Å lhesåE rwe rjwlrärå$tTï ür ffiesåTüË* - MSpace at the University of ...
Å lhesåE rwe rjwlrärå$tTï ür ffiesåTüË* - MSpace at the University of ...
Å lhesåE rwe rjwlrärå$tTï ür ffiesåTüË* - MSpace at the University of ...
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å sEUÐr üP &äüP*,È)trT$<br />
Ii{ s?. J<strong>Å</strong>ffigs , 19öä*63<br />
<strong>Å</strong> <strong>lhesåE</strong><br />
$ubmtrttçd, ts<br />
tlt$ Fårf¡tTr ffP etr.affu<strong>Å</strong>rffi st-rJfiI$s<br />
<strong>rwe</strong> <strong>rjwlrärå$tTï</strong> <strong>ür</strong> <strong>ffiesåTüË*</strong><br />
In Sartiel Futrfåll,pnent<br />
Ef <strong>the</strong> Hagu*.r,eunen$Ë for <strong>the</strong> $egree<br />
¡4ågröe $$ &sr,rËArIüff<br />
&T}H<strong>Å</strong>I#
Ag&ffiÐTËúE}GgHÐffTS<br />
<strong>ür</strong>aùefuL reeognåttan Ls aeesrd,ed $r.<br />
T¡fÉtrt,lann 1,{. Luconn fer iris eounEel; Þ1r. &l.<br />
F. lhourp*on, fotr hlg eftEol¡fflÊ'ê&Êfit and<br />
aaøåetence; and fileserg. å. &eÍd, J' g'<br />
$esna end T' t. Mee®er, f,ar t'helr<br />
üçEf.gÞ&nge ln providi.ng background f.sfqr-<br />
maËåEn: en <strong>the</strong> tlt'y <strong>of</strong>, St. JfrmeE ar¡d t'he<br />
Set¿osl ÐÍvisiee ef 9t* dåwes.<br />
tl
A $lüÐl úP ÞlÉilF-*iJTB 3$t $f'. üåþåË$ , IgÞg*ó3<br />
ABår¡i,åçr üP T$åË$I8<br />
&arly wfthdrswal f,row schoEl fe s weLl recognired<br />
problem, buü eomper<strong>at</strong>,t"vsly Lått,Ie reeeerçh has boen done,<br />
f.n üanada, be rel<strong>at</strong>,e dropplng oub <strong>of</strong> schÈsL t,s lts eau&es.<br />
The €lty <strong>of</strong> $t. rlases h*s $.ts ehare o,f úrop-sute Ln spite<br />
<strong>of</strong>' åbs ffieny soel.slr Êssnemic End edue<strong>at</strong>,åonal ådvant,agee.<br />
ï'heref*re, ühe purpose <strong>of</strong> Þhe st,udy weË ¿s Í.dent,ify sallent<br />
faeusre rcle&ed te early eshsol. ffåohúrana1 fn thåe t,ypl,eal<br />
urban trar¡åtebe ooxmun{.üy.<br />
The hypp<strong>the</strong>såp H*s FrÐpesed th<strong>at</strong> þome faegers årË mûre<br />
srå.slsel in <strong>the</strong> dsslsåon te v*S,t¡hdrew fro¡n achss,l than are<br />
seh$sl faetstrå,<br />
Yhe pnethod eÉ' å,nvestXg<strong>at</strong>J.ra eenEåsted fåret <strong>of</strong> a påI.ot<br />
*tudy te 4etermlne bhe feasåbållty ef, en fnventlgntlon qf<br />
drop*6rut's ån $È. ola¡nea, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>of</strong>, lntorvf,enång sne*thfrd pf<br />
ühe $t. ,Jsmes drep-sgt pepuLettûr¡n ehoaen by rando¡s sgl.ec*<br />
tJ.on, f,er ghÊ 6eh@o1. yeør Sepüeaaber ã, l9óå &e $eptereber 3,<br />
f9Õ3. ffiaeh lmtervfewsê prÉrvÍ.ded per*onal st<strong>at</strong>lsþf cnl Xrrfor*<br />
ma$i.En as well ås p@rsûnel vlewë sn a rryååe rengë <strong>of</strong>, faetors<br />
wþl"ch mf.6h$ be re}<strong>at</strong>ed to drøp*su¡ n and he cowpleüed $Ei.t<br />
Adjumtment Ï"nventory end SchçoJ. Inventmjr fCIrn¡e. $ehsgl<br />
rècörds eupplled adúitisnal ånf,erffieÈien.<br />
Hhpcå güffimerfsed Xn Ësblss ånd eÞelyaed, t,heEe dsta
peÍ"nüed to sallent faeterg ln drop-sut, år¡ bo¿Ì,r thg hose and<br />
<strong>the</strong> oehnsr. thfrd,ren Lùvång i.n <strong>the</strong> sldesÈ EecÊlon <strong>of</strong> sè.<br />
Jameæ end in <strong>the</strong> peerent þsuses w&re $BoÊt slroaê tø dröp or¿t.<br />
farents wJ.üh lese eduçeui,en and in unekrlreci oecupntf.rns<br />
Harë ü$trs Ïl"ke3.y t0 h.aye dr*p-6¡;g <strong>of</strong>,fnpring, Èhan parenta i.n<br />
HerB oktlled Jobø. The i¡r*t crtEåoal peråod ån rsr+p-ûus Ls<br />
et' âge sÍxt,een and. oeventeenr rr grades aÈs¿e ens be$; aad<br />
<strong>the</strong> måddle eh$-Idron tn ler6e fawi-tåee &rB B<strong>ür</strong>e t$.koly ro wLth-<br />
draw <strong>the</strong>n &Uhstre. iBolE drep*g6'gg rÍsre uei;øIl,y smokerq, had<br />
bEen trus$t ar,¡d hsd had trouble wLth <strong>the</strong> palåee. Bott¿ eraLg<br />
end f,esn<strong>at</strong>e d,rop-outø enJoyed pårrü-tånae eu*ployment wh1le<br />
gtudentE, and ¡nost expected Èü ¿e*És ft¡rsher lr*lnlng but<br />
v#r€ f.lå prepergd for åÈ. l"hey wer& r¡¡sånly *f ls¡¡ nermal $r<br />
dtrLl. noraal É,nèelrÍ.6Ëneê, &nd håd reedf.n6 <strong>at</strong>tffåeultåee,<br />
ffxcee,ffåve ebangån& <strong>of</strong> ue*ro*r* n Esrånuæ f,*åLure reeerds, FÐ{rtr<br />
etlend*neen Ïåm{bed hgmewprh eff,nrte, a dåfficulty wåth er,udy<br />
and a rslucÈamse Ës eêk for he}¡l pr sceh s:(tre tnå&ion åre<br />
rel.sted to Cro¡r-sut, br¡t <strong>the</strong> a<strong>at</strong>,uE} pr*cF€cb r¡f' fElLure ls<br />
nrþ rêÏ.&t,Èd. fi'ear nf falïnre ås en fu*porüånt fast,or.<br />
<strong>the</strong> Ee¡rool trås å esnsigt,enflly pær åröå <strong>of</strong>' edjue&s¡e¡rt<br />
br¡t <strong>the</strong> hlgh f"neLdenee t:f ¡naledj$6te6nt, tn one sr as¡<strong>of</strong>,her<br />
h*mc adJtr*$mënt, års& indie<strong>at</strong>es år¡$qreet,å',þ$ a$d, sqråren eongåci*<br />
ered slth addåtåonal personal- ebçervståËne <strong>of</strong> home probl"et*e,<br />
Èended te affi.rm Êbe vai.ldtty ef <strong>the</strong> ùrySro<strong>the</strong>eå.o*
åEme posstrble metårode <strong>of</strong> treeLlng <strong>the</strong> problem <strong>of</strong><br />
drop*sug ley ia t,he r$irepçfon pf {m¡lrovemer¡t åþ, grurse<br />
<strong>of</strong>ferLnge end guri.dance Ln t,tre Eetrooå, bllt ¡sEg& *.mpertant<br />
+f sll., å$ <strong>the</strong> developmenü <strong>of</strong> educeË,.f o,nal 3rr*grame llr<br />
fnduøtry whåch uor¡ld &r¡Êr¡<strong>Å</strong>r&ge She grÐnth ef ghËsÉ yüBn6<br />
persoaô 1n e mÈre memnångfuÏ" oetüång.
TåËæ {iåt ttHTg$¡'füJ<br />
åti.<br />
çHAFfgB fÌåË&j<br />
I. gf{g S$t}P*ütJt f$rüBtåþË r . . , . , } r t . . r . r I<br />
Furpoøw øt-t-rro$ttrûy ; -; ; . . .--;=,'. . . . I<br />
#tgnifleaaë& af <strong>the</strong> $tuÉy . . ¡, r l I r r, . ?<br />
Ingcale and SuÞjoet Popul"gtåun, I r Ò . r . . . ó<br />
Meth*d uf, rnrestig*[lon and ,flsurcee sf, fi<strong>at</strong>a t r T<br />
<strong>Å</strong>enUmpUÍ,ORO. r. ú. r ù r r *. r r + r ò |,<br />
Hypo<strong>the</strong>alø r r r * r r r-, ¡ . r, . | . g<br />
Limi.tetf"ong<strong>of</strong> t,he$tudy . r l. |. I r.,. g<br />
Seffu¡t€åon Ef lerm& r r r j . + r ? i r . . I r Lt<br />
<strong>ür</strong>ganf.nnt,lta<strong>of</strong> thËfhesi,q r r. r r a r r.<br />
Il. T*{g sggNË *F t#ffi grHËr r r . } 1 , r r . . . . . 13<br />
fhe 0f"ty <strong>of</strong> $ü. ttrure.gg r r . + r r i . r . + r . LS<br />
thE Sehoel. Ðf,çlçfon ef Sü, JeruEg r ú r * r t . äL<br />
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III. eElrEW &F Tå{Ë il,r$}Èå,ytJlÈåË . r r . . r . . . } r ¡ ?,'l<br />
Brap*gut$êud$,egtn0aneda r. e r o r r. û, Sg<br />
ffian$.üobê r q l r . | ). r r r r. 2É<br />
Sråt,ightolumblE . r.... r. r., i r. gü<br />
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llrgðeabËlGStudyi r ì r I. r. r i r r r r gÉ<br />
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&arly Ëehool Leanerc j,n <strong>the</strong> il<strong>at</strong>$ed $t<strong>at</strong>eo . . , ,+g<br />
Faetual X,nformntåen .&bçu& trup*6¡¡3g t, . i . l+g<br />
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tplnlonE <strong>of</strong> tr}rop-oute ae to Why <strong>the</strong>y<br />
lrGÊggäghggl e r . r t . r , r r . r .<br />
Fropoaed $p1r¡t,åor¡s å*d PhLloEoBhica}<br />
Ëpecul<strong>at</strong>'{onr.. ú r. r r.. r. r r<br />
Earl.y $ehøol l"øavere in {<strong>ür</strong>*au Ëråtaf.n Ç . r<br />
læplf,eeÈl0ng r r r, . r . .. r I r r . . r<br />
IV. Tr.{ËÐE:gIüffSpr$eS$$l}T" * }. r,,1r r r<br />
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ffrgmoefHgfersneç * + r ¡ r r ¡ r., r<br />
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<strong>Å</strong>nalygåg0f sh6tlgte . r r i r ¡ r r r r {<br />
tlEg <strong>of</strong> fablgg . . r . . ù r i r ö . r . .<br />
ü<strong>the</strong>r $teeåetåcal" FrgceÉureg t . ., r,<br />
$peoåf,fe .[t*m lrtsÊ,¿mênbg¡ l{sme S'aetprE ,<br />
Speclf,lc .Ltem fre<strong>at</strong>sE¡¡tsi fiehno1 F*sters<br />
Personnl and $shool <strong>Å</strong>dJu<strong>at</strong>ment <strong>Å</strong>rrelyoås r<br />
Trg<strong>at</strong>ment sf ådúi,s5,onal Personal ü<strong>at</strong>a ¿ .<br />
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tsll<strong>at</strong>i.en ef Ðete¡ ðÉes$er 6hmrt * r '<br />
l,tas S+¿mmeri"os êr*d fsbl.es¡ SEne fracters .<br />
IÈew Sumxnsr$se End Tebleæ¡ $ehpsl FnËÊÕr6<br />
gusp,er$"ae anÉ læ,bles Ef Porgor¿aJ" end Se!¡*oL<br />
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åddÍ.tt"enalFgrgegplÞ<strong>at</strong>a r r r r |....<br />
fI. $$ffi8T"¡i$I{3$lg r i r . . r . r r ù + } r r r r .<br />
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toncl"stl.ens ¡ìel*ted te FamLly Faaüort . , . ,<br />
tencl$ef"ons fr,elaþod Ue Ètebåtg end Hehevior .<br />
tonetruetsns &el<strong>at</strong>ed oo Wurk ËxperloncE aad<br />
Fl$nsl. ! . t çr r. ) ¡ r . ì a. r a Ç<br />
Sgnalusfgnt Ë.el.ebed to Fere$nel Sehool S'eebe<br />
tensl,uglsefi }teleñed to Sel¡ssà Hshå.te a¡rd<br />
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Atr)FäffiFXS r*Á.?l<br />
åPFßHll5,X ffBn<br />
ÀPPËÞIÐåH, Nç*<br />
åtåF$ðtþlt rîÐn<br />
Êoneluelone tie].<strong>at</strong>ed t+s ilpi.niune and<br />
Sommentary<br />
åetit¡tdee Sg Ëehoo1 . r . r . r . .<br />
tsneïuEfoas Ì+Elaueú tp J$çhonl üuidanoo<br />
Factgrgi,.rrrrrrr<br />
Sçnelusi-ssE Ëeee4 qn FereeneL<br />
¡ta.|r<strong>at</strong><br />
nnd üchpcl.<br />
üsnel.unj.ane SæEeel oa åddf&{ena}. $}*ree¡lal<br />
fiumm*ry, årnplåeÊêÈÊßs ønr{ tåpetuå<strong>at</strong>åpng r<br />
RøeewmËnd<strong>at</strong>f,ðåE fer Furbher Study , r r r<br />
tfr<strong>at</strong>r<strong>at</strong>t.tt.ttta<br />
al1ú]al|r<br />
I,nterråErs #ulde, pålot, $t,rrdg r ö<br />
Xntprvlowffiuf"d+, I"Ë6Ë*S3 r r r ç<br />
Ðrep*g[rüLåstg . ] ] * r.. r.<br />
¡Tddå$lsnal Ferspnal llete snd<br />
.,ü,163<br />
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vå<br />
P<strong>Å</strong>ËH<br />
ró4<br />
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tr)&tê tå5<br />
ir 165<br />
t I I.$t+<br />
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i, rg5<br />
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lrêü1<br />
!r äö6<br />
. I rr..çaÇ rrr r r r.r r. å13
vJ.å<br />
tlsT tF regrfiË<br />
få8rË FåGH<br />
ï. floldång P*wEr <strong>of</strong> Sehsûls by irrovfncee e . r . jn<br />
II. Stmmany Ef, FersCInal InfsrmetåÞr¡ and<br />
åttttudep <strong>of</strong> St, *faseE Ilrr¡r*EpË $ample n<br />
IË6ã-63 . ¡.... i i. Ò r r. r r |.. IA5<br />
lÃI. Ënmæary ef, þ'cmJ"ly SeeÈnrs sf SÈ. Jamee<br />
Þrop-*ut Sempler l$få*-63 ] | r r r r r, . . Ltg<br />
IY. $umæery sf ffabf"te snd &ehavf.Er ef $t.<br />
*fene*Ðrup-gEt$ampl"erlg&Ê*63, ) r t r t , Lj,t+<br />
S. Srmmery *f Wurk Ëxperåenre auÉ Flane Bf<br />
åt. +Tasseg SrÊp*çsð $effiplsr L9&Ë-Õ3 r r r . . l3Z<br />
VI. $nremery çf, Ferq*nal $chool, Fa*ts <strong>of</strong> $1,.<br />
darnEe lSfop*gnt .samp}e, ¡,9öä-63 * r . r r r . I39<br />
Yll- $ummnry øf $eheol å{ahf.t,e a¡rd åEehavler Ef<br />
ffü. Jamaa ilrop-ont $enpler IË6ä*&3 r r ), . trtr.&<br />
rru* sr¡wnarg <strong>of</strong> $pf.nf.one åa{s åttttudas t,s $ç}rrot<br />
<strong>of</strong> $b. *lamæe Ïlro¡l*6¡À9 .$amgrlcr lË&ã*Õ3 r | . Ir+?<br />
X.ï. flr,rmruary çf Bclropl" {iuJ,úance F,aet*rs <strong>of</strong> ffu.<br />
ü&ü6$ Ërop-6rt¡t, $eæplo, Ig&g*6j r r r r r ö , l5I<br />
l.* ÞeI[ AdJueameuÈ InverlËËr$. end &eål $ehçal<br />
Isventgrg¡ iteculse <strong>of</strong> $t. olsme* ünep*snt,<br />
$amBLe, tr9&Ê*å3 . . . r . ., * . l r r r r f5j
våLt<br />
I'ïår ütr þ.T,üuns$<br />
FI&U&$ f<strong>Å</strong>ü$<br />
X, ?h* tåÈy ef $}t. <strong>of</strong>essÉe¡ Frår¡efpel $trsetE r . r , f5<br />
ã. åddreçaee e"f Ðrop*s¡¡t $ample, $t. J&més,<br />
¡,ÊSÊ*&3 r r r r . ¡ r . r r, r r . . r . . r . IË?
THAFStr.H I<br />
rH& FRüF*{Jt¡t S'ÊüBtËü<br />
Ëarly wf,thdreweL frsm eçhool lE E feet <strong>of</strong> humen be-<br />
hsvlor whtsh lc <strong>of</strong> cor¡eerrr to admlníøtr<strong>at</strong>ore, pareng$, and<br />
enpLoyors å"Rd f,or soee dacsdes t t ÏuE been ragarded aa onË<br />
qf <strong>the</strong> sut'sÈeadf.n6 proÞtrema ln <strong>the</strong> ff.eLd <strong>of</strong> edue<strong>at</strong>lcn.<br />
Howener¡ alühough ühe probles le ¡rtðely df.ecussed ln Èelrepapörs¡<br />
naga*fnes anÉ cdueetlenal. pubï.ic<strong>at</strong>lonEr T€tT tlttle<br />
formal rêssqrth has been dono ln 0anEüa to establlsh aceur-<br />
rtêl.y wlry a otudê<strong>at</strong> leaves schoEl þef,ore completlng hts<br />
eourse <strong>of</strong> Ë'tr¡dy. As s basiE for astf.on lR Genada <strong>the</strong>re ls<br />
ïery heavy depeaüense tlpon üste g*<strong>the</strong>r€d in <strong>the</strong> tlnlted<br />
St<strong>at</strong>aE. <strong>the</strong>ae éetn are <strong>of</strong> unquettlonnble usefuLnesq but [,t<br />
f.E eencetvabl"a ühaü dropplng sut ef eahssl may heve 4lf,fer-<br />
enü uotl,veäÍoa tn üanada or å pårtioular par,t <strong>of</strong> üen*dg.<br />
Furpooe sf ühe $tud^y<br />
Hh<strong>at</strong> factsrE c&r6s you&6 people t0 drop out <strong>of</strong> echool,<br />
i.n e typ[cal trenltobå conåtrnlty?, fhe type ef, llf,e whf.ch a<br />
Loeal ohttd tesds lE f.nf,Iuenced by thc n<strong>at</strong>ure and extent sf,<br />
hlE formal educetlon. Ð!.aearütag thÊ opBortunåty to occept<br />
ed*c<strong>at</strong>lon serlously ll.màts ühe ehoJ.eeE spÊrl üo l¡1.Ë wher¡ be<br />
trl€g to select fi rocetfon.<br />
$ever*l f,actorE nust hE <strong>at</strong> work ln tnfluencfng a
ch*J.ú up Sr*p ot¡u sf æ*f*soå. lf prvperlf i.dsnbf^fled¡ <strong>the</strong>ss<br />
f,srçsg ruey be hasu¡csssd çr et 3.*æst held l"* *h*+lc n-p Êh*øe<br />
Sntçresßsrå ån <strong>the</strong> chtldte devølupwenø æd ,f,r¡g'ure, * ls thç<br />
pråFp##a sf ühi.e sËrÈdy Ès ùd*ntåfy frha saJ.*.sn& façt*re relst*4<br />
ç4 e*r}tr wåÊ'}Ærewel f,msm eulrasl by mtuderttø f.n sm u*am Ërtr*<br />
çÍ.ror¡msnt i.n 36an{"t*bå.<br />
SÉ,6ltt.fl*&få,È& +f Ë,h* S$,trdy<br />
trttvemtL6sg$.Èþ# Sp glT.e Tft¡f.tsd ffit*êem ehw tf,ffiþ Bh* pør*<br />
w*n wlio Leases molwsl, þe$prc #radt¡st$*R **snral.I"y ffmd* h$.ms€ü",f<br />
üË thë ttlæsg wan&w*n Ï,$.çþ *.f' ühs 3.eþgr mgylç*È, $Tu fuss l"çwg<br />
wd,uøestmamï b*ekgmwnd &ç f#fiË,nåffi#ffid h$-m tp *x¡ ømpl"mysr* ã w<br />
hcg Ïr* sm"leebl.w sltåIl und rrer,g sftçn Íffiffif^fåe$,wmä wdr¿u*t*.a¡t<br />
t* wsåb*ç hf.n 6* {Aue¡.åS¡r ,fsry wkå1åçd Sræf,n*,nå, ï}¡* es$ÉÞmÞ<br />
S.a wel"å f,å1,!åBt,r<strong>at</strong>pd f.n ËÍre rssults *$ m f*3^L*rs*r*F eÈa*y mf<br />
*mp*s,uts eondnçt*d tn $øuÍ.øvååÏ.e, Keufiu*ky, whsno lü wse<br />
f,o*r¡d ulneû <strong>the</strong> y*umg€&t wrlcçr* twd*r trÉ yeerml t*@Fç Ï.en<strong>at</strong><br />
wensed by employers, fiad Èho poareut Jobe and l.eesü Jsb s<strong>at</strong>Ls*<br />
faetf.an.l<br />
ae f,*Llowel<br />
t*nsdern ffiepmrüm*sÌt <strong>of</strong> Leb*t'tr hna sutåf.med *h* prpþLnæ<br />
I d, ÐÊ¡r $uÏf mnd Íbtre¿d tuæ¡a$.Ð&s¡ ffÐåsesvorån& Uh*<br />
Ëxbpnt to '*rhi,eh fsuthte Needs ara Belnà ffiet.R fleuerÉ sn<br />
ffi" pqtpp¿ &serE:rg¡ Frfrv*sçço*d reaFuooh'sf iHtfff$*$.,<br />
â,
ûurl-ng thø lart f*w yearo a revol"uþ1on hae<br />
þeen taking pl.ace ln San<strong>at</strong>lå--å revaluÞlEn ia<br />
enployment vÞleh ie nlsoet eërüe1¡l ts sffect<br />
<strong>the</strong> future ef your cb1ldrem.<br />
lhe tntroductton sf, mEre end bøtter macblnçs<br />
snd tnproved ffiot"hrds ef dø1ag thíngs, have been<br />
graduelly wiping out thoueande <strong>of</strong> Jobe whf.eh<br />
requåre littl"@ edue<strong>at</strong>l<strong>of</strong>¡ er t*nl-nlngr Ëo thsü<br />
unEktLled and sernf,*sRllled Jobe &ow rspr@Ë€ût<br />
ûaly 3C ¡,ler eent <strong>of</strong> *lI røpleyee¿t ln 0enåÉs.<br />
åÞ <strong>the</strong> eame time, ÊËpls$nétst êppertunåÈf.es rontLnuç<br />
ùo lâër€rss prÐþor$i.one$el.y for gnaduetes<br />
<strong>of</strong> eppran8fcaehÍp pro6,rem*n i.netitutes af teclrnol,o6y,<br />
hlßh EohEoI.c, voceÈ,lo$sL Eehoolø, trade<br />
EeÌ¡ools and uniYersitíea<br />
WhÉt, Èhla ffiö&aö to <strong>the</strong> future ef <strong>the</strong> yüung<br />
peopl,e ln yonr famlly fa oþvtr¡aE. Eerly dropout<br />
fron rehoel eould B€an beång aut sff fron<br />
7A per aênü sf tþe Jobo fn t*uåda, beång t.åe*<br />
ltsd J.n thsår Ërffiångs fer Låfe n a eloÉeú door<br />
tÊ aþ¡e þettsor tmthlng 6ppÐrt¡un$.tfee <strong>ür</strong>u tndue*<br />
Ëry, af,ües being restrå<strong>at</strong>ed te doad-end jobs,<br />
and poseå'bl"y s lf.fetlffi@ gf fneeourlby aad 1oug<br />
perlode <strong>of</strong> unenployment.ß<br />
This appraLsal ts trell baced ln facti<br />
Snemptoyq€nü åe $Ëosä Eerl.pue ême<strong>ür</strong>g ths<br />
poortry e¿tuè<strong>at</strong>ed. å åurvey sede tn $'obruary,<br />
196û, by tbê llepartment pf tabor, disclosed<br />
<strong>the</strong> fact thåt ¡üå Fer rqüt s,f <strong>the</strong> unemployed<br />
hsd not rÈeebs,ü üheee ü, ?ó per c$nt hn¿-teft<br />
sehool sü <strong>ür</strong>nds É, and å psr eêst ùrod left ,r<br />
oeeendary sçhuol nf,Ber gnl,y s&s sr tro years*J<br />
lhErE Bêsuts to bé a dlrset, rel<strong>at</strong>'tpn<strong>of</strong>rf.p þetneEn tnedeqneta<br />
cdus<strong>at</strong>lon and botrng sut- ef ¡rorh, end tbls sro<strong>at</strong>eE Broblons<br />
Ðoulnåon <strong>of</strong> tanada. Ðepert¡nent <strong>of</strong> Labour. Ëìdue<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
and Eaple[pent. { üttawa ¡ Tb.e .4uosn t e I'iiffi-'<br />
3 ÞealaÍsn <strong>of</strong>,<br />
ûuüs," $Eg EuLletfuqr<br />
tenada, tepartment <strong>of</strong> lebour, nflrop*<br />
{!r ÊI"9. üeÈober, 1961.<br />
7
for aoel.Êty ln &ËÌ¡EråL eË Ìrell es f,rr ths lsdlvldua}.<br />
lodeyr $ diep*6uüs wi3.l, be elttser¡E gsffi<strong>of</strong>rÞrr. ffon-produci"ng<br />
ffis&þertr <strong>of</strong> soçiety depende<strong>at</strong> sn thsir f,e}lows cÐaÉgått¡ts<br />
s 6@rf.eus dr<strong>at</strong>n upÊn <strong>the</strong> n<strong>at</strong>fonf s r6gsurss6. Furt&err4otrë,<br />
fntç tkÉÍ.r haËtds ri.Il be ¡rlaoeú a seaeure <strong>of</strong> Èhe responølbåtlty<br />
f,sr tbe coadupË ef eåvfc and fsdsral affaåra, Some<br />
<strong>of</strong> èhem msy be eleeted to pubJ,f.c ef,ftee i lh6år sspporü wf.ll<br />
lf.hely be aøught 1n proËråms <strong>of</strong>, cåvic bsÈt,ermønt ¡ <strong>the</strong>y will<br />
aLeo r<strong>at</strong>se ehlldren mho uay be st'rongly lacllned to foll.ow<br />
thslr exaunploei end, porhnpð ffiÐet ahoe&ing sf all.r år ToBpln6<br />
has åndåeåAËü, f,rem thsår ranhe are úrawn <strong>the</strong> haþf"tt¡el<br />
d*tlnr¿uentd <strong>the</strong>t plague our esalety.&<br />
ln $anada, Little forsa} rEegEreh has been dEne En<br />
<strong>the</strong> øubJect <strong>of</strong> drop*6u¿e end ühereferç ll.ttle hss þeen pub-<br />
Ll.ehed. Reyal somçlesitna on sducst.[on f.n ålberta and<br />
Bråtlob Ëo1Embla proÉueed Eome i,nferroetåon,5 end ühe $;ehool<br />
Ð-1-vleå98 -qÍ Sf,ff¡lpes $elf-$qfvev qf Iq&Ê deøIt with drop-out'e<br />
brå<strong>of</strong>ly,6 Ð". I.ewie $. &eeÈtle explored Ëhe ffie$t,sr vsry<br />
extenal.vel¡¡ ln hts repsrt to th€ tE¡raÈl.en 0snference tn<br />
& g, H. Topptng, B$ome faeLsra ln Jrrr¡enlle Þellnqucncyrrl<br />
The Hanitoþa gehosl .IourEa!, I7tL7, Deceuber, L955.<br />
5 Hroo*t <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> lioysl Ëoø¡eleelon rn Ëduc<strong>at</strong>foa 1n<br />
A l. bart s, Effi- ( EEeffi sñ:--TnãlüËãñG-qFf nfõf-ï959 ) ï-a nü<br />
iÈoval-tsmeiiesion on &idue<strong>at</strong>ion. Repsrt. lEriüisb üoluebial .<br />
lVlctprla: Tfie Queenre Frlnt<strong>at</strong>r, 19ót]i,<br />
- 6 Êo¡nmtttee on Ft eld $ervieeE. fieÞsrt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> trilrected<br />
self-¿iuryøv winnínes Fublie $ehsois. - lñffinffi't-õT Effiõ-E--<br />
2,6L-27?.<br />
l+
Béuca?Lon ån I?ö3.? But up rntÍ.]- *Iune, ISôã, only fsur<br />
gradu<strong>at</strong>e gheeea deelt tg1üh <strong>the</strong> probl-em <strong>of</strong>, drop*sut,s tcith<br />
a view to determtnf.ng why peøp}ç leave rehool before grad*<br />
u<strong>at</strong>*.en.S The tanadåes Hdr¡e<strong>at</strong>,Lon åeeeef<strong>at</strong>Íor¡ 6&1r€ <strong>the</strong> æstter<br />
ssm6 ÊgËånt,lsn ån t95ü and tË5trr9 b*t beËt*een .Iuty, 195ü,<br />
anû June, 196ê, oaly oRÉ rêsesrEh artiele tn tlrle field 1n<br />
Ëanadp nmr rËportëd f,n t,þE g4qqe3<strong>Å</strong>oE åqÊSë, snd thst wae<br />
f,rsæ {hrtsråo.I0 Ss pentlen sf <strong>the</strong> Érsp-@ut preblen ån<br />
fiar¡adE I'ras nsÊeü ln tbe I9åt edåÈlon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> SqEggl,gpggûf,q<br />
ef Ëdue<strong>at</strong>å-Eßsl $EEsErehIl slt¡rouËl¡ Ë$g1End arld &nEtnalfa<br />
*ffiffi<br />
yrsr€ mentlEned se waIJ åË ühÊ flr¡J.Èod $üaEes. I'here s6ênñs tÐ<br />
b,e e 1ach ef enthuEfam to explore bhø BrobS.em 1n tenad,a.<br />
.? tøwÍe S. Be*ttf.e , S&g Ðqv$Iqenesg; sf #rudrnt F-sÈsq-<br />
S*S1, (0tteu*¡ The tEnediañ-EeñfElËñEã-ffi Eãr¡eËffi ïE6Ti.<br />
I ffi"r"o üuohaÈy, I ¡¡npubtnshed Hastert s ËheEåe, LIníversi"t,y<br />
<strong>of</strong> Â,lbørtâl ¡ Ëordon James i[snclEr, (unBub1f,shed å4aoü€rtE<br />
<strong>the</strong>eås, tlnlverølty pf, <strong>Å</strong>I,þerÈål¡ üebin $awhr [uRirub*<br />
Iåshøú Maa.bertE thaaf,sn.tlnLverøley ef BEw Brunarelek)¡ anÈ<br />
Jaeqrreï.åne Ë). Bouclrer, (unpubl1ehsd &hstørts <strong>the</strong>aie¡ UnLvetr*<br />
rtÈy <strong>of</strong> ffiew Brur*ewü.eh), eee ËÍ,bl.f,ø6raplry.<br />
9 üsnadånn &eesarsh 6oa¡nltt88 on Preetåcel Ëdueabfon,<br />
Tour Chfld Leaves 9^g@,å., tt'oronto: tenadfan Edue<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
ÃasoeEetEonl-ï9ïÐlî aiið-E<strong>at</strong>têr $cheollnx fsr {3sneúian louth.<br />
{Torontor c'anadtsú a¿ueffinîlg5ÏT:-<br />
I0 w, ü. Ëlt+mlng, t$tudy <strong>of</strong>, titgh $chool PlanE <strong>Å</strong>møng<br />
Êrsde VIIS Fuplle fn,txford touuüyrË .gËügån üntaråo tolløge<br />
af ffidu,e<strong>at</strong>åsn.<br />
ll #. * . I{arrlE t ed. } , finsvsJp-Þqedåe <strong>of</strong> &dugelåqgÊr<br />
Ë.qgeETÉÞ, 196<strong>ür</strong> pp. Ë-il eåfå ÏãF#9,s<br />
ffi<br />
5
6<br />
S rre&eár$h p$ftJ€tt Frlüpsee1 @f' ühË tanadlan A.øeee$-aðås*¡ <strong>of</strong><br />
$ehool" ä¡pçråntemdent'ø end InmpeoË*na, ¡rhtch rseç. tp tRvç&*<br />
t$.#ete thø eompær*Ètve <strong>at</strong>t{tudø# sf; drop**uËs ersd $*þ*dri*p*<br />
ouËff &cms* tsnsdø, w&8 ehelvCId h€eauee <strong>of</strong> laek çf f,r¡ndg"lä<br />
Tçt' <strong>the</strong> ne+d f,sr ånfermeüf,.en wsæ eþvås$Br lhø S*slål FLar¡*<br />
aåttg Ëeunsf"l o.f &çfnop*tr åtmn T*waëo s<strong>ür</strong>ì$ngLy ewplffiæåseé t,he<br />
r¡eød f,er resøessh tr¡ åf# r€port an sahpoL drop*eute"33 å<br />
raxdsm fi6Ëüp1ê ef årffiS str¿d&bËs whô wrryte ftrndø Íä Ðøpar. *<br />
¡n*nts.Ì exemår¡ntÍsne $n ffisnå&sbe ln 19$ü rws*qåEd th<strong>at</strong> 35?<br />
s*ild*ntgr *ff &weRty*ghr*e FËr ç#¡t, drtpped +trg gf aehsol<br />
befarg *omp,Ie$fulffi är* ad*lÈå*trel tw ysars <strong>of</strong> w{ãhc¡s}.å&<br />
lhw prøblw saåå€d fee axemånaü$.+n a* *åeeç r*üffe<br />
mnd e de*ømfi.ned eff,a:rt te ær*ewsr thË üH#st*.CIn, *Why d* <strong>the</strong>y<br />
wlthdrau from Er}ægI? rt<br />
I.qsæle and $t*hjæet Popr}*tLon<br />
Tho c{t'y <strong>of</strong>, $t. dumrs qsæ* eså*6Ëed a* Ëhø äpse f$<br />
l'8 x¡x HsÈl.onml. $tudy <strong>of</strong> ths Attttudsø Àff,o*äf.me #tudanüs<br />
Lnevfng $ehool f,çmpared $r¡.th Shose *,ffqctlng $tud*nts <strong>of</strong>, T"lke<br />
<strong>Å</strong>bålity ilEmainln# in $n*¡ool, w .& Researeh FfuJ*ct Fr'nopoea]. <strong>of</strong><br />
Èhe $anqdåan ees*q!qÈ5.eu <strong>of</strong> ISct¡eaI $uperturtsn*ente enii lnepeetorer<br />
{t*mnt* ¡ 1961, ffitmwgrepbed} , -<br />
, {f*rcpntq ¡ The fuçåsf, F,lencrånm<br />
, ûetobror, fFåI, Ê{l"wrwgraphsÉ ) .<br />
l& ${' *f ,, ffieefunaLd, *,Wþ¡* #þmuld $lÈ,seøept, È}¡e rfutr.dæHIa*<br />
þ*g1t üeus6ç?tt ghË mfr$.t,epþR trJeeå rl,gt+X,ge<strong>Å</strong>, Ð.är å13 ffi*r*h¡<br />
lgú1.
wårleh Éhe lnv*st,{ffÐtltn fer Uhlø thÊöiå xsuld be eondueted.<br />
$t. Jsf,eee ls an urben ss&munlty <strong>of</strong>, 33'ü9$ peopla lEeeted<br />
lmsedåstely west <strong>of</strong> Wiltnlpég 8n tbe nerÈh bank <strong>of</strong> $he<br />
<strong>Å</strong>esfnåboln€ $[Lver. trt lE Ealníy reøådestfel buË he$ å<br />
targe new tndnstrfel &r€å in ths nsr<strong>the</strong>rn part <strong>of</strong>, Ëhe cf.ty'<br />
fhçre ars twelue øçhools såth & tBtåder¡t popula$lÉa ef, ü ,338<br />
se ef $eptember, t96å. The f.aveetlgetf.en uaE cleeågnod to<br />
esntçr upgÍt a}l etudsnte ln 6rede8 oRË ts Elevøsr ln $t-<br />
Ja¡qes Echoels uho drap out ef sehosl between $eptember" l+t<br />
f9óg and geptqmþer 3, 1963 t<br />
Method <strong>of</strong>, InvcEtlg<strong>at</strong>Lon and $Eurse6 e,f, Þ*ta<br />
tn <strong>the</strong> bEale sf, a plltt strldy $ünd,tåsted durI"në <strong>the</strong><br />
sehool yesf 1961-ô3 r å F¡-egÞagls <strong>of</strong>, drop-ot¡üE for X,9Óä-63<br />
wes devetoped asd oRo-thtrd $rerê eelected fer etudy, by<br />
rasdom numberg. <strong>Å</strong>ð th€ ltar pregr*eredr ðtadellts who dropped<br />
OBt çere to be entgs'gd f,n ühe yôg¡'rs ll<strong>at</strong> Ëf drop-ot¡ts'<br />
Shoss whEeg Í¡afles fsll åa tho rsndsm*EeLestsd 6peesÐ wsfÊ<br />
to be Lnt"ervLewed perEonetly end indJ.vidual süudenü resEr{tn<br />
HerS tg bt e¡ßnÉned. Ëwctsn opinlonE and $,e}} Inventory<br />
rssul.ta thus abt*tned $sulü <strong>the</strong>ü þc ar¡mnarl,¿eË ané anslya6É.<br />
åeeunptlons<br />
'Wh<strong>at</strong>aver f,scÈprc werË aü tha roet <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dro¡r-s¡¡¿<br />
prebleunn åÈ Hâfi ss$umed th<strong>at</strong> thêy sfauld fs}L ånto two<br />
7
possÍþle aât€g<strong>ür</strong>X$Bi<br />
a) hgrue f,Ectors whteh lnclt¡ded tnfl¡¡enoeE derivcd<br />
from thç home and íÈs eurroun6tn6,ø, <strong>the</strong> childte åreredlt-<br />
ary background, h!.s hebf"tç, ettltudeE and beltefer flnEncÍsl<br />
end Ëoefal et<strong>at</strong>u*, end perøør¡a1 *djuotmênt.<br />
b) Eçhsol faEÈEron whfeh lnel,uded nåslve abfllty,<br />
eblssøßs ån eoheolr cpurãos <strong>of</strong> etudyr <strong>at</strong>tåüude afid ndJuuã-<br />
mest to oehool, ãbudent*teacher rela&fono, eehoels <strong>at</strong>tended,<br />
study haþiten a6tend*Êeê ané ethsf ågêes dårectly relsted<br />
ùo ochool prognees whfsh ÈhE eehso} con centrel, infl,uence<br />
0r a,c€omËâdøtg.<br />
It raE nst 8he pErpeBG <strong>of</strong> Èhås study to €våIset,g<br />
ühø Echosl øyst,enn, lte effåeåeilGyr feeflltÍ.ee, <strong>the</strong> euruJ.cu-<br />
Lup, ttra gunLl,t¡r <strong>of</strong> lnetrucÉ1en, qr th€ al,uas and etüf.Èudês<br />
øf Èhs *laeted brard, åte sdüånåetraüerc sr tssehêrs. t{o<br />
eehes¡" ËyoþÈm ls wlthsut f'aulte n but Ehe pllet ßtudy Lr¡dlss-<br />
ted <strong>the</strong>t drop*strtu esaËtåüuÈOd ontr-y a *msl! Bereentage og<br />
thç total gohooL popuS-<strong>at</strong>f.qn and, takes ås s whole, tbe<br />
$øheol Ðlvfsisn'<strong>of</strong> $b" Jqmes Hâ8 &enrrnlly euseeesfuL i.n<br />
sÉuesüln& tlre 6reêt måså øf eÈudente pree$nted to Í"t eaeh<br />
yoår. Theref,srs &hsss faetorE &re not åneluded f.n t'he liet<br />
sf sshool, feoüoro, *nd åuqufry lE dÍrected *È t'.þÊ ettrdent<br />
snd hlo adJustment wLthån <strong>the</strong> preøent s¡roten'<br />
s
Hypo<strong>the</strong>els<br />
The hyp<strong>at</strong>heel* ?såE Brøpooed <strong>the</strong>t home factsrE are<br />
eÊFê crt tlcsl t.n <strong>the</strong> dealefsn Èo wÍ.ühdrew froËÈ echsol thsn<br />
sre Ëqhos]. faoügra.<br />
tÍmåËetâen* ef <strong>the</strong> Study<br />
The stúdy Hes Ll.måtsrd to tho extent <strong>the</strong>È Lt dEalt<br />
cnt y rrlth urþ&s ehtrdren whp esEstl,üuteå a eö$eçh<strong>at</strong> egrect<br />
ss#tssf,¡t çf <strong>the</strong> generax. pupr,llaËf.oll. ffhe rEEuIÈ,e weËld $ot<br />
n6çeaw*råly be relesant tr¡ sll <strong>of</strong> Snsada nrf 6Ten 1n sll sf<br />
åfunlteþf,. öduc<strong>at</strong>åoner opporüuni.tå@s, eeonemåe eåtuabåona<br />
aad valug syõtëms ïÉry f,re¡E óne erea to åäü<strong>the</strong>r w$.thf.n <strong>the</strong><br />
$rsvånee. Bherefsrg <strong>the</strong> ra*çE*s f,er drepp{ng out <strong>of</strong> *ehesl<br />
wfrl l.lketry vèry fro¡n ÐnÉ &tree ts e"ÊpttrIer s$d <strong>the</strong> røsurtE<br />
<strong>of</strong>, th+ ut.udy nårl be df.reetly ei,gnÍ"f,lcant only ån fft. rfemss.<br />
fhay tr&f r howerer, hEve qsaful åmplf.e<strong>at</strong>tons f,or ej"mÍ.l"ar<br />
ßr6&s olseffhere f.n <strong>the</strong> Frsvånee sr l,a <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong>, tenada.<br />
å fnrth*r Lås{.È<strong>at</strong>tsa ls th<strong>at</strong> ühåE lnvenrf.gaufoa doeg not<br />
propsËð Ès Ðüudy retardçd ehil.dren. <strong>the</strong>år edueståonal prob*<br />
lsmE sre etrready evtdê<strong>at</strong> and fistre elearly de^fl,ned. ünly<br />
shtldren wfÈh Eoteblf.Ehad l.Ë,rs <strong>of</strong> eågÞty er bçtter wt"ll be<br />
ineluded fn <strong>the</strong> otudy. S.lnøItryn thlo lnseetlg<strong>at</strong>åon ås<br />
Lfulted tÊ thÊ extsnt th<strong>at</strong> lt doee nÐt propeee to trrst<br />
ütrÊp*6r*'br, but does propÊse go f,lnd sr¡t r$hy Èhey drop out.<br />
I
1g ls peeo1blE, hewover, tlmt seffie suggeotions f,er ttrëet-<br />
mentn and direetlone whleh treabmenÈ ËÂf tahe, utll aråee<br />
snt ef, Èhe abudy,<br />
Bef,lnlt,lørr Ef feram<br />
fer <strong>the</strong> purpsÉe <strong>of</strong> thte lnveutt getlqn e dro¡r-clt¡t,<br />
&f¿eII þe åsfined aa any studsnt wltb ån I'qÉ' råt,fa6 <strong>of</strong> 8t<br />
or beütor ehe }eavçs ccheoJ. bsfore eompletf.ng <strong>the</strong> çoBIrEs<br />
<strong>of</strong> str¡dy ån wb1sh he lE e¡rrsl"lEd.<br />
fitudenÈ,e nha dropped suu tçhf-Ie repeaL{n& ffrade elEven<br />
we¡rs çxcLudcd frum ehe aÈudy þeeeuse <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> usrceftei,nty ûf<br />
gt<strong>at</strong>ue et shle poLnt,. & stude<strong>at</strong> who falla Frsfrcþ nay lsah<br />
Junågr mstr$"eu1*,ti.pn etetus br¡t has, fer <strong>the</strong> pnrpose <strong>of</strong>,<br />
Êntry tü eemg gechni.eal eo*reea r grede o}even etandS.ng .<br />
fur<strong>the</strong>rmone, tt fr very dlffict¿Iü tÞ draw a dåstlucülsn be*<br />
tween ths str¡4eaË ¡*ha faÍ"Le t*eo 'rubJ€ct6 ån h{s grada eleven<br />
fÍ,nele end venturûs to strear ühem nt någht sehsol, and <strong>the</strong><br />
Etudent whp rgÈursg Èo repe<strong>at</strong>, tho 6rade. Âny etudent **ho<br />
eomplet'øÉ pne f,trLl. yeer <strong>of</strong>, eÈ,udy <strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> grade el.evEn løvEI<br />
wes thareafter exc}uded freså thË gÈudy'<br />
Ër&anfnnÈlën sf ths <strong>the</strong>sls<br />
In erdar ,t,haè thfE drop*o'tr¡ Etu{y<br />
propÊr Førspeeäive, f.È appeara erpedtent<br />
þe<br />
sû<br />
sÊen tn åte<br />
expl,ore thÊ<br />
t"t
fiçönê <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gtudl¡ et sås6&r renffie nndn as w*ll, tç o¡earsl$s<br />
$.n {iêþffiå:. 4nnp*eut *çudåes ssn*uotod e}eË}{F¿sre Í.u tansdn<br />
end ån o<strong>the</strong>r Eçu&Èriee' Ther*fçren ühapter 9w vrål1 bæ å<br />
çIoBÈ*r,tF v{çw çf t,}¿g Gåt,y <strong>of</strong> $t, efamee¡ i.tø gnrwüh¡ dgr*Ï.-<br />
*pu,ent'r ohsrasteråståË*¡ prcb}"eme gnd årug eelnû*I" *,ym&ønn*<br />
#kpter fhreo w{"[] þw s re+åew ef yw}Errs$ü å.f**rfitus&<br />
ør$.gf,nøt,f;.n6 h+Ëh her*ê Èn lúa$ads end. gþrpn*,<br />
frï <strong>the</strong>p66p S'øuF th& dsoå#n ef &P*ç strådy *sål.l b e<br />
remorq#çd ln d*bmlå¡ btrü dsta gffiÈhñfed dr*r*n6 bh6 p,#rtod *f,<br />
&hm Í.*vqafi6ehÍ.an wåII b* åas#þed Sn #lmp wr S''$.vø¡ aleng<br />
vr$.th eppffiFs$"<strong>at</strong>e fågt¡rea snd tsb}.sø nhåeþ såI3. "f,aotílumtç<br />
tlr6 ån&6nÞr*fsti.sn e.f th* dæt¿i. üm**lt¡slang end f'mplåeø*<br />
tå*ms whl,æþ mæy *rtwê oråt *f, a¡r*s sbrady wÍ"].å bç ,fwrr¿.d Ín<br />
ths$&er sü¡r. PertÍ,nsb& åuesemmsndes*ens .f*r aêüÍ,o* or for<br />
fr¡r<strong>the</strong>r sltedy ¡rfål elm* bæ f+ead åft ü,hls f$.meå pksFÈør*<br />
ln *umm*49, <strong>the</strong> *aråy w{.Þhdrawaf sf xtudæ$&fi .fmw<br />
sü.hoal. å$ å prohåem <strong>of</strong> ee*lous FnçFÐrüåqns fs #*rî*ds* fury<br />
].**¿åg*d fçnngl rss6ar*h hsu þegr doaa tqa dÍ.E*øvsr ähÊ &+ü&*:<br />
sûns ,for ¡shleh tsnsdå*n* drup ûr¡b *f sçhoal * frrid <strong>Å</strong>$ ås $bsrç*<br />
fçræ <strong>the</strong> purpome *"f ùhå* strådy ts t&vest*.s&Ës tår+ pmbrem as<br />
tt l.m rua¡rf^'f*sùæd Ím n typieeå SåËrr$.tob& cfiffiärunåËyr n¡"tþ¡ s vg.$s<br />
t* deüerra$.nån6 why ehÊrdrs$ J-e*çø seh#str bgf$r* eompresång<br />
thû **Erpes cf s*udy f.sr whl*h ëhøy er* øn¿s¡"¡.Þd, Fqrm{¡nel"<br />
ånËervt ewe nnd mçhsnl rsç*Fåe rË1.Í.1 eonsf;tu€e t,hø maån<br />
l1
L2<br />
üåureês Ef infonæ<strong>at</strong>lon, and i.t ås hypo<strong>the</strong>øfsed th<strong>at</strong> bose<br />
f&etora &re fsËtr€ erltLeaL ån Êhe deeJ.eion tr drgp sut than<br />
are sshogJ. factorg,<br />
iag ehapter,<br />
The ç<strong>at</strong>ttag <strong>of</strong> ühe sÈudy åE enplored in <strong>the</strong> fElLow*
ÜH<strong>Å</strong>FgEiT TI<br />
TliË $täffiIfl L]tr 'f$ÈE SrüËf<br />
tþe Sehool Ðlrytsåon Ef $b. .Iansea and <strong>the</strong> üåty af<br />
sü. James &16 ssssnt'åsl-ly *otermås¡que and &rs e¡ss&åeed in<br />
ll¡nftsd dstEÈI Ls thås ehapter. ThfE revåew ef; blre âÈeüe<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rtud,y &êrreÉr <strong>the</strong> purpose af revealfng Ét*ffi,ðthl,äg <strong>of</strong><br />
€he aet,ure s,f 8t. Jauee <strong>the</strong>t haE s bearång sn bhe proÞten<br />
<strong>of</strong> Eahap1 drop-6,t¡t ÍB es far as egvårgnmentsl Í.sglnsn+ee<br />
ere ånvqlvød. Ëð fli¡lp endn hfetoråaa1, eoo¡¡omJ.s an*fl<br />
phyeteal .feeturEs sf <strong>the</strong> tå.Ë,y <strong>of</strong> åÈt, *fsc¿¡eð sre ravlesed<br />
briefly, aed ShE $ehsçI åltvteÍon <strong>of</strong> å9. dameð J.n expåtare*<br />
wfth Eåmll,ar brevÍty froe ßh* pntnt sf, våew ef grcwüh,<br />
f,aotlÈtåu*, *rgant*<strong>at</strong>f.en snd sdmtnf,øtr*t$.on, J.n srdoy tE<br />
*t*rå.ff <strong>the</strong> lun6e ef tþe e*hsol Éystefi nhåsh u*a reJecr*d<br />
by UIre drop-s¡¡6s und¿r lnve<strong>at</strong>tg<strong>at</strong>t*n.I<br />
1 $t*tåEgåü*X l.nform<strong>at</strong>Í"sn sn <strong>the</strong> Otty <strong>of</strong> Sü. *iÊmes<br />
wag oþËaånad freru ffir* &, lieåd, ü{üy tler¿c, tfty ef $t.<br />
tnweg, &!rd hÍ,sterÈ.cal lnfsrffiaÈlon wag obtól.netI frqm Ffr. nf ,<br />
$. Henaa, Såty $ellelten, tf.ty sf $t. dsft*ëør<br />
$Èåsårglaal lnf,om<strong>at</strong>åep oe <strong>the</strong> $shsaL Í]f.våsåon <strong>of</strong><br />
St. .Jeæeg ¡ygg abtef.ned fros å{r. t. t, tracgreg,or, Seer*&ary*<br />
Trea,swtref n ffiehso:. Fivlclon <strong>of</strong> $u. tlannes, aad f.rrforæ<strong>at</strong>ler¡ se<br />
erganf.caÈlon and edm1nf.sÈr<strong>at</strong>åsrx wss sbtslne{t frsm &r. Iì. t,<br />
F.-fhompsðn, Hnperå,ntenûcnt <strong>of</strong> $ehoele, $cheol lll.våeion af<br />
$t. dåmaÊ.
Bhe 0åty <strong>of</strong>, $9, "Iam€s<br />
fbe tiüy <strong>of</strong> S$, <strong>of</strong>a#sE åü ]"eeeaed ån¡+edå.aüely weet<br />
sf, Wlnaips$r eloag tbe Aoeånf.boiue å[åver, The area <strong>of</strong> ùhe<br />
elty i.E 5 ,0?3 ecres or epproxlæ<strong>at</strong>ely elg,ht Egr¡åre mLles,<br />
sf whi,ch snË-thfrd ts caken up by Ehê Wtnntpøg.Intërnrsl.oual<br />
åårport }çcnted on Èh€ nsruh påde <strong>of</strong>, $È, Ja$es, Thls Sf,vea<br />
thÊ c$ngÉrsåsl*l.ndueÈrj.al-re*J"dentfal porblon <strong>of</strong> 'thø cåty e<br />
U-EheFêÉ layout. Indnetry f.s Iscsted wåtrnly iË thê sågteÍ'n<br />
uppsr arm <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> HUã where both <strong>the</strong> tanadian rï<strong>at</strong>lone'} end<br />
tanadf.an Faetfte rall.wayo Frotåde eervåce. trtæei"dent,LâI aad<br />
counere{el Éreas tohe up <strong>the</strong> ,ssu<strong>the</strong>fßr gnd ¡cestern psrte or<br />
ühê bÐtton <strong>of</strong> tlrs sUF. Ttte lrens*Basada Hlghway cnte<br />
&emË{t Bhe eouÈhe¡rn port{on ef <strong>the</strong> c{.üy {<strong>the</strong> þotton <strong>of</strong> t}¡e<br />
ñütt¡ and Lt å¿ here thâü cemrnerelrel en$orprLseE hâve eLuð-<br />
tefad. ftesldeståal tots &rs no Longer ars.l.åable fr6rm tbc<br />
city, þesauae æIt land dosigrleted fEr e$eh devel.opnest has<br />
been sold, 'tirbanås<strong>at</strong>'f,sr¡ hao progfeEged üo euah en extaRt<br />
J.n Ðt. Jemes t¡Ïåü agrlurltËH"e Ès nn lenger eerråçd sn wlühi;n<br />
l"ts llmåta. The Roy<strong>at</strong> tanarfiaf¡ å<strong>Å</strong>r Feree sg<strong>at</strong>ion Le lsc<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
sn <strong>the</strong> souüherr¡ snd westsrÞ part Ef Èhe a1r ffeldn pr west<br />
<strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> eônÞêr <strong>of</strong> $t. .ÍåmeE, It åe sne sf, thå 8we l.an6eoÈ<br />
i.n Sanad* ancl s aubgtantåal þIoek sf' property adJaeent to<br />
<strong>the</strong> E$<strong>at</strong>'i"on proper ås tehen ep ef.th dwelïlngs ereeted for<br />
æt*t$.sn pöråÞnnôI asd t,hÊl,r f,sællåes.<br />
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A¡RPORT<br />
Ftgure 1. lhe üiÈy c¡f ;iü. dé¿r*ës: Frinef.pa3. 'SÈr:æeÈs<br />
!¿r"'<br />
P<br />
LEI
Í{Í.sB*rf"ge}å}rr Sb" Jæ¡wes wå& ûËEË& Fer"t' gf fi,hp ær¡eh<br />
Iergee mn¡nåçf,peåÍçy <strong>of</strong>, <strong>Å</strong>sælntþøåar bub Ln 1Ëä1 sÈ. Jse¡øs<br />
waø ås,çorF+raäd &# * aep*r<strong>at</strong>e mlmlsÍ"SnllÈy. ¡I fåmaselsl.<br />
loes $.n }"ærd dwelo'pm*rrå led $þ" Jamøs lst'ç baltï*ruptüy åfr!<br />
I9å&r and $,n LPft,# Í.ts ar*mlnlsbr<strong>at</strong>ñan waæ &akëä ÈTsr t+y æ<br />
mnn$.eåp*I þenxd EppsÍxt*ad by *hw pruv*.*tef"eí #¡mveru&æmt,<br />
Sn I9ñ? * eçìffiæåï. r*ss *gaån eløst,edr ånd åËm aet,v*,þ$æ*<br />
?EüfÊ #rtF€rryågact þy e ##ryörRr8eRt, ftpp#{rrteut. É*{s'* ?u'* ü* ffi€fli$,n*<br />
g¡eIT", wlw esnuånued Lr¡ th*w sapmsÍ,üy un&l]. l"9I{#¡ when båu<br />
d$&Èe* r,r€rÞ tfikfln üvËF by Cbe Þft¡nåøÈpa1 amd ËÈub.l,*.s WtlÏ"lb*<br />
$.ep Boas,€" Bhåo þsdy #&e*Í.r,rå¡*d S*e oupuntås$-çr¡ çf, €:Hpffi$d*<br />
$.tunegr ånel,udf,ll6 s3ù#s& psnø*rsr$.n6 *ehoo3ør r¡n*åI lp&å.,<br />
elthsu€h aL[ debss Eot¡&esËed wåt]r èhs EËe*e <strong>of</strong> banknrptøy<br />
had þøsüå p&åå s.ff þy 1Ë$6. $þ* J*mes waæ ånçqrmretË* fi.s<br />
* c*,ty *"n åË$-ß.<br />
rh* poruLætiÍ,*n s,f st' t*mss æt &}¡e tåffi@ o,f åüs tneer.'"<br />
FqfsÉfl,sn fid e mr¿nf"eånaååW w*ç T.ËrðÉ? nnd Í.S <strong>rwe</strong>åmwd s<br />
mnnal.}" oubu¡rb *s I.#,unþeg for ffiray fÊ&rs* ln T$iþä t*w FsF*<br />
r*å;*üåon urex onfg å3rg{*&i bnt w{t,hi.n êen rÊes$ åã be6an to<br />
eqp*ndn a¡¡d wltþån üwe*ty yêârg {þg }"Ë6ä} t-t haÉ rsaqhçd<br />
33n$9#* çr Ë9l* p*r cenû sf h*¡s åËt*ä fågure. &IanF feeftor,*<br />
esn$trflbrrted to ëire growbh epxrsr ,IWr* t&xes, EonVenj"çn*<br />
Isç<strong>at</strong>åçn edJuoonü te. þfÌ.mn$,pe6 må*n6 &h* frsr¡E*tærsmds lìS.gÏ**<br />
w#f r cåty *äs*ure&wær¡* *f l"*nd d$rÊt#FËf&r *ms freed*æ<br />
l6
frs$ fleod*,ng¡ The lesg polnt le perhape ËarEteulerly<br />
sågnåff.eant bec*use $t. Jamests higher 6round }evel keBt<br />
i.t al¡east eømpletely dry dunlng <strong>the</strong> gre<strong>at</strong> f,Iood <strong>of</strong> 195û<br />
ån Han[.Coba, aad many people seekl,ng flood-free re*l ëütsts<br />
f,ound St. Jasen bo <strong>the</strong>lr l1klng.<br />
Ëåuå.t',e apart fron pueh msttora <strong>of</strong> 6ood fort"une hew-<br />
sygp| tome detlb*f<strong>at</strong>e ef,f,arbe w6f€ made to encouråge gror*üh'<br />
In I95f3 <strong>the</strong> Uunber sf, lndustrial eoncerns 1n Ëü. Jenes rr&s<br />
vÊry amall although J,t tncl.uded Eueh maJor fXrme ae IsorÖn<br />
Ërf.*çoï ålreraf,t, aad HfåÐesË åvå*Èton¡ but f,ÐLLowing <strong>the</strong><br />
t 95S Snstall<strong>at</strong>,lsa ef, eewers *r¡d herd eurf,eeed reada f.u <strong>the</strong><br />
arÉa ta whåch ühe el,ty hoped So sÊtreet lndessfy, thë tÈtål<br />
aîåeþsr ellubed te ä4t+. ffset w&Fè n-å$ht lndr¡strl-sg rsith<br />
$øfiBE Hånsfåoturlng, but 8l], sÉfs al"Ioued È* erEe$ ottLy ËÉs*<br />
e$ry buåldf.nge, <strong>the</strong>¡reby ånaurf.ng hå,gher dogreea øf" quelit"y<br />
cad peffi8Éslï$s¡<br />
Tho gre<strong>at</strong> oxpan*åon 1n $È. Ja&sñ whåch begen a fen<br />
yå*r$ ef,ber World far IL r*t6 üâËghett by s Êô¡3"û$pondlng<br />
¡'ine f,n <strong>the</strong> velue Of thË eåty. In l"9l+ä <strong>the</strong> Cf.tyrÐ asåe86-<br />
ffiBs¡t waE St+,Iålrt$$, Ia 19åâ tho Eexable eeeeEEsent ¡çee<br />
#é5rt5lrÐËÕ, <strong>of</strong> ntrieh A.ä per eenÈ we$ $Ûffßercla}-lndÉstrj.ål<br />
nnd 5d Þarl esfit tú88 f,ø&fdentfal. tns aepeet Ef thåe Ësx<br />
seÈto lE tle<strong>at</strong> i.nduøtry, Èhreugh tnxee n h*lpn to pay for<br />
edue<strong>at</strong>son þut dses not help fi.t} t'hE achools. The huge fle'<br />
psrtrusst Ef figüåonal Ílefencs ånstallebtpn ôn thê we*t, Eide<br />
L7
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> al.rport le valued *t' SI?r798r71*Û b'ut i.e non*üax¿ble.<br />
Ineêçad, <strong>the</strong> feder¿I gûTern#ËËnt provldeu grants to tov€r<br />
thê esÉB øf, aervi.GË6, sueÌ¡ &E -sdusstionn w<strong>at</strong>er and eerrer<br />
faciltt3,es te perõtnnel llvtng on tþe base.<br />
tand v*luøa alqc refl+cb e.n eïpånding estnÐIsy. ås<br />
l95S Èþ¿e Ferd Gonnpany pnrcf**sed'X,and for Xts parts supply<br />
*enü*r <strong>at</strong> i&,SË$ p8r esre. &.eeeRÊlyr tn 196? n takländ H<strong>at</strong>ch*<br />
sri.es tåsntt*d purehaeed åsnd s.t å eÕBü <strong>of</strong> g5rütÜ EËr åerËr<br />
fn 19¡+0, $t. Jæme$r asses$rg*nt süpsd aü *3fËOlr6t5 *nd :l,ta<br />
dEbt et Ë,3!L1?!ûüü. In 19,ôe !tç anæegñflnenË tot<strong>at</strong>led<br />
#Sä,S5<strong>ür</strong>älü and tüe debt Ê Ês@re &tr&61,ütÜ. fhe øtrwnp<br />
whf.ch saeæed to er¡vel.op St,. Jautçe E*hen l,t sent i"nÈg bank-<br />
ruptcy fadeú Lnto t'ho background.<br />
In ths n*.dEt <strong>of</strong> t'hese vlctesiüud,ee strfiê pronuíaÍ.ng<br />
daveLopments Ëssurtrêd, la L9E9 $b. *larnoø $çt up <strong>the</strong> fi.rst<br />
tswa plsnninff *chæme f.n ffisnlt,aba '<br />
J,ü wae composed çf trro<br />
ßOirneåL1srs snd f,our cåÈÍsen$ whs worked on Ehe eowstriÈÈeÊ<br />
yçIantartly. üne e!Êample Of <strong>the</strong> outeorpe <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>lr detlbere-<br />
tLans t¡e thaü <strong>the</strong>re &tr€ nÐ blH.bsarde allowed i.n 8t. Jamea.<br />
Ðçservlas CIf nnention Lg ghs dev@Iopmeæ[ af St- JÈmç€fæ re-<br />
vaLvlng fund whåah wae begun in 1955' Þtoney frsm sale sf,<br />
p¡rþlts }*nÉ waË nct u.ssd fusmedåaüely t'o reduee tå¡(Þ6 þuÈ<br />
wae placèd Ln a fund whieh, by 196Ê, had grown te #.5r0tü'üüÐ.<br />
Ths fund was used- to ff.nsnge J.arge pr¡þlåe enpendåburês endt<br />
tg
&B mßaÍes þarye¡sed were paåd bac:k wj.th LnÈare<strong>at</strong>, o <strong>the</strong> f,und<br />
centinued t'o &rrw erÊn t'b*r"lgh raniå eaLes began to declå¡re<br />
eE arL sv<strong>at</strong>labLe l"and $as ssld, fh.ås f¿¿nd Íree actur*lry<br />
saved $b, Jesies a 6reåË deel af nnoney ln l.nôoreeb becsuse<br />
borrsr¡inge paåd back wi.th Ln&erest êïe aÉtuårxy Juøe golng<br />
lntp erro<strong>the</strong>r qåvle rc'al}et and ara aveåleble fsr furt.hen uee<br />
l.rnmedåeeely. Ans<strong>the</strong>r devrlopment Hgrthy og wentLên is eome<br />
errl.der¡ce ef eomwun{Èy spsrås, xt åæ prabably beet, å}.}.ua*<br />
ursteÈ by Èhe publte <strong>at</strong> largø.<br />
$.egg*qE Flqþg. Klmnfo, Í*åons and tlprtmiEta had<br />
gro*p$ tÊr¡¿ergd tn st. JÊ,¡r¡es' &rr ?cs.re act,f,ve and workleg<br />
f,or <strong>the</strong> þenefåt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> commnr¡åt y and had proeluced tangs.blø<br />
evldençe <strong>of</strong> thaår effgrts, fhe l-Èsn* <strong>ür</strong>ub wåÞ öhs grrådf.ng<br />
ll6ht ån <strong>the</strong> openån6 ef a publf,e Ltbrary Í"n XgF6, The<br />
(lptimi*ta e<strong>at</strong>abrJ.shed I r¡sgrËåtåðn pe.rh ån rÐ5g. ,fhe ätr¡qnis<br />
Çlub oBened a balf-mirllon ds¡.rer housing proJect, for<br />
eLderLy people Ln rg5$. Fagel.ng referense mny also be msde<br />
to ogntlnr¡nJ, devel"opnent <strong>of</strong> emerler proJoste sugh ss play<br />
louer sadet errpsn hralÞh eltnfec, cåreer aighte for youug<br />
peoBle, and må$y othsr cgamunity oerviee proJeet,a.<br />
f;apqqpåÈy-tluÞS" lhere lrere elÈogo$her sëvÉlt Çrffi*<br />
mun{ty e}ubs oper<strong>at</strong>ång Ia 6he efÈy tsr rg6ä, a*d esch îraø<br />
autonomous àn raf.*f.n6 &sney ssé dÈrestin$ J.Ès o¡cn eesf.v{tås*.<br />
L9
åü<br />
IntEresþed cltl¿ønE dEveloped and e.ffected policy without<br />
dlrection sr asntrsl frsm <strong>the</strong> ctËy qrunell. Sports,<br />
squere daneång, eøcåal evenlnge and all ûÊenÈer <strong>of</strong> reerostton<br />
ffir€ effered by tbe someunLty clubo.<br />
ChBFeÍlq,q,. Therc T{srs ÈwentSr-sue relÍ$f.st¡s eenÈere ån<br />
$t, .Íameg, X.ncludtng ångli.cenn .trohevehra Wf.Èntsøee, Lu<strong>the</strong>ran,<br />
Freebytorlsnn &onan $eehotÍ.ô, $n.trvagf"on Army, nnd Unftsrd<br />
$hnrch eeÊters. &11 were Eg}f*st¡FporGfag.<br />
0hAnþe-r-Ef üqnme{çe, fhe 9&5-rcenþer $þ. Jan¡res Ühas*<br />
her Ef Srmmerce Hae aetåvely Ëup$srt6d þy þuoinees and pro*<br />
feEsfeneL nen ån <strong>the</strong> df.Etrlcu. åÉnny sf thgir ef,forts w6r6<br />
Ln <strong>the</strong>fr grsn isteregtE, nueh ao åmpreved esil. Eervi"ce for<br />
$t. James Í.nduetry, Þut fl &Þüd deaï ef <strong>the</strong>tr work benefl.tted<br />
<strong>the</strong> c$,ty generel.l.y. <strong>the</strong>y eondueted ftTEwR f,{a}Iñ meetångo<br />
pråor to clvíe eleetfene oeeh ye&r, alehough tbey enpport,ed<br />
no partlcul,ar eendådaËe, Thelr Íreff,åe snd fiafeby ûommÍ,û*<br />
tÈ6 mêÈê rogtffisnd<strong>at</strong>lons tö gounüll re6nrdlng åmprEved<br />
traf,f,le centrol. Theår traneportabion ËompÍ,tteE surveyed<br />
buo oeryfcee end mede r$ÊeßËEnd<strong>at</strong>fsn* fer åøpreve¡$s¡lB,<br />
î: ,ff., t..,å. fhe $t,. da¡nea Famåly #ïtr wes 8Íl ârgfltrlestlon<br />
dLrected anê oupportad by SE. Jâmes eltlsene ån es*<br />
epern&ion wi.th ths Ëreåüer w*ånnf¡reg l.$&.Snå, it had sn<br />
lndeor FEeL and *ompleÈe reere<strong>at</strong>,åonEL f,aclllt,f.es.
In eummery, <strong>the</strong> tfby <strong>of</strong> St. .nsmes had grown frssn a<br />
poverty Etriekon snburb fn <strong>the</strong> Lp}'rlre ts whet appeared to<br />
be an economl.eell,y heal"tby eåty in <strong>the</strong> eerly lg60ts. The<br />
steüe <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ef.üyte csf,fere snd ühe hlgh &sceüsmenü, êE<br />
welL eE bhe appêarê$ce sf t'he cåty| gstre Etet,ieüfcsl es<br />
well ae våg¡¡al eui.dence ef llving conditi.onE well sbÕvê<br />
those ef, e slum, fhe aeti"vLEy reflee3ed f.n pubtlely opeÍ*<br />
z4<br />
*tÊd fasllfttee lftll.qet€d th<strong>at</strong> St,. damçE was r¡st pröRE go<br />
noelaX lethærgy. Why <strong>the</strong>n shoul.ú fte ehåldrcn drop ouü s¿f<br />
gehøot? <strong>Å</strong>n exaælnetl.on sf, <strong>the</strong> nehool, syÊËee wsËl trscëseery<br />
bEfore thJ.e grrer¡tlon wae lnvestÌ.6asod, f.n deÈail.<br />
The $shsol. Slvåslsn <strong>of</strong> Ët, tfameg<br />
She eeheol syet*m J.n $t,. ntrasrs seemêd to refåseü <strong>the</strong><br />
derrelopm@nt <strong>of</strong>' È!¡e dJ.Btråct ås å whotre. Ths pspul*tåôâ tstr(-<br />
plo*i.on <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> aåÈy wes proüFùly m<strong>at</strong>ehed by schoel enrpl-<br />
menÈE çhieh rsse froan Zr58b fn 195ü' t'o 8133å fn $eptember<br />
<strong>of</strong> 196e. The clËyte bulldlng troom wes peral}eled by <strong>the</strong><br />
bul&dlng 6f sêvên new $ehsola between Ig5û and 19öä, ae welL<br />
aE eddÍulonc made te three øf tho fåse old eelroole and &dd*<br />
Itlor¡e us ftve <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nsw sehogls. <strong>the</strong> aftyr e f.nBroved<br />
fånanelel st<strong>at</strong>uE sade posefble <strong>the</strong> ependång prs&råH <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Eshool. eycÈe* trhf.eh $rûn f,rem $åûI+I{J?I in Ig5ü to $ä t55<strong>ür</strong>99ü<br />
in L9óä, Tbe fnteresü ln comunlty affalre nobed earller<br />
ãL
qppÉsred Í-¡t ghe eüh*ml. ege&sÈrl ån tt¡* f,srlt;l çf lmme alrd çchsçX"<br />
e*sçui.e&åsns ån ta-ree sf <strong>the</strong> eì.æEurüary echoels, ån r+6ul'nr,<br />
wel]"**t$end*d parentçr nå#hts <strong>at</strong> el"I *cltpolsr ånd im gh*<br />
vergnus *stÞIsrshlp* pff,Ered by h*oåËËss cunççn¿g and soxtrtee<br />
*r'g*nåaaüåsRs. #eru$ry ef Ëp6#Í"eÏ, mCI?e ån nhås e*-nnç+tåon åe<br />
<strong>the</strong> $b. nläffi,s$ $alr*I-ershåp Fer#ndetrÍ-ps¿¡ ffi ur6snfg, tf.ç* ef<br />
*ntarestød eåt*.asna dedåüâSËd ts Ëh+ meeumuX.etÍ.çn af s eflBå&el.<br />
fur¿d fs* ähæ ftunaneång sf achslarehf,pe f*r s*x{hy #Þ. dameç<br />
gtråLdren.<br />
lha açhesls fihtrår*såvew trgtrrwr $,n elss ,*ud å,E*a,&å** and<br />
*rgaut*<strong>at</strong>$,en, ÞÞ¡e Þrpdueg *f 'ffirsls$b Fr€ü#r*ss,&¡ F&$hwr çhe$ ef<br />
e p&r*åer¡l.ar Sl.af¡. thsy ve,¡*"ed [n s{se fumrs weSr} e$.gght-*w*m<br />
eLsmmntsrs e6hüüLm ün th$;,Fty*msm wåmenterl #clmsle *r¿d<br />
f<strong>of</strong>fiy*lçom pænåer hå6h e***el,s' Thorø wÐr6 ç*r*ous s*m¡bÈas*<br />
af,.*ne wf, 6redeæ. ffinnn* hsd e3,ømffåte#y påuw Sr¡mt*r hågh gnmso*,<br />
#ßn¡e wËse firrsly el.s*sçn$arf *r $un$.*,r &Í,gh, nnd ËherÊ w@p6<br />
Junfsr and senLsr gradse t"n tha Þt6h'eeÏ$fl,ls"<br />
$<strong>ür</strong>esmi.ng w$.thf.n Èh* ssbsøl,e sçr¡ffih& t* eseomxn+defts s<br />
wåde nfirT#ô p,f ø*ud€fit sbårÍtåew¡ but' sån*e ëÏaere ws ää<br />
kåndorg*r"gæn ln St, *Iame* preblfe øehøa,le, sB#Ë&mfu*g ws<br />
de],nlrçd unbtl bbe ,fLrøt gna*e x*ae e*mp3.*Ê&d. Ëhænøe.ft,ur, &<br />
ch*.Ld w** p3"*çed ån <strong>the</strong> twe*r thsee* sr f,*ur*ffë&p st,rwmm*<br />
eee*rd$.n6 ËE h$;s B66ds ð* abåLttË,e,s* Thå* nleanü bha* bEåght<br />
or #åf,tød ætudents w&sê ellswsd to *Ðv€p grarlæe twþ, three<br />
Ëã
å&4 f,ðraJf ål.'* Èwp Jre&få' r ü}.ffieå gf¡rådsx¿tm ga*k tier*e Þ-êer&ë<br />
sl¡å.å* så*w #ü'udefiþ& ecrnr*å*ged vr*,Èh Ëradw 6we &tårdå** hæy*nd<br />
&hæ ,fÍ.rwft treer æe&d werË #å.ve*r fg*¿r $ree.Ð# ü* **mpåst6 ËüFedffi#<br />
#s¡Br t¡ss and shrs*+ Scåeçt,åsns fer Ë¡êJsF teryrk æneå urt#reded<br />
çåsss*e #*Ëk pla+ø e& såeç çaad sf #redÉ fo¡*so as s**s,u,rd be<br />
xas**d þheÊ sttÉdeF*&s *f *ræpr*fiîåb e&ë å& *ååË fiåffis nf th*.s<br />
$&t<strong>Å</strong>dy h*d nmü h*d &år* bslref*Þ *f Efåå6 SÞss** üþrsE* snsd f&r¡s*<br />
y€er plffr-<br />
$* gf*dæe ffåv* ern* *tw* ff&FËem$.fi# w## ß$$*, grua*ú+<br />
ff**epe erðffi umgr-a4*d 6å*ø*e*o Ërp&w&mr wånsesg eg'[d m*$*ux Hwrk<br />
ç,L*ñ,*e#*<br />
H,n $Þåe S$s*.Sf h*.gh w*Èreæån tåe6tr**ed gå,asseg #sf#<br />
*mgfl'Íied gm ,f*r #tu*g*r#B wå&** I*{-å" tm þgå,ew &{}¡ m üesw 6&Ëe&ffi<br />
we$ s$*s&d uæ Spr a$uê*r¿üs itrs&$S.a# wflbb mgr*,sue r'*üer*w. tgr'<br />
am€ w3¡es& ftüçts wspæ *,xr th* #ä*f$ r#É#eå *þ* Fsø¡¡Ï.mr m&ryesm<br />
He# ëryår$årutmd¡ e*rd mm$*r wçe"k *t*<strong>Å</strong>{åsr¡ßs r#Ëtr* þåes*È*E{$ w$.&h<br />
*þker åèå&*,å esh$.sq-mrs *6 #€Ðffi frsF å*?åå üwo*å,*n#rÈ&ffi6 e$"pssæ#+<br />
ffher.# w&Ë &ffss#ffiIår Ër** weryEmwmt,* freun y&åp Þø yeenr åsr.to<br />
and m$t +s uher-s s*f**mg ncc*rdång tö *h& *håtérs msed#*<br />
s& e6* æåms'e*uu *ggr*ded *hr*deåÞff wÉr& må.&ff*e* ts<br />
ssß+r $he CI*$*nd*,ï&t*å *çeræ* et #tre*6 trev&& åevel, *F trStsg<br />
rpåe*e*d frpxm metu*nå¡ ø+egs*sfw þfi 'f¡ä+eåf eapaut$s*u,,<br />
Ãr¡ th* twe eryer&ds&m$ ns¡.lå,str hl#h **h**åe, s&#{rffi*<br />
Lneeå *äl¿ßçrlt# TE&r# eh*¡¡ueå&sd $.et* Eååe hi,#h selr*eå r.*a+$.ng<br />
*#HfË€ * r*$å3-& *tl* rw$t¡å&fi¡ 8ßd B*p*<strong>Å</strong>çç*å eþ${åefeûg hmd ffi,<br />
ä3
?,üt<br />
chotee Of Ëhe unlversåt,Y enbråaüê eøtlrsç ¡ <strong>the</strong> t¡,ån-lånë¡iege<br />
&enêrel rêrlps€, bhÊ nÊw g$nërel esurse rsesrxtljf dëveloped<br />
by thç teaehere <strong>of</strong> 8&nåtoba, and <strong>the</strong> tg&!ÉerÛiå,I Eouree.<br />
subJeeÈ rus,tt,er t*ught ån each qtursË wê$ thst laå"d<br />
Ëoun by ttre FÉpårt&en$ sf, &'dueetåon fn ibe prograune <strong>of</strong>'<br />
sÈndles for å,4s<strong>at</strong>tÞbå gehoole. $peeiflc textt¡esha were $]16*<br />
geråþed and provfded freø <strong>of</strong> eherge by <strong>the</strong> Þepartn¡eht ðf<br />
Educ<strong>at</strong>fan.<br />
ths ræeponsåþåtråty for bh$ tpsretÊ.ôtl Ûf t'hs $ahpol<br />
$lVfråsn sf St. Jamee L*y å.n <strong>the</strong> hende ef <strong>the</strong> eleøSeü<br />
Þoetrd. <strong>the</strong> Foard fn turn delegnted sseÀe sf fte responolb-<br />
$.11ty tc <strong>the</strong> euperl<strong>at</strong>endEnð ef eahoslg r t'ho s@srËtå,rl¡r*<br />
t¡'ð&ðî¡rËr anÊ <strong>the</strong> m*5.ntËAÉägs säpørçl,eor f.n chnrge <strong>of</strong><br />
brÀtldtn&,a. The euperå.nteþdeng n&s eeeÍ'rted tn eCInduet"lng<br />
Þhs edugÊtåon PrÞgreft þy e dlrector <strong>of</strong>, phyøJ,eaL e*ue<strong>at</strong>f.ont<br />
n h16h gçtreol. ÉÉ-ordå-ô&tør, aH ê!.Éeéfitery aupêrtflso¡tr üTdo<br />
+lementary Osxì$$ltants, en* Èhe prLneipel¡ Yfee*pr[neåp*1.<br />
çnú toaehgrs f.s esch sehooï.<br />
t*rtefn *ux[¡"åary eervj.esË fforrs aleo avalLeble.<br />
lhø SË, d&mËE äenl,th Tlnlt tÐndi¡Bted re6ut1år hsslËh eheekE<br />
asd immunÍ,s<strong>at</strong>.lon prqsreßÊ tn tbe schools anü Efltntaå.ned<br />
hsalth r€ef,r&g. fhs SË,. ,leruee Chlld üuidenee Ë[ånlc,<br />
<strong>at</strong>aff,ed witÞ ttc* sçslal warkerer e pny€he1o6tøt,f * spêech<br />
<strong>the</strong>rapl<strong>at</strong> end t øÞSrst&rlsl aËÐistgntr de*lt wlsh serfsua
cåeê& sf, ehtld welpdjUstffiewt referred t,o <strong>the</strong>m. åf,errevert<br />
guldanoer &s a part <strong>of</strong> Èhe curriüult¡Br recelved, onLy spÕr-<br />
adle <strong>at</strong>tentlon, betng }eft largel.y üa ttre hands <strong>of</strong>, e}Éss*<br />
rroË teachgrE, and wss üften igAured en$lrçly. Éorse<br />
eruns6llång had been trlÉd f,or brl.sf perf ods ' hut oBpoef'tåra<br />
by Uhe schosl divlei.on board PrsTengêd ltE bloeeomfng<br />
inte an eEtaþlXshed EtrltinuÉüs pro$râÑr<br />
<strong>the</strong> plcture prsrenteü I <strong>the</strong>refoïl e n by thc $ehoql' ilf,vfslon<br />
Ef, St. *Iasses w¿s one sf, a fis¡sll"r ¡¡t@ff Ët¡bl¡rben eehgpL<br />
Fystess ugaþ16 t0 spêhd Èûäsy wtthstrt' npproveL Ef i.te &svarn*<br />
e#nt eu¡rervle<strong>ür</strong>s, whå.eh h*d, in s gÍ¡orU tåme, grsþ$n ånto a<br />
sr¡þstantÍ,¿L, wealüby sflë. åb had aetually beeCIme üha eeeønd<br />
Iar6ee't ln å{aså.tgba, Ëte schosL Þtåt t$ångs wers odeEu<strong>at</strong>e end<br />
Herts r f*r <strong>the</strong> fltÐst Pfirt r nS$ wt thin Êhe ¡¡revå.oua bwel"ve<br />
yëê¡ls. Tl¡er:ç uaa evLdën6€ Of eommuntty intereet ê8 îdÊItr eË<br />
pgppert fsr thg sqhos}e 6ãÉr with claeaeE nag¿gÈng *.n Efse<br />
frdm få.fü,een or E{xüeen Èn ungredad rosnB$ üù ShålitÏ*f,Ève or<br />
gån ån røgular el*rereomg, &üeÐm&od.eti'sn *eeseÈ åde{iu*t'6'<br />
Lndf.ytd,u*t dffferËResÊ fn stwe and abåtfty were t'eken I'nte<br />
Csneåderå.gi.On 1n <strong>the</strong> provf,sl.on ef e Tterletg Of ëttrrteg ðr<br />
s&r*ßÍù&¡ end thEre uas evlÈê$Ge <strong>of</strong> a healthy coneern Sotr<br />
$€hðlershåF, Ê8 shË !l by coømrenity åþtef'Ëfit, l.n <strong>the</strong> rEett'€tl<br />
and <strong>the</strong> eehoetr boardtE Anard prÐSr€m whå.ch sough& ts ¡-Écqlgnire<br />
goed effert et' al"l level,E <strong>of</strong> aehÍ.eveff¡Ent. ffurühert<br />
2,5
߀ffiåin auxilå.ary särvlee$ had þecn eaËabLåsfiÊd.<br />
Hhy, tndeed, do ehLldren drop out *f tlile 6f&ÈËrË,<br />
<strong>the</strong>reby burnl.ng uhël,r Þackæ on opportunlty? gþte Elirectisn<br />
fæ whi.ch a selutton mlghÈ, be eought wås detørml.ned by ne-<br />
våew$.ng avsilablø lf.tsreture <strong>ür</strong>¡ sÍffillsr aåtüåtl"*ne ån<br />
fdørth &.mçråea and frrent BrLtefn. <strong>Å</strong> surorery ôf üI¡LE r*våett<br />
e,ppe*rs ln Êhnpter III'<br />
a6
gHÂFr&ft. ¡,u<br />
HË¡VÏ&TÉ üii' ï¡{Ë Í,IrfiäÂrühE<br />
The prublem sf' sehEel drop-outs s&E ncåÈb¡er ne¡r ln<br />
educeüLpn nâr unåqu* tð $ù. rlameõ. Ás eørly as I8?Or oråF:<br />
veys ef th6 høIdång po$6r sf, eçhoo3ø In t{orth &merlee gåv€<br />
evf.denoe <strong>of</strong>, inüeregt fn drop-et¡þgrl nnd eLnee thpt ti.me å<br />
grÞet deal sf ffist,erfal. døalån6 wåth <strong>the</strong> Èoplc hee been<br />
publL*hed. üor¡elÉerable refi.nemeuü was ¡uade 1n method,e pf<br />
ånv+*tl6*tlng <strong>the</strong> problem, and drop*ÊutË ån many dtfferenü<br />
schoçl Êy$ge!åfi rrsf@ Etudled. I,t wss <strong>the</strong>refore deEårEble<br />
th<strong>at</strong> svaflable llter<strong>at</strong>r,¿re or¡ early ssl¡øøI leaverg bE re-<br />
vfewçü f.n order to døvåEe <strong>the</strong> müðt effastÍve iastr¡rusentæ<br />
*nd methüüa f,er th* ånyër?lg<strong>at</strong>[on <strong>of</strong> Ëhe St. dsmes problem.<br />
Fr*r<strong>the</strong>ræþrË, Lt eppearçd poralb}e ühet, scmewhere ln ghE<br />
ffnglfoh*epeakfnç r*srld ühÊrs w0*ld be *.rees soeenh<strong>at</strong> sl,&*<br />
f,l"ar ta $t. Jåffe&, La whlch drop-er¡¿ ebrrdLee had yåel4ed<br />
f"wplfc*ßåorre <strong>of</strong> st,gnåfLc*nce ts thfe cnty. Ëelevsnt Í.afsr*<br />
astl.otr gaùhered I.n <strong>the</strong> revlayr <strong>of</strong> Èhe låter<strong>at</strong>ure hqø bee¡r<br />
aumnsrlsed ln thts cheptør, begtnalng ulth m<strong>at</strong>eriel orig-<br />
in<strong>at</strong>ång tn Hnnttoba, <strong>the</strong>n ån Êrnådå generelly. Thereaf,ter,<br />
drop*6p6 1ltçrsÈurË efågån<strong>at</strong>lng f.n <strong>the</strong> tlnltetl :$tetes {a<br />
I t. W. I{arrfs. &neyclopaedla <strong>of</strong> Ëduc<strong>at</strong>tenal Resesreti.<br />
(new lsrk¡ lhe *acssrirãã-trsT;-T96$j-,-$.T9.--<br />
-'
extensf.vely expLgred and, f,fnel.ly, a bråef qccot¡nt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
drop-suç situ*È1sn irt <strong>ür</strong>ea¿ FråÈafn åe gi.ven.<br />
Þrgp-sr¡¡ ËtudLeE ån tsnada<br />
*kpltEbe<br />
Þrop-6nt sËr¿üf es ån l{anåtob,a r BF t,o Igóä, håd been<br />
eonfnned }argely te bnåef st<strong>at</strong>ietÍ.eal <strong>ür</strong>e<strong>at</strong>wenËø ae found<br />
ån ycerly r€Forts o,f echool øuperånte¡rd,er¡ts and Þ{aeÊonaldrE<br />
1B6t reporb Bk me*r5.euletlon d,rop-euÈs.å Ëhe sne exeeptåon<br />
üo ßhåE etete sf aff,alr# wâs tl¡e x.9l+8 !$f.naåpeg schoo}e süs-<br />
vøy whleh de¡.ved Í.nto ühø m<strong>at</strong>ter ln Ëoar& detaiL, although<br />
t'¡rÊ Ér6F*Êrrt m<strong>at</strong>erls} srr¡$titr¡ted only a e#etl par& <strong>of</strong> a<br />
comprøhe¡rn5.vr repsrÈ sr¡ ôlee 'Wlnntpeg eehool syntem. S<br />
?hE Êerlgue uqture pf <strong>the</strong> drop*Ênt Eftustlon s.t th<strong>at</strong><br />
tlse åe reflaeted Í.n a eteted, retentåon r<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong>, onl"y fl6.,1<br />
F6* eent.4 thås ff.gnre $as þaesd øn <strong>the</strong> feet Ëh*t, ef all<br />
strth grade et¡¡dente å¡r Ktnr¡tpe& schçols i.n lgða, only 5þ,7<br />
per ce¡rt wë¡ns Í,¡r thç Êrade l,l, gradu*tån6 Er.afrE ån rg&? r a<br />
ff.$ure far þelow <strong>the</strong> 7n.3 pgr sent qr¡üted tn <strong>the</strong> sßrvey es<br />
a H' J. ssalions].d, nHho shau].d ÂttweFt <strong>the</strong> H<strong>at</strong>rLeqlarfon<br />
tourEe?* g&, ¡rgnirpJþå schoet *Iolrrnai, 2?'2 tt:is;J'l=:..<br />
1961. 3- ûonøittee on Fteld $ervleEs. fteÞert <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ûtrec*<br />
Egg Ëgfg s.cïvPv, wi¡$ipÊe ir+biic ;¡.elreoÏil-TFeþãrlffintõf,<br />
sslcgg+onr -gn*ygrÉlüy <strong>of</strong> ühteago, seprember, 1g4g), Þp.<br />
2ö5*235, t6L-277.<br />
& lbl,d., F" Êü6.<br />
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chereê&eriotåc sf seleeted urbe$ cent'er* tn ¿k¡e lJnL$ed<br />
$Ístes.5 The survey f,t¡rÈher pnovEed ehåt <strong>the</strong> mest eer$.pue<br />
Losees oecurred Þet¡uoen gr*dex ten end eleve¡¡, anÉ brought<br />
færth th¡e oçfioluef.on thå$, oIt s6Émã th<strong>at</strong>' Êhe <strong>at</strong>acept, <strong>of</strong>,<br />
mås6 edue<strong>at</strong>åon ån bflnafpeg momkens semewh<strong>at</strong>' sf,ter Srade<br />
K"*Ë ïhe reøçmrnend<strong>at</strong>åtr¡ ws6 made th<strong>at</strong> conElder<strong>at</strong>åen bç<br />
6fven to naraupång af çsurses &a aecoætrEd<strong>at</strong>e Et,udenüs<br />
ryhose neede ley ån o<strong>the</strong>r thån <strong>the</strong> unlverølty Êtttretrüe<br />
esutrsel ÀÈ tt¡a[ tå&s uhle epurse r*as fe]lowed by 6E Fer<br />
c&st sf <strong>the</strong> aenler ht#h enrolment, b*t was cerråad to fu3.*<br />
fillmenu ln utnlverei.ty Þy only lg.5 pEtr eent.? Ln qdd*<br />
åtfon tE eemments consernf.ng ttrbJeet *hengem, fsel"låtåent<br />
nsd ÍnerEaEEd enrolmentrn * furthtf rËctmanenda8la¡r was<br />
th*t grÊegôr emphaele be glver¡ tä r*çIl ånt'eSr<strong>at</strong>ed guådønce<br />
progserc$ desågtrred to orlexþ &fie stÉdent ln beruis *,Ë' brls<br />
pnn n*ede gnd erêll.ebls Gtursee, and te ånÈervi.ew etudeste<br />
droppång eqt ûf, Eehos1 as a sÊ,ê&ns <strong>of</strong> úEtermåntng <strong>the</strong> effee-<br />
tårên€sð o,f, Ëhe eEhsol progreffi. $y XË6t, Í.$.gures rsptrted<br />
by bhe Så6!ËÊË lråbgrut lndå-aeted eonså.derabLe Lmprovemenë<br />
fs <strong>the</strong> hetdlng pswer sf WÈnnJ.peg ssf¡oele. <strong>Å</strong>Imost 6É per<br />
eent sf tbe a&s 6rÐ$Þ dr¿e to gradu<strong>at</strong>e J.n Ig6ü had actual"try<br />
eompleted hågh schssl n þuË cl.oee to îÞI¡e*bh3.t'd haÉ been loEt,<br />
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ôreg ln <strong>the</strong> pfOviaCet* largest urbAn eEnber where eduea-<br />
tåsnal opportunlty t*as st a very hågh Iøvel'. ln Epibe <strong>of</strong><br />
ühå"8 r to nenBxsn wh<strong>at</strong>evEr sf <strong>the</strong> drop*su¿ problem was made<br />
f,s <strong>the</strong> reperü <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1959 tr{snf.tohe ffoyal. Ëosffiieeltn on<br />
#ûue<strong>at</strong>f.en.lü<br />
Brltt Eh $slu¡Ebls<br />
to uhe wg¡lt sf, Haal,toba, bouëver, royeX. eo&ffiåss$.stls<br />
gävs th€ Ëåtttr oameshet more ßt,tê$tten ðvefl $heugh <strong>the</strong>re<br />
werð {ndÍe<strong>at</strong>Èses th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> hoLdång power <strong>of</strong> eeheolE fmproved<br />
&s osç procgøded f,r¡rübef ïèst' In f,eeb' trBrftåah tpl"umbå.are<br />
eÊggäg gå geg Ëprr,flI Sgø4$pqtqp EF {Susef,t'Pn in I96t} sl"*imed<br />
üh<strong>at</strong> fr<strong>the</strong> ret$ntåon rEÈee fer Sråblgh t$h¡üÉþ'la setruole nre<br />
hl"gber ühåa thsË6 for aII $snada and, an far âE t&a be deter*<br />
nlpeÉ, hlghon thËË thä$€ f,or any othðr prevf.neæ.xll ËrÍtåsh<br />
Solr¡mbf.a guot,eú üsmÍalsft ffitrfêåu <strong>of</strong> $te0l'etåea fi.garoe whåah<br />
ereüÍted thfit prsvåace wlüh e åó per ceRü retentfon retÊ fËf,<br />
Sraáe eleven øtudsntÉ ån Brltlch Ëolumbla' trhÍ.le ths r<strong>at</strong>e<br />
6Lven f,or alt teaåds nf,s a fiËe¡re 3? Fer eent.lã Tt wEE nûtêd<br />
ë ' <strong>Å</strong>rtlele ln Sbg Hfg*l,p,-rs ffåÞpeg, "IuIy 3Ë, t9Ôo, p.1.<br />
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-- &gg@, <strong>of</strong> !hg, ${anttote ,EoY<strong>at</strong> tog$lggien .oF Lduca-<br />
!ågI!, .Hå9, [Hlnni,peg¡ QuËsûr s Prlnferr LV>V t ,<br />
c"r,*ull: Ëiffiå-g*ffi*mi*+*Ë$Ëfå8*ff ' rËË$ïfå .'lð:*' **<br />
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ln <strong>the</strong> wêst soåst provlnee tþ¡än f.n åùa rurel ersåc, end<br />
<strong>the</strong> reeamnrend<strong>at</strong>lon <strong>of</strong>, tl¡e Sommågefen $ag th<strong>at</strong> e study þ€<br />
saede Ef, ühe faet*rE Gð<strong>at</strong>råbutt n6 ts thåû hf.gher drop-uuü<br />
r<strong>at</strong>e, wf,th s vl.ew to $.aBrovi,ng t,he Eitust,åou ln n¡r.al<br />
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trn 1S6ü, <strong>the</strong> ËsmÈnùpn Þt*røeu pf StaËåsüåce publf.-<br />
*nÈf.sn 4frqdeçt äqggfgsü rhrøFÊþ g$ ßc<strong>Å</strong>S'gts n Þä Êr,"d,p ,L96o ,<br />
provfúed, <strong>the</strong> infsr*stl,on fn fabtE I.lI* Frerumably, <strong>the</strong><br />
4lfferenee þetwe*fi thê second grnée enrsl,seoü Lß L9¿È7-$<br />
and <strong>the</strong> eLevensh gnade enrøIsfieet Se¡r ysårs la$sr çåIl, be<br />
sa fndl.Ês,ÈåüËr <strong>of</strong> Ëþe numþers CIf, students whs have drepped.<br />
&nt <strong>of</strong> oshosl durång <strong>the</strong> tntErvpL, TheEo Såtê are eubJeet<br />
tË srm+ cr{tlclcn l.nesmueh aa th*y tskE nr &,êsouut, sf,<br />
etüüent rst'erdåt3.nn on popul<strong>at</strong>l.Êa ffior8ßsßt, bråü th6y do<br />
lndåe<strong>at</strong>e, roughly, thü hsldång power *f, a prev$noers<br />
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cloee sesend ts $f;ltåsþ flolumbfs l"r¿ retsntÍpn <strong>of</strong> puptlo et<br />
ths 6råde eleven levEl¡ but if eyutesns ere eoæpared åü lE<br />
Il åÞåÉ., p. ¡*g,<br />
1& g*od"¡rt Proeræes Throunh <strong>the</strong> $ehools. þîr trade.<br />
19P9, Ð onlãffit<strong>ür</strong>ffifl.$üEr¡ e;-Eft¡r-Effi ' ÐTïlffi '<br />
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.þf Ën+4e' åffiü.n $omånîán Hreau <strong>of</strong>,EailÍã"sffi.*ffiñ¿lã1ffi-'<br />
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possiblê ts cpnei.der ÀIbetrts r s rËt€<strong>at</strong>åon rasE lrågheet <strong>of</strong><br />
ell, slnce f.ðs 6rade eleven €Ðures 6ùver ent,råacë to<br />
flret yëÊr uaåverøåty, wtriLE eh6 ÞrÍtleh tal*sbia etudent<br />
rnuÉt conpl"ebs yet åno<strong>the</strong>r year te Echfevø Lhe FaffÊ $teüus.<br />
H,etenüi.sn ln thls ¡ef,ê-uhiverelty yÊår le ¡nueh lE$er fu¡<br />
Ërltlah Getn¡mbåe<br />
The hågb rêtes<n rôÈ6 X.n <strong>Å</strong>trberta {E notEwêffihy<br />
bgcauoe å,ü appears to be tbe product ðf, extsnçfve Lnterest<br />
end lnv€st,f,g&8å"os. fhe ft¡qqry gg Såg Þeval Ë,geglgslp$ gÉ<br />
Ë{ge<strong>at</strong>åqn åg &l.þæflg nesed t'}ååt, Xr* f956, bhe fottorrlng<br />
#êFe not i.n sehoslt 3t5ån (Êã per eenbì *f <strong>the</strong> l$-ysEr*<br />
pXd.E, 6r$6g {4¿} pêr ËËst} <strong>of</strong> thE l?-yêår*eld.s, lI}192 l?L<br />
psr cenü} <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1É-fesr-alds,I9 The &gËgËÉ, etffiwenteü<br />
Èhet n<strong>the</strong> s$art1lü¡g declf.aa fn tbe enrs"trmEnte <strong>of</strong> Ehese<br />
4&S ffrtBrpÉr,,çEtrflrrue t'he Langø crlr&berg <strong>of</strong> EÊude<strong>at</strong>ff drÍ.ft-<br />
f,ng ånü* aeeiety wl<strong>the</strong>ut eêegu<strong>at</strong>e ødr*E<strong>at</strong>åe¡.nl6<br />
Fr<strong>of</strong>essar Ë. B. ötEek <strong>of</strong> t'he Unåveroåty <strong>of</strong> ål"berüa<br />
qsnduoted Et'ndùes ts drop*st<strong>Å</strong>gs wi¡lch w&rÊ gi.ren eongådEr-<br />
¿bIE ettsngi.ea ån th* &gpgäg,"I? Hs fout¡ú <strong>the</strong>Ë approxlm<strong>at</strong>Ely<br />
å3 pËr e@þt,'<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EtudsritÊ who wnete grnde nfne e¡camlËa*<br />
Bfont Ln Ig59 aehåeved ffi,Erê <strong>the</strong>a sne yÊ&r <strong>of</strong> h16h salraoJ.<br />
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Èhe äoval tomsiEeion on i[d,uc<strong>at</strong>ion ln<br />
-Tfi e-ÇffinTãffi , -I95gT;l .-36:l?<br />
<strong>Å</strong>$8" P' ¿+ü'
and ib weg f,ur<strong>the</strong>r eEGi,ffietsd thaÈ thls reFresêäÈed eþout<br />
hal.f <strong>of</strong> &he ori.gS.nal 6rûÉp enroll.ed In 6nade sné. Slackts<br />
tnveetlg<strong>at</strong>'f.s,n alse peinUed up hlghcr d,rCIp-sut r<strong>at</strong>e.E Ln ns¡¡-<br />
m<strong>at</strong>rt eulÉttøn prågråües er¡d lov*er heldång p€?rer nn sn¡al.ler<br />
htgh sehssls,lS<br />
Ehe S,pppåt eoneluded¡<br />
Hnctr mËre evÍdoace $*ìteg bê rought, but on<br />
tl¡e þanås sf Bhe feeËo aral,J"abl-e cerúaln eo&*<br />
el"ueåens are beyoud üåøp<strong>at</strong>e. f'l¡e gverr*he}ffitng<br />
meJ*rLty ef pup{Ls $hs reqnåre beaåe<br />
edt¿est$.En and oeeup*tiosal end gemå*çlrtl.led<br />
trelntng are beånê dnmped Í.fitû soeåeay as<br />
gømå*l"lterntE edal.eeeefitñ, lks-tl¡årds <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong><br />
puptls nlro eould sesempLåeh üeef¡nteal. e$d<br />
ottrer advanced Frogreus ìrêvsr eompLete h$6h<br />
Eehoçl. ,ilns-bh$.rd <strong>of</strong> bhosÉ str¿dëtrtç uho Fevo<br />
ühe hlghesb educståonsl F<strong>at</strong>Ëßtlf,I *nË whç<br />
mf-gh$ aonompl*.*b alæoet anythLng bhey mtght<br />
$et, üut üo maøSor *r nst fånleh hÍgh sehool.<br />
Tbe serf.ÐHsnees sf <strong>the</strong> e[t,r¿åÈåo* urg€,s<br />
inquåry ånts ourråcuïum, <strong>of</strong> prøvåslons fsr<br />
odue<strong>at</strong>,lon, end particularS"y"gf comnnnity<br />
ettLþudeg'townr& educ<strong>at</strong>lsn.<strong>Å</strong>s<br />
The &epfrrt f,urtÞ:ipr nÐtes <strong>the</strong>s ftffç smaLl part uf e<br />
diELaelånåtÍ,ön tewarde sdue<strong>at</strong>åon ft&¡r be treeed te ÊÉt-üf-<br />
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l-eveXed otrong erttf.El.sm et thts a6e <strong>of</strong> þechnLeal. sdvanee-<br />
Befi& wirfeh BsêÉs Ëo bê eheractsrised by oelf,-i.ntereaü i Ên<br />
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&Ëe ln whiqh buge dEf,er¡ee budgeto er¡rgr.<strong>Å</strong>ffre ens-ühtrd üf ell<br />
nsglonaL revenueE but tn wåi.eh sne*tàårÈi.egh f,qr educ<strong>at</strong>l"on<br />
i.o bø$rudgedi an ege fn r*håeh enterteåfigre enel <strong>at</strong>htsgsfr<br />
and unEkiLred labor åäpn mrrå <strong>the</strong>r¡ teaehere, rhe &ìtgpgry<br />
ssË'*d fs.nally Bb<strong>at</strong> *,..bhe fubure <strong>of</strong> ysrrüh and EhE åeve¡.<br />
<strong>of</strong> odue<strong>at</strong>tr sn whi,oh thüy wårt se¡,rj.evø rely suþsËan$telry en<br />
ferceg wÍthor¡t thË ËËhgol,oãf,<br />
ttre lleqprt deerb brtef't"y rcisÌr çd,r¡og&J.pnel. waeÊage<br />
end recpmme$åded tr<strong>the</strong>t <strong>the</strong> ser<strong>Å</strong>ee <strong>of</strong> #rop*61¡¿$ åffirÍ!ffi, gffüed<br />
øt'uûent's þe gtudfêfl ffiÞrë J.nsenaf"ve3"y end thsü remedLes be<br />
nrught bs reduoe <strong>the</strong>m.*Ëä<br />
ådd5.tx.ona¡. ro<strong>at</strong>erÊ.er on dre¡r*sr¡üa erågf"netång ån<br />
Alþerta lneruded two æaeùere ilreeae, che firet by ¡lißtrÊ<br />
ünah<strong>at</strong>y å.n t95*rä3 a*d <strong>the</strong> eeEond 'by ü. d. Íleneler fr*<br />
r9ôe'å& ßueh<strong>at</strong>yre þhesåæ h*d þeen enmpl.eteÉ snd was avslr*<br />
aþle prf.or to <strong>the</strong> üsffiffienüËffie&t ef thx,E etud¡r, tåle i.sveeti*<br />
g<strong>at</strong>'i.on wås & fpllow*uP üë,r¡dy and aought ts LÉÉlete cåqseË<br />
a,f d,røp-sr¡Èü tn Ësuthsrä å.T.berta, The sEuhsd øf, f.nv*Etl-<br />
&etfon çolrsf,sted <strong>of</strong>, maåI.tng a qu*rblÈrir¡sårq Us 5ü3 f$rËer<br />
EtudËlrtñ, anarycx.ng th* lüj re;¡l"f.eo and eemparång Èhe<br />
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tþ+q.n *. âfrL,<br />
, â3 þ{etro fiuohetyn &n <strong>Å</strong>n<strong>at</strong>-yote o.f, tsueee <strong>of</strong> }fåsft<br />
pghgor <strong>ür</strong>op*6,ì¡ts tn sohúhern åïbärte, lgtÌ?-tg5r. (uãËuu*<br />
llEhed Hssrçrte <strong>the</strong>eis, tÍnlversity <strong>of</strong> ¡truertå, igÈel.<br />
*l+ &erdgn olsmee l*angior¡ å{tgl¡ $ehsol <strong>Å</strong>.}rep-s¡¡¿s.<br />
fen üase Sludåee <strong>of</strong>, llrep-snü& in tËe Aeedfà $ãf¡äei ûåvj.eàon.<br />
tenpr¡brtshed *{asreri a r$¿eaÈs, t¡nrvsrslty-er åil;e;rq;-iiõãil'
36<br />
reÊr¡Its ffåt¡r tweut,y pereonelly coadu<strong>at</strong>ed inEervi.ews <strong>of</strong><br />
drop-s¿¿*. Tåre maiLing riet ¿rÍ,d &sÈ ee¡lgü$.Ër¿të å Gaffiplete<br />
lået e{ tl¡e dÍ'Þp-sipgE for <strong>the</strong> st<strong>at</strong>e{i f,our-yean<br />
peråod ån <strong>the</strong> år8å üueh*ty desrÈ wlüh, He <strong>at</strong>test,ed te a<br />
hi6b døgree Ef eorrespondesce beþtreen thÊ inbervx.orç snd<br />
queråfonnalre qe$heds øf ge<strong>the</strong>råag Í,nferw<strong>at</strong>,fon.<br />
rhe qu*ståsnnalre rhloh dtauhasy uaed ealled fsr<br />
feetqåår ånfsrwåtfsn sueh s# å#s, eehaor and grade laet<br />
stt'rndpd, pr€s.6nt earnång porsÈr, oeeup<strong>at</strong>åøn ef pærenÈe,<br />
ee well et op*nf.ene sråeh aa ^fevsråtiø eubJeçtg, tr€&üorÈg<br />
f,ør lsavín$ *chø*L, <strong>at</strong>t,Íûn¿dee tE edue<strong>at</strong>Êsn aad advteen<br />
enú euggegþleftE fer eurråsr¡Iue Lnprovøment, w"herever<br />
epf.nåsno w&re reqnlrod etrßf,tåçnE bsnded ts Iåê ro sÊn*<br />
esrtle$Ëd e$ gÉ 6Í,re venlety Ef, ebgice ån <strong>the</strong> an$wer, &ë<br />
well e& te nend,er <strong>the</strong> Lasommtlon returned. <strong>at</strong>rbJecÊ te<br />
Eeel an*Ly<strong>of</strong>.e. fhe fal"lowlng eample üêkea frEm suehetyr6<br />
guortåonnal.re p<strong>of</strong>,nte np <strong>the</strong>*c qualttåeøl<br />
Lü. ltow valuable dc yËu ôo*s{d.gr Hågh ffic}¿ool<br />
Êd*csüi,on È0 bë? <strong>the</strong>Eh f,/I Þnê.<br />
(al lery uEefu1 end valusble<br />
{b} iJseiul snd vali¡eb}e<br />
{*i itae nE part,i.eular us6 or value<br />
{d¡ &lss certeiu *åesdventagee<br />
i*¡ .le-e-*rçttuet wesËe <strong>of</strong>-eIms end manfty.25<br />
{i*sh*tyrs fåndångm poånted st¡t el€$e&Þs sf &&r€ÊËËh<br />
Ë5 trnEh<strong>at</strong>yr pË" g¿g., ¡¡Bgnqtix,
ån lar6er +Chooln, compuluory <strong>at</strong>èendence anei 6uXd&Bê8,<br />
tpuysE <strong>of</strong>ferlngs, ao ühey existwd ab ô!¡aÈ üåæe r î'¡€¡.e gÕsd<br />
prðpsråËlea fer Hnår&rslty but w&rë Etrsiost wbolly ôßådeËÊlc<br />
åBd Herê thËref&ro retih*r ånadeqir<strong>at</strong>e ts <strong>the</strong> ¡ìeËdü Of <strong>the</strong><br />
f,arnr{ng dist,rlet, ån rllhåch ðhe lnvestigaÈ5;<strong>of</strong>n se6 tondusted.<br />
WeakneaoÊs dðË€üted f$ bhe pehool. *ystsøm ineluded ðåreest'ie<br />
üeaehers, leek <strong>of</strong>, lromer*ork efåeckång, IaElr sf, gex educeti.ont<br />
Isek <strong>of</strong> fl.eNåbfJ,åty,n ÐIfersrswüång, laek <strong>of</strong>, vss<strong>at</strong>,{onal trsåI¡*<br />
*.ng. åt wes àadf,c<strong>at</strong>,eú thåË f.mpr*ve'rr*nt eirst¡Ld þe ln <strong>the</strong><br />
di,reetÍ+n çf more GonnËel[*nË, &tr€ deb<strong>at</strong>i.ng an$ *peeeh<br />
Uraflnnng, @orê teaehfng <strong>of</strong> lres üÈ sütå{y f ffi&re varåety Ín<br />
rfir¡rs@ effør,ån6e.å6<br />
Bågt¡q¡F. Ê$Êq$€ :<br />
Ërom IS3ù uo X$ÉË r ec$erdf-ng tø Srehsuüå? and ths<br />
Sanadlan Ëdrc<strong>at</strong>f.sn .frseoefabÍon fiq${nerv¡ P{ $$BSSåê$ Tbppps<br />
ån ËduEeüf.on IPSS*I96ârâS onLy tue eüher ßå$t6rs't'hêsos<br />
dealt wf"th ühe pnoÞt.am <strong>of</strong>, drop-outs Lu tanåÉe. fhe fåret '<br />
uô åþås'' n P' r2ü'<br />
3? wtlt*rd Ílreha¡åt r A r¿uar-ter $gntpqt Pf S$ucaÈåsneL<br />
ãteseËr.cÌJ_ ¡.n .$åå4S,S., fq3t-I.955' Iloronto: Unlversify ']f<br />
Torobts, 1958, .<br />
s8 uÐnedåån åìdue<strong>at</strong>sen Âseetå'åËtro& r äeåiqlf,¡r gg ggg*<br />
ffi*å,ï*fff;å-#ffi u' iåäËiåfr ;;i-fiiitii.;,<br />
1.963), I3. ât.<br />
37
y üobån S<strong>at</strong>rhrPg lluted varions r€åB{¡ne for pupllø leavf"ng<br />
pllblie eebçol, whLl"e <strong>the</strong> eecond, by JaequelJ,üe l¡. Ëauteher,<br />
*ealt wlth numbere <strong>of</strong> drop-eute ln ile¡r Ërunewie8 tii,gh<br />
aehooLa *nd røI<strong>at</strong>ed reaeone üs &ËBr grader ÊGJ{, and t,yËe sf<br />
seà¡osÏ.3Ú Soth origln<strong>at</strong>ed tn Se* Brunswfck and nei.ùher was<br />
avallaþl,e fer rÊrrå6r* prf.or Èo þþô eüHffiçslseffient <strong>of</strong> tht E<br />
euudy. {,}th6f ÛanEdåan lI.ter<strong>at</strong>trrË Ðr¡ Uhe etlpåe ga¡nE out ef<br />
üntarl,g.<br />
îhe f¡eet,9åê $tglty<br />
Àl"Èhougir t,t¡e L95r) ¡teport og [hs iional C,s#Ffe$lon g4<br />
S$r*qpt$..pn 1q ü,$F,+rfp mede ns senÈ*on af ühe problem <strong>of</strong> drop-<br />
nuüEn3I <strong>the</strong> Csnadå,ar¡ Resesrsh Ënmmftte& sn lsraet'i.eel" lilduea*<br />
tlsu prt{uced two rep*r$s w}låeþ slcnlt, w$.$h thE prøbLøann<br />
Tour thlld teavea $chool. asd llettar Schoollns fcr üanadi.an<br />
låÞ3þ, i"n 195ü *nd 1951 reopecblvsly.Så I,n X.96L1 Lewfe s.<br />
å9 $ubtu Ssî{hr The l}çEtÍ.nståsn <strong>of</strong> Ðtr*denue Iieavång<br />
tho Fubll.e $chosl $ywßem fn tho ffia}f,fax ä*rtxno¡¡th årea,<br />
1959*6Sr (unpuþliæhbd ÞtrssÈerts thssåe, tfralveroåty Ef t$iå¡c<br />
Þrunrvåókn 196¡.¡,<br />
3t Ju*qnellne $. B$ueher, å Study <strong>of</strong>, srup*suts fn<br />
Hæw ffirunswåck l{J.gh Í3c}¡sol.e, (unpublf shed åieef"erre üheal.s,<br />
ti¡råveraJ.ty <strong>of</strong> HEtr Sru¡rn¡úek, 196âl,<br />
3I Íi*o*rt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lùpyst tamæåesion on Ëduc<strong>at</strong>,åon f.n<br />
üqtesie, (mffiEl ffiã ETãFe-Wr9-¡oTî- -<br />
3å G¿naqfan tteçsårch tosmittee orl Fr*crlest iidusa*<br />
tf,on, Sgq¡g gþå¿Ê le*vee tEhq.ql, ttqrosts¡ tanedísn $dues*<br />
ti or¡ -<br />
*ËñËiãffi ,-TFFõÏ ¡ ægggg Þ-chu<br />
¡¿ tine, f-or ÇtanariåEs<br />
Touth, {torontsi' cåiraåían ¡iaffifffi ff,$TT-<br />
38
39<br />
Be<strong>at</strong>tle, førmen s*peråntandent Ef $eeondarj¡, &åducab$.sn l.n<br />
ünÈario, prepered a sT;udy, T&Ê llpveloBmel¡ù g{ $!_r¡dent<br />
Fgqgpqi*f , in ç¡|¡loh t,he reperts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> üænadlsn åleeeareh<br />
torsmågBse w6rå revf el*ed, areng wl.üh EÈher relevant drop-<br />
snt meteriaLSS Thts faeÈ, eompled wf.ttr i"Ès gärrËEsÍr<br />
rendered $c*tt'let* str¡dy ffiorå oågnlfåear¡ü fEr <strong>the</strong> purpossg<br />
Ef, ShÍ"a lnvesËfg<strong>at</strong>åon.<br />
ËeaüÈåete et,udy ws& ÐFrs sf, a çerLee prepared pråuar*<br />
Í.ly *e dtleumE¡rtåtLen fpr <strong>the</strong> 196ä tansdLen tEnf,erpace üa<br />
$dup<strong>at</strong>åon. LÈ;ls ûtludy csvered tho brùader topi.e pf sbudçnt<br />
FÐt€<strong>at</strong>iâl a¡rd i.ts dsvstopment, and H&Ð $st esnfÈned ntråetJ.y<br />
üo oar¿see and trget¡asnt øf dr*p-6s¡9, ïhs plan e"f ghë study<br />
ç*n$f.süed Bf a revÍ.ew ef, reäearch ,fÉ.¡cdÉ.ngr $åårÈty Ín $anada,<br />
al.Shougtr #sme .frCIsË aþroed wÈr.6 lneJ.üdod, tegpt har wåth sn<br />
analyeåE and Eq¡nclrnf.or¡s resehsd åa cCIne{¡l.t<strong>at</strong>åpn w{th tweaby<br />
promånont, trånådten sdueeüore, lhe Ðtrün6 ünnadåan slavor<br />
mede ftE<strong>at</strong>Èier w <strong>at</strong>udy par*å.c*lerLy ral-*reRt bö thê ånveotlga*<br />
ü;!"on pf, $8' *[aÞeË dro¡r*ggçs, al$hnu6h <strong>the</strong> J,o6åeal develop*<br />
¡nent ef bbe Sop$..e Êf str¡dssÊ pegsr¡ti.åt bron6ht, ån ssne<br />
mâterf.al npß df"reeËl"y relEbcú ts th$.Ð i.nvesUå6eü1.ûn.<br />
l'hE foreword eet a ÈÉ$s sf r<strong>at</strong>åsnel *Bpre*EsI <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
drop-6¿ç n$.üu<strong>at</strong>ian; åt nûted tfiet sIl wå¡o úrep EHt shgr¡ld<br />
tråËtr--å,<br />
33 LesLs $. Be<strong>at</strong>t.te, The ÐEvelopmant <strong>of</strong>, $ti¡donü<br />
{utt***a: rire cániläaFTãñ-ffie-ãn-ãffiion,
4Ü<br />
nGü nec6sear¿1y have been køpt in thc <strong>at</strong>rsaru u<strong>at</strong>il th6y<br />
eompleted bf,g,h mehpol. end <strong>the</strong>refsrE &re ntt' wesbed ÞoÈarr-<br />
Èlel.3& åasie have €hË çapåeåty f,or f,ur<strong>the</strong>r eehoolfng end<br />
would pr<strong>of</strong>it Þy øtayf*tg l"onger, bnt ffiåey dreep euÈ fer<br />
e¡csol"lçnt reagone and erç þe$tEr eut thaR 1n' There are<br />
otluer r{êys sf ebtaån5.n& forsal trn5.niag and sf addtng<br />
Xnfsrmally to thË devslnpment' <strong>of</strong>, ahill, and. knsr*l.edge tbroughsut<br />
eaets lLfe.<br />
Hqwevsr, tü weg sado elEar thüt ühe generaL iuport'ance<br />
and velue <strong>of</strong>, eduenttEn ssflE beeoming ffiôre und mare eyf.dent Í.n<br />
thst ocenp<strong>at</strong>åsne 1n shfllsd and ssel*Ehlllçd c<strong>at</strong>øgorå*E Èn<br />
t,ho $årl"f alxtå€s åecäHEtçd fnl' abo$t tlre*tbård <strong>of</strong> all Jebs¡<br />
but two-Ehlrdð <strong>of</strong>, students l.n schoole left beforç obtel.nf.ng<br />
*ucugh educ<strong>at</strong>flen bqn treå,n fsr ekf.Ilgú or pr<strong>of</strong>eæcl.onsl. wotrk.<br />
Thereforen tws-sbi.rÉE <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lnbor .fqres î{arê Güepe$lËËi f,or<br />
one*thÍ-rd ü.f, t'he ¡obe.35 Â, üeterrorthy l"åni.uetÍott Éri &he<br />
fm¡lrevenenü <strong>of</strong> tfils etüu<strong>at</strong>Lon ls th<strong>at</strong> ths e$oe<strong>at</strong> ef a äÈs*<br />
donttE edr¡eaüi"sn wlll depend upsn hÍ,e perase+l eapsbllttÍ,Ës<br />
aE well sE thø diverslüy <strong>of</strong> opportuîrtty <strong>of</strong>.fe"td.3Ô $ütver-<br />
<strong>the</strong>lees, <strong>the</strong> gåtr¡<strong>at</strong>,ion eeemed to þe aÊÐre aerrte thân neçÊos*<br />
ary beeauÐe Ëtwo-t'hi.rds ef all lndlvåduels snd prababl,y<br />
about half <strong>of</strong> thoeo h¡he eouJ.d do ao, fai.I to complete a<br />
34 r,b,åd,., p. r. 35 rbr.d., p. g ,Ë r,brd. n pr l¡Þ,
egulår hlgh gshool ç.or¡ree.o3?<br />
&ne brlghü fiÕte Tü&8 s$l¡$ded. å&any tanadían drop-<br />
ruts ffc enrel ln e<strong>the</strong>r eaur$es. üvÈtr åÜrtÜÕ øtt¡dents were<br />
Enrelled ln eeeond*,ry cchoal €srre&Pendenee sguråË& i an<br />
eqffiI ntrsber ssrs artlelsd f.n epprentå.seEhåp êtusâês¡ and<br />
þhoaEando sÈre ïrsr& sütendLa& pr:lraUe trade anÉ buolnËsa<br />
aehssle.Ss<br />
Beett,lørg etudy AIso oxpl<strong>of</strong>ed thê tåt¡seE and Bêt'htds<br />
<strong>of</strong> tre<strong>at</strong>eent <strong>of</strong> Érop-ottþ' lie guoted tork:<br />
l.n nosb $&Ées sehool w{thdr"susl reeult'e<br />
fr*m a mutr'tÍplietty <strong>of</strong> faeßE¡sr.çhfcil whør¡<br />
upør<strong>at</strong>fng, SobebhÊr- Pre*ent <strong>the</strong> t'ndtvldunt<br />
Etueenl äeemlngty firrotubte prøblens r*hùeh<br />
*:-:tt.l$ut eeãtiv meet bv wiÈhdrar*{n6 'frEm<br />
Ée*ttÍ"e edd€dt<br />
ShsËever thg external oËt*FÈ's appear to<br />
bs, thE raaL e&'u6ê lles ln tf¡e PBP+I rË 16*<br />
*icúfen te &þsüô. Ëhey may recåsee hie msraLE<br />
to ttte point wlrerE hãå hab bo change hla<br />
Ànvårnnfuenü tÊ r<strong>at</strong>sf.n hXe swn eelf,*reEBeet'<br />
Our obJectåve Ehould be ts Prerent thås<br />
subJeetlve reeetlon by rgroelftng <strong>the</strong> ext'erns1-cål¡s€s<br />
wtiish ÊrËàGe it.+u<br />
Þç<strong>at</strong>tle fur<strong>the</strong>r qu*ted Ënnadfsu lteeeareh tomrnü.t"Èee<br />
sn Frasüt,Cgt Sidug<strong>at</strong>$.on d<strong>at</strong>s tR ë&ÊSeE ef drt¡r-sp1' ae llgted<br />
by t,eachsf$ end let*r by <strong>the</strong> umpleyed drOp-Outa. S'$reenent<br />
betîdoen teachers and pupålæ *n r.ê>ns tres ïË1ly clùsÊ'<br />
17<br />
4Û<br />
<strong>Å</strong>þå$. r F. ßl,<br />
åþ9,.<br />
3& åþå*. , glr ä¿'..<br />
å.r<br />
39 <strong>Å</strong>.þ,¿g., Ë. 2?.<br />
6t uHivrnsz)<br />
LIBRARY<br />
9F tt+n¡lrroeA
lhe ruals r€åððn& gtren wêtrc tbpse releted t*r eehoo} n euçh<br />
ae eubJeeÈe, tgeehers, Iaeh <strong>of</strong> lnteroøt,, and eeenømåe r€8.*<br />
øoag eueh ss pðrêntsL sttlt'ude and eieko*u*.41<br />
Se<strong>at</strong>ülere øtuÈy th*a marahalled tblnklng f*r en<br />
<strong>at</strong>taek sn th€ ex8ernel foreee which cåuse dr*p-s¡¡ç by breair-<br />
Éng eauoes down i.nt* fsur e<strong>at</strong>ogoråee, ååe }abellE
l+3<br />
FrgbåþLy best aeeommud*bød by fårm $re<strong>at</strong>sent sr¡cþ êö <strong>the</strong>t<br />
meted sut by <strong>the</strong> C*tgåry tlchuol Bsard. There <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
expelled.<br />
3. Iueck <strong>of</strong> opportunlty. Li.e$.þçd csuree eelectlons<br />
and }aek <strong>of</strong> d{vereif,åsd grouplng ån Em<strong>at</strong>ler eahsoLe f.e a<br />
neëe* eå¡¡ss <strong>of</strong>, wåthdrawsl.& Sompuåeøry aüüendance to age<br />
fåfÈeon yÈsffl keepr cbfldron i,n aehooJ., but eftcr tlrnt<br />
p<strong>of</strong>au rurel enrolmento drðp <strong>of</strong>,f, seyere}y eounpared wå$h ttrðt<br />
<strong>of</strong> Larger urban schsols. Ln ef,f,e¿t, s Frðgram suff5.eåently<br />
r*råed te meet thø neeûe <strong>of</strong> i.ndiv$.duale Ls essentlal to a<br />
hlgh level <strong>of</strong>, f¡oldf.r¡g pohrsr.<br />
l+. Ë*elc <strong>of</strong> meang* Ëontånr.r&flee <strong>of</strong> fprrnal sdwe<strong>at</strong>lCIn<br />
Íe depeädenb on au,ffåctent fr¿nds.[5 Tl¡e Assocåetfsn dr$idu*<br />
qetåsn du Quebsc f,ound,, in lte s<strong>ür</strong>rsy <strong>of</strong> grads osyÊn ËSu-<br />
d-*nt'sr th<strong>at</strong> ûver þalf bhe dres*suts aù *hÍ.s X.evçI w6trs f,rsm<br />
Ëhe t$g IswE*f ef, nåne ånseme brsstrtsts. The pereonta&e <strong>of</strong><br />
drop-sstE nl*o ånensasod rnpf.dl,y wåth ñhø ef.Ee ef <strong>the</strong> faniXy,<br />
Xt ,,e alss probnble <strong>the</strong>È avaålabtlÍty <strong>of</strong> gobe may be a lure<br />
ss L&åve Echgol. $ome rért <strong>of</strong> f,fnaneåal esÍ¡l<strong>at</strong>*ncð &ppesf&<br />
üse&ûÊary tr rctqån Low lneesnç famfLf.es nn schoEl. euebec<br />
gårs paymønt,e oÍ'tøn dollera pêr month tE çash fenlly wlÈh<br />
a sixüsên* to eåghts6¡1*f,s8r-E1d l,n sehool.<br />
& ¿Þåg. , p. 3[i.<br />
&5 åþåg", F, 33,
Be<strong>at</strong>tåøt s shrrdy propooed eelutf,Eno ryh5.ah lneludeú<br />
ura<strong>Å</strong>nly lncroaned 6uldenee, f.n thæ brcadeet se¡raê, dåvereity<br />
<strong>of</strong> opporüunl"Èy, arrd i,ncree"ged f-Inancfsl aåd to €tudenüE"S6<br />
Farent.n ehor¡ld partlclpsto more inÊenslveLy in<br />
e<strong>at</strong>ablf.shLng geod hnÞåt*, aßüf.tudee snd fn fesili,t<strong>at</strong>ùng<br />
etudy <strong>at</strong> høæe. fhey must al,ao Bnsw whers te Èurn f,or aql*<br />
viae ån t,heEe n<strong>at</strong>tere. llosas end $shool AssscfaÈlono,<br />
þçttar reportlng, Berson*I !.nt'ervl.ewan ful.ler lr¡fErmettsn<br />
on coutrBss, ffiors favsrablË rêeÐgnåtion given to sobeLår-<br />
ehåp, expended guidanee sr¡É cøn*rEeÀIlng ån t"h& srbouls,<br />
aad Í"nereaeed êê*Ep6ps,tf.Ðn bgüwacn åndu*t"ry end She edt¡sq*<br />
tlpnal sfstaffið werË all. faceta uf * prt&råæ f.ntended te<br />
ü.apreve thÊ &€$ôrsl <strong>at</strong>tltr¡ds ts Ëchol.erøIrfp and to lnerea$ç<br />
ühc hstdlng pouer <strong>of</strong>, sehoels. thE af,m, pf çauresù Íret to<br />
mrtår<strong>at</strong>e pøopte ts ïtant to Eehtene weLl f,R scheol, and<br />
requi.r*d r*åsf,oreeuent ln bhe ,fefs, ef, a ¡clde rångs <strong>of</strong> op*<br />
S<strong>ür</strong>tuntrty før sduü<strong>at</strong>åon. ,åceasnod<strong>at</strong>f.ng tht tsl"entE <strong>of</strong><br />
tndårlduøl* 'by streeneLng, f,løsåbfJ"åEy wlt'þln she clsøsrsom,<br />
dåverei.fÈcstÍoa af eeureee fn sÊsondary echools wtth sÞB-<br />
ÊurrÊnt uqlntenanee <strong>of</strong> etendarÉo, reprÐsent ûpportunlty <strong>at</strong>'<br />
Èt,a þeet.47 Ff.naltf . tÕ make .fut}est uEe ef pnapoCIed<br />
Luprovements, financial afd froæ <strong>the</strong> federal govetrnment,<br />
desågned te equelåse edueetlonel gppsrtunltf, ae $elL as<br />
å6 .$.håg., u. t+rJ.<br />
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eÉç@ tbç deslsten ôf t',ht Yout'h aþeuü ts msåse up hå.s sind<br />
sbsnt €OhÐgI. ln eny ûåse, Gërü*fu¡ ChereeterågtLeg Of, t,he<br />
drop-Eug så.t'astf.*a r€eurrsd biffie Ef,t'er tf'ffiê sad <strong>the</strong>ge hava<br />
fgræed <strong>the</strong> bsstç for nqUsh êf <strong>the</strong> remsdåsl work undErtaken.<br />
fhe ehers*ter¡.*tlee hereafüer IåEtød rËSreEentsd<br />
gkê e$BïåL<strong>at</strong>tvo fiadlngs <strong>of</strong> many ånveetåg<strong>at</strong>srs wåÈh ç€rteån<br />
euse$audång Epecf.fie Lnst'sneeE såt*dr but th€y $êrÞ nût tö<br />
Þe l.ngErpreted as çharacterlçÈle <strong>of</strong>, eLl drEp*ûutñ all over<br />
tho United $t<strong>at</strong>ee.<br />
L. Þrup*gq6s Ts6re genorally rËÞerggd et l'east' one<br />
graåe. tåvångeÈ&ars etudy showød Ëküt elgbuy*f,o$.r per ees¡t,<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gror¡p he deelt wtth ï6re rctårdêd two g,rad,*".?ä<br />
7å <strong>Å</strong>. åIugh ttvln&etann *flEy ts thp<br />
<strong>the</strong> Slesentary $chocl,* Sågg&9êË[ F.SÞS$4<br />
Februa¡ln Ig5P.<br />
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Z. Srnp-¿¡¿s Þ$ere ånelLned to parstcipete ïery<br />
Itt,tle ln extrp-currågulsr setlvLíLøø. tlvångsüen gub*<br />
$þsnuf.ste$ tble hy e6aÈeebs wi.tþ fúrrnüer t'eechera aa wEIl<br />
ae èhe drop-o*t *.73<br />
3. Aa a lowen I.Q, rånge, ffurk fo¡¡wd ühet pixsy-<br />
Êhrô6 S€r E6nt hed tr,*.rË aboyø ntneüyr?& u*t Tesseneen<br />
rêp<strong>of</strong>ts$ e number sf Eurveys lrr whieh dropr-6¡t¡ I.{û,?Ë<br />
wårê nuüabty Is$er <strong>the</strong>n &hÞse <strong>of</strong> graduut*u.?5 ïlnqueetlan-<br />
ab,Iy, ssgs dr*p*sîttg hgd gaoú i..d.rg snd rdelf,þel.n r€port,êd<br />
<strong>the</strong>t ene år¡ EÍ.¡süeen had eollege Leîret abfllty'?6<br />
¡å, ffrop-ouËs tended ts ogms frøn e rsesk þome sr<br />
øne brokorr by élvoree or deaÞh. $nepp fçumd sevÞBty ã|er<br />
têBÈ ef drep*ûn&s fn ghtg e-etegory,??<br />
5, Ilrgp*or¡te TdårÊ ge**rally ehå3.dren ef, perente<br />
wlm q¡çrke# <strong>at</strong> nnskåLleû Joba. Låv$"ngetflnrs sbÈdy sf e}em*<br />
êetery drop*çg¿s uhewed ðhât eå6hüy-¡ng $)sr eent hsd,<br />
?3<br />
Ëå<br />
g¡6p rlut<br />
19öö,<br />
T5<br />
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ffit<br />
77<br />
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tåÍrgtl $Êr¡rk, tå FsllEeË-up $tudy on $tucleÌr$$ Who<br />
<strong>of</strong> $chsolrB ft.å.9.9.P. Ë9!!gþå9, S&: ?t+, February,<br />
Tesgeneerr .g&. gå9., F. Llrf,<br />
$*ymour t. Sslfbetn, nTnensl.t,loßt frsm fishpsl tE<br />
$t,uåv sf <strong>the</strong> Sahesl Leåvsr.$ Perc*nnel and üuÍdanee<br />
]$: ioo, oerober, lg5g. ' æ æ æ<br />
åe quoued ln ifcEse$eerr .g&,* $åå, r F. 1&9,<br />
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unekf.lled parente.?É F¿enroe rsporÈe4 a elml.¡.ar tr*nd,?g<br />
6, tr)røp-s¡¡te wEre ehÍ.l"drøn wtgh Fotr <strong>at</strong>tendence<br />
ressïÉE ån eleme*tårJr eahoel.Ss<br />
Festy<br />
se dp<br />
7. Ërop*sEtg Èåndgd ts þe lewer ån rgadlng lcve]..<br />
,f,ound ttãeÈ fihres üJ.ffiÉ6 flt &eny fleer resders elrep out<br />
8r<br />
geori readsrg. "-<br />
'S, trlnop*gEbe tendod to $<strong>of</strong>fie f,røm an unlnepJ.rlng<br />
hÉuÉø.<br />
9. Ilrap*Þugs tendEú bs Ëtes from Ist* å,meo&e faffi*<br />
åIåe*, trüendts ðt'udy ln Ëhicago showed thst EevÊnty*tvro per<br />
eenB ef drop*ttåtË trÊfÉ "from low f.ne*¡ne famåX.l**,Sä<br />
l.û. $rop*Er¡gt $ërÊ generally ehå,l,dren såBh peroonal.-<br />
åt'y **feetE rshÍ.eh lød te tanelon å.n relsÈlçne wi,th tsqchers<br />
esd st'hðr $tüdËr¡t&. ËoberÈE and þitcfrs€r€r de$sråbed him ss<br />
reuenÍful. rudËn awLlen, 4e,fla*t, i.nellnes, te Ê@1l 3tss,t}<br />
Ëo¡rrusn end ffi<strong>at</strong><strong>the</strong>¡*ør Såght lesr Longltud,lnal Study reyorlsd<br />
ühEt etuÉsr*te gec ÈhsÍ,r Fsß&tltf.øt Érgp*&trt e¡.*ss maÞeg es<br />
?s ül"lugstea, åÊg,. gåg.<br />
?S m*arô6, Àgg. .ÊåÈ,.<br />
8t $ouppr ÊË quotod, 1n Tessçn&Grr .gB. så3,., F. lJ+$.<br />
ü1 *u q*røted ùn Herrlør gE, g&I.., F. LZ?3"<br />
Så nu qtl*teÉ Ln leseen*Êrr $Ë" Ê$å., F, 1Ir5.<br />
t3 nf*nurd t. Roberts and John s, süsüeever, oå<br />
üun{nr ücor,rp*Èlenal Programro flrå.,t..iåsfr. ËI¡!<strong>Å</strong>g9<strong>Å</strong>å, *å¡ t¡,5,<br />
üloveuberr 195?,<br />
55
Lacklng ln f,rl"Errdshfp cåueli$i.Eu.S4<br />
ll., Snop-Egçs tënd6d te be people tshs gransferred<br />
from schEEl te EehoaL a goøti dasJ". ËLeÉeoe reptrtcd an<br />
åneådsnee <strong>of</strong> <strong>ür</strong>angfors &äong drep-E¿6e feur ÈlåHeð th<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
th&#t ¡rha cseslnued through hiê¡ï echCIoJ..&5<br />
l.Ê. <strong>ür</strong>op-oute wers pnedomlnasÈLy peopl.e wl¡t teft<br />
ggheðI *b agE glxteen sr Ë6r6mteeR ,****,8ê Êompu,Ieery<br />
st$sndanee låws werÊ g,ensrn}Iy fü eff,eqt unüÈl. thst ülme'<br />
13. $rtlp*get'E &16 ffiÉre lj.hel"y t'o be buye. ffigehre<br />
sTrrvËy <strong>of</strong> t55 ffiaasEo$¡uaettee high Echqslç eubstanuiletsd<br />
tk<strong>at</strong>s polnt.d?<br />
d.<br />
üÈher droB*g¿g føeters EBch eÊ r&cÊ t¡ad "neen invefi-<br />
tJ.gåËsú brlt sç€med to yteld titüI6 generel 86r€em6nt.<br />
tol"nf.ons <strong>of</strong> llroa*suts as to WhY Thev LøsYe $ehoøl<br />
Senåons surr€fs r*trçelsd tl"{6htLy veryång F&rê6ltt*<br />
s$6s <strong>of</strong> droF*Ðut Opå<strong>at</strong>oas sn }cEvfng nchool. låsruSe üf*.Sf.*<br />
cÉseÉ <strong>the</strong> eurvçys es he{ng tsø }tetusd Ln deoign ænd for<br />
B& puoS ËCIwran anü tharles ï. ffintÈþEwo, <strong>Å</strong>þ+trao{ <strong>of</strong><br />
$tAEtfg!åg4É ef lEutlt fsr Leevlnq iichoolr {t*utney' I1lånoiel<br />
Eã'[äæãIfF-rflcEffiEfüuïãEffiuEEiEffiõIopæent- Fro j ect,<br />
f96ù) , F. Ir.<br />
85 Jaaeph g. ÞIedsoe, oAn tnvestlg<strong>at</strong>,Lon sf $tx<br />
Ëer¡rel<strong>at</strong>'ea <strong>of</strong>' åÈtudeus W*bhdråwaLfrom Êligh $ehoelru C9S5EÊ&<br />
ef &d.*¡e<strong>at</strong>åsnal, &e,g,eF,äSqf , .ãåg Irr Sopüember' I9å9.<br />
Ë6 Bo**un and Haù<strong>the</strong>uer ÊË. .så.!,., F. 3.<br />
&? *. l¿ussell $Aeeh, "A Study tf ËÌrop-otltsnft 5¡,4-'.iË.Ë.¿Ë<br />
Þullpþfun, ååt l+.Ë r ffehru*ryo lË5tû.<br />
5&
åÈe€$blng st,udeËû oFtnIçnE t{åt'hEuü a},lss'ång for ret'åona!*<br />
Í.saf.lEr¡,Så The mogt s<strong>of</strong>fiffien reastße ßt,etëS [ry d,ro¡r-tu¿6<br />
ånej-$de{¡ ll dåsaet$"efæet,åon v¡ibh Ueaetrå*g end e<strong>ür</strong>ri.en*<br />
lr¡m¡Ë9 gl feeltng af not belengång, Í¡tÈ wel1 åd3$süsd¡<br />
3l øeenÊlmf.e neød¡W t*) 3.ure <strong>of</strong> a Joþ¡ 5I nurrf.age and<br />
pr€gnsnsy¡ 6) not intsreEÈed in sehool.<br />
P ropg sgd $ elut [qna. S nd Pr¡tLE sÐ phLeF ¡. $ pqgÊl<strong>at</strong> I oq<br />
PhåleeupkåcaL}y, eËucstsrg i$ êhe tln*-teÉ $S<strong>at</strong>es wetre<br />
generalty tnel"inpd tsward üt¡E ådeal $l¡<strong>at</strong> e hl6h echoel edu-<br />
Ë*tfsf¡ urno goerå for evufyóHs. À gre<strong>at</strong> wål}"i.ngn&flË tü<br />
F$rLve tû eeh¿,sv& ül¡Í.& Éþdr wåth eons*,dernble suee€Bgt<br />
Ehnrseüev'lsed tÏ¡eår he,ncl'Íng Bf <strong>the</strong> úrop-sìåg prebl'em' $+¡&È<br />
üew <strong>Å</strong>t, however* $êB 6rr+f.rsïy e$ s sshsel prob3"øm.<br />
$ae &ey wøIt ref,lect on thg faet th<strong>at</strong> one<br />
<strong>of</strong> every flve å,merieens Frsoently lÍ.ven ln<br />
one Ër anEßhsr <strong>of</strong> sur Sreåt eltlee. <strong>Å</strong>¡rpro*-<br />
ÈffietêIï e fåf,tF¡ <strong>of</strong> Èlff teuaL n<strong>at</strong>å,onal' sletÊ-<br />
Ë$tary* snd eecssdåFy-6shtal popuLfrÞtÊrr<strong>at</strong>tEn&e<br />
e seheøl ån gnc <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se Ë&&e elbåe$.<br />
I tf ühts flf,tbr aË,Proïf.antely Ðaë-f,XfÈh belongt<br />
to a eultr¡raLiy dffferentàeted, educ<strong>at</strong>l.snally<br />
rêtåf{ied mlnorlity grst¡Þ and, ef¡araeturistica3"ty,<br />
t,bey live åa €he poorcst heuel,ngr suffer<br />
<strong>the</strong>" Érçetãct eoagoebi.onr srs ë¡{Pûsed tc &h*<br />
sB ¡¡sr"¿sr .gË. gåå*r F. 99.<br />
89 gt,t*Ulerts mlêwegt, üusvey eüÈråbuBed eeventy Per<br />
e€.Ërt +f drap*ostË Us thås sståsë. å6 queted å"n t'eeeeÊ€Êtrt<br />
Êå" ,*åå- n Pr Ii+?.<br />
90 Serlnan ãttrfbtrted üwent,y per cept <strong>of</strong> drop**i¡Ès<br />
È# thlã s&ttgê, åc quesed ån Heruå.u, .gË. gåË*¡ p* S.<br />
57
htgheet edult e:'ime, prodr*ee <strong>the</strong> -hlgheet<br />
Içvel <strong>of</strong> yor*tb Éelf'nquen€Fr asd f,ace ühp<br />
Leueet l.çrel Ef ecertoæåc upgradtng enÉ<br />
m*b[lfÈy, To eay tbfib thêss prrblemør Éfi<br />
&bøy rel<strong>at</strong>e to End $'aduee 4rop*eu&e, årB<br />
unåi¿uely ahe problems <strong>of</strong> sur eahsol,a er<br />
sf çhe bttter bhé#6e].tes åE råþt@r faåInre<br />
?e Ëee thê prtblem, 'åh* Frpblems ar€<br />
çd¡¡s<strong>at</strong>Lnssl et¡d eult$ral qn$ sCIcåel and<br />
€es¡rpmåç and pol,åti.esl,- fhey ffiüst, þÊ *t<br />
dealt wtãh gtllcurrÉstly on aI'I frtnt6'/*<br />
M<strong>at</strong>ørtf¡sLsEs, lt felt ta edt¡e<strong>at</strong>lsrrel E1¡<strong>the</strong>råt'åEe to<br />
try If&r'l*up remedlee in <strong>the</strong> qcþE+ï såtÌ¡agÍon' lheee<br />
<strong>at</strong>toæpËe lnclgdçd eumåçu}"riræ {mpreyetr¡Êst$ r Sh&tlgeE å.n Fffg*<br />
&etlðn pallef,eu, changæs ån pnb}åe reL<strong>at</strong>'Í.onæ' Í.æprovementE<br />
ln gui.dançsù p*rt-t,*rle emB}oymer¡t pfÐSråme sf¡d JCIb upgradf.ng<br />
prggfa&$.<br />
sr¡rr<strong>Å</strong>q$å¡¡rry ågqnpgqryepqg* #Æny ør¡thsrE edvEssÈed,<br />
dÍffsrentL*ted eÊüfsstr øf r&üdy End more realÍ.etf.c eurri.eela<br />
$.net.udån& $xlçh subjeete as thøse Lnüås<strong>at</strong>ed ln lfønderEonr s<br />
sr¡rïey af llIf,neån paferto, t'saeherer Ét,udtnüE snd laymenl<br />
Wîdsr*Ssadån& såYås aff.alrc¡ hEsenaixÍngt ssd eot<strong>Å</strong>rees wf¿fçh<br />
led ts eernån& a lLvlng.Så SPme. s8ut'Ê,$fi ?sÐs ë¡Ëpreseed'<br />
hswsvern by susf¡ anthone ne Ëyrnø *rfio p<strong>of</strong>.ntÉd otåß thflt Èt¡f<br />
f,r¡tsrë dû8t6r$ seuld r¡Ot SsHe frem tho ranbs sf tt¡È drÈP-<br />
guts, end sÈ&Ír*åä*EcþtcEl eampaågnor Èhough useful. å.n roUsLng<br />
9I L, H. ffulsøn, F. &. ltuns end l[.<br />
Frop-s¿g Froblem¡ <strong>Å</strong> tSrosing ËducaÈip1gl<br />
B.¡ú$-.S.P. Sulletlq &ål ã'17 t April r l9Þl -<br />
9å gq qkrÊ&sd ån $åavråÞr .gE. gåå.,<br />
5S<br />
g, 0ehen, *lbe<br />
taneer¡r fedayrs<br />
nl" l,ä7ü-
i"ntErøetr ffiêl bE rniElEadång.g3 Htet, Urzited, #üeees Èrigh<br />
es$Ïools had snr$lseå¡t'g below l?5 sgudEsÈs. They sot¡ld n<strong>at</strong><br />
be ee¡le*ted tE elo ereryt'hårzg. I'herefore, she eurråeulum<br />
çhould be lña{e HsrÊ flLexlþLe, wbere praetleal, *fter essl.<br />
ap¡rraå*al. X,erger echeele dnfå¡¡åLely had <strong>the</strong> aråvantage å,n<br />
thf.e nagard.<br />
f<br />
Hfspotfgn qq}åp+q,F. $lsree peêr rpl"aalor¿Ë $€rê such<br />
preblem ts üþ¡ø retarded *b¡rdent whp *sw all håE ägË fit*bËô<br />
aúvaereÈag through¡ e*hool. alrsad, af hlun, ,I*Í.vlngeËÐn rBEÐ&ffiÉR*<br />
d,e$ btr<strong>at</strong> prserËå$a poltcåes be ecrutåniaeÊ very eenøf'utLy<br />
¡stnh e vÍ.ew ts rentså.en.9& *n <strong>the</strong> p<strong>the</strong>r handn fline expr*eeed,<br />
ühe opl-nf.gn È*¡nt trbl,anket, prot,åeå*r o,S prem+$íÕ$Ð lrrsve fes*<br />
Èored, an <strong>at</strong>tltr¡d,ç <strong>of</strong> lruenporreibltLÈy emong mÂny Êsudents,'r95<br />
Mæ f,eund spceisl gufdanee ffiore Est.!.sf,sEt"s¡Tn eepeefetly fer<br />
brå6hÈ lsw aeh[@?€rs.<br />
fl,.t¡hl*,e re-lq,þ,xq$e. tow ånçose fswåIles and poerly<br />
edus<strong>at</strong>çd f&rnåL{.ee åtra eþsreeÈeri.sed by då*orgøn{E<strong>at</strong>åsn and<br />
å tËråd€nsy to plaee lo* uaLBE *n sduestlsn. toeeLderable<br />
puÞ3.1c, rel"<strong>at</strong>lpns eoult{ be dpne ln tf¡le epe& Ln <strong>at</strong>t effsrt<br />
93 my** r sË, !<strong>Å</strong>S. n p. t*95,<br />
g& ¡.¿vrngston, gË. çfÈ.¡ I). z?ü<br />
99 3. W" FXnE, fr$t'udesb tleü*r¡Eå<strong>ür</strong>¡ in Èhe<br />
Schsolrs å¿.Â.t5_.SrF. Ðr¡lletl{¡, LJt SÀ, i{evember,<br />
59<br />
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l9ôI.
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tö åffiprovÉ ett,åÈädes to Ehe sehogl ead Èo edt¿e<strong>at</strong>åsn fn<br />
general. Followf.ng hf.s Flne H1II iif$ SchEeI expæri.aeRG,<br />
Ëøg6mn ECIneluded &hsç infprmed in&erested parents w6re<br />
<strong>the</strong> msgt ¡.Hpûrgent, fscbor in retsi.nång pu¡r1lø,P6<br />
Inproted-euåd$ncsr, ålonald ilevi.s experiauented wlÈh<br />
¿HÐ Êr*B6hed groups ef pütentås} drop-oute ån tÍ¡e gradu<strong>at</strong>-<br />
ång nlnth grade Ef e hågÌ¡ sehool.F? They exhlblted &h@<br />
güsffi*r¡ ehår*etøfågti.sü <strong>of</strong> retarcist,isn, adveree achool ðx-<br />
perieneee, Foår readå"ngn fsmåIy pr*bleme, SevlE aeemptød<br />
ühe fi.nd{nga +f prevåotaø eå$d¿ê$ whåeh Índåe<strong>at</strong>ed tlreü drop-<br />
on¡t,s hsve a lae*, ef eelf*eEbeem gnd a feeting Ef not betng<br />
wanügd, end f,ur<strong>the</strong>r tkreü mogt r*âsö¡Is fur wlthdrgneL from<br />
aehge¡. are Eeþç*l centeretå. Therefrrren <strong>the</strong> aå-w sf' thç<br />
projset wae to deterslns t,he effeeg o^¿ E úell,ber<strong>at</strong>o ette$pt<br />
tre Í.ncuLc<strong>at</strong>* feelångø <strong>of</strong>, worts la po&øntlel dr-op-gutç, 'å-he<br />
cxpørfsental &,reup uee t,he eubjest sf, coneultstiCIns with<br />
$oaehero, end elt ite semþerr ¡{ers s¡nde kffi&$n ÈÊ benchere ¡<br />
thê studente werç eor¡ngelled anrl G,hefr prebLeme diaoussed¡<br />
t,hsy rsËr6 teken s'n f$.eTd, tråütw. lhe esr¿trol grotrp r*eelved<br />
$,ö&Ë elf thi,e abtent,ion, <strong>Å</strong>t weg fe***d ttßÈ t&uÊls¡ ts I'n <strong>the</strong><br />
96 ffærl. J. Hr,rg6an, *tetraee *f $tudsnü ilrwp-oubar<br />
Solution st Fåne HålL;t' Ñ,å.$.9.Ë'. &g$Ê!,åS, åå: S5, Âprfl,<br />
195 5.<br />
S? Ðpna:.ü <strong>Å</strong>. ÐavåEn o,ån ËlxperåmEnËal $$udy sf Posen*<br />
t,t"el ilrop*e¿ts,ü P_eregqge¿ ë¡¡d i¡eådênÊg ¿Êqrqel I*ûr 7çt9-<br />
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rsf,errals tð tb¿e pfflce ané nû dre5)*Eubs af,ter a y@&r. In<br />
thß Goritr*L gru*p, .f;ourteErr per eent dro;:,ped out. Specíal<br />
<strong>at</strong>üçet;Isn eesmad üo reaul& J.Þ 6reeter heLdång pëwËr,<br />
Pq*si,þly tlxe mo<strong>at</strong> f.nêerewbåa6 support, far th6 Í.mprôve*<br />
*Ent <strong>of</strong>, grrldanes pro&tråsrs i{ås ths cenpïus$.en $f,f,ered by <strong>the</strong><br />
Êiur# ler¡Ë Ëåty Sosrd <strong>of</strong> ÞdÉsståan fø11,op¡ån6 eB ånvestf.geti€n<br />
<strong>of</strong> t'so ÐeühÐd$ <strong>of</strong> eonÉusriln$ 6uÍ.dance pr*Ër*ffiff ¡ ünð ËËq&-<br />
dnrd eønsrol 6ror¡p and EËrc *"nt,Ens&ç* gerå*anca teet gr*op'g$<br />
fhers *rEø li"ttls dåff,øtr&ËeÊ ån tlre rste <strong>of</strong> gradtrauåêe l.n<br />
tþe t'ue grûups apd rsse&seþËrË csnelnded thaþ lntEnsivø<br />
¡rork done wtth bhs sÉå€lrers, who taugilÈ boüh esnt'rsl, ånd<br />
ff{pçr$.esc¡U*I #rÊupö, iråé led Èo e $âfry*çver lnts wErk wlüh<br />
thê eçn<strong>ür</strong>s} g;roup, tchlch Ëbsrçfore þenef*.tþed eleot<br />
Àn ouÈrtanülsg enaupl.e <strong>of</strong> ths E$f,ecû, <strong>of</strong>, å.mproved<br />
grrLdar*ee ffiE thåt øf,f,ered by <strong>the</strong> SEhslarahåB snd Ënf.d&nse<br />
åseeel<strong>at</strong>les <strong>of</strong> th;le*6o. <strong>the</strong>y eolrdtå€þød e Etudy i.n dept',h<br />
aad, urlng tttdåvåd,t¡el eaoewor8r tnugbt to lnvesbf"g<strong>at</strong>'e Èhe<br />
rsl<strong>at</strong>åeeehåp h<strong>at</strong>wetn pÐör eçhsql behev$.Er anú echÍeveæent<br />
an4 hemø ¡rrsbl.e**.Sg Thp ei"s ffe$ tü éeÈernslne whe?t¡er<br />
Ës ËIn&s¡ssl,ve Ëuldenoe $lvgn F*ber*tåsl fttghi SclesçI.<br />
Ðr0P-ç11gg, " .ËWSgg! Sqd ËtåådEneg dearne¿, åå: 5b&r Þt<strong>at</strong>,<br />
LBïT.<br />
99 ßnl"u*s¡r ü. Lf.eh&or s$ aI., Thq ütrop*et1tE,r {NEs<br />
Tprkr The Prçe Freae <strong>of</strong> Gtencoe, IÉnE,iî F.-F<br />
út
int,cnsive i.ndiYtdusl"fEed tre<strong>at</strong>snent could eff,eeü beüBer<br />
Eselql, ed,ue<strong>at</strong>åonel and snstiorra} ad.fuøtmenÈ fsr tbe dro,p*<br />
ÊBt ør po8øtltl<strong>at</strong>r drop*6rr¡' trharøIy dE ehåtdrgn whÚ åre<br />
aucçeeE,futr" 1n .echesl ].eave pråor tÐ øredî¡ntåen.nltt lhere-<br />
ferE eelsctíen çrå¿ef,åa Èneluded eeade¡r¡ls underfr*naLåanínB<br />
ag HSI.L aa lru¿ntfng, hed bgl¡aVlcf and ag å.,u¿. gf nånety 9r<br />
bstter. Hlgh sçhoel,n rqf,srred <strong>the</strong> etxty boyo åBd forsy*<br />
ff.ve girle uBeri tn ehe aüudy, For each referral a threefold<br />
decerlptåçn wge rievel"epedl 1i -t,he predçn<strong>at</strong>nant observ*<br />
Êbls complelnB eueh sa lsernf-ng dÈffLer¿lÊ$.ee, scci*il. €ü8l*<br />
ptelntn, aaxletåco, de¡:renei.eni ä¡ tne mJer ¡røycFredynaslc<br />
åeEus öEeh &B neuroei.E or eþsraetËr dietr¡rbanssi 3I rhs<br />
çheraet*r fnrsætlon sr åsÐBËItååLly <strong>the</strong> shereetêr dlçprder<br />
eneh ag setrlaoå.d¡ *eprts*åve, ffigÐ4histÍ.€r esãnpiàXeluu.ltl<br />
The progrenn ç¡se åntt$.et€d I'n LgïE, tørffiå¡¡ebed Ín<br />
Hcvemþer, 1999, *nd i,seludEd 5.ntçrvfEt*E wåüh üÈ¿e studer¡Þ<br />
ênd th6 pérÉüü#, dÊtelled otudy 8,ßd ågÐGssmÞnt, flr'mnetal<br />
âsååstenes far çør$el"n shåIdnen, vooaÈ{anEt cOEnEetLånË,<br />
peysbååtri.ü oen.uult*tlsnn nnedÍeal" and dentcl Sårë ¡¿here<br />
10Ê<br />
nÊceggåry,<br />
lÞ trås epeculaüed thsü Êeny drop-gE¡'e eielply uae<br />
eshgol tÊ werk ettÈ cçafl.åets ntt ÊÐnneeted eolely wlth<br />
lüs AÞ#.,<br />
xuä å&åé',<br />
ft. ä"<br />
Pr &'<br />
lüI ¿Þåg. n ps. 3ä, 13.<br />
b2,
&1<br />
eÉusetåsa. In euch cesês t¡lê Echool dtd r¡Eg ere<strong>at</strong>e thç<br />
proÞ}em end rewedi.al &Ëåær¡rðÊ wEuld be tneff,ectlve ao l.ong<br />
as <strong>the</strong>"epnfXÍ,et åg untre<strong>at</strong>ed'lÜ3<br />
F3.ndångs included <strong>the</strong> f,slLowlng points:<br />
I. FEr a].meet tws-thf.rdg sf <strong>the</strong> troyo, but only oEê-<br />
ülrlrd <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> gårla, self,uncsåonf.ag began rn eleaentary<br />
echaol.. IÛÈ<br />
â. Sørenty*ÈwÐ Fer sg<strong>at</strong> sff <strong>the</strong> stud,y group had<br />
prøblemn ,[n süsr@ thän sne uoheal. argen øueh e* aehf,evemen<strong>ür</strong><br />
mlsþeåÞTforn <strong>ür</strong>ueney.lü5<br />
3. Ëi.nla Ègmderd s,ût t,o beeome Erouhl-ewakere tr<strong>at</strong>J,t<br />
aÉole**ennø, poroåbly bessqse E .fevsrablø reCIpÊnsÉ to Eoelsl<br />
Frs*srårêü ts be gaes brou,6hÞ <strong>the</strong> gr<strong>at</strong>;åfle<strong>at</strong>,åan pf eccêpu*<br />
1ró<br />
a,neÉ.<br />
&. þ-J.n&neÍnl gËrøgg til&8 nst' e øå6n1f5,aant fasBotr.<br />
In only føur sf <strong>the</strong> eeventy gr6êtËÊRÈ çeåså waa f,i.n*ucåal<br />
aEslsÈe$oe nssçÊs&ry. ügp*þle Êt'Bdents somehgw svÊrërse<br />
fl$aneial øþEtgsl**.IÜ7<br />
5 * forty*s1gb¿ PEr cent <strong>of</strong> þhe boys and t'bårÈy*ene<br />
1t3 ¿Hg"., p. t+s. to[ Ãþåd,., pr 6ü. tut tþ-lu,, B.ô1.<br />
tQs ¿þgÉ", pr å3' xs? j#g', p. 66'
pgr eë<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gtrls had I.Q.rÉ sf 11Ë sr Ðvern but<br />
counseJ,Lfng wee ns Hoä'€ sueeessful wl,tùr <strong>the</strong>m thasr wf,th<br />
thuoe in Èhe noræal "*o6*,1ÛÉ<br />
6, $fr3.s appeer beËßer eble Èo teÍ{ê <strong>the</strong> etreesea<br />
Ðccì¡.rråfi& ån ô ppÐr ânvironüer¡g,ltp<br />
T. Forty-y¡Lne per cenÊ <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> gi.rl.e werê drelnfng<br />
<strong>of</strong>,f ËheÈ"r t'ensiens igt oçert behavf,sr æueh eË rrðtl€Ð¡¡ne&el<br />
lytng, drf.nkÍng. Earll.or defensea Ef eonf,Ermlty hâd boen<br />
broken dntun by eúolescgrrçe. $y eontråc,tr forÈy*ni.ne per<br />
eent <strong>of</strong> tha boyø rs6re st¡n¡sasqulåne,ft Leeking åndependÉncs<br />
and a66re$çåvenes$¿ Secause tbey aetXvely rebeåIed, <strong>the</strong><br />
6Írle îd@rË lrfÀÊäItþfer* thar¡ thê boyu llfi<br />
É. å4ost pnobleme ls tho grçr¡p stildied Etçmneû froø<br />
qhåractwr melf'esmÊetåon and npt r¡ei¡roÉ&s. FroblEme dfd not<br />
Ë.r1se sut sf Laaåuene, Þoor sbr$y habj.gen f,ault,y df.ocåplfne,<br />
117<br />
ps<strong>of</strong> oum$.cr¡J-e.1lr<br />
9. The e¡rüåre gror¡p ras dtffåcrilt Ëa tneet, Ë'hfrty.<br />
ôhree per eent dropped out þef,sre <strong>the</strong> .fo<strong>ür</strong>th årlËervier and<br />
98tËirty*696 Ber oer¿t sf <strong>the</strong> roqsùnår,r6 ueventy lefü toe<br />
TTA<br />
goÊll.<br />
Xt. Fåfty*twË psr Ëtsr¡ß sf ttre g3.r1s and fortf*ølx<br />
per c*nt ef thE boys Lwprored Èn persaaetlty fuaeü$onl,n6.<br />
{Þåd. t<br />
FÞ.<br />
Bp.<br />
p.<br />
6é, 6Ë,<br />
7L, ?7 '<br />
83.<br />
åbåd. r<br />
F. 6É.<br />
I3' 73,<br />
*lt
?bera ßÍâ8 å hXgt¡ csrre¡.<strong>at</strong>J.os between f.nuprsvesent and lengËh<br />
ef arE<strong>at</strong>ment.l'13<br />
lI. Fersenal,i.by åmprove'uent' Lçd to fnproved sehool<br />
fuaetlenång¡ but' boyø and g$,rls who shoeed ne pËrËsnaliüy<br />
åmpnoveme<strong>at</strong>, dtd not show inprovemant, fn oet ool.Il&<br />
I?. {}f bhs tre¿Ë&$nt &r'quP <strong>of</strong> eevetrÊyn flfty*sLx<br />
Here etd eneugh to lesve EchoEI 8Ë <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> Ohc trentment,<br />
porlod. üf thone a}mest få.fty per cenü had romaåned f.n<br />
schooL or had gradu<strong>at</strong>ed.lIS<br />
13. Inrrestf,g<strong>at</strong>ors fsu¡ld no specåal sel¡sol dyn<strong>at</strong>nåo '<br />
peneenalfty preblem, sr e,xt&fäel fastor þhåt co¡¡Id þe con*<br />
sÍüered prlmari.ly er ualquøl"$ r-E}sted to Éroppång Õut tf<br />
schqet", Thoy wore, hóweter, oble t'o nuggeãt dgsger rfgnalo<br />
$þs sçh*äl Ebould w<strong>at</strong>çh for, sueþ ae ohørp dloerepancies<br />
bÈtí¡ðea i.ntelleetr*el abllåty e$d ase&emic f,nnqtlsnf,ng'<br />
rr¡dÉen ehangøc f*r <strong>the</strong> wtrne f.n blg'h seheol f,anetlonlnst<br />
ttgdd bslln þehevlar, nlunyu Þï.nmlng sthêrg f,en troublao,<br />
end þell,l6eroncy. l'16<br />
fhe thf.cago Êttådy ssncluded thsÈ droçr-çEgs tr&re nÊt<br />
aetång eonstrustf.veLy bût rt€re runnlng ð$ey from * dlengr'6€-<br />
nbte sltuaülss. Fur<strong>the</strong>nnetre! effisùleäsl prohleeæ ln <strong>the</strong><br />
*tt4Þlu",<br />
rl& rbåd., Fp. sÊr 456,<br />
ttuiPå$., Fp, å5, $?'<br />
B+ sû. r¡"å IbLd.' FF. 9I+' 188' åS3.<br />
65
yÐuagËüerc¡ end thøír Fêrents w6re thË ¡ËåJor caueE <strong>of</strong><br />
seheol difflcul"tlês and resuLÈsnt Eehool 1eavf,ng¡ but eince<br />
no typleal ewnttonal. dåÐ<strong>ür</strong>¡rb&noe charaeterl.aed <strong>the</strong> grÐEp,<br />
tre<strong>at</strong>nent, håd tÐ be í,ndåvldue}fEed and ahould be begun<br />
early la order to 1nsutr6 &r¿€tê$F" Sånaltyr .tþ wås rÀoo€d<br />
th*t êÉot"ÈÐnÊL problerÉs ere ffiors sffoctlvel,S" doalt uå,th<br />
whåIe thø chåtd ls ln *ehooln bhñn ef,ter drop-6¡¡E when he<br />
,l<br />
åe <strong>at</strong> lersç ln ðhe srmunåty and a probleffi te eocåety.Ll?<br />
P*rttsåpq pqptrngwp,St, Heny reeaa¡rcherÈ, sennldereú<br />
part-tlme employment *a f.wport*sß f,aetor f.n ånÈrea*i.ng<br />
holÈlng pËwetr. $Eberta end ÞTa$eôvèrireported e wel.L deveåtrÉ<br />
F0t6rltåål úrop-oute were<br />
oped prograÞ <strong>of</strong> ühls Efnd.r<br />
reførrÈd tt e apeoi,el. orf.entetåea cIEEn in $håsh, È&or¡g<br />
stþor Ërestü&çnt, lf åt ¡nas fsund thåt prrt-ti.&e employment<br />
wsuld hsnøflt ttrp øüudenþ, he $ae eoEtsted fn qþt<strong>at</strong>nlng <strong>the</strong><br />
JÈb, snd a osunne¡.lor kept la to$ch wtth <strong>the</strong> employetr.<br />
{oþ qas¡Ë*.',n'r e,Ëg¡fifÞ$$. In thE el.u&E <strong>of</strong> Lerge<br />
cltlse rüåtre ü& be f,ouad ËhÞuetnds <strong>of</strong> youth þsth out <strong>of</strong><br />
schsol and unampLoyed. Thie eondl"båotù rds$ Iehnlled by<br />
SeEretary âf, Labor <strong>Å</strong>rthur .Í, *el.ûberË, ftpetsnülally <strong>the</strong><br />
ffiÐst dangeroun sacLal. csndåbåon ln Amerl,ea Èûd*y.ñLIg He<br />
Lr7<br />
11s<br />
119<br />
äynarolte, ft<br />
196L.<br />
åþåS' r FF. ß¡|Ë ' ä53 ' ä6S'<br />
froberts end Scüe6$tsr' gg. .g!g, r Þp.<br />
åa gr,røted gn fr, S, ûepp, ÊSåvertång<br />
.IournEI gf, l{one åìeongmlca, 532 ?56,<br />
6å<br />
lr3*7 "<br />
eur ffoeial<br />
ffioremÞer,
êEoil¡Éenóedt t ) provl<strong>at</strong>oa <strong>of</strong>, sp¡ne klnd <strong>of</strong> Jab' tralning to<br />
qìffillfjr yowr4 peoplæ for enplqyment; äl devialng st&e ußëêr¡E<br />
<strong>of</strong>, loE<strong>at</strong>f.,ng emp}<strong>of</strong>ãegt eppertunLti,ea¡ 3l vf.goroue enfefes-<br />
meRt, *f, antå-orlse IsrrE; tr) eeceløretfolr ef effprts tt el,åm*<br />
ls<strong>at</strong>ø prejnüleÈal pracÊi.$Ês tn bueånÞte eÊd labor nnLona*<br />
tlre eå,Þy uf ÞEtrê[[ d6vslepød e Fre&rsus to &eGg¡B&Ê-<br />
$ste <strong>the</strong>sÊ unenpLoygd ngn*$redr¡sted yer&th I åS€ Ëlrftsen ge<br />
thrsnttr y**"u.Iã6 In t'be þæItef ühüt drop-6¡¡6s sre r¡ÌIcÕffi*<br />
SerÈEÞIe {n t,hennselves ëRd t'håU bhey fe*I ühay have f,aåIedt<br />
Sh6 Ûstrpf,E prgg,rå& wå8 detÍ-gned Ba gÍ,ve <strong>the</strong>ffi tlsce te lotk<br />
äË bhðmÉçIVee, r'sÞrg&nåse find feöYw ån * poelti.ve difeetÈOn.<br />
HEoma for <strong>the</strong> *rs$nåH& wGrE weII aquåpped, gtlldaneê $eftlees<br />
ssrrs nveåIabtra, 8Ðffi8 tlt-tþs*J*b tfelil[ng üook pl,aee r sl¡d<br />
<strong>the</strong>re rüer¡ prslongød, etst&€t wåtb EteþxE adsltg. Imptrovemants<br />
å,n tbe åÞPçåFsncë <strong>of</strong> þhç drogr-s*å¡ rssrê Bttêd¡ <strong>the</strong>y developod<br />
þçtber T{öl.k hablÈE, werË bettEr eþLe te Br64Ênt <strong>the</strong>apelves<br />
f,or empl"oyu¡snt åAd hâd e mûr& realleglt soêeept <strong>of</strong> thø ktrnd<br />
<strong>of</strong> rqrk <strong>the</strong>Y Eho¡¡trd 86Gh.<br />
These Fêlutlensr howe$err Ër@r|6 Ë*t HåthÞü,È $tmë<br />
srltlos, aötr Tfstrs <strong>the</strong>y eonaLêeredr by üheår PrûXrensntãf &&<br />
eåHplets reued$.¿s. trlunkel Euggeetød thåt nsË sll" ef youthrs<br />
Ëeêds eeutrd be met lr¡ sehsol nnd t'h&Ë holdi.ng PE$fËr shst¡Ld<br />
lâS s*ì.*"o, I{r¡nt end ûEhe&r ,gE,'Ê<strong>Å</strong>9. r F. å?S,<br />
67
EÞt bë used &a å erl.teråÊn öf Èh8 $êhtolrs effeettrvër¡Êag.J"âl<br />
ln fset, holü1n6 tn sch001 cor¡Id become e SåI}åaSåve sr a<br />
ffiethâd <strong>of</strong> nweeping etrr ssetal åIlE under <strong>the</strong> echeol rtr6t<br />
<strong>the</strong>rsby evsf.dtt& Pr€për trssts¡eHt'. Sur<strong>the</strong>r $rLsf,else Hä6<br />
Ierrsll.ød et gh6 fns,þtllty t,û df.EEøver eågnf.,fåcanÈ Eøabånåtlsns<br />
gf, festerË resp$nElþ'Ie fer eaugtng wåthdråilâL fron<br />
sçhÐol., aud he e*Ilsd for ffiuüþ m&ra åa$ensåve reøeareht<br />
ånetr"udf"nË lengtü*dlnsl süt¡dåøø ln order te éå&eov6r. ¡'hs<br />
Ínterplar sf fnsÈsrr l.nvelrred f,n tble wulttfaetor pnobl,em"<br />
Sårtr f.mplted säHülnuet¡s stttdy ef *ehool ehåLdrsn frtm ghe<br />
tÍ$e ef enrs}#ént Ín Uhe ff.r6t, grede Ëhreugh hleh aehsol.<br />
Fotenuåal drop*sr,rts¡ lsenolf{Ed by abÍ.If.tg a$d schåsr€*<br />
xssnt t6stÉ eE ¡*ELL es Fë¡'ssrigl lntarvXotçs, øonld thçn be<br />
6$.ven specÍ.aL *ttentåen, whebhçr !.t be osurse ed$uetmenü*<br />
eEnuee[li.ng or reün+dial sÐr"hr üÐ aeeåOt thslr stnyleg f,n<br />
$0fltøL'<br />
In conolu*Lnn, lt nppearsd thst thö sIi.E*êE and<br />
phl]oøopby <strong>of</strong> t'ho partåeüf,ar oeho*l sr sEhosl disÈrleü $erg<br />
<strong>the</strong> moet ðì¡tetenûtng factpre ln fmprovång r€ö&nttts, Ït<br />
ssEúEed probabte t't¡eÈ thÉre ¡sould eJ.ways þs esrly schoel<br />
ÏÊêvers¡ but, t,hs t€hool th<strong>at</strong> ur&e &såre sS tbe probtrem and<br />
<strong>at</strong>Èennpüod be eslve åü æ<strong>at</strong>ertally redueeÉ <strong>the</strong> lneååsnee <strong>of</strong><br />
L*1<br />
${srp}d Ë. linakøln<br />
Êevl.as. ô5¡<br />
*t*<br />
m,[*+ldlng Pot*ør'* Sþå $B&P.ql<br />
Ë3ô'*Ii¡ne' f9å?'<br />
66
drop-6sgnr The beet example øf thts isac ehEwn ln Begga<strong>at</strong>o<br />
r&pÐrt sf Plae Hill Ëilgh $eheol rsh¡ere b<strong>at</strong>rding F*ìdsr waø<br />
fneressed bf e prtËras ro,fletbf.Eg ånterest asd a deeire to<br />
&rqpple wtth Ëhe probl6&.1ää ¡4*p*nde*{ ût¡¡rssfr Í.ncludlng<br />
suÉa meohanf.os and ueldLngr expanded g,uf"dnnce lneX.udi.ng<br />
sounce}li,ng end hpne rf.gftE, and part-t,lne u¡ork prt&re¡as<br />
rsåeeË hsld$.ng power f,ros ff,fty*fsar per sËnt to nfnety<br />
Ber cent.<br />
Early School $,eavers Í.n ËrEst $rltef.n<br />
ThE onty obber c<strong>ür</strong>¡ntry ån r*hlsh publåahed reEeareh<br />
<strong>of</strong> say ffiaggfËude håd boen done wep {ire<strong>at</strong> Brlt*ln. wlgh å<br />
mneh hågher popul,st,trÐn coËo€Rtret,ion, .f,etrer gre&r¡ fe,tr olr*<br />
paneåon <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ectnoey end, bseauae ef <strong>the</strong> 6re<strong>at</strong>,er eupply<br />
<strong>of</strong>, manp**er end mueh gre<strong>at</strong>er compotf.tåeu fer Joba, a di.ff-<br />
ersrxÈ phåtosephy öf, edqset1on porcåeted, lhe Slegg r6p8F*<br />
ge$ üi¡ñü, l|tlsfi åutonÊ<strong>at</strong>lon asd f<strong>at</strong>reüuctfêü <strong>of</strong>, nee" ts8hngl*<br />
egåeo r åå wel,I a* tbe geEg<strong>at</strong>f,en <strong>of</strong> compuleory n<strong>at</strong>l'onnl<br />
Eçrvåee in thp srøed forces n st¡Eh erordÍng f.n ËIaogÈHt s<br />
Edwestf.snel fnsti,tut{ónE devcloped tl¡åü ô systes <strong>of</strong>, part*<br />
ÈLne edus<strong>at</strong>l.on rs&s i,RstÍþu¿eÉ fsr å rl9? teeendory EeheoL<br />
o?udsnto and l"rl?+ prå¡ngrr scheol st$dents.lÊ3 In 'Knglend<br />
%$r,€8..çf.t.n<br />
p. sll'<br />
123 nschosl Leavers Ln Glaa$owru lEg t'lmea Sslgggåg$<br />
$uppl.ament, êååår '165, Àpril IÍr I9Ô0.<br />
6çà
pärt5"cularLy, tbe þelf.ef, thaü srl shåldrerr æhourd campx.ete<br />
h[6]r seheol" *t, pnhtle e¡çpënËË îe&s nsÈ wi,deÍ.y hs].d. ån-<br />
steaÉ, p'r*bÏle htgh nehpole ûs <strong>the</strong>lr equåvaleËt' wafs åßteÍ-ldeú<br />
tE açeommsds€e abuar& ûËre-ü¡rlrd ef <strong>the</strong> ehtldrs$ sf<br />
eecundsry achsol sgê. Thle pråvåLegaå th;ilr4 receåvEd, tl¡e<br />
*remmnr &srÈøel sdnççt*en r¡h$.eh Brepered tþem f*r en[rençe<br />
És ut¡åv*roåty and saE gen*na}}y nencå*ered <strong>the</strong> doerärey tô<br />
opperüer¡fly. lh$ o<strong>the</strong>v ts*-Þhi,rds ef glre sshoe& p$pT,¡letlefr<br />
rgesl"vod <strong>the</strong> røEhnleal $ehe*r or fiøesnd.*ry Þi.edern Ðahegl<br />
edueptåsn., Ëotf¡ had vøry fl.sxlble prÐ&refirs but leeked <strong>the</strong><br />
pr€ÊÈåffÉ and des$.rabf.r3,êy ef th* <strong>ür</strong>s¡nsrsr $ûh{¡st. Frabnhly<br />
<strong>the</strong> soet' deveetaËlng f,eeture e.f <strong>the</strong> wh$le ptcture waE thaÈ<br />
sErcetlan far tl¡eEe eEt¡aole oeenrred $Bee eftar <strong>the</strong> ehils<br />
SË,raed eleven y*ers <strong>of</strong>, *g*, ûn <strong>the</strong> þasås pf a tøotfulg<br />
pre#feåË eqnd.ueted eeeh ¡fsêf fnr 6f¿e eurtrEnü ersF af elevç¡r*<br />
y*Èf*ÐIó,Ê, e ghsldte ent,f,rs fntr¿fÊ weg d@üormåne*. l'hË<br />
resul"t lras wldeaprEa4 enxå.ety. Pstrsnte uhesE ehl,J.dren Hörs<br />
sbout to wrJ.te ùhe #egûndany Schosl SçIeetåor¡ exasåna0åon<br />
sf,üør¡ bEoemç,rvêfisrÊughÈn and bh€rs Hes esådëires uf, anxf.ety<br />
emÐn# good gtud,e$tc ln Technlcal e$d #econdery f4odern<br />
$ehoel.g who hnd nf,aåtredÉ Éiræ exaeånaË.Lsn, .ït, eppeereÉ<br />
<strong>the</strong>t stxne hed fsf.leê becauøê <strong>the</strong>y $åere 3.<strong>at</strong>e deveïoBerø n<br />
hut wore eapebl.* <strong>of</strong> hasüllng <strong>the</strong> *rem&å,r Be&eql. sflureÊs<br />
e$ê foï¡nd <strong>the</strong> rsÉfeefr <strong>the</strong>y wÊr€ f,srce4 üo take unÈnup$.r{ng<br />
7t
errd unprsduetf.ve. Iä,|+<br />
lack <strong>of</strong> cEnff,der¡ee ån <strong>the</strong> I'eetrnical and ;íee*ndary<br />
ffisdern eehool csü<strong>rwe</strong>s waE evldenaed is a $êr¡ççd drup*sr¡¡<br />
rete fron bheEe eehsols afÈer <strong>the</strong> stude<strong>at</strong> had pasned <strong>the</strong><br />
es¡xpnlsþry **hool <strong>at</strong>ten*&nee &gê. l<strong>the</strong> BrÈsþ61 fidusetÈor¡<br />
$oxrwåt,tae nÞÈsd <strong>the</strong>t Ís lg$ii ontry two per cenü <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
etudonte tn <strong>the</strong> agr $roup Just påsü fLft,een yeers <strong>of</strong> age<br />
ryemaÍnEd å$ sehoel arrå, 6f, thc*e, hnLf wíüfutrEw bef,ore<br />
ssmpX.eÈf"n6 tho f,Í"fttÌ yËfrr Xn *scendery EcÍrq$tïä5 ileedr<br />
EåstûrÞ generaål,y feLt, t¡¡et <strong>the</strong>se feffirlg peoplo c*,uld<br />
þûnefit frsm an eddltls$al ysðr *f, neheot þegh for nss*<br />
dæmåo ee HoI.I ee secåql and prychologtcel rensår¡e, þst<br />
,*ûeÊ ånsøntåvç Ser rçmeln,l.n& lH rohssl waæ requårsd.<br />
The soluütsn aEened Èe lte fn providirrg süffie tengåble<br />
êyl"der¡c* uf tr<strong>at</strong>nång end, rråufi thf,w f.n må"ad, n prograxe <strong>of</strong>,<br />
exssilleasfon and eertlfås<strong>at</strong>åon wao doveloped sh$,eh hâd ghs<br />
r*Epöot and suppsrt ûf employers snd laþsr unl.onE snd thE<br />
c*r¡munfüy tB genere}. ?hls FfoËrâm r*aø dngrl,l.caÈed ln<br />
&&rry sêntsre thrûu6hêut Ën61and and wae l<strong>at</strong>er eupplesented<br />
Iã4<br />
rnu}u* llenooe, n{loal settång Ëehavlor, Anxlety<br />
and $ehsol $treami.ns.É Brit_igÞ Jer¡rftål <strong>of</strong> Educ<strong>at</strong>iCInal,<br />
FsvetroL.Þev, å9,: åå,*rouiGñ$,-1968i*-<br />
# ffi<br />
lä5 n$taylne et SchooL.* lhe timee sd,ueet"ion åuup-<br />
Ig4,, 32_t5: Ii33; åusuer, rg5fl-<br />
då<br />
-<br />
-<br />
7L
Þy ?he estEþLfsþsent <strong>of</strong> tor*prøher¡ef.ve $ehsELe 1n whleh<br />
<strong>the</strong> Bê#rs6&t,åen <strong>of</strong> *tneæü*f.n6 Ðf sÈr¡d"ÉËÈs waa }esg marked<br />
and IeaE fÍ-nel.<br />
73,<br />
ilìn åhe ffi$råÊs ef <strong>the</strong> problem as lt exlebed åerr6e<br />
tbe oce*nn ffdeletour s r<strong>ür</strong>¡df ntrLh+æ a familåer chord .L2'6<br />
Xn hls study <strong>of</strong> FrLtleh twelve- arid thirtesn-ye*r*üldn <strong>of</strong><br />
hågh f,ntç1l.19@*dË¡ who w+re Sell"dugn l¡s dlsttngutehod tho<br />
fsllowÍ.ng e<strong>at</strong>egoråes el.å.nlefiIf,yr dåËterbå.ng home essdlttâß$,<br />
r&eütÍ.un ehsreBüer,formeüioae, lnfa*$X-Ie ¡leurÐsesû<br />
poyeh*psbhle stnt*60 and ønrl.y ¡l*ychoee*" ffe ËKåde elßår<br />
üheË 3,å.saåüael6v¡fl tr6 learnlng åørpened by stlah emçËåo$al<br />
6trbÉ6 &tre ffisr6 rågfd than eemnonly belísveå,<br />
åsplfs<strong>at</strong>åsns<br />
3t' sseäÈd <strong>of</strong> *peeial elgnåf,åe¿nee <strong>the</strong>È ån tþs &hree<br />
cswr<strong>ür</strong>[so üeritlûnocl, in apltp <strong>of</strong> øtrlght var$-<strong>at</strong>åone ån ã]rs*<br />
vallln6 çsnåLßÍssæ asd phÀl.arophy, eianlterftåse d$.d e¡r$"st<br />
fa bqtþ <strong>the</strong> net'ure çS tbe drep-eut, prohlæm and poo*ibl,e<br />
eel¡åÈ{.eað üü {t. $nusee e+n¡tered areu¡td dåesag{sfsetåan<br />
wf.rh pet¿eel seur868 arrd e need for a feslång *,f acsoppååeh*<br />
ffiÞilb, clühough Lf.ehbert s thieago etÉdylã? **phawÍ,g€d<br />
t8$ ¡gsî*f,H$øLeeon, aa quoted tn t. H* li{arrås,<br />
,gË. cåt., F. 13?S.<br />
ú æ ,<br />
j<br />
Iâ? *..<br />
¡,¡eht,er. lüe. glt.
êEotf.sneÏ. probleffis äs d5.d fridet*to*.lfrÉ $slutåon$ gsner<strong>at</strong>ly<br />
fetl lnt+ ühe *<strong>at</strong>,e6orlçp <strong>of</strong>, lmpraveme¡rts is cerrleula<br />
$tr s¿ffå sxteneåvs Ët¡f.dåaee.<br />
lbeee w€r@ val.neble<br />
g<strong>at</strong>lon <strong>of</strong> ßt,. J&ms& dr*p*s'¡¡gg<br />
toechnl,eal Ènupir*t,l.En ln ghe<br />
str¡dy, *he meuhsÉ øf whleh ås<br />
räs ¡:durst,en, åeg,' .g<strong>Å</strong>å.<br />
.r3<br />
guíde*ponÈø ln t',he i.neeebL-<br />
and gave bE&h d.Lre*tf.*n and<br />
developmenß gf bhe ÍËÈ. .Ïftm6e<br />
*utll$€d fn tlh*¡rsør Iï.
T}IÁFTËTT IV<br />
Tti& 1]$Si,ef$ üF tå¡fi st'l¡ÞT<br />
she revies <strong>of</strong> Èhe låter<strong>at</strong>.ure ûn bhe ropf.c <strong>of</strong> early<br />
$åthdrs$sl, from echsnl bruught to Lt"ghË sËße ånt'ereeðång<br />
fe<strong>at</strong>rr,res ûf th6 drûF*filåt Prtbl6{ü end sü&È Èechnåqtles fsr<br />
egplorårrg <strong>the</strong> ffiåttêr. tf¡ere H6re ån*lÍcn$åoa$ å# tq why<br />
people lesve gehoe} bçfore eompl.etåfiË & *Értrsë <strong>of</strong> $tud:f '<br />
end EöffiË Srlilbåsf,rfi hed þEon tråød en¿* fssnü pT1t$tlcËf.vs'<br />
[{o$eVef , thørø appeered gs bs no f.nsÃåEaã.Læn sf ehe açtual<br />
ceuË&$ <strong>of</strong>, drop*<strong>ür</strong>åt *$ tÌ¡e ffianå.tÕbe ûsën6, Tn isE ptå'ÞIi.e*-<br />
tåpn $SSSSfrå åfSgüggg 'f$f'p*s"S 5åe, #sÞqg$e, ÞE $Ë9S$,' ÀËÊË'<br />
lhø ffiou$.nj.on Burçau ef $Ëaðt,et.3.es Lf"eÊed lnf,ursCItlpn os<br />
rå¡töBs nçd dçttt$stìlqnæ <strong>of</strong>, $rop*ents I gtrÛh as employfiAsaÈ t<br />
deåth er di-sabl[åËy, marråe6s'l ïiewf,aunÉLend, Frånec åid*<br />
wnrd ,[s]and, Hovn $cøt,I.e, $ackaeehewsn snd ALbe¡tS& 'H6r6<br />
Ère<strong>at</strong>ed¡ but <strong>the</strong>re Tfl<strong>at</strong> liothir¡gan F{antt,oba, presumab[y be*<br />
eåns* ftË Str$h¿ åafernn<strong>at</strong>L*n wag *vaåIsþle. ïhís t'hèeå6 weg<br />
üeeigrreú ts help ffl¡" <strong>the</strong> €åp en þta¿tåt,tbÊ.<br />
l-he trtlet Stuåy<br />
ilbt<strong>at</strong>ning snd csstpfllng, t,he Bêcs6s8ry lnforn<strong>at</strong>Lon<br />
I<br />
^ Ëgssg# ffirqmüeft¡r Ë&sesfiþ gþÊ ,s9,gqeH ' þf, ÊËg,$sn<br />
lqbû. lse. €itr
<strong>of</strong>t drop*suü$ rêEulrÊd ghe deneloBmøct sf a Eui.ÈaþLç teeh-<br />
nf,que f.nc]"udln6 lntervxer* Ekt}le ae rcelL e$ eglpropriere<br />
årrstrrffierrt&. ?heref*re, & pÍ.l,et eüudy wee developed for<br />
Ëhe 1sÉ1-åä sehool y€&r. FüudentE leavlng çetrsol befçre<br />
ffiradn<strong>at</strong>l.an from gr**e eleven ìc&re report,ed to <strong>the</strong> lnveetÍ.Ëetsr,<br />
who lnt€rrj.ewed selest,êd drop*snta for <strong>the</strong> pur*<br />
päße <strong>of</strong> aeccrtalnsng <strong>the</strong> reaeone fer wlthdr*usl, ,1,ü ras<br />
aÈ thfs tåme Ehet thþ fnteryfew teehnåque $ås úev<strong>of</strong>,oped<br />
and refined.<br />
$ntervåeq gl¡tde. Ðste col,lected lneluded¡ Fêr-<br />
Eç*neL stågÍ.åttcal ånformetlpn rueh ue addreesn ä€sr number<br />
s,f øchool"s <strong>at</strong>tenda*; ånf,orm<strong>at</strong>Lon aber¡t Ëhe Fårefiüsr $r¡sh<br />
&B rcçTåpståun*, edue<strong>at</strong>lonal level and eountry af bårth¡<br />
<strong>at</strong>tåtudøs tr eehonl, eubjeugn ltiEeü a¡¡d dleltked, gnader<br />
faåx"ed; vaeetf.çne} p[*ne end etudy heblrsi Ërtrr*eurrl.enlor<br />
*otlv$.tåEe end pereanal habf"tE¡ and fLneJ.I-y, <strong>the</strong> {.ndi"vfd*<br />
ual"rs ûlrn s$<strong>at</strong>ød reesons for leev$.n6 eehool.<br />
ffixplor*Éåon <strong>of</strong> eaeh lnformstfón grËnp reguårod aâftç*<br />
lng a number ef,,dçteålad questÍ.ÈBs¡ and Eåsee proper<br />
Evalueulsn sou3.d rçqnlrç eomparable lnf,prm<strong>at</strong>lon on taeh<br />
drop-sug, it $e* neesseery Èö hev6 ssÆ@ &6<strong>the</strong>d e.f [nruring<br />
th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> sasa qu€ðug&þË HBrs esked <strong>of</strong> Eesh dtrСr-s¿g. An<br />
f,ntÊrylew gulda t*ppandtx Få!t) ¡*as {eveloped tê ssrve thS.E<br />
purpÐse. ït furtber ËGrveû Þn rsduEe þfao, tð brlng<br />
75
srneÍtüenoy LntE thé fnt@rvlew prÐcêss andn t*hen eoapleÈed<br />
<strong>at</strong> Ehe End <strong>of</strong> eaah ånbervlew, served å6 å rocsrd, sf Lnfar-<br />
måt$.ðn gaûhered. <strong>Å</strong>ddgÈåonal ånform<strong>at</strong>isn sn l,Lg;, and read-<br />
in6 J.çvel ws* ts be obüefned from rehool Ì.eeerde end entered<br />
Ín pre*er$.þed ¡rlacee åa <strong>the</strong> gulde'.<br />
H-ee$l-La sf, tfie p1.l.EÞ ptudv" &y thc erld <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> I9úl*<br />
S8 eeho$.I Sitear å tÞÈaf" <strong>of</strong> eeventy-f,1Yo boye *nd<br />
7*<br />
fertY*6sïç?r<br />
6S"11* h*el *ropp*d +uu sf çehËæl Im <strong>the</strong> ü9. nlsfineE eeho'ol^<br />
øysêom, #f .Ëhoen, ftfteen hsd been J.ntoryleuêd. Ths<br />
toüeÏ-fi åmelt¡ded ËråRH6r 1.rya6ee whÍ.ph HrrÕË dsterffilsed by oheçk*<br />
ån6 *ahsçI guådancc f,åIep ar¡d <strong>of</strong>f,'åeë flÏ,es sf Etudentp whs<br />
fmi.Leß ts r&tt¿rn tp Eçf¿c'p3. t-n Septen*ber, 19óä. $ummer drop*<br />
ouü8 wsfË çûätåsüêd þf belephonê or personaÏ, esll tç detEr*<br />
sÍne wiie<strong>the</strong>r tho¡r h*ú enrelled ån schpol,e Elsewhere End, iþ<br />
sl} þut q ,fe$ s&ss#, eaeh str¡dsnütË gtetÈû wae clearly<br />
sp0eblå.ehed þy dåreet eontsêt. The few $&sås where thf.e Hqs<br />
rågt, pfå€t,åo<strong>at</strong> r#erê ghildren sf Þ;, t. å" F. pgrËtn&sl whon<br />
heing øubJect ts ùrensfer f,res snç båae te eaethor åt frÊ*<br />
,qusÌrt ånt,ørval"e, had digappçqred þeforE r<strong>ür</strong>Ëået w*s måde.<br />
Eg gttsh ûesËo, r*here a eheaH wåÈh <strong>the</strong> personnel. deparÞnrent<br />
reveaLed t.!¡eü Èhe famlly þ¡ad tgoyed, tË ar¡stÍ¡er fù. g. A. f.<br />
*t<strong>at</strong>loan ft, goemed ree*ensÞIe ts ågÊ{¡¡ÉG Ë¡ret tf¡e studËr¡t<br />
çoncerned ts&s ReÈ aetually & drop-s¿6.<br />
Feaæib$.l*.ty o.f a drop*sut Etudv. ÀI$heugå¡ tbe pilot
77<br />
etudy had preved to þe e ngeful exereiee whish provf,ded<br />
Ðpp-Sr¿Ì¡af"ËÍeE f,sr <strong>the</strong> úevalopæent Ef çultablo ÊechnÈques<br />
and ång?ru@entn, t,ha valld d<strong>at</strong>a tt, proåueed sns restrå<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
&o <strong>the</strong> f,orugøång etasi"sÈfcs on tlte 6ntåre Érep*s1¿6 popul<strong>at</strong>lert,<br />
Ëhc numbar <strong>of</strong> drop*61<strong>Å</strong>Þs wås eo }arg* thät Lnt,srvåexlng<br />
*I,I o"f, <strong>the</strong>m ffsuld lxsv& been a þaet <strong>of</strong>, prohs'bltlve<br />
prÐp&trtåsÍ¡É, end elnee $6 PrepÊr sempltüg PrseÊdurø hsd b'æes<br />
ì¡ssdr *flf eaffieefy Ðf tbË pl-IEß utudy dsgs wøuåd be faede-<br />
EueËe. ${&'dsver, <strong>the</strong> p}.}ot St¡ådy dåd poJ.nt out <strong>the</strong> f,eeelbr-l[üy<br />
<strong>of</strong> s ütt¡dy ê.f, drøp-otåt* la #tr *IamryE, proYx"deå<br />
sultsbÏ.e Ëf,mFILnK üeehnlques w@r* smpltyêd *nd provS.deú t'he<br />
i$tÈrvåêw prscedure $&8 ,furtþer rEfåned, ,&ddttlsnel lnfsr*<br />
m<strong>at</strong>l,on ÊA persör¡sl. adJufltËe&t !t*Ë tlss&ssåry. The methsd Ef<br />
çþè<strong>at</strong>r.nlng lnfom<strong>at</strong>tsn from tho echools sb t'he tf.ms c¡f, wåth*<br />
dresrel Imd p*oved Ísledçquet# *nå ssuld have tÙ þê fruproved.<br />
$'urùharm<strong>at</strong>rüf Ëo&€ drop*ss6s, or 6helf P&rêrlt#, eb*oX'utely<br />
refqssü t0 heve anEthtng te ds ulth gueh å srffv6y¡ bnt<br />
tbêÍf numberg t$6fs üffiLl end it appe*reê pornl,blo tu etmpen-<br />
#etÉ for <strong>the</strong>gs nûn*reependentg þy t'ahlng a eEf'fl.såsntly<br />
lar6e ðexnpl.s tf t!¡e drop-eut popul<strong>at</strong>ton! å¡"tþÊu&h Frsper<br />
ÉoËpl,lng teehnique wor*Ld prohåþåt repleoXag ühøø tcåÞh mefs<br />
gt*OFsf&t,åve rarÞJeote, Ín EumtrHl"y, tw¡lrevËeÊB$û fn Uhe<br />
*neËhod ef *tudyi-ng #8. JaueE dr*p*6's¿ë w6r& esssnt*'ål' bt¡t<br />
th6 *t,r¿dy sppeersd to be quite feaelbte end be}* tuË th€
78<br />
pesEÍ,biltty ef pr*vi.dlng uaefÉl f.nslghte, ån0o ühe nâturs<br />
gnd eaugee <strong>of</strong> drËp-p¡¡¡,.<br />
FtFq ,pf ,$qqçedgã+ "<br />
Id,enttfi.e<strong>at</strong>l.or¡ <strong>of</strong> eal1ent fae- .<br />
tÐrs tn úrøp-out and <strong>the</strong> vel,åd<strong>at</strong>Lsn sr ref,utåÈión <strong>of</strong> 6he<br />
hypo<strong>the</strong>sI,e neguåred <strong>the</strong> dçf,fnttåon <strong>of</strong> ühe eubJect BoIruJ.stløn,<br />
EelseÈlsn <strong>of</strong> w nt¡lteble ønaple <strong>of</strong> drop-suÈE ând <strong>the</strong><br />
collectåon <strong>of</strong> rel"evant' È,nfprssbJ.on on hssø Ëe6tËrü e<strong>ür</strong>d<br />
çehool facüers by e olqarly defi.nød technf^que whleh would<br />
prevåde q eensf,stsnb f,raæewerk En wlrleh gho etudy mtght, be<br />
sendueted. $uheoqucntly þlrç detÐ mu<strong>at</strong> bo anelysed to<br />
d,eterrß*.fia whf.cfr f.ndÍ,vldusl. factsfÐ s$pëer ffisst cråti"eel,,<br />
aE wall as wkleh &lreup øf f'eouore bere <strong>the</strong> greeter respon-<br />
såbfl,låty La <strong>the</strong> daefsiçn to wf.ühdrar from och¡sol*<br />
$t.tbJoet Fnpul*ü{,on<br />
F'rerue sf kefer@$cs<br />
lhs frame <strong>of</strong> refcrence eemprleed sl1 sbudente sn*<br />
rülled ån grede& or¡ê te eleven ln <strong>the</strong> $ahsoJ. ËLvåelon <strong>of</strong>,<br />
åt, James, durlng <strong>the</strong> I,9ôÊ-63 EshsoL y6êrr In Soptombør,<br />
X96â n Èhe È$ûsI number af, sueh ðÈr¡dËðts Ln $t. *f &msô<br />
eohCIolç ¡uaø 6r33d.<br />
$tudente Excluded .Êrom tf¿o $Èr¿dv<br />
lhs på1e6 otudy palnted up <strong>the</strong> nesd .fer cLaråf{ce-<br />
üfgn and pooetble çxsl$sj"on af fifrrådsnus, lß & verlsty <strong>of</strong><br />
caÈegor!.e a.
St€ßLe, twelyg ,Et,r+Sgnt,g. SÈudente enrollcd fn grade<br />
twelv$ $6re detrlboresËly exeluded f,roan <strong>the</strong> st¡¡dy hecauee<br />
Ef &Í¡e Euafrsþårtuy <strong>of</strong>, er¿uåvaLer¡t sbudy pro6rs88 Ln fi,ret<br />
yeer unåverølùy' &{any ${enltobane eleeted tc aètønd nni,vsr*<br />
efüy, o$eeef,onall.y üBtÊådË sf å{*nl,tsbe, ånetead <strong>of</strong> tek{ng<br />
6nnde Èwslve. $seh peCIpl* are oþvlorr*Iy nät, åröp*ûBt&r yËt<br />
i.t åe <strong>of</strong>,Èen dÍ.f,fi.er¡lt, t8 sËtâbf,åsh $f¡sre ùhoy arø and why<br />
thðy chesEe to Ï.eeya tbe e¡rntem. ïhersf,prê thëy rs6rs €JE-<br />
el¡r$sd from 6hø $t. *Tâmqø $,nveet,ågetíEn.<br />
Gra$e gleven rep'egÞe.{Ë. ls & Etudent a drop-out if,<br />
he eomptotes gr*se e.levsn wÈth enly sn@ sråpprementsl"n but,<br />
dssw n<strong>at</strong> refirÃrn ü6 qeh+ol to steer $,ü? #e may ch*loge üo<br />
take prf.v*te tultl.en or he mny éeelde ts ettênd tlåghÉ<br />
gçhgeL. ${s mt-ght 6\rÊfi csnttrfr,uË hls edrroEülon $.n sose tsqþ*<br />
¡rl.eal aehaal, prrtleul,asly xf <strong>the</strong> eubJeot fs¡ Hhleb hc Lncks<br />
ttandf,ng LE net Lnpor$ant Ëo ht$ furgþer tra$.Rång. .I,a eny<br />
q&eën eueh peopi.o ÐÞpssr þot, tfi be drop*rutü In <strong>the</strong> bruesü<br />
sêBør gf ttrs rors* and eBeh Lsgüðr$s€E led to <strong>the</strong> deexalon<br />
t,s exelu*e frou <strong>the</strong> $$. nlamed i.nveioti.getåÐn sf¡y Etudsnt<br />
who rf.thdres *fÈ*r eeimpletl.ng e furt yßer cf gradr elçvea<br />
*rrb. Ëhle deslelon uaE EubJect to gueetlon sn Èh€ groufida<br />
th<strong>at</strong> a drop*qut h*a already bEsn defånod, for purpoaeo <strong>of</strong><br />
ühlø etudyr åÈ e¡ây s&nûest, who 1sqvss eshosl before Ê6&*<br />
pletlng <strong>the</strong> cswse ef #Èudy [n whfch f¡ç l* enrol-led, å<br />
79
stsdeaË X*ckf,ng standfng i.n eRe grade elevon aubJect' hee<br />
not, etrletly upeekl.ng, 6smplÉted hÍs eûursË. ffigweler, ln<br />
a demeerst1s system e ehi.Id may elecg sny €turËs provfded<br />
tre mçeËs Èhë PrørÊqßf.ËiÈës r cltbough he ffiAy nûÈ be eqtrf.pped<br />
to eeæp189ê ths *&ur$a tn <strong>the</strong> srormal wåy' åäe åør tf eÊursðt<br />
E¡"¡gf.tled ts tryn bu$ üh* sehüüI çËanst &BereêUes sueeess.<br />
l.f t¡e s$pêrltncsø Éåff,Í,C¡rlù,åes êÉrl¡f tn <strong>the</strong> eo¡¡rse be may<br />
be.g;u[dad fu¡to a #trË etlltaþIç one; but åf Èhe øtudent hea<br />
hssn te¡ËËn, <strong>at</strong>¡Ëcgewfullyr å8 fer as ths ffnel examf'nabl'øas<br />
$-n ühe 6rourû6 | ghs sshüo[ l¡e$ sørted itu purpssq sel} , and<br />
bee*use <strong>of</strong> th6 lavolvemßnts <strong>of</strong>, suppl"effientåls and prÍ.vaÈe<br />
t,rn,Í.tåsn, wåth$rawsl"E after sne yeár <strong>of</strong> Etudy ln graÈo eleven<br />
$È16 eneludsd f,rom thl.s åtud$n<br />
&åthdraqal-g-tp ei¡rrEctlqn lusÈi,tutlOns, ¿notltêf, É.1{*<br />
üIu6i,û$ EåþS&êrry ïûäË meds tlF ôf, $-trådsnts who mlght þe uåth*<br />
drqasþ frgm eehsel fer ÞLegeËüëett 1* i.rrEülbutlqng sf eorrëeüI.ón.<br />
lü w*Ë knsHJr, fron <strong>the</strong> påXUt et,udf ' ühåt' eugh w'lth-<br />
drn*m[s sr*åe tst Ðf, sêri.Ëus pør*nnel edJ$$Èment problamo,<br />
&ad s$.neê ffiðshtnéfy sfae alreaÉy f's eff,ecÈ ü* deel uit'h t'hemt<br />
{tn* J¡¡yønl,le ênd S'e$i.ly üourt sf, 84ånåtObtir ånveo[$.geuåaê<br />
<strong>the</strong>m &t übê tàne sf, <strong>the</strong> Bt. Jauee otudy appeared ts eerve<br />
pû purpose. In addltl.on, thÊy tsould aetually not, bo out <strong>of</strong>''<br />
eehssl ät åLI.<br />
$en-rentdgg-t€, ffisn*rgoldgnte wêre Eåmllar].y exal,nded<br />
&ü
8I<br />
f,roru t,he st. rlamss et'udy. Large gEhpol, dåstiriete geeetåæea<br />
qttregt gtudente f,rem regg ¡"rrlvf],eged rarar åre&c. $nei¡<br />
etudsn&s br'åag along ryfth <strong>the</strong>m br¡$,lt*ån proclene tnclu*ång<br />
f,lnsnefel problena, hsscelek*sssr ineder¿u<strong>at</strong>e ssrieol b&cls-<br />
ground, aad th* dtff,teulty <strong>of</strong> edJue&lng ro e sbren#s Eehsol<br />
ÊyÉËesfl wÍ.thüut <strong>the</strong> stsbtLl*lng åsfLüeneo s.f a reguåar hounø.<br />
Horeover <strong>the</strong>y wourd be dlff,lcult to lnreståg<strong>at</strong>¡e CInee rith-<br />
dram, sånss t,hey treuld gen4 to rettlr$ to <strong>the</strong>Ír homes,<br />
þ.fnallyn lt ts not f,ur¡damcntnlty e¡r ai.m <strong>of</strong> tûo St,, olases<br />
sohsðI ey&teffi Ës å.€søffi&oéæt€ people wt¡ose p&rsnte are not<br />
regldemts e*ld te#päy€rÉ. 'få¡Ersfsrg El$n-røslclente wôre &¡Ë*<br />
çXuded frew thE etudy.<br />
Sebool tranËfers eaå ovErgeg EÈudË¡ntE. $tudense rrho<br />
'dropBed ouÈ fEllowfurg å Ëqvë ts anesher sehsa} dÍstrlsü<br />
trêre ts bç oxcluded sô trêrë e<strong>ür</strong>rd6nt# who had rë-&trro].Ied Ln<br />
aEþooï. EfÈçr pneuf.ng uhe ag¡o sf tr$Èr¡tf*gne yüår&, iln <strong>the</strong>Ee<br />
öe*&r ft wss felü üh<strong>at</strong> $ü,, demeot .ed¡*est,åpnsl nenBoRel.bl,llty<br />
musb tsrsiaßÈe <strong>at</strong>, ühr cåty Låmi.ts gnú et n6o twenty-qnø<br />
es pr€scråþed by she Frov$.nelsl çiøvernment,å l*reasf,erE te<br />
prtr<strong>at</strong>e gqhoElsn however, wèr& exeludeú for dåf,JÉrant ra&*<br />
sÊüs. Slgbsugh ËhÊy uould be LeeyùB# gh€ $gf tJapea pubJ.åc<br />
U &u Fublle Scheole ¡!g!. , (Tf¡e ÏleparÈment ef .bduca*<br />
llpnr -Provl.nce sf ååanltob<strong>at</strong> {dneênrs Prl.ntern t95¡}} o Fert<br />
KLI, SeetLen ft37, $ub'nee$åan Ê.
Ëä<br />
geheel eyotam, bb6y flêrê nrb êeõuåI.Iy dreppxnË ouþ <strong>of</strong><br />
sch*ol, and eånse <strong>the</strong> røseens fsr Leevin& eourú lnelude<br />
rerågloua faeÈer$ sê wslr ae fLssnelaL-eooåar stetr¡B it<br />
wag deemed wåee ts e¡¿c}ud,e <strong>the</strong>m. sonve<strong>rwe</strong>ly, drep*q)r¡t,g<br />
who entro].Ied ln buef.nsea cøllËsËð er who leter retl¡rnsçl<br />
to gehoel. sere ac6trelly f.nct nded Í,n frhe er*ÞJect, prpul.a-<br />
tÈon on thê sroued$ th<strong>at</strong> Èhe f,-,eEtsrs reþ¡åeh cause Èhe<br />
ånltåa[ aurrønder, t]¡e desåeÍsn, ëvËn though te$prrery,<br />
to rel,l.nqu;i.<strong>at</strong>r opporûunåsi,e$ for freg pebl-åc edrreetåern,<br />
þenr åuvoaBÍ,gaËåon.<br />
¿,4Ë*åGE¡, ggËð6n9. Sår,*¡ûrmwalE ^f*r aonfårmed mËd*<br />
lenl trga$oË*, aa*.dø frsu FÍ.sgfiârîÊy røhi.eh ru*y have sceåel-<br />
ffüsuÍ.efiel. Í"mpltoautonpr ssr# nsü se be cons{dened. aE<br />
drop*e¡16E .fpr purprs€s çf thfa utudy. The lnabitlty ef<br />
mødf.Ëal eçlençe tû eûngrsl dåsoasç to tbü Fêånt *.f perfectlÈn<br />
Í.s nst <strong>the</strong> polnt <strong>of</strong> Èhe $t, JsseE ånveet,ågetlsn,<br />
Bg$qrdeü ghtldren. öhlldren wlth X.i¿.t8 srf lees<br />
ühan eåghtr wsre escLuded from thtrs strÈdy. Ëheår probr*ma<br />
åf@ sffitårely untgue gnd snu$t bE ure<strong>at</strong>eú g$x,$ê apart frsm<br />
Ë.þùûsË ¡rhoeç eapebi.Liti.eE årå nerfiBåI sr bettsr.<br />
SuþJocü Ponuletitln<br />
#ith ths s¡rg€pLåon sf t,hE ver.i.ouE cåregoråee sf<br />
Etnd+ntE marheé for exelueå*n, ühe frase Ef reføre$ee in-<br />
eruded EÏ.J, stu*€nüs fn gr*dËü @¿r8 gr¡ eleven Ln $8. Jnrues
&3<br />
Éüï¡tols. Ths eubJeet popuL<strong>at</strong>len Lnuludcd all dro¡r-e¡¡gs<br />
from thls frar¿e <strong>of</strong> refcrs&€e, but net el.l wËrê tr bê<br />
åntervle$sd,. fke meghsd ef noleetfng certalg drop-E66E<br />
fer åntervi.e* åø refør¡reü to ae eampll,r*6 preoedurer<br />
Ëaøplån6 Frueedure<br />
Tbe peri.ed e¡(t@nêång from åeptømbsp llr t9åå, to<br />
$epÈember 3, f963, had beçn seS.ected ae tbe 66¿6-gabher:Ln6<br />
perå"od [n <strong>the</strong> lnvea&5.g<strong>at</strong>å,en *f Eiü.. çles¡çE drap*gi¡t,6. $Ínse<br />
thç nnmber <strong>of</strong> drop*¡¡ttt'o frsTs $t. Jem*ø Eehsplg 1n <strong>the</strong><br />
t96I*6å sshsot yeås tst&Lled Iåä boye and gårtø, Ls wås<br />
ø*aumed, årl tþs ïf&ht, øf åncrgasång enrslaeontæ, t!¡et et<br />
laant s a*slLar nrrmbçr would dtrop*oug i.n ühe eueeeeñlng<br />
gü&r¡ Iß l*ae fr*rüher dseåüed ttisþ Êr¿Ê*Bhf.rd <strong>of</strong> þt¡eEs wsuld<br />
ÊÞnnÈtÈ*¡tê &$ ðdËgnöt'Ë *emple for <strong>the</strong> pÉf¡åüees <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ån-<br />
vest'å6eËåsn and en e}eberfiEe ptan was devJ.eed for l,naarÍng<br />
th<strong>at</strong> elL üe¡"act$.oüe were sEdc by ehuneo and wåthout þi"ae.<br />
<strong>Å</strong>ltr. drøp*odÈF dierlng trhe rpår*6å pÍ.Let etudy wstre<br />
Ii.Etø4 aecsrdl,r¡ß ût s€x snd üonth <strong>of</strong> drop*6t¡t,, ff¡ers w6rË<br />
Ð6ysüùy-f,t"ve boye cnd f,ortf-ssven g,årla. åt sEe ngt€d<br />
þhsß thspe rdå$ å peåk <strong>of</strong> drep-out acBiv{ÈÍ fn l<strong>at</strong>e Jenuong<br />
nnd esnly Þ"ebrnæry, *hartly eftÉr ËbråseffiËs examlne<strong>of</strong>Ðn<br />
resEl&E hEd þeen relsaEed. thls waE foltowed by a 1H11<br />
whå.eh 6êvB rrey üü e&ð<strong>the</strong>r peek ån å4sf r Í'otlowlng ehe &aet,er<br />
expminEtLone.
T,t was lntended ts $84 rendom numþcrs ln <strong>the</strong><br />
eel.ectlon <strong>of</strong>, ÍnÈerçiewees durl"ng Èhø L9'82-63 eehool Yëar<br />
åadr in order üo eY<strong>of</strong>.d çhesee btee or tþe pooeibility <strong>of</strong><br />
& run <strong>of</strong> nuæþere fql.Ling üpslr Ét¡6 Paptfer¡}sr Ðex Ðr upÞn t<br />
tåïr thrf.a<strong>ür</strong>n<strong>at</strong> dre,p-çruts ßo t'he exe¡-ugisÊ <strong>of</strong> H&süer dropot¡ts,<br />
<strong>the</strong> úrop-6sge f,or 196Ë*63 n who wsre ectus,L¡.y ås y6t,<br />
usknøwn, wetr@ ts b6 tf<strong>at</strong>eå Ífi twü ËrÐups sech <strong>of</strong> u*hi"çh ¡sas<br />
Esbdåv-fded l4to boyn and gårl<strong>at</strong><br />
I. Soyø and gi.rls who dropped out betHeen Íieptember<br />
I*, L963 end PebruurY âÉ, 1963.<br />
E, Hoye *nd 5tr1* rshq drøpped orra bÉtwsën *eiarch L,<br />
f.9É3 and Sept,èeber 3 ' 19&3.<br />
<strong>the</strong> nu¡nbËr ôf dro¡t*strtÊ ån eech auþdÍ.vf.glrn such as<br />
<strong>ür</strong>Onp Sne bOy6o rìr8g beseÉ er¡ &he rrr¿wb<strong>ür</strong> r.ëSorded f,tr <strong>the</strong><br />
üsfis6 peri"ad ån bhs Pr#visgts yê&r| * pftrsü st,Hdy t but <strong>the</strong><br />
eeçua3" numþer L$.etçd woo oltgþtly }ass than th<strong>at</strong>" f,or t,he<br />
IP63.-Éâ FËrttd. fh{g wAð don6 Ln erder ü$ itï&ilre e s<strong>at</strong>'ia*<br />
f,asÈory qoûS* s.f lnt'ervl.ss8, In*omuËir &Ë å Ëligltt dçcll'ns<br />
ln tþ* uumþer <strong>of</strong> drop*6utÉ¡ for n gåvcrr Ferlod could reEulË<br />
1n t,he loen ef n ut 6ulfloant nuuber <strong>of</strong>, interu5.ar*e, tf, <strong>the</strong><br />
Isst, flve speeeg ön thê l[Et had bÊËn aeleqged for f,'ntEr'<br />
vl,e*s bl¡t ¡*ere not ff,Il"ed. l'heref,ore, åÐ ef $øptaunber 4r<br />
lË6å, each subdsvtal"on llst eoneiøted ef n serfee <strong>of</strong> nue-<br />
bcred blenk spåsËs, slf"ShËIy fewer ln number <strong>the</strong>ri for <strong>the</strong><br />
ËsBB p*rloú <strong>of</strong>, thc Prpvåous fesr, lnto whleh ß&äês wut¡I"d þe<br />
ËI'.
sstêrêd e,# Ëhê Etudante drepped out sf eehesJ..<br />
The aebr*e]. quantåty end ghe Fårtleul.ar åndtvf.duale<br />
eelocËed for tnterrr{e$t fros eøoh låst ts bess lå}uetrsted<br />
by <strong>the</strong> follosån$ example, The t'stal ¡¡r¡mber $ü 'be ånter-<br />
nåesød Ì{&6 onë-third <strong>of</strong> LãÊ,r tr *pproxlmntËLy forty-snÊ dro¡Þ-<br />
SstË. fherefane, stnçE thË sdt'$el nuffiber *,f Sroup ttne msl.e<br />
drop*eråt,s f"n tha pLIðt etardy tetalled thtrty-two boyo, ßbe<br />
numbar regulred, f,or lntervåEw úurång <strong>the</strong> fprffiåI deta perLod<br />
w&g one-thË,rd sf tirlrty-tt"JÉr ûf eÏ,erran 'boye . lhe numbgr Ef<br />
<strong>ür</strong>oup üne ssle drep*6¡¡Ss ffir I9ôf.**3 wsa del,fberetely <strong>ür</strong>dEr*<br />
sstl.Måted <strong>at</strong> neÈ Ïøss tlhÐIt thårty. Theref,sre <strong>the</strong> tSroup {Jne<br />
Þoys Ï1st eenslsüed sf, thlrty þIaBh Bpesöe numbEred frosa<br />
Onß te t"hårty. lhgnn from Ff.eher and f<strong>at</strong>aU3 tubl*s <strong>of</strong> Fåfi-<br />
dom numberø * Tsbls åXfr,IfX saq e*l.ecte'ú arþl€rerLly and sith*<br />
Ont prtor ,e$fiml&åtf.Þtx gf, <strong>the</strong> nttmb&re., Huebera trêr* read fn<br />
sËIr¡ffis gnç frem ühe t,op left ûtraêr ef, <strong>the</strong> PeffÊ, dËuÌ1. åny<br />
numþer b<strong>at</strong>wesn on* nad thlrty ¡rhÍeh eppeared *.n <strong>the</strong> cslugtn<br />
rcss chøcked <strong>of</strong>,f <strong>of</strong>å ths *ronp üee ËsyÊ ll,ãt unt'll aleven Eueb<br />
HumbÊrt had begn &Brksd. lhe drop*s<strong>at</strong>s whEso fle&ëË rúGrÉ<br />
Ê$ùGfsd äeefde thÊð6 shecked numberg et tbê yser prû&gËBssd<br />
wsrrlå be cost*êtÉd for lntervlew. $tud*nts whsse llåffiê&<br />
sÊr@ entçreÉ þeaåde uncheckeô nuubers Hsrt net lnteruleseú.<br />
3 ¿, FÍsher snd frsnh TaÈee' fi,tqt+q$<strong>Å</strong>gÊå Ta-Q<strong>Å</strong>Es,<br />
($[çw T*rk: ]iafner, I9&8i, F. 1û5.<br />
ü5
Ilrop*srå¿ lj.ete f,qr {åroup üne glrLa, Ëreup Two bo¡¡e<br />
snd, &roup Two gtrle wsrë doveloped f.n a elsllar ffi&RäÉr.<br />
fhe <strong>ür</strong>sup ûne Êår1æ I"LE& coneåEÈEçi sf gi"rl.a éreppf.ág ôuÈ<br />
bet¡reen #epteuber lrr Lgbí-^ and Ír-eþruary Ë8, 1963. t'he pitot<br />
<strong>at</strong>udy þCIüal fer thå.a sübÉ,ivlELoÉ sae thårteen. ?he setlm-<br />
aüod t€¡tel fer <strong>the</strong> dsße penf,pd wee Êen. The quantf.ty <strong>of</strong><br />
åabarvåeua requlreê frgro 1;h$.Ë ËrcLrp ÍsåB önê*thLrd <strong>of</strong> thår*<br />
üßsr¡r sr four. Th* epçclf,lc f¿us¿bers øeïesÈed fsr ånt'ørvlEw<br />
lrÐfe debsrætncd by readsng dsï<strong>ür</strong> f,ras& bhê tsp <strong>of</strong> EoJ.uron el,¡t<br />
f.n fable gåJ$åf <strong>of</strong> ühe $'l"ener and Tqbes tablee. SLmi].*rly,<br />
Ëhs <strong>ür</strong>oup fwo Ëoye ttetn maÌ,e drep-oute frEm March l, f9Ë3<br />
ts gËF$êmb*r 3, f9É3, $åE sgttffiåþed <strong>at</strong> thirty-aix, or r¡svêlr<br />
l.nsa shan <strong>the</strong> pllot Ëtirdy total.. The quant*.ty af i.nÈsrv*ewe<br />
reqnåreô ffêE <strong>of</strong>rê*Þhi.rd <strong>of</strong> f,orty*tþreor sr fsurüEe¡r, end<br />
bh66ë aumbers r{6rts setreeued by reading down eel.r¡¡Ëe eleven<br />
sf Èhe random number tablegf &Ëd eheeklng <strong>of</strong>f n$¡nbers bs-<br />
twsen onE asd thl.rty*69¡s, a* <strong>the</strong>y appeared, unt$.J" fsurtEen<br />
wer€ chsekçd. S'f.naLIy, <strong>the</strong> <strong>ür</strong>oup fuo üf.r}s IfEt, femel.e<br />
drep-st¡ge fros Í,tørch L, f963 to $Èptéæber 3 r I9ô3 r îÍ&ts<br />
eettffitùêü aü trrsnt,y*stght r sf s{x le** ühAn thÊ FLJ"ðË nêudy<br />
üotal. fh* quantf.ty sf l-ntervåewe require$ w&ß rñ@*tlrJ.rd<br />
<strong>of</strong>, th{rty*foutrr år e}evgn, and tlreee numbers hrgre eeleeÈEd<br />
by reaéång d*rea eol"u$n s$.xtsen i,n Èhe renÉow nurnherE tebles<br />
and sheekf.ng <strong>of</strong>,f numþerË beÈwegn enÉ and tryenty*eå€htr &Ê<br />
Ë6
<strong>the</strong>y appeared r untf-l eleven Euch nuæbera rsërts ehecked.<br />
fhlE eempleteË ühe drep-Est LfstE f,sr t}¡e fermaL d<strong>at</strong>a<br />
perlod and ft reffialned onry t{) entðr <strong>the</strong> nemee aE <strong>the</strong><br />
studenta dropped out.<br />
Thla soneludåÞg stêp ef entgr$.ng namee on bhe blank<br />
llsta wgE d.one secording to dabe ef laet ettgndäncs &E rê*<br />
Borted by uhe ecþoe]. on ühe <strong>of</strong>f,iei.<strong>at</strong> moneÞly acheor rspgrt<br />
te <strong>the</strong> Føpårt#Êrit <strong>of</strong> Hduca&iôn, An inberent adventag+ <strong>of</strong>,<br />
thås pl.gn $es t,het i.b setåsfÊotorlly ,mi"¡red droB-sute from<br />
<strong>at</strong>l eshoE3.e coneerned and, prevenÈed th€ pösÐåb*Itüy <strong>of</strong> e<br />
eerteE ef Etudsnte, reported <strong>at</strong> ene tt¡ue srsr* sne echoo},<br />
.falt"lng en I n¡n <strong>of</strong> åntenrleu nuubero, thëreby l"ntroducing<br />
a t'ypç <strong>of</strong> blen $"n tll¡e di.reEtåqn <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>t Eaheol. Ílrle pet-<br />
ÈêrË wes t,o bø rågid,Iy adhsred to and, in tne event thaü<br />
t*s nt'r¡dents wl.ûhdrsw sn <strong>the</strong> #affie dqyn lb ¡saø detersßlned<br />
&het nuø*erilçal pr.eeedsf¿G€ wsüld be riecåded by <strong>the</strong> f,ttp <strong>of</strong>,<br />
e gpån* Ta <strong>the</strong> gaee ef *un¡ares drop*erütË, r*ho eouLd nst be<br />
åüenttf,åed untf.l septexnber snd whs ueÊLd vårruerLy have <strong>the</strong><br />
ssme daüe Ef IaEt *ttondanee, Jr¿ne 3ûn Èhe srder ef låosång<br />
ühsÈr nsËe* rsag to b6 dÊtsre:Lr¡ed by dr<strong>at</strong>rån6 thø nåeÉs f¡ros<br />
a haÈ.<br />
tne flnal preþras relÀts¿ re eawpre aeJ.est{En<br />
reæ$,nçd t6 þê creared. x,B <strong>the</strong> event rf eR e:çêsss êf drop-<br />
aËts appearÍng ån a glven pçrlod, åt wa* deei.deË bh<strong>at</strong>, thëy<br />
would øåmply be Edded to <strong>the</strong> drop-sut l.i.&g for thE perf.od,<br />
&7
1n eþronologiaal arder çf, <strong>the</strong> d<strong>at</strong>e sf, l.ast ettendancen<br />
and Every thf.rd eueh Btr¡dent weuld be selected, for<br />
imtervlew.<br />
Þ{sture sf, <strong>the</strong> Ð<strong>at</strong>s<br />
Serne çf, <strong>the</strong> lteree uEed 1rt <strong>the</strong> påXot etudy, euelr as<br />
üFrepar<strong>at</strong>J.ûn for hanne and fa*åly låvtng$r w&trË reJect,ed<br />
þecouge *,nupectLsn aË' fenp{ån*es receåve4, ,{¿nd e revåew Ef,<br />
<strong>the</strong>år pe*ei"hle eentrlbubloa, ec*,f,irnred þi¡efr Èrrelevaneei<br />
but sset <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> lser¡s $åtårs$çgd rë*exa¡ni.n<strong>at</strong>Lnrr and seme<br />
nÉH Ðne$ wÊrg.added.<br />
?l¡e f,*3-Iow3.ng ¡:oånte wêtrË epx¡.såcfered eågnifåesnt ln<br />
tbË expLoretlo$ <strong>of</strong> fi#me fsetorsl addres*, B6er bårðhcåmüe,<br />
eÊEir<strong>ür</strong>y sf bÈrthr B@r(, f<strong>at</strong>herta bLrtlrpS.ece, f,<strong>at</strong>herts age<br />
Þf eetry 1¡ø üenada lf s,ppli.Eabl.e, mot.herts hår*lrpl.ace,<br />
msühsrrs e&e <strong>of</strong> *nÉry ùË tenede ig ep¡:Låexble, f<strong>at</strong>herts<br />
Ѐgr¡p*$len, mr<strong>the</strong>rts ÐccwpaËLfrn, fe&herte J.eveL <strong>of</strong>f çdr¡s<strong>at</strong>i<strong>of</strong>i,<br />
mothsrrs }evel <strong>of</strong>, edue<strong>at</strong>,itn, coriÉåt,Ier¡ <strong>of</strong> hen¡er F€Fe*nal<br />
&ppÈarsrxçe, eLoge frl.ende, elblåags o dos¡Í.eåIe i*lth<br />
pereuta $r nst, persistenee *f Beren8ut marràage, bed t,åruø,<br />
ni.elng t1.ffi6, total e3"eepÍn6 t,ùnae, Leam aporto I use sf, laËe<br />
televÍ.efnn, abåI$.tg to takE endersr ¡)Ërsever$Éce, addåebf,e*<br />
bo *Eoktng and sëê frtåpted, part*t5.me empl+yment epd type<br />
ef wsrår ea rrcll gE wsrk5.ng times, usefr¡Lnese ef Be.r&*Èlrrø<br />
werk, pX,ano for ft¡rÞltertæeÍ,nång *nd &yp€ sf werk sotrghtn<br />
88
uå6 <strong>of</strong>, famtly çår, ss<strong>at</strong>äçts wlËh polåee, ou8-<strong>of</strong>,*Eclisol<br />
arganlø<strong>at</strong>f.ana, physical hsndfeêBe.<br />
lhs folløwång, pølnËe were consådered el6nf.fåeant, ln<br />
thø exploretløn sf, ech¡ool faetorsr ftenËål abtlåty, readån6<br />
levelr grade <strong>at</strong> ùitae <strong>of</strong> drop*out., nusþer Ef ashsolE aüten-<br />
dedn eehaol Ispt qtbended¡ d<strong>at</strong>e Ef lest <strong>at</strong>Èendance, €ûurser<br />
fasorlþe øubJeetun dåplficed euÞJeeüen sourne weakneEsêa &6<br />
öseü h,y thø drop-6r¡¿, *ge <strong>at</strong>,erÈed Eehpol, ettenüsnce <strong>at</strong><br />
kladørgartee¡ &oselersül-Ðär gradeu faåIed, d$.ffåculty in<br />
øtudy, ÉgnnJ.tåvfty to fe*Lure, fr,sÕr¡råt uf l¡sa¡swotrk, <strong>at</strong>ten*<br />
dsnee <strong>at</strong> Euømer Eçhoeln avall"*bflÍty <strong>of</strong> eÈ,udy placer ot,r¡-<br />
dsntte opl"nÍ.on <strong>of</strong> f,requeney <strong>of</strong> echçsl ûrsuþIç, tru&ricy,<br />
gghoul" å&tøÌrdånee, rçadlneaÉ ßo Eg€k help, å.nterf,erence Ef<br />
gçh€+oL r*erk w{th gsç$.el lffe, lmmåsence sf feå}.uref Ët&rvsus<br />
ef,fEet <strong>of</strong>, taotÍ.rrgn Sårgf.eå,Fetl.sn ln €¡6gra eurrlculsr aeËåv*<br />
åüles snd üsaf.re f,or ã*sre Er lçcs sf th*ee, røe*on f,or<br />
Ieøvf.ag, tåme af f,l.ret ur#s tÈ le.Ëvå, treaäûÌt for peraåsbefrss<br />
i.n sçhoEl t'o t,:Íme 6f drep-out, ec,quaÍntençE wåth ghXld<br />
üuldanea tïtnl*, evailabllåty <strong>of</strong> advi.Es rn f,t¿rtÈ¡er edùcaËi"rrn<br />
end Job øeleetlonn uoefulnsðs <strong>of</strong> Eeþool ôraá,r*lng, dEELre to<br />
rebutrn te eahssl,¡ fe€sffi$Êend<strong>at</strong>åone Sor ehangee ån thE sehooL,<br />
oplnionø whY oÈherg droP-eut.<br />
It' ås s$recesd th<strong>at</strong> êhê p$rpseç sf <strong>the</strong> st*dy dåd<br />
net, aü sny etmgCI, ånc}udË ån evalu<strong>at</strong>lsr¡ ef tl¡e *åahosl<br />
û9
ülvåelen <strong>of</strong> $b. Jåmëe, 1tCI Eohsplen åos adæåniut,ragXs¡Ì,<br />
åte teaehera or thß qr¡sJ.1ty <strong>of</strong> ånetrt¿ëtlön e.ff,ered'<br />
Therefore, nt tråtêrlal retr<strong>at</strong>td te puch an eveLu<strong>at</strong>Lon Hê$<br />
lnsluded ln <strong>the</strong> l;lsü øf d*üa tâ be g<strong>at</strong>hered.<br />
Feta tlaüherf,ng, Frøcedi¡rgg<br />
þ<strong>at</strong>a rel.<strong>at</strong>sd ?p Ëhe variene fect*rs usdgr eÊnslder*<br />
<strong>at</strong>l,sn waa obtal¡red frsm sçhsçL recerde ond poroonal å&ter*<br />
Tfsws. <strong>Å</strong> e¡rþstant,lal aruounü s.f thü ffiÊgËrf.al oþ,talned åa<br />
perøo*aÏ, [nters&e$Ë Tû&8 fi6&üÍ$blcal ånforrsesåon, 8t I'eaoÈ<br />
üûf*F çf, whåeh rs&u Ers{lable f,ru¡s 6t,hår göureee Etre}r ns<br />
*ehepl raeütrds. I4owævar, t'here ag*pear*ú ç* hs uaerft ån<br />
obtel.nLng, fù st ftrsÈ hand¡ tt' f¡,ir<strong>the</strong>r served ta fnÈroduee<br />
thê å*t,êrvÈftn FroeÊBe¡ snd Ít wEs sEüed l.rt tbe pilot ctudy<br />
thêt r¿esfa} $.nf,sr¡m<strong>at</strong>l"en r*g&rtl{ng <strong>at</strong>titud*o, ae wel} ae<br />
faeügr rtsrs rerrsaled nl,or*g *itl¡ ËhÊ Ët&tfstics.<br />
*ecess ts aIJ. lndåvåúual peroonal neesrÈE <strong>of</strong> drop*<br />
âüts rfiRË rsquJ.rEdr Es permf.ead.ün ta uss arrd tE e¡refsût<br />
Ínf,çrme&lon f,roe <strong>the</strong>ee regerÉ& wae sbssfrled f,rem scþqol<br />
priucåpela, I,ü wep s rulø sf' <strong>the</strong> Sehsel llfvåElen <strong>of</strong> ffit.<br />
Jases Eh<strong>at</strong> slJ. such recerds be hept' Bp*S6-6[6te Þy clast-<br />
rosffi Ë$eeh&rÊ r BÐ þÞ¡<strong>at</strong> X.nfurs<strong>at</strong>ips øþt<strong>at</strong>ned from thts süutrôë<br />
9ü
{ew relåaþT.s" fha eh#rteomånge sf &fieæs ræe*rd# vrerer r<br />
egeen*lelålr, thæü thçr* w&ß åsTfi@ v*rÍ"e*å*n ån ,f*¡ts å# *<br />
r**¿*Ï,t sf a uharrgæovgr ån &he f*¡rera& sS SË* *f*ssee çe*¡q*J.e<br />
re**rd fÈIdersr *nd *heÈ rçgords ¿rf wturåwtüe wÏ¡* lwd<br />
t*anffifsry** tn Srr*æ çIlh&tr dås<strong>ür</strong>l-*&* HsIr& *f$øe r^*n*vøådabåy<br />
åR*ampå*t,ø. ln any fi&Ë@r vÍÈal mteÈletË"*mn *çf***l h$.æ&så,yr<br />
gen+ral. próffirË*ßr &B*wrd*lãe$ ett* gsssh+ref çFånå*ns wwd,ffi up<br />
<strong>the</strong> eal.n bssy ef mstet*ås], nvsÈI"eþl"e fsem uhåe s#tfrËq@ and åÈ<br />
wa* tæ h* uø*d &# vçnåfy *.w&asry$"*rs <strong>at</strong>mÈås*å*a snd tn tþ¡mw<br />
addt$åpsøl lå6ht *n *ha *¡çææ sJ.uuqufr.eß &# weLl es se¡ffisï"<br />
ra#fr&õtr#*<br />
Pereenel lnbcfi¡Íer'rs<br />
S,f.ngs tlrls ws f,* he a w*$CIr sståffs# *f åmform*tå*n<br />
ån fihq d*rp**u* w$udpo g.p*s[6,1 fiers rüa$ dçvçb*d ts $,mprwv*<br />
l"n# bI** *äç*tsl"ffi# 6r*åde snd rsfåmË,ng Í"rrüewåsd Ssnhwå.r¿r*#**<br />
$*f,¿fi,ç,qH<strong>Å</strong>SW eqåå4$-å,eqËW,ffqr',qffiã#. fhså€ 1Ê¡&$ * çåesr<br />
n,sed tü ôWår¡d el,I åËwä *-rÈ çhç *<strong>at</strong>srçf;çs guåde t* fu,å3,<br />
queøüf..mnmn tr* as ü* s€d*åqle h$.** nnd m*g&esËi.ïeneea f,n çhe<br />
gaËhwr,,.f.s¡# *f resFüaüse fmst dw,:p*ouÈø. Ëê ça* ræ**gn$.w*eT<br />
t'hmt f.* weuld be LxaposuåbÏ"q Ëü slå¡nån**e þåms enÈÍ.rø3yn<br />
br¡t *,r¡ ghø 6Trq*þ ffuet es#å.st&sre* $.¡å ç*nduqt$.x16 ånuerxråew*<br />
beeqmæ $Þtr*ssåry¡ faí[y Þrppered gneetl*mç <strong>of</strong>fçps* åeqs<br />
nppurüunåty f*r üh* læ**ËryEswðF t* €.nfåu@nûe, <strong>the</strong> k$,srd sf<br />
fltigr*str ffiÍ,vs¡r hy gh* dr*p*gr¡ün le,¡ qs#å$*er¡r frår me$er$,*L,<br />
sl
froe pcrssrigl aÈ<strong>at</strong>f.sgfee, Èhrough eeÞryol glrû,grþeË r ü9<br />
<strong>at</strong>tåtudeE tE Lho hose *ed <strong>the</strong> seht¡aL, t{as çenaei.vEd ag<br />
felltng undpr bhe t$e naJor headtnga, home f*e&orE and<br />
gchsol. fasüerE. F<strong>ür</strong> ptrrpÊEss <strong>of</strong> analymlÈ, tt appeared<br />
feaalble to numbcr Èheee lÈeme on bhË åntervtow gulde eo<br />
thåË å.teæs n¡¡mþsred otse to tlr5.rty*aåae wa¡¡Itå þe bswe fÉc-<br />
t'er*o wbålo åtenns nusbered, f,srty to eåghty-oä@ wrulú þe<br />
gahoo} fs,etsrs, Furth6rtßeË6, brth heme faotors end eshoel<br />
faotsrø {'e1-1 Lntp logiea} &rÕup€ pf f.,nfsrmåtl,sn withln<br />
l*hf.Eh t9rø dr*p*ÊttÈË s reppq$Ë*s w*sld herë parbåaulnrly<br />
elene reLe0ùssøhåp, T'ç þe aþIE to nee Èhefin eÈåflüerfsed<br />
sf.de by gådø wpuÏ.d lead ¿Þ ffisfe effestlve å.nÈerpreþaÉi.on,<br />
<strong>the</strong>refor*, ttemg deaS.tng w$..üh heae f,e*tsrs w6re grouped<br />
ånt* p*reaneL f*ets, e,ttttudeø, f,amf}.y faet'erp, hab$.te und<br />
beh¿våær, and t*ørk *x5reråer*aE asd pÏame. .lüsme wf"t,hi"n<br />
çash grsllp w€rs nuu'bsred eüäåÉe{¡båT@tf . $$må}erly, Í.$sffi$<br />
nlønlf,n6 w*th sehsol f<strong>at</strong>gslvE brÞrë grCIu¡led $.nto pefsonel<br />
sehss3. factE, epf.nlone etld <strong>at</strong>tl"tuêer, høbÀte and þefi*vLer,<br />
and gu$-d*n68 façterø, end åtsñrs ¡*Í.tÍ¡ln Each <strong>of</strong> ËheEe<br />
6rÐnpÉ were numborød $or¡sÊslrgi"vely. å?, <strong>the</strong> gEme ti,f,ro tþ¿s<br />
*s$ue} ftr'm!¡6srÐånù s"f lt'em* ån <strong>the</strong> ånt"ervåew gul.óe ìvsas.. nöt<br />
rsqutred ts þe l.n nuqeri.eal srderr burË eould be Ee mrrangeü<br />
eg gs fgel-I.Xtabe t,he gsnduct Ef, tþe åntervÀew, n;fhur,<br />
almpl.e que<strong>at</strong>åons End weå6hÈy queøSi*ne, sehsol t¡uestl,ens end<br />
9Ê
93<br />
t¡onrs qu€st,iens eEuld þe ånçerapereod and EE errauged thåt<br />
rRË qr¡ðstf"ûn åed esælly to shE nE¡st t*åt!¡out eonJurtng ilP<br />
ef,{¡tr Esn8eton$ csffipeflesn <strong>of</strong> tbE home and 6,he echesl,<br />
Ë'otrüþer#Hor'6 | quÊ$tÍ,Ðrlo requtrlng aneworg ntaåIab'le only ån<br />
Sehtol regerds e.euld be greuped <strong>at</strong> þhe and, l¡ut numbered<br />
st as to perætß etsy eomp*ri.wsn wÍth rEl,*üed lbeE'rE when<br />
th* *nAlfgåg sAg fl,nul-ly s¡AdE* <strong>Å</strong>e a reAÌåIt" all $.nterv5.etg<br />
gutde $;temn s€rs enpandwd Ët¡ fuLl Sontsneeæ and þifêr@ J.oCa-<br />
tËd t$ çAntpnl.Er¡t ÍRtervl,ow ordgr, not nr¿sfierf.egl Order<br />
{åpaendlx $#n}, <strong>Å</strong> EnErlaI lnepeet-1$n reve4}e nO obvlpua<br />
g¡ouplng Ef met'qråal.<br />
'fhe :Lnteryf.ew 6ulde wer prånüed ln euffl"såe*t qu*n*<br />
tl^t1*s to prov{.d,e a f,rsEh eêFy for Each anbåel.p&tsd<br />
lnterr¡åeT**ur*rru<br />
x¡EsroveËente. Ðurlns ühe sumser <strong>of</strong> 196ä<br />
ü fevåsw *f <strong>the</strong> $.nterviewe <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pf.Iet aüudy lenÈ cmpbaslg<br />
ta o$rta*ã poÍ.nts <strong>of</strong> tEebs{tåue¡<br />
å" L<strong>at</strong>ervÍsrrñ &rË b*eu ss*d,uo$EÈ åf flg ÈII pooeåÞle<br />
f.e thø aþeenss oS tÏ¡*.fd perti.ËS e¡reh 88 FsrGnBs. Inevlt-<br />
sbly th* êhtrd party tnf,IuencËg &nstsêrs, as shosnil by eon*<br />
ËüLst¡Ð glane*e <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> ånt,ertåewee. trany parenlø såmply<br />
rfiü!üùt beer <strong>the</strong> enewerÐ <strong>the</strong>ti <strong>the</strong>lr ef,f*prtng åfve when<br />
Oplnf.*n6 are r*quirsd" fhøy feel bound þo,I.nterJeetr nn*eh<br />
tâ t,he detrlnenB <strong>of</strong> ßt¿e LstergteB'
2. ,[ntervåewq &rs beet eondueted, f.i" <strong>at</strong> É]l<br />
p*seåbler eÐ nsutral grouad. lf, ðfiøy are Eoudr¡et,eci Xn<br />
ghe ech*ol, <strong>the</strong> åur& af auBheråty p6rvådes, eEpeçially<br />
*tnee <strong>the</strong> lnreËt.f,getÊr araa g*rångåpal ef a eel¡ool. if<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ervå.erÍð &16 sonduet,sd ln tbe hems, flaæl,ly àn&Erfer&ntê<br />
snd dåstracbång l-nfluene*s upgst rsppsrt, lhe sset' s&tIs*<br />
,feeteny sltu<strong>at</strong>ion uða f,ot¡nd $,n <strong>the</strong> uEç sf an sfflee *ll <strong>the</strong><br />
Iseal elvåe buildlng wþefç þçth ånterv$"ewar nr¡cå i¡lÈêr-<br />
vl.ewee HÊrs gþr&n&sfs. 'fhls, hÐrÉëv&tr, eould tçot be ffied€<br />
gR absel"¡rÈe rt¡I"e <strong>of</strong> Èhs intervåe*¡ þee*uøe prøtesuåv@<br />
parento and relagÈånt aubJeefis €##.et$-eËe fEreed åhe år¡ter*<br />
våøw {.nto tho hqms* lÍwder eueår cårr¡umgtaaû,üs öïËry effCIrt<br />
w*ø sadø te lo€et6 ühe ånbervl*ry ån a foÐ'ñÈ <strong>of</strong>'ferån6, süffiÉ<br />
iEel<strong>at</strong>,lon.<br />
3, In she nrÍgÍsaå eon+ep{$.sn e.f <strong>the</strong> study ef, ðb.<br />
*I*sree *lroB*Q{¡be r åt tu*E Inüçndeó bo lnËereiew tlrtXr*6ü¿6<br />
y[rüuet]f as <strong>the</strong>y r*alked Eut, ef tt¡ø d*sr <strong>of</strong> tl¡e er¡årool<br />
sf¿er m*hång þtrç des1så.*n 8o wåth$f,&rú¡ KCIwevern ü<strong>Å</strong>råe<br />
proveü ts be eIEeø tË trnp&aeåble. The dççX"sår¡$ ts v*å.üh*<br />
du¡ar nee seldç¡s made suddenly end was frequentl"y preecded<br />
þf sþter¡eâs r&ngtnË; f,roþn s few deyo tû tuo ös strs weeh,Ë'<br />
<strong>Å</strong>f,t,ar etrsþ en abeeneo <strong>the</strong> drop*g¡¡ç r or å, parrønt r Eometi*aee<br />
u*er+ly tsl#phsrre8 *he Eçårool te wey t lìsË he would nst be<br />
þaek. Ft*rÈ'her¿nefs, sånee th,e ånveøttgntsr hed ne autfiðråty<br />
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'fføperete thÊ Êsð**end or seld cltyn 6rop-out,e frsm wosÈ-<br />
er¡d or Hpêw cÍÊy*t drop*g¡¡gg. &agü-sr¿ðere anû rÍe&t-€ndËrÐ<br />
r*euld þr aüæmar$,Esd ae sash f.¡r th* tsbles, Âny eluoterång<br />
Í.n any pertå,cul6r srefi was to þe nsÈed öÍå å map <strong>of</strong>, tbe<br />
elty nnd entgrsd ln tbapter Y, and sddressee sf thE entåre<br />
drop-6qt popr*lotåon ïr*rø tr bs notod te prcylde a eheelr on<br />
<strong>the</strong> genaral velt*iåty <strong>of</strong>, thø aem¡rL*, Fsr Lbem ùhrse, eges<br />
w6rc to bE reoerdeü Ês togals f,or esgh yëer <strong>of</strong> ago beyonû<br />
tirg ttßpuloory sehool s6e Ep Êo È$enty ¡r&års. Ser, åteua<br />
for*n, bår?hd<strong>at</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> tmports¡rü $ø<strong>Å</strong>nt $,s wheêher er eet<br />
<strong>the</strong> drog-ûilt Ees seÈure easwh when he oûffimenccd echool<br />
and sns <strong>the</strong>refore rendy ts ¡.eetrn. thle mlght be determlned<br />
reughLy by nepereslng tþoEE whs $ers e full aåx y*ars <strong>of</strong>
ÊSs hrhÊn Ênrê|lln& [a tå¡e ff.rst grådê n frøm those whÊ<br />
I"fi&<br />
wsrë Lese thaa É1.x. $eptømbel. får6t wae Eel"eoted ås <strong>the</strong><br />
d6te rdbtçh ts*t¡Ld 6epar&ts fleBt'ÊI-&ff bogfAners frsm nlEnå*<br />
tufeç bøëlnnera ÐÉd drep-Sutrg Ttêrg tO bê E¡¡&äåri.ãed *e<br />
sågr¡l"s begf.nnertr qnd lmmstr*ru begi,nneræ. flsr åtem f,l.vet<br />
thg pËsstbte inflgencq üf &aoËtl€r eglter€r ss drop*st¡t t<br />
fl*s t6 þG ehð$E by t'oËalg s'f drop-sut& büf& sutsf'de øf<br />
üanada aad Ëhose bsrn $.s SenaÉs. Flna}Iyr in lt'em sl¡çf<br />
phyeåentr handt*ape, She Brtvalesee ef ench *ff,Iictåøno<br />
ånngft# drop*6'n¿E *.s <strong>the</strong> peånt' uIrder .*.nvowt$.gntåÕsr &*d f,E<br />
þEst¡ els$re$Sed aA AT¡sberS wtth hsndÍ.eap8 åßd nnnaþerg wLbh-<br />
egß tÌ¡em. fiyeølght probtrsffi* somffët$,hle wfÈ'h fiP6eãË$Ï.e5<br />
srë fe*rly eomuen end ws1't epf saneåéençd *s phys$.sa[<br />
bandd.eaPs '<br />
ðLt&9H4eS. fhe È&sæs de*IÌ-ng wlth e&ültud+& Trsfs<br />
gxpeobed So pruvlôê sü&Ë 5.ndÍ.çsbåen o.f <strong>the</strong> gemeral outJ.oek<br />
Bf 6.rop*outg ared ts give &&#É f.nËåeståon <strong>of</strong>, Bh6 POSsi,þIç<br />
prËTê},ßflss 6f, unheal.-thg sttåttl$sð fr¡rË emotlsnsl dÍ.stur*<br />
þance. åndås<strong>at</strong>fons ssrs a]"1 Str<strong>at</strong>, HerË Soug¡ìt and Èheee<br />
r*su}ú þs bect, &¡rprerfi$Ëd by elupl* tùtels ef ti¡sge ðåpfa6sl-<br />
lng eçrtaån <strong>at</strong>tflS&úee *U explored f,n J.t6ffiÉ sêvË&r e$.ghtt<br />
nlne and Èen'<br />
'<br />
Ëgmiå¡¡ f+çtptrs' lhe l{,*ms daa!ùrtg wsth f*måIy<br />
fa*terg were {nUended tO rev*e} lnf}uësÈs$r 6f*ÐsåEå$8
Iü5<br />
f,rçm bhe hoea, whlch funeþåog ån drap-ût¡Þ, åE as example,<br />
e pårent' bern outælde ef üar¡adp brånge wiÈår 8¡åw a eet sf<br />
fiÊûrËå whåeh eay bø es esnÉ3",tet r¡åtil tsaediê& ËprÊß" lþls<br />
mlght ft<strong>ür</strong>€ f.Í,hety þø tnuE å,f' <strong>the</strong> pere<strong>ür</strong>t, dåd not <strong>at</strong>tend<br />
üaasdåas EchøElE hÍ,seelf. Ther*ferer tr unsü$ëf å*rS p98â-<br />
åble røI<strong>at</strong>i,on to earl.y eehøql Le*vlng, tableE øuEb lndi.s<strong>at</strong>,e<br />
.for lte$a çIaçsn, tweívø, &bårbøon øRd fourteen, ühe trtal.&<br />
<strong>of</strong>, pnrwnto born Lnsåde end ü¡¡Ë*d;de øf tanads r åB wetl aE<br />
tÈtâI$ r*ho snûored teneda beyonü eÍghteen yeers <strong>of</strong> a6e,<br />
thÍ,s beÍn6 &n ege 'beyond whteh en lmæfg,rånþ vcÊþT¡"ïd nst<br />
llhøIy errr*L I.ü schsol. fiåmlS.ertyn pere$tel eÊë$påtl*Rs<br />
nrt or*Iy Lnflueftss thÊ &ffiöBrtÈ <strong>of</strong> æoney whÍ-ah Ês&*¡E Lsr$s<br />
th& hoale n but, aI.Eø Ëhe stabilit,y <strong>of</strong> ghÊ hqme r tþß e&r6 å.t<br />
rËseÍvès sr*d þhe bçhavLor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fam{ly. Therefere, Ëê<br />
r$¡sevêr enf FüBs$"ble rsle&l.sn *o earÏ.y wåthdrarrsl <strong>of</strong> ehi-I*<br />
drem, bulh Ërshsrs and f<strong>at</strong>hsrs Hëtrê tt þÈ çÉb@$<strong>ür</strong>lged 1n<br />
lt,çme f,Í,f,Èeen ertd nÈxt"&grlr åa broed *eeupetåussl SrrÈt¡Ë¡år<br />
<strong>the</strong>gs Ferrs! housewl,fe, ¡rhi.ol¡ re.fere t# wÐ&ea eerån6 fer<br />
ühø hoae ful-I nL,se¡ n$skåI.Ied, thls beång *ay Job, aueh es<br />
LebärEr, pÞrü6r, meåtrsee, texå dnf,ver, gÊore elerk, whåeh<br />
S.svslveo äã- psêTåous tr*Lnång ead neqafros l.tmited aef.Il ¡<br />
Ehflleü, t¡rÍ.s b*åug utty Job üuqh ae peånter, €êfpeüþËr,<br />
dretrghtn&årlr á"aa¡rect,ør, senier ¡î¡.{}.t.re åa <strong>the</strong> <strong>at</strong>rsed for-<br />
oês' rçFrÍ.eh rsqnlra prevåone Sroåtttng erd may f.nv$lva
Iü&<br />
li.nlËsd reaponaåbålLty end s¡anEgemenÈ *f, oth*ru ¡ e&s-<br />
egerlal*prafe*sl.ons}, lhe*e belng people such ar engXnesrg,<br />
clergynan, *ufå68, *ehool teeehers, deperÈment mane&Brs,<br />
l*ho are eått¿er hXehfy ü$ûf.ned pr<strong>of</strong>eesfonale ør whe devoÈe<br />
arl <strong>the</strong>lr tÍ.une t& ffånegÊËëBü. Á.noÈlrer peeælble f*cgor fn<br />
Èhe drop-ôutrs deEÍ.Elos t$ trlthdrav ås åfmåtsú edueståon<br />
*a <strong>the</strong> psr8 <strong>of</strong>, paronts aaü, åä ordEr to bri.ng or¡ü åÌîy eueh<br />
røI*t'{onehfpr çdr¡ret'LEnal x.srE}a, gf.yøn ln i.tems ssver¡toeü<br />
enÉ *åght6enr wer& tr þÈ c<strong>at</strong>egorraeÉ sgl û].&Bsntåry, ffi*&rr*<br />
i,ng 6rade eÈgl<strong>at</strong> cr trEss edtee<strong>at</strong>åon¡ sÊffi6 high *ehool,<br />
æ*anÈng thø Sansnbrs såuoeüJ,En ended tn grade ei6hÈ or<br />
nlnsl håeh sehneÏ", mÊenfn6 tho perêäu compl.e[ed a h{6h<br />
gehool Ësufssl unlvaraity, møaulng Bfüs pårent #râduåtÊd<br />
from uni.verotèy. The EEne ef, <strong>the</strong> hose åe f,ur<strong>the</strong>r åaf}u*<br />
sneed by <strong>the</strong> competlbål1ty <strong>of</strong> parwnt*, Etro proernse <strong>of</strong> eÊ-<br />
tHnf perento, tho Bfêsrüf¡GÊ <strong>of</strong> e<strong>the</strong>r qbÍIdram and <strong>the</strong> g$nerel<br />
e*ndtbÈon <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> hsue. tþe f,srmer trrs ef thgee, åtiems nÈae*<br />
Seen and ttrenby, ere adequetÊly ffr;il"erç¿ wfth ul"mple tstals<br />
<strong>of</strong> aff,ir"c¡<strong>at</strong>l"vo and neg<strong>at</strong>l.Te sasvrsre, br,rt ÈhË presence <strong>of</strong><br />
øfbllngr¡ ttes twenÈy-sBe, requlred nnalyele lnto thrsê<br />
wf.üh throe or RÐfË breiBhere and Elet,erg, thore uith trsô |<br />
srr6 r and tl¡eee r*ho w&re only chtldren. å,ctual Lee<strong>at</strong>lsn<br />
¡*J"Êhf.n <strong>the</strong> dletrlbuti.en +f si.hJ^ångr nbot¿td þe ngùed, ühotr€h<br />
nÕt' f,or såurplåclty, ån <strong>the</strong> tebl.*, FtnuI.Iy, Íß ordnr to
Bne<strong>ür</strong>€r s.r¡y ptsslþIs relet.f.err Ef <strong>the</strong> csncilt,io* af, Bbe<br />
Lfå?<br />
hem@ to early sehoel wå&hdr'*wa3., ho¡ses t*êr6 tç¡ be ceteg*r-<br />
lsedn iR J.tæ¡a Èwenby*Èsrsr &sÍ po&r, wårl"eh $eeerlbeg åroseg<br />
bot"l¡ *heapåy E*nst,rusted and, badly ke¡r$ tr dirty¡ fai.r,<br />
luhåeh desortbEs hsmøs cf probabLy low cos& but qle*n and<br />
ttdy¡ mådd3"a elase, whlefu dEEcribes h*¡meE <strong>of</strong> goCIrl €tß*<br />
utruebÈon, wit,hsut, opul"enee aÐd ueuall"y wetÏ. kept, S*me<br />
#f th@ m$ddïe elegE hq¡unes å¡r St'. JasåEã, beeauop <strong>of</strong> lep<strong>at</strong>Lon<br />
end fi¡rnlaÞlngor rsrgs cn bain6 e<strong>at</strong>*gor$.øed as upper c}"ssø<br />
Itomeg,<br />
i{ë.þi.tE gnd 9eÌrqvåE$, lte¡¡is È}'¡enËy-Èhree to bhirÈy-<br />
üwû n&rs f.nser¡S*d to bri,ng tta Lig*fl &fty $¡ûBsåþl"e rel-<strong>at</strong>;f.ss-<br />
gl¡fpç þ<strong>at</strong>we&r¡ Shn drop-üut*e heþlto nnd hehsvlar saçå hfE<br />
dæLså.an gs L*auç sçheeJ" be*'sre eorapletång h{a g&ÉrsÊ,r<br />
fhe FrasbißåI aËpeçü# <strong>of</strong>, lsuçrpr<strong>at</strong>{ng t'e*ultn reqll$.red ü}Àet<br />
repl-åeø þe ør¡¡sffiår$^sed sË $tepl.y a* psËãiþ19. Therefere,<br />
FËrsünel eppe*re*Ge¡ evsn uhough *ubJe*t, to lrlde tnter¡lre*<br />
ßåüIs&r sâ$ t* he st¡æxaari.*Ed og eåmply essËFt*ble, t*håeh<br />
ûmpÏ"üed <strong>at</strong> l"eaEt, cleanneeE &nd $!eetr¿es$, and <strong>of</strong>fensÈve,<br />
whlch ånal-udcd d.irbitre*s, eilop,pinese, tsek <strong>of</strong> gro*månË,<br />
&sri&us affcsgegJ,,eng ln drese or å.$y *umbl¡¡ali'ou <strong>of</strong> thmee<br />
trnÍË*, i*ed a,Sme raa ts bE eufr¡ffiårånEd a6 n*runal, æeaaång<br />
*hy t$-ffis up t* Iü13$ !Þ.&., e*Ë Ï.<strong>at</strong>'e, nneÊRtn& åB¡r ti.$ne gft'er<br />
I0¡3ü g).Fa, í*åsfuzg ËåffiÊs r{ÊrÈ to b,* eBüHå,rågerå aE nerro*}",
m8<br />
meeairTg eny ti,fieë up Ëo Êlû$ &.$r., sr l-<strong>at</strong>e, aeêni$g åfter<br />
É:tû &,<strong>ür</strong>, w*.th * gpegiel nütetårn on unusÈålLy early<br />
rf.gerË. Tsü*I øI"eep{.ng tfme wae åntendeqi ås e e!¡Eck on<br />
shø vnli.dàtgr ef be* båmee end rJ"så,ng tåffi@E &nd, while<br />
<strong>the</strong> ro*pÉr¡s&B ä16 ouåtab1y gumr¡arLaed ag adcqueta ¡ ffiê&r!-<br />
ång ef.girt bours ör usre, &ßd i.nadegr.l*tø* me*nl,ng lesç<br />
than eåght huurn, upeeÍ.el wencà*& w&Ë to be rced* <strong>of</strong> dåE*<br />
srspefrfråes wåth bad ülxns a¡rd nlsång tf.me. ÂddJ,eüåon ts<br />
I<strong>at</strong>,e üelevl"såÉ¡x sr äthÈr I<strong>at</strong>E pursui.ùø ea EEheol, nf,6hüe<br />
$ee bs be eumxnar$;sEd as nf,f,<strong>Å</strong>rm<strong>at</strong>i"vÈ and nøg<strong>at</strong>ivê r6spor¡-<br />
sgs, åð wes açsetrl"etåon tÕ srmhiil&. åge Õf Ét*f,bån6<br />
*mokl*g requlrcd sì,$äffiâfy ånte å.ËË rå$ffiöð Þ,f, ellË to ttreJ.ve<br />
yçgr"s, thårteen to såxteen fëers, *nd rTrer gårÊteen. lJes<br />
<strong>of</strong>, Èhe famlly s&tr' Felå.ee eont',acts and cpnnecbLcns wlùh<br />
oËB*Ðf*sel¡psL org*nt.nab[Ðnfi wÈr6 aee'h ts be Eummari.rad<br />
âË effü.rßgbfve en$ nag<strong>at</strong>*Trg åRsrÍ&rå r<br />
qE¿L--etB-E-råeð-c-e e$d plgae. Iter¡rs thårty-three to<br />
thårËy*çLghü HÊr6 intenüed tr unëüyrr år¡y peaefble re<strong>Å</strong>**<br />
tisnmhfp bptwecn <strong>the</strong> drop-eutts i.ritsrs<strong>at</strong> f,n employffiênt<br />
âHtsådç sf &k¡E sshtel end håe dropptng oug sf echsol.<br />
Tharaf,ore, fer {tem thårty-f,e<strong>ür</strong>, ê aufrBery sf thsee whs<br />
engaged ln panü-ttnne ømployment uh5.le i"u school aad thEEe<br />
qthË dË.d n<strong>at</strong> wes req*i.ned. Slnce <strong>the</strong> tgpes <strong>of</strong> ¡sorH aval"L*<br />
aþLe ts, snsl¡ poople sre ttßñåõsdr suffi$åry lnte <strong>the</strong> threÉ
êet,êg6rl€E Êf doltrrery, øaLee elerk and rs<strong>the</strong>trsw rçês<br />
deçmeú euffteåe&E fsr ltem thtrÈy-flve. The ü1*ne sp&ntî<br />
E$ eush Jebo rr&B tB be qraLr¡<strong>at</strong>ed åu¡ þerøe <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> $t,<br />
nlemee re$eleBf.on regardlng e<strong>at</strong>iefectery wrnhrag honre:<br />
Shep prlncipal.s. þe auühorf.spd üo fit6r¡<br />
Jurenål* work þermíte aÈ ühçå.r df.eoresiqra<br />
f'or ffiendey thrôugh lhurcdayr te wwk ü¡Ðt<br />
l<strong>at</strong>er lhep 6¡0O p,m., alno-F"rf,day €yêR-<br />
*n$s fe¡Ë,Û p.&r"_ãnd õnl and l$sr,uiearE,<br />
Frlnclpele shsalrl nsA êFprors emptnisrent<br />
Honday te t'hursday *f,tel- t¡¡ûCI p,in.E)<br />
*fuvenålee and ÊtbÉr st;ilde$ten uho nurkçd <strong>at</strong> part*tåse<br />
Jebn qri.bþ¡ln thêas },rmåts $€re bü bs 4åße6ÐFl"sed se<strong>at</strong>is*<br />
f,aetoryn$ whi.Le thfise worhf.ng boyond, thø st<strong>at</strong>ed ti,mea<br />
srsrê t¡e bu Esnfifúgrsd ån Èhs gxoeeoåvg seÈÊËâry. The<br />
futnre value <strong>of</strong>, þhåc experåsnrg e$ Ësrg þy 6hæ d,rep-6¡¡¿<br />
wss t*E be expreseEd åB t&ü8}s e.f tlrsse oeæÍng val"us and<br />
thsee x*eÈng ae fut<strong>ür</strong>o vqlue oomf.ng rirt üf <strong>the</strong> trsrt-tf"me<br />
empl.ayment. PLan* ftsr fur.<strong>the</strong>r traånån$, r¡Ers Èü be cåw*<br />
flarl,f pummarLaoån åg Sfiln ë*$& as tø&als çf, drep*Ë¡uts<br />
*rcpåsti¡¡ffi tã teke fur<strong>the</strong>r tr<strong>at</strong>nång æ,nd ühsse øxpocülng<br />
Bs tßke ne furtber tra$.nån6;. Sf.nal3.y, tFF6s çf w*rk<br />
*ougbt by <strong>the</strong>'drop'*qEt, Hërê t,e be s¿efir$Êaråsed aæ skl.Ll.ed<br />
qr ussktrtgd, eåuee <strong>the</strong>fr educ<strong>at</strong>lonaL leveån urouLd Frê*<br />
clnds ewpl.o¡reent abute <strong>the</strong> qkíl,Ied Level <strong>at</strong> leaet fsr <strong>the</strong><br />
tr)r@âent.<br />
?3 lh* Ër,<br />
Ër Fråncåpals ssd .IasEE ßchsEl. Ilf.vi,elen }$*, ?, FeïIetln<br />
ffçEchersn #s, .Iae¡EB, åecembér l&, lgÕÊ.<br />
rtg
Snecif,tc ltem Tree3geg_Ê_Ej Seh,osl h'ectere<br />
rl,ü<br />
ågaf"*, ûhø dlverEfty ané d6tåfl ef <strong>the</strong> r6s¡)snsës<br />
to he $abhered earled f,or øimpt teåty ån Èhe suffiffisry teb,res<br />
Ln srcier tu feEl.l.tt<strong>at</strong>e iuÈerpreÈaþlrn, $pecf.f,Le $.tem<br />
t,rp*üsenÈe f,Er sçheo3. fact,erg are gi.ven bersw Àn tf¡es,r<br />
table SroupÉt.<br />
4qfpgäå"I eç4*plJp,qtp. Ëersomnt .faetiþrü r*erË €ûrr*<br />
ered in É-$enp ühlrty*l¡Èna ts fåfty*E¡¡E, And têtrtr ës rs€¡-Ê<br />
Es be sÐ &rref¿ged ee te f,êyüfl} trende fn r,he pereonal<br />
eel¡pgå fectg <strong>of</strong> drurp-öuËÊ. T'he potnu sn*er ånveot$,g<strong>at</strong>,XÊn<br />
Llr åtem bhÍ,rêy*¡¡*,,ne, J,.Ë. n fg whe<strong>the</strong>r dnop*gr¡ge tend bo be<br />
dr¡ll, rsrnrel, or uright 6nÉ sdflãt <strong>the</strong> 6ene:,æå degree +S<br />
le*rnång mbl.ålty m{ght þË. <strong>the</strong>refor& I"..d.rs wers ts bê<br />
esÈs#tËråse$ e* Êü to gS n 9L to trüü r end sver l$t, wj.üh<br />
spectel mentiqn <strong>of</strong> brigbt normals otr bettsr. $i&iJ.erly,<br />
gen+ral reedång eapabilitJr ås hesb sse*bltshed with &he<br />
fo}Iow;l,ng ËeüÈ&,oråe.el low, mean5.ng e yeer str m*re] below<br />
nprnsl¡ erêreës, ûr riðrffiel f,o¡'Ëhs êgB and grade <strong>of</strong> ths<br />
fftnde<strong>at</strong>¡ and hi"gtr, neanf.n6 E yeer Ðtr mör6 a!¡esd <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
norrue,l,<br />
åa for fiusrbere *f sgheøle sbter¡ded,, <strong>the</strong> nprtrå]. e¡lq-<br />
bsr <strong>of</strong> sehoelE <strong>at</strong>t.ended þy a etudent coapl.etlng hJ.6h<br />
øçhotr3. wEuld ånELude äü ffioËe eu elem*ntary uchool", a Juni.urr<br />
h gh, ånd a bf.gh s*l¡æsl. åny ffi,æÊ Þhån Èhfs nnmþcr woul"d'
sjlr6gËr¡t, Ësne dåelse<strong>at</strong>ic¡n ef, rel<strong>Å</strong>tånË whl'eh esuld affeeü<br />
ùhê eþud6ät!s work sf¡d feelfng I'er sehsol. <strong>the</strong>reforet<br />
ïu<br />
r*hllæ SøËe eËudente nnf.ght <strong>at</strong>þend fetser tl¡qn Ûhr.eË seho*Iet<br />
beeauae ef age sr sehgÐl orgeniaetåon, åt E{as degåüed ts<br />
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Tre<strong>at</strong>aegrþ +f ååcIåt<strong>Å</strong>e_qel lþereenal t¡ars<br />
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The Berssnaå obeerv<strong>at</strong>ions sf þhs fnüervåewer and<br />
f,ur<strong>the</strong>r lnformet,f.on oþtalneblø frenr eetroûl" f,*lderg weuLd<br />
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thor*6h ep&ss *n 'Lhe maeüer chsrt had already been prepax.ed<br />
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pch*sl csmm*nts f,pr øaeh d.rop-s¡¡¿ ån ti¡e sampl.e.<br />
rdJ-äh ghëÐs FrÊF&reÈI"rns aed prano oempreted, trt¡e<br />
gte6ë wås &Ëg fsr <strong>the</strong> #eth@rång Êf d<strong>at</strong>s wÞ¿íok r$Bs õo b6gåõ<br />
fl$ 6ö&n am poostbrø sf,ter ËepËewibor, rgeä, and åE regorÉed<br />
ån Shapter Y.
tåtÂFTg¡r ï<br />
åsõËå4þI,ï .åHÐ Átr&bx$tg üF I]åtå<br />
The oteps tö þe teken 1n €,hç asl"reeüf.øn <strong>of</strong> dara<br />
on st. .fesnëe dropr.*6¡¡gg, ec preserJ.þed tn ßhapter rv, rrerË<br />
f,ollowad wå&hotrü axcapÈioa, frsmee $sre entered 8ß <strong>the</strong><br />
prepared l.1e8e ln ordEr sf dst* <strong>of</strong> l.sst ettendanee, êË<br />
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wt{t fsselved. Ëeheol, necçrdE tn dre.p*Gu$g wetr€ sleo<br />
ehsoked. ThLs ehapter esnståbutee e sufiffiely E¡¡d, aneryeÍe<br />
pf <strong>the</strong> daSE g<strong>at</strong>hered,<br />
Fngn*p$ Pspç4gsg+n<br />
Ður9.ng tbê Berlad exèeerÉång from $eptember rr, Lg6"å<br />
tÐ ffsþtsmber !, f9å3r ühÊ nr¡mþor ef $t, rlemes students<br />
fdeßtÍ,fl-ød by defånltÍEn aE drop*s*tg trtetl.ed IÊÍ boya<br />
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nf^ve¡ and Gronp Two, w$rÍsh eonprføeê thsEe rho dropped<br />
out <strong>of</strong> *ehesl b<strong>at</strong>ween $&areh r, rgÉ3, and üepËember ä,<br />
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1ãL<br />
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nL\ ef' *ru*p iåwç exeçeded th+ anËåelpet*d Èouirle for <strong>the</strong>lr<br />
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in Àppendf,x üt.n<br />
Select'Lons for Interrrfew<br />
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twenty-fflye boya *nd t-wenüy*tur¡ glrX.s HêrÊ eø]"ested för<br />
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as part*.aL or ñsri-FÊFpondçnt,e, Lr,¡ eael¡ sS t¡he*e l<strong>at</strong>üer<br />
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w*Ët ã drøp-oub dtle fsr åntersåew. f,n thf,a {i&sÉ only<br />
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tarv$.em, had ua¡{EÞ strr#fter rderk åå år¡ ieçI<strong>at</strong>ad &åËp, buü<br />
tå¡e .åntçrvåerc was br*{¡ght gs e suesssafuï eo¡¡eluelon by<br />
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hpd lefe sehsol ønt"$.relf end rht ê.b û4Ês had merely uoved<br />
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sf, euspÞer leeøe$, aoupl,eted ån eerly Ëïetqþørr $üûta1ned<br />
tbE nsmeg ef,' thlrty*s16ht drop-ouèe, ef fl&¡åeþ twenÈy-ftr¡e
srerÊ gtrla. The finel" onder ån t*t¡åch nå&Ês lxppeared<br />
On thë drep-E¡¡t' Ïl.et wAe d,ebçrmi"ned by dr*wf.m6 Glre nåü46s<br />
,froefr a het, $f,noe åntervÈet** sf gu¡eser drop*6¡¡¿E ep$¡,d<br />
Tå3<br />
npt be eondueted untll thåe $È,ðp wå& completedo conEåüErsble<br />
effart wae *ade &ô eðÞpl.Btê i;TtÉr{ås$E &8 e¡uå*kly cu<br />
poøelble <strong>the</strong>regftêrr TJnfertanaËøly, hawever, onë *wúser<br />
drep-outn Wayne !{,n had Jei!"n6d thÊ rfey, and al"<strong>the</strong>ugt¡ <strong>the</strong><br />
r6ndÐË ge).øEt5,sË! FrsçËdure Eelled f'sr an l"n&ervf.ew wtbh<br />
hlm, h* tra* ån traåni"ng *n <strong>the</strong> Wé6& ì.}ssst aÞd wes nog<br />
mvs*lable f,or fntervåew unttL ÐEeeneber, 19Éj3.<br />
tollet{en <strong>of</strong> Ï}süe ¡ i}üasÈen tlhart<br />
ffslleT#tn$ oompletlsn Ef ths låËt åntervåew, thË<br />
{ntenvlerr farree w&tr€ rsvåe$sd, 5e}.}. ånventery äørmr wêre<br />
sosred, pårËÕn&l raeords wËr* sþteiaEd fres &t¡e rerfsuE<br />
sch*ol.e end aII pertf.aËnt dete îû&r€ EoLLn&ed ss & l,erge<br />
slærü, tuengy*çå#ht inehee uide by seventy*ssvglt lnehee<br />
Lerl6.. The nemo ef, øaEh s$udenË selested f,sr lnberyíslr<br />
rËH lse<strong>at</strong>*ú *n $fi Í"ËdåvådLLeI l.lne rurunång horlrontally<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lengtlx Êf, th6 <strong>of</strong>rert, end vertl"csl låueo dåvåSçd tbe<br />
lierånontel lånee ånto segsents or eol,umne Lnto sf¿feh Ehe<br />
dpt'a f,roæ Èhe i.ntervfsw f,erßn*, frorn t'.t¡e ËeIL ¿eventmy<br />
fgrmE, anÈ frem t,he seheEl reçgr&E $ÊrË entered,, {in Bhe<br />
cxbre&e rlght-hond såde üf ühe charÈn extenoåËng sS <strong>the</strong><br />
hErågçßt'et }fneE lefÈ fipesÈE ålr r*h*eh pere*nal impre*e5.ona
çf eaeþ l"Rtçrvåsnr eoutd be reeorded, end fn yet,<br />
Tå&<br />
snot}¡er e¡rterreåon &n eddlttonal, ÊXleû* #gË rse.@r.¡¡ed<br />
fer beeehsr<strong>at</strong> eðãÊffiÊnbs glenned ,frgm Í.nd<strong>Å</strong>våei*¡el sS$*<br />
dsna resords obtalned <strong>at</strong>, ül¡p seheols, The fl"nsl re-<br />
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bÐb*l&. lhe ln&EryåewÊtrrø 3,mpr*ssågng and taschersr<br />
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6&r¡€Enur*å.teet p*ragraph. 'Tlrtg l*nge cf¡ert perveqt Êhe-<br />
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l,tems sne to bhlrÈy*6f.6ht dsalg wf,tþ hpee fagt*rs<br />
or ånfluems#& deråved froru thø bo-me *sd $,ÊE eumsÉnd*<br />
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tudee n bel"fefo, fln*nefe} end coeÍ.sJ. stätù¡ß e<strong>at</strong>t pereaxel<br />
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çtle Lsrëô magter chsrÈ ã¡ër& ou*tmarieed by åtem gl*Ët<strong>Å</strong>Bs fn<br />
Tqbt es II Sc V, and indivi.dual lt,em c<strong>of</strong>lffiqntsry to givsn<br />
Ín tiæ ËeËs f,tem ßroupe.<br />
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å.nfermgt t sn ebgus &f¡s drep*g¿gu, *trd tþe rê$$¡on&ô& tF<br />
<strong>the</strong>ae ttEsne sre sgffir&êråssd fn feble lI $ome ndq{åtåonal
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Fslnts Þrorühy <strong>of</strong> nøte &ré ree€)rded belsrr b¡¡ lt,eme.<br />
Item l: Se:É. 'fes tlreup üns b+ya, sev&n<br />
tfggp üue girlgr ff.ft,een üi.oup 'trwo- hiye and,<br />
ftrfüeen <strong>ür</strong>oup twg gI.rrlË wstre eeleeÈed- fer<br />
f.n$ervf.ew. ål"<strong>the</strong>ugh &hs nr¡mbers eele<strong>at</strong>ød<br />
for år¡tervieu i,mply e füsËf.seaþte excers <strong>of</strong>,<br />
bgy* svsr 6åntr* Ln"*roup {}ne, lu seêual f,*ct<br />
thære $Bfê aS.togeühef tssntJf¡.êsuì m<strong>at</strong>e dtr*¡r*<br />
gufe end t$sgty*one fer¡fiale drep*Eqgg In<br />
#roup tns. -J,n tireup 'irEo <strong>the</strong>re wðrÊ før-ty*<br />
en* bnyæ *nd f,urty*ü&s girl"ø.<br />
Ites ât <strong>Å</strong>ddr*es. In u*aa3. t*hËpe wsrê<br />
Èhårty*6üur Ëå8Ë*6Bd drop*or¡t,s, *geåaxt<br />
t,hf.rËsÊn y€gt-eqd dro¡r-ç¿g*. Tt¡eËe f,igr*ree<br />
eÈüüF*re wlth aédreesee <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 6rtt.[rË låe't<br />
<strong>of</strong> Lä5 drøp-ssts $.n shåeh {.9 ls nsueü þhåt,<br />
<strong>of</strong> o$xty*tbree mele drep*ç¡¿66, forüy*6gç<br />
Il.yod êa er eapþ <strong>of</strong> $f*eiBs BoúLevar&¡ whåLe<br />
tuæn$y*çrsp l"$"ved Ïü68þ <strong>of</strong> $herpø &e**&Yard¡<br />
a¡¡d sf såxty*t,rdo femsle dro¡l-ålutn, fersy*'<br />
el.eÞt Lived sn or eeot *f $herpø Ssurlevärd,<br />
whåIa fearteer¡ Xåççd west <strong>of</strong> Sirerpe Ssule-'<br />
yard. Lt may fur<strong>the</strong>r be <strong>of</strong> någni3J.cancw<br />
th<strong>at</strong> twêriÈy-thr+e r or elLghtly beüter tbarï<br />
enp-t"hård ðf, alÏ male Érøþ*E¡¡fus låvsd ån E<br />
eÞnall åroå ES Se. dåwre# eåeg <strong>of</strong> Serry Hosd<br />
and" nsråh sf, Fortage *TvsnnE. It mey b* <strong>of</strong><br />
ffrê<strong>at</strong>sf nl6nåflc&nç@ tha$ thLrty*p¡¡en <strong>ür</strong><br />
hal.f sf, ell {em*}e dre¡a-sute Armån6 tho<br />
,y@*r, X.lved l.$ t;B¡ts F&{ÊË åFeå *<br />
d,te¡x 3r å6?: _ l¡r tet<strong>at</strong>, f*ur ef, ShE drc,p*<br />
suts 1ú9trË gg8 fffÈaen, BêT&stsss Eüef,.s eË€<br />
slxteen, aåxteea wstr€ Ê€e fisvër¡Ëeen, ftüe<br />
rsäsê *g* eå6ht6Ên, tws resre &lngtøsn and<br />
ühree ¡f,orË twenty. ¡,b aumy be üf, eå6nåfl*<br />
tenrê t"het,, emrng Èhe gerãnteett dro$*6agg ån<br />
tho $eptemþer üe Fe'pruary períod., eler holf<br />
wÊrÊ glxt,qgn-yeaf-ôldð ¡ wh*.x,e in -<br />
<strong>the</strong> ãÉi¡ere¡r<br />
t,o å.ugu<strong>at</strong> perlod, elxt,eetr-fêgr-û1da, sefnly<br />
gf.rlo, conståÈt¡te twsnty*pevea per óent <strong>of</strong>-<br />
UåÊ drop-out,g, and eeventeen-gear*okie üûke<br />
up forüy-Eev@ri per ee<strong>at</strong>r or alr¿ost hrlf <strong>of</strong><br />
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belonged t€¡ $süÊ& *rgenåuøtåtfrs sthër t han<br />
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ühårüy*EtËht, deelt wl'th glart*tå.me employment ef <strong>the</strong> rÈr*p-<br />
sut$ erü,ü thBÍ.r hoper f,ar empleyeøf¡t ln Èbe futr¡re. fhe<br />
fsüpans&g,gû thøse åt'ems ere u*mmarÍaæl tn 'åeþls Irn and<br />
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poÍ.nt* wtrbhy <strong>of</strong>, speeiaJ. aoÈs frrÊ n&üûrderl þet"ew, bf f'tems.<br />
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Bert-tÀffie employment, t,hê Kest go&ffiÐtl type<br />
bf, jsb among tho bo'ye wes delåvory wotrk.<br />
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<strong>of</strong> wsrk. åeøug &Í.rln who had part,*sfru'e Jûbûr<br />
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It'ssn 35t Workång tf.ßefi. $esefièy*f,t¡ur per<br />
û6r¡b øf &[¡eeç who trsrkedå <strong>at</strong> part-'t"åffi& Joba<br />
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n0a tv*fi6erked,.<br />
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Sevsnty pÊr ësnt <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boyu f,*It' tþQår ¡¡ert*<br />
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perffiån@nt employ¡rent, ù,l€¡¡Èy per cont sf, Èhe<br />
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itam 37¡ Plan S'urf,her tralnlng,. $eventy*<br />
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Itero l+ü: iteading leveL. $ixty-ti¡ree per<br />
cent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boyo had lor* reading, ievelE i¡rdic*<br />
<strong>at</strong>ing reüardetion sf one æ sûrs 3rËârr belaw<br />
gbe gradê êt whleh $hey w€r€ teeted. Fåfty-two<br />
per een$ sf <strong>the</strong> glrle hacl sluflarLy Low readf.ng<br />
levels. tr.t may be <strong>of</strong> olgnåflcåaÊE th<strong>at</strong> fEur* -<br />
teor¡_ per eent ef Èhø gi.rls had hi6h readfng<br />
levele, wÍi{ch is Èo såy üxot,ebly adv*need n for<br />
phq &Tede êñ whf.eh rhey TúÊr8 üesbe4. i{o boys<br />
had hL6h reaólng trevels.<br />
Ltem &.ll ffiumber o,f, aehools. tråf,ty-fLve<br />
p6r cê$t' <strong>of</strong> tho sample <strong>of</strong> drep-o¡¡t,s hed <strong>at</strong>tesded<br />
mero Þhar¿ bhe $ermÊl number ûf thres<br />
schsEXe, åt may be <strong>of</strong> strguifåcenee tfuet an<br />
addåtlsne3. nÍ.ne etudent.ø nho dropped oub et<br />
6rade nLne level or l,swer lrad n <strong>at</strong> tåwe ef<br />
drop-ss'6, alroady ettsnded three gehoplE befure<br />
s'rer reaehlng hå6h eehoel," Tå¡åe mlglrE<br />
be eonøJ,dpred *a rale5.ug Shê ÞståL number uf,<br />
drop*çrå6e ldbs suf$çred gEhsol ehøng,ång abgve<br />
t{i?a¿ $.s norre*} So th{rtf*Èhree rsrop-rlr*tan <strong>of</strong><br />
ÐËs#Íllg*fåve Pêr Oent, ÁIeP OS' Boaef,ble' Ëå6u$.fi.eence<br />
fp t'he fsoü Ehåt nåne af' Slre dr*p-<br />
CIuþe had *ëf,enúed Eåx pr e<strong>ür</strong>e differgnt,<br />
EehseIE esch, and Ë¡uo sf Ebe$s had aetueLly<br />
ntter¡*çd nf.ne dÈffersnt sclrools seel¡.<br />
trtem l+â¡ $ehCIol laet, <strong>at</strong>gended. lhe eå61ht<br />
el"ementery Echoels åß $t," daruee' grft¡ë CIf<br />
uhf.eh hed a f,e*r grade søy€n a*d elght elaoeee,<br />
wêre grouped toge<strong>the</strong>r under +ne heading in<br />
Table lI. Ëçl.den üete School, whf ch hãd a<br />
ler6* Junlsr ht6h eectlen þ*ü one drüp-ss¡<br />
durtng <strong>the</strong> 19å2-b3 school yê*r and, stnce he<br />
wås nûü eelç<strong>at</strong>eË f,sr f..*tefvlew, üolden S<strong>at</strong>,e<br />
dnea n+t appemr ln ghe t<strong>at</strong>¡Ie. {.}f t,he rçmainfa6<br />
three eehoole ln Su. olaffies, Ðeer Lodge<br />
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gre<strong>at</strong>eet number êf dnop-ÐÈrt,Ë n lfi façt,, fi-fty*<br />
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per €Ëng sf <strong>the</strong> oamptre droSrped sLrü sf 6,retåes<br />
nfne en{i tçn. TÍ¡{s <strong>ür</strong>np&r€s 6*neraï}y w1Èir<br />
t,he Sräds <strong>of</strong> dtr'op*e\rg for <strong>the</strong> entire nub$eet'<br />
populetion <strong>of</strong> Iä5 gteder¡èe. $f Èhegts, roventyni.rt<br />
drup*ûiÀt$ r +r eåxty pef cenÞ r T$er* frpm<br />
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Jnnfsr &r&ôËslto c,f,fset eny ådenti.fåe<strong>at</strong>i.sn <strong>of</strong>,<br />
Gårl.y dro¡r*çt¡¿ **Lth lote æbillty.<br />
ftgæ i¡4; S<strong>at</strong>e <strong>of</strong> last aütendenee. T'he<br />
fortSr-s6ye$ drüp*ç¡åÈs makÍ46 up trhë aam¡rl.e<br />
6åve evåd,eece o.9 clueueri.ng only durlng <strong>the</strong><br />
sl¡¡B#€r. å resi.st* ¿:f Ðhe ënt,irë oubJeet p6pu-<br />
I<strong>at</strong>J,æutE dsteg ryf Srep-str€ {åppend$,x ntpi<br />
polnte up th<strong>at</strong> <strong>the</strong> raga af, dr*p*tÊ¿ raäie fnirly<br />
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nl[heugh #opternbørn ÐEceusber, mnd Juns, are<br />
wçmewh*t' l.åglrter, pousåb,l,y beça'*se ü.f me&hed,s<br />
<strong>of</strong> reporÈl.ng ettenüensê tË She Fepertment, sf<br />
IÏduea$ion, Ilowever, $?rere ut&ff s n*t.l.cggble<br />
pile-up *f, mmle drop*s¡¡gn elunåt*g åpr;i,I end &lay<br />
whøn <strong>the</strong> r<strong>at</strong>e dput¡åeú te ten and t¡*elve boye<br />
reepeeÈlvely¡ an* dtæfng tþ* fiu&stsr*, fourteen<br />
boyø and twe<strong>at</strong>ï*ff.vç g<strong>Å</strong>rÏø HÍ.rr¡drer{ fresn<br />
sshgol.. <strong>Å</strong>pråI, ffiflyr snd B{¿fr*ffircr drop**tlta<br />
oûr{st<strong>Å</strong>tüted well *vtr half ef th* ttrop*s1¡'g<br />
popul,<strong>at</strong>1on.<br />
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ùng ühe ÈteavåegE Lespee !ùËre t',he Hrrn*LanËt¡a$ø<br />
çourse sad Ëhe ËiåËh $ehpe} Leavtng eäurse<br />
$kÍ.sh ü$&ßb,h6r msde up Ëey*r¡ny-four per eent<br />
sf Èhø sempLæ. J,t msy be ef sågnlf$.sanes shâþ<br />
fitgh åetro¿I !+avlng süìrrüettte wsde up forty per<br />
eanü uf, <strong>the</strong> d.rop*s1¡¿ senple þu$ tf*e alss$gs<br />
frss¡ whleh uhey Eem6 çsaa<txtçd leaa bhæn ÈEn<br />
gr*r cenË uf <strong>the</strong> eeeondary *ehool popul<strong>at</strong>lon.<br />
,LtEn lrÓ; J¿ge ðËårtêd flreg åFådê. ä*f.neu¡¡three<br />
per eent s,f Èhe re*ponderiÈu turned såx<br />
ån &l¡e calender F*êr ån whÍeir Èhey esmmeneed<br />
thË fårB$ 6rade.<br />
ã,tem t+?¡ åt'üer¡danee &t' hlrudergorben. Såxt,y*<br />
fpur p6r sënt *f, Ëhe rssËendgnÈs dåd nsu <strong>at</strong>tend<br />
kiadar6ertËn*<br />
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hed exper'lern€€É eeçel€râr¡iEn and fihs<br />
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ëtmç loEt, beeauee <strong>of</strong> a l"<strong>at</strong>e Etart ln<br />
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åeEs å.Ë¡ <strong>ür</strong>ad,ss f<strong>at</strong>led. fhårty*sÍght<br />
per cent Ef bhe reøpomùer¡tû wsrÊ rssend€d<br />
Ehrøe Ës üf,Érs gradeei sfxty-tw$ per s€r¡t,<br />
Tesr@ retarr:t*d two çr {flÞfg gredes ¡ and<br />
ftåne&y*ghree për esrtt, þed f,aåIsd <strong>at</strong> løast<br />
ona grade.<br />
Itse 5üt <strong>Å</strong>tte$deÐ.se. lminü,y-flve Pen<br />
*sÊt <strong>of</strong> Ëhe boys h*d exr¡:i"båteê pe<strong>ür</strong> ett,en*<br />
danee reç,ovúø ftr many yc&rs, but unly<br />
fs$rtee$ per eêrå& t¡f Sbe Ëfrle fcll årt<br />
Llri.e cet*&gry. F*rtÍ.fåve per sênT" oÍ" tlre<br />
res¡rondents in åha drop*out sampLa iræd nst,<br />
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6tr}ø {only- thfrt¡¡*[,hree pEr sest. i.'
gåHffi T<br />
gilHFieå{f ü$' SüiårH}t {iul¡}åf-¡$g f'*,CTi¡gg<br />
tr{i¡r ,-}f . d<strong>Å</strong>fftr$ l}ål{JI}*ç¡¡'¡ SAffiPf,!:} .lg&A-ôl<br />
.lteuü<br />
71. Senüaeta t.ü.t.<br />
?l¡. Faeed wttf¡<br />
Fall.ure<br />
T5, Inform<strong>at</strong>ålln<br />
Fr¡r$her åiducsÈåen<br />
76. Lnform<strong>at</strong>,tron<br />
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151<br />
<strong>ür</strong>oup I <strong>ür</strong>aup i.I<br />
$loyc &J.rls Boye ötrls<br />
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Forty-three sf, <strong>the</strong> f,,:rtT-sêvèn drep-ou&ø ln <strong>the</strong><br />
oaaapLe eompleted .ferms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EetL &djustmenü invec¡tory<br />
L52<br />
and <strong>the</strong> $ehsor invenÈory.l The fersrü w€re eesred, results<br />
wëre aslr<strong>at</strong>ed aa thÉ meeser ebarË, and are su&märf seú l,n<br />
Tabl,e l' ät way be ef ei$nåf,tcêaee Èhët <strong>ür</strong>eup $ne boyø<br />
produeød +nly ËhrËs ånetaneeE <strong>of</strong> ad.|uotnsnt rsbå$öç, fa<br />
finÏ Eâtëgsrr, whi.eh $érs above ãïgråge. <strong>ür</strong>ou¡l (,)ne 6lr}e<br />
and ell *f, troup Tr*o prodt¡ead {ü.eny eueh i.n<strong>at</strong>,snceg <strong>of</strong><br />
b6ttEr-<strong>the</strong>n*sver*6@ råtrlngËr iSthÊr poånte wÊruhy Êf<br />
*peciaï Þst'6 are mepLlsned bel.sr*, undôr æúJustment ares<br />
h*adi.ngø.<br />
W.<br />
{}f, <strong>the</strong> .fort,ï-three mEmbere sf t}¡e<br />
drop*6ut' se:msrê r¡ho esmpl.wteeå fnvenËury sormE r slxty*f,f.vs<br />
per cønt appeere4 to have evereg$ or betÈer home udJustment.,<br />
lü øay be Ef e16nlf,åc&nc8 eheff,, tolråle Lees rlran e querser<br />
çf <strong>the</strong> sÍrrc ehowsd púðr hgme adJnstment, errnÐet hax.f <strong>of</strong><br />
bhe þgyö axhf,blted thÈe trafg &a{t ffisst sf <strong>the</strong>ee Ìfl&r$ <strong>ür</strong>oup<br />
$ne baytr<br />
ttgÉjliFll-qqf F$,þ,peqt,, $igbry-ðûs<br />
roepondents epposred. to have avêråge<br />
adJuetoaËnb.<br />
t-"<br />
pËr c*$ü Ef 0he rampåe<br />
ôr þGõtÊr hEalth<br />
Ç a r x f, o*rr f iungË*. f iii*ær*f;*iffi* åËffi%¿, Í I.*iu. Èft '<br />
$cbeel lnvenÈgg¿r tstarrforä: $Cã'nford Unfyårsitf"ËreEs,<br />
rff"6T;
?<strong>Å</strong>BLË; T.<br />
B&LI" A¡)-luffrer$$t ¿H?lüÞ¡'f{JRr eÉ{t $üf$r}üI. ¿$r$}dlûl{y x<br />
t{,sisüi,rË üF $t, *¡å¡üË$ <strong>Å</strong>}Í¿{Jr-UUt #å&pLË¡ Lp&å*6}<br />
l a - f-l<br />
Hoee<br />
liesltlr<br />
Soclal<br />
ådJuoËmenB årEE<br />
BmotlonaL<br />
Tsts3.<br />
#chEoL<br />
ålmcçIlent<br />
tiesd<br />
A,verage<br />
UnssÈl<strong>of</strong>a0t<strong>ür</strong>y<br />
lery lúnssþfs"<br />
fuçeeLLe<strong>at</strong>,<br />
üsod<br />
åverase<br />
tlnE<strong>at</strong>Is,feGgfiry<br />
lery ttnaafås.<br />
llery a,ggroeir.<br />
<strong>Å</strong>SËressive<br />
åverage<br />
Retf.rtug<br />
Yçry F[ettrring<br />
ffixeallEnü<br />
Goed<br />
åveragæ<br />
lJnEaüåsfaetÊry<br />
Vsry [fnEaËl-r.<br />
SxeoIIent<br />
$ead<br />
<strong>Å</strong>veragc<br />
UnEnütef,aGtory<br />
Very Sßsetls.<br />
Ëi¡rsellEnt<br />
üaod<br />
åverng*<br />
i}$*arSsfeetnry<br />
lery TJnseËts,<br />
r#c Il r .eË * gå3 .<br />
L53<br />
Êroup X {irou¡"r å1<br />
Ilrop-ou$o $epÈ,J¡ Xlrep-eute Såar.1<br />
t,tl Fêb, ä8 Èe Septi. å<br />
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üseiaL aeiluetr¿êßt,. Sevensy-t'r** per Ëent ç.f <strong>the</strong><br />
eauple reøpendønte a¡.rpeered t,s have åv€rågê *r þetêer<br />
aoei.al adJueunent.<br />
qKEt.*pEeI, ågJt4Ê.tryÊnt. S1,ll&y-fåve 5r€r *êÉt sf <strong>the</strong><br />
sannple reøpøndeË$É apËlèsreÉ ts have åreregË er beÈtêr<br />
ssnsttonsl adj usþänsr¡t,<br />
gtqqt, êdfþtgjipq{¡,l. $lxÈy*thrss per eÊät uf tho $&&*<br />
ple reop*nderit,6 a6ip*øred sç hase åveregÊ sr þeüter t,ctal<br />
pêr&únå]. adJ*etmsr¿t .<br />
M.<br />
15b<br />
Forty*four frËf t&Êt sf, t,he &ð*]*<br />
p1e re*pondents eppeaned Èü hevø Êvtsrå6Ë <strong>ür</strong> bstbsr edJuet*<br />
menÈ ga sclrspl, I+åftp**fx per êef¡t had uneaÞ$.efaet$ry sr<br />
vêry unËðtf"&feegÐfy adJuetmsnu. <strong>Å</strong>ü ray be <strong>of</strong> øf.gnåfÍeårxre<br />
t"h<strong>at</strong> when adjust,ment areae , s&l¡er t,hån sehsolf års t'ttalle{å,<br />
<strong>the</strong> nunþer gf f^udlvi.úuale whs et¡Ew pêrlr adJuotment ln ene<br />
Èr RsrÊ sS [here etrÉ&s oqu*Ie uhe r¡ëruþEr whu $hew p.s<strong>ür</strong><br />
Eeþoe3" aúJtløÈnrê<strong>at</strong>. :tb Ëåy furËhEr be <strong>of</strong> sf-gnlfteånce tf¡eü<br />
fiéveÊ$y-fívç ¡Ier sent Ð"t" thsee rsith poor eehe*¡l ariJuetæent<br />
algE shawgd ps$r adJuetmenË i,n sËüË ouhEr årô&.<br />
åddit,isnal È'eresnê,I il<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Surf.ng <strong>the</strong> aqtlect,lon <strong>of</strong> d*ta vÍ,4 Sn$ervíews end,<br />
øehçeL rEeçrde o addÍtl.ûnal 'lnfsr&eti"ün e&nre 6ü Lf.ghÊ r osn*<br />
eernång th6 dröp-ô¡,åÈ,s anú <strong>the</strong>år behavisr. Tr¡iE inforna&fon,<br />
f,pr eaeh ùndfvådiral drop*ot¡t r nas çuËmårÈssd $.nd m<strong>at</strong>ehed
üåth e bråef su¡Bmery<br />
d<strong>at</strong>s and eoneluolons<br />
&ppendfx sü..n<br />
ef his edJu*tmcnt, scsrea. These<br />
drawn frers <strong>the</strong>æ ere lossted in<br />
L55
TÀe flrqÞreg, +n4..,94e., åafngsp<br />
ü}i<strong>Å</strong>FTffiä $1,<br />
trl*iËhtjfr¡,{r#B<br />
Ëarly wi.thdrawal f'rgn scbooJ" åe e wgLr r"ecog*åaød<br />
prpþr,em, bnt oowFarå&l.very xåttrÊ r*searcþ hae l¡een dsne<br />
i,a É*nada tu rsl<strong>at</strong>e druppf.hg, Ðråü Ef sçå¡eçl to LtË esueeu.<br />
lhe probles wa* no Lees preeslng rn e favsreü eommunlty<br />
eueh ee åË, J*m6$ whf.oh, åa spåte ef åts tråäy eecl,al.,<br />
eo*noaßåe srftf çdu+<strong>at</strong>,lexal adrranÈe$ës, osåLr !¡ed pehosl<br />
droF-su¿*, 'fhereforæ, thË Furposg sÉ' übs $tudy r*as Ëo<br />
f"dentåfy earleü¡t f,*çüsrs nel"<strong>at</strong>ed ur¡ early eehpçl süå$h:<br />
d,r<strong>at</strong>ssl" i.n thåE eypåee} F{a$f,gsbe qrbån oom*nuni.&y, 'lhe re*<br />
*uLtE <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eüudy wenld heve di.recÈ øågg¡LfåeenÊë ouly Í.n<br />
ffit. oler*ee¡ but åt mí6ttt heve ueefuL ;l*pltcafJ.øns fpr cfi,her<br />
eåm*"lor oomnnunåtåes ån üene*lå ¡ åþ æåght provlde s elearer<br />
ur*deretandå"ng <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> problen gensr*lx,y and Íü eguld posg*<br />
Èbty l"Esd bs methpds sf srÈsËf.mg tlro probåsm ef *arLy<br />
¡Eithdraual frum sehee]..<br />
I{ypethaef.s<br />
ffi<br />
?he lrypo<strong>the</strong>*{s TdeÊ Fröpoeed thst hone f,aetsrE ere<br />
ffiCIre eri$åEal Ln tho deele*on êç r+åtl¡dr'&u "frss ss,hopl th*n<br />
gre naheol fastors.
IaveeÊie<strong>at</strong>ion Procedure<br />
L57<br />
The method sf inverÈlg<strong>at</strong>lng she prob,lem eensÍðÈ€d<br />
f,lret uf deteræÍ.ning, frou a pflot sE{¡dy, <strong>the</strong> ëtitent üf,<br />
drop-6¡¡i Ín $t. nÎ&mes, aud tÞae feaoiÞålÉ.by <strong>of</strong> a 1argør<br />
studrn <strong>the</strong>n pf f.nüervi.ewÍng Eeleeted áføp*sìå¡s. t-h$,g $ëI*<br />
€c&6ü greup eERæ$,sted ef oris-thård <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> drep-gÉt 'f¡opule*<br />
üftn dirrf.ng, <strong>the</strong> g*ar Ëeptembex 2, fËåË r,o $eptember 3,<br />
f9$3. Before $epõember I9oä, I"lota sf nu*abered spaceo<br />
r{øtre prøparod end *ertsln nsmt{rrü rrËtrs ôslected and<br />
marked f,or åntervt&w, ueån6 a tsble Ef rendom su¡ebers.<br />
&s na,mee <strong>of</strong>, drop*sut* esëtre êåtêrËd. in Uhe lj.se ån order<br />
<strong>of</strong>, d<strong>at</strong>e Ef lsot mltænd*aeo, thr*Ê st,ud,ents whoøç {r&&Bü<br />
fel-! oB €¡FåeËe esrkad for å$tenvåew ?rsr6 €s!Ïè.eËted f,sr<br />
Bhnt puf,pûss, <strong>Å</strong> q*estior* gr,iå4o rfes pruÞared for use durfng<br />
lntervl.erys¡ íntøruia$pos eonpleued &dJu<strong>at</strong>me*t xnvea-<br />
Èory snd $ehool Anvengrry fsrms;l anú schosl rsßÐrds ¡d@rg<br />
çxamfnød for ueaf,ul f.nformab$,en. <strong>the</strong> dmts obtetned fn<br />
tþls wsy $ers eoS.l<strong>at</strong>çd sa ê Large sh&ft ünd suboequentty<br />
gumffiârf.sed ln 9*blee II ts f-,<br />
In$,erpretetign <strong>of</strong>,- <strong>the</strong> ¡J<strong>at</strong>a<br />
Sfnce <strong>the</strong> pËr¡loso <strong>of</strong> ths BÞEdy ffes te i.dÉßtÍ.fy<br />
-t-{n,l*U *, Ëe11, Tl¡e åd.fltqtseetg lnvengogI, {FaIo<br />
Alto, G<strong>at</strong>tfõrnle: üoáEEIEi. ås, igbr¡,<br />
and tbe Scheoå lav,,.qnqgËï, (stanford¡ $tan"fsrd tlnlverulty<br />
rrseE,-rFr'6ïî
L5&<br />
sâLl&ng fee&ore reL<strong>at</strong>ed to drop-öut, 1t wee not Xnüesded<br />
thêt evðry nuance <strong>of</strong> behevl,or <strong>of</strong> drop-s¡¡t,s be st<strong>at</strong>iEÈLc*<br />
ally evalu<strong>at</strong>ed for al$nifåasnoë¡ $¡lllent ls lnter¡:reted<br />
&# ünË&Btn6 pronnlnent, eoaepåsüstrs ü)r, ln thi.E ssser<br />
eharecüerf<strong>at</strong>f.c rf, EI¡€ meJor5.uy. ün thle bae$.a, åÈeæs<br />
hr6re evalu<strong>at</strong>ed and esnaluslonç d"rswn. Lt leo <strong>of</strong> eturte,<br />
pøøsåbla thst ls fndtvrdual" ceses thE aqtual reegone f,or<br />
wåthdrawal. from EqlrssJ. wy have been rekted bo ,festÈrs<br />
o<strong>the</strong>f <strong>the</strong>n tbese uhåEh Eeemed ùo eherscterise bhe group¡<br />
bt*ü fndfv$.duala, for <strong>the</strong> p$rp6qe <strong>of</strong> ühåe sÈ*dy ¡ trBFë å&poltant<br />
only 1¡¡ eo fnr ae thÞy ËÐntråbußed to ths gensråÏ<br />
påegure. &strf-ant fsetsra $Bre soughti f.ncilvtdt¡el Bau$es<br />
*srÊ lgft for sthsr eêud,åes.<br />
tonclusioas ¡rel<strong>at</strong>ed t,e Pereor¡al Þ"ects<br />
I. Plaqs øf res{dencs hsÉ a dÀre<strong>at</strong> releEåEaebfp<br />
to drop-uut, in th<strong>at</strong> ths grsÊt maJorfty <strong>of</strong> dro¡r-pråçE livEd<br />
l,n ühc oLÉEr portåon Þf $t. rIEseE and wsre Esst hf.gh}y<br />
eonçentn<strong>at</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> very pldast, peoresÈ portåun, (ïhf.e<br />
hea economf-c fmplåcetåsÌ¡fi whteh r¡*t Iå be dea}t wåth futr*<br />
Èher,,fn ühe numm*ry.)<br />
â. lhe enl-t,fcal ege <strong>of</strong> drop*qut îres <strong>the</strong> Elxt6en*<br />
End sgven€ae$-yg&F*o1d per$od.<br />
3. fhe gex <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> drop*6¡¡¡, b'f,rthd<strong>at</strong>e, eounbry <strong>of</strong><br />
þårth, nnd phyeteal hnndåcaps were nob <strong>of</strong> ceneplcuoua
Lmportenee ån <strong>the</strong> aet ef dr+pping ruu rf eehsar ln $L.<br />
JågtÊg.<br />
L5V<br />
Ïùo unnsuEr åtËåtudes eharsetEniEed Êíü, JçæeE drop-<br />
sr¿te. l'hey di.d not lech ersEe frående; êhey tfk*d ts aet<br />
wfgþ etlrere È& & t€effi¡ & etrtghí maJortty et<strong>at</strong>ed a pr<strong>of</strong>er-<br />
enÊÊ f*r beånË srrd vhst tö do¡ and Êh@y +a*EldEred tt¿em-<br />
Eglvsm rell*ble f.n compleÈing w$rls.<br />
r' fhe f<strong>at</strong>herrs öGcupetf.Ðn hed s dtrçet rerabåsn*<br />
ehf.p tg <strong>the</strong> qhåldt s tend,eney tø l.eavø sghoor bef,clre ü$ffi*<br />
pletång lnLE eou,rse, Fagberq ån unsktlled Jobs wsrê üüstrs<br />
ltketr-y tü hfivq drep*6,r¡g <strong>of</strong>,fnpring ôhan thsÐ$ åu skåIled<br />
occup<strong>at</strong>åsïr8 ¡ end both Èf thö$Ë wsrs rüsfe lt kely ts have<br />
drap-out <strong>of</strong>føprfng than prafeseåonelø or êhåäegËrË¡ <strong>the</strong><br />
xow*r ühe ocenpetf.rln tëvøl, thø g¡rÉðt€r wfle <strong>the</strong> Lå<strong>Å</strong>çeli*<br />
fuesd <strong>of</strong> havlng drop*sr¡t, <strong>of</strong>fsprån$.<br />
ä. Pntbers wtth lses thsn hågrå school edueetår$<br />
frsrs ffðf,s J,f.k*Iy to haçe dro¡r-6s¿ <strong>of</strong>feprS,ng Ëiran w&rë hågh<br />
gehaoJ. gredua[ea.<br />
3. ffiq<strong>the</strong>ra rtth LeEs thåa hlgh echosl edueetr.on<br />
sr.&r6 Bsra tikely bÊ håve drop-ssg effeprång bhan w&rs<br />
h[gh sebsol gradu*t,ea.
lr' $hi.Ldrea f.n l"arge farnårr.eE wesê Hore rr.kery<br />
1Õr)<br />
õo Érop or¡t <strong>of</strong>, sehoel tF¡en chåldren freun f-amf.Låea Ì:avlng<br />
twe chlLdren pr Leoe, parcfeurarty Lf'<strong>the</strong> ehtLd ¡ess, ågê-<br />
wf ee, lR <strong>the</strong> mf.ddle sf <strong>the</strong> e$.b}f.ngs.<br />
5. Ël¡åldren shs xåved i.n pûor er fafr hes'ee îÍêtrô<br />
mtr& lJ.kery to drop-åut Éf çehosl r,heþ &hose uhe lived xn<br />
mlddle elaøs sr bêttgr hÐmse.<br />
&. FaEÈçre euah ne thg f<strong>at</strong>hErre asd me<strong>the</strong>rre<br />
btrt'lrp}acE asd age af sstry ts fiana$a, tfie mo<strong>the</strong>rf e occu-<br />
peti.Êßn broken hsanee end ds.gplsossent f,ro¡n <strong>the</strong> herye w€rs<br />
not åmportant .f,acÊ*re in Èhe nreJeriÈy <strong>of</strong> drop-ÐL¡t €å8€6<br />
ån St. J&.ffiêg.<br />
1. ffEEt ffiÈ. James drup*g¿Èe rsêre Esnglsers and<br />
etarted smeklng þefone l,û wEs legml tû rls so.<br />
å. å prelu$e ba drep*5ru¿ by bqye uas ml.sbehavåer<br />
ougslds <strong>of</strong> uchooL, lnv*rvåag t,rsuble i+åth <strong>the</strong> poå,åee,<br />
3. F'eyeonal eppÊer&ns*, r$.ein6 bLrÊ6n bed tår*en<br />
tet'el. *1eep,i.m6 tlms, l"<strong>at</strong>e Sel"evtøåonn use sf tfue famj.ly<br />
s&r, EerJ.ouE ¡¡d.ebghærtor euü uf sEfreor by gårre, and rack<br />
<strong>of</strong> ougeåde EetLvåtåsË H6rê neü trflJör f,aeusrE ln drr¡p-out,<br />
la,,$È. Jnmee, altf*otr$h <strong>the</strong> dÍ.aerepnn+å.es ån reupo&Bës<br />
deartng t+iÈh smeunt ef sreep Lsdie*ted ÈþaË a bEËtEr method<br />
e.f, fnvaoË$,gettn6 6<strong>of</strong>fis üf thË$ë pereanal faeüpre ås d,eEi,r-<br />
able.
LeBeLLqIBBE freleted ee Wsrk Êixperience and Flane<br />
1. HssÈ d.ro¡r-€'¿gg, partiaalarly boye, have had<br />
t6I<br />
pàrt,*tÍ.Be eroFloyment, ithl].e aÈtendtnë echeol.<br />
2. Shelr working &lmee dere r*fthin che preoerf.bed<br />
leg<strong>at</strong> }imtts¡ end thare ÀE sE cleer fsund<strong>at</strong>fon f,or <strong>the</strong><br />
snsplc{oa th<strong>at</strong> s¡re€selvE eveaån6, werk effeet,Ed echoel<br />
rssrkii s$.r.ÀeË ffer¡y <strong>of</strong> t-he Jobs ltsted w6fs agsrspêpÊr delåv-<br />
êrJr üf 8r¡&ffier wËrkr<br />
3. &+y* wsrkcd fpr <strong>the</strong> üÊoäÉS, whlls g,trts wErked<br />
wlth th€ åd.6sr &s welL, thaÈ, Of-¡le part-tfme wurk soulð<br />
I"ead to future employËË<strong>at</strong>.<br />
l*, $b. Jasnee drn¡r*6¿tg dåd nct egnEfde¡' thEår<br />
tr*l.nÈn6 aoupleted upon L*evång sehqol"<br />
5, þ{oet Ef <strong>the</strong> 4trep-6¡¡tE were eeeklmg Ets{lled em-<br />
ployæønt.<br />
6. Tlrop-gug$ wÊre unrçnlù<strong>at</strong>ls gþeut, wonk þecsuse<br />
<strong>the</strong>y ÌûåtltÊd ekllted orn¡rl-oyruent, yet, ¡.ts{¿ted <strong>the</strong>år eþranees<br />
f,or eruplÐynent and $rnånång, whleh <strong>the</strong>y elæo wantedn by<br />
Leav$,n6 Eehqcl too *arly.<br />
$oncluefons ¡Èel<strong>at</strong>sd to Fersonal Schsel Fscte<br />
I. L¡r lnteLlectual Eapabi.låtLesr drep*Er¡te Ln $ü"<br />
Jamee $ðf,Ê maXnly f,rom <strong>the</strong> Lowen helf <strong>of</strong> Èf¿e populaÞion.<br />
*, ffiogb ef $t. oïamesr drop*pute hed E ssrf.oug<br />
røadång dif.f,f.cul"by,
3. EsceeEive chengi.ng <strong>of</strong> eef¡oo¡.e eharacbertsed<br />
St, Jenres drop-outo.<br />
¿r. 'fhe $fe<strong>at</strong>egt, proptrtlEn ef drop-s¿bg lefÈ<br />
Eehstx. *¡hi.re <strong>at</strong>üendlng t'L¡ç genior hlgh eehoøL sshåetrr<br />
Lttt<br />
ssrrefl bhe esstern end <strong>of</strong> St,. Janrte$.<br />
5. MOst drOp-6¡¡¡, eee¡¡rred J-n gredee nåne and tsn.<br />
6. s{sEt <strong>ür</strong>e¡r*esta wÊrË enrol}ed ån ghe l*l&h $aþos}<br />
teavf.ng tEutr-ee or ühe üåer¡-lflng;Bå&@ tryur*e,<br />
? , ${omt dro¡r*sugn had. serlsue fai*}.r¿re treëord.s,<br />
8. Toor EttEndar¿ee rscordE ef, Ise.g staradfng or<br />
newX-y devel"oped poor aÈtendencc recprds oågnelled t,he<br />
pesçibå}Í,[y <strong>of</strong> withdrEw&,¡".<br />
9. lhere w&Ê no preÉemlnenð tåme øf yeer et trhÍ.eh<br />
dro¡l-psg Esüurred¡ and age <strong>of</strong> etart,lng eehool¡ eeeel"eråtf,rä,<br />
and eve$,Lebllåsy ef otudy f,scåliçtË& $er6 ef nE <strong>of</strong>g*<br />
nl^freanee fn drnpptn6 ßrtü 9f echoe¡l å¡r se. tlsees. Laek<br />
<strong>of</strong> sttende,nce aË hf.ndsrsårgen hres noË coneådEreû <strong>of</strong>.gnxfr*<br />
üeflU cåEher, Þeeausa ühere w&rÉ *e ¡rubl,åcly oper<strong>at</strong>ed<br />
klndergørtens ln $b. olümes and, tra f,aet, Ðysr e thf,rd af<br />
<strong>the</strong> drop-o&to ecÈually dÍ.d, <strong>at</strong>$end blndergñrten.<br />
Cor*cluef,ons ftel<strong>at</strong>,od to Schoo1 l{abitu sad Ëehevtor<br />
----<br />
L" $t. JasBeE drop-s¿gg 4id llttle hsme¡sotrlr.<br />
2. l{ost' drop*gsgE dld trot tâi{,Ê pelns tE eabe up<br />
el¡srtcemlngs i.n t'hei.r edueet,fo¡¡ by aÈter¡dån$ *¡rtrå ela&eçs,
3. ffi08t drop*estÉ dfd üSÈ eÞ$åÍ.der tÞee8elvee<br />
1S3<br />
f,requenß êrouhLe*$aE6rs åt eehsø,L,<br />
h' å{eet sæl.s dtr*p*Euts S,¡ed þee* 8r?¡ents.<br />
9, Ðr*p*gq¡te oeaded tø be relilegeËt ta esk fâr<br />
hslF rçlgh di.f,f,Í,eulbt,ss w5,&h sshss¡. trork¡ Èh6lr rel"uebanee<br />
øtrææe$ frsm smbårrasÊmËnÈ"<br />
6. Þrwp*gu¿a p*rtÍ-cåpxteü ån exÈrg*üutrrl,ctrlar<br />
ôsþlvfäåes, enlnl.y auh1euåes ê&åt sÈudenü g,ovotrnmont, and<br />
$Grs Eaüåsf,åed wåth <strong>the</strong>år parstrqfpebl,sn. thÂs, hnv*eu*tr,<br />
ueo ånterprot*d &s * pueÈ&åven rewar&ång faeeB sf eshoe3.<br />
Låfe, &oÈ låhely So êûngrlþetË t* r*Ì.&hdraruaà.<br />
SoqcluqåoriÊ Ïiel<strong>at</strong>gd te !]$teåq$E qr$l åS,ôf"tugff¡ Ss tåcbrgå<br />
I. *rep*Eggg ån SÈ. denpgp f,u$ed etudy dj.ff,å.eult,ä'<br />
ftrep*pHü# l$êl-s &Säs&t$.Ye S$ .fgllurs.<br />
3. t'r*nsl,gt$,ng t,ho är#å üô lgflve Eehnel åm.Eo ac*<br />
&$.ta tEek l.snæ tþ¡ee s yðåf fer &eet drü¡r-6Eg*.<br />
å., ThesE H&s Tùr ustËwsrthy Ëûn#lot*ncy e&Ërlffi drop*<br />
ouËs regardtrng fnvorttc anbJeeto er euÞjeets dåElihed¡ and<br />
Lt wne Rot eonEXdered aågnif,i.cetlt th-*t, gener*tr-ly, dr*pgute<br />
T{&tre not sede $Êrrc'us by clesnrÐs* teøt,s r sl,Ehough<br />
tltts måght åndåçete leck sf süneern. FurbhcreËrèr thøre<br />
appeared Èo bs ns leck sf ùåse Ser reereetlesål aeÈåv1Ël"eE.<br />
Ëågarø trfls ns 6enereÌ" a$rËËegftt e$Esng drep-ou$e ss ts why
:.å¡&<br />
<strong>the</strong>y lef,t Eehøe¡" sr ¡shy st,h6rs LefÈ. fu¡ ,fecU, moet cÐn-<br />
sådered educaÈf.sn useful and *roul^d retr¡rn, ts *choel,<br />
pertf.cr¡IarLy <strong>the</strong> beys, åf serg€.in ehangea, maån1y c6ÉrÐe<br />
chænges, BôrË eff,çetad.<br />
Gonel.ueÍons liel<strong>at</strong>ed tc $chosl üulúance Faetsrs<br />
I. In *påte <strong>of</strong> serfs¡¿e prohleft& *ç hEme eed et<br />
sghogl r drtlp-outE hsd rEee¡i.ved, f'aadequ<strong>at</strong>€ Frgf*EEi,çnn1<br />
guÍderrue, inaoanuch se leee shan ÈBs-.fåf,tþ he¿ been ref,erred<br />
to ths chrtd {iuldanee clinl.c.<br />
Ã. Shlle <strong>the</strong> fear ef f,nllure {Båy hsve l"nf}ueneed<br />
wf,ühdnawel, ühe neallty af .fallure rs&Ê nüt & salfent faetor<br />
ån droP-ûut.<br />
3. I-eelc qf f.nf,ermaf"*,Eu en furþher edueaülgn end,<br />
track <strong>of</strong>, vseutlunal f.nf,srmstfsn were äsÈ tËpmtent facÈore<br />
ån drop-ouL in $t. Ja¡ngs &nd* q*hÈle drop*s6¿E ËÊnd ûr<br />
favsr per&$ts l*hen oeek!.eg eüvåeer sspseåall,y <strong>the</strong> boye,<br />
thle Hae stgnf.fÍ-eant or¡Ly iñ g{vsng, df.restå+$ gi} cûurs€<br />
ånfe<strong>rwe</strong>tåon enrupaigno. Iü ls nst enough to Êalk t& etu*<br />
dents abou,È t.he valus <strong>of</strong> Echoollng a*d eeleetiçn uf<br />
sôt.rrôe6i FårÊnËs mugt bê trtd, t,os.<br />
0snsl,ucfone Saeed sn Pereonsl and School ÂdlustsÊnt<br />
trn eç far ae <strong>the</strong> drøp-süt! s øtåtê <strong>of</strong> <strong>at</strong>tJuabmçut weE<br />
revealed by Ehe å{.iusiÞeent Lnvenssrv and $þg Ëchpgl .Sgggg-<br />
LejËS,r <strong>the</strong> only esanÍ.Etently psêr srÊå <strong>of</strong> edJuetsent uaE
thåü lnvsLvi.ng, <strong>the</strong> ael¡*sl.ê l{çvor<strong>the</strong>}.eee, Ëhe prevalen-åoÞ<br />
sf Feolil.e wåüh psor pen*o} adJuetnent who aLes suffered<br />
Fsor edJuøtmen$ ån o<strong>the</strong>r flr@es tn4åc<strong>at</strong>e{ e e}oee re}sËion-<br />
øhåp beusoen eeheql adjuutment end ËÈrse$åL adjustuêntr<br />
wJ.th a <strong>at</strong>rong, lf,kelåhood o^f ånt,Erastfon, on ef, ü&ê reuÉ-<br />
f.ng tho othsr,<br />
toncluelons Fagerà on Àddåtipr¡*I Persene,I Ðsta<br />
ün <strong>the</strong> basås ef, perannal obe+rv*bfons er¡d additfprrsl<br />
baek$round *"nfø<strong>rwe</strong>t,L¡¡n tekgü frsm Eahssl recorde {,*,pgsnqílr<br />
IÐ) n <strong>the</strong> sumþer <strong>of</strong> srudeþ$Ê who dropped ûut bessuee <strong>of</strong><br />
home facseqs onuwefgb'* þoth bhûse rrho dropped ouü beeeuge<br />
CIf Eehoe1 facgors aad thoEo who dropþed oug gor usüeter-<br />
æånød rû&"oünË. Is facg, d,trup*eubs þeêä$se ef hsme fnct'erd<br />
e#såsg5.gutod fÈfty-€l$ht Fer ûe¡ilt" sf, tke øample.<br />
$uçnsrr. Imnllcetfona. ar¿d $pecu1aõisnE<br />
taker¡ å"n revå.*w, ÈhE lnveeüIgetåeiÍr öf $t * ïfa$EE<br />
drep-gg¡e hag Heay $hort'*cðËrf.nge, &ot Eh@ Iëåtg *Í' whlsh<br />
åe <strong>the</strong> laek ef a eentrel grtrap ¡¡hieh would $srvË to pro*<br />
vi.de a $e$ ef rþåröçËËr$.eti.ec <strong>of</strong> ft*tay-Lnss er p*ople who<br />
do complete <strong>the</strong>f.tr Gður66B. fhaee dharaeterùetl.as sonld<br />
ühEn þe a*mpared wlth bhE charasterået,åcE sf elrep*su¿*<br />
dt<br />
<strong>Å</strong>,<br />
ïbid
1f3ó<br />
end r{öul.d serve admårabl.y tn valldabång tlre påcture <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong><br />
typleal ffi$. ¿lameæ drøp-out and t'þe Gec¡gss for irle qrith-<br />
¿ilrewel. îhe Lach <strong>of</strong> thXe æddft'J.+nal oriteråon, howeyer,<br />
dld net €ntårëly ånpalr thø invesE,f.6,<strong>at</strong>lpn, and a feirly<br />
elear åmwge sf <strong>the</strong> $t. cjarÊee útrep*gtå& emerged.<br />
<strong>Å</strong> ÈtrnÊ,eaÏ 98. Jamee d,rpp-out,. Lt câ,nnêb l¡e sver*<br />
enphssåsêd bheÈ not ell Éb, .lsmes dtrøp-sqta flt tht ftlltw-<br />
É.ng de*enf,ptf.ení sðüe6 mÊ.gÞt ,flåt en3.y ¡lerg sf ås and e fev*<br />
nilght ûønÊså.Tébly ftt nsn& <strong>of</strong> å.u.<br />
üenerelly, <strong>the</strong> typLsql $t. darxee drep*Eq6 tLvee åru<br />
$ho eldçr psf;tåðn sf $t, .Iemes, ån e t¡el,ow evsrä&ê hoæe¡<br />
håc f<strong>at</strong>hsrte wprh alepsåf$,Êåtfen åc sunøkfåIed*rr and h$,s<br />
parær¿üs have f,ege È!¡en æ hlgh gcheEl ed"uest*åsa, Ãn terrne<br />
sf Eblltty he åe ån thø ]"sçet' hslf ef, tbe popul<strong>at</strong>ten <strong>of</strong><br />
tansdef üüt ju<strong>at</strong> <strong>of</strong> Ët, *I&mssi hs hsE s æerå.ar*s readlng<br />
díffåculty and hse qhenge* øehoals sfteR, lt ie elmost<br />
$ertaia <strong>the</strong>t, <strong>the</strong>re ar6 et least ü¡*e sr ffiütre nåbllnga and<br />
thal bhe drop*s$t Ls açmgwï¡Ere l.n tþe måd$].e *f tl¡e dlu-<br />
trl,butf.on pf ebåIdrsn. lR lits habåten <strong>the</strong> ÉrgI-r*or& EæEkes<br />
eRd cnen'iensed onokång befere l"t wss legal f,er hlm t* d,o so l<br />
er¡d lf thê drop*mÀb åe male, he hag had dåeelp3.f"ßåry GoR-<br />
beet,Ë xf.th t&e police. Fie hae else ïrnd eøme ¡lart*t1*.e<br />
wsrlr experl"enee and hopee ts får¡ô skf.lled eæplaymenE.<br />
In Èrf,s echool work ths tyËfcal drop*out is in <strong>the</strong> High
$choel teaving Ëeurse or É'lon-l*r¡gt¡êgë Ëouree n ie ln<br />
&rade Htne qr Ten, bas cfianged sehooLe så"ten and fs slJc-<br />
Lb'l<br />
teEn or ggvÉRteen 3reår6 <strong>of</strong> age. As thfs eg,Ë-gfåde necord<br />
f.nd5.c<strong>at</strong>'ea, he hae a *erlous rscörü <strong>of</strong> .feilure, buÊ ie ns't<br />
necses&ril.y fa+aê såtb fsi.Iure ¿nd ths need tË rêpÊüt <strong>the</strong><br />
gråds <strong>at</strong> ßhe tnnne <strong>of</strong> drap-out,. llewever, fie i.s aengitive.<br />
tê f,ållure, f,i.¡lÉe Étudy dåffisr¡It but dues l¿tËLe homa*<br />
Hsrk, and has ffiqde lfttlo <strong>ür</strong> üio effsrt to maåte np eduea-<br />
tisnel" sh<strong>ür</strong>t*esmå.n6e by ettendence e& êuüffigrr sehsol or<br />
by e5.nllår ffiÉ&nË. fiE åe esbamasEed abput reehlng help<br />
rrtth ûÍ^ffåcultioa, FLeally, ås ðÍtë mtrght rsndfly $edr¡ee<br />
"f,rem sll tt¡ese pal<strong>at</strong>e, <strong>the</strong> ËyFigal ËÈ'. dmmss *rop*sug le<br />
poorlf u&Jueted to achoelr hae e põ<strong>ür</strong> <strong>at</strong>üendanüe f€e$rd;<br />
åf, a bsyr hE lme þeen truåât ¡ trnd thE úectoåou to t*5.th*<br />
drars Exploded wåühf.n hls suddenly when <strong>the</strong> prees<strong>ür</strong>ee ån<br />
snd out' ef eehosl beeame too gre<strong>at</strong>.<br />
Tbe -g-@ ln fft,. .tras¡es' fhe deøerlp*<br />
tior¡ Êf &hs typf.ee3. droB-sug fndåe<strong>at</strong>es wlt'h sÊffie elarl.t',y<br />
Êhe hesfs ceussg <strong>of</strong>, drop*oub Ln St". nla¡neg, lhey are<br />
rp<strong>at</strong>ed ln hEredåtï, 1n sscls-esöt¡CIüåc l¡rfluene€$r and ån<br />
seråoue defåcàenci.es ta <strong>the</strong> aEheole. 'fhe glory in edues*<br />
ËSr¡r Í.E sh<strong>at</strong>rerod, by both Þeechers and t'.t¡e eðfräÌ¿nå.ty åt<br />
lerge r Hpûn ths Etudente 1n t'he uËËef, abf.Ilty portlone <strong>of</strong><br />
ths popul<strong>at</strong>åon, partf.cul.arl"y þhs brlëht and gl.fts¿T. tolt*<br />
seqraenslyn Èhe efrild who ånheri.t,s Lgur normæl or duII
BgreåI ebilÍby, r*hoee parenüa hEve låmltçd edueeÊåon,<br />
tçhE ,ffnde håmeelf Juet anothçr fece et Êh€ tablen vrho<br />
rÊÉ<br />
Éês& LfËtle ls hlE surraundln$s tr Lnspfre båm, *Rd r*ho<br />
fi.nda eæhsol geared Èü äcc6$eod*te a dxfferËnt rânge ef<br />
talent frsr# hfø o*n, hse llþOle i,ncenõåve or l.ngenuåsy<br />
to fase th@ trng hsrd çl.lnab out, sf t,he edu*auionEl de-<br />
praeslen ln vhÀeb þe fåndE h$-øself. ã,nsaeed, he aeeke<br />
ðoËe gr<strong>at</strong>tfXc<strong>at</strong>lon ln doån6 thtr+gs whåeh €re ee&y to do<br />
þHt rchåsh ånvolve süffi6 r{.sf{ Ín ghe f,c¡rnn <strong>of</strong>, reprfunanúo<br />
or pur,råehgerrt frCIm thûBë ån eußhErlty, He ssekae, he<br />
plnys truent, and he may 6et ånt,o arssþIe wåeh <strong>the</strong> pruliee,<br />
${e w5.11 prebabx"y aïss seek graBlfåeets.sn f,n crnsðruetåve<br />
rd&y40 qg f.n per¿*t{*ae employ&eRt. lhs æEnëy ehue ear¡red<br />
l.e t*n6$,bl,e evld€Ebss <strong>of</strong> EuecesE whåeh f.e m<strong>ür</strong>e Èhen EqhEså<br />
has 6åven hi,m. ÏJtffåuulty wåüh Ohs wsrlÊ,, føllura, avold-<br />
êseê sf scheulu¡erh and t,he euflþarraËsqent f.t eau hrång,<br />
üermånqte ån rråshdrawa¡. ln ghe hopø ühet thÊ wÐrld, ef<br />
eøpl.oynent whlçh br*ugbt sÕ&Ë *t¡ütôser H&*eyr een Þring<br />
traore.<br />
Valfd$t'y sf ñhê hyBpbheaf,a. thfs hypoth+ti,cel<br />
o&ñ@ åIluetret$.on o.f <strong>the</strong> eeusËg <strong>of</strong> drop*ouü, how*vetr,<br />
soes not poÍnb sut whf.eh 6rct*F <strong>of</strong> fectere ie $ÊârÊ crit{.eel<br />
in tbe ÉeeåøXsn ÈË Iëeys schEol", whe<strong>the</strong>n hsse fqet,srs sr<br />
sehgsl ,feetêrs, er¡d <strong>the</strong> answÊrr ¡üugt "oe eought througtr re-<br />
exsmåEablEn <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> d<strong>at</strong>e anÉ esnsÐml"teaü ç*nel"Beþ$s,
.ég<br />
?',able l le pert,åeu]"ar}y *¡ee"f,ul åå thls reg*rú, enei Êh*<br />
coneluelan arlsÍ.n6 frem 1s, thst ahe onty &re& <strong>of</strong> edjuu€*<br />
mønt sh<strong>at</strong>' ås esnsågüer¡tly p&Ðr fe Èhe sshaEL, ås etreng<br />
evldenEs ån etrpport', <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> eûnTrer$€ ef bhe hypogheelo "<br />
#n thls þaøla onø ls f,orçes üo eønel.ude êhaè nel¡uor .fae*<br />
tsrü års eore erf.$åEal, ån $fie úsçieåEn ts vúthdrsu frça<br />
Echool". $üeverthgleee, thêrë f-a e lurkÈng euepLei,on bh<strong>at</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> eehoer år e$naBLy bhe bæûþlegreun* os whteh hEme-þseed,<br />
e¡aptÍ.onal, gcnf,lÍ.st$ &rß ferugb€ ont. le åe sdmltted th<strong>at</strong><br />
thø edslt,l,onal pereo$ål dEBs and þhe ånveeti.gntorrg enq.J.*<br />
uaEåen <strong>of</strong> åË åm hlShry eubJeeÈåìrë ån $etilre, but tþEre sre<br />
enotr$h g1*rrn6 5.neüenee* af *øri,nuu hose probl.ema th<strong>at</strong><br />
ühe eonc}usi*n, bh<strong>at</strong> f,åfty*strght, per çent sf Ëho dro¡r*6¡¿6s<br />
Le f,t, sehoel beEpuse o"S prnblemo orl6ln*t,ång ln uhe home,<br />
murt øuraly serys 0s render 0he oråglnel hyporhests open<br />
to fur<strong>the</strong>r å.nvesbåg<strong>at</strong>åonn åf ñBb ts su¡r¡rorù ts entÉrely.<br />
FsÉgqgl# eÊq,f¡qd $SFSagSsgs. ËerreJ.n def[et.enej.ee<br />
ln <strong>the</strong> resesrch mettreds m*kE fur<strong>the</strong>r ånveøùíg<strong>at</strong>åËa ef <strong>the</strong><br />
hypaëheale hi.ghly doeirable ån &ny res6. Sótr exnmplen<br />
ths lntsrvÍory plsn u+ught tr¡ cEvetr å gree¿ denå <strong>of</strong> freusrlnl.<br />
ln Jueu one f,nèervåew perÈod. $ppsrt¡¡nlt,leE f,or<br />
develep$"ng tlre sonf,åóer¡ee øf thë drsp-ortrt *aé rapps¡tt<br />
wÍüþr hf.m were refy Lisi.tecå" <strong>Å</strong>s a reeu¡.b, it {ø qulte<br />
pgesåble tå¡<strong>at</strong> rntervåetteËð rrÉre dçfenei,vê str rgl¡¡EÈsnt
t,ö glve fnfors<strong>at</strong>üiCIn üa a ätrãHgËr ool3eernirg ånÈlm<strong>at</strong>e<br />
feelång abou{, Per6r¿t,S er pbher pergonal m<strong>at</strong>ters' $olne<br />
nray lrave deeided tt Sfve übre urigfittr &nswer ¿s suel¡<br />
17t;<br />
quosÞf.ons 6s ufle yeg th<strong>Å</strong>.nk <strong>the</strong>re hcs been a l"esk qf real<br />
love end affsgËf.an in your hene?n3 Ü{i t"he Þ8,b8s heaú,<br />
<strong>the</strong>¡+ø COuI"d þe s greeter rêêÉine68 t0 rai[ againob &üffië*<br />
bþXn6 eö åmpêrgöns} 8E $oh4ÕI. Xt ¡rae faår gaee and<br />
<strong>the</strong>re $es nÞghtng te Lose. lh* Cr¡nneeblen ¡*lbt¡ se&rool<br />
?tâs $6vsrêd äny$&Y, å$ fset,n åt åe even poeeibl"e th<strong>at</strong><br />
B0&ê etiEtsrti,on tsä# ínt"reduasd lnts <strong>the</strong> EnÈ:fre invwsüå*<br />
6ntåon Þy <strong>the</strong> suptllyln& Õf ånacsurst,ê fests or opln;iaee<br />
þy ehe drop*qu¿$ tntËT'ïf.ewod. ffi6v6sthEleEsf rä.ppörtl<br />
whtch wa6 q**it6 güð& ån &sst sêS€s r he6 e &reåt'ep ÛppCIf,*<br />
tunåty tr¡ fuuctlen f.n e verbel lnüerv$.ew thon ig¡ s<br />
wrÍ¡Ëtêa qqsgtf.snnaùre ar¡d f,gr tþ;La re&ãÐnr 8e welL aa<br />
for <strong>the</strong> f,aet' Èhåt Elåsfrt,fùnË Pessd f'end€d t0 TlÊ Leeg lntfm*<br />
<strong>at</strong>s Èhan ßiroEe ün t.tr¡ø adjusÈsont år¡{å $$htül lnvønbory<br />
fgrnø, ttrere tteffiF Ès be &roundÊ for cens{dçrabte conf,i*<br />
denee tn tho uú¡tbel S,ntsrvl.ew Ptrtf.oa Ðf <strong>the</strong> ånvqfitf'ggäi.Èn.<br />
$'ur<strong>the</strong>ræep€r tbere Hsre r¡S InseênËÈ$ ef f'nfor&*a-<br />
t1#n Ëåv6n by thg drøp*6sg beln6 eontradåtted by teuer<br />
eheeles <strong>of</strong> neheol reeorúe, altF*eelgh åt ås *dstittsd Ehåt<br />
3 gutto å,g$. gå^g.
<strong>the</strong> opportunåti.q* f,er tF¡i.e Ëype sf ePreeklng for cCInf$.r*<br />
maü,Ísn b.ëre tår¡råtsd te¡ g few lteäîs.<br />
Pqss.$ble- dFga d4åB,sr.såg¡¡s. lhere &re, however,,<br />
r7L<br />
ettaer erë&Ël ån whåch s*&s mÀerepresenÈ<strong>at</strong>iun sf uhe drqp-<br />
'Éut ÞLÊture may heve oßÊutrred. 'lf¡ue, <strong>the</strong> predonårlanrè<br />
rf aesnsmlea[ly pêörer f,amå].tes ån &he drÞp*Eu6 r*tagås-<br />
bå'6fi rnay b* en ruügrowth ef tå¡e fse¿ Èt¡åt 'femilies Eúth<br />
'rusde'eûnðy .niæply sead sehillesþi,eally î.¡&6useëssfUli aff*<br />
epr,ång to ¡:rriv<strong>at</strong>e scFroqls ia Êhe ho$e th<strong>at</strong> eddåLlonsl<br />
ÞppørÈ.nfr$"t$.ee under elsøer eärvetllerxcë wf"Ll brin6,&ee-<br />
d*måe &L,r€rÈ$s. :åucf¡ act{orr w*uLú obvf.suEl.y dj.o$ort, eny<br />
oEtlmm.tes rlf tire eff*et Ðf ecsnemåeÐ öa ear].p wLÈhdnæ¡ust<br />
fr*m sshøeiL beqmuae 6he Éneuee*epful stu¿l,ente fnpm<br />
wsal€htør .fsr'fiåIi.e* wslul{Í nûÈ &p$ear ån êhe drep*Þr<strong>Å</strong>s<br />
Ëteg$.s$1cfi. &rr+n tf <strong>the</strong>g drcpped out Ðf ghe prlvete<br />
sehesl t,hey woutd noÈ oppeer ån ühs #t. Jasre etaÈtebåce<br />
undsf, <strong>the</strong> tåmf.tstLonø pre*eråbed J'çr ghås inveutÍ6nt5.on.<br />
P{*ver<strong>the</strong>lese, &uth lf.ssftetl<strong>ür</strong>¡å &rË e neeëssery part <strong>of</strong><br />
eny inveetågmtl.+n end She d.åeterttos <strong>of</strong> deLa uentåoned<br />
f.s merEly npectrlebinn wfthouu æctr¡al etLdence üe oupport<br />
l.t ¿rÈ t'hts tåse. lhe salåent fa<strong>at</strong>ors in 4rop-¡¡ut f"n åt.<br />
*fas¡ee remaån faÍrly el.ee,rly delinested. y+*h<strong>at</strong> cüü be<br />
dEne sbou[ <strong>the</strong>s?<br />
Sehpgt troFfqve$øqLE. *n $.msnedi.<strong>at</strong>ety obvirus årë&<br />
i.n whleh Go <strong>at</strong>taek <strong>the</strong> preblem ef early wlçhdra¡çal f,rom
7â<br />
Ðchee} i"e in ghe EchoeL l&sel-.g. åt ts a}"ss &he erea ln<br />
whleh t,hs earll.es8 reaulte are msrt låireJ.y to be reellaed<br />
and a 16$l@ïr Ef echoEL f,aetsrs in drop-out rea{í,$.Iy 6,åvee<br />
df,reçÈi.on t* efforte tE ref,osË end iøprfrve. The unueually<br />
htgh propørtfou <strong>of</strong> drop-euts ån <strong>the</strong> Hågh fichpol LeavÍ,ng<br />
touree alearly labollçd lû a* n eeÉrfi€ øf, abudy whåeh<br />
lasked <strong>the</strong> eonftdence <strong>of</strong>, <strong>the</strong> peeple fsr whom åb waE lni,tendad.<br />
It t*ag oþgeecÎvely aegderuXe $"s n<strong>at</strong>.r¡re nnd<br />
r*rntrfred rev$"sfon Èa <strong>the</strong> 4i"reståon sf, greeter flexå.bilf.ty'<br />
f.h ædsr to secossnod<strong>at</strong>e Ëhe ïårLød,needE <strong>of</strong>, ühe EIpw<br />
st*dents enrsl,I.ed i.n 1t. $lmllerly, <strong>the</strong> &'tûa*Iån6usËe<br />
&eurpç, vltrteh usnE$red t+ *.ffer &hE üsme opporüueI"så,eE<br />
es <strong>the</strong> ffiaÈråsula$åen Se$rsen l"ess F'renehn noåt'hef prË*<br />
pared süudsn8e fer <strong>the</strong> werld <strong>of</strong> employmenÈ nor f,sr f,urËher<br />
studlee st ü¡¡lvenef.t'yí lt,, <strong>the</strong>refers, ten$ed ?s declfne in<br />
aceoptabfl-f"ty antl tsse al-reedy bel,ng ÊÐn$ådöred {'or ruvla*<br />
i.on. [tenåf,eetly, neå<strong>the</strong>r sf gbsee Güufsesr ¡rsf, &By Bsuråts,<br />
sould hopo ts aehleva it* es¡ds 1f tt Leckeú <strong>the</strong> fuIIsuppÞrt<br />
end uaderstarrd,lng sf bhp eteff edmlnåstsrins i"t.<br />
ThE numbEr çf, repetåtå"onu <strong>of</strong>, gradee requlred ef stïåúeaËs<br />
already Ln eourEea for slew Learnerø pol.nt*d ÈÞ f, nEed<br />
for i.mprevsüBent tn tbÍs sraâ. But r*hst absuB Èhe $t{¡d€nË<br />
himeelf? Xlo*E hE fesX hç Eounts? lhere w&s <strong>at</strong> dtreet<br />
êvfdense to reEslvs tbi$ gueetåon Ðn@ Trey or <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r,
uü <strong>the</strong>re $&s reå"eon tc belfêve t}¡åt ¡Beny str¡dËnÈs häd<br />
both school probleme ancl home prci;Ieee <strong>of</strong> whåch <strong>the</strong><br />
EghooL t*ae eåÈher unawåre Ér te whåeh I,t wee uneble t,o<br />
L73<br />
6åve abtentåon" $ueh a Eltrået$.íl& úsråvee from seÊêsolve<br />
ÞLgnooa <strong>of</strong>,'iech6eJ.e and Xasic <strong>of</strong> *ppropråaüe rsur¡Eelling.<br />
fhe former lmpllee thsß bhe eehsol haE sð t4ffiny<br />
stude<strong>at</strong>e and' ËeEeherÐ thaÞ r¡eåEher gsËs üs knê$r end ta<br />
unüeretand <strong>the</strong>i o<strong>the</strong>r wet}, and <strong>the</strong> welf,are Ef <strong>the</strong> å¡lÉiv-<br />
f,dual,, ,håa þrq&reee end ühë Eslutåen <strong>of</strong> hte *cademlc end<br />
øoçåal pnoþlemg t.e rubruerged f.n sqåüÉånietr"etf.ve Frsced*<br />
rå16Ë dee*"grred tr f,åoåÏ.åÈå[@ t"he f,lsm sf, raw $åtìêråäI<br />
&hrüu&h þhs,"ôdues¿f.o$al nntll..<br />
Ap,propr$.<strong>at</strong>Ë eûunneS.Itng *nd, <strong>of</strong> eeuroen gr6up' guårt*<br />
ênr€ 1* a pårs$.å.L EoapËßsetÍøa .fler <strong>the</strong> Í"aul"t <strong>of</strong> bl.gnenm,<br />
ånanmueh as åt r&n erÈåtr ,ùs Ëhc 6t,r¡dont <strong>the</strong> f'ee1.Í,n6 thst<br />
so&6*&e G&reü eþout, lrf.æn bu¿ <strong>the</strong> csunsellor åe ale* en<br />
esasnt*,åX. pert <strong>of</strong> aay eehps¡I, Shoug<strong>Å</strong>r åÈ Ëhs bnme qf bhf s<br />
,stredy wes ltlrtr¡&LJ.y ÍrÈn*er{lstent, ån SS. Jemee. llËudents<br />
and thslr pßrsnÈu neeË edvlee n çomst"Í.&@E psrssnÊl ad"våce,<br />
eøneernlng ødue<strong>at</strong>åonal Ëpport'üni,t$eo * em¡rloyucent, peseib*<br />
ål.[tå.een end thc Èndåvi,út¡al sbuúentÌu f,u0urs Fstsntånl.<br />
üesnÐlsnallyr êË ån <strong>the</strong> Gä6ss +f seme <strong>of</strong> €he sawple <strong>of</strong><br />
drop*sE¿s, ühe studenëte prublews år€ 8{¡ overwhg}mlng<br />
thst prefetøåonal psyeir*logXea} asË&&åmerùt ánd payeh1<strong>at</strong>rlc<br />
uree,tmênt mu*€ be snlÈc$ëd. åR sueh Í.nstancee tt¡ere åE
ne E¿abeb.ltute fsr ühe $raårred, S,Rberestêd guidanee<br />
söunËellor wlth adeqr.t<strong>at</strong>e tåme to g<strong>at</strong>årer end supply thfs<br />
LTI*<br />
i.nfsr¡Ð,etåsn and, tÕ åsßeÊS thË rreed .fsr *uteide prefeeslEeaL<br />
åsslstå,f.lee. llhe,se ser.vÍ"eËû wi.ll ns0 lleely wlpe üub t'he<br />
prsbl€ffi ef schoal drtB-ott6ø r Þtlt ühey G&t¡ ssrve Èo held<br />
ths Iånê 6r t{t ÊÊ&ptsr¡s&ûe for un$üfeaêèn sohtol eÍtuaÈlonE<br />
nrhf.ch eåY ûnsùtlrä&ë dr0B*6s1.<br />
qe$EnFTeJ:.Eo*f"steg¡*FËpn.ß.shs'ollmproveæe¡*ten$t-<br />
wÈtþ¡e.tandfng, t,he bas*e*X"Iy Oecf-al n<strong>at</strong>,qr€ Ef As ffi&tlf ðËpëql*<br />
6f,: <strong>the</strong> dro¡r*6¡¡g 'pnobleæ Sraws <strong>at</strong>teE¡tleB t'Ð såtuaË*.ens<br />
in as6lçty,aû large ttlåft aÊüs0 be eorrfronted eponly if Ëhs<br />
drap*aut proþIe& Ís to he esnþre],IeÉ* *tlusç accêFùëd social<br />
pg'est'å"o@s sren $Ê8Ë t& Ëneouråge dr*p-sttg' Fsr Ê¡Êe&pl@t<br />
<strong>the</strong> gremÈ fl"qsd sf ffißtËrfa1 from radio| Prêss and tele-<br />
vfsåsr¡ urglf¡g peepte t"o 6o to unÀvE¡lglty ffiåy eanj'ly do<br />
ffiûre harus ühelr gåe*r: ,lt' uey ËÛBs bhË SeËds ef f,sil"ure ån<br />
thg mLed <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> ysqth faceú wtth y6ar8 sf stqdy åf he {E<br />
to aahj.eys Èhe $tåtêd aå¡äs o,f uocf.ety. t{ç 1ð tôld thåü<br />
åf he dues nst etflY {n acboel snd obtnån Mstr1eul*tlon<br />
åteeè1n& hås fuüug6 åflstne wfIL bie Enþ by hundreéE sf dol-<br />
J"are yeArly. lÈh<strong>at</strong> a b}eak futune for <strong>the</strong> F6rsgn v¡hoEa<br />
ÈaLe$te do rroü LÍ.e In <strong>the</strong> dÍrÊ4t¿Ën ef þooktrsrkt indeed n<br />
åü sppearÉ åê€ÍPebLe th<strong>at</strong> tþP furlsuð &ËÉ*utrç *f 6dueâ*<br />
glonsl. prapaganda, <strong>of</strong>ter¡ pËt stlt by wcll meanång but,
1}1-i.nfcru*ø* t¡oil-êdxeåters n ba díee oiltl.nr¿ed in <strong>the</strong><br />
ånteresbe <strong>of</strong> äeåce <strong>of</strong> mlnci far parents and råti.snal<br />
Eelf*deter¡:qin<strong>at</strong>j,sa fsr sBudents. *fhø frantíq acrapþ-<br />
1fn6 f*r m<strong>at</strong>rlculetlqn $t*ndåag an{ T;he hope}øee dÍ"e-<br />
crursgeÊaent anú fru<strong>at</strong>rstisn wårleh l"eads Èr d.roprpång out<br />
sf, ochssf by nçrmsl" BÈudênts wha are r¡ot boohwork orf.-<br />
sntÊd r ffi&f eaøÍLy bø <strong>the</strong> outgrowüh <strong>of</strong>J ståy-f5¡*eehosl<br />
pubÏ.tef,ty thn€ se EIeseLy rel<strong>at</strong>$e &t$&ricule&åon and<br />
t¡nlversfùy uåtb <strong>ür</strong>aey stret stud,ento and, pærênts hasø no<br />
eonfi"der¡pe ln euiy ûshër Ê6r,xr6ðBs ênd, reËhêf <strong>the</strong>n euff,er<br />
L75<br />
sueh ffånferlers *dueoÈå.on, eÍmpl"y glve lt up altog€<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
ln *wnmary, Ëlå&s educ<strong>at</strong>lerr prÊgrâffis, grrerfimsnÈ då"rec*<br />
tf.ves, anú <strong>the</strong> eøpËy l*ord* ef enplaysrs trl¡o want fiû*tri.c-<br />
ulente tÊ dråv8 thol,r bruEks snd an$,veroåty graðuæOse to<br />
nell" th*lr seåp, <strong>at</strong>rs eoæ¡rærab3.e tü thü åðg o,f treetång<br />
enakchlÈe rcåth åod$,rre, trse, ühe *aüå"septlc å6 ån &ðËen*<br />
tfal pert <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tstËl broutruerlt, buf tt dosqntt Þen@-<br />
t's<strong>at</strong>E nuffi.cåently dee¡r. SeÍ.<strong>the</strong>r dses thÉ r¡åtLoRel ery<br />
<strong>of</strong>, ËSlore Edue<strong>at</strong>,åpnt3 ge deep eno*gh {er, k¡hlle cdue<strong>at</strong>åonal<br />
Hantåscpüle*t Í.e deæi.reble enri Ëve$ emsentlal, lt, wi}l nst<br />
cure all <strong>the</strong> netåonre Llls. lü wonrt, eure LEsfnegs sr<br />
f¡tdtff,erenee¡ lt €åntÈ sure Iss abfllÈy; snd åt sþolrldntÈ<br />
try bo sutre FsyEhEls#leaL sberr<strong>at</strong>i.onËr, l¡¡sbead r &ÐËdå€s*<br />
tl"eË ef a f,ar rucne expanxi.v€ üype rnust be empl.eyrd.
Fswgtv. Êt,g[n_û,F#,{å , 'åbere eÈüo t¡e a eonseleus<br />
176<br />
å$berestr ln Ël¡e strêåg<strong>the</strong>ning sf t,i:e f,arij.Iy wl¡ich, as tFre<br />
beele ÊÐepäet unåt <strong>of</strong>, our eoeÍetyn la eerisqely t,hre*È*<br />
enød by lnereaufng nr¡E¡þErs <strong>of</strong> uwpr&eÍago' mg<strong>the</strong>re and <strong>the</strong><br />
almøEt *emplebe uepar<strong>at</strong>f.sn sf, <strong>the</strong> fabher and hLr bread*<br />
winnfng f¡¡nctlon f,rEm th€ feeÀåy eeene. ffiany elrlldren do<br />
n$st ev6n krr*rr ea*cÈly whåt J*bu th@år fø<strong>the</strong>rE heLd, åt*<br />
pess a tþ¿i.rd sf, &hetr waÈtng h*uro ls Spent, ån gcþsotr end,<br />
sÀth reere<strong>at</strong>l"on<strong>at</strong>r $É.m@ æpent æü16 s"nd mÛrü f,requenÞly<br />
sTdey f,ror¡ lre&ën'chålt*reß oee l"åtü16 <strong>of</strong> dad, pr soEhgr<br />
e$,<strong>the</strong>r. Thùs ruptwe <strong>of</strong> ssme sf &Í¡e farrlly $åes fiaE led<br />
bs <strong>the</strong> development E-f nsw bande ån othêr d.åreetl.snE, å<br />
Ès6nå&Ê roeÍ.ety has evnlve¿i, lui.t¡h fsdø ån c,loühee, mu*ùc,<br />
ç&reo and eeça*åsn*lLy a båms tçwgrd,s *rr+apønsf"kle be-<br />
havå.or åRd s preJudtee n6<strong>at</strong>n*$ edr¡lts. ÈeekinË er¡y ton6<br />
rân&$ purpss€r sÐBh Beople sre dåff,i"en¡åt to 6utde and wil).<br />
gravíü<strong>at</strong>c 6we¡r from enyÞhÍ.eg whlch ls dersåndlng ef tl¡em<br />
gr¡d whùch way Rot brl-ng üEêGËËa eaaåly. $chool, ut¡e ßrsê<br />
deinaudÍa& tf ell façeôp <strong>of</strong> ths toènsge ltfe, iE <strong>the</strong> tlåret<br />
gårtnffi tö b€ reJeeted, Y{hst ean be dsne aþeuü i,t?<br />
ËJefFnF$¡r rcnepågfþ¡.lft,ige, iJf eeutrs€ pàrelrÈs Èhe¡¡l*<br />
EEIveE ã,F& nât blerael"eEs tn <strong>the</strong> ¡eet0er <strong>of</strong> Echesl drr,l¡r-s¡¡t.<br />
I,n <strong>the</strong> St,. rlan'EerË Ëtudy <strong>the</strong>re wås nÐ dåreet l,nveeèÈgäÊf.Ðn<br />
ef fihe <strong>at</strong>;tltudçs tr sch*pl" i*håeh eartry aeh*ol leavere
påcked up from tbeår Berrefttn, a3Ëhou6h thËrë &&s üBs<br />
instænce o"fl two $rap*st¿t6 frenn one SeräJ.Iy n tl¡arlee S.<br />
L77<br />
end $hÀrley fi., J.r¡ whleh bl¡e .f<strong>at</strong>hær å¡pd t¡¡rry extremery<br />
cråtieal ceff¡$enðs ts ¡Bå¡ËE aþotlb &he scåroer. f{everËhe_<br />
lege, åt fe self-evÀdEnt t!¡át ölre eir.Àåei, wÞo e¡lLerE<br />
gchspl wåÈh praseÈelïsåned notLr¡ne Èhåt ecÍroEl å6 &n¡ un-<br />
pleeeant *oprågsnnr trun by *nreagon*brE cl¡åÏd*h<strong>at</strong>&rs, wålå<br />
be eeríeuery tstuJ.båted in ílrs åeerælng prüsssseË, whsre*<br />
frs säô<strong>the</strong>r ehirÉ, who snÞsrs Eebesl wå$h a wøRæe st'<br />
pÌ.lrptsê and gn eÈüåtú*B O,f cO*¿¡persbi.sn J.nE¿åLred by<br />
pareagsn rråål reepwnd tt¡ $he dgmaad,s <strong>of</strong> eet¡eEå sn¿å 6he<br />
denendE <strong>of</strong> paremt*o Ln eo l'ar es Ëhey relaÈe bo nchool,<br />
ml¿*h rår0rË favor*bly. Faranus ffi¡¡&l bo preBarad þo develep<br />
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13. Wee your so<strong>the</strong>r þern f.n tanade?<br />
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1.5. Htr<strong>at</strong>, Le yoar f<strong>at</strong>t¡grrs ocer¡pêt,Iouï<br />
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62, tifhst *ubJeeüe dld yol¡ d$.El.lltE effiet?<br />
55. f{ave yÞu @vËr been t'ruaËrfl f,rem sehEolï<br />
5¡+. Were you <strong>of</strong>t'en i"n t,roublo et school?<br />
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you prefer üe eet alane?<br />
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9,8, fro y*n gmoke?<br />
â9. t.f yee; åt wh<strong>at</strong> age df.d yot¡ stårt?<br />
l+?, *åd yor* &lo tû klnrÍer&arten?<br />
116. Såd you turs eix yearg üf, age duråt¡g ühs yêer you<br />
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49. f,i"d yeu erer fsl-l a grade? Wþtch çnes?<br />
65. liEee fal11a6 a grase bøtþ¡ør yau? iffiueh sr listLel<br />
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têË,r ûwn rooË and desk.)<br />
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horee øÈudy? (ttt,tte, áverage¡ i'hr.îr *uctrr -g'<br />
þrg. * )<br />
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t}, IJo you-_Ll.ke playi.ng or acÈing on ä Ëeanr?<br />
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5$. Iltd you parbåeipare in exars*er¡rrå$ular aetåvlüåee?<br />
â9. If ,yeen whåch sneeï {<strong>at</strong>hlettce¡ ülee Êteb¡ eeheol<br />
FrFer or-lffrFook¡ drama erub¡ åcfence ôruú;-nsüuy<br />
grÊup; sfud€nt governmest. j<br />
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Ó7. Hhy. dtd you leuve achEol?- tto Isok f'or Job¡ needed<br />
et home¡ oo*rsss un*utrabl"ci ma*lÀeã¡ gi"äåelÃi Ër*b*<br />
Leag; irlneo';_ poor- t,eacherå¡ pàrõ"Ëe'*aor,õ¿-eãu¿e<strong>at</strong><br />
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t*l"th .fri-ende¡ lf.ked Eehsor¡ parenËe" insigüød¡ t,r¿l,ni.ng<br />
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3I$. .[f ss, wh<strong>at</strong> type <strong>of</strong>, ¡lsrh?<br />
35. t#b<strong>at</strong> tlmea dj"d you rcork? (,þiå6hte preeedlng Eehoor<br />
daye? )<br />
3&. $o. you tlrfnk, uheÊ t,hiE parË-t,S.roe warh wf.u help you<br />
ËËþ e f,ull oåme JobT<br />
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75, Ëid you reeelvg, åt Eehaelr e$r tnform<strong>at</strong>l.on sn f,r¡r<strong>the</strong>r<br />
sdue<strong>at</strong>lon?<br />
76" I)åd you resal,ve <strong>at</strong>¡y guld&n¡cê ør¡ Job sel.est,lsn aü eehüs].?<br />
?7 - {h*l dlscuaaiag {u!!rre . emproynnrlÊ, $rhree aúvLEe do you<br />
feol l,s ø¡oot uaefuL? (Faie¡rt, frienci, teacher.)<br />
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ã6. whåt te your total e3eep$,ng tÈms each nlght?<br />
3ü. Þo yoe hevs thê us€ øf Èhe f*nntly sar?<br />
3?. Ilo yol* Ëlaa t,o ta&e any fur<strong>the</strong>r traj.nång?<br />
7L' tdeuld you retura tÐ schsel tf ü}lÈngs were df.ff,erent?<br />
?2, I,f ean wh<strong>at</strong> chanEee wsulÉ ys!¡ wåst tr sEe $sde?<br />
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schuoL?
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