix. 5cheering as they charged ; and the infantry followed B.C. 437with a furious attack. At no point could theEtruscan legions withstand the onset of the Romans ;their horse made the chief resistance, and of alltheir horse by far the bravest was the king himself,who rode against the Romans, as theyscattered inevery direction for the pursuit, and prolonged thestruggle.XIX. There was at that time among the cavalrymena tribune of the soldiers named Aulus CorneliusCossus, a man of strikingly handsome person and noless distinguished for courage and strength. Proudof his name, which was very famous when it cameto him, he left to his descendants one still greaterand more glorious. This man, seeing how Tolumnius,wherever he charged, brought confusion to the Romansquadrons, and recognizing him, conspicuous in hisroyal dress, as he galloped swiftly up and down theline, exclaimed, " Is this the breaker of humanleagues, the violater of the law of nations ? Iwill speedily offer him up as a sacrificial victim,if onlyit is the will of Heaven that thereshould be aught sacred on this earth, to the manesof the envoys!" Clapping spurs to his chargerand levelling his spear, he made for his one enemy.Having struck and unhorsed his man, he himselfleaped quickly to the ground by the help of hislance, and as the king struggled to his feet flung himback with the boss of his shield, and plunging thespear again and again into his body, pinned him toearth. Then stripping the spoils from the corpse andcutting off the head, he bore it victoriously on thepoint of his spear and drove the enemy before him,panic-stricken at the sight of their slain king. Thus

LIVYA.U.O. turn quoque fusa acies, quae una fecerat anceps6 certamen. Dictator legionibus fugatis instat et adcastra compulsos caedit. Fidenatium plurimilocorumnotitia effugere in monies. Cossus Tiberim cumequitatu transvectus ex agro Veientano ingentem7 detulit praedam ad urbem. Inter proelium et adcastra Romana pugnatum est adversus partem copiarumab Tolumnio, ut ante dictum est, ad castra8 missam. Fabius Vibulanus corona primum vallumdefendit; intentos deinde hostes in vallum, egressusdextra principal! cum triariis, repente invadit. Quopavore iniecto caedes minor, quia pauciores erant,fuga non minus trepida quam in acie fuit.XX. Omnibus locis re bene gesta dictator senatusconsulto iussuque populi triumphans in urbem re-2 diit.Longe maximum triumph! spectaculum fuitCossus spolia opima regis interfecti gerens. Ineum milites carmina incondita aequantes eum Ro-3 mulo canere. Spolia in aede lovis Feretri propeRomuli spolia quae, prima opima appellata, sola eatempestate erant, cum sollemni dedicatione donofixit ; averteratque in se a curru dictatoris civiumora et celebritatis eius diei fructum prope solus1A Roman camp was divided by the Via Principalis, whichran from one side to the other, with a gate at each end of it,called respectively Porta Principalis dextra, and P. P. sinistra.2The triarii were experienced troops, a body of which madea part of each legion. They were usually, as here, kept inreserve until a crisis called for their employment (

BOOK IV. xix. 5-xx. 3even the cavalry was routed, which alone had made B.C. 437the issue of the contest doubtful. The dictatorpressed on after the flying legions, and pursuingthem to their camp cut them to pieces. Largenumbers of the Fidenates escaped, thanks to theirknowledge of the ground, into the mountains.Cossus crossed the Tiber with his cavalry, and fromthe fields of the Veientes brought a vast quantity ofbooty back to town. During the battle there wasalso fighting at the Roman camp with a part of theforces of Tolumnius which he had dispatched againstit, as has been said before. Fabius Vibulanus firstmanned the rampart with a cordon of defenders ;andthen, when the attention of the enemy was fixed onthe wall, sallied out of the Porta Principalis, on theright, 1 with his reserves, 2 and fell suddenly uponthem. In consequence of the panic thus occasioned,though the slaughter was less, because fewer wereengaged, yet the rout was quite as complete as inthe battle-line.XX. Having been everywhere victorious, thedictator, as decreed by the senate and ratified bythe people, returned to the City in triumphal procession.By far the greatest spectacle in the triumphwas Cossus, bearing the spoils of honour of the slainking, while the soldiers sang rude verses about him,comparing him to Romulus. The spoils he fastenedup as an offering, with solemn dedication, in thetemple of Jupiter Feretrius, near the spoils ofRomulus, which had been the first to be calledopima, and were at that time the only ones. Cossushad drawn the gaze of the citizens away from thecar of the dictator upon himself, and the honours ofthat crowded festival were virtually his alone. The321

LIVY.u.o. 4 tulerat. Dictator coronam auream, libram pondo.317ex publica pecunia populi iussu in Capitolio lovidonum posuit.6 Omnes ante me auctores secutus, A. CorneliumCossum tribunum militum secunda spolia opiina6 lovis Feretrii templo intulisse exposui ceterum,;praeterquam quod ea rite opima spolia habenturquae dux duci detraxit, nee ducem novimus nisicuius auspicio bellura geritur, titulus ipse spoliisinscriptus illos meque arguit consulem ea Cossum7 cepisse.Hoc ego cum Augustum Caesarem, templorumomnium conditorem aut restitutorem, ingressumaedem Feretri lovis, quam vetustate dilapsamrefecit, se ipsum in thorace linteo scriptumllegisse audissem, prope sacrilegium ratus sum Cossospoliorum suorum Caesarem, ipsius templi auctorem,8 subtrahere testem. Quis 2 ea in re sit error, quodtam veteres annales quodque magistratuum libri, quoslinteos in aede repositos Monetae Macer Licinius3citat identidem auctores, septimo post demumanno cum T. Quinctio Poeno A. Cornelium Cossumconsulem habeant, existimatio communis omnibus9 est. Nam etiam illud accedit, ne tam clara pugnain eum annum transferri posset, quod imbelle trienniumferme pestilentia inopiaque frugum circa A.Cornelium consulem fuit, adeo ut quidam annales1Cosso 5- : Cossum fl.2 quis Gronovius :qui si n.3septimoft : nono 5- :Sigonius decimo Glareanus : undecimoConway and Walters (in note}.1Nepos tells us (Att. xx. 3) that the restoration of thistemple was undertaken at the suggestion of Atticus. It wastherefore probably done not later than 32 B.C., the year inwhich Atticus died.322

BOOK IV. xx. 3-9dictator, at the people's behest, presented to Jupiter 3.0.437on the Capitol a golden chaplet of a pound in weight,from the public treasury.Following all previous historians, I have statedthat Aulus Cornelius Cossus was a military tribunewhen he brought the second spoils of honour to thetemple of Jupiter Feretrius. But besides that onlythose are properly held to be "spoils of honour"which one commander has taken from another commander,and that we know no " commander " but himunder whose auspices the war iswaged, the verywords inscribed upon the spoils disprove their accountand mine, and show that it was as consul that. Cossuscaptured them. Having heard from the lips ofAugustus Caesar, the founder or renewer of all thetemples, that he had entered the shrine of JupiterFeretrius, which he repaired when it had crumbledwith age, and had himself read the inscription onthe linen breast-plate, I have thoughtit would bealmost sacrilege to rob Cossus of such a witness to1his spoilsas Caesar, the restorer of that very temple.Where the error in regard to this matter lies, inconsequence of which such ancient annals and alsothe books of the magistrates, written on linen anddeposited in the temple of Moneta, which LiciniusMacer cites from time to time as his authority, onlygive Aulus Cornelius Cossus as consul (with TitusQuinctius Poenus) seven years later, is a matteron which everybodyis entitled to his opinion.For there is this further reason why so famousa battle could not be transferred to the later year,that the consulship of Cossus fell within a periodof about three years when there were no wars,owing to a pestilence and a dearth of crops, so that3 2 3

LIVYA.U.O. velut funesti nihil praeter nomina consulum sug-31710 gerant. Tertius ab consulatu Cossi annus tribunumeuni militum consular! potestate habet, eodem annomagistrum equitum quo in imperio alteram in-;11 signem edidit pugnam equestrem. Ea libera coniecturaest, sed, ut ego arbitror, vana ;aversarienini x omnes opiniones licet, cum auctor pugnaerecentibus spoliis in sacra sede positis, lovem propeipsum, cui vota erant, Romulumque intuens, baudspernendos falsi tituli testes, se A. CorneliumCossum consulem scripserit.A.D.O. XXI. M. Cornelio Maluginense L. Papirio Crassoconsulibus exercitus in agrum Veientem ac Faliscum2 ducti, praedae abactae hominum pecorumque; hostisin agris nusquam inventus neque pugnandi copiafacta ;urbes tamen non oppugnatae, quia pestilentia3 populum invasit. Et seditiones domi quaesitae suntnee motae tamen ab Sp. Maelio tribune plebis, quifavore nominis moturum se aliquid ratus et Minuciodiem dixerat et rogationem de publicandis bonis4 Servili Ahalae tulerat, falsis criminibus a Minuciocircumventum Maelium arguens, Servilio caedemcivis indemnati obiciens. Quae vaniora ad popu-6 lum ipso auctore fuere. Ceterum magis vis morbiingravescens curae erat terroresque ac prodigia,1vana ; aversari enira Wagner and Madvig: uana (unaFB) uersare inII.1 It is possible that this paragraph was inserted by Livy,without altering the context, some time after the originalpublication of Books I-V. This would account for theappearance in the preceding paragraph of the version whichLivy now rejects, and also for its reappearance in chap, xxxii.Cf. Niebuhr, Rom. Gcsch. ii. 517.3 2 4

BOOK IV. xx. 9-xxi. 5certain annals, as though death-registers, offer notli- B.C. 437ing but the names of the consuls. The third yearafter Cossus's consulship saw him military tribunewith consular powers, and in the same year he wasmaster of the horse, in which office he foughtanother famous cavalry-engagement. Here is freedomfor conjecture, but in my opinion it is idle for;one may brush aside all theories when the man whoVfought the battle, after placing the newly-won spoilsin their sacred resting-place, testified in the presenceof Jupiter himself, to whom he had vowed them,and of Romulus witnesses not to be held lightlyby a forger that he was Aulus Cornelius Cossus,consul. 1XXI. When Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis and B - c -Lucius Papirius Crassus were consuls, armies invadedthe country of the Veientes and the Faliscans anddrove off booty consisting of men and flocks ;theynowhere encountered their enemies in the fields normet with any opportunity to give them battle ; still,they besieged no cities, for a pestilence attacked thepeople. And seditions were attempted at home, butnot brought about, by Spurius Maelius, tribune of theplebs, who, imagining that the popularity of his namewould enable him to stir up trouble, had appointeda day for the prosecution of Minucius, and had alsoproposed a law for confiscating the goods of ServiliusAhala, maintaining that Maelius had been circumventedby Minucius with false accusations, andflinging it up to Servilius that he had killed a citizenwho had not been condemned. These charges wereeven less regarded by the people than was theirauthor. But the increasing virulence of the diseasegave concern, and so did certain alarms and prodigies;325.

LIVYA.U.C. maxime quod crebris motibus terrae ruere in agrisnuntiabantur tecta. Obsecratio itaque a populoduumviris praeeuntibus est facta.6 Pestilentior inde annus C. lulio iterum et L.Verginio consulibus tantum metus et vastitatis 1 inurbe agrisque fecit, ut non modo praedandi causaquisquam ex agro Romano exiret bellive inferendi7 memoria patribus aut plebi esset, sed ultro Fidenates,qui se primo aut montibus aut muris tenuerant,populabundi descenderent in agrum Romanum.8 Deinde Veientium exercitu accito nam Falisciperpelli ad instaurandum bellum neque clade Romanorumneque sociorum precibus potuere duopopuli transiere Aiiienem atque baud procul Collinaporta signa habuere. Trepi datum itaque non in9 agris magis quam in urbe est. lulius consul inaggere murisque explicat copias, a Verginio senatus10 in aede Quirini consulitur. Dictatorem dici Q.Servilium 2 placet, cui Frisco alii, alii Structo fuissecognomen tradunt. Verginius dum collegam consuleretmoratus, permittente eo nocte dictatoremdixit. Is sibimagistrum equitum Postumum 3Aebutium Helvam 4 dicit.XXII. Dictator omnes luce prima extra portamCollinam adesse iubet. Quibuscumque vires suppe-2 tebant ad arma ferenda praesto fuere. Signa ex1metus et vastitatis Conway and Walters : metum uastitatis(uastatis H) H.2 Q. Servilium U- Sigonius (cf. chap. xxvi. 7 :chap. xlvi.4; C.I.L. i 2 , p. 17): a. seruilium (seruilius M) fi.3Postumum Sigonius (cf. chap. xi. 1) : postumium 12.4Helvam A 2 $-: heluam heluium J/: heluium n.3261 i.e. duumviri sacrorum, in charge of the Sibylline books,

BOOK IV. xxi. 5-xxn. 2in particular that it was frequently announced thatfarm-buildings had been thrown down by earthquakes.A supplication was therefore offered up bythe people under the direction of the duumviri. 1was worse next year, when GaiusThe pestilenceJulius (for the second time) and Lucius Verginiuswere the consuls, and caused such fears and ravagesin the City and the country that not only did no onego out beyond the Roman marches to pillage, noreither patricians or plebs have any thought of wagingwar, but the men of Fidenae, who at first had keptto their mountains or their city walls, actually camedown into Roman territory, bent on plunder. Then,when they had called in an army from Veil for theFaliscans could not be driven into renewing the wareither by the calamity of the Romans or theentreaties of their allies, the two peoples crossedthe Anio and set up their standards not far from theColline Gate. The consternation in the City wastherefore no less than in the fields ;the consulJulius disposed his troops on the rampart and walls,and Verginius took counsel with the senate in thetemple of Quirinus. It was resolved that QuintusServilius, whose surname some give as Priscus, othersas Structus, should be appointed dictator. Verginiusdelayed till he could consult his colleague then,;with his consent, he that night named the dictator,who appointed as his master of the horse PostumusAebutius Helva.XXII. The dictator commanded everybody to beoutside the Colline Gate at break of day.All thosewho were able to bear arms were at hand. Thefrom which they derived the form of prayer used in thisservice.3 2 7Jj

LIVYA.U.C. aerario prompta feruntur ad dictatorem. Quae cumagerentur, hostes in loca altiora concessere. Eodictator agmine infesto subit, nee procul Nomento$18-319signis conlatis fudit Etruscas legiones ; compulit3 inde in urbem Fidenas valloque circumdedit ;sedneque scalis capi poterat urbs alta et munita nequein obsidione vis ulla erat, quia frumentum non necessitatimodo satis sed copiae quoque abunde ex4 ante convecto sufficiebat. Ita expugnandi paritercogendique ad deditionem spe amissa, dictator inlocis propter propinquitatem notis ab aversa 1 parteurbis, maxime neglecta quia suapte natura tutissima5 erat, agere in arcem cuniculum instituit. Ipse diversissimislocis subeundo ad moenia quadrifariani divisoexercitu qui alii aliis succederent ad pugnam, continentidie ac nocte proelio ab sensu operis hostes6 avertebat, donee perfosso monte 2 erecta in arcemvia est, intentisque Etruscis ad vanas a certo periculominas clamor supra caput hostilis captam urbemostendit.7 Eo anno C. Furius Paculus 3 et M. GeganiusMacerinus censores villam publicam in campo Martioprobaverunt, ibique primum census populi est actus.1aversa : aduersa n.2$-monte L : a castris monte (a mo .. .F) H.3Paculus Conway : Paoilus Sigonius : 1p. acilius MPUOHDin V.(or D} LA 3 :pacilius D ? A ? :wanting328

BOOK IV. XXH. 2-7standards were taken out of the treasury and broughtto the dictator. While this was going on, the enemywithdrew to a more elevated position. Thither thedictator marched under arms, and not far fromNomentum joined battle with the Etruscan forcesand put them to rout. From there he drove theminto the city of Fidenae, which he surrounded witha rampart but could not captureit with scalingladders,since it was a lofty, well-fortified town, nor;accomplish anything by blockade, for they not onlyhad corn enough for their necessities, but in fact werelavishly supplied with it from stores which they hadcollected in advance. In despair therefore alike ofstorming the place and of forcing it to surrender,the dictator, operating in a region which was familiarfrom its nearness to Rome, began, on the farthestside of the city,which was least guarded becauseits peculiar character made it the safest of all, todrive a mine into the citadel. He himself, advancingagainst the city from widely separated points withhis army in four divisions, that they might relieveone another in the attack by fighting continuouslyday and night distracted the enemy's attention fromthe work, until a tunnel had been dug through thehill and a passage-way constructed up into thecitadel ;when the Etruscans, intent on groundlessalarms and unmindful of their real danger, wereapprised by the shouts of the enemy above theirheads that their city had been taken.In that year Gains Furius Paculus and MarcusGeganius Macerinus the censors approved a publicbuilding erected in the Campus Martins, and thecensus of the people was taken there for the firsttime.3 2 9B.CA 1 (*A *-J"

LIVYA.U.O. XXIII. Eosdem consules insequenti anno refectos,lulium tertium, Verginium iterum, apud Macrum2 Licinium iiivenio : Valerius Antias atque Q. TuberoM. Manlium et Q. Sulpicium consules in eura annumedunt. Ceterum in tarn discrepant! editione et Tuberoet Macer libros linteos auctores profitentur;neuter tribunes militum eo anno fuisse traditum a3 scriptoribus antiquis dissimulat. Licinio libros baud1dubie sequi linteos placet: Tubero incertus veriest. Sit inter 2 cetera vetustate 3cooperta hoc quoquein incerto positum.4Trepidatum in Etruria est post Fidenas captas nonVeientibus solum exterritis metu similis excidii, sedetiam Faliscis memoria initi primo cum iis belli,5quamquam rebellantibus non adfuerant. Igitur cumduae civitates legatis circa duodecim populos missisimpetrassent ut ad Voltumnae fanum indicereturomni Etruriae concilium, velut magno inde tumultuimminente senatus Mam. Aemilium dictatorem iterum6 dici iussit. Ab eo A. Postumius Tubertus magisterequitum est dictus ; bellumque tanto maiore quamproximo conatu apparatum est quanto plus erat abomni Etruria periculi quam ab duobus populis fuerat.1placet Muretus :placet et fl placuit V.:8Sit inter Muretus : . . t inter V : set inter A : sed inter n.3cooperta Mommsen: conperta VM: incomperta (inconperta1 It is typical of Livy's indifference to documents that heshould not have taken the trouble to consult the LinenRolls himself. As to the fact, Diodorus Siculus, xii. 53,gives Marcus Manlius, Quintus Sulpicius, and ServiusCornelius Cossus as military tribunes for the year 320 B.C.,and the statement of Antias and Tubero may have arisenfrom the loss of the third name, and the consequent assumptionthat consuls were in office.33

BOOK IV. xxiii. 1-6XXIII. That the same consuls were re-elected B.C. 434the following year (Julius for a third and Verginiusfor a second term)I find stated by Licinius Macer :Valerius Antias and Quintus Tubero give MarcusManlius and Quintus Sulpicius as the consuls forthat year. For the rest, in spite of the great discrepancyin their statements, both Tubero andMacer cite the authority of the Linen Rolls ;neitherwriter dissembles the fact that the elder historianshad recorded that there were military tribunes forthat year. Licinius sees fit to follow withouthesitation the Linen Rolls : Tubero is uncertainwhere the truth lies. With all the other matterswhich are shrouded in antiquity this question too1may be left undecided.There was great alarm in Etruria in consequenceof the capture of Fideiiae. Not only were the peopleof Veii terrified by the fear of a similar disaster, butthe Faliscans too remembered that they had commencedthe war in alliance with the Fidenates,although they had not supported them in theirrevolt. Accordingly when the two states, sendingenvoys round amongst the twelve cities, had obtainedtheir consent to have a council proclaimed for allEtruria at the shrine of Voltumna, the senate, feelingthat they were threatened with a great outbreak inthat quarter, ordered that Mamercus Aemilius beagain named dictator. By him Aulus PostumiusTubertus was appointed master of the horse, andpreparations for war were set about as much moreenergetically than on the last occasion, as the dangerfrom all Etruria was greater than it had been fromtwo cities.331

LIVYA.U.O. XXIV. Ea res aliquanto exspectatione omnium3202 tranquillior fuit. Itaque cum renuntiatum a mercatoribusesset negata Veientibus auxilia, iussosque.suo consilio bellum initum suis viribus exsequi netadversarum rerum quaerere socios, cum quibus spem3 integram communicati non sint, 1 turn dictator, nenequiquam creatusesset, materia quaerendae bellogloriae adempta, in pace aliquid operis edere quodmonumentum esset dictaturae cupiens, censuramminuere parat seu nimiam potestatem ratus seu nontarn magnitudine honoris quam diuturnitate offensus.4 Contione itaque advocata rem publicam foris gerendamait tutaque omnia praestanda deos immortalessuscepisse : se, quod intra muros agendum esset,libertati populi Romani consulturum ;maximamautem eius custodiam esse simagna imperia diuturnanon essent et temporis modus imponeretur quibus5 iuris imponi non posset alios ; magistratus annuosesse, quinquennalem censuram ; grave 2 esse iisdemper tot annos magna parte vitae obnoxios vivere ;se legem laturum, ne plus quam annua ac semestris6 censura esset. Consensu ingenti populi legem posterodie pertulit et " "Ut re ipsa inquit "sciatis,Quirites, quam mihi diuturna non placeant imperia,1communicati non sint fl : communicanti non sint DL1I:communicari non sirint Jac. Gronov : communicare noluerintH. J. Mueller.2grave D ? 5- :grauem ft : wanting in V.1 This implies that the meetings of the league were madeoccasions for fairs. Cp. the fair at the shrine of Feronia,I. xxx. 5.332

BOOK IV. xxiv. 1-6XXIV. This affair ended a good deal more quietly than anybody had anticipated. It was reported bymerchants l that the Veientes had been refusedassistance and had been told that having embarkedon the war at their own discretion they must prosecuteit with their own forces nor seek the alliance ofthose in their adversity with whom they had notshared the prospect of success. Whereupon thedictator, that his appointment might not have beenfor nothing, was desirous, being deprived of themeans of winning military renown, of accomplishingsome peaceful achievement to signalize his dictatorship.He therefore laid his plans to weaken thecensorship, either thinking its powers excessive, ortroubled less by the greatness of the office than byits long duration. So, calling an assembly, he saidthat the immortal gods had undertaken to managethe foreign relations of the state and to make everythingsafe: he himself would do what needed to bedone within the City, and would defend the libertyof the Roman People. Now the greatest safeguardwas that great powers should not be long-continued,but that a limit of time should be imposed on them,since no limit of jurisdiction could be. Other magistracieswere tenable for one year, the censorship forfive. It was a serious matter for the same man tohave authority over people for so many years, in agreat part of their affairs. He announced that heshould propose a law that the censorship might notlast longer than a year and a half. With vastenthusiasm on the part of the people the law wasnext day enacted, and Mamercus exclaimed, "Thatyou may have positive proof, Quirites, how littleIapprove prolonged authority, I lay down my333B.C. 434

LIVYA.U.O. 7 dictatura me abdico." Deposito suo magistratu,imposito fine alteri, cum gratulatione ac favore ingentipopuli domum est reductus. Censores aegrepassi Mamercum quod magistratum populi Romaniminuisset tribu moverunt octiplicatoque censu aera-8 rium fecerunt. Quam rem ipsum ingenti ammotulisse ferunt causain potius ignominiae intuentemquam ignominiam primores patrum, quamquam deminuturncensurae ius noluissent, exemplo ;acerbitatiscensoriae offenses, quippe cum se quisque diutiusac saepius subiectum censoribus fore cerneret quam9 censuram gesturum:populi certe tanta indignatiocoorta dicitur ut vis a censoribus nullius auctoritatepraeterquam ipsius Mamerci deterred quiverit.A.U.C. XXV. Tribuni plebi adsiduis contentionibus prohibendoconsularia comitia cum res prope ad interregnumperducta esset, evicere tandem ut tribuni2 militum consular! potestate crearentur. Victoriaepraemium quod petebatur, ut plebeius crearetur,nullum l flirt ;omnes patricii creati sunt^ M. Fabius3 Vibulanus M. Folius L. Sergius Fidenas. Pestilentiaeo anno aliarum rerum otium praebuit. AedisApollini pro valetudine populi vota est. Multaduumviri ex libris placandae deum irae averten-1nullum A 2 or A 3 - : nullus 1.1The aerarii were the lowest class of citizens. They couldneither vote nor hold office ;were not eligible for service inthe legion and shared in the burdens of the state ; only bythe payment of taxes aes assessed by the censors, insteadof being determined by the citizen's sworn declaration, aswas the case with members of the five classes.2Viz. the Sibylline Books.334

BOOK IV. xxiv. 6-xxv. 3u.c. 434dictatorship." Thus, having resigned his own magistracyand assigned a limit for the other, he was escortedto his home by the people, with striking manifestationsof rejoicing and good-will. The censors, intheir indignation that Mamercus had abridged amagistracy of the Roman People, removed him fromhis tribe, and assessing him at eight times his formertax, disfranchised him. 1 This they say Mamercusbore with great fortitude, having regard rather tothe cause of his humiliation than to the humiliationitself. The leading patricians, though they hadopposed the curtailment of the jurisdiction of thecensorship, were offended by this example ofcensorial ruthlessness, since each of them perceivedthat he should be subjected to the censor for alonger period and more frequently than he shouldhold the censor's office. The people at any rate aresaid to have been so enraged that no man's influencebut that of Mamercus himself could have shieldedthe censors from their violence.XXV. The tribunes of the plebs by persistent BO.opposition prevented the consular elections from 43

LIVY321-322ii-i 1Famem quoque ex pesti-A.U.C. 4 daeque a populo pestis causa fecere ; mafjna tamenclades in urbe uagnsque promiscua L nominum pecorumquepernicie accepta.lentia morbo 2iniplicitis cultoribus agrorum timentesin Etruriam Pomptinumque agrum et Cumas, postremoin Sicilian! quoque frumenti causa misere.5 Consularium comitiorum nulla mentio habita est ;tribuni militum consular! potestate omnes patriciicreati sunt, L. Pinarius Mamercus L. Furius MedullinusSp. Postumius Albus.6 Eo anno vis morbi levata neque a penuria frumenti,quia ante provisum erat, periculum fuit.7 Consilia ad movenda bella in Volscorum Aequorumqueconciliis et in Etruria ad fanum Voltumnae8 agitata. Ibi prolatae in annum res, decretoquecautum ne quod ante concilium fierct, nequiquamVeiente populo querente eandem qua Fidenae deletaesint imminere Veiis fortunam.9 Interim Romae principes plebis, iam diu nequiquamimminentes spei maioris honoris dum forisotium esset, coetus indicere in domos tribunorum10 plebis;ibi secreta consilia agitare ; queri se a plebeadeo spretos, ut cum per tot annos tribuni militumconsular! potestate creentur, nulliunquam plebeio11 ad eum honorem aditus fuerit. Multum providisse12in fl.33 6promiscua Gronovius promiscuae VPOHR : :promiscue n.quoque ex pestilentia morbo implicitis V (inp.):wanting

BOOK IV. xxv. 3-11purpose of appeasing the angry gods and averting B.C.the plague from the people. Nevertheless the 433 ' 4i2losses were severe, both in the City and the country,and men and cattle were stricken without distinction.They even feared that famine would succeedthe epidemic, since the farmers were down with thedisease. They therefore sent to Etruria and thePomptine district, and to Cumae, and finally toSicily itself, for corn. Nothing was said aboutconsular elections ; military tribunes with consularauthority were chosen as follows : Lucius PinaviusMamercus, Lucius Furius Medullinus, SpuriusPostumius Albus all patricians.This year the violence of the disease was mitigated,and there was no risk of a dearth of corn, sinceprecautions had been taken in advance. Schemesfor instigating war were discussed in the councilsof the Volsci and Aequi, and in Etruria at theshrine of Voltumna. There the enterprise was putover for a year, and it was decreed that no councilshould convene before that date, though the Veientescomplained without effect that Veii was threatenedwith the same destruction as had overtaken Fidenae.Meanwhile in Rome the leaders of the plebs, whohad now for a long time, while there was peacewith other nations, been thwarted in their hopesof attaining to greater honours, began to appointmeetings at the houses of the plebeian tribunes.There they considered their plans in secret ;theycomplained that they were held in such contemptby the plebs that although military tribunes withconsular powers had been elected for so many years,no plebeian had ever been admitted to that office.Their ancestors had shown great foresight in pro-337

*Whoever offended against such a law was forfeited (sacct )LIVYA.U.C. suos maiores. qui caverint ne cut natricio plebeii591 _ 399A *magistratus paterent aut ; patricios habendos fuissetribunes plebi ;adeo se suis etiam sordere nee a12 plebe minus quam a patribus contemni. Alii purgareplebem, culpam in patres vertere eorum ambitioneartibusque fieri ut obsaeptum plebi sit ad:honorem iter si ;plebi respirare ab eorum mixtisprecibus minisque liceat, memorem earn suorum inituramsufFragia esse et parto auxilio imperium quo-13 que adscituram. Placet tollendae ambitionis causatribunos legem promulgare ne cui album in vestimentumaddere petitionis causa liceret. Parva mineres et vix serio agenda videri possit, quae tune14 ingenti certamine patres ac plebem accendit. Viceretamen tribuni ut legem perferrent apparebatque;inritatis animis plebem ad suos studia inclinaturam.Quae ne libera essent, senatus consultum factumest ut consularia comitia haberentur.323' XXVI. Tumultus causa fuit, quern ab Aequis et2 Volscis Latini atque Hernici nuntiarant. T. QuinctiusL. f. Cincinnatiis eidem et Poeno cognomen3 additur et Cn. 1 lulius Mento consules facti. Neeultra terror belli est dilatus. Lege sacrata, quae1 et Cn. j- : et gneus fl: g. nus M: et gneneus: etgenucius en V (which omits Mento) : et C. Sigonius (fromDiod. Sic. xn. xxxviii. 1).alludes to the plebeian tribunate, imperium tothe military tribunate with consular powers.2 sc. the plebeian tribunes.3The office-seeker pipe-clayed his toga ;hence candidatus,"candidate."to the gods.338

BOOK IV. xxv. n-xxvi. 3viding that no patrician should be eligible for the B-Cplebeianmagistracies otherwise ; they would havebeen obliged to have patricians as tribunes of theplebs, so contemptible did they appear, even totheir own class, being no less despised by thecommons than by the nobles. Others exoneratedthe plebs and threw the blame upon the patricians :it was owing to their artful canvassing that theplebeians found the road to office blocked if the;plebs might have a breathing-spell from the mingledprayers and menaces of the nobles, they wouldthink of their friends when they went to vote, andto the protection they had already won would addauthority. 1 It was resolved in order to do away with2canvassing, that the tribunes should propose a lawforbidding anyone to whiten his toga, for thepurpose of announcing himself a candidate. 3 Thismay now appear a trivial thing and one scarcelyto be considered seriously, but at that time it kindleda furious struggle between the patricians and theplebs. Yet the tribunes prevailed and carried theirlaw ;and it was clear that the plebeians in theirirritated mood would support the men of theirown order. That they might not be at liberty todo so, the senate decreed that consuls should beelected.XXVI. The reason alleged was a sudden outbreak B.C. 431of hostilities on the part of the Aequi and Volsci,which the Latins and the Hernici had reported.Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus, son of Lucius thesame who isgiven the added surname Poenus,and Gnaeus Julius Mento were made consuls. Norwas the fear of war deferred. After a levy, heldunder a lex sacrata 4 which was their most effective339

LIVYA.U.O. maxima apud eos vis cogendae militiae erat, dilectu323habito utrimque valid! exercitus profectiin Algidum4 convenere, ibique seorsum Aequi, seorsum Volscicastra communivere, intentiorque quam unquamante muniendi exercendique militem cura ducibus5 erat. Eo plus nuntii terroris Romam attulere.Senatui dictatorem dici placuit, quia etsi saepe victipopuli maiore tamen conatu quam alias unquamrebellarant, et aliquantum Romanae iuventutis morbo6 absumptum erat. Ante omnia pravitas consulumdiscordiaque inter ipsos et certamina in consiliisomnibus terrebant. Sunt qui male pugnatum abhis consulibus in Algido auctores sint eamque causam7 dictatoris creandi fuisse. Illud satis constat ad aliadiscordes in uno adversus patrumvoluntatem consensissene dicerent dictatorem, donee cum aliaaliisterribiliora adferrentur nee in auctoritate senatusconsules essent, Q. Servilius Priscus, summis hono-8 ribus egregie usus, " Vos " inquit, " tribuni plebis,quoniam ad extrema ventum est, senatus appellatut in tanto discrimine rei publicae dictatorem dicere9 consules pro potestate vestra cogatis." Qua voceaudita occasionem oblatam rati tribuni augendaepotestatissecedunt proque collegio pronuntiant placereconsules senatui dicto audientes esse ;340si adversus

BOOK IV. xxvi. 3-9means of collecting soldiers, strong armies marched B.C. 431out from both nations and met on Algidus, wherethe Aequi encamped in one place and the Volsci inanother, and their generals took more pains thanever before to intrench, and to drill their men. Forthis reason the report occasioned the more dismay inRome. The senate resolved that a dictator should beappointed, since, though often beaten, those nationshad renewed the war with greater efforts than atany previous time, and a considerable proportion ofthe young Romans had been carried off by theplague. Above all, men were frightened by thewrong-headedness of the consuls, their want ofharmony between themselves, and their oppositionto each other in all their plans. Some writers saythat these consuls were defeated on Algidus, andthat this was the reason of the dictator's beingnamed. Thus much is clear :though they mightdiffer in other matters, they were agreed on onething, to oppose the wishes of the Fathers for theappointment of a dictator ; until, as the reportsgrew more and more alarming, and the consulsrefused to be guided by the senate, QuintusServilius Priscus, a man who had filled with distinctionthe highest offices, cried out, "To you,tribunes of the plebs, since matters have come toan extremity, the senate appeals, that in this greatnational crisisyou may compel the consuls, by virtueof your authority, to name a dictator." Hearingthis the tribunes felt that an opportunity hadcome for increasing their power ; they conferredapart, and then announced, in behalf of thecollege, that they were resolved that the consulsshould obey the senate if ; they persisted furtherVOL. II.M

LIVYA. 0.0. consensum amplissimi ordinis ultra tendant, in vincla32310 se duel eos iussuros. Consules ab tribunis quam absenatu vincimaluerunt, prodilum a patribus summiimperil ius datumque sub iugum tribuniciae potestaticonsulatum memorantes, si quidem cogi aliquid propotestate ab tribuno consules et quoquid ulteriusprivate timendum foret? in vincla etiam duci1 1possent. Sors, ut dictatorem diceret nam ne idquidem inter collegas convenerat T. Quinctioevenit.Is A. Postumium Tubertum, socerum suum,severissimi imperii virum, dictatorem dixit ;ab eo12 L. lulius magister equitumsimul edicitur et iustitium, nequeest dictus. Dilectusaliud tota urbeagi quam bellum apparari. Cogiiitio vacantiummilitiae munere post bellum differtur ;ita dubiiquoqueinclinant ad nomina danda. Et HernicisLatinisque milites imperati ; utrimque enixe oboeditumdictator!est.XXVII. Haec omnia celeritate ingenti acta ;relictoqueCn. lulio consule ad praesidiumurbis etL. lulio magistro equitum ad subita belli ministeria,ne qua res qua eguissent in castris moraretur, dic-1For fear that their claims being then disallowed theywould be treated as deserters.342

BOOK IV.xxvi. 9-xxvn. iof that most B.C. 431to oppose the unanimous opinionhonourable order, they J should command them tobe put in prison. The consuls preferred to bedefeated by the tribunes rather than by the senate.They declared that the senators had betrayed therights of the highest office in the state and hadignominiously surrendered the consulship to thetribunician power, since apparently it was possiblefor the consuls to be subjected to the officialcompulsion of a tribune, and even what coulda private citizen fear more than that? be carriedoff to gaol. It was determined by lot for thecolleagues had not been able to agree evenabout this that Titus Quinctius should name thedictator. He appointed Aulus Postumius Tubertus,his father-in-law, a man of the sternest authority;and by him Lucius Julius was chosen master of thehorse. At the same time a levy was proclaimedand a cessation of legal business, and it was orderedthat nothing else should be done in all the Citybut prepare for war. The examination of thosewho claimed exemption from military service wasput over till after the war, and so even those whosecases were uncertain were disposed to give in theirnames. 1 Men were required also of the Herniciand the Latins, and in both instances the dictatorwas zealously obeyed.XXVII. These measures were all carried out withgreat dispatch. Gnaeus Julius the consul was leftbehind to protect the city ;and Lucius Julius, themaster of the horse, to meet the sudden demandswhich arise in war, that the troops might not behampered in camp by the want of anything thatthey might need. The dictator, repeating the words343

L1VYmaximo ludosA.D.O tator praeeunte A. Cornelio pontifice 2 magnos tumultus causa vovit, profectusque ab urbediviso cum Quinctio consule exercitu ad hostes per-3 venit. Sicut bina castra hostium parvo inter sespatio distantia viderant, 1 ipsi quoque mille fermepassus ab hoste dictator Tusculo, consul Lanuvio4 propiorem locum castris ceperunt. Ita quattuor exercitustotidem munimenta planitiem in medio nonparvis modo excursionibus ad proelia, sed vel adexplicandas utrimque acies satis patentem habebant.5 Nee ex quo castris castra conlata sunt cessatum alevibus proeliis est, facile patiente dictatore conferendovires spem universae victoriae temptato pau-6 latim eventu certaminum suos praecipere. Itaquehostes nulla in proelio iusto relicta spe, noctu adorticastra consulis rem in casum ancipitis eventus committimt.Clamor subito ortus non consulis modovigiles, exercitum deinde omnem, sed dictatorem7quoque ex somno excivit. Ubi praesenti ope resegebant, consul nee animo defecit nee consilio :parsmilitum portarum stationes firmant, 2 pars corona8 vallum cingunt. In alteris apud dictatorem castrisquo minus tumultus est, eo plus animadvertitur quidopus facto sit. Missum extemplo ad castra subsidium,cui Sp. Postumius Albus legatus praeficitur:ipse1viderant A: uideret V': uiderunt $-: videre, ita Madvig.* firmant - : firmat fl.1Not to be confounded with the annual Ludi Magni establishedby A. Postumius after his victory at Lake Regillus,499 B.C. The present reference is to votive games to begiven, in the event of victory, as payment in full for theassistance of the gods,344

BOOK IV. xxvn. T-8after Aulus Cornelius the pontifex maximus, vowed B.C. 431to celebrate great games l if he succeeded inquelling the outbreak, and, dividing his army withthe consul Quinctius, set out from Rome andcame to the enemy. Seeing that the opposingforces occupied two camps with a little spacebetween, the Roman generals followed their exampleand encamped about a mile from the enemy,the dictator nearer to Tusculum and the consul toLanuvium. Thus the four armies in their four intrenchmentshad in their midst a field of sufficientextent not merely for small preliminary skirmishesbut even for drawing up lines of battle on both sides.Nor from the moment the Romans had pitched theircamp near that of the enemy did they once ceaseskirmishing; and the dictator was well content thathis men should match their strength against theiradversaries, and by trying the outcome of these contestscome, little by little, to count upon a generalvictory. The enemy in consequence abandoned allhope of success in a regular battle and attacked theconsul's camp at night, committing their cause tothe hazard of a dangerous enterprise. The shoutwhich suddenly broke out aroused not only theconsul's sentries and after them his entire army, butthe dictator as well. When circumstances requiredinstant action, the consul proved to be wantingneither in resolution nor in judgment. With a partof his soldiers he reinforced the guards at the gates ;with a part he lined the palisade. In the other camp,with the dictator, there was less confusion and acorrespondingly clearer perception what was needfulto be done. Reinforcements were immediately sentto the consul's camp, under Spurius Postumius Albus345

LIVYparte copiarum parvo circuitulocum maxime secreturnab tumultn petitunde ex necopinato aversum x9 hostern invadat. Q. Snlpicium legatum praeficitcastris;M. Fabio legato adsignat equites, nee antelucem movere iubet manum inter nocturnos tumultusmoderatu difficilem. Omnia, quaevel alius imperatorprudens et impiger in tali re praeciperet10 ageretque, praecipit ordine atque agit ;illud eximiumconsilii animique specimen et neutiquam volgataelaud is j quod ultro ad oppiignanda castra hostium,unde maiore agmine profectos 2exploratum fuerat,11 M. Geganium cum cohortibus delectis misit. Quipostquam intentos homines in eventum periculialieni pro se incautos neglectis vigiliis stationibusqueest adortus, prius paene cepit castra quam oppugnari12 hostes satis scirent. Inde fumo, ut convenerat,datum signum ubi conspectum ab dictatore est,exclamat capta hostium castra nuntiarique passimkibet.XXVIII. Et iam lucescebat omniaquesub oculiserant.Et Fabius cum equitatu impetum dederat etconsul eruptionem e castris in trepidos iam hostes fece-2 rat ;dictator autem parte altera subsidia et secundam1aversum A 2 5- : aduersum (-s M) Cl.2 profectos $- :profectus n.346

BOOK IV. xxvn. 8-xxvin. 2the lieutenant the dictator himself, taking a part of B.C. 431:his forces, marched by a slight detour to a placeabsolutely screened from the fighting, that he mightthence strike the enemy unawares as he faced theother way. The lieutenant Quintus Sulpicius heput in charge of the camp ; to the lieutenantMarcus Fabius he assigned the cavalry, but orderedhim not to move his command tilldaybreak, asit would be hard to control in the confusionof the night. Everything that any wise and activegeneral could have commanded and carried out insuch a situation was duly commanded and carriedout by him; but an unusual proof of judgment anddaring and one which reflects no ordinary creditupon him was this, that he actually attacked theenemy's camp (from which, as he ascertained, theyhad marched out with more than half their troops),dispatching Marcus Geganius with some chosencohorts on that service. This officer found his foesabsorbed in the issue of the dangerous work undertakenby their fellows, and with no thought forthemselves, neglecting their sentinels and outguards ;lie attacked them, captured their camp almost beforethey fully realized that they were assailed, and sentup a prearranged signal of smoke, on seeing whichthe dictator cried out that the enemy's camp wastaken and bade spread the news.XXVIII. By this time the day was breaking andeverything could be seen. Fabius had delivered acharge with his cavalry the consul had made a ;sallyfrom the camp against the enemy, who were alreadywavering; while the dictator, on the other side ofthe field, attacking the supports and the second line,had fallen upon the foe from every side, as they347

LIVYA.TJ.O. aciem adortus circumagenti se 1 ad dissonos clamores32?ac subitos tumultus hosti undique obiecerat victorem3 peditem equitemque. Circumventi igitur iam inmedio ad unum omnes poenas rebellionis dedissent,ni Vettius Messius ex Volscis, nobilior vir factisquam genere, iam orbem volventes suos increpans4 clara voce " "Hie praebituri inquit, " vos telis hostiumestis indefensi, inulti ? Quid igitur arma habetis autquid ultro bellum intulistis, in otio tumultuosi, inbello segnes ? Quid hie stantibus spei est ? An deumaliquem protecturum vos rapturumque hinc putatis ?5 Ferro via facienda est. Hac, qua me praegressumvideritis, agite, qui visuri domos parentes coniugesNon murus nee vallumliberos estis, ite mecum !sed armati armatis obstant.Virtu te pares, necessitate,quae ultimum ac maximum telum est, superiores6 estis." Haec locutum exsequentemque dicta redintegratoclamore secuti dant impressionem quaPostumius Albus cohortes obiecerat ;et moveruntvictorem, donee dictator pedem iam referentibus7 suis advenit, eoque omne proelium versum est. Univiro Messio fortuna hostium innititur. Multautrimquevolnera, multa passim caedes est. lain ne duces8 quidem Romani incruenti pugnant. Unus Postumiusictus saxo perfracto capite acie excessit, non dicta-1circumagenti se $- :

BOOK IV. xxviii. 2-8wheeled about to meet the wild shouts and sudden BX. 431onsets, with his victorious foot and horse. Accordingly,being now hemmed in on every side, theenemy would have suffered to a man the penalty oftheir rebellion, had not Vettius Messius, a Volscianmore distinguished by his deeds than by his birth,called out in a clear voice to his men, who werealready crowding together in a " circle, Are yougoing to offer yourselves up here to the weapons otthe enemy, defenceless and unavenged To ? whatend then are you armed, or why withoutdid provocationyou make war, turbulent in peace and sluggardsin the field? What hopeis there while you standhere ? Do you think that some god will protect youand deliver you from this plight? It isyour swordsmust make a way for you Come, where ! you seeme go before, there you must follow, ifyou wouldlook on homes, parents, wives and children ! It isnot a wall or rampart that blocks your path, butarmed men like yourselves. In courage you aretheir equals in; necessity, which is the last andchiefest weapon, you are the better men." So hespoke, and acted on the word. Renewing theirshouts they followed after, and hurled themselvesagainst the Romans where the cohorts of PostumiusAlbus had confronted them. And they forced thevictors to give ground, until the dictator came up, ashis men were already falling back, and the fightingall centred on that spot. On one single warrior,Messius, hung the fortunes of the enemy. Manywere the wounds on either side, and great was theslaughter everywhere. Now even the Roman leaderswere bleeding as they fought. Only Postumius leftthe battle, struck by a stone that broke his head.349

L1VYtorem umerus volneratus, non Fabium prope adfixumequo femur, non bracchium abscisum consulem extarn ancipiti proelio submovit.XXIX. Messium impetus per stratos caede hostescum globo fortissimorum iuvenum extulit ad castraVolscorum, quae nondum capta erant. Eodem omnis2 acies inclinatur. Consul effusos usquepersecutus ipsa castra vallumque adgreditur ;ad vallumeodem3 et dictator alia parte copias admovet. Non segnioroppugnatio est quam pugna fuerat. Consulem signumquoque intra vallum iniecisse ferunt, quo militesacrius subirent, repetendoque signo primam impressionemfactam. Et dictator proruto vallo iam in4 castra proelium intulerat. Turn abici passim armaac dedi hostes coepti, castrisque et his captis hostespraeter senatores omnes veiium dati sunt. Praedaepars sua cognoscentibus Latinis atque Hernicisreddita, partem sub hasta dictator vendidit ; praepositoqueconsule castris ipse triumphans invectus5 urbem dictatura se abdicavit. Egregiae dictaturaetristem memoriam faciunt, qui filium ab A. Postumio,quod occasione bene pugnandi captusiniussu decesserit1 praesidio, victorem securi percussum tra-6 dunt. Nee libet credere, et licet in variis opinioni-1decesserit Gronovius :discesserit (-ceserit A) fl.35

BOOK IV. xxvin. 8-xxix. 6A wounded shoulder could not drive the dictator B.C. 431from so critical a fight;nor would Fabius retire fora thigh almost pinned to his horse ;nor the consulfor an arm that was hewn away.XXIX. Messius pressed on with a band ofcourageous youths over the slain bodies of hisenemies, and reached the Volscian camp, which hadnot yet been taken ;and on that point the entirebattle converged. The consul, after pursuing hisopponents clear up to the rampart, assailed the campitself and the palisade and thither from;anotherpart of the field the dictator brought up his troops.The assault was no less vigorous than the battle hadbeen. They say that the consul even cast hisstandard into the stockade, to make his men themore eager in the charge, and that in seeking torecover it they made the first breach. The dictatortoo had breached the rampart and had already carriedthe fighting into the camp. Then the enemy beganon every hand to throw down their arms and surrender.Finally the camp itself was captured, and the enemywere all sold into slavery, except the senators. Aportion of the booty was restored to the Latins andthe Hernici, on their identifying it as their own ;awho thenpart was sold at auction by the dictator ;left the consul in command of the camp and returninghimself in triumph to the City laid down his office.The memory of the noble dictatorship assumes asombre hue in a tradition that Aulus Postumius' son,who, tempted by an opportunity of fighting toadvantage, had left his post unbidden, was in thehour of his victory beheaded by his father's orders.One is loath to believe this story, and the diversityof opinion allows one to rejectit. It is an indication

LIVYA.U.O. bus et ; argumento est, quod imperia Manliana, 1 nonPostumiana 2appellata suiit, cum 3 qui prior auctortarn saevi exempli foret, occupaturus insignem titulumcrudelitatis fuerit. Imperioso quoque Manliocognomen inditum ;Postumius nulla tristi nota est*r^-c -XXX.insignitus.7 Cn. lulius 4 consul aedem Apollinis absente collegasine sorte dedicavit. Aegre id passus Quinctius cumdimisso exercitu in urbem redisset, nequiquam insenatu est conquestus.8 Insigni magnis rebus anno additur nihil turn adrem Romanam pertinere visum, quod Carthaginienses,tanti hostes futuri, turn primum per seditionesSiculorum ad partis alterius auxilium in Sicilian!exercitum traiecere.Agitatum in urbe ab tribunis plebis uttribuni militum consulari potestate crearentur neeobtineri potuit. Consules fiunt L. Papirius Crassusfoedus ab senatu cumL. lulius. Aequorum legatipetissent et pro foedere deditio ostentaretur, indtitias2 annorum octo :impetraverunt Volscorum res superacceptam in Algido cladem pertinaci certamine interpacis bellique auctores in iurgia et seditiones versa :3 undique otium fuit Romanis. Legem de multarum1Manliana Vorm. : Malliana n.2 sunt 5- : sint fl.3cum Rhenanus :quern ft.4 CM. lulius fl : en. c. iulius DLA : C. lulius Sigonius(cf. chap. xxvi. 2 and note).Alluding to the story told at vin. vii. 1.A mistake. The Carthaginians had obtained12a footholdin Sicily long before this time, and (according to Herodotus,vii. 166), were defeated in a great naval battle by theSicilians on the same day that Salamis was fought (480 B.C.).3The same who had been consul in 435 ?Livy usuallynotes the second election to a consulship with the word352

BOOK IV. xxix. 6-xxx. 3of its falsity that we speak of Manlian, 1 not Postumian B .o 431discipline, whereas he who had first established sorigorous a precedent would himself have receivedthat notorious stigma of cruelty. Besides, Manliuswas "given the surname Imperiosus "the Despoticwhile Postumius received no such grim distinction.Gnaeus Julius the consul dedicated the temple ofApollo in the absence of his colleague, without drawinglots. Quinctius resented this, when he haddismissed his army and returned to the City; buthis complaint of it in the senate was without effect.To the history of a year famous for its greatevents, isappended a statement as though the incidentwas then regarded as of no importance to theRoman state that the Carthaginians, destined to besuch mighty enemies, then for the first time sentover an army into Sicilyto assist one of the factionsin the domestic quarrels of the Sicilians. 2XXX. An effort was made in the City by the B -c -tribunes of the plebs to procure the election of mili- *tary tribunes with consular powers, but it wasunsuccessful. Lucius Papirius Crassus 3 and LuciusJulius were chosen consuls. The Aequi, throughtheir envoys, sought a treaty from the senate.Instead of granting a treaty, the senate suggested thatthey surrender ;but they asked and obtained a trucefor eight years. The Volscian commonwealth, inaddition to the disaster it had suffered on Algidus,had become involved in quarrels and seditions, inconsequence of an obstinate struggle between theadvocates of peace and those of war. The Romanseverywhere enjoyed peace. A law concerning theitcrum, Diodorus, xii. 72, gives our consul's name asGaius.353

LIVYA.O.C. aestimatione pergratam populocum ab tribunisparari consules unius ex collegio proditione excepissent,ipsi praeoccupaverunt ferre.4 Consules L. Sergius Fidenas iterum Hostius ]Lucretius Tricipitinus. Nihil dignum dictu actumhis consulibus. Secuti eos consules A. Cornelius5 Cossus T. Quinctius Poenus iterum. Veientes inagrum Romanum excursiones fecerunt. Fama fuitquosdam ex Fidenatium iuventute participes eiuspopulationis fuisse, cognitioque eius rei L. Sergio et6 Q. Servilio et Mam. Aemilio permissa. QuidaniOstiam relegati, quod cur per eos dies a Fidenisafuissent parum constabat. Colonorum additusnumerus agerqueiis bello interemptorum adsignatus,7 Siccitate eo anno plurimum laboratum est, neecaelestes modo defuerunt aquae sed terra quoqueingenito umore egens vix ad perennes suffecit amnes8 Defectus alibiaquarum circa torridos fontes rivosquestragem siti pecorum momentum dedit scabie alia;absumpta ; volgatique contactu in homines morbi.Et primo in agrestes ingruerant servitiaque urbs;9 deinde impletur. Nee corpora modo adfecta tabo,sed animos quoque multiplex religio et pleraqueexterna irivasit, novos ritus sacrificandi vaticinando1Hostius n (T. xii. 2) : Hostus Sigonius (C.LL. i2 , p. 111).1An earlier law (Menenia Sexiia, 452 B.C.) had fixed thelimit of fines which magistrates might impose on their ownresponsibility at two sheep for poor men and thirty oxen forrich men. The present law (Papiria Juliet} provided for auniform money equivalent for these fines, viz. twenty andthree thousand asses respectively.354

BOOK IV. xxx. 3-9valuation of fines was most welcome to the people.B.C.Having learned through the 43 427treachery of a memberof the college that the tribunes were drawing one up,the consuls anticipated their action and themselvesproposed it. 1The next consuls were Lucius Sergius Fidenas(for the second time) and Hostius Lucretius Tricipitinus.Nothing noteworthy was done this year.They were succeeded in the consulship by AulusCornelius Cossus and Titus Quinctius Poenus, whowas elected for the second time. The Veientesmade inroads into Roman territory. It was rumouredthat certain young men of Fidenae had shared in thepillaging. The investigation of this report wasintrusted to Lucius Sergius, Quintus Servilius, andMamercus Aemilius ;and certain men were banishedto Ostia, because it was not clear why they had beenaway from Fidenae during those days. A numberof settlers were added to the colony, and land wasassigned them which had belonged to men who hadfallen in the war. A drought that year caused greatsuffering. Not only did the skies provide too littlerain, but the earth as well was deficient in nativemoisture and could hardly supply the perennialstreams. In some cases the failure of the sourcescaused the dry springs and brooks to be lined withcattle perishing of thirst others;were carried off bya mange, and their diseases were by contact communicatedto mankind. At firstthey attacked countrypeople and slaves ;then the City was infected. Andnot only were men's bodies smitten by the plague,but a horde of superstitions, mostly foreign, tookas the class of men whopossession of their minds,find their profit in superstition-ridden souls intro-355

LIVYA.U.O. inferentibus in domos, quibus quaestui sunt capti?10 superstitione animi, donee publicus iam pudor adprimores civitatis pervenit cernentes in omnibusvicis sacellisque peregrina atque insolita piacula11 pacis deum exposcendae. Datum inde negotiumaedilibus ut aniniadverterent ne qui nisi Romanidi neu quo alio more quam patrio colerentur.12 Irae adversus Veientes in insequentem annum, C.Servilium Ahalam L. Papirium Mugillanum lconsules,13 dilatae sunt. Tune quoque ne confestim bellumindiceretur neve exercitus mitterentur religioobstitit ;fetiales prius mittendos ad res repetendas14 censuere. Cum Veientibus nuper acie dimicatum adNomentum et Fidenas fuerat, indutiaeque inde, nonpax facta, quarum et dies exierat et ante diemrebellaverant ;missi tamen fetiales ;nee eorum, cummore patrum iurati repeterent res, verba sunt audita.15 Controversia inde fuit utrum populi iussu indicereturbellum an satis esset senatus consultum. Perviceretribuni, denuntiando impedituros se dilectum, utQuinctius consul de bello ad populum ferret.16 Omnes centuriae iussere. In eo quoque plebssuperior fuit, quod tenuit ne consules in proximumannum crearentur.4 u c>XXXI. Tribuni militum consulari potestate quattuorcreati sunt, T. Quinctius Poenus ex consulatu2 C. Furius M. Postumius A. Cornelius Cossus. Ex1Mugillanum Drakenborch mugilanumfl; : mugillano Off :mugilano ^.1For the procedure of the fetials see I. xxxii.2If the war was a new war it must be sanctioned by voteof the people if;merely a continuation of the old war thiawas unnecessary.356

BOOK IV. xxx. 9-xxxi. 2duced strange sacrificial rites into their Bhomes, o.. rpretending to be seers 43a 41/'; until the public shamefinally reached the leading citizens, as they beheldin every street and chapel outlandish and unfamiliarsacrifices being offered up to appease Heaven'sanger. The aediles were then commissioned tosee to it that none but Roman gods should be worshipped,nor in any but the ancestral way.Revenge on the men of Veii was postponed tillthe following year, when Gaius Servilius Ahala andLucius Papirius Mugillanus were consuls. Eventhen a religious scruple prevented the immediatedeclaration of war and dispatch of armies ;theyresolved that fetials must first be sent to requirerestitution. Not long before there had been a battlewith the Veientes near Nomentum and Fidenae, andthis had been followed not by peace but by a truce.Its time had now run out, and indeed the enemyhad begun to fight again before its expiration;nevertheless fetials were sent; yet their words, whenthey sought reparation after taking the customaryoath, 1 were not attended to. A dispute thenarose whether war should be declared by commandof the people, or whether a senatorial decree wasenough. 2 The tribunes prevailed, by threatening tohinder the levy, and forced the consul Quinctius torefer the question of war to the people. All thecenturies voted for it. In this respect also the plebshad the better, that they made good their wish thatconsuls should not be elected for the following year.XXXI. Four military tribunes with consular powerswere elected, Titus Quinctius Poenus, who had justbeen consul, Gaius Furius, Marcus Postumius, andAulus Cornelius Cossus.Of these, Cossus had charge*O357B.C. 428

LIVYA.U.O his Cossus praefuit urbi, tres dilectu habito profectisunt Veios documentoque fuere quam plurium imperiumbello inutile esset. Tendendo ad sua quisqueconsilia, cum aliud alii videretur, aperuerunt ad3 occasionem locum hosti ; incertam namque aciem,signum aliis dari, receptui aliis cani iubentibus,invasere opportune Veientes. Castra propinqua4 turbatos ac terga dantes accepere;plus itaqueignominiae quam cladis est acceptum. Maestacivitas fuit vinci insueta ;odisse tribunes, posceredictatorem : in eo verti spes civitatis. Et cum ibiquoque religio obstaret ne non posset nisi ab consuledici dictator, augures consulti earn religionem5 exemere. A. Cornelius dictatorem Mam. Aemilium 1dixit et ipse ab eo magister equitum est dictus ; adeo,simul fortuna civitatis virtute vera eguit, nihilcensoria animadversio effecit quo minus regimenrerum ex notata indigne domo peteretur.6 Veientes re secunda elati missis circum Etruriaepopulos legatis iactando tres duces Romanos ab seuno proelio fusos, cum tamen nullam publici consiliisocietatem movissent, voluntarios undique ad spem7 praedae adsciverunt. Uni Fidenatium populo rebellareplacuit et; tamquamnisi ab scelere bellumordiri nefas esset, sicut legatorum ante, ita turn1Mam. Aemilium $- (cf. chap, xxiii. 5) : m(or m) aemiliumft : nmrtium aemilium E.3531See chap. xxiv.

BOOK IV. xxxi. 2-7of the City;the three others held a levy and inarch- B.C. 426ing against Veii gave a demonstration how unprofitableit was in war to parcel out authority. Bypursuing each his own counsels, one having thisopinion, another that, they gave the enemy room totake them at a disadvantage for their army was;confused when some bade sound the charge, whileothers commanded the recall ;and at this favourablemoment the Veientes fellupon them. The camp,which was close by. received the demoralized andfleeing men, and so they suffered more disgrace thanactual harm. The nation was filled with grief, forit was not used to being conquered disgusted with;the tribunes, people demanded a dictator :therein,they said, lay the hope of the state. And whenthey seemed likely to be thwarted in that also, by ascrupulous feeling that no one but a consul couldname a dictator, the augurs were consulted and removedthe impediment. Aulus Cornelius named asdictator Mamercus Aemilius and was himself appointedby Mamercus master of the horse, so true isit that when the fortune of the state required realworth, the animadversion of the censor could by nomeans prevent men's seeking a director of their affairs1in a house undeservedly stigmatized.The Veientes, elated by their success, dispatchedenvoys round about to the peoples of Etruria, boastingthat they had routed three Roman commanders inone fight. Nevertheless they obtained no generalsupport from the league, though they attractedvolunteers from all quarters by the prospect ofbooty. Only the people of Fideiiae voted to renewthe war ; and, as itthough were forbidden to commencewar without a crime, as before in the blood359

LIVYA.D.C.328novorum colonorum caede imbutis armis Veientibus8 sese coniungunt. Consultare inde principes duorumpopulorum Veios an Fidenas sedem belli caperent.Fidenae visae opportuniores ; itaque traiecto Tiber!9 Veientes Fidenas transtulerunt bellum. Romaeterror ingens erat. Accito exercitu a Veiis, eoqueipso ab re male gesta perculsocastra locantur anteportam Collinam, et in muris armati dispositi, etiustitium in foro tabernaeque clausae fiuntqueomnia castris quam urbi similiora (XXXII), cumtrepidam civitatem praeconibus pervicos dimissis2 dictator ad contionem advocatam increpuit quodanimos ex tarn levibus momentis fortunae suspensesgererent ut parva iactura accepta, quae ipsa nonvirtute hostium nee ignavia Romani exercitus seddiscordia imperatorum accepta sit, Veientem hostemsexiens victum pertimescant Fidenasque prope saepius3 captas quam oppugnatas. Eosdem et Romanes ethostes esse qui per tot saecula fuerint ;eosdemanimos, easdem corporis vires, eadem arma gerere ;se1quoque eundem dictatorem Mam. Aemilium essequi antea Veientium Fidenatiumque adiunctis4 Faliscis ad Momentum exercitus fuderit, et magi-3601Mam. 5-: m (or m) fl: marcium E.

BOOK IV. xxxi. 7-xxxn. 4of the ambassadors, so now they imbued their swords B.C. 426in that of the new settlers, and joined the men ofVeii. Consultations followed between the leadersof the two nations whether they should take Veiior Fidenae for the headquarters of their campaign.Fidenae seemed the fitter ;and accordingly theVeientes crossed the Tiber and transferred the warto Fidenae. At Rome there was a wild alarm. Thetroops were recalled from Veii, though even theirspirits were much daunted in consequence of theirfailure, and encamped before the Colline Gate.Armed men were disposed along the walls, a cessationof the courts was proclaimed in the Forum, theshops were closed, and everything assumed morethe look of a camp than of a city. XXXII. Thedictator, sending heralds this way and that throughthe streets, summoned the frightened citizens toan assembly, where he rebuked them for possessinghearts so easily dismayed by trivial fluctuations offortune that on sustaining a slight reverse andthat not due to the valour of the enemy or thecowardice of the Roman army, but to a disagreementamong their generals they were seized withdread of the Veientine enemy whom they hadsix times defeated, and of Fidenae which theyhad captured almost more often than they hadattacked it. Both the Romans and their enemieswere the same as they had been for so manygenerations they had the same courage, the same;bodily vigour, the same weapons he;was himselfthe same dictator Mamercus Aemilius who hadformerly put to flight the armies of the Veientes andthe Fidenates, with the Faliscans added, beforeMomentum; and, as master of the horse, Aulus361

LIVYi.u.c. strum equitum A. Cornelium eundem in acie fore328qui priore bello tribunus militum, Larte Tolumniorege Veientium in conspectu duorum exercituumocciso, spolia opima lovis Feretri templo intulerit.5 Proinde memores secam triumphos, secum spolia,secum victoriam esse, cum hostibus scelus legatorumcontra ius gentium interfectorum, caedem in paceFidenatium colonorum, indutias ruptas, septimam6 infelicem defectionem, arma caperent. Simul castracastris coniunxissent,satis confidere nee sceleratissimishostibus diuturnum ex ignominia exercitusRomani gaudium fore, et populumRomanurn intellec-7 turum quanto melius de re publica meriti sint qui sedictatorem tertium dixerint quam qui 1 ob erepturncensurae regnum labem secundae dictaturae suae8 imposuerint. Votis deinde nuncupatis profectusmille et quingentos passus citra Fidenas castra locat,9 dextra montibus, laeva Tiber! amne saeptus. T.Quinctium Poenurn legatum occupare montes iubetoccultumque id iugum capere quod ab tergo hostibusforet.10 Ipse postero die cum Etrusci pleni animorum abpristini 2 diei meliore occasione quam pugna in aciemprocessissent, cunctatus parumper, dum speculatoresreferrent Quinctium evasisse in iugum propinquum1quam qui Tan. Fabcr :quam eos qui2ab pristini 5- : ac pristini H.362

BOOK IV. xxxn. 4-ioCornelius would be the same man in battle that B.C. 426he had shown himself in the former war, when asmilitary tribune he had slain Lars Tolumnius, kingof the Veientes, in full sight of both armies, and hadborne the spoils of honour to the temple of JupiterFeretrius. Let them remember then that theirswere the triumphs, theirs the spoils, theirs thevictory while their enemies were stained with the;crime of putting envoys to death against the lawof nations, with the slaughter in time of peace ofsettlers at Fidenae, with the broken truce, withrebelling unsuccessfully for the seventh time. Letthem think of these things and arm. When oncethey should have pitched their camp near the campof the enemy, he was very confident the dastar41yfoe would not long rejoice over the humiliation ofa Roman army; but that the Roman People wouldperceive how much better those men had servedthe state who had named him for the third timedictator, than had those who, because he had tornfrom the censorship its tyrannical powers, had fixeda stigma upon his second dictatorship. Then, havingoffered vows to the gods, he marched out and encampeda mile and a half this side of Fidenae,protected on his right by mountains, on his leftby the river Tiber. His lieutenant Titus QuinctiusPoenus he commanded to secure the mountains andsecretly to occupy the ridge which lay to theenemy'sOn rear.the morrow, when the Etruscans, in highfeather at what, on the previous day, had beenmore good luck than good fighting, sallied forth tooffer battle, the dictator delayed a little, till hisscouts should report that Quinctius had come out363

LIVY.U.O arci Fidenarum, signa profert peditumque aciem> - 311 instructam pleno gradu in hostem inducit ;magistroequitum praecipit ne iniussu pugnam incipiat : secum opus sit equestri auxilio signum daturum ;turnut memor regiae pugnae, mernor opimi doni12 lique ac lovis Feretri rem gereret. Legiones impetuingenti confligunt. Romanus odio accensus impiumFidenatem, praedonem Veientem, ruptoresRomu-indutiarum,cruentos legatorum infanda caede, respersossanguine colonorum suorum, perfidos socios, imbelleshostes compellans, factis simul dictisque odiumexplet.XXXIII. Concusserat primo statim congressuhostem, cum repente patefactis Fidenarum portisnova erumpit acies inaudita ante id tempus invisi-2 tataque. Ignibus armata ingens multitudo facibusqueardentibus tota conlucens velut fanaticoinstincta furore l cursu in hostem ruit, formaque3 insolitae pugnae Romanes parumper exterruit. Turndictator magistro equitum equitibusque, turn exmontibus Quinctio accito proelium ciens ipse insinistrum cornu, quod, incendio similius quamproelio, territum cesserat flammis, accurrit claraque4 voce " Fumone victi " inquit, te velut examen apum1fanatico instincta furore H. J. Mueller (furore instinctaCornelissen) :fanatico instincta fl.

BOOK IV. xxxn. lo-xxxm. 4on the ridge near the citadel of Fidenae ;and then B.C. 426forming his infantry in line of battle led them atthe double against the enemy. He directed themaster of the horse not to begin to fight until hegot his orders : when he required the help of thecavalry, he would himself give the signal let him;then bear himself as one mindful of his battle witha king, of his glorious offering, of Romulus andJupiter Feretrius. The armies came together withgreat fury. The Romans were consumed withiiatred. "Traitors" was the name they gave theFidenates, and " brigands" the men of Veii ;theycalled them breakers of truces, stained with thehorrid murder of ambassadors, sprinkled with thegore of their own settlers, faithless allies andcowardly enemies and;fed their rage at once withdeeds and with words.XXXIII. They had shaken the enemy's resistanceat the very first onset, when suddenly thegates of Fidenae were flung open and a strangekind of army, never seen before or heard of, camepouring out. Fire was the weapon of that vastmultitude, and blazing torches threw a glare uponthe entire throng when, as though inspired witha wild insanity, they rushed headlong on theirenemy. For an instant the strangeness of thiskind of battle dismayed the Romans. Then thedictator, calling up the master of the horse andhis cavalry, sending for Quinctius to come downfrom the mountains, and urging on the fight himself,hurried to the left wing, which, as thoughit founditself in a conflagration rather than a line of battle,had shrunk back in terror from the flames, and ina loud voice cried out": Will you quit your post,3 6 5

LIVYA.U.C. loco vestro exact! inermi cedetis liosti ? Non ferro228exstinguetis l ignes ? Non faces has ipsas pro sequisque, si igni, non tells pugnandum est, ereptasC ultro inferetis ?Agite, nominis Roman! ac virtutispatrum vestraeque memores vertite incendium hocin hostium urbem et suis flammis delete Fidenas,quas vestris beneficiis placare non potuistis. Legatorumhoc vos vestrorum colonorumque sanguis6 vastatique fines monent." Ad imperium dictatorismota cuncta acies. Faces partim emissae excipiuntur,partim vi eripiuntur : utraqueacies armatur7 igni. Magister equitum et ipse novat pugnamequestrem. Frenos ut detrahant equis imperat etipse princeps calcaribus subditis evectus effrenoequo in medios ignes infertur, et alii concitati equi8 libero cursu feruiit equitemelatus mixtusqueequorumque aufert. Ea, quaespecies nihil terruit equos.in hostem. Pulvisfuino lucem ex oculis virorunimilitem terrueratIluinae igitur similem9 stragem eques quacumque pervaserat dedit. Clamordeinde accidit novus ; qui cum utramque mirabundamin se aciem vertisset, dictator exclamatQuinctium legatum et suos ab tergo hostem adortos ;10 ipse redintegrate clamore infert acrius signa. Cum3661 exstinguetis $-: exstinguitis (extinguitis EA) fl.

BOOK IV. xxxiii. 4-10subdued with smoke like a swarm of bees, and yieldB.C. 426to an unarmed foe ? Will you not extinguish firewith the sword? Will youriot seize these self-samebrands, and each for himself if9we must fiHit O withfire, not with javelins attack them with their ownweapons? Come, call to mind the Roman name,your fathers' valour and your own ;turn this blazeupon the enemy's city and destroy Fidenae withits own flames, since your kindness was powerlessgain its friendship The blood of your!envoys and your colonists and your devastatedborders exhort you to do as I say." At thedictator's command the whole array was set inmotion. Here they caught up torches whichhad been flung away ;there they wrested themviolently from their bearers : both sides were armedwith fire. The master of the horse on his partinvented a new kind of cavalry-fighting. Commandinghis men to pull off the bridles from theirhorses, he led the way, and setting spurs to hisown, was carried by the unbridled charger into themidst of the flames. The other horses too wereurged on and bore their riders at full tilt againstthe enemy; while the dust that rose and mingledwith the smoke darkened the eyes both of the menand of their mounts. But the sight which hadfrightened the infantry had no terror for the horses,and the cavalry overthrew their enemies in heapswherever they advanced. Then a new shout washeard. Both armies in astonishment looked thatway and when the dictator called out that Quinctius;the lieutenant and his followers had assailed theenemy in the rear, the cheering was renewed, andhe pressed home his own attack more sharply.3 6 7

LIVYA.U.O328duae acies. duo diversa proelia circumventos Etruscoset a fronte et ab tergo urgerent neque in castra retroneque in monies, unde se novus liostis obiecerat, iterfugae esset, et equitem passim liberis frenis distulissentequi, Veientium maxima pars Tiberim effusipetunt, Fidenatium qui supersunt ad urbem Fidenas11 tendunt. Infert pavidos fuga in mediam caedem ;obtruncantur in ripis;alios in aquam compulsosgurgites ferunt ;etiam peritos nandi lassitude etvolnera et pavor degravant pauci ex multis tranaiit.;12 Alterum agmen fertur per castra in urbem. Eodemet Romanos sequentes impetus rapit, Quinctiummaxime et cum eo degressos modo de montibus,recentissimum ad laborem militem, quia ultimo proelioadvenerat.XXXIV. Hi postquam mixti hostibus portamintravere, in muros evadunt suisque capti oppidi2 signum ex muro tollunt. Quod ubi dictator conspexitiam enim et ipse in deserta hostium castrapenetraverat, cupientemmilitem discurrere adpraedam spe iniecta maioris in urbe praedae adportam ducit receptusque intra muros in arcem,3 quo ruere fugientium turbam videbat, pergit.Nee368

BOOK IV. xxxin. lo-xxxiv. 3Now that two battle-fronts and two distinct attacks B.C. 426hemmed in the Etruscans and forced them backfrom front and rear ;and there was no way forthem to flee, either back into their camp or intothe mountains, whence a new foe had appeared toblock their path and the horses, with loose ; reins,had borne their riders far and w r ide ;the Veientesfor the most part ran in disorder to the Tiber, whilethose of the Fidenates who survived turned towardsthe city of Fidenae. In their panic they fled intothe middle of the carnage. Some were cut downon the banks of the river ; others, forced into thewater, were swept away by the current ;evenexperienced swimmers were borne down by wearinessand wounds and fear; only a few out of themany swam across. The other party was carriedon through the camp to the city. Thither theRomans too pushed forward in the impetuosity ofthe pursuit especially Quinctius, and with himthose who had just come down from the hills andwere the freshest soldiers for the work, havingarrived at the close of the battle.XXXIV. After these troops, mingling with theenemy, had entered the gate, they made their wayon to the wall, where they raised a signal to showtheir friends that the town was taken. When thedictator saw it for by this time he had himselfpenetrated to the deserted camp of the enemy, hechecked his soldiers, who were eager to scatter insearch of booty, by encouraging the hope that theywould find larger spoils in the city; and, leadingthem to the gate, was received within the wallsand marched directly to the citadel, whither he sawthat the throng of fugitives was rushing Nor was3 6 9

LIVYA.U.O. minor caedes in urbe quam in proelio fuit, doneeabiectis armis nihil praeter vitam petentes dictator!4 deduntur. Urbs castraque diripiuntur. Postero diesingulis captivis ab equite ac 1 centurionibus 2 sorteductis, et quorum eximia virtus fuerat, binis, aliissub corona venundatis exercitum victorem opulentumquepraeda triumphans dictator Romam reduxit ;5 iussoque magistro equitum abdicare se magistratuipse deinde abdicat die sexto decimo reddito in paceimperio, quod in bello trepidisque rebus acceperat.6 Classi quoque ad Fidenas pugnatum cum Veientibusquidam in annales rettulere, rem aeque difficilematque incredibilem nee nunc lato satis ad hoc amne7 et turn aliquanto, ut a veteribus accepimus, artiore,nisi in traiectu forte fluminis prohibendo aliquarumnavium concursum in maius, ut fit, celebrantesnavalis victoriae vanum titulum appetivere.A.u.o. XXXV.o Insequens annus tribunes militares consularipotestate habuit A. Sempronium AtratinumL. Quinctium Cincinnatum L. Furium Medullinum2 L. Horatium Barbatum. Veientibus annorum vigintiindutiae datae et Aequis triennii, cum pluriumannorum petissent ;et a seditionibus urbanis otiumfuit.3 Annum insequentem neque bello foris neque domiseditione insijjnem ludi bello voti celebrem et1eqviite ac - :equite (or aeq-) ad n equitum P : :equi.... V :acquitem ad D.2 centurionibus Weisseiiborn : centurionis V\ centurionem(-e AP.L?) ft.1 sc. under the portrait of Aemilius. Livy is thinking ofthe partiality characteristic of such family records.370

BOOK IV. xxxiv. 3-xxxv. 3the slaughter in the city less than it had been in B.O 42tthe battle, until they threw away their arms, andasking nothing but their lives, surrendered to thedictator. The city and the camp were sacked.Next day the cavalrymen and centurions drew lotsfor a single captive each, while those who had shownconspicuous bravery received two. The rest were soldat auction^ and the dictator marched his victoriousarmy, enriched with plunder, back to Rome, andtriumphed. After commanding his master of thehorse to lay down his office, he himself abdicated,giving up in peace on the sixteenth day the supremeauthority he had received in time of war and danger.Certain annalists have recorded that there was anaval battle also with the Veientes, near Fidenae,a thing equally difficult and incredible ;for evento-day the river is not wide enough for that, andin those times it was somewhat narrower, as welearn from the old writers ;unless possibly therewere a few ships assembled to dispute the passageof the river and this was exaggerated, as so oftenhappens, by those who added to the inscription J thefalse claim of a naval victory.XXXV. The next year there were militaryB.O.tribunes with consular powers, namely Aulus Sem- 425 ~ 424pronius Atratinus, Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus,Lucius Furius Medullinus, Lucius Horatius Barbatus.The Veientes were granted a truce of twentyyears, and the Aequi one of three, though they hadasked for a longer one. There was a respite alsofrom civil disturbances.The following year was noteworthy neither forforeign war nor dissension at home, but gainedcelebrity from the games which had been vowed37'

!NautiusLIVYA u.c. tribunorum militum apparatu et finitimorum con-4 cursu fecere. Tribuni consular! potestate erantAp. Claudius 1 Crassus Sp. Nautius 2 Rutulus 3 L.Sergius 4 Fidenas Sex. lulius lulus. 5 Spectaculumcomitate etiam hospitum, ad quam publice con-5 senserant, 6 advenis gratius fuit. Post ludos contionesseditiosae tribunorum plebi fuerunt, obiurgantiummultitudinem quod admiratione eorum quos odisset6 stupens, in aeterno se ipsa teneret servitio, et nonmodo ad spem consulatus in partem revocandamadspirare non auderet, sed ne in tribunis quidem militumcreandis, quae communia essent comitia patrum7 ac plebis, aut sui aut suorum meminisset. Desineretergo mirari cur nemo de commodis plebis ageret ;eo impend! laborem ac periculum unde emolumentumatque honos speretur nihil non ;adgressuros homines8 simagna conatis magna praemia proponantur ut;quidem aliquis tribunus plebis ruat caecus in certaminapericulo ingenti, fructu nullo, ex quibus procerto habeat patres, adversus7quos tenderet, belloinexpiabili se persecuturos, apud plebem, pro quadimicaverit, nihilo se honoratiorem fore, neque9 sperandum neque postulandum esse. Magnos aniiriosmagnis honoribus fieri. Neminem se plebeiumAp. Claudius Glareanus (chap, xxxvi. :5) Claudius fl.1j- (chap. xliv. 13, and 6 infra): naeuius n.3Rutulus Conway (after Sigonius, cf. in. vii. 6, and O.I.L.i 2 , p. 114): rutilius (ritilius E) fl.* L. Sergius Sigonius (chap. xxv. 2 ;xlv. 5 ;Diod. xii. 82) :titus (ort) sergius (-as E) n.6 lulus Sigonius (cf. Fasti Cap., e.g. O.I.L. i 2 , p. 106):tullus MPUEi tiillius HDLA : omitted in V.6 publice consenserant Gronovius : consenserant consiliopublico consensu uenerant M: publico consensu uenerant fl.7tenderet n : tendere LP (over erasure) tetenderib :Madvig.372

BOOK IV. xxxv. 4-9during the war and were splendidly carried out byB.C.the military tribunes and attended by a great con- 425 ~ 424course of neighbouring peoples. The tribunes withconsular authority were Appius Claudius Crassus,Spurius Nautius Rutulus, Lucius Sergius Fidenas,and Sextus Julius lulus. The spectacle was renderedthe more agreeable to the visitors by the courtesywhich their hosts had united in a resolution to extendto them. After the games seditious speeches weremade by the plebeian tribunes, who berated thepopulace because, in their besotted admiration ofthe men they hated, they kept themselves in perpetualservitude, and not only dared not aspireto claim participation in the consulship, but evenin the matter of choosing military tribunes anelection open alike to patricians and plebeianstook no thought either for themselves or fortheir friends. Let them cease therefore to wonderwhy no one busied himself for the good of theplebs toil;was bestowed and danger risked, they said,in causes which held out hopes of emolument andhonour ;there was nothing men would not attemptif those who made great efforts were afforded theprospect of great rewards ;but that some one plebeiantribune should rush blindly into a struggle wherethe risk was enormous and the reward was nothing,and in consequence of which he might be certainthat the patricians, against whom he would bestriving, would pursue him with relentless animosity,and that the plebs, for whom he would have fought,would not add the least tittle to his honours, was athing to be neither expected nor demanded. Greathearts were begotten of great honours. No plebeianwould despise himself when plebeians should ceaseVOL. ii. N 373

LIVYA.D.C.contempturum, ubi coiitemni desissent. Experi-329-380undam rem denique in uno aut altero esse sitnealiqui plebeius ferendo magno honori, an portentosimile miraculoque sit fortem ac strenuum virum10 aliquem exsistere ortum ex plebe. Summa vi expugnatumesse ut tribuni militum consular! potestateet ex plebe crearentur. Petisse viros domi militiaequespectatos primis annis suggillatos, repulses,;risui patribus fuisse desisse ; postremo praebere ad11 contumeliam os. Nee se videre cur non lex quoqueabrogetur, qua id liceat quod nunquam futurumsit; minorem quippe ruborem fore in iuris iniquitatequam si per indignitatem ipsorum praetereantur.XXXVI. Huius generis orationes cum adsensuauditae incitavere quosdam ad petendum tribunatummilitum, alium alia de commodis plebis laturum se2 in magistratu profitentem. Agri publici dividendicoloniarumque deducendarum ostentatae spes etvectigali possessoribus agrorum impositoinstipendium3 inilitum erogandi aeris. Captatum deinde tempus abtribunis militum, quo per discessum hominum aburbe, cum patres clandestina denuntiatione revocatiad diem certam essent, senatus coiisultum fieret ab-4 sentibtis tribunis plebi ut quoniam Volscos in Hernicorumagros j)raedatum exisse fama esset, ad reminspiciendam tribuni inilitum proficiscerentur consula-1The first attempt to tax the patricians enjoying the useof the public land for the purpose of paying; the soldiers,who had always been required to serve gratis. See chap.lix. 11.374

BOOK IV. xxxv. g xxxvi. 4to be despised. It was high time they made trial in B.C.one or two cases, to see whether there were some *25 * 424plebeian fit to hold high office, or whether it werealmost a-portent and a miracle that there shouldexist any brave and energetic man of plebeian origin.By exerting their utmost force they had carried thepoi-nt that military tribunes with consular powersmight be chosen even from the plebs. Men whoseworth had been proven at home and in the field hadstood for the office ;during the first years they hadbeen buffeted about, rejected, and laughed at bythe patricians ;finally, they had ceased to exposethemselves to insult.They could see no reason,they said, why they should not even repeal a statutewhich authorized something that would never come ;there would surely be less shame in the injustice ofthe law than in being passed over on account oftheir own unworthiness.XXXVI. Speeches of this sort, being listened towith approval, incited certain men to stand for themilitary tribuneship, with the promise that theywould propose in their term of office such and suchmeasures of advantage to the plebs. Hopes wereheld out of dividing up the public domain andplanting colonies, and of levying a tax on the occupantsof the land and distributing the money as payfor the soldiers. 1 The military tribunes thenwatched for an opportunity when people were outof town, and recalling the senators by a secret notification,got the senate to pass a resolution, in theabsence of the tribunes of the plebs, that since theVolsci were rumoured to have made a plunderingexpedition into the country of the Hernici, thetribunes of the soldiers should go and investigate375

LIVYA.U.O. 5 riaque comitia haberentur. Profecti Ap. Claudium.J29 330filium decemviri, praefectum urbis relinquunt, impigrumiuvenem et iam hide ab incunabulisimbutumodio tribunorum plebisque. Tribuni plebi nee cumabsentibus iis, qui senatus consultum fecerant, iiecA C'33icum Appio, transacta re quod contenderent, fuit.XXXVII. Creati consules sunt C. Sempronius AtratinusQ. Fabius Vibulanus.Peregrina res, sed memoria digna traditur eoanno facta, Volturnum, Etruscorum urbem, quaenunc Capua est, ab Samnitibus captam Capuamqueab duce eorum Capye 1 vel, quod propius2 vero est, a campestri agro appellatam. Cepereautem prius bello fatigatis Etruscis in societatemurbis agrorumque accepti, deinde festo die gravessomno epulisque incolas veteres novi colon! nocturnacaede adorti.3 His rebus actis consules iiquos diximus idibusDecembribus2magistratum occepere. Iam non4 solum qui ad id missi erant rettulerant imminereVolscum bellum, sed legati quoque ab Latinis etHernicis nuntiabant non ante unquam Volscos needucibus legendis nee exercitui scribendo intentiores5 fuisse ; volgo fremere aut in perpetuum arma bellumqueoblivioni danda iugumque accipiendum, autiis cum quibus de imperio certetur nee virtute nee1Capye Vorm. : capue A z marg. : capio fl.8occepere $- (cf. I. vii. 6) : accepere n : ceperunt //.1The name is now connected with Greek KTJTTOS "orchard"or "garden" not (as Livy thought) with campus " plain."2The events described in chap, xxxvi.376

BOOK IV. xxxvi. 4-xxxvn. 5the affair, and that a consular election should be B.C.425held. The tribunes set out, leaving Appius Claudius,the decemvir's son, as prefect of the City. He wasan energetic young man and imbued from his verycradle with hatred of the tribunes and the plebs.The plebeian tribunes had no ground of contentioneither with the absent officials who had obtainedthe resolution of the senate, or with Appius, nowthat the thing was done. XXXVII. Gaius Sem- B.C. 423pronius Atratinus and Quintus Fabius Vibulanuswere elected consuls.A foreign episode, but worth relating, is ascribedto this year, viz. that Volturnum, the Etruscan citywhich is now Capua, was taken by the Samnites,and named Capua from their leader Capys, or, as ismore probable, from itschampaign country. Now1they captured it after being admitted by the Etruscanswho were worn out with fighting to a sharein the city and its fields ; then, on a holiday, whenthe old settlers were heavy with sleep and feasting,the newcomers fellupon them in the night and slewthem.In the train of these 2events, the consuls whom Ihave named took up their duties, on the 13th ofDecember. By this time not only had those whohad been dispatched for this purpose reported that aVolscian invasion was imminent, but envoys fromthe Latins, and the Hernici as well, announced thatnever before had the Volscians been more energetic,whether in selecting generals or in levying an army ;that everywhere men were muttering that theymust either give up for ever all thoughts of armsand war, and submit to the yoke, or must not lagbehind those with whom they were contending for377

A.U.O.patientia nee disciplinaLIVYrei militaris cedendum esse.6 Haud vana attulere ;sed nee perinde patres motisunt, et C. Sempronius, cui ea provincia sorti evenit,tamquam constantissimae rei fortunae fretus, quodvictoris populi ad versus victos dux esset, omnia7 temere ac neglegenter egit, adeo ut disciplinaeRomanae plus in Volsco exercitu quamin Romanoesset. Ergo fortuna, ut saepe alias, virtutem est8 secuta. Primo proelio, quod ab Sempronio incauteinconsulteque commissum est, non subsidiis firmata9 acie, non equite apte locate concursum est. Clamorindicium primum fuit quo 1 res inclinatura esset,excitatior crebriorque ab hoste sublatus : ab Romanisdissonus, impar, segnius saepe iteratus prodidit 210 pavorem animorum. Eo ferocior inlatus hostis urgerescutis, micare gladiis. Altera ex parte nutantcircumspectantibus galeae, et incerti trepidant11 applicantque se turbae ; signa nunc resistentiadeseruntur ab antesignanis, nunc inter suos manipulosrecipiuntur. Nondum fuga certa, nondumvictoria erat ; tegi magis Romanus quam pugnare ;Volscus inferre signa, urgere aciem, plus caedishostium viderequam fugae.1quo Frag. Haverk. 2 (cf. chap, xxxiii. 12 and xxv.xxi. 4):qua il quam PUDL.:2prodidit Qruter : incerto clam^re prodidit A.378

their enemies killed than running away.379BOOK IV. xxxvu. 5-11supremacy, either in courage or in endurance or in B.C. 423military discipline. Their tidings were true, butthey caused no answerable activity among thesenators ;and Gaius Sempronius, to whom thecommand had been assigned by lot, trusting tofortune as though it were the most constant thingin the world, because he had commanded the victoriousnation against the people they had defeated,conducted everything so carelessly and rashly thatRoman discipline was more in evidence in theVolscian army than in the Roman. AccordinglyFortune, as on many another occasion, waited ondesert. In the first battle, which Semproniusentered without caution or deliberation, his linewas not strengthened O with reserves nor was hiscavalry skilfully posted, when the fighting began.The battle-cries were the first intimation how theaffair was likely to go for the enemy's was louder;and fuller, that of the Romans dissonant and unevenand, dragging more with each repetition, betrayedthe faintness of their hearts. This caused theenemy to charge the more boldly, thrusting withshields and making play with swords. On theRoman side helmets nodded, as their wearers lookedand irresolute soldiersthis way and that for help,made falteringly for the nearest group at onemoment ; the standards would be left behind bythe retreat of the front-rankers, at the next theywould be falling back among their proper maniples.It was not yet a definite flight, not yet a victory ;the Romans sought rather to protect themselvesthan to fight; the Volscians advanced and borehard against the Roman line, but saw more of

LIVYA.UO. XXXVIII. lam omnibus locis ceditur nequiquamSempronio consule obiurgante atque hortante. Nihil2 nee imperium nee maiestas valebat, dataque moxterga hostibus forent, ni Sex. Tempanius, decurioequitum, labante l iam re praesenti animo subvenisset.Qui cum magna voce exclamasset utequites qui salvam rem publicam vellent esse ex3 equis desilirent, omnium turmarum equitibus velutad consults imperium motis, " Nisi haec " inquit,"parmata 2 cohors sistitimpetum hostium, actum deimperio est. Sequimini pro vexillo cuspidem meam ;ostendite Romanis Volscisque neque equitibusvobis ullos equites nee peditibus esse pedites pares."4 Cum clamore comprobata adhortatio esset, vadit altecuspidem gerens. Quacumque incedunt, vi viamfaciunt ;eo se inferunt obiectis parmis ubi suorum6 plurimum laborem vident. Restituitur omnibuslocis pugna, in quae eos impetus tulit nee;dubiumerat quin, si tarn pauci simul obire omnia possent,terga daturi hostes fuerint.XXXIX. Et cum iam parte nulla sustinerentur,dat signum Volscus imperator ut parmatis, novaecohorti hostium, locus detur, donee impetu inlati2 ab suis excludantur. Quod ubi est fact urn, interclusiequites nee perrumpere eadem qua transierant1labante Gronoviits : labente ft.2parmata Scheelius : armata n.1The decurion commanded a decuria (ten men). Therewere three dccuriac in a turma, or squadron, and ten turmaein the three centuries of horse which accompanied a legion.2The parma ("buckler" or "target") was the trooper'sshield, much smaller than the scutum of the foot-soldier.8The vexillum, a small red flag,was used as a cavalryensign.380

BOOK IV. XXXVIII. I-XXXIX. 2XXXVIII. But now the Romans were everywhereB.C. 423falling back, and it was in vain that Sempronius theconsul upbraided or encouraged them. There wasno virtue either in his authority or in his dignityand ;his men would presently have shown the enemytheir backs, had not a cavalry decurion l namedSextus Tempanius, just as the situation was becomingdesperate, come with prompt courage to the rescue.In a loud voice he cried out that the horsemen whowished to save the state should leap down from theirhorses, and when the troopers in every squadron hadbestirred themselves as if at the command of the consul,he added ": Unless this bucklered 2cohort stopsthe enemy's rush it is all over with our supremacy.Follow my spear as 3your guidon show Romans and;Volscians that when you are mounted no cavalry areyour equals, nor any infantry, when you fight on"foot ! When a cheer had shown their approval otthis exhortation, he advanced with uplifted spear.Wherever they went they forced a passage ; holdingtheir targets up before them, they charged wherethey saw the distress of their friends was greatest.The fortune of the day was restored at every pointwhere their onset carried them ;nor was there anydoubt that if those few men could have been presenteverywhere at the same time the enemy would haveturned tail.XXXIX. When the Volscian general saw thattheir attack could not anywhere be stopped, heordered his troops to give ground to the men withbucklers, the enemy's new cohort, until, carriedforward in their rush, they should be cut off fromtheir friends. On this being done, the horsemenwere intercepted, and were unable to break through in

LIVYA.U.O. posse, ibi maxime confertis hostibus qua viamOvXfecerant, etconsul legionesque Romanae cum quod3tegumen modo omnis exercitus fuerat nusquamviderent, ne tot fortissimos viros interclusos oppri-4 meret hostis, tendunt inquemcumque casum. DiversiVolsci hinc consulem ac legiones sustinere,altera fronte instare Tempanio atque equitibus qui;cum saepe conati nequissent perrumpere ad suos,tumulo quodam occupato in orbem se tutabantur,nequaquam inulti nee ; pugnaefinis ante noctem5 fuit. Consul quoque nusquam remisso certamineG dum quicquam superfuit lucis, hostem tenuit. Noxincertos diremit; tantusque ab imprudentia eventusutraque castra tenuit pavor ut relictis sauciis etmagna parte impedimentorum ambo provictis exer-7 citus se in montes proximos reciperent. Tumulustamen circumsessus ultra mediam noctem est. Quocum circumsedentibus nuiitiatum esset castra desertaesse, victos rati suos et ipsi, qua quemque in te-8 nebris pavor tulit fugerunt. Tempanius metu insidiarumsuos ad lucem tenuit. Degressus l deindeipse cum paucis speculatum cum ab sauciis hostibussciscitando comperisset castra Volscorum desertaesse, laetus ab tumulo suos devocat et in castra1degressus Sigonius:digressus (-os P) fi.332

BOOK IV. xxxix. 2-8the same way as they had got over, since their enemies B.C. 423were most thickly crowded together where they hadmade their path. When the consul and the Romanlegions could nowhere see the soldiers who a momentbefore had been a shield to the entire army, theypressed forward to save at any cost so many heroicmen from being surrounded and borne down by theenemy. The Volscians, facing two ways, sustainedon one side the onset of the consul and the legions,and on the other front pressed home their attackupon Tempanius and his troopers ; who, havingfailed, in spite of many attempts, to force their waythrough to their friends, had seized a certain moundand, forming a circle, were defending themselves,not without taking vengeance on their assailants.The battle did not end till nightfall. Neither didthe consul relax his efforts anywhere, but kept theenemy engaged as long as there was any light.Darkness put a stop to the indecisive struggle, andthe terror in each camp was such, in consequenceof men's ignorance of the outcome, that both armies,abandoning their wounded and a good part of theirbaggage, retreated to the nearest hills, as thoughdefeated. Nevertheless the mound was besiegedtill after midnight. But when word was brought tothe besiegers that their camp was abandoned, theytoo supposed that their side had been defeated, andevery man fled where his panic led him in the darkness.Tempanius feared an ambush and kept hissoldiers close till daylight. Then, descending witha few followers to reconnoitre, he discovered byquestioning some wounded enemies that the campof the Volscians was deserted, whereupon he joyfullycalled his men down from the hill and made his way383

LIVYA.U.O. 9 Romana penetrat. Ubi cum vasta desertaque omnia331atque eandem quam apud hostes foeditatem invenisset,priusquam Volscos cognitus error reduceret,quibus poterat sauciis ductis secum, ignarus quamregionem consul petisset, ad urbem proximis itineribuspergitXL. lam eo fama pugnae adversae castrorumquedesei torum perlata erat, et ante omnia deplorati erantequites non private magis quam publico luctu, Fabi-2 usque consul terrore urbi quoqueiniecto stationemante portas agebat, cum equites procul visinon sineterrore ab dubiis quinam essent, mox cogniti tan tarnex metu laetitiam fecere ut clamor urbem pervaderet3 gratulantium salvos victoresque redisse equites, etex maestis paulo ante domibus quae conclamaverantsuos, procurreretur in vias. pavidaequematres acconiuges oblitae prae gaudio decorisobviam agminioccurrerent, in suos quaeque simul corpore atque4 animo vix prae gaudio compoteseffusae. Tribunisplebi qui M. Postumio et T. Quinctio diem dixerant,quod ad Veios eorum opera male pugnatum esset,occasio visa est per recens odium Semproni consulis5 renovandae in eos invidiae. Itaque advocata con-3*4

BOOK IV. xxxix. 8-XL. 5into the Roman camp. There he found everythingB.C.abandoned and forlorn and the same desolation hehad met with on the ground of the enemy and,;before the Volsci could learn of their blunder andreturn, he carried with him such of the wounded ashe was able, and not knowing what way the consulhad gone, took the nearest road to the City.XL. Thither the rumour of an unsuccessful engagementand the abandonment of the camp had alreadymade its way, and more than all the rest the horsemenhad been mourned, with public as well asprivate lamentations. The consul Fabius was keepingwatch before the gates for the panic hadpermeated even the City when cavalry were espieda long way off, and caused no little trepidation,since men knew not who they could be. But beingsoon after recognized, they turned the people's fearto such rejoicing that the City was filled with thenoise of congratulations on the safe and victoriousreturn of the horse ;and from the houses which alittle while before had been filled with sadness andhad bewailed their sons as dead, the inhabitants ranout into the street, and trembling mothers and wives,heedless of decorum in their happiness, hurried tomeet the troops, and flung themselves with utterabandonment into the arms of their loved ones, beingscarcely able to control themselves for joy. Theplebeian tribunes, who had set a day for the trialof Marcus Postumius and Titus Quinctius, becauseof their responsibility for the reverse at Veii, thoughta favourable opportunity was afforded by the odiumrecently incurred by the consul Sempronius forrenewing men's displeasure with them. So, havingcalled a meeting, they loudly declared that the state385

LIVYA.U.O. tione cum proditam Veils rem publicam esse abducibus, proditum delude, quia illis irapune fuerit,in Volscis ab consule exercitum, traditos ad caedemfortissimos equites, deserta foede castra vociferati6 essent, C. lunius, 1 unus ex tribunis, Tempaniumequitem vocari iussit coramque ei " Sex. Tempani "" inquit, quaero de te, arbitrerisne C. Semproniumconsulem aut in tempore pugnara inisse aut firmassesubsidiis aciemaut ullo boni consuiis functum officio,7 et tune ipse victis legionibus Romanis tuo consilioequitem ad pedes deduxeris restituerisque pugnam ;excluso deinde ab acie nostra tibi atque equitibusnum aut consul ipse subvenerit aut miserit prae-8 sidium ;postero denique die ecquid praesidii usquamhabueris, an tu coborsque in castra vestra virtuteperruperitis ; ecquem in castris consulem, ecquemexercitum inveneritis, an deserta castra, relictos9 saucios milites. Haec pro virtute tua fideque, quauna hoc bello res publica stetit, dicenda tibi sunthodie ;denique ubi C. Sempronius, ubi legionesnostrae sint ;desertus sis an deserueris consulemexercitumque ; victi deniquesimus an vicerimus."A.U.C XLI. Adversus haec Tempani oratio incompta fu-332isse dicitur, ceterum militariter gravis, non suis vana2 laudibus, non crimine alieno laeta. Quanta prudentiarei bellicae in C. Sempronio esset, non militislunius 5- (cf. Mommsen, Romische Furschungen,i.115) :iulius fl386

BOOK IV. XL. 5-xLi. 2had been betrayed at Veil by its generals ; and that B.C. 423then, because they had gone scot free, the army fightingwith the Volsci had been betrayed by the consul,their heroic cavalry given over to slaughter, and thecamp basely abandoned. Then Gaius Junius, one ofthe tribunes, commanded the cavalryman Tempaniusto be called, and turning to him spoke as follows :"Sextus Tempanius,I ask you whether you thinkthat Gaius Sempronius the consul either joinedbattle at a suitable moment, or strengthened his linewith supports, or performed anyof the duties of agood consul ;and whether you yourself, when theRoman legions had been beaten, dismounted thecavalry of your own motion and restored the fortunesof the battle ; then, when you and your troopers hadbeen cut off from our line, if either the consul himselfcame to your rescue or sent supports further-;more, whether you had any help anywhere next day,or you and your cohort forced a way to the camp byyour own valour ;whether you found any consul inthe camp and any army, or a deserted camp andwounded and forsaken soldiers. In the name ofyour courage and your loyalty, which alone havepreserved the republic in this war, you must nowanswer these questions;finally you must tell uswhere Gaius Sempronius and our legions are ;whetheryou were abandoned, or yourself abandoned theconsul and the armyin one word, whether we;have been defeated or victorious."XLI. To these questions Tempaniusis said to havereplied in homely terms but with a soldierly dignity,in which was neither self-praise nor self-complacentcriticism of others. Touching the degree of skill inmilitary matters possessed by Gaius Sempronius, it387

LIVYMJ.O de imperatore existimationem esse, sed populi Ro-332fmuni fuisse, cum eum comitiis consulem legeret.3 Itaque ne ab se imperatoriaconsilia neu consularesartes exquirerent, quae pensitanda magnis quoquelanimis atque ingeniis essent ;sed quod viderit4 referre posse. Vidisse autem se, priusquam ab acieintercluderetur, consulem in prima acie pugnantem,adhortantem, inter signa Romana telaque hostium5 versantem. Postea se a conspectu suorum ablatumex strepitu tamen et clamore sensisse usque adnoctem extractum certamen, nee ad tumulum quernipse tenuerat prae multitudiiie hostium credereG perrumpi potuisse. Exercitus ubi esset se nescire ;arbitrari, velut ipsein re trepida loci praesidio sesuosque sit tutatus, sic consulem servandi exercitus7 causa loca tutiora castris cepisse nee Volscorum;meliores res esse credere quam populi Romani ;fortunam noctemque omnia erroris mutui implesse.Precantemque deinde, ne se fessum labore ac volneribustenerent, cum ingenti laude non virtutis8 magis quam moderations dimissum. Cum haecagerentur, iam consul via Labicana 2 ad fanumQuietis erat. Eo uiissa plaustra iumentaque aliaab urbe exercitum adfectum proelio ac via nocturnamagnis quoque H. J. Mueller : quoque magnis fi.12Labicana editors (conformably to the evidence of H in mostplaces) : lauicana n. 1 i. e.Sleep or Repose.3*8

BOOK IV. XLI. 2-8was not for a soldier, he said, to appraise a general: B.C. 423that had been the Roman People's business whenit elected Sempronius consul at the comitia. It wasnot, therefore, to him that they must address inquiriesconcerning the strategy of commanders and thequalifications of consuls even;the weighing of suchabilities demanded great mental and intellectualpowers. But that which he had seen he was ableto report ;and he had seen the consul, before hehad himself been cut off from the main army, fightingin the front line, encouraging his men, and movingabout amidst the standards of the Romans and theenemy's missiles. He had afterwards been carriedout of sight of his friends ;but still, from the din andshouting, he had made out that the struggle had beenprolonged till nightfall, and he did not believe thatit had been possible to break through to the hillockwhich he himself had held, in view of the enemy'snumbers. Where the army was, he did not know ;he supposed that, just as he himself had protectedhimself and his men by taking up a strong position,so likewise the consul, in order to save his army, hadoccupied a place of greater security than the camp.And he did not believe that the Volsci were anybetter off than the Roman People; chance and darknesshad at every point confused both armies. Onhis going on to beg that they would not detain him,exhausted bytoil and wounds, it is said that he wasdismissed with the highest praise, no less for hismoderation than for his bravery. Meanwhile theconsul had already reached the shrine of Quies 1 onthe Labican road. Thither wagons and beasts ofburden were dispatched from the City, and broughtthe soldiers back, weary from fighting and the night-389

LIVYA.U.C, 9 excepere. Paulo post in urbem est ingressus consul,non ;ib se magis enixe amovens culpani quam10 Tempanium meritis laudibus ferens. Maestae civitatiab re male gesta et iratae ducibus M. Postumiusreus obiectus, qui tribunus militum pro consule adVeios fuerat, decem milibus aeris gravis damnatur.11 T. Quinctium collegam eius, quia et in Volscis consulauspicio dictatoris Postumi Tuberti et ad Fidenaslegatus dictatoris alterius Mam. Aemili res prosperegesserat, totarn culpam eius temporis in praedamnatumcollegam transferentem omnes tribus absol-12 verunt. Profuisse ei Cincinnati patris memoriadicitur, venerabilis viri, et exactae iam aetatisCapitolinus Quinctius suppliciter orans ne se brevireliquo vitae spatio tarn tristem nuntium ferre adCincinnatum paterentur.XLII. Plebstribunosplebiabsentes Sex. TempaniumM. Asellium l Ti. Antistium Ti. Spurillium 2 fecit,quos et pro centurionibus sibi praefecerant Tempanio2 auctore equites. Senatus, cum odio Semproni consularenomen offenderet, tribunos militum consulari3potestate creari iussit. Creati sunt L. ManliusCapitolinus Q. Antonius Merenda L. Papirius Mu-3 4gillanus. Principio statim anni L. Hortensius1M. Asellium Mommsen : a. sellium 1.8 Ti. Antistium, Ti. Spurillium Mommsen: et antistium etSpurillium (sparillium II) n.3Manlius 5- : manilius A.4 Mugillanus E z or3-: mugilanus U: mugilianus n.1Acs grave (" heavy bronze") is used to distinguish theoriginal as libralis (L e. of a pound in weight) from the reducedas of a later time.2 When they had dismounted to fight as infantry ; seechap, xxxviii.39

BOOK IV. XLI. S-XLII. 3march. A little later the consul entered the City,B.C. 423and showed no less concern to extol Tempanius withwell-merited praise than to clear himself of blame.While the citizens were grieving over their defeat,and were filled with resentment against theircommanders, Marcus Postumius, who had beenmilitary tribune with consular authority at Veil,was brought before them for trial and condemnedto pay a fine of ten thousand 1pounds of bronze.Titus Quinctius his colleague, having been victoriousboth in the Volscian country, when consul under theauspices of the dictator Postumius Tubertus, and atFidenae, as lieutenant to the other dictator, MamercusAemilius, shifted all the blame for the presentcampaign upon his colleague who had already beencondemned, and was acquitted byall the tribes. Itis said that the memory of his father Cincinnatus,whom the people venerated, was a help to him, andalso the fact that Quinctius Capitolinus, now wellstrickenin years, supplicated and implored them notto suffer him, who had but a little time to live, to bethe bearer of such sad news to Cincinnatus.XLI I. The plebs elected in their absence Sextus B.C. 422Tempanius, Marcus Asellius, Tiberius Antistius, andTiberius Spurillius to be plebeian tribunes. Thesewere men whom the cavalry had also chosen, at theinstance of Tempanius, to act as centurions overthem. 2 The senate, feeling that the hatred of Semproniusmade the title of consul offensive, orderedthe election of military tribunes with consular powers.The successful candidates were Lucius Manlius Capitolinus,Quintus Antonius Merenda, Lucius PapiriusMugillanus. At the very beginning of the yearLucius Hortensius, tribune of the plebs, brought an

LIVYA.D.O. tribunus plebis C. Sempronio, consul! anni prioris,diem dixit. Quern cum quattuor collegae inspectantepopulo Romano orarent ne imperatorem suum innoxium,in quo niliil praeter fortunam reprehend!4 posset, vexaret, aegre Hortensius pati, temptationemearn credens esse perseverantiae suae nee precibustribunorum, quae in speciem modo iactentur, sed5 auxilio confidere reum. Itaque modo ad eum conversus,ubi illi patricii spiritus, ubi subnixus et fidensinnocentiae animus esset quaerebat sub tribunicia;6 umbra consularem virum delituisse ? modo ad col-"legas Vos autem, si reum perago, quid acturi estis ?:an erepturi ius populo et eversuri tribuniciam potes-"7 tatem ? Cum illi et de Sempronio et de omnibussummam populi Romani potestatem esse dicerentnee se iudicium populi tollere aut velle aut posse,sed si preces suae pro imperatore, qui sibi parentis8 esset loco, 11011 valuissent, se vestem cum eo mutaturos,turn Hortensius " Non videbit " inquit, "plebsRomana sordidatos tribunes suos. C. Semproniumnihil moror, quando hoc est in imperio consecutus,9 ut tarn carus esset militibus." Nee pietas quattuortribunorum quam Hortensi tarn placabile ad iustaspreces ingenium pariter plebi patribusque gratiusfuit.10 Non diutius fortuna Aequis indulsit, qui ambi-1Livy perhaps begins at this point to follow anotherannalist, who had described a successful campaign of theAequi not noticed by his authority for what has just preceded.392

BOOK IV. XLII.3-10action against Gains Sempronius, consul of the years 0.422before. The tribune's four colleagues besought himin full sight of the Roman People not to persecutetheir general, in whom nothing could be reckonedamiss save his ill-fortune ;but this Hortensius wouldnot brook, regardingit as a test of his perseveranceand persuaded that the defendant was relying noton the entreaties of the tribunes, which were thrownout merely to preserve appearances, but 011 theirveto. And so, turning now to Sempronius, he demandedto be told where the well-known patricianspirit was, and where the courage that placed itsconfident reliance upon innocence ;was it in theshadow of the tribunate that a former consul hadfound a hiding-place? And again, addressing hiscolleagues, he asked, " But what do you mean to do,if I persist in prosecuting the defendant ? Will yourob the people of their rights and overthrow theauthority of the tribunes "When ? they replied thatthe authority of the Roman People was supreme overSempronius and all other men, and that they neitherdesired nor were able to annul the people's judgment;but that if their entreaties in behalf of theircommander, who stood in the relation of a parent tothem, should prove ineffectual, they would put onmourning with him, then Hortensius " declared, TheRoman plebs shall not see its tribunes clad in mourning.Gaius Sempronius may go free, for me, sincehis command has gained him this, to be so belovedby his soldiers." Nor was the loyalty of the fourtribunes more pleasing to both plebs and senatorsthan was the disposition of Hortensius to yield soreadily to reasonable entreaties.Fortune now ceased to favour the Aequi,1who had393

L1VYA. o.o.guam victoriam Volscorum pro sua amplexi fuerant.Aû.o. XLIII. Proximo anno Num. 1 Fabio Vibulano T.Quinctio Capitolini filio Capitolino consulibus ductuFabii, cui sorte ea provincia evenerat, nihil dignum2 memoratu actum. Cum trepidam tantum ostendissentaciem Aequi, turpi fuga funduntur baudmagno consulis decore. Itaque triumphus negatus,ceterum ob Sempronianae cladis levatam ignominiamut ovans urbem intraret concessum est.3 Quemadmodurn bellum minore quam timuerantdimicatione erat perfectum, sic in urbe ex tranquillonecopinata moles discordiarum inter plebem acpatres exorta est, coepta ab duplicando quaestorum4 numero. Quam rem praeter duos urbanos utcrearentur alii quaestores duo qui 2 consulibus administeria belli praesto essenta consulibus relatamcum et patres summa3ope adprobassent, tribuniplebi certamen intulerunt ut pars quaestorum namad id tempus 4 patricii creati erant ex plebe fieret.5 Adversus quam actionem primo et consules et patressumma ope adnisi sunt ;concedendo deinde ut,quemadmodum in tribunis consulari potestate creandis,sic 5 in quaestoribus liberum esset arbitriumpopuli, cum parum proficerent, totam rem de augendo6 quaestorum numero omittunt. Excipiunt omissamtribuni, aliaeque subinde, inter quas et agrariae legis,,1Num.MPUKen. in ELDA: en.Sigonhis (C.I.L. i 2 p. 112): a ut crearentur alii quaestores duo qui Conway and Walters :duo n.quaestores qui 3adprobassent Hf eissenborn :adprobassent a consulibus n.*ad id tempus A 3 5-: id tempus n.^sic Conway and Walters : usi sunt adaeque (ad eq A] n.394

BOOK IV. XLII. IO-XLIII. 6accepted the dubious victory of the Volsci as their B.C. 422own. XLII I. The next year Numerius Fabius Vibu- B.C. 421lanus and Titus Quinctius Capitolinus, the son ofCapitolinus, were consuls. Under the leadership ofFabius, to whom this command had been assigned bylot, nothing worthy of relation was accomplished.The Aequi had scarce made an irresolute show ofbattle when they were routed and driven disgracefullyfrom the field, and the consul got no credit bythe affair. He was accordingly denied a triumph ;but because he had relieved the ignominy incurredby Sempronius's defeat, he was allowed to enter theCity in an ovation.But while the war had been concluded with lessof a struggle than men had feared, in the Citytranquillity gave place to unexpected and seriousquarrels, which broke out between the plebs andthe senators, and began over the duplication of thenumber of quaestors. This measure- that besidesthe two city quaestors two others should be electedto assist the consuls in the administration of warswas proposed by the consuls and received the heartyapproval of the senate, but the tribunes of the plebsmade a fight to have half of the quaestors hithertopatricians had been chosen taken from the plebs.Against this provision both consuls and senators atfirst exerted themselves with all their might; afterwardsthey were ready to concede that, just as inthe case of tribunes with consular powers, so likewisewith the quaestors, the people should be unrestrictedin their choice but ;making no headway with thisoffer, they dropped the whole question of enlargingthe number of quaestors. It was then taken upwhere they had left itby the tribunes and;other395

LIVYA.O.O. seditiosae actiones exsistunt. Propter quos motus333cum senatus consules quam tribunes creari mallet,neque posset per7 consultum fieri, res publicaintercessiones tribunicias senatusa consuiibus ad interregnum,iieque id ipsum nam coire patriciostribuni prohibebant sine certamine ingenti, redit.8 Cum pars maior insequeiitis anni per novos tribunesplebi et aliquot interregescertaminibus extractaesset modo prohibentibus tribunis patriciosprodendum interregem, modo interregemcoire adinterpel-9 lantibus, ne senatus consultum de comitiis consularibusfaceret, postremo L. Papirius Mugillanusproditus interrex castigando nunc patres, nunctribunos plebi desertam omissamqueab hominibusrem publicam, deorum providentia curaque exceptammemorabat Veientibus indutiis et cunctatione10 Aequorum stare. Unde si quid increpet terroris,sine patricio magistratu placere rem publicamopprimi Non ? exercitum, non ducem scribendoexercitui esse ? An bello intestino bellum externum11 propulsaturos ? Quae si in unum conveniant, vixdeorum opibus quin obruatur Romana res resistiposse. Quin illi remittendo de summa quisque iuris12 mediis consiliis 1 copularent concordiam, patrespatiendo tribunos militum pro consuiibus fieri, tribuni3961mediis consiliis Walters (in note]: mediis H.

BOOK IV. xun. 6-12revolutionary schemes came to the fore in quicksuccession, among them one for enacting an agrarianlaw. When the senate, because of these disturbances,preferred that consuls be elected rather thantribunes, yet was unable to pass a resolution onaccount of tribunician vetoes, the government passedfrom the consuls to an interrex ;nor was even thisaccomplished without a violent struggle, for thetribunes tried to prevent the patricians from holdingA meeting. The greater part of the ensuing yeardragged on with contests between the new tribunesand several interreges. At one time the tribuneswould keep the patricians from meeting to appointan interrex ;at another time they would interposetheir veto against the interrex, that the senate mightnot pass a resolution to hold the consular elections.Finally Lucius Papirius Mugillanus was named interrex,and upbraiding now the senators, nowthe tribunesof the plebs, reminded them how the state, abandonedand forsaken by men, had been protected by theprovidential care of Heaven, and existed by the graceof the Veientine truce and the dilatory policy of theAequi. If an alarm should break out in that quarter,was it their pleasure that the republic should becaught without a patrician magistrate? that thereshould be no army, no general to enrol an ,army?Or did they expect to beat off a foreign foe with acivil war ? But if both should come at once, thehelp of the gods themselves would scarce suffice tostay the destruction of the Roman commonwealth.Why would they not every man abate somewhat ofhis full rights and compromise harmoniously on amiddle course, the Fathers consenting that militarytribunes should be chosen instead of consuls, the397B.C. 421

L1VYA.U.C.plebi non intercedendo quo minus quattuor quaestorespromisee de plebe ac patribus Hbero suffragio populifierent ?L.U.O. XLIV. Tribunicia primum comitia sunt habita.34 3H5Creati tribuni consular! potestate omnes patricii, L.Quinctius Cincinnatus tertium 1 L. Furius 2 Medullinusiterum M. Manilas 3 A. Sempronius Atratinus.2 Hoc tribune comitia quaestorum habente petentibusqueinter aliquot plebeios filio A. Antisti 4 tribuniplebis et fratre alterius tribuni plebis Sex. Pompili,nee potestas nee suffragatio horum valuit quin quorumpatres avosque consules viderant eos nobilitate prae-3 ferrent. Furere omnes tribuni plebi, ante omnesPompilius Antistiusque, repulsa suorum accensi.4 Quidnam id rei esset ? 5 Non suis beneficiis, nonpatrum iniuriis, non denique ius usurpandi 6 libidine,cum liceat quod ante non licuerit, si non tribunummilitarem, ne quaestorem quidem quemquam ex plebe5 factum ! Non valuisse patris pro filio, fratris pro fratrepreces, tribunorum plebis, potestatis sacrosanctae adauxilium libertatis creatae. Fraudem profecto in reesse, et A. Sempronium comitiis plus artis adhibuissequam fidei.Eius iniuria queri suos honore deiectos.5- 1 tertium - : tevtio (or -cio) 1.2 L. Furius Siyonius (chap. xxv. 5, and chap. xxv. 1,and C.I.L. i 2 , p. 112) sextus : (or sex.) furius n.:(C.I.L. ibid.) mallius n.3Manilas * A. Antisti Lutcrbacher : antisti (or -ii)fl : antistiit D.6 esset 5-: esset quod n.6ius usurpandi Karsten usurpandi n.:393

BOOK IV. XLIII. 12-xLiv. 5tribunes interposing no veto to prevent four quaestorsB.C. 421being taken promiscuously from plebeians and patriciansby free election of the people ?XLIV. The election of tribunes was held first. B.C. 420The tribunes with consular powers who were chosenwere all patricians, namely Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus(for the third time), Lucius Furius Medullinus(for the second time), Marcus Manlius, and AulusSempronius Atratinus. The last-named held theelection for quaestors. Among the several plebeianswho sought the place were the son of a plebeiantribune, named Aulus Antistius, and the brother ofanother, Sextus Pompilius. Yet neither the authoritynor the support of these men could prevent thepeople from giving the preference, because of theirnoble birth, to men whose fathers and grandfathersthey had seen consuls. This made all the tribunesfurious, but more than all the rest Pompilius andAntistius, who were incensed at the defeat of theirkinsmen. What in the world, they asked, was themeaning of this? Had neither their own servicesnor the wrongs which the patricians had inflicted,nor even the pleasure of exercising a right sincewhat had before been unlawful was now permittedavailed to elect a single quaestor from the plebs, letalone a military tribune ? Of no avail had been afather's entreaties for his son, a brother's for hisbrother, not though they had been tribunes of theplebs, and invested with an inviolable office, createdfor the protection of liberty. There was fraud in thematter, beyond question, and Aulus Sempronius hademployed more artifice than honesty in the election.It was by his wrong-doing, they complained, thattheir relations had been defeated for office. And so,399

LIVYA.U.O. 6 Itaque cum in ipsum et innocentia tutum et magis-334-335 . ,, .tratu, in quo tune erat, impetus fieri non posset,flexere iras in C. Sempronium, patruelem Atratini,eique ob ignominiam Volsci belli adiutore collega M.7 Canuleio diem dixere. Subinde ab iisdem tribunismentio in senatu de agris dividendis inlata est, cuiactioni semper acerrime C. Sempronius restiterat,ratis, 1 id quod erat, aut deposita causa levioremfuturum apud patres reum aut perseverantem sub8 iudicii tempus plebemoffensurum. Adversae invidiaeobici maluit et suae nocere causae quam9 publicae deesse ;stetitque in eadem sententia nequa largitio, cessura in trium gratiam tribunorum,iieret ;nee turn agrum plebi, sed sibi invidiamquaeri ;se quoque subiturum earn tempestatem fortianimo ;nee senatui tanti se civem aut quemquamalium debere esse, ut in parcendo uni malum publicum10 fiat. Nihilo demissiore animo, cum dies venit, causaipse 2 pro se dicta, nequiquam omnia expertis patribusut mitigarent plebem, quindecimdamnatur.milibus aeris11 Eodem anno Postumia virgo Vestalis de incestucausam dixit crimine innoxia, ab3suspicione propter1 ratis 5-: ratus A.2causa ipse A* (or A 1 causa ) $- :causa ipse sa ipse M.ipsa U: causa ipsa ipse3ab suspicione Gronovius : ob suspicionem (-tionem ED) a.FEHDLA :400

BOOK IV. XLIV. 6-1 1since they could not attack the man himself, secure B.C. 420as he was not only in his innocence but in the magistracywhich he was filling, they turned their angerupon Gaius Sempronius, the cousin of Atratinus;and prosecuted him, with the co-operation of theircolleague Marcus Canuleius, on the score of thehumiliation suffered in the Volscian war. The sametribunes frequently mentioned in the senate thedivision of the public lands, a measure which GaiusSempronius had always stoutly resisted, for theyreckoned' and rightly- that either he would abandonthe cause and his defence would become a matterof less concern to the patricians, or that perseveringin his attitude he would give offence, up to themoment of his trial, to the plebeians. He chose toface the storm of unpopularity and to injure his owncause rather than be found wanting in that of thenation ;and he held fast to the same opinion, thatthere should be no largess, for that would redoundto the advantage of the three tribunes. It was notland for the plebs they were then looking for, hedeclared, but hatred for himself; he was as ready asanother to confront that tempest with a courageousheart ; nor ought the senate to set so high a valueupon himself or any other citizen that their tendernessfor him should bring about a general disaster.His spirit was not a whit less firm when the day oftrial came. He pleaded his own cause ;the senatorsexerted in vain every means of mollifying the plebs ;and he was condemned to pay a fine of fifteenthousand asses.The same year a Vestal virgin named Postumiawas put on trial for unchastity. She was innocent ofthe charge, though open to suspicion because of her401

LIVYA.U.O. cultum amoeniorem ingeniumque liberius quam334-335 ^ virginem decet parum abliorrens. Earn 1 ampliatam,deinde absolutam pro collegii seiitentia pontifexmaximus abstinere iocis colique sancte potius quamscite iussit. Eodem anno a Campanis Cumae, quamGraeci turn urbem tenebant, capiuntur.13 Insequens annus tribunes militum consular!potestate habuit Agrippam Menenium Lanatum P.Lucretium Tricipitinum Sp. Nautium Rutulum 2i.u.o.(XLV.), annus felicitate populi Roman! periculo potiusingenti quam clade insignis. Servitia urbem utincenderent distantibus Iocis coniurarunt, populoquead opem passim ferendam tectis intento ut arcem2 Capitoliumque armati occuparent. Avertit nefandaconsilia luppiter, indicioque duorum comprehensisontes poenas dederunt. Indicibus dena milia gravisaeris, quae turn divitiae habebantur, ex aerarionumerata et libertas praemium fuit.3 Bellum inde ab Aequis reparari coeptum ;et iiovoshostes Labicanos 3 consilia cum veteribus iungere haud4 incertis auctoribus Romam est allatum. Aequorumiam velut anniversariis armis adsueverat civitas : Labicoslegati missi cum responsa inde rettulissentdubia, quibus nee turn bellum parari nee diuturnampacem fore appareret, Tusculanis negotium datumadverterent animos ne quid novi tumultus Labicisoreretur.1 earn M 2 : earn am M :famam (omitted by P) n.*Rutulum Conway (cf. chap. xxxv. 4): rutilium MA*:by*Labicanos .... Labicis .... Labicanos .... Labicanisas & reads at n. xxxix. 4 and several other places (in 4Labicos MPfiL) : lauicanos, etc. fi.402

BOOK IV. XLIV. II-XLV. 4pretty clothes and the unmaidenly freedom of her B.C. 420wit. After she had been remanded and then acquitted,the pontifex maximus, in the name of thecollege, commanded her to ahstain from jests, and todress rather with regard to sanctity than coquetry.In this same year Cumae, a city which the Greeksthen held, was captured by the Campanians.The ensuing year had as military tribunes withconsular powers Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, PubliusLucretius Tricipitinus, and Spurius Nautius Rutulus.XLV. It was a year remarkable, thanks to the goodB.C.A 1 1 Qfortune of the Roman People, for a great danger butnot a disaster. The slaves conspired to set fire tothe City at points remote from one another, and,while the people should be busy everywhere withrescuing their houses, to seize the Citadel and theCapitol with an armed force. Jupiter brought theirwicked schemes to naught, and on the evidence of twoof their number the guilty were arrested and punished.Each informant was rewarded from the publictreasury with ten thousand pounds of bronze whichpassed for wealth in those days and with freedom.The Aequi then began to prepare again for war;and word was brought to Rome on good authority thatnew enemies, the Labicani, were making commoncause with the old ones. As for the Aequi, thecitizens had by now grown accustomed to war withthem, as to an annual occurrence ;but they dispatchedenvoys to Labici, and having got themback with an ambiguous answer, from which itappeared that though war was not as yet beingorganized, yet peace would not long continue, theycommissioned the Tusculans to watch that no freshoutbreak should occur at that place.403

LIVYt.o.o. 5 Ad insequentis anni tribunes militum consular!336potestate inito magistratu legati ab Tusculo venerunt,L. Sergium Fidenatem M. Papirium Mugillanum ]C. Servilium Prisci filium, quo dictatore Fidenae6 captae fuerant. Nuntiabant legati Labicanos armacepisse et cum Aequorum exercitu depopulates agrum7 Tusculanum castra in Algido posuisse. Turn Labicanisbellum indictum ;factoque senatus consulto utduo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur, unus resRomae curaret, certamen subito inter tribunes exortumse ;quisque belli ducem potiorem ferre, curam8 urbis ut ingratam ignobilemque aspernari. Cumparum decorum inter collegascertamen mirabundipatres conspicerent, Q. Servilius "Quando nee ordinishuius ulla" iiiquit,"nee rei publicae est verecundia,patria maiestas altercationem istam dirimet. Filiusmeus extra sortem urbi praeerit. Bellum utinamqui adpetunt coiisideratius concordiusque quamcupiunt gerant."XLVI. Dilectum haberi non ex toto passim populoplacuit; decem tribus sorte ductae sunt. Ex iisscriptos iuniores duo tribuni ad bellum duxere.2 Coepta inter eos in urbe certamina cupiditate eademimperil multo impensius in castris accendi ;nihilsentire idem, pro sententia pugnare ; sua consilia3 velle, sua imperia sola rata esse ; contemnere in1Mugiliaiium Siyonius: inugilanum H.404

BOOK IV. XLV. 5-xLvi. 3To the military tribunes with consular authorityB.C.who held office the ensuing year, Lucius Sergius 4Fidenas, Marcus Papirius Mugillanus, and GaiusServilius, son of the Priscus who as dictator hadcaptured Fidenae, there came, just as they hadentered on their magistracy, ambassadors from Tusculum,who announced that the Labicani had armedand, after devastating the Tusculan countryside incompany with an Aequian army, had encamped -onAlgidus. Thereupon war was declared against theLabicani, and the senate resolved that two of thetribunes should proceed to the front, while oneattended to matters in Rome. At this a disputeimmediately broke out amongst the tribunes, eachof whom boasted of his superiority as a general andspurned the care of the City as a thankless andignoble task. While the astonished senators watchedthis unseemly rivalry amongst the colleagues, QuintusServilius exclaimed, " Since you have no respect forthis order nor for the republic, a father's authorityshall end your quarrel. My son shall preside overthe City, without recourse to lots. Ionly hopethat those who are eager to make the campaignmay conduct it with more consideration and harmonythan they display in seeking it."XLVI. It was determined not to make a generallevy on the entire people, but ten tribes were chosenby lot. From these the two tribunes enrolled the/men of military age and led them to war. Thebickerings which had commenced between them inthe City grew much hotter in the camp, from thesame eagerness to command ; they could not agreeon anything each strove for his own; opinion ;eachdesired his own plans and his own orders to be theVOL. II.O40 5J

LIVY.o.o. vicem et contemni, donee castigantibus legatis tan-336dem itacomparatum est ut alternis diebus summani4 imperil liaberent. Quae cum allata Romam essent,dicitur Q. Servilius, aetate et usu doctus precatusab dis limmortalibus ne discordia tribunorum damnosiorrei publicae esset quam ad Veios fuisset, etvelut baud dubia clade imminente institisse filio ut5 milites scriberet et arma pararet. Nee falsus vatesfuit. Nam ductu L. Sergi, cuius dies imperii erat,loco iniquo sub hostium castris, cum, quia simulatometu receperat se hostis ad vallum, spes vana expugnandicastraeo traxisset, repentino impetu Aequorumper supinam vallem fusi sunt, multique inruina maiore quam fuga oppress! obtruncatique.6 Castraque eo die aegre retenta, posterodie circumfusisiam magna ex parte hostibus per aversamportam fuga turpi deseruntur. Duces legatique etquod circa signa roboris de exercitu fuit Tusculum7 petiere : palati alii peragros passim multis itineribusmaioris quam acceptaerat cladis nuntii Romam con-8 tenderunt. Minus trepidationis fuit, quod eventustimori hominum congruens fuerat, et quod subsidiaquae respicerent in re trepida praeparataerant ab1 dis Conway and Walters : diia fl.406

BOOK IV. XLVI. 3-8only valid ones ;each despised the other and was B.C.in turn despised by him, until at last, reproved by4their lieutenants, they arranged to exercise thesupreme command on alternate days. When thereport of this reached Rome, it is said that QuintusServilius, taught by years and experience, besoughtthe immortal gods that the strife between thetribunes might not result more disastrouslyto therepublic than had been the case at Veii, and asthough certain defeat were imminent, urged his sonto enlist soldiers and make ready arms. Nor washe a false prophet. For under the leadership ofLucius Sergius, whose dayit was to command, theRomans found themselves in an unfavourable positionclose to the enemy's camp, whither they had beendrawn, when the Aequi feigned fear and retired totheir rampart, by the vain hope of capturing it;and there they were suddenly attacked by the Aequiand driven pellmell down a sloping valley, wheremany of them, as they rather tumbled down thanretreated, were overtaken and put to the sword.That day they defended their camp with difficulty,and on the next, when the enemy had almost surroundedit, they abandoned it by a disgracefulflight through the opposite gate. The generals andtheir lieutenants and such of the army's strengthas kept to the standards made for Tusculum : theothers, scattering through the fields, this way andthat, hastened to Rome by divers roads and reporteda much heavier defeat than had been sustained.There was the less dismay for the reason that theevent had tallied with men's apprehensions, andbecause reserves which they could look to in thehour of danger had been made ready by the tribune407

LIVYA.U.C. 9 tribimo militum. lussuque eiusdem per minoresmagistratus sedato in urbe tumultu speculatorespropere missi nuntiavere Tusculi duces exercitumque10 esse, hostem castra loco noii inovisse. Et, quodplurimum animorum fecit, dictator ex senatus coiisultodictus Q. Servilius 1 Priscus, vir cuius providentiamin re publica cum multis aliis tempestatibusante expertaci vitas erat turn eventu eius belli, quoduni certamen tribunorum suspectum ante rem male11 gestam fuerat. Magistro equitum creato a quo ipsetribuno militum dictator erat dictus, filio suo uttradidere quidam nam alii Ahalam Servilium magis-;12 trum equitum eo anno fuisse scribunt, novo exercituprofectus ad bellum accitis qui Tusculi erant, duomilia passuum ab hoste locum castris cepit.XLVI I. Transierat ex re benepin's gesta superbianeglegentiaque ad Aequos quae in Romanis ducibus2 fuerat. Itaque primo statim proelio cum dictatorequitatu immisso antesignanos hostium turbasset,legionum inde signa inferri propere iussit signi-3 ferumque ex suis unum cunctantem occidit. Tantusardor ad dimicandum fuit ut impetum Aequi nontulerint, victique acie cum fuga effusa petissent castra,brevior 2tempore et certamine minor castrorum op-4 pugnatio fuit quam proelium fuerat. Captis direptisquecastris cum praedam dictator militi concessisset1 Servilius A 2 >-: sulpicius (-tins DL] n.* brevior tempore et certamine minor D E'1 ? : 5- breuior etcertamine et tempore 2/ 1 ? : breuiore tempore et certamineminor fl.408

BOOK IV. XLVI. 8-ALvn. 4of the soldiers. It was by his orders too that the B.C.lesser magistrates had quieted the confusion in theCity, when the scouts whom he had hurriedly sentout reported that the generals and the army wereat Tusculum, and that the enemy had not brokencamp. And what raised men's courage mostQuintus Servilius Priscus was in consequence of asenatorial decree named dictator a man whoseclear vision in public affairs the state had provedon many previous occasions, but particularly in theoutcome of this war, because he alone had viewedthe quarrel of the tribunes with anxiety, beforetheir defeat. Having appointed his son, by whom,when military tribune, he had himself been pronounceddictator, to be master of the horse, assome authorities have recorded ;for others writethat Servilius Ahala was master of the horse thatyear, he set out with a fresh army for the war,sent for the troops which were at Tusculum, and.fixed his camp two miles from the enemy.XLVII. In consequence of their success, the Aequi 1, , , , .j i L. ihad taken over the arrogance and carelessness whichthe Roman generals had shown, and the result wasseen in the veryfirst battle. When the dictatorhad attacked with his cavalry and had thrown theenemy's front ranks into confusion, he ordered thelegions to advance rapidly, and when one of hisstandard-bearers hesitated, cut him down. So eagerfor combat were the troops, that the Aequi could notstop their rush, and when, defeated in the field,they had withdrawn to their campin a disorderedflight, it was stormed with less expenditure of timeand effort than the battle itself had cost. Havingcaptured and sacked the camp, the dictator relin-409B -c -417-416

LIVYA.U.C. secutique fueientem ex castris hostem equites re-S "7 3*^8 Tnuntiassent omnes Labicanos victos, magnam partem5 Aequorum Labicos conf ugisse, postero die ad Labicosdactus exercitus oppidumque corona circumdatascalis6 captum ac direptum est. Dictator exercitu victoreRomam reducto die octavo quam creatus erat magistratuse abdicavit et ; opportune senatus priusquamab tribunis plebi agrariae seditiones mentione inlatade agro Labicano dividendo fierent, censuit frequens7 coloniam Labicos deducendam. Coloni ab urbe milleet quingenti missi bina iugera acceperunt. 12Captis Labicis deinde tribunis militum consular!3potestate Agrippa Menenio Lanato et C. Servilio8 Structo et P. Lucretio Tricipitino, iterum omnibushis, et Sp. Rutilio Crasso, et insequente anno A.Sempronio Atratino tertium, et duobus iterum,M. Papirio Mugillano 4 et Sp. Nautio Rutulo 5 bienniumtranquillae externae res, discordia domi exagrariis legibus fuit.XLVIII. Turbatores volgi erant Sp. Maeciliusquartum et M. Metilius 6 tertium 7 tribuni plebis,2 ambo abseiites creati. Ei 8 cum rogationem promulgassentut ager ex hostibus captus viritim divideretur,magnaeque partis nobilium eo plebi scito1):acceperunt A z $: acceperant (accepant A) n.12deinde L. Mueller : ac deinde fl.: : 3 0. Servilio Glareanus (cf.1. seruilio fl seruilio Miv. xlv. 5 and Diod. XTIT. vii.by E (which also omitsStructo).4Mugillano (as at iv. vii. 10) : mugilano n.6Rutulo (as at in. vii. 6) : rutilio (rutulio P) H.6M. Metilius Alschefski: metilius (or -cilius) n.78quartum . . . tertium 5- : quarto . . . tertio (or -cio) H.ei D ? Madvig: et fl.1The iugerum was about five-eighths of an acre.410

BOOK IV. XLVII. 4-xLvin. 2quished the plunder to his soldiers ;and the cavalry, B.C.which had pursued the enemy as they fled from their 417 " 41flencampment, came back with the report that all theLabicani, after their defeat, and a great part ofthe Aequi, had taken refuge in Labici. Next daythe army marched to Labici and, drawing a cordonabout the town, stormed it with ladders and plunderedit.Leading his victorious army back toRome, the dictator resigned his office eight daysafter his appointment and the senate seized the;opportunity, before the tribunes of the plebs couldstir up agrarian troubles by proposing a division ofthe Labican territory, to resolve, in a largely-attendedmeeting, that a colony should be planted in Labici.Fifteen hundred colonists were sent from the City,1and each received two iugera.The year that followed the capture of Labici,having as military tribunes with consular powersAgrippa Menenius Lanatus, Gaius Servilius Structus,and Publius Lucretius Tricipitinus (all these forthe second time), together with Spurius RutiliusCrassus ;and the succeeding year, with Aulus SemproniusAtratinus (for his third term) and MarcusPapirius Mugillanus and Spurius Nautius Rutulus(for their second) were a period of tranquillity inforeign relations but of civil discord arising out ofagrarian laws.XLVIII. Those who stirred up the people wereSpurius Maecilius, tribune of the plebs for the fourthtime, and Marcus Metilius, for the third, both havingbeen elected in their absence. On their proposinga law that the land which had been captured fromenemies should be divided up among the citizens, aplebiscite which would mean the confiscation of the411

LIVYA.U.C. 3 pubiicarentur fortunae nee enim ferme quicquam337-338agn, ut in urbe aheno solo posita, non armis partumerat, nee quod venisset adsignatumve publice esset4 praeterquam plebs habebat, atrox plebi patribusquepropositum videbatur certamen. Nee tribuni militumnunc in senatu, nunc conciliis 1 privatis principum5 cogendis viam consilii inveniebant, cum Ap. Claudius,nepos eius qui decemvir legibus scribendis fuerat,6 minimus natu ex patrum concilio, dicitur dixissevetus se ac familiare consilium domo adferre ; proavumenim suum Ap. Claudium ostendisse patribusviam unam dissolvendae tribuniciae potestatis per7 collegarum intercessionem. Facile homines novossi tem-auctoritate principum de sententia deduci,porum interdum potius quam maiestatis memor ad-8 hibeatur oratio. Pro fortuna illis animos esse ;ubivideant collegas principes agendae rei gratiam omnemad plebempraeoccupasse nee locum in ea relictum sibi,9 baud gravate adclinaturos se ad causam senatus, perquam cum universe ordini, turn 2 primoribus se patrum10 concilient. Adprobantibus cunctis et ante omnesQ. Servilio Frisco, quod non degenerasset ab stirpe1 conciliis Cr&mer : in conciliis $- : in consiliis ft.2cum universe ordini, turn Tan. Faber : cumiuerso (?)orcline turn D : uniuerso ordine cum H.1Really his great-great-grandfather (dbavus}.8The term novus homo was usually applied to a man whowas the first of his family to hold a curule office (curuleaedileship, praetorship, consulship).412

BOOK IV. XLVIII. 2-10fortunes of a great part of the nobles for there B.C.was scarcely any land, as might be 417 ~'expected in thecase of a city situated on alien soil, which had notbeen gained by force of arms ;nor was much, ifany, of that which had been sold or assigned by thestate held by other than plebeians, itappearedthat a desperate struggle was at hand between theplebs and the patricians. The military tribunes hadhit upon no plan of action either in the senate or inthe private conferences which they held with theleading men, when Appius Claudius, grandson ofhim who had been decemvir for drawing up the laws,himself the youngest of the council of senators,announced so the story goes that he was bringingthem from his house an old family device ;forit had been his great-grandfather l Appius Claudiuswho had pointed out to the senators that the onlyway to break the power of the tribunes lay throughthe veto of their colleagues. It was not difficultfor the leading men of the state to induce upstartpoliticians 2 to change their minds, if they wouldbut suit their discourse meantime rather to theexigencies of the crisis than to their lofty station.The sentiments of such fellows varied with theirfortunes : when they saw that their colleagues, bytaking the lead in the management of affairs, hadappropriated all the favour of the populace inadvance and had left no room there for themselves,they would incline without reluctance to the causeof the senate, by supporting which they might gainthe goodwill not only of the order as a whole, butalso of the foremost senators. When they had allexpressed their approval, and especially QuintusServilius Priscus, who praised the young man as413

LIVYA.U.O. Claudia conlaudante iuvenem, neffotium datur utr,37-338quos quisqne posset ex collegio tribunorum ad inter-11 cessionem perlicerent. Misso senatu prensantur abprincipibus tribuni.Suadendo monendo pollicendoque,gratum id singulis privatim, gratum universesenatui fore, sex ad intercessionem comparavere.12 Posteroque die cum ex composito relatum ad senatumesset de seditione quam Maecilius Metiliusque largi-13 tione pessimi exempli concirent, eae orationes aprimoribus patrum habitae sunt ut pro se quisqueiam nee consilium sibi suppetere diceret nee se ullamopem cernere aliam usquam praeterquamin tribunicioauxilio ;in eius potestatis fidem circumventamrem publicam, tamquam privatum inopem,14 confugere praeclarum ; ipsis potestatique esse nonad vexandum senatum discordiamque ordinum movendamplus in tribunatu virium esse quamad re-15 sistendum improbis collegis. Fremitus deinde universisenatus ortus, cum ex omnibus partibus curiae tribuniappellarentur. Turn silentio facto iiqui praeparaticrant gratia principum, quam rogationem a collegispromulgatam senatus censeat dissol vendae rei publicaeesse,ei se intercessuros ostendunt. Gratiae inter-1 6 cessoribus ab senatu actae. Latores rogationis con-414

BOOK IV. XLVIII. 10-16one who had not degenerated from the Claudian i?.o.stock, everybody was given the task of inducing 417 ~ 416such of the tribunician college as he could to interposetheir vetoes. The senate adjourned and theleading members began to canvass the tribunes.By arguments in which they mingled warnings withthe promise that their action would earn the tribunesthe personal gratitude of individuals, as well as thatof the senate as a body, they got six men to promisetheir opposition. Next day when the senate, inaccordance with a preconcerted plan, had taken upthe question of the sedition which Maecilius andMetilius were beginning by proposing a donation ofthe most objectionable type, the principal senatorsmade speeches in which each took occasion to saythat he could think of nothing to suggest and sawno help for the situation anywhere save in theassistance of the tribunes ;this was the power towhose protection the harassed republic, like a privatecitizen in distress, now fled for succour; it was aglorious thing both for the men themselves and fortheir office that the tribunate possessed no lessstrength for the resistance of its wicked colleaguesthan for troubling the senate and promoting discordbetween the orders. Loud shouts were then heardfrom the entire senate and appeals were addressedto the tribunes from every part of the Curia. Then,after silence had been obtained, those who hadbeen won over by the favour of the chief senatorsdeclared their readiness to veto the measure whichtheir colleagues had proposed but the senate deemedsubversive of the republic. The thanks of thesenate were voted the protesters. The authors ofthe bill convened an assembly, and accusing their415

LIVYA.U.C. tione advocata proditores ^plebis commodorum ac0*7 "**> Q iservos consularium appellantes aliaque truci orationeA.U.O.in collegas invecti actionem deposuere.XL1X. Duo bella insequens annus habuisset, quoP. Cornelius Cossus C. Valerius Potitus Q. QuinctiusCincinnatus Num. Fabius l Vibulanus tribuni militum2 consular! potestate fuerunt, ni Veiens bellum religioprincipum distulisset, quorum agros Tiberis super3 ripas effusus maxime ruinis villarum vastavit. SimulAequos triennio ante accepta clades prohibuit Bo-4 lanis,2suae gentis populo, praesidium ferre. Excursionesinde in confinem agrum Labicanum 3 factae5 erant novisque colonis bellum inlatum. Quam noxamcum se consensu omnium Aequorum defensurossperassent, deserti ab suis ne memorabili quidembello, per obsidionem levemque unam pugnam et6 oppidum et fines amisere. Temptatum ab L. Decio4tribune plebis, ut rogationem ferret qua Bolas quoque,sicut Labicos, coloni mitterentur, per intercessioneincollegarum, qui nullum plebi scitum nisi exauctoritate senatus passuros se perferri ostenderunt,discussum est.7 Bolis insequente anno receptis Aequi coloniaqueeo deducta novis viribus oppidum firmarunt, tribunismilitum Romae consulari potestate Cn. CornelioCosso L. Valerio Potito Q. Fabio Vibulano iterum1Num. Fabius Sigonius (cf. iv. xliii. 1) marcus : (or m) fl.2 Bolanis Sigonius and Cluverius : uolanis n : uolentes U(tlie same correction throughout the chap.).8Labicanum as at chap. xlv. 3 : lauic- n (so lauicosinfra}.* L. Decio 5- : 1.quintio decio Ui 1. sextio A 3 : 1. dexiodexio PE.MHDLA :1. q.416

BOOK IV. XLVIII. i6-xLix. 7colleagues of being traitors to the interests of the B.CA} 7 A T ftplebs and slaves of the consulars, and in other waysbitterly denouncing them, withdrew their measure.XLIX. There would have been two wars in theB.Oensuing year, in which Publius Cornelius Cossus,Gaius Valerius Potitus, Quintus Quinctius Cincinnatus,and Numerius Fabius Vibulanus were militarytribunes with consular powers, had not the war withVeii been delayed, thanks to the superstition of theVeientine leaders, whose farms an overflow of theTiber had laid waste, chiefly by ruining the farmhouses.At the same time the Aequi were deterredby the defeat they had suffered three years beforefrom marching to the assistance of the Bolani, a tribeof their own race. These people had made incursionsinto the neighbouring territory of Labici and attackedthe new settlers. The consequences of this outragethey had hoped to avoid by means of the co-operationof all the Aequi but, having been abandoned by;their friends, they lost their town and their lands, ina war which does not even merit description, as theresult of a siege and a single skirmish. An attempton the part of Lucius Decius, a plebeian tribune, tocarry a law providing that colonists should be sent toBolae too, as well as to Labici, was frustrated throughthe intervention of his colleagues, who intimated thatunless it hadthey would permit no plebiscite to passthe warrant of the senate.Bolae was retaken the next year, and the Aequiplanted a colony there and strengthened the townwith new defenders. Rome now had the following;Omilitary tribunes with consular powers, GnaeusCornelius Cossus, Lucius Valerius Potitus, QuintusFabius Vibulanus (for the second time), and Marcus

LIVYA.U.C. 8 M. Postumio1Regillensi. Huic belluin adversus339-340Aequos permissum est, pravae mentis homing quam9 tamen victoria magis quam helium ostendit. Namexercitu impigre scripto ductoque ad Bolas cum levibusproeliis Aequorum animos fregisset, postremo inoppidum inrupit. Deinde ab hostibus in cives certamenvertit et cum inter oppugnationem praedammilitis fore edixisset, capto oppido fidem mutavit.10 Earn magis adducor ut credam irae causam exercituifuisse quam quod in urbe nuper direpta coloniaquenova minus praedicatione tribuni praedae fuerit.11 Auxit earn iram, postquam ab collegis arcessituspropter seditiones tribunicias in urbem revertit,audita vox eius in contione stolida ac prope vecors,2qua M. Sextio tribuno plebis legem agrariam ferenti,simul Bolas quoque ut mitterentur coloni laturumse dicenti dignum 3 enim esse qui armis cepissent,eorum urbem agrumque Bolanum esse" Malumquidem militibus meis " inquit, "nisi quieverint."Quod auditum non contionem magis quam mox12 patres offendit. Et tribunus plebis, vir acer neeinfacundus, nactus inter adversaries superbum ingeniumimmodicamque linguam, quam inritando agitandoquein eas impelleret voces quae invidiae non1 Regillensi Sigonius (C.I.L. i 1 , p. 444, note}: regiliensi1{} : re giliensi M : rei giliensi M :religiensi UHA.Sextio Hi2 qua M. Sextio U'z f : quam sextio fl : q)q. Sextio E3 .3dignum Tan. Faber : dignos n.418

BOOK IV. XLIX. 7~i2Postumius Regillensis. To this last was intrusted R .o.the campaign against the Aequi. He was a wrong- 415-414headed man, yet he showed it more in the hour ofvictory than during the campaign. For he wasenergetic in raising an army and leading it to Bolae,where, after breaking the spirit of the Aequi in sometrifling engagements, he finally forced an entranceinto the town. He then diverted the quarrel fromthe enemy to his fellow-citizens ;and though he hadproclaimed at the time of the attack that theshould bootybelong to the soldiers, when he had takenthe town he broke his promise. This, I am inclinedto believe, was the cause of the army's resentment,rather than the fact that in a recently-plunderedcity inhabited by new settlers, there was less bootythan the tribune had predicted. The ill-feeling wasincreased, when, being sent for by his colleagueson account of tribunician disturbances, he hadreturned to the City, by a stupid and almost insaneremark he was heard to make in an assembly, whereMarcus Sextius, a plebeian tribune, in introducingan agrarian measure, announced that he shouldpropose also that colonists be dispatched to Bolaefor it was proper, he said, that the city and lands ofthe Bolani should belong to those who had capturedthem in war." Woe to my soldiers," exclaimedPostumius, " unless they hold their "peace a!saying which presently, on being reported to thesenators, offended them no less than it had theassembly. And the tribune of the plebs, a keen andnot uneloquent man, having got for one of hisadversaries a man of haughty spirit and unbridledtongue, whom he could irritate and provoke to saythings that would not only make himself disliked419

LIVYA o.c. ipsi tantum sed causae atque universe orclini essent,3^9-340 . ., .,..neminem ex collegio tnbunorum mihtum saepms13quam Postumium in disceptationem trahebat. Turnvero secundum tarn saevura atque inhumanum dictum"Auditis" " inquit, Quirites, sicut servis malum14 minantem militibus? Tamen liaec belua digniorvobis tanto honore videbitur quam qui vos urbeagrisque donates in colonias mittunt, qui sedemsenectuti vestrae prospiciunt, qui pro vestris commodisadversus tam crudeles superbosque adversaries15 depugnant ? Incipite delude mirari cur pauci iamvestram suscipiant causam. Quid ut a vobis sperent ?An honores, quos adversariis vestris potius quam po-16 puli Romani propugnatoribus datis? Ingemuistismode voce huius audita. Quid id refert ? Iam sisuffragium detur, hunc qui malum vobis minatur iisqui agros sedesqueac fortunas stabilire voluntpraeferetis."L t Perlata haec vox Postumi ad milites multo incastris maiorein indignationem movit :praedaeneinterceptorem fraudatoremque etiam malum minari2 militibus ?Itaque cum fremitus aperte esset, etquaestor P. Sestius l eadem violentia coerceri putaretseditionem posse qua mota erat, misso ad vociferantemquendam militem lictore cum inde clamor et iurgiumoreretur, saxo ictus turba excedit, insuper increpante3 qui volneraverat, habere quaestorem quod imperator4201 Sestius Sigonius (as at in. xxxii. 4) : sextius (Sexiua H] n.

BOOK IV. XLIX. T2-L. 3but his cause and the entire senate as well, made a B.C.point of involving Postumius in a dispute more often 415 ~ 411than any other member of the college of militarytribunes. On this particular occasion, after thatsavage and brutal threat, he " cried, Do you hearhim, Quirites, threatening his soldiers with punishmentlike slaves? Shall this wild beast seem to you,notwithstanding, more deserving of so great an officethan those who would present you with a city andwith lands, and send you out to colonies who would;provide a home for your old age who ; fight for yourinterests against these cruel and insolent adversaries ?And does it surprise you that so few espouse yourcause ? What are they to expect of you ? Thoseoffices which you give by preference to your opponents,rather than to the champions of the RomanPeople You ? groaned just now when you heard hisremark. What of it? If you should be asked tovote this very moment, you would elect this manwho threatens you with chastisement in preferenceto those who wish to secure you lands and housesand fortunes."L. When this saying of Postumius reached the B.C. 414troops, it stirred up much greater indignation in thecamp did the man who had fraudulently cut off:his soldiers from their spoils also threaten them withpunishment And ? while they murmured openly, thequaestor Publius Sestius, thinking that the mutinycould be quelled with the same violence whichhad occasioned it, sent a lictor to arrest a certainbrawling soldier ;whereupon shouts and objurgationsbroke forth, and Sestius was hit with a stone andretreated from the scuffle, while the man who hadwounded him thundered after him that the quaestor421

LIVYvu.o. 4 esset militibus minatus. Ad hunc tumultum accitusPostumius asperiora omnia fecit acerbis quaestionibus,crudelibus suppliciis. Postremo cum modum iraenullum faceret, ad vociferationem eorum quos necarisub crate iusserat concursu facto, ipse ad interpel-5 lantes l poenam vecors de tribunal! decurrit. Ibicum submoventes passim lictores centurionesquevexarent turbam, eo indignatio erupit ut tribunusmilitum ab exercitu suo lapidibus cooperiretur.6 Quod tarn atrox facinus postquam est Romam nuntiatum,tribunis militum de morte collegae per senatumquaestiones decernentibus tribuni plebis intercede-7 bant. Sed ea contentio ex certamine alio pendebat,quod cura incesserat patres ne metu quaestionumplebs iraque tribunes militum ex plebe crearet, tende-8 bantque summa ope ut consules crearentur. Cumsenatus consultum fieri tribuni plebis non paterentur,iidem intercederent consularibus comitiis, res adinterregnum rediit. Victoria deinde penes patresfuit..i.u.0.LI. Q. Fabio Vibulano interrege comitia habenteconsules creati sunt A. Cornelius Cossus L. Furius 22 Medullinus. His consulibus principio anni senatusconsultum factum est, ut de quaestione Postumianaecaedis tribuni primo quoque tempore ad plebem1 interpellantes Gronovius :interpellandis M :interpellantisfl.a L. Furius 5- : Furius 1.1 See the account, in i. li. 9, of the execution of HerdoniusHere water is nob mentioned, and the victim was probablyplaced on the ground and crushed beneath the stones whichwere heaped upon the hurdle.2Providingfor the investigation of themurderof Postumius.422

BOOK IV. L.3- LI. 2had got what the general had threatened to give his B.C. 414men. Being summoned to deal with this disturbance,Postumius aggravated everything by his harsh inquisitionsand savage punishments. Finally his angergot beyond all bounds, and when the shout of thosewhom he had ordered to be put to death under ahurdle 1 had caused a crowd to gather, he ran downin a frenzy of passion from his tribunal to those whowould have interrupted the execution. There, whenthe lictors and centurions assailed the mob and triedto drive them back, on this side and on that, resentmentran so high that a military tribune was overwhelmedwith a volley of stones from his own soldiers.This dreadful deed having been announced in Rome,the tribunes of the soldiers wished to institute asenatorial inquiry into the death of their colleague,but the plebeian tribunes interposed their vetoes.The dispute was closely connected with anotherstruggle. The senators had become apprehensivelest the plebs, what with their fear of investigationsand their indignation, should elect military tribunesfrom their own class ;they therefore used all theirefforts to have consuls chosen. Since the plebeiantribunes would not allow the resolution of the senate 2to go through, and also vetoed the election of consuls,the state reverted to an interregnum. The victorythen rested with the senators.LI. Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, acting as interrex, B.C. 413held an election, and Aulus Cornelius Cossus andLucius Furius Medullinus were chosen consuls. Intheir consulship, early in the year, a senatorialresolution was passed that the tribunes should bringthe investigation of Postumius's murder before theplebs at the earliest possible moment, and that the423

LIVYA.U.O.ferrent plebesque praeficeret quaestioni quern vellet.A plebe consensu T consulibus negotium mandatur ;3 qui summa moderatione ac lenitate per paucorumsupplicium, quos sibimet ipsos conscisse mortem satiscreditum est, transacta re, nequivere tamen consequi,4 ut non aegerrime id plebs ferret : iacere tarn diuinritas actiones quae de suis commodis ferrentur,cum interim de sanguine ac supplicio suo latamlegem confestim exerceri et tantam vim habere.6 Aptissimum tempus fuerat vindicatis seditionibusdelenimentum animis Bolani 2 agri divisionem obici,quo facto miiiuissent desiderium agrariae legis quaepossesso 3 per iniuriam agro publico patres pellebat ;6 tune haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos : non inretinendis modo publicis agris quos vi 4teneret pertinacemnobilitatem esse, sed ne vacuum quidemagrum nuper ex hostibus captum plebi dividere,mox paucis, ut cetera, futurum praedae.7 Eodem anno adversus Volscos populantes Hernicorumfines legiones ductae a Furio consule cumhostem ibi non invenissent, Ferentmum, quo magna8 multitude Volscorum se contulerat, cepere. Minuspraedae quam speraverant fuit, quod Volsci, postquamspes tuendi exigua erat, sublatis rebus nocte1consensu Cremer :populi consensu n.2 Bolani El (TV. xlix. 3):Auolani (uolam A) n.3A* or 3 possessio n :posset sio (or possitpossesso $- :sio) E.4quos vi 5- : quos ut 1.424

BOOK IV. LI. 2-8plebs should appoint whomsoever they wished to B.C. 413have charge of the inquiry. The plebs unanimouslyreferred the matter to the consuls. They accomplishedtheir task with the utmost moderation andleniency, punishing a few only, and these aregenerally believed to have committed suicide ; yetthey were unable to prevent the transaction frombeing bitterly resented by the plebs, who complainedthat the measures which had been proposed in theirinterests layall this while neglected, whereas thelaw that was passed concerning their punishmentand their lives was carried out at once, and mosteffectually.It would have been a very suitableoccasion, now that the mutiny had been avenged,to appease their anger by offering to divide the Bolanterritory.Had the senators done this, they wouldhave lessened men's desire for the agrarian lawwhich was meant to expel the patricians from theirwrongful occupation of the public domain. As itwas, a sense of injury was aroused by the verycircumstance that the nobility not only persisted inretaining the public lands, which they held by force,but would not even divide among the plebeians theunoccupied ground which had recently been takenfrom the enemy and would soon, they thought,become, like all the rest, the booty of a few.The same year the Volsci laid waste the bordersof the Hernici, and the legions were led out to meetthem by the consul Furius. Not finding the enemythere, they captured Ferentinum, to which a greatnumber of Volsci had retired. There was lessplunder there than they had expected, because theVolsci, having small hopes of defending the town,removed their possessions by night and abandoned425

LIVYoppidum reliquerunt postero die prope desertum;capitur. Hernicis ipsum agerque l dono datus.LII. Annum modestia tribunorum quietum excepittribunus plebis L. Icilius 2 Q. Fabio Ambusto2 C. Furio Paculo 3 consulibus. Is cum principiostatim anni, velut pensum nominis familiaeque,3 seditiones agrariis legibus promulgandis cieret,pestilentia coorta, minacior tamen quam perniciosior,cogitationes hominum a foro certaminibusque pubiicisad domum curamque corporum nutriendorumavertit ; minusque earn damnosam fuisse, quam4 seditio futura fuerit credunt. Defuncta civitateplurimorum morbis, perpaucis funeribus, pestilentemannum inopia frugum neglecto cultu agrorum, utplerumque fit, excepit, M. Papirio Atratino C. Nautio6 Rutulo 4 consulibus. lam fames quam pestilentiatristior erat, ni dimissis circa omnes populos legatisqui Etruscum mare quique Tiberim accolunt adfrumentum mercandum, annonae foret subventum.6 Superbe ab Samnitibus qui Capuam habebant Cumasquelegati prohibiti commercio sunt, contra eabenigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adiuti maximos;commeatus summo Etruriae studio Tiberis devexit.7 Solitudinem in civitate aegra experti consules sunt,cum in legationes non plus singulis senatoribus1ipsum agerque Weisseriborn :ipse agerque Mi ipseager n.2 L. Icilius -: lucilius H: icilius U: lucius E.3 Paculo Conway (cf. chap. xii. 1 ) : Pacilo Sigonius :paclilo n : MU':pactilio patilo A :paculio A* (or A 8 ).4Rutulo cf. chap, xlvii. 8 : rutilio fl : rutulio PFB.1Livy probably has Dionysius I. in mind ; though inreality it was several years later when he became tyrant ofSyracuse.426

BOOK IV. LI. S-LII. 7it; next day, when it was taken, it was practicallyB.C. 4.13deserted. The town itself and its territory weregiven to the Hernici.LI I. After this year, which the moderation of the B.O.tribunes had made a quiet one, came the plebeiantribuneship of Lucius Icilius, when Quintus FabiusAmbustus and Gaius Furius Paculus were consuls.While Icilius, at the very outset of the year, wasendeavouring to stir up sedition by the promulgationof agrarian laws, as if it had been the appointed taskof his name and family, a pestilence broke out, which,though it was more threatening than fatal, divertedmen's thoughts from the Forum and political conflictsto their homes and the care of the sick, and isthoughtto have been less hurtful than the sedition wouldhave been. The state had escaped with very fewdeaths, considering the great number of those whohad fallen ill, when the year of pestilence was succeeded,in the consulship of Marcus Papirius Atratinusand Gaius Nautius Rutulus, by a scarcity of corn,owing to the neglect of tillage usual at such times.Indeed the famine would have been more banefulthan the disease, had they not supplemented thesupply of corn by dispatching emissaries to all thepeoples round about who dwelt on the Tuscan sea orby the Tiber, to it.purchase The Samnites whoheld Capua and Cumae insolently refused to permitthe envoys to trade with them, but the Siciliantyrants, 1 on the contrary, lent them generous assistance;and the largest supplies of all were broughtdown the Tiber, with the hearty goodwill of theEtruscans. The consuls experienced a lack of menin the afflicted City, and, being unable to find morethan one senator for an embassy, were obliged to add427

LIVYLU.O. invenientes coacti sunt binos equites adicere.12-3438 Praeterquam ab morbo annonaque nihil eo bienniointestini externive incommodi fuit. At ubi eaesollicitudines discessere, omnia quibus turbari solitaerat civitas, domi discordia, foris bellum exortum.A.U.O. LIII. M. Aemilio C. Valeric Potito consulibus344bellum Aequi parabant, Volscis, quamquam 11011 publicoconsilio capessentibus arma, voluntariis mercede2 secutis militiam. Ad quorum famam hostium iamenim in Latinum Hernicumque transcenderant agrumdilectum habentem Valerium consulem M. Meneniustribunus plebis, legis agrariae lator, cum impediretauxilioque tribuni nemo invitus sacramento3 diceret, repente nuntiatur arcem Carventanam ab4 hostibus occupatam esse. Ea ignominia acceptacum apud patres invidiae Menenio fuit, turn ceteristribunis, iam ante praeparatis intercessoribus legisagrariae, praebuitiustiorem causam resistendi col-6 legae. Itaque cum res diu ducta per altercationemesset, consulibus deos hominesque testantibus quidquidab hostibus cladis ignominiaeque aut iam acceptumessetaut immineret culpam penes Menenium fore,6 qui dilectum impediret, Menenio contra vociferante,si iniusti domini possessione agri publici cederent,7 se moram dilectui non facere, decreto interpositonovem tribuni sustulerunt certamen pronuntiave-428

BOOK IV. ui. 7-Lin. 7two knights to each. With the exception of the B.C.disease and the shortage of corn, there was no internal 412ôr foreign trouble during these two years. But nosooner had these anxieties departed, than there camean outbreak of all the ills which were wont to harassthe state, domestic quarrels and war abroad.LIII. In the consulship of Marcus Aemilius and B.C. 4ioGaius Valerius Potitus the Aequi prepared to go towar, and the Volsci, though they did not take up armsas a nation, made the campaign as volunteers servingfor pay. When, on the rumour of their advance,for they had already crossed over into Latin andHernican territory, Valerius the consul was raisingtroops, and Marcus Menenius, tribune of the plebsand proposer of an agrarian law, was obstructing thelevy, and everybody who did not wish to go wasavailing himself of the tribune's protection and refusingthe oath, on a sudden came the news thatthe citadel of Carventum had been seized by the/enemy. This humiliation not only gave the patriciansthe means of stirring up feeling against Menenius,but supplied the rest of the tribunes, who had alreadybeen persuaded to veto the agrarian law, with a morejustifiable pretext for resisting their colleague. Thedispute was long drawn out. The consuls calledgods and men to witness that the responsibility forwhatever defeat or disgrace had already been orthreatened to be visited on them by the enemy wouldrest with Menenius, because of his interference withthe levy; Menenius, on the other hand, protestedloudly that if the occupants of the public domainwould surrender their illegal possession of it, he wasprepared to withdraw his opposition to the muster.At this juncture nine tribunes interposed a resolution429

LIVY4.U.O. runtque ex collegii sententia C. Valerio consult se,344damnum aliamque coercitionem adversus intercessionemcollegae dilectus causa detractantibus mili-8 tiam inhibenti, auxilio futures esse. Hoc decretoconsul armatus cum paucis appellantibus tribunumcollum torsisset, metu ceteri sacramento dixere.9 Ductus exercitus ad Carventanam arcem, quamquaminvisus infestusque consul! erat, impigre primostatim adventu deiectis qui in praesidio erant arcemrecipit ; praedatores ex praesidio per neglegentiam10 dilapsi occasionem aperuere ad invadendum. Praedaeex adsiduis populationibus, quod omnia in locumtutum congesta erant, fuit aliquantum.Venditum subhasta consul in aerarium redigere quaestores iussit,turn praedicans participem praedae fore exercitum,11 cum militiam lion abnuisset. Auctae inde plebisac militum in consulem irae. Itaque cum ex senatusconsulto urbem ovans introiret, alternis inconditiversus militari licentia iactati, quibus consul in-12 crepitus, Meneni celebre nomen laudibus fuit, cumad omnem mentionem tribuni favor circumstantispopuli plausuqueet adsensu cum vocibus militum13 certaret. Plusque ea res quam prope sollemnismilitum lascivia in consulem curae patribus iniecit ;et tamquam43haud dubius inter tribunes militum

BOOK IV. LIII.7-13which ended the contention. They proclaimedthe name of the college that they would support theconsul Gaius Valerius in if, enforcing the levy, heresorted, despite the veto of their colleague, to finesand other forms of coercion against those who refusedto serve. Armed with this decree, the consulcaused the few who appealed to the tribune to behaled before him ;the rest were cowed into taking theoath. The army marched to the citadel of Carventum;and although the soldiers were hated by theconsul and returned his hostility, yet the moment theycame to the place, they manfully drove out thegarrison and recovered the stronghold, which hadbeen laid open to attack by the negligence that hadpermitted men to slip away from the garrison inquest of booty. There was a considerable accumulationof spoils from this constant raiding, becauseeverything had been heaped up there for safety.All this the consul ordered the quaestors to sell atauction and place the proceeds in the public treasury,giving out word that the army should share in theplunder only when the men had not refused to serve.This increased the enmity of plebs and soldierstowards the consul. And so when he entered theCity in an ovation, as the senate had decreed, the soldiers,with military freedom, shouted out rude versesnow abusing the consul and now praising Menenius,while at every mention of the tribune's name theenthusiasm of the attendant populace vied with thevoices of the men in cheers and applause. This circumstancecaused the patricians more anxiety thanthe sauciness of the soldiers towards the consul, whichwas virtually an established custom ;and as thoughthey made no question that Menenius would bechosen for one of the military tribunes, if he were43 Tin B.C. 410

LIVYA.U.O. honos Meneni, si peteret. consularibus comitiis est344exclusus.A.U.O. LIV. Creati consulcs sunt Cn. Cornelius Cossus3452 L. Furius Medullinus iterum. Non alias aegriusj)lebs tulit tribunicia comitia sibi non commissa.Eum dolorem quaestoriis comitiis simul ostenditet ulta est tune primum plebeiis quaestoribus creatis,3 ita ut in quattuor creandis um patricioK. FabiolAmbusto relinqueretur locus, tres plebei Q. Silius P.Aelius P.Pupius clarissimarum familiaruni iuvenibus4 praeferrentur. Auctores fuisse tarn liberi populo suffragiiIcilios accipio, ex familia infestissima patribustres in eum annum tribunes plebis creates, multarummagnarumque rerum molem avidissimo ad ea populo5 ostentantes, cum adfirmassent nihil se moturos sine quaestoriis quidem comitiis, quae sola promiscuaplebei patribusque reliquisset senatus,satis animipopulo esset ad id quod tarn diu vellent et perG leges liceret. Pro ingenti itaque victoria id fuitplebi, quaesturamque earn non honoris ipsius fineaestimabant, sed patefactus ad consulatum ac trium-7 phos locus novis hominibus videbatur. Patres contranon pro communicatis sed pro amissis honoribus1K. Fabio Pighius (cf. iv. Ixi. 4 ; v. x. 1 ;v. xxiv. 1):c. fabio ft : claudio fabio E.432

BOOK IV. un. i3-Liv. 7a candidate, they held a consular election and so B.C. 4icexcluded him.LIV. The consuls elected were Gnaeus Cornelius B.c.40tCossus and (for the second time) Lucius FuriusMedullinus. Never before had the plebs felt soaggrieved that they were not allowed to choosemilitary tribunes. They showed their disappointment,,and likewise avenged it, at the electionof quaestors, when plebeians were for the first timechosen to that office ;though among the four to beelected room was made for one patrician, Caeso FabiusAmbustus. Three plebeians, Quintus Silius, PubliusAelius, and Publius Pupius, were preferred beforeyoung men of the most distinguished families. I findthat those who encouraged the people to make sofree with their votes were the Icilii. Three membersof that family, a family most hostile to the patricians,had been made plebeian tribunes for that year, inconsequence of the many great hopes they hadheld out to the populace, always more than eagerto accept such promises. These men had declaredthat they would make no move in theirbehalf, if even in the election of quaestors theonly election which the senate had lei'topen to bothclasses the people could not find sufficient resolutionto accomplish what they had so long wished to doand the laws permitted. And so the plebs felt thatthey had won a great victory, not estimating thesignificance of that quaestorship by the limits of theoffice itself, but feeling that the way to consulshipsand triumphs was thrown open to new men. Thepatricians, on the other hand, were as angry as thoughthey had not merely shared their offices with theplebs but had lost them. They said that if such433

LIVYA.U.O. fremere ; negare, si ea ita sint,liberos tollendosesse, qui pulsi maiorum loco cernentesque alios inpossessione dignitatis suae, salii flaminesque nusquamalioquam ad sacrificandum pro populo sine imperiis8 ac potestatibus relinquantur. Inritatis utriusquepartis animis cum et spiritus plebs sumpsisset et tresad popularem cansam celeberrimi nominis haberetduces, patres omnia quaestoriiscomitiis ubi utrumqueplebi liceret similia fore cernentes, tendere adconsulum comitia quae nondum promiscua essent :9 Icilii contra tribunos militum creandos dicere 1 ettandem aliquando impertiendos plebi honores.LV. Sed nulla erat consularis actio quam impediendoid quod petebant exprimerent, cum mira opportunitateVolscos et Aequos praedatum extra finesexisse in agrum Latinum Hernicumque adfertur.2 Ad quod bellum ubi ex senatus consulto consulesdilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tune enixe tribunisibi plebiqueearn fortunam oblatam memorantes.3 Tres erant et omnes acerrimi viri generosique iam,ut inter plebeios. Duo singuli singulos sibi consulesadservandos adsidua opera desumunt ;uni contionibusdata mine detinenda, nunc concienda plebs.1dicere Aldus: dicerent n.1The salii were a very ancient college of priests whosename was derived from a weapon-dance which figured intheir ritual. The flamen ('kindler ')was the special priest ofsome god, thus the Flamen Dialis was attached to the cult ofJupiter, the Flamen Martialis to that of Mars, etc.434

BOOK IV. LIV. 7-Lv. 3things were to be, it was wrongfor them to rear B.C. 409children, who after being driven out from the placesof their forefathers would behold others in possessionof their honours, and would be without left, poweror authority, to serve no other purpose than to offerup sacrifices, as salii and flamens, 1 for the people.The feelings of both sides were overwrought. Theplebs had plucked up courage and they had threevery distinguished leaders for the popular cause. Thepatricians, perceiving that every election where theplebs were free to choose either sort of candidatewould be like that of the quaestors, strove to bringabout a consular election, which was not yet open toboth orders. The Icilii, on the contrary, maintainedthat military tribunes should be chosen ;it was hightime, they said, that the plebs were given their shareof honours.LV. But the consuls had no measure on footwhich the tribunes could oppose and so wring fromthem what they wanted, when, by a wonderful pieceof luck, the Volsci and Aequi were reported to havecrossed the border and raided the lands of the Latinsand the Hernici. As the consuls, in order to meetthis invasion, were commencing to raise an army, inpursuance of a resolution of the senate, the tribunesobstructed the levy with all their might, declaringthat the incident had been a fortunate one for theplebeians and themselves. There were three ofthem, and they were all very active and belonged toa family which might now be called noble, consideringthat they were plebeians. Two of them assumed thetask of keeping constant watch on the consuls, eachtaking one of them ;to the third was given the dutyof haranguing the plebs, for the purpose, now of re-435

LIVYA.U.C 4 Nee dilectum consules nee comitia quae petebanttribuni expediebant. Inclinante deinde se fortunaad causam plebis iiuntii veriiunt arcem Carventananidilapsis ad praedam militibus qui in praesidio erant,Aequos interfectis paucis custodibus arcis invasisse ;alios recurrentes in arcem, alios palantes in agris6 caesos. Ea adversa civitati l res vires tribuniciaeactioni adiecit. Nequiquam enim temptati ut turndenique desisterent impediendo bello, postquam noncessere nee publicae tempestati nee suae invidiae,pervincuntut senatus consultum fiat de tribunis6 militum creandis, certo tamen pacto ne cuius ratiohaberetur qui eo anno tribunus plebis esset, neve7 quis reficeretur in annum tribunus plebis, baud dubieIcilios denotante senatu, quos mercedem seditiositribunatus petere consulatum insimulabant. Turndilectus haberi bellumque omnium ordinum consensu8 apparari coeptum. Consules ambo profecti sint adarcem Carventanani, an alter ad comitia habendasubstiterit, incertum diversi auctores faciunt ;iliapro certo habenda, in quibus non dissentiunt, abarce Carventana, cum diu nequiquam oppugnataesset, recessum, Verruginem in Volscis eodem exer-1 civitati Z* 4 j-: ciuitatis ft : ciuitasZ)?.1Livy here employs "consulship" as a convenient, if notquite accurate, substitute for "consular tribuneship."2 See iv. i. 4.Livy has not mentioned the previous loss ofVerrugo to the Volsci.43 6

BOOK IV. LV. 4-8straining, now of urging them on. The consuls could B.C. 409neither bring about the levy, nor the tribunes theelection, they desired. Then, as fortune was incliningto the cause of the plebs, came couriers who reportedthat while the soldiers who were in garrison at thecitadel of Carventum had dispersed to plunder, theAequi had come, and killing the few guards, hadrushed the place. Some of the soldiers had beencut down as they were hurrying back to thefortress, others as they roamed the fields. Thisnational reverse added strength to the contentionof the tribunes. It was in vain they were importunedto cease at last their opposition to thewar. They yielded neither to the public need norto men's hatred of themselves, and carried theirpoint that the senate should pass a decree for theelection of military tribunes. It was, however, expresslyprovided that no one should be accepted as acandidate who had that year been tribune of theplebs, and that no tribune of the Plebs should bere-elected. It is evident that the senate wished tostigmatize the Icilii, whom they charged with seekingthe 1consulship as a reward for their seditious conductwhile tribunes. The levy was then begun and preparationmade for war, with the consent of all theorders. Whether both consuls marched to the citadelof Carventum, or one stayed behind to hold an election,is uncertain in view of the contradictory accountsof the authorities. Thus much is clear (for in thisthey do not differ), that the Romans, after a longand futile siege, retired from the citadel of Carventumand recaptured Verrugo,2 in the Volsciancountry, with the same army, which spread greatVOL. II.

LIVYoj.o. citu receptanr, populationesque et praedas et inAequis et in Volsco agro ingentes factas.^" LVI. Romae sicut plebis victoria fuit in eo utquae mallent comitia haberent, ita eventu comitiorum2 patres vicere ;namque tribuni militum consular!potestate contra spem omnium tres patricii creati1sunt, C. lulius lulus P. Cornelius Cossus C. Servilius3 Ahala. Artem adhibitam ferunt a patriciis, cuiuseos Icilii tuQi quoque insimulabant, quod turbamindignorum candidatorum intermiscendo dignis taediosordium in quibusdam insignium populum aplebeiis avertissent.4 Volscos deinde et Aequos, seu Carventana arxretenta in spem seu Verrugine amissum praesidiumad iram cum impulisset, fama adfertur summa vi ad5 bellum coortos ; caput rerurn Antiates esse ;eorumlegatos utri usque gentis populoscircumisse castigantes2 ignaviam, quod abditi intra muros populabundosin agris vagari Romanos priore anno et6 opprimi Verruginis praesidium passi essent. lamnon exercitus modo armatos sed colonias etiam insuos finis mitti ;nee ipsos modo Romanos sua divisahabere, sed Ferentinum etiam de se captum Her-7 nicis donasse. Ad haec cum inflammarentur animi,ut ad quosque ventum erat, numerus iuniorum conscribebatur.Ita omnium populorum iuventus Antiumcontracta ;ibi castris positis hostem opperiebantur.1lulus Sigonius (C.I.L. 2 i , p. 114): tullius MIJDL: tullusPFUBEa: omitted, together with the following P., by V.2 castigantes aj-: castigantis V \castigante^qiie n.438

BOOK IV. LV. 8-Lvi. 7devastation both among the Aequiand in the B.C. 409territory of the Volsci, and gathered enormous spoils.LVi. At Rome, though the plebeians were so far B.C. 408victorious as to have the election they preferred, yetin the outcome of the election the patricians won theday. For the military tribunes with consular authoritywere all three, contrary to the universal expectation,chosen from the patricians, viz., Gaius Julius lulus,Publius Cornelius Cossus, and Gaius Servilius Ahala.The patricians are said to have employed a ruse(and the Icilii taxed them with it at the time), inthat they mixed a rabble of unworthy competitorswith the deserving, and the disgust which thenotorious turpitude of certain of them provokedturned the people against the plebeian candidates.Then came a rumour that the Volsci and Aequi,whether encouraged by their defence of the citadelof Carventum or angered by the loss of the garrisonat Verrugo, had risen in prodigious strength that;the Antiates were the head and front of the war ;thattheir envoys had gone about among the tribes of bothraces, upbraiding their cowardice in having hiddenbehind their walls the year before and allowed theRomans to pillage their lands and overwhelm thegarrison at Verrugo. They would presently be sendingout, not merely armed expeditions across theirborders, but colonies too ;and not only, they said,had the Romans divided up their possessions amongstthemselves, but they had even taken Ferentinumfrom them and bestowed it on the Hernici. Thesewords aroused indignation, and a number of youngmen were enlisted wherever the envovs went. So/the forces of all the tribes drew together at Antiurn,where they encamped and waited for the enemy.439

LIVYA.U.C. 8 Quae ubi tumultu maiore etiam quam res eratnuntiantur Romam, senatus extemplo, quod in rebustrepidis ultimum consilium erat, dictatorem dici9 iussit. Quam rem aegre passos lulium Corneliumqueferunt magnoque certamine animorum rem10 actam, cum primores patrura nequiquam conquest!non esse in auctoritate senatus tribunes militumpostremo etiam tribunes plebi appellarent et consulibusquoque ab ea potestate vim super tali reinhibitam referrent, tribuni plebi laeti discordia1 1patrum nihil esse in se iis l auxilii dicerent, quibusnon civium, non denique hominum numero essent :12 siquando promiscui 2 honores, communicata respublica esset, turn se animadversuros ne qua superbia13 inagistratuum inrita senatus consulta essent : interimpatricii soluti legum magistratuumque viverent 3A.U.C. verecundia, per se quoque 4 tribuni 5 agerent.317LVII. Haec contentio minime idoneo tempore,2 cum tantum belli in manibus esset, occupaveratcogitationes hominum, donee ubi diu alternis luliusCorneliusque cum ad id bellum ipsi satis idoneiduces essent, non esse aequummandatum sibi a3 populo eripi honorem disseruere, turn Ahala Serviliustribunus militum tacuisse se tain diu ait, non quiaincertus sententiae fuerit quern enim bonum civemsecernere sua a publicis consilia? sed quia maluerit1 in se iis Gronovius: in iis H: in hiis Vai in his UE:unus B.promiscui VUEL z a:1promisciiP: promisci fl.3 viverent Conuoy and Walters', uia... V omitted :by fl.per se quoque & :pro se quoque II : space of 5 letters*in V.5 tribuni Conway and Walters: tribuni turn potestatemH: tribuniciam (or -tiam) potestatemfl : tribunitiam potestatemque Frag. Haverk. : potestaternquae tribuniciam V.44O

BOOK IV. LVI. 8-Lvn. 3When these things had been reported at Rome, B.C. 408amid excitement even greater than the situationwarranted, the senate at once had recourse to itsfinal counsel in emergencies, and ordered the appointmentof a dictator. It is said that Julius and Corneliusresented this, and that a very bitter discussiontook place. In vain the leading senators complainedthat the military tribunes were not amenable tosenatorial control, and eventually appealed to thetribunes of the plebs and reminded them that theirauthority had in a similar case operated to restrainthe consuls. But the tribunes of the plebs weredelighted with the want of harmony amongst thesenators. They could give no assistance, they said,to men who did not regard them as citizens, or evenas human beings. If some day offices were thrownopen to all, and they were given a share in thegovernment, they would then see to it that no proudmagistrate thwarted the decrees of the senate.Meanwhile let the patricians live with no regard forlaws and magistracies, and let the tribunes act assaw fit.theyLVI I. This quarrel, so inopportune at a time when B.C. 407a great war was in hand, had quite taken possessionof men's thoughts, and for a long time Julius andCornelius first one and then the other had arguedthat, since they were themselves quite capable ofdirecting that campaign, it was unfair that theyshould be summarily deprived of the office whichthe people had intrusted to them ;when ServiliusAhala arose and said that he had been so long silentnot because of any doubt as to his opinion forwhat good citizen considered his own interests apartfrom those of the nation ? but because he had441

LIVYA.U.O.collegas sua sponte cedere auctoritati senatus quamtribuniciam potestatem ad versus se iinplorari pate-4 rentur. Turn quoquesi res sineret, libenter sedaturum tempusiis fuisse ad receptum nimis pertinacissenientiae ;sed cum belli necessitates nonexspectent humana consilia, potiorem sibi collegarum5 gratia reni publicam fore, et si maneat in sententiasenatus, dictatorem nocte proxima dicturum ac, siquis intercedat senatus coiisulto, auctoritate se fore6 coritentum. Quo facto cum baud immeritam laudemgratiamque apud omnis tulisset, dictatore P. Corneliodicto ipse ab eo magister equitiim creatus l exemplofuit collegas eumque intuentibus, quam gratiaatque honos opportuniora interdum non cupien-7 tibus essent. Bellum baud memorabile fuit. Unoatque eo facili proelio caesi ad Antium hostes ;victorexercitus depopulatus Volscum agrum castellum ad;lacum Fucinum viexpugnatum, atque in eo triamilia hominum capta ceteris Volscis intra moenia8 compulsis nee defendentibus agros. Dictator belloita gesto ut tantum non defuisse fortunae videretur,felicitate quam gloria maior in urbem rediit magis-9 tratuque se abdicavit. Tribuni militum mentionenulla comitiorum consularium habita credo ob iramdictatoris creatitribunorum militum comitia edixe-10 runt. Turn vero gravior cura patribus incessit, quippe1 creatus D*f~:creatus est H: creatus et U: est creatua a.442

BOOK IV. LVII.3-10wished that his colleagues should of their own free B.C. 407will give in to the senators' authority, instead ofsuffering the power of the tribunes to be invokedagainst them. Even then, if the circumstancesallowed of it, he would gladly, he said, have giventhem time to retreat from their too obstinate contention;but since war's necessity did not wait uponman's deliberations, he should place the publicwelfare above the favour of his colleagues and if;the senate held to its opinion, he should name adictator that night, contenting himself, ifany onevetoed the senate's resolution, with the expressionof its wishes. Having by this course gained thewell-merited praise and friendly support of all, henamed as dictator Publius Cornelius, by whom he washimself appointed master of the horse, thus showingsuch persons as considered the case of his colleaguesand himself that favour and high office sometimescome more easily when men do not covet them.The war was no way noteworthy. In a singlebattle, and an easy one, they defeated the enemy atAntium. The victorious armylaid waste the Volsciancountry and took by storm a fortress at Lake Fucinus,where three thousand men were taken prisoners,the rest being driven within their city-walls, leavingtheir fields defenceless. The dictator, afterso conducting the campaign that he seemed barelyto have taken advantage of his luck, returned to theCity, with more good fortune than renown, andresigned his magistracy. The tribunes of the soldiers,without saying a word about electing consuls,Isuppose because of their indignation at theappointment of a dictator, proclaimed an electionof military tribunes. At that the patricians were443

LIVYA D.C. 1 1 cum prodi causam ab suis cernerent. Itaque sicut347priore anno per indignissimos ex plebeiis candidatesomnium, etiam dignorum, taedium fecerant, sic turnprimoribus patrum splendore gratiaque ad petendumpraeparatis omnia loca obtinuere, ne cui plebeio12 aditus esset. Quattuor creati sunt, omnes iam functieo honore, L.Furius Medullinus C. Valerius PotitusNum. 1 Fabius Vibulanus C. Servilius Ahala,hie re,fectus continuato honore cum ob alias virtutes, turnob recentem favorem unica moderatione partum.A.U.C LVIII. Eo anno, quia tempus indutiarum cum343Veienti populo exierat, per legates fetialesque resrepeti coeptae.Quibus venientibus ad finem legatio2 Veientium obvia 2 fuit. Petiere ne priusquam ipsisenatum Romanum adissent Veios iretur. Absenatu impetratum, quiadiscordia iiitestina laborarentVeientes, ne res ab iisrepeterentur ; tantumafuit ut ex incommodo alieno sua occasio peteretur.3 Et in Volscis accepta clades amisso Verruginepraesidioubi tantum in tempore fuit momenti ut;cum precantibus opem militibus, qui ibi a Volscisobsidebantur, succurri si maturatum esset potuisset,1Num. Sigoniiis (C.I.L.i 2 , p. 114 has N. Fabius): en (oren or c n) fi.8obvia a$-: obuiam H: obuia. (icith space for one letter,which has been obliterated]444V

BOOK IV. LVII. IO-LVIII. 3more concerned than ever, as they might well be B.C. 40?when they saw their cause betrayed by their ownfellows. Accordingly, just as in the preceding yearthey had used the least worthy of the plebeiancompetitors to arouse a dislike of them all, eventhe deserving, so at this time, by setting up ascandidates the senators of the greatest splendourand popularity, they secured all the places, in orderthat no plebeian might be chosen. Four men wereelected, all of whom had held that office before.They were Lucius Furius Medullinus, Gaius ValeriusPotitus, Numerius Fabius Vibulanus, and GaiusServilius Ahala. This last was continued in officepartly for his other good qualities, partly because ofthe approval he had just gained by his singularmoderation.LVIII. In that year, since the term of the truce B.O 406with Veii had run out, steps were taken to demandambassadors and fetials. Arrivingrestitution, throughat the frontier, these men were met by an embassyof the Veientes, who asked them not to proceed toVeii until they themselves should have gone beforethe Roman senate. The senate, considering thatthe Veientes were in the throes of civil discord,so faragreed not to demand a settlement of them ;were they from taking advantage of another people'sdifficulties. And in the Volscian country theRomans suffered a disaster, in the loss of theirgarrison at Verrugo. On that occasion the elementof time was of such moment that, although thetroops who were being besieged there by the Volsciappealed for help and might have been relieved iftheir friends had made haste, yet the army dispatchedfor that purpose only arrived in season to surpriseVOL. II.Q445

cumLIVYA.tr.o.ad id venerit exercitus subsidio missus ut ab recenticaede palati ad praedandum hostes opprimerentur.4 Tarditatis causa non in senatu l magis fuit quamtribunis, qui, quia summa vi restari nuntiabatur, 2paruin cogitaverunt nulla virtute superari humanarum6 virium modum. Fortissimi milites rion tamen neevivi nee post mortem inulti fuere.36 Insequenti anno P. et Cn. Corneliis Cossis Num.Fabio Ambusto L. Valerio Potito tribunis militumconsular! potestate Veiens bellum motum ob superbumresponsum Veientis senatus, qui legatis7 repetentibus res, ni facesserent propere urbefinibusque, daturos quod Lars Tolumnius dedisset8 responded iussit. Id patres aegre passi decrevereut tribuni militum de bello indicendo Veientibus9 primo quoque die ad populum ferrent. Quod ubiprimo promulgatum est, fremere iuventus nondumdebellatum cum Volscis esse ;modo duo praesidiaoccidione occisa,cetera cum 4 periculo retineri; nullum10 annum esse quo non acie dimicetur; et tamquampaeniteat laboris, novum bellum cum finitimo populoet potentissimo parari qui omnem Etruriam sit concitaturus.11 Haec sua sponte agitata insuper tribuni plebis12 accendunt. Maximum bellum patribus cum plebeesse dictitant ;earn de industria vexandam militia1non in senatu Weissenborn : in senatu ft : in senatum DL.restari nuntiabatur Mommsen : reslari nuntiabantur (or2mine-) fl : res stare nunciabantur D2 : resistere nuntiabantura.3 Num Sigonius en. n Gneo a cum F* (over erasure}.4: : :cetera cum k'chenkl : et cum VMa : . cum OED :n :alia cum Madvig.1 i. e. death (see chap. xvii).446

BOOK IV. LVIII.3-12the enemy as they were dispersed in quest of booty,just after putting the garrison to the sword. Thedelay was due quite as much to the tribunes as tothe senate, for they got reports that the garrison wasmaking a strenuous resistance and failed to considerthat no valour can transcend the limits of humanendurance. But the heroic soldiers were not unavenged,living or dead.The following year,when Publius and Gnaeus CorneliusCossus, Numerius Fabius Ambustus, and LuciusValerius Potitus were consular tribunes, war brokeout with Veii on account of the insolent reply of theVeientine senate, who, when envoys demandedrestitution of them, bade them be answered thatunless they got quickly out from their city and theirborders, they would give them what Lars Tolumniushad given the others. 1 This angered the Fathers, andthey decreed that the military tribunes shouldpropose to the people a declaration of war on theVeientes at the earliest possible day. As soon asthis was promulgated, the young men protestedloudly that the Volscian war was not yet brought toa conclusion ;two garrisons had just been destroyed,and the other outposts were being held at greatrisk ;not a year ent wrby without a pitched battle ;and as though they had not troubles enough, a newwar was being started with a neighbouring and verypowerful people, who were sure to raise all Etruriaagainst them.This smouldering discontent was fanned into ablaze by the plebeian tribunes. They persistentlydeclared that it was the plebs with whom thesenators were chieflyat war ;them they deliberatelyplagued with campaigning and exposed to be447B.C. 406

LIVYt.u.o.trucidandamque hostibus obici ;earn procul urbehaberi atque ablegari, ne domi per otium memorlibertatis coloniarumque aut agri public! aut suffragii13 libere ferendi consilia agitet. Prensantesque veteranosstipendia cuiusque et volnera ac cicatricesnumerabant, quid iam integri esset 1 in corpore lociad nova volnera accipienda, quid super sanguinis,14 quod dari pro re publica posset rogitantes. Haeccum in sermonibus contionibusque interdum agitantesavertissent plebem ab suscipiendo bello, proferturtempus ferundae legis quam si subiecta invidiae essetantiquari apparebat.LIX. Interim tribunes militum in Volscum agrumducere exercitum placuit ;Cn. Cornelius unus Romae2 relictus. Tres tribuni, postquam nullo loco castraVolscorum esse nee commissures se proelio apparuit,3 tripertito ad devastandos fines discessere. Valerius.2Antium petit, Cornelius Ecetras ;quacumque incessere,late populati sunt tecta agrosque, utdistinerent Volscos ; Fabius, quod maxime petebatur,ad Anxur 3 oppugnandum sine ulla populatione4 accessit. Anxur 4 fuit, quae nunc Tarracinae sunt,5 urbs prona in paludes. Ab ea parte Fabiusoppugnationem ostendit. Circummissae quattuor1 esset $- : esse Cl.*Ecetras $-: ecetram a 2 : egitras PFUBL* :egitrans Ma : etgirus 77" et : giras OEL : alteras et V.3ad Anxur 5- : ad ancxyr HDL : ad ancxir OE : ad anxyrD* : ad anxir I*FUa : ad ancxy M : ad anxi Pi ad anxie B :wanting in V.4Anxur 5- :anxyr MD* :ancxyr HD : ancxir OELa i anxiri anxii PFU : anxis V.448

BOOK IV. LVIII. i2-Lix 5slaughtered by the enemy them ; they kept at a B.C. 406distance from the City, and assigned to foreignservice, lest they might have thoughts, if theyremained peaceably at home, of liberty and colonies,and might agitate for public lands or the free useof their votes. And laying hold of veteran soldiers,they enumerated the campaigns of each and hiswounds and scars ;asking where one could now finda whole place on their bodies to receive fresh wounds,or what blood they had left to shed for their country.When the tribunes by repeating these argumentsin their talk and in their speeches had producedin the plebs a reluctance to undertake the war, theauthors of the bill put off the time for voting onit, since it was clear that if subjected to the storm ofdisapproval it would fail to pass.L1X. Meantime it was determined that the militarytribunes should lead the army into the countryof the Volsci ;only Gnaeus Cornelius was left inRome. The three tribunes, on its appearing thatthe Volsci had no camp anywhere and did notpropose to risk a battle, divided their army intothree and advanced in different directions to laywaste the country. Valerius marched upon Antium,Cornelius against Ecetrae, and wherever they wentthey plundered farms and buildings far and wide,to divide the forces of the Volsci ;Fabius led histroops to Anxur, the principal object of their attack,and laid siege to it, without doing any pillaging.Anxur, the Tarracinae of our day,1was a citywhich sloped down towards the marshes. On thisside Fabius threatened an assault, while four cohorts1Anxur was likely the Volscian name. The present formof the name is Terracina.449

LIVYA.U.O. cohortes cum C. Servilio Abala cum imminentem9 { Qurbi collem cepissent, ex loco altiore, qua nullumerat praesidium, ingenti clamore ac tumultu moenia6 invasere. Ad quern tumultum obstupefacti quiadversus Fabium urbem infimam tuebantur locumdedere scalas admovendi ; plenaque hostium cunctaerant, et immitis diu caedes pariter fugientium acresistentium, armatorum atque inermium fuit.7 Cogebantur itaque victi, quia cedentibus spei nihilerat, pugnam inire, cum pronuntiatum repente, nequis praeter armatos l violaretur, reliquam omnem8 multitudinem voluntariam exuit armis ;quorum adduo milia et quingenti vivi capiuntur. A cetera praedaFabius militem abstinuit, dcnec collegae venirent,9 ab illisquoque exercitibas captum Anxur dictitansesse, qui ceteros Volscos a praesidioeius loci10 avertissent. Qui ubi venerunt, oppidum veterefortuna opulentum tres exercitus diripuere ; eaqueprimum benignitas imperatorum plebem patribus11 conciliavit. Additum deinde omnium maximetempestivo principum in 2multitudinem munere, utante mentionem ullam plebis tribunorumve decerneretsenatus ut stipendium miles de publicoacciperet, cum ante id tempus de suo quisque functuseo munere esset.LX. Nihil acceptum unquam a plebe tanto gaudio451armatos a$-: armatus n.2 in multitudinem 7Ai* lihcnanus: in multitudine

BOOK IV. LIX. 5-Lx. iinarched round under Gaius Servilius Ahala, and B.C. 406seizing the hill which overhangs the city, assailedthe walls from this superior position, where therewas no force to oppose them, with great noise andconfusion. Hearing the din, the soldiers who weredefending the lowest part of the town against Fabiuswere bewildered, and permitted him to bring upscaling-ladders and soon the whole ;place was alivewith enemies, who for a long time gave no quarter,slaughtering without distinction those who fled andthose who resisted, the armed and the unarmed.And so the vanquished, since they could hope forno mercy if they yielded, were compelled to fightwhen ;suddenly the command was given that noneshould be hurt but those who carried weapons.Thereupon, all the survivors voluntarily laid downtheir arms, and about twenty-five hundred of themwere taken alive. Fabius made his soldiers leavethe rest of the spoils until his colleagues could comeup, saying that their armies had helped to captureAnxur by diverting the rest of the Volsci from thedefence of that place. When they arrived, the threearmies sacked the town, which long years of prosperityhad filled with riches. It was this generoustreatment on the part of their commanders whichfirst reconciled the plebs to the patricians. Inaddition to this the senate then granted the peoplethe most seasonable boon which has ever beenbestowed on them by the chiefs of the state, whenthey decreed, without waiting for any suggestion bythe plebs or their tribunes, that the soldiers shouldbe paid from the public treasury, whereas till thenevery man had served at his own costs.LX. Nothing,it is said, was ever welcomed by

LIVYk.tj.o. traditur, Concursum itaque ad curiam esse prensa-348Itasque exeuntium manus et patres vere appellatos,effectum esse fatentibus ut nemo pro tarn munificapatria, donee quicquam virium superesset, corpori2 aut sanguini suo parceret. Cum commoditas iuvaretrem familiarem salternadquiescere eo tempore quocorpus addictum atque operatum rei publicae esset,turn quod ultro sibi oblatum esset, non a tribunisplebis unquam agitatum, non suis sermonibusefflagitatum, id efficiebat multiplex gaudium cuinu-3 latioremque gratiam rei. Tribuni plebis, cornmunisordinum laetitiae concordiaeque soli expertes, negaretarn id laetum patribus civibus universis 1 neeprosperum fore quam ipsi crederent. Consiliumspecie prima melius fuisse quam usu appariturum.4 Unde enim earn pecuniam confici posse nisi tributepopulo indicto ? Ex alieno igitur aliis largitos.Neque id etiamsi ceteri ferant passuros eos, quibusiam emerita stipendia essent, meliore condicione aliosmilitare quam ipsi militassent,et eosdem in sua6 stipendia impensas fecisse et in aliorum facere. Hisvocibus moverunt partem plebis. Postremo indictoiam tribute edixerunt etiam tribuni auxilio sefutures si quisin militare stipendium tributum non1patribus nee prosperum civibus universis Conway.patribus uniuersis nee prosperum fl : partibus uniuersis neoprosperum U.45 2

BOOK IV. LX. 1-5the plebs with such rejoicing. Crowds gathered at B.C. 406the Curia and men grasped the hands of the senatorsas they came out, saying that they were rightlycalled Fathers, and confessing that they had broughtit to pass that no one, so long as he retained a particleof strength, would grudge his life's blood to sogenerous a country. Not only were they pleased atthe advantage that their property would at least notdiminish while their bodies were impressed for theservice of the state, but the voluntary character ofthe offer, which had never been mooted by plebeiantribunes nor extorted by any words of their own,multiplied their satisfaction and increased their gratitude.The tribunes of the plebs were the only personswho did not partake in the general joy and goodfeelingof both orders. They said that the measurewould neither be so agreeable to the Fathers nor sofavourable to the whole body of the citizens as thelatter believed; it was a plan which at first sight hadpromised to be better than experience would proveit. For where, they asked, could the money be gottogether, save by imposing a tribute on the people ?The senators had therefore been generous at othermen's expense ;and even though everyone elseshould submit to it, those who had already earnedtheir discharge would not endure that others shouldserve on better terms than they had themselves enjoyed,and that the same men who had paid theirown expenses should also contribute to the expensesof others. By these arguments they influenced apart of the plebs. Finallj',when the assessment hadalready been proclaimed, the tribunes even announcedthat they would protect anybody who should refuseto contribute to a tax for paying the soldiers. The453

L1VYA.U.O. 6 contulisset. Patres bene coeptam rem perseverantertueri ;conferre ipsi primi, et quia nondum argentumsignatum erat, aes grave plaustris quidam adaerarium convehentes speciosam etiam conlationem7 faciebant. Cum senatus summa fide ex censucontulisset, primores plebis, nobilium amici, ex8 composite conferre incipiunt. Quos cum et a patribusconlaudari et a militari aetate tamquam bonoscives conspici volgus hominum vidit, repente spretotribtinicio auxilio certamen conferendi est ortum.9 Et lege perlata de indicendo Veieiitibus belloexercitum magna ex parte voluntarium novi tribunimilitum consular! potestate Veios duxere.A.U.C. LXI. Fuere autem tribuni T. Quinctius CapitolinusQ. Quinctius Cincinnatus C. lulius lulus iterumlA. Manlius L. Furius Medullinus tertium M'.2 Aemilius Mamercus. Ab iisprimum circumsessiVeii sunt. Sub cuius initium obsidionis cumEtruscorum concilium ad fanum Voltumnae frequenterhabitum esset, parum constitit bellone publico gentis3 universae tuendi Veientes essent. Ea oppugnatiosegnior insequenti anno fuit, parte tribunorumexercitusque ad Volscum avocata bellum.4 Tribunes militum consular! potestate is annushabuit C. Valerium Potitum tertium M'. SergiumFidenatem P. Cornelium Maluginensem Cn. CorneliumCossum C. Fabium Ambustum Sp. Nautium1 lulius lulus Sigonius (C.LL. i 2 , p. 114):iulius tullus n.1The elder Pliny (N. H. xxxiii. 42) says that the Romansdid not use coined silver until the defeat of King Pyrrhus(275 B.C.)454

BOOK IV. LX. 5-Lxi. 4Fathers had made a good beginning and persevered in supporting it. They were themselves the first tocontribute, and since there was as yet no silver coinage/some of them brought uncoined bronze inwaggons to the treasury, and even made a display oftheir contributing. After the senators had paidmost faithfully, according to their rating, the chiefmen of the plebs, friends of the nobles, began, ashad been agreed, to bring in their quota. When thecrowd saw that these men were applauded by thepatricians and were looked upon as good citizens bythose of military age, they quickly rejected the protectionof the tribunes and vied with one anotherwho should be the first to pay. And on the lawB.C. 406being passed declaring war on the Veientes, an armyconsisting in great part of volunteers marched, undercommand of the new military tribunes, upon that city.LXI. Now the tribunes were Titus Quinctius B.C.Capitolinus, Quintus Quinctius Cincinnatus, Gaius 405 ~ 404Julius lulus (for the second time), Aulus Manlius,Lucius Furius Medullinus (for the third time), andManius Aemilius Mamercus. By them Veii was forthe first time besieged. Shortly after this siegebegan, the Etruscans held a numerously attendedcouncil at the shrine of Voltumna, but could reachno decision as to whether the entire nation shouldgo to war in defence of the Veientes. The siegelanguished during the year that followed, for someof the tribunes and a part of the army were calledaway to fight the Volsci.The military tribunes with consular powers forthis year were Gaius Valerius Potitus (for the thirdtime), Manius Sergius Fidenas, Publius CorneliusMaluginensis, Gnaeus Cornelius Cossus, Gaius FabiusAmbustus, and (for the second time) Spurius Nautius455

LIVYA.C.C. 6 Rutulum 1 iterum. Cum Volscis inter Ferentinum6 atque Ecetram 2 signis conlatis dimicatuin Romanis;secunda fortuna pugnae fuit. Artena inde, Volscorumoppidum, ab tribunis obsideri coepta. Indeinter eruptionem temptatam compulso in urbemhoste occasio data est Romanis inrumpendi, praeterque3 arcem cetera capta ;in arcem munitam naturaglobus armatorum concessit ;infra arcem caesi7 captique rnulti mortales. Arx deinde obsidebatur ;nee aut vi capi poterat, quia pro spatio loci satispraesidii habebat, aut spem dabat deditionis omnipublico frumento priusquam urbs caperetur in arcem8 convecto ;taedioque recessum inde foret, ni servusarcem Romanis prodidisset. Ab eo milites per locumarduum accepti cepere a; quibus cum custodestrucidarentur, cetera multitudo repentino pavore9 oppressa in deditionem venit. Diruta et arce eturbe Artena, reductae legiones ex Volscis, omnisque10 vis Romana Veios conversa est. Proditori praeterlibertatem duarum familiarum bona in praemiumdata ;Servius Romanus vocitatus. Sunt qui Artenam11 Veientium, non Volscorum, fuisse credant. Praebeterrorem quod eiusdem nominis urbs inter Caereatque Veios fuit sed earn; reges Romani delevere,Caeretumque, non Veientium fuerat altera haec;nomine eodem in Volsco agro fuit, cuius excidiumest dictum.1Rutulum as at cliap. xxxv. 4 : rutilum L : rutilium n.2Ecetram a 2 : eceteram fla et ceteram B : e cetere L.* praeterque 5- ::praeterquam n :propterquam B.1Later it was the custom to give a slave thus manumittedby the state the name of the officiating magistrate.'Livy does not mention the incident in Book I.45 6

elated, was in Volscian territory.457BOOK IV. LXI. 4-1 1Rutulus. A pitched battle was fought with the B.C.Volsci between Ferentinum and Ecetra, in which 4fortune favoured the Romans. The tribunes thenlaid siege to Artena, a Volscian town. While attemptinga sortie the enemy were driven back intothe city and afforded the Romans an opportunity offorcing an entrance, so that the whole place, exceptthe citadel, was captured to this;fortress, which wasnaturally strong, a band of armed men retired; belowthe citadel a large number were killed or takenprisoner. The citadel was then besieged, but couldneither be taken by assault, having a sufficient garrisonin proportion to its area, nor appeared likely tosurrender, for the whole public store of grain hadbeen conveyed into the fortress before the captureof the town. The Romans would have withdrawn,discouraged, had not a slave betrayed the place intotheir hands. This man admitted some soldiers byway of a steep approach, and they capturedit andslew the sentries; whereupon the rest of the garrisonwas seized with a sudden panic and surrendered.After demolishing the citadel and the town of Artena,the legions were withdrawn from the Volsci and allthe might of Rome was brought to bear upon Veii.The traitor was given the property of two families asa reward, besides his liberty, and was named ServiusRomanus. 1 There are those who think that Artenahad belonged to the Veientes, not to the Volsci.Their mistake is due to the fact that there was a cityof the same name between Caere and Veii ;but thisplace was destroyed by the Roman kings, 2 and it hadbeen a dependency of Caere, not of Veii ;the othertown of the same name, whose overthrow I have just

LIBRI IV PERIOCHALEX de couubio patrum et plebis a tribuuis contentionsmagna patribus repugnantibus perlata est. Tribuni# * plebis. Aliquot annos res populi R. domi militiaequeper hoc genus magistratus administratae sunt.Item censores tune primum creati sunt. Ager Ardeatibus 1populi iudicio ablatus missis in eum colonis restitutus est.Cum fame populus R. laboraret, Sp. Maelius eques R.frumentum populo sua inpensa largitus est et ob hoc2factum conciliata sibi plebe regnum adfectans a C.Servilio Ahala magistro equitum iussu Quinti Cincinnatidictatoris occisus est ;L. Minucius 3 index bove auratadonatus est. Legatis Romanorum a Fidenatibus occisis,quoniam ob rem p. morte occubuerant, statuae in rostrispositae sunt. Cossus Cornelius tribunus militum occisoTolumnio, Veientum rege, opima spolia secunda rettulit.Mam. Aemilius 4 dictator censurae honorem, quiantea per quinquennium gerebatur, anni et sex mensumspatio finit ;ob earn rem a censoribus notatus est.Fidenae in potestatem redactae eoque 5 coloni missi sunt ;quibus occisis Fidenates cum defecissent, ab Mam. Aemilio 6dictatore victi sunt et Fidenae captae. Coniuratioservorum oppressa est. Postumius tribunus militumcrudelitatem ab exercitu occisus est. Stipendiumpropterex aerario turn primum militibus datum est. Res praetereagestas adversus Vulscos et Fidenates et Faliscos 7continet.1Ardeatibus Delrius : ardeatinus (or ardeatinis) MSS.2 a C. edd. : ex (or et) MSS.3 L. Minucius editio princeps: T. minucius (or minutius)At*8.*Mam. Aemilius Drakenborch : m. aemilius MSS.6eoque editio princeps : eaque MSS.6Mam Aemilio Drakenborch : m. aemilio (or simply emilio)Mas.7 Faliscos edd. : labs cos (or labascos or babscos) MSS.45 8

SUMMARY OF BOOK IVA LAW about the marriage of patricians and plebeianswas carried by the tribunes, after a violent struggle,against the opposition of the patricians. 'Hie tribunesx . . . of the plebs. For some years the affairs of the RomanPeople at home and in the field were administered throughthis kind of magistracy. Likewise censors were thenelected for the first time. The land taken from theArdeates by the decision of the people was restored andcolonists were sent out to it. When the Roman Peoplewas in sore straits on account of a famine, Spurius Maelius,a Roman knight, distributed corn to the people at his ownexpense. Having by this act gained the favour of theplebs, he aimed at royal power and was killed by GaiusServilius Ahala, the master of the horse, at the commandof the dictator Quintus 2 Cincinnatus ;Lucius Minuciusgave evidence against him and was presented with a gildedox. When the envoys of the Romans had been slain bythe Fidenates, because they had fallen in the service of thestate, statues were erected to them on the rostra. CorneliusCossus, the military tribune, killed Tolumnius, king ofthe Veientes, and returned with the second spoils of honour.Mamercus Aemilius, the dictator, limited the office ofcensor, which was wont to be held for five years, to theperiod of eighteen months for this he was;stigmatized bythe senators. Fideuae was subjugated and colonists weresent thither ;the Fidenates, having slain these men and revolted,were defeated by Mamercus Aemilius the dictator,and Fidenae was captured. A conspiracy of the slaveswas suppressed. Postumius, the military tribune, was forhis cruelty put to death by his army. Pay from the publictreasury was then for the first time given the soldiers. Itcontains also campaigns waged against the Volsci and theFidenates and the Faliscans.1The institution of military tribunes was evidently recordedin the words that have been lost.2 A mistake for Quinctius.459

INDEX OF NAMES(The References are to Pages.}AEBDTirjS, L., 20, 22; PostumusAebutius Cornicen. 294; M.Aebutius Helva, 294; PostumusAebutius Helva, 326Aelius, P., 432Aemilius, T., 2 (6ts); Aemilius Mamercus,312, 314, 330, 334, 354, 358,360, 390, 428, 458 (bis); M'.Aemilius Mamercns, 454Aequi, 4 et passim ; Aequicum bellum,12Aequimaelium, 310Agrippa, see Furius and MeneniugAlbani, 270; Albana vallis, 24Algidus, 6, 10, 80, 86 (bis), 92, 100(bis), 104, 124, 138, 140, 144, 200,208, 212, 230, 340 (bis), 352, 404Alienus, L., 104Ancus, 266Anio, 314, 326Antiates, see AntiumAntistius, Ti., 390; A., 398Antium, 2, 12 (bis), 36, 74, 76 (bis),78 (ter), 438, 442, 448; Antiates,20, 36, 80, 438; Antiates coloni, 36Antius, Sp., 312Antonius Herenda, T., 116, 138; Q.,390Anxur, 448 (bis), 450Apollo, 212, 334, 352; Apollinare,212Appius, see ClaudiusApronius, 0., 180Ardea, 280, 286, 288, 290, 292;Ardeates, 242, 248, 252, 256, 278,280, 282, 292 (bis), 294 (bis);Ardeatinum foedus, 282Aricini, 242, 248, 252Artena, 456 (ter)Asellius, M., 390Aternius, A., 104, 218Athenae, 106 (bis), 108; Atticaeleges, 106, 200Atilius, L., 278Atticae leges, see AthenaeAugustus Caesar, 322 (bis)Aventinus, 102, 108, 166 (bis), 168.170, 178, 180, 204, 228, 2o2BOLAE, 416, 418; Bolani, 416;Bolanus ager, 418, 424CAECILTOS, Q., 310Caere, 456Caesar Augustus, 322Calvius Cicero, C., 104Campani, 402Canuleius, 0., 256, 258 (bis), 262(ter), 276; Canuleius, H., 400;Canuleii, 260Capena porta, 76Capitolium, 52, 64, 56, 58 (ter), 60,62 (bis), 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 100(bis), 192, 230, 250, 262, 322, 402;Capitolinus Clivus, 62, 66Capua, 376 (bis), 426Capys, 376Carventana an, 428, 430, 436 (ter),Cassius, Sp., 306 ; Cassii, 308Ceres, 182, 184Claudius, 0., 50, 64, 66 (bis), 74, 116,130, 194, 276; Appius Claudius,108 (ter), 114, 116, 128, 130, 132(bis), 134, 136, 138 (bis), 142, 144,146 (bis), 148 (bis), 150 (bis), 152,154 (bis), 156 (bis), 158 (quater),160 (ter), 164 (ter), 166, 178, 186(quinquies), 188, 190, 196 (bis),204 (bis), 250, 252 ; Appius Claudius(son of decemvir), 376 ; AppiusClaudius (grandson of decemvir),412 (bis); Claudius, U. (client ofdecemvir), 144, 150, 156, 198;Claudius, C., 214 ; Appius ClaudiusCrassus, 372; Claudii, 194, 308;461

INDEX OF NAMESClaudia gens, 194, 196, 206 ;Claudiastirps, 414Cloacina, 158Cloelius Gracchus, 86 (ter), 96;Cloelius Siculus, T., 278, 294;Cloelius Tullus, 312Cluilius Aequus, 288, 292Collatinus, Tarquinius, 306Collina porta, 170, 326 (bis), 360Columen, 80Corbio, 96, 100, 102 (bis), 224, 236Corioli, 244 (bis) ;Coriolana res, 244 ;Coriolani fines, 244Cornelius, A., 80; Cornelius, M. (thedecemvir), 132 ;Cornelius Maluginensis,L., 74 (bis), 76, 78, 80,132, 136 (bis); Cornelius Cossus,A., 318, 320, 322 (qunter), 324 (bis),344, 354, 356, 358 (bis), 362, 458;Cornelius Cossus, Cn. (son of Aulus,grandson of Marcus), 416, 432, 446,448 (bis), 454 ;Cornelius Cossus, P.(military tribune, 415 B.C.), 416,438, 440; Cornelius Cossus, A.(brother of last-named?), 422;Cornelius Cossus, P. (youngerbrother of first A. Cornelius Cossus ?),442, 446; Cornelius, Ser., 106;Cornelius Maluginensis, M., 116,138, 324; Cornelius Maluginensis,P., 454Corniculana captiva, 266Cremera, 2Crustumeria, 140Cumae, 336, 402, 426Curiatius, P., 106, 108Curtius, C., 256, 274, 280DECIUS, L., 416Demaratus, 266Duillius, K., 116, 138; M., 170 (bis),180, 184, 198, 216 (615), 218;Duillii, 114ECETRA, 36, 448 (Ecetrae), 456;Ecetranus, 12; Ecetrani (seeVolsci), 12Eretura, 88, 98, 124, 138, 140Esquiliae, 228; Esquilina porta, 228Etruria, 300, 330 (bis), 336 (bis), 358,426; Etrusci, 314, 316, 328, 362,368, 376 (bis), 454; Etruscaeleeiones, 64, 328; Etruscum mare,426462FABITJS VIBULANTJS, Q. (consul 287B.C. and decemvir), 2 (bis), 4 (quater),28, 30, 32, 74 (bis), 76 (bis), 78, 86,98, 100, 116, 138 ; Fabius Vibulanus,M., 294, 314, 320. 334, 346 (bis);Fabius Vibulanus, Q. (brother of M.).376, 416, 422; Fabius Vibulauus,Num., 394, 416, 444, 448, 450(bis); Fabius Ambustus, Q. (sonof M.), 426 ;Fabius Ambustus, K.,432 ;Fabius Ambustus, Num., 446,448 ;Fabius Ambustus, 0., 454Faliscus, 316; Falisci, 314, 316 (ter),326, 330, 360, 458; Faliscus ager,324Ferentinum, 424, 438, 456Ficulensis via, 172Fidenae, 140 (bis), 312 314, 328, 330,336, 354, 356, 360 (bis), 362, 364(bis), 366, 368, 370, 390, 404, 458(bis); Fidenas, 316, 364 ; Fidenates,312 (quater), 316, 320, 354, 358,360, 362, 368, 458Flaminia prata, 180, 212; Flaminiuscircus, 180Folius, M., 334Fucinus lacus, 442Fulcinius, C., 312Furius, P., 4; Furius Fusus, Sp., 10,12, 16 (bis), 42; Furius, Q., 178;Furius Agrippa, 222, 236 (bis),240 (bis); Furius Paculus, 0., 296,328, 356, 426; Furius Medullinus,L., 336, 370, 398, 422, 424, 432,444, 454 ; Furii (Fusii), 12Fusii, see Furii.GABINUS ager, 28 (bis)Geganius Macerinus, M., 220, 284,288, 314, 328, 346; GeganiusMacerinus, Proculus, 296Genucius, T., 108 (bis), 256Graecia, 106; Graeci, 402HERDOXIUS, Ap., 52 (bis), 54, 56, 58,62, 66 (bis)Herminius, Sp., 218Hernici, 12 (bis) et passim ; Hernicaecohortes, 20; Hernicus ager, 18,428. 434Horatius Pulvillus, C., 106; HoratiusPulvillus, M., 100, 102; HoratiusBarbatus, M., 128, 130, 134, 136,160 (ter), 166, 170, 172, 174, 180,192, 206, 242, 276; Horatiug

INDEX OF NAMESBarbatus, L., 370; Eoratii, 128,216; Horatialex, 184Hortensius, L., 390, 392ICILIUS, L., 144 (bis), 148 (ter), 152,154, 156 (bis), 158, 160 (quater),168 (bis), 174, 180 (615), 214, 222,42C; Icilii, 114, 260, 432, 438;Icilia lex, 108Italica gens, 266lulius, 0., 108, 110, 166, 220, 326;lulius, L., 312, 330, 342, 352;lulius Mento, On., 338, 342, 352;lulius lulus, Sex., 372; luliuslulus, 0., 438, 440, 454lunius, Q., 310; 0., 386luno, 56luppiter, 56, 58, 128, 182, 184, 192,204, 402; luppiter Feretrius, 320,322 (bis), 324, 362, 364LABICI, 402 (bis) ; Labicani, 402, 404(bis), 410 (ter), 416 ;Labicana via,388; Labicanus ager, 86, 416;Labicani agri, 24Lanuvium, 98, 344Latiui, 74 et passim ; Latiuae cohortes,20 ;Latinus ager, 4, 428, 434Liber, 182Libera, 182Licinius Macer, 282, 322, 330 (ter)Lucretius Tricipitinus, L., 26 (ter),28, 34, 44, 80; Lucretius Tricipitinus,Hostius, 354; P., 402, 410;Lucretia, 142MAECILIUS, Sp., 410, 414Maelius, Sp., 298, 300, 302, 304, 306(ter), 308 (bis), Sp., 324 (bis), 458;Maeliam, 304; Maeliana Oaedes,310 (bis)Mamercus Aemilius, see AemiliusMamilius, L., 60, 66, 98Manilius, Sex., 170Manlius, A., 106, 108, 330, 352, 398,454 ;Manliana imperia, 352 ;ManliusOapitolinus, L., 390Mars, 204, 210; Martius campus, 34,92, 212, 236, 328Menenius, 0., 106 ;Menenius Lanatus,Agrippa, 294, 300, 402, 410 ;MeneniusLanatus, L., 296 ; Menenius,M., 428 (quater), 430, 432Messius, Vettius, 348 (bis), 350Metilius, M., 410, 414Minerva, 56Minucius, L., 84, 98, 116, 138, 298,300 (bis), 310 (quater), 324, 458;Minucius, Q., 100 (bis), 102Moneta, 282, 322NAUTTUS, 0., 84, 88 (bis), 98 ;NautiusRutulus, Sp., 372, 402, 410, 454;Nautius Rutulus, 0., 426Nomentum, 356, 360; Nomentanavia, 172Numn, Pompilius, 266, 268 (bis)Numitorius P., 148, 152, 158, 168,180, 196OPPIUS CORNICEN, Sp., 116, 138, 160,166, 196 (quater); Oppius, M., 170;C., 180Ortona, 102Ostia, 354PAPIRIUS CRASSUS, M., 296; L., 324,352 ; Papirius Mugillanus, L., 282,286, 356, 390, 396, 404, 410;Papirius Atratinus, M., 426Pinarius Mamercus, L., 336Poetelius, Q., 116, 138, 296Pompilius, Sex., 398 (bis)Pomponius, M., 180Pomptinus ager, 336Postumius Albus, A., 10, 14 (bis), 18(bis), 86; Postumius Albus, Sp., 4,106, 236, 336, 344, 348 (bis) ;PostumiusTubertus, A., 330, 342, 350,352, 390; Postumius Regillensis,M., 356, 384, 390, 418, 420 (bis),422, 458; Postumia Vestalis, 400;P jstumiana caedes, 422 ; irnperia,352Praenestinus ager, 28; Praenestinimontes, 28Pupius, P., 432QUIES, 388Quinctilius, Sex., 106Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, T.,4, 10 (ter), 14 (bis), 16, 18, (bis) 42(bis), 46, 70 (bis), 72, 84, 90 (bis),98 (bis), 116, 222, 224, 234, 236,240 (bis), 258, 276, 282, 284, 292,300, 314, 316, 390; Quinctius,Caeso, 40 (bis), 42 (ter), 44, 46 (bis),48 (ter), 50, 64 (bis), 66, 80, 82, 84 ;Quinctius Cincinnatus, L., 44, 64,72, 74, 88 (bis), 116, 250, 276, 302463

INDEX OF NAMES(bis), 304 (bis), 312, 314, 390 (bis), Servilius Priscus (or Structus), Q.,last man), 438, 440, 444. 450, 458 ; Potitus, L. (son of P. Valerius),398, 458 (Quintus Cincinnatus) ; 326, 340, 354, 404, 406, 408, 412;Quinctianus exercitus, 96; Quinctitis,Servilius, 0. (son of Priscus), 404;L. (son of Cincinnatus), 312, Servilius Structus, 0. (same PS last370; Quinctius Cincinnatus Poenus, man ?), 410T. (son of Cincinnatus), 322, 338, Servius Romanus, 456342, 344, 352, 354, 356 (bis), 362 Sestius Capitolinus, P., 106, 108(bis), (bis), (bis), 110 (bis), 420364, 366, 368, 384, 390Quinctius Cincinnatus, Q. (son of Sextius, M., 418Cincinnatus), 416, 454; Quinctius Siccius, L., 140, 142 (ter), 168Capitolinus, T. (son of Gapitolinus), Sicilia, 336, 352394, 454; Quinctia familia, 84; Sicinius, 0., 180gens, 42 ; prata, 90Siculi, 352, 426Quirinus, 326; Quirinalis flamen, 106 Silius, Q., 432Quirites, 42, 56, 58 (bis), 68, 70, 136,144, 148, 224, 226 (bis), 202, 272,332, 420Solon, 106Spurillius, Ti., 390Subura, 46Sulpicius, Ser., 26, 34; SulpiciusRABULEIUS, M'., 116, 138Camerinus, P., 106, 108, 166, 238Racilia, 90(ter); Sulpicius, Q., 330, 346Regillus, 194Roma, 6 et passim ; RomanI, 6 et TARPEIUS, Sp., 104, 166, 218passimTarquinius, L;, 266, 268; Collatinus,Romilius, T., 102, 104 (bis)see Collatinus; Tarquinii (family),Romulus, 68, 128, 266, 268, 308, 320, 42, 128, 142 ; Tarquinii (city), 266364Roscius, L., 312Rostra, 312Rutilius Crassus, Sp., 410Rutuli, 294 (bis)Tarquitius, L., 90Tarracinae (see Anxur), 448Tatius, T., 266Tempanius, Sex., 380, 382 (bis), 386(ter), 390 (bis)Terentilia lex, 34SABIN1, 54, 58, 60, 86, 98, 100, 102, Terentilius Harsa, 0., 30, 34122, 138 (bis), 142, 168, 192, 206 Tiberis, 48, 90, 298, 320, 360, 368,416, 426 (bis)(bis), 210 (ter), 212, 242, 252, 266,270; Sabinus ager, 140, 266; Titinius, M., 180; Sex., 310Sabinum bellum, 130; Sabinus Tolumnius, Lars, 312 (bis), 316, 318,exercitus, 100; Sabinae legiones, 362, 446, 45854Trebonius Asper, L., 218Sacer mons, 52, 170 (bis), 172, 180,204, 228Samnites, 376, 426Scaptius, P., 242, 244, 246 (quater)Sempronius, 0. (uncle of next man),Trigemina porta, 310Tubero, Q., 330 (ter)Tullius, Ser., 266, 268 (bis)Tusci, 48Tusculum, 60 (bis), 66, 78 (ter), 102,400; Sempronius Atratinus, A., 124, 140 (ter), 292, 344, 404, 406,278, 370, 398, 410; L., 282, 286; 408 (bis); Tusculani, 64, 78 (bis),0. (son of L.), 376, 378 (bis), 380, 80, 134, 292, 402; Tusculanus ager,384, 386 (quater), 390, 392 (ter); 24, 86, 102, 124; Tusculana arx,Semproniaiia clades, 39478 ; legio, 62 ; vallis, 24 ;TusculaniSergius, M., 116, 138 ; Sergius Fidenas,354colles, 24, 28 ;Tusculanus dux, 66L., 314, 334, (bis), 372, 404,406 ; Sergius Fidenas, M'., 454 VALERIUS VOLESUS, 84 ; Valerius, L.,Servilius, Q., 4, 10, 22, 80; Servilius 14; M., 24; M'., 84; M., 84, 102;Ahala, 0., 304 (bis), 306 (bis), 310, Valerius Publicola, P., 26, 50, 56,324, 356, 408; C. (not the same as 58, 62 (bis), 64, 66, 68, 70 ;Valerius464

INDEX OF NAMES154 (bis), 156 (bis), 158 (bis), 162(quater), (bis), (ter),128, 134, 136 (quater), 160 (quater),146 150 152 Volumnius, P., 34, 62, 86166, 170, 172, 174, 180, 192, 200,(ter), 164, 168, 180, 186 (bis), 190,204, 242; 0., 416, 428, 430, 444, 196, 198, 250 (Virginius) ; Verginia454, L. (son of L.), 416, 446, 448; (d. of L.), 150, 152, 180, 196, 198Valerius Antias, 18, 330; Valerii,(bis), 204, 250 (Virginia) ; Verginius128, 216Caelimontanus, T., 218; Verginius,Vecilius mons, 162L. (cos. 435 B.C.), 326 (bis), 330Verrugo, 256, 436, 438 (bis), 444Veii, 336, 360, 384, 386, 390 (bis),406, 444, 454, 456 (bis); Veiens, Veturius Qeminus, T., 26 (ter); 0.,316 (bis); Veientes, 54, 256, 262. 102, 104, 106; L., 108312, 314, 316, 326, 330, 332, 354J Vetusius, see Veturius356 (bis), 358, 360 (ter), 3G2 368, Villius, Ap., 180370 (bis), 396, 444 (bis), 446, 454, Volscus, 378 ; Volsci, 4 (bis) et passim ;456 (bis), 458; Veiens ager, 324; Volsci Ecetrani, 12; Volscum bellum,Veientanus ager, 320; Veiens376, 454; Volscus exercitus,bellum, 273, 416, 446; hostis, 60, 378; imperator, 380; Volscum360; multitude 316 ; populus, 336, nomen, 28444; praedo, 364; senatus, 446 Volscius Fictor, M., 44, 46, 80, 82Verginius, A., 4, 40, 42, 46, 48, 66,84; Sp., 102; Verginius Rutulus,(bis), 84, 98Voltumna, 330, 336, 454T., 24, 26 ; Verginius, L., 142, 144, Volturnum, 376

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CICERO: DE SENECTUTE, DE AMICITIA, DE DIVINATIONS.W. A. Falconer.CICERO : IN CATILINAM, PRO FLACCO, PRO MURENA, PRO SULLA.Louis E. Lord.CICERO: LETTERS to ATTICUS. E. O. Winstedt. 3 Vols.CICERO: LETTERS TO His FRIENDS. W. Glynn Williams. 3Vols.CICERO: PHILIPPICS. W. C. A. Ker.CICERO: PRO ARCHIA POST REDITUM, DE DOMO, DE HARUS-PICTJM RESPONSIS, PRO PLANCIO. N. H. Watts.CICERO: PRO CAECINA, PRO LEGE MANILLA., PRO CLUENTIO,PRO RABIRIO. H. Grose Hodge.CICERO: PRO GAELIC, DE PROVINCIIS CONSULARIBXJS, PROBALBO. R. Gardner.CICERO : PRO MILONE, IN PISONEM, PRO SCAURO, PRO FONTEIO,PRO RABIRIO POSTUMO, PRO MARCELLO, PRO LIGARIO, PROREGE DEIOTARO. N. H. Watts.CICERO: PRO QUINCTIO, PRO Roscio AMERINO, PRO RoscioCOMOEDO, CONTRA RULLUM. J. H. Freese.CICERO: PRO SESTIO, IN VATINIUM. R. Gardner.CICERO: TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS. J.E.King.CICERO : VERHINE ORATIONS. L. H. G. Greenwood. 2 Vols.CLAUDIAN. M. Platnauer. 2 Vols.COLUMELLA: DE RE RUSTICA. DE ARBORIBUS. H. B. Ash,E. S. Forster and E. Heffner. 3 Vols.CURTIUS, Q.: HISTORY OF ALEXANDER. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols.FLORUS. E. S. Forster; and CORNELIUS NEPOS. J. C. Rolfe.FRONTINUS : STRATAGEMS and AQUEDUCTS. C. E. Bennett andM. B. McElwain.FRONTO: CORRESPONDENCE. C. R. Haines. 2 Vols.GELLIUS, J. C. Rolfe. 3 Vols.HORACE: ODES AND EPODES. C. E. Bennett.HORACE: SATIRES, EPISTLES, ARS POETICA. H. R. Fairclough.JEROME: SELECTED LETTERS. F. A. Wright.JUVENAL and PERSIUS. G. G. Ramsay.LIVY. B. O. Foster, F. G. Moore, Evan T. Sage, and A. C.Schlesinger and R. M. Geer (General Index). 14 Vols.LUCAN. J. D. Duff.LUCRETIUS. W. H. D. Rouse.MARTIAL. W. C. A. Ker. 2 Vols.MINOR LATIN POETS: from PUBLILIUS SYRUS TO RUTILIUSNAMATIANUS, including GRATTIUS, CALPUBNIUS SICULUS,NEMESIANUS, AVIANUS, and others with " Aetna " and the" Phoenix." J. Wight Duff and Arnold M. Duff.OVID : THE ART OF LOVE and OTHER POEMS. J. H. Mozley.2

OVID : FASTI. Sir James G. Frazer.OVID: HEROIDES and AMORES. Grant Showerman.OVID : METAMORPHOSES. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols.OVID: TRISTIA and Ex PONTO. A. L. Wheeler.PERSIUS. Cf. JUVENAL.PETRONIUS. M. Heseltine;W. H. D. Rouse.SENECA; APOCOLOCYNTOSH.PHAEDRUS AND BABRIUS (Greek). B. E. Perry.PLAUTUS. Paul Nixon. 5 Vols.PLINY: LETTERS. Melmoth's Translation revised by W. M. L.Hutchinson. 2 Vols.PLINY : NATURAL HISTORY.10 Vols. Vols. I.-V. and IX. H. Rackham. Vols. VI.-VIII. W. H. S. Jones. Vol. X. D. E. Eichholz.PROPERTIUS. H. E. Butler.PRUDENTIUS. H. J. Thomson. 2 Vols.QUINTILIAN. H. E. Butler. 4 Vols.REMAINS OF OLD LATIN. E. H. Warmington. 4 Vols. Vol. I.(ENNIUS AND CAECILITJS.) Vol. II. (Livius, NAEVIUS,PACUVIUS, Accius.) Vol. III. (LuciLius and LAWS OF XIITABLES.) Vol. IV. (ARCHAIC INSCRIPTIONS.)SALLUST. J. C. Rolfe.SCRIPTORES HISTORIAE AuousTAE. D. Magie. 3 Vols.SENECA: APOCOLOCYNTOSIS. Cf. PETRONIUS.SENECA: EPISTULAE MORALES. R. M. Gummere. 3 Vols.SENECA: MORAL ESSAYS. J. VV. Basore. 3 Vols.SENECA: TRAGEDIES. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols.SIDONIUS: POEMS and LETTERS. W. B. ANDERSON. 2 Vols.SILIUS ITALICUS. J. D. Duff. 2 Vols.STATIUS. J. H. Mozley. 2 Vols.SUETONIUS. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols.TACITUS: DIALOGUES. Sir Wm. Peterson. AQRICOLA andGERMANIA. Maurice Hutton.TACITUS : HISTORIES AND ANNALS. C. H. Moore and J. Jackson.4 Vols.TERENCE. John Sargeaunt. 2 Vols.TERTULLIAN: APOLOGIA and DE SPECTACULIS. T. R. Glover.MINUCIUS FELIX. G. H. Rendall.VALERIUS FLACCUS. J. H. Mozley.VARRO: DE LINGUA LATINA. R. G. Kent. 2 Vols.VELLEIUS PATERCULUS and RES GESTAE DIVI AUGUSTI. F. W.Shipley.VIRGIL. H. R. Fairclough. 2 Vols.VITRUVIUS: DE ARCHITECTURA. F. Granger. 2 Vols.3

Greek AuthorsACHILLES TATITJS. S. Gaselee.AELIAN: ON THE NATURE OF ANIMALS. A. F. Scholfield. 3Vols.AENEAS TACTICUS, ASCLEPIODOTUS and ONASANDER. TheIllinois Greek Club.AESCHINES. C. D. Adams.AESCHYLUS. H. Weir Smyth. 2 Vols.ALCIPHRON, AELIAN, PHILOSTRATUS : LETTERS. A. R. Bennerand F. H. Fobes.ANDOCIDES, ANTIPHON, Cf. MINOR ATTIC ORATORS.APOLLODORUS. Sir James G. Frazer. 2 Vols.APOLLONIUS RHODIUS. R. C. Seaton.THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS. Kirsopp Lake. 2 Vols.APPIAN: ROMAN HISTORY. Horace White. 4 Vols.ARATUS. Cf. CALLIMACHUS.ARISTOPHANES. Benjamin Bickley Rogers. 3 Vols. Versetrans.ARISTOTLE: ART OF RHETORIC. J. H. Freese.ARISTOTLE: ATHENIAN CONSTITUTION, EUDEMIAN ETHICS,VICES AND VIRTUES. H. Rackham.ARISTOTLE: GENERATION OF ANIMALS. A. L. Peck.ARISTOTLE: HISTORIA ANIMALIUM. A. L. Peck. Vol. I.ARISTOTLE: METAPHYSICS. H. Tredennick. 2 Vols.ARISTOTLE: METEOROLOOICA. H. D. P. Lee.ARISTOTLE: MINOR WORKS. W. S. Hett. On Colours, OnThings Heard, On Physiognomies, On Plants, On MarvellousThings Heard, Mechanical Problems, On Indivisible Lines,On Situations and Names of \Vinds, On Melissus, Xenophanes,and Gorgias.ARISTOTLE: NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. H. Rackham.ARISTOTLE: OECONOMICA and MAONA MORALIA. G. C. Armstrong;(with Metaphysics, Vol. II.).ARISTOTLE: ON THE HEAVENS. W. K. C. Guthrie.ARISTOTLE: ON THE SOUL.W. S. Hett.PARVA NATURALIA. ON BREATH.ARISTOTLE: CATEGORIES, ON INTERPRETATION, PRIOBANALYTICS. H. P. Cooke and H. Tredennick.ARISTOTLE: POSTERIOR ANALYTICS, TOPICS. H. Tredennickand E. S. Forster.ARISTOTLE: ON SOPHISTICAL REFUTATIONS.On Coming to be and Passing Away, On the Cosmos. E. S.Forster and D. J. Furley.ARISTOTLE: PARTS OF ANIMALS. A. L. Peck; MOTION ANDPROGRESSION OF ANIMALS. E. S. Forster.4

DEIPNOSOPHISTAE.ARISTOTLE: PHYSICS. Rev. P. Wicksteed and F. M. Cornford.2 Vols.ARISTOTLE: POETICS and LONGINUS. W.DEMETRIUS ON STYLE. W. Rhys Roberts.Hamilton Fyfe;ARISTOTLE: POLITICS. H. Rackham.ARISTOTLE: PROBLEMS. W. S. Hett. 2 Vols.ARISTOTLE: RHETORICA AD ALEXANDRUM (with PROBLEMS.Vol. II.) H. Rackham.ARRIAN: HISTORY OF ALEXANDER and INDICA. Rev. E. IliffeRobson. 2 Vols.ATHENAEUS : C. B. GULICK. 7 Vols.BABRIUS AND PHAEDRUS (Latin). B. E. Perry.ST. BASIL: LETTERS. R. J. Deferrari. 4 Vols.CALLIMACHTJS : FRAGMENTS. C. A. Trypanis.CALLIMACHUS, Hymns and Epigrams, and LYCOPHRON. A. W.Mair; ARATUS. G. R. MAIR.CLEMENT of ALEXANDRIA. Rev. G. W. Butterworth.COLLUTHUS. Cf. OPPIAN.DAPHNIS AND CHLOE. Thomley's Translation revised byJ. M. Edmonds; and PARTHENIUS. S. Gaselee.DEMOSTHENES I. :OLYNTHIACS, PHILIPPICS and MINOR ORA-TIONS. I.-XVII. AND XX. J. H. Vince.DEMOSTHENES II.: DE CORONA and DE FALSA LEGATIONE.C. A. Vince and J. H. Vince.DEMOSTHENES III.: MEIDIAS, ANDROTION, ARISTOCRATES,TIMOCRATES and ARISTOGEITON, I. AND II. J. H. Vince.DEMOSTHENES IV.-VI.: PRIVATE ORATIONS and IN NEAERAM.A. T. Murray.DEMOSTHENES VII.: FUNERAL SPEECH, EROTIC ESSAY, EXORDIAand LETTERS. N. W. and N. J. DeWitt.Dio CASSIUS: ROMAN HISTORY. E. Gary. 9 Vols.Dio CHRYSOSTOM. J. YV. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby. 5 Vols.DIODORUS SICULUS. 12 Vols. Vols. I.-VI. C. H. Oldfather.Vol. VII. C. L. Sherman. Vol. VIII. C. B. Welles. Vols.IX. and X. R. M. Geer. Vol. XI. F. Walton.DIOGENES LAERITIUS. R. D. Hicks. 2 Vols.DIONYSIUS or HALICARNASSUS : ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.man's translation revised by E. Gary. 7 Vols.Spel-EPICTETUS. W. A. Oldfather. 2 Vols.EURIPIDES. A. S. Way. 4 Vols. Verse trans.EUSEBIUS: ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Kirsopp Lake andJ. E. L. Oulton. 2 Vols.GALEN: ON THE NATURAL FACULTIES. A. J. Brock.THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY. W. R. Paton. 5 Vols.GREEK ELEGY AND IAMBUS with the ANACREONTEA. J. M.Edmonds. 2 Vols.5

THEOPHRASTTSTHE.THE GREEK BTTCOLIC POETS (THEOCRITUS, Biox, MOSCHTS).J. M. Edmor. -Gtan MJHXDRMAT: : .LI v.~ _---;. [vat rbama& 2 V:'.;.HEKorr- : CHARACTERS.i:EBO:DOrrS. A. D. God'.vV. 4 Vols.EESIOD AND THE HOMERIC Ev:rss. H. G. Evelyn White.HIPPOCRATES and tie FRAGMENTS OF KZBACLEITCS. W. H. S.Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vcl;.HOMER: ILIAD. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols.HOMES: ODYSSEY. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols.Is Arrs. E. W. Forster.ISOCRATES. George Xorlrn and LaRue Van Hook. 3 Vols.ST. JOHN DAMASCENE: EAF.T A AM AND IOASAPH. Rev. G. R.Woodwaid and Harold Mattingly.JosEPHrs. 9 Vols. Vols. I.-TV.; H. Thackeray. Vol. V. ;H. Thackeray and R. Marcus. Vote. VI.-VH.;' R. Marcus.L Vni.; R. Marcus and Allen Wikgren. Vol. IX. L. H.FelcLman.JULIAN. Wilmer Cave Wright. 3 Vols.LUCTAK. 8 Vols. Vols. I.-V. A. M. Harmon. Vol. VI. K.Kilburn. Vols. VTL-VTn. M. D. Macleod.LYCOPEEOK. Cf. CATT.TVACHUS.LYUA GRAECA. J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols.LYSIAS. W. R. M. Lamb.MAKETHO. W. G. Waddell: PTOLEMY: TETRABEBLOS. F. E.Robbing.MAECTS AirREiJrs. C. R. Haines.MJOKAHDBR. F. G. Allinson.MIKOR ATTIC ORATORS (A>TTPHoy, AXDOCTDES, LYCURGUS,DEMADES, DrsARCHUs, HYFEEJDES). K. J. Maidment andJ. O. Burrt. 2 Vols.Xoirsos: DIO?TYSIACA. W. H. D. Rouse. 3 Vols.OTPIAK, COIXTTTHTS, TEYPHIODORUS. A. W. Mair.PAFTBI. XOX-LITERARY SEI.ECTIOKS. A. S. Hunt and C. C.Edgar. 2 Vols. LITERARY SELECTIONS (Poetry). D.L.PTHrôuB. 3 I Arsons md CBSOK.PAUSAXIAS: DESCRIPTION OF GREECX. W. H. S. Jones. 45. and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley.Pmto. 10 Vols. Vols. I.-V.; F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H.ker. Vols. %T[.-IX.; F. H. Colson. Vol. X. F.Colson and the Rev. J. W. Earp.H,PHUO: two =-uppleme: -;'Vc =. (Translation only.) RalphPBTLOSTRATTS :LETE or Apoixoyirs OF TYAXA. F. C.Conybeare. 2 V: - 6

PHILOSTRATUS: IMAGINES; CALLISTRATUS : DESCRIPTIONS. A.Fairbanks.PHILOSTRATUS and EUNAPIUS : LIVES OF THE SOPHISTS. WilmerCave Wright.PINDAR. Sir J. E. Sandys.PLATO: CHARMIDES, ALCIBIADES, HIPPARCHUS, THE LOVERS,THEAGES, MINOS and EFINOMIS. W. R. M. Lamb.PLATO: CRATYLUS, PARMENIDES, GREATER HIPPIAS, LESSERHIPPIAS. H. N. Fowler.PLATO: EUTHYPHRO, APOLOGY, CRITO, PHAEDO, PHAEDRUS.H. N. Fowler.PLATO: LACHES, PROTAGORAS, MENO, EUTHYDEMUS. W. R. M.Lamb.PLATO: LAWS. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols.PLATO: LYSIS, SYMPOSIUM, GORGIAS. W. R. M. Lamb.PLATO: REPUBLIC. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols.PLATO: STATESMAN, PHILEBUS. H. N. Fowler; ION. W. R. M.Lamb.PLATO: THEAETETUS and SOPHIST. H. N. Fowler.PLATO: TIMAEUS, CRITIAS, CLITOPHO, MENEXENUS, EPISTULAE.Rev. R. G. Bury.PLOTINUS: A.H.Armstrong. Vols. I.-III.PLUTARCH: MORALIA. 15 Vols. Vols. I.-V. F. C. Babbitt.Vol. VI. W. C. Helmbold. Vols. VII. and XIV. P. H. DeLacy and B. Einarson. Vol. IX. E. L. Minar, Jr., F. H. Sandbach,W. C. Helmbold. Vol. X. H. N. Fowler. Vol. XI.L. Pearson and F. H. Sandbach. Vol. XII. H. Cherniss andW. C. Helmbold.PLUTARCH: THE PARALLEL LIVES. B. Perrin. 11 Vols.POLYBIUS. W. R. Paton. 6 Vols.PROCOPIUS : HISTORY OF THE WARS. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols.PTOLEMY: TETRABIBLOS. Cf. MANETHO.QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS. A. S. Way. Verse trans.SEXTUS EMPIRICUS. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols.SOPHOCLES. F. Storr. 2 Vols. Verse trans.STRABO: GEOGRAPHY. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols.THEOPHRASTUS : CHARACTERS. J. M. Edmonds. HERODES,etc. A. D. Knox.THEOPHRASTUS: ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS. Sir Arthur Hort,Bart. 2 Vols.THUCYDIDES. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols.TRYPHIODORUS. Cf. OPPIAN.XENOPHON: CYROPAEDIA. Walter Miller. 2 Vols.XENOPHON :HELLENICA, ANABASIS, APOLOGY, and SYMPOSIUM.C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols.XENOPHON: MEMORABILIA and OECONOMICUS. E. C. Marchant.SCRIPTA MINORA. E. C. Marchant.XENOPHON :7

DESCRIPTIVE PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATIONLondonCambridge, Mass.WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTDHARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS

kher Historians of Roman Historyin the Locb SeriesAPPIANTACITUSSALLUSTCAESARPLUTARCH (Lives)JOSEPHUSSUETONIUSDIONYSIUS OFHALICADIOThe New York Public LibraryMID-MANHATTAN LIBRARYHISTORY COLLECTION455 Fifth AvenueNew York, NY 10016

BOOKS III and IV - The Search For Mecca

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