MANUAL ON THE PROPERTIES AND USES OF LESSER ... - ITTO

.................................................... ~------------------------FPRDI-ITTOMANUAL ON THE PROPERTIESAND USES OF LESSER-USED SPECIESOF PHILIPPINE TIMBERSFPRDI-ITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1)Utilization of Lesser-Used Species as AlternativeRaw Materials for Forest-Based IndustriesDr. Emmanuel D. BelloProject LeaderEngr. Arnaldo P. MosteiroAssistant Project LeaderCollege, Los Baiios, LagunaPhilippines1997

This manual is a publication of:Forest Products Research ,and Development InstituteCollege, Laguna 4031PhilippinesandInternational Tropical Timber OrganizationInternational Organizations CenterPacifico Yokohama1-1-1 Minato Mirai, Nishi-KuYokohama 220Japan

mFPRDIITTOMANUAL ON THE PROPERTIESAND USES OF LESSER-USED SPECIESOF PHiLIPPINE rfIMBERSFPRDI-ITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1)Utilization of Lesser-Used Species as AlternativeRaw Materials for Forest-Based IndustriesDr. Emmanuel D. BelloProject LeaderEngr. Arnaldo P. MosteiroAssistant. Project LeaderCollege, Los Bafios, LagunaPhilippines1997

F/0R£WOR(DOne of the greatest challenges we are facing today is ascertaining which tropicaltimber species should be promoted in ways which allow the forestry sectors ofdeveloping economies to become more sustainable. Those who make policy forforest products companies, timber investment organizations, environmental nongovernmentalorganizations or governments face a daunting array of uncertaintieswhen it comes to consideration of new species. The interaction between ecologic andec()nomic systems, each of which by itself merits careful attention, define both acomplex investment environment and a complex policy setting.At a time when more and more people are realizing the crucial importance ofsustainability, ITTO continues to support the increased use of lesser-used speciesCL US) as a means to increase the value of the forest. To accomplish this, we needreI iable information, as well as viable alternatives to current patterns of deforestation.The future of the tropical forests and their people depend on the skillful advocacy ofthese alternatives. This Manual on the Properties and Uses of Lesser-Used Speciesin the Philippines has an important part to play in the process because all of theseefforts must start from the same sound basis: up-to-date knowledge of treecharacteristics and their technological properties. This manual presents the distributionof the species, the tree characteristics and wood descriptions, the physical · andmechanical properties, strength group, the working properties and uses of some LUSspecies. This information is particularly important to both processors and users oftropical timber in order to widen their raw material base.In a world of dynamic timber markets, predicting and marketing a successfulLUS is difficult at best. This publication was prepared to serve as a reference inpromoting the wider use of these Philippine species and serve as an aid on the currentkn

ACKNo\VL£OOMENTThe Project Leader and Assistant Project Leader wish to express their profoundgratitude to the following FPRDI Researchers with whom their expertise, dedication andhardwork contributed in the implementation and completion of the project.Ms. Aida D. ValmonteDr. Marina A. AliponMs. Mildred M. FidelDr. Magdalena Y. GironFor. Pablito AlcachupasMr. Gerardo y. Tamayo Jr.Ms. Shirley A. PelayoFor. Catalino L. PabuayonEngr. Victor G. ReviIlezaMs. Edna B. BauzaMs. Yolanda L. TavitaFor. RobertA. NatividadMs. Loida C. MabilanganFor. Hilario C. DoloresEngr. Apolonio R. FlorescaMs. Josephine P. CarandangMr. Arturo A. PabloMs. LolitaA. VillavelezEngr. Wivinio M. Tordilla*For. Felix B. Tamolang*Ms. Galilea T. DataySenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research Specialist·Scientist n, SCSSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSenior Science Research SpecialistSupervising Science Research SpecialistSUpervising Science Research SpecialistS~nior Science Research SpecialistS1)J.pervising Science Research SpecialistResearch Assistant* Assisted professionally in the preparation of the Manualill

"r~BL£ OF CONTENTSPageForewordAcknowledgmentIntroduction

Bitanghol Calophyllum blancoi Planchon & Triana 44Bok-bolc Xanthophyllum excelsum (Blume) Miq. 46Dita Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. 48Duguan Myristica philippensis Lam. 50Jpil Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) 0. Kuntze 52Kalumpit Terminalia microcarpa Decne 54Kamatog Erythrophloeum densijlorum (Elm.) Merr. 56Kato Amoora aherniana M err. 58Lamog Planchonia spectabilis Merr. 60Loktob Duabanga moluccana Blume 62Magabuyo Celtis luzonica Warb. 64Malak-malak Palaquium philippense (Perr.) e.B. Rosb. 66Malakauayan Podocarpus rumphii Blume 68Malasantol Sandoricum vidalii (M err. ) 70Malugai Pometia pinnata Forst. 72Nato Palaquium luzoniense (F. -ViiI.) Vid 74Pahutan Mangifera altissima Blco. 76Rarang Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. 78Sakat Terminalia nitens Presl. 80T-alisai-gubat Terminalia joetidissima Griff. 82Ulaian Lithocarpus llanosii (A.D.e.) Rehd. 84Vidal's lanutanHibiscus campylosiphon Turcz. var. glaborescens(Warb. ex Perk.) Borss. 86VI

INTRODUCTIONOne of the primary challenges we are facing today is identifying and ascertainingwhich tropical timber species should be promoted to allow the forestry sectors ofdeveloping economies be more sustainable. Policy makers offorest products industriesboth in government and non-governmental organizations are faced with some uncertaintieswith regard to consideration of new timber species. The ecologic and economic influencesin this aspect merit careful attention and consideration.At the present scenario, when majority of world population are openly aware ofthe crucial importance of sustainability, the International Troipical Timber Organization(ITTO) continuously support the increased use of Lesser-Used Species (LUS) as a meansto increase the value of the forest. In 1990, the Philippines has an estimated total volumeof 0.413 million cubic meters of LUS with 70 cm and up diameter at breast height(dbh), 0.771 million cubic meters, for 60 cm and up dbh, and 1.183 million cubicmeters for 50 cm and up dbh. It is apparent that the rational utilization of LUS willsubstantially increase the round wood supply in the country.Subsequently, during the Eleventh Session of the International Tropical TimberCouncil in 1991, the ITTO approved and funded a project proposal of the Forest ProductsResearch and Development Institute of the Philippines (FPRDI) on the "Utilization ofLesser-Used Species as Alternative Raw Materials for Forest-Based Industries." Thespecific objectives of the project are: (1) to collect, identify and authenticate LUS thatare promising from the point of view of their occurence, silvicultural features andtechnical properties; (2) to test and evaluate their basic and working properties; and (3)identify LUS or group of LUS for specific end-uses and to prepare a manual on theproperties and uses of LUS in the Philippines.The manual as prepared presents the distribution of the species, the treecharacteristics and wood descriptions, the physical and mechanical properties, strengthgroup and the working properties and uses of important LUS. The information generatedis particularly important to both processors and users of tropical timber to widen theirraw material base. It will also provide a useful tool for education, research, extensionand industry, and also for policy makers committed to sustainable use of timbers andforest in the Philippines.This publication will also serve as a reference in promoting the wider use ofPhilippine LUS and as an aid on the current knowledge of species that can play animportant commercial role in sustainable forest management. It will likewise serve asa valuable reference material for future work in the forestry sector.1

CHARACTERISTICSIPROPERTIES, CLASSIFICATION ANDDESCRIPTION OF LESSER-USED SPECIESEXPLANATORY NOTES1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily Name-~Refers to the accepted official or standard nameof a species adopted by the Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources (DENR)and the Forest Products Research andDevelopment Institute (FPRDI)Refers to the universally accepted botanicalname of species presented binomially. Itconsists of a generic name (genus) andspecific name (epithet) followed by theabbreviated name of the person who firstapplied the specific name.Refers to the different -names used for aspecies in various localities in the Philippines.They have been derived from various IQcaldialects and languages. Local names cannotbe depended upon in distinguishing onespecies from another throughout the countryconsidering that the name applies to onespecies in one locality is often used fordifferent species in oilier localities.Refers to the botanical family which one orseveral species belong.2. DISTRIBUl'IONRefers to the dispersion of a species in various tsland provinces of the Philippinearchipelago.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSRefers to the physical description of a tree species in terms of diameter, height, and.bole form. As a practical rule, trees are classified into 3 groups as to their diameter and·height at maturity, namely: (1) small tree (sO-diameter 3 to 30 cm., height 2 to 5 m.; (2-)medium-sized tree (mO-diameter 30 to 40 cm., height 5 to 15 m. ; and (3) large tree (It)diameter over 40 cm., height over 15 m. this grouping was form:ulafea based on the actualfield observation of the tree species by FPRDI botanists and from original publisheddeSCriptions.3

4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONColorGrainTextureFigureRefers to the natural color of the wood whichserves as basis in the selection of a speciesfor a particular purpose. Color is developedin the heartwood due to the accumulation ofextractives during heartwood formation. It isone of the properties that make it superior toother construction materials and maybe usedto indicate chemical comsumption in pulpingand bleaching in the paper industry and tocertain extent the durability of constructionlumber. Light colored woods are usually moreperishable than dark colored ones.Refers to the arrangement and direction ofalignment of wood when considered en masse.Straight grained woods find their uses forfurniture and cabinets, chopsticks, popsiclesticks, toothpicks, pencil slats, tool handles,toys, flooring and sporting goods, whileinterlocked grained woods are suitable fordecoration purposes due to figure produced.Refers to the size and proportional amountof woody elements. Texture can be describedin relation to pore sizes as: very fine, whenpores are visible only with hand lens; fine:pores are barely visible to the naked eye;moderate coarse: pores readily visible to thenaked eye; and coarse texture: very distinctto the naked eye.Fhle texture species are preferred for woodcarvings, novelty items, toys, panels, flooring,and other installation.Refers to the general pattern or designproduced in a smooth longitudinal surface ofthe wood as a result of arrangement of thestructural features like rays, growth rings,knots, nature of grains, changes in texture andvariations in col or.4

5. TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIESRelative DensityVolumetric shrinkageStrength PropertiesRefers to the oven-dry mass weight of woodto the mass weight of an equal volume ofwater measured at a certain temperature. Itis an important parameter in determining agood approximation of the latent strength ofa particular species in the absence of actualstrength test results. It is also useful inestimating charcoal and pulp yields, gluing,nail holding and shrinkage characteristics ofa given wood species. For practical purposes,tree species are classified into 5 relativedensity c1assess namely: Class I - High RD(0.701.and above), Class 11 - Moderately highRD (0.601-0.700), Class III - Medium RD(0.501-0.600), Class IV - Moderately low RD(0.401-0.500), and Class V - Low RD (0.400and below)Refers to the reduction in total dimension ofwood after removal of bound water belowfiber saturation point. In the longitudinal "direction, Le. along the grain, shrinkage isusually insignificant. Shrinkage on thetangential direction (parellel to growth rings)for most species is about twice as great as inthe radial directions (right angles to growthrings). Grouping to shrinkage values aids theuser proper use and avoidance of defects. Treespecies are classified into 5 volumetricshrinkage (VS) values: Class I - Low VS(7.8% and below); Class 11 - Moderately lowVS (7.9% to 10.5%); Class III - Medium VS(10.6% to 13.2%); Class IV - Moderately highVS (13.3% to 16%); and Class V (16.1 % andabove)Refers to the qualities of wood thatindicateits ability to resist applied external forces.They are important criteria in determining therelative suitabilities of different 'wood speciesfor various uses. They provide the best indexfor its use for structural purposes.5

LUS are class~fied into five (5) strength groupsor classes set forth by Forest ProductsResearch and Development Institute (FPRDI)System of Strength Grouping PhilippineTImber Species. These are: High strength(Class I), moderately-high strength (Gass 11),medium strength (Class Ill), moderately lowstrength (Class IV), and low strength (ClassV). Strict adherence to the strength classlimi ts is maintained in assigning species to acertain class. The minimum strength classlimits in the green condition is presented inthe following Table:Table 1. Minimum Strength Limits for the Five StrengthGroups/Classes bfPhilippine WoodsPropertyUnit Class I Class 11 Class III Class IV Class VStatic~ModulusofruptureMPa 78.43 61.76 49.02 39.22 30.88GPa 12.74 9.80 7.55 5.88 4.51ModulusofelasticityCQmllres~iQnlll!ral1~ tQmillMPa 39.22 29.90 23.03 18.14 13.72Ma;ymumcrushingstrengthCQmllressjoDllelP~n!!icular~Stress atproportionallimitShear parallelto grainMPa 8.82 5.49 3.48 2.21 1.37MPa 9.80 7.84 6.18 4.90 3.92Joule 49.02 39.21 29.41 19.61 9.80"Toughness6

SawmillingDryingMachiningRefers to the ease of sawing or operation ofsawmill equipment and scheduling ofmaterials to produce optimum quantity andquality of sawn timber. Incidence ofsawmilling defects reduces the quantity andimpairs the quality of sawn timber product.LUS are grouped into 3 sawing classificationnamely: Class I - Easy to saw (average feedrate of 18 meters per minute with saw bladeperformance of 100 square meters and abovesurface area sawn); Class 11 - Moderate to saw(average feed rate of 14 square meter perminute with saw blade performance of 70 to100 square meters surface area sawn); ClassIII - Hard to saw (feed rate is less than 14meters per minute with saw blade performanceof not more than 70 meters surface area sawn.Refers to the process of removing moisturein wood to a desired level through applicationof Kiln Drying schedule to improve itsserviceability. Drying characteristics isinfluenced by density and anatomicalstructures. In general, high density and finetextured species are more difficult to dry thanthose with low density. Coarse texturedwoods are preferred for flooring panels, andother builders woodworks. LUS are groupedinto 4 drying classifications, namely: Class I- Easy to dry (with no difficulty of drying orno drying degrades if reasonable care is taken;Kiln Drying Schedule I); Class IT - Moderatelydifficult to dry (with slight tendency to check,warp or collapse; Kiln Drying Schedule 11);Class ill - Difficult to dry (susceptible to checkand warp; Kiln Drying Schedule Ill); ClassIV - Very difficult to dry (very slow to dryand easily checks; Kiln Drying Schedule IV).Refers to the process of cutting wood intodesired shapes and dimension using verysimple or complex woodworking equipmentsuch as moulder, routers, lathes and sanders.Machining improves surface quality andaesthetic value of wood.I7

FinishingNatural DurabilityTreatabilitySpecies with good machining prbperty orsurface quality are preferred for productsrequiring smooth surfaces such as flooring,furniture, novelty items, toys, sporting goodsand tool handles. LUS are grouped into thefollowing machining characteristics, namely:Class I - Very good (95-100% defect-freesurface; very good surface quality); Class 11-Good (85-94% defect-free surface; goodsurface quality); Fair (75-84% defect-freesurface; fair surface quality); Poor (65-74%defect-free surface; poor surface quality).Refers to operations involved in the applicationof transparent or opaque liquid coatings onthe wood to protect and enhance its durabilityand appearance. LUS are classified into thefollowing groupings based on finishingcharacteristics, namely: Class I - Good to verygood (sands and takes stains and varnish verywell); Class 11 - Fair (sands and takes stainswell); Class III - Poor (poor sanding)Refers to its ability to resist the attacks ofdeteriorating organisms. Although wood isnot completely immune to such attacks, anumber possesses superior resistance. LUSare grouped according to the following naturaldurability classes, namely: Class I - Durable(more than 7 years); Class 11 - Moderatelydurable (4-7 years); Class III - Slightly durable(2.5-4 years); Class IV Non-durable (1-2.5years); Class V Perishable (less than 1 year).Refers to the ease with which species of woodtakes in preservatives using vacuum orpressure process. This serves as a guide forthe wood preserving industry in formulatingtreatment schedules for different species.LUS are grouped according to the followingdurability classes, namely: Class I - Easy totreat (practically complete penetration ofchemical preservatives); Class IT - Moderatelydifficult to treat (limited side penetration ofchemical preservatives); Class III - Verydifficult to treat (practically no sidepenetration of chemical preservatives).8

6. END-USESRefers to the listing of current and potential industrial end-uses of each LUS based onR & D results conducted by the Forest Products Research and Development Institute andfrom available industry market information.7. ILLUSTRATIONRefers to the photographed LDS wood samples taken in either quarter-sawn or flatsawnsurface. The wood samples were properly identified and carefully selected to ensurethat it will be true presentation of its original source.9

1. NAMESAND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameAlupag-amoLitchi chinensis Sonn. ssp. philippinensis(Radlk.) Leenh.Kagsakan, sim-moka (Cagayan), aninguai,(Pangasinan); alupai, kumingi, kaninge,taningi (Bataan); alupag-arno (Tagalog);bankig (tayabas); alupag, bulal:~ kagaskason,mailusong (Camarines); kagsakan (Albay);kagaskas (Sorsogon); kadangisol (Masbate);kagasakan (p. Bisaya); ipanga (palawan);dalupaga (Leyte); baet, baliok, bugna (Davao);balangas (Manobo); balitorbalik(p. Bisaya,Sibuyan, Zamboanga); bugna (Sulu).Sapindaceae2. DISTRIBUTION.,l Luzon (Cagayan, Isabela, PangasiQan, Zambales, Bataan, Tayabas, Camarinesand Albay), Sibuyan, Samar and Mindanao (Surigao, Agusan and Davao), in secondaryand primary forests from about sea level to an altitude of 500 m.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree reaching a diameter up to 90 cm. Trunk often irregular, straight, 8to 12 m long. Buttress large but low.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood thin and distinct from the heartwood, which is reddish brown; grainstraight, often slightly wavy, very hard, very strong, tough. Growth rings due toalternating bands of dense late wood and relatively light early woods, delimited by. narrow but distinct terminal parenchyma. Vessels variable in grouping, from mostlyisolated sides and with moderately few; vessel elements 2 to 3 per mm; perforationsimple; perforation plates almost horizontal; white or light yellow deposits in mostvessels visible to the naked eye. Fibers dense. Wood parenchyma not conspIcuoUS;between growth layers exceedingly narrow; light colored terminal parenchyma areoccassionally present; vasicentric parenchyma distinct.10

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES, / --Jfechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptionlRemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class I High relative density(0.89)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class V High volumetricshrinkage (16.7%)* * Mechanical/Strength, Properties Class I High strength (Bendingstrength - 1 00 ~a;Compressive strength-52.4; MPa; Shearstrength - 15.6 MPa; Hardness1.39 KN; Toughness-(Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class II Moderately difficult tosawDrying No available data No available data* * Machining Class III Fair machining property/Finishing No available data No available data* * Natural Durability Class I Durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat withchemical preservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESFor posts and sills, beams, jOists, rafters, flooring, teeth of native sugar mills,presses, bearings, wooden anchor, combs, tree nails, harrow teeth and other parts ofagricultural elements, salt water piles, keelsons of ships and other purposes forwhich a very hard and very heavy wood is required.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut11

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameAmugisKoordersiodendron pinnatum (Blco.) Merr.Local NamesFamily NameTirong, oris, uris-urisan (Cagayan, IIocosNorte); taligaan (IIocos Norte); salga, sarga(llocos Sur, Abra); molatD (Abra); bankasi,bankalari (llocano); malabanais, marabanias,palapias (pangasinan); orisen (Tarlac); dangila(Tagalog); ambugis, amugis, mugis (Bulacan,Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Samarines,Albay, 'Marinduque, Palawan, NegrDR,Zamboanga,; barok, pamalatangan(Sorsogon); karogkog (Bicolano); hamoges,hamogis, karo (Catanduanes); kalumanog,lakolako, s~balagan, (Bisaya); sambulauan(Masbate, Samar, Leyte, Capiz, Cebu,Surigao); kiakia (Cebu); maguyabud,simbauanan (Agusan); kalantas-colorado(Cotabato); samba-uauan (Manobo); bugis,maguabod (Davao); gagil, magalibas,magulibas (Zamboanga, Davao, Sulu).Anacardiaceae2., DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed in the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Palawan,Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur,Davao del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium to large tree attaining a diameter of 120 cm. though usually 60 to 80cm. Trunk fairly straight, cylindrical, 12 to 18 m. long. Buttress not pronounced.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 3 to 5 cm. thick, light pinkish, sharply marked off from the heartwood,which is reddish when fresh, turning reddish brown to russet, with age; grain crossed,often wavy or curly; texture and moderately fine; glossy; taste and odor notperceptible; comparatively heavy. Growth rings absent or indistinct.Vessels almost all isolated, evenly distributed; surrounded by narrow vasicentricparenchyma; come in contact with rays on both sides; small to moderately small;mostly circular, rarely oblong, moderately few; perforation plates slightly inclined,tyloses entirely occlude the vessels of the heartwood. Fibers moderately dense.Wood parenchyma vasicentric, indistinct consisting of a very narrow ring aroundthe vessel. Resin ducts,very small, very few, seen on the tangential sections as, occlusions in some rays.12

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/Remarks,Physical Properties -* * Relative density Class IT Moderately high relativedensity (0.69)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class IV Moderately high volumetricshrinkage (13.6%)* * Mechanical/StrengthPropertiesIClass IT Moderately high strengthI(Bending strength - 65.9MPa; Compressivestrength - 19.5; MPa; Shearstrength - 10.0 MPa; Hardness5.24 KN; Toughness-65.1 (Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying Class III Difficult to dry* * Machining Class IT Good machining property** Finishing Class I Very good finishingproperty* * Natural Durability Class I Durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat withchemical preservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LDS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESThe wood makes excellent flooring owing to its uniform dark-red col or. It isalso used for house construction and furniture and cabinet making. Wall panels,room dividers, louvre doors, balusters, pictures frames, ash trays, trophy, bowls,coaster set, pencil holders and table name blocks:7. ILLUSTRATIONRadiaTCut13

1. . NAMES AND ~A..MILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameAnabiongTrema orientalis (L.) Blume.Anardung (Mountain Province); anadong(Pangasinan); lalaong, · maladurong,malasikong-durong (Pampanga); anabiong(Laguna, Tayabas); anagdong (Camarines,Albay);indalugong (Lanao); mandaragon(Davao).Ulmaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONVery widely distributed throughout the Philippines at Iow and mt;dium altitudes,sometimes found at an altitude of 2000 meters. Common and abundant. It isone of the pioneering species that take possession of abandoned clearings, thicketsand second-growth forests.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSLarge tree; height to 15 meters or more, DBH up to 60 cm., pole cylindrical,short, forking and producing several, rounded, medium-sized branches upwardlyoriented; bark quite smooth, grayish brown; inner bark reddish without distinctodor; buttress nil to almost absent; leaves simple alternate, elliptic, acuminate, serrate;crown sparse, irregular in shape.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is not distinct from the heartwood, which is buff; grain is straight;texture!s fine to moderately coarse; light and soft (easily indented by finger nail) .. , Pores are barely to readily visible to the naked eye solitary and in radi_al multiples, of 2-4; oCcasionally with chalky white deposits and tyloses present in some pores.Parenchyma is indistinct under a hand lens. Rays are indistinct to the naked.eye.Fibers are loose.14

,5: TECHNOWGICAL PROPERTIES--Technological Properties Property Classification DescriptioniRemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class V Low relative density(0.306)Volumetric shrinkage Class II Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (10.2%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class V Low strength (Bendingstrength - 35.8 MPa;Compressive strength -13.9 MPa; Hardness - 21.8KN; Shear strength - 5.28MPa; Toughness - 27.0(Joule/Specimen)I Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class II Moderately difficult to dryMachining Class I Very good machiningpropertyFinishing Class II Fair finishing propertyNatural Durability Class V PerishableTreatability No available data No available dataData obtained from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3 (1).6. END-USESFor manufacture of wooden shoes, fish net floats, pulp and paper making,particleboard, boxes and crates, and other stringed instruments.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut15

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesPamilyNameAnangDiospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq.Kabag (Isabela); balubagto (Nueva Vizcaya);kugao pugao (Quezon); talang gubat (Rizal);anang, pugauing-itim (Laguna); anang,malamabolo (Camarines Norte); ata-ata,lupaoan, kanaIum, konalum-(Negrosaccidental)Ebenaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported from Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon,Palawan, in the island of Luzon. In Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur,Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur and Davao Oriental.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSMedium sized tree; height up to 15 m or more, DBH to 40 cm; bole cylindrical,Isomewhat fluted near the base with inconspicuous, small low, rounded buttresses;branches many, oriented at an angle with an axis, somewhat slender, rounded; barksurface dark-colored, almost black, finely grid-cracked; inner bark bright yellowwithout distinct odor; leaves simple alternate, elliptic-oblong, thick, glabrous, slightlyglaucous underneath, entire; crown irregular, quite den~e, small.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is very thick not distinguishable from the heartwood. Grain straight;texture is fine to moderately fine; glossy; very hard and very heavy. Growth ringsare sometimes present marked by darker bands of wood tissues. Pores are slightlyvisible to the nak~ eye, SOlitary and in radial multiples of 2-4. Arranged in slightlyoblique and in radial pattern, often with dark coloration associated with.the vessels.Parenchyma is continuous and sometimes, interrupted to give rise to diffuseparenchyma or short tangential lines.16

5. TECHNOW,GICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptionlRemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class III Medium relative density(0.598)Volumetric shrinkage Class IV Moderately high volumetricshrinkage (15.2%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class II Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 68.6MPa; Compressivestrength - 32.4 MPa; Shearstrength - 8.50 MPa; Hardness- 4.84 KN; Toughness- 36.1 (Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class IT Moderate to sawDrying Class III Difficult to dryI Machining Class I Very good machiningpropertyIIFinishing Class II Fair finishing propertyNatural Durability Class II Moderately durableTreatability No available data No available dataData obtained from Phase I ofITIO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3 (1).6. END-USESThe wood is used for scaling sticks, golf heads, bowling balls, furniture andcabinets, trophy, table nameblocks, paper weights, coaster set, pencil holders, powdercase and letter opener.7. ILLUSTRATIONRadial Cut17

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameAnang-gulodI SCientific Name Diospyros inclusa Merr.Local NamesSame as AnangFamily Name ... Ebenaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONSame as Anang.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium-sized tree growing to a height of 20 m. or more and attaining dbh of60 cm. or longer. Bole long, fluted somewhat near the base, erect, distinctly tapering.Buttress very low, simple, rounded. Bark surface smooth from a distance, blackcolored;grid-cracked on close observation or very finely cracked or fissuredlongitudinally and transversely, producing minute, appressed scales. Branches are.quite slender, short and inclined, black-cQlored. Crown sympodial, irregular inshape, dark green, dense but small.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONHeartwood is jet black, small and often defective that is seldom put to any use;grain is straight; texture is fine; glossy very hard and very heavy. Growth rings aresometimes present marked by darker bands of wood tissues. Pores are slightlyradial multiples of 2-4, arranged in slightly oblique and radial pattern, often withdiscoloration" associated ~ith vessels. Parenchyma is wavy, continuous andsbmetimes Interrupted to give rise to diffuse parenchyma on short tang~ntiallines.18

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES--Technological Properties _ Property Classification DescriptionlRemarkSPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class 11 Moderately high relativedensity (0.679)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (12.0%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high· strength(Bending strength - 77.1MPa; Compressivestrength - 36.0 MPa; Shearstrength - 10.3 MPa; Hardness- 5.14 KN; Toughness, - 29.3 (Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class 11 Moderate to saw** Drying Class IV Very difficult to dry* * Machining Class I Very good machiningproperty* * Finishing Class 11 Fair finishing property* * Natural Durability Class IV Non-durable* * Treatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI6. END-USESSuitable for house framing and musical instruments, for golf heads, scalingsticks, rulers and bowling pins.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut19

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific N"ameLocal NamesFamily NameAntipoloArtocarpus blancoi (Elm.) Merr.Pakak (Batanes Islands, Cagayan and.Pangasinan); ubien (Mountain Province);pakak-bakia, tuyop (Zambales); antipuo(Tayabas); kamansi (1~ataan, lloilo); tipolo,antipolo, dulungian, agob (Camarines, Albay);razara (Palawan); Itogog, tugop (Samar,Leyte); antipolo (Surigao).Moraceae\~. DISTRIBUTIONVery widely distributed throughout the archipelago;lccimmon at low and mediumaltitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium sized to a large tree up to 90 cm. in diameter and 30 m. in heightwith cylindrical bole and prominent buttress.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood light buff, distinct from the heartwood which is bright yellow whenfresh, turning russet upon exposure; grain crossed; texture moderately coarse tocoarse; glossy; odor and taste not characteristic; comparatively light to comparativelyheavy. Growtll rings entirely absent; wood very homogenous. Vessels isolated ingroups, those in groups mostly in pairs and seldom in threes; diffuse; majoritytouch the rays on only one side, some on both sides; separated from fibers by anarrow ring of parenchyma. Occasional tyloses present. Fibers moderately dense.20

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptionIR~marksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class II Moderately high relativedensity (0.61)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class II Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (8.4%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Medium strength (Bendingstrength - 69~S-MPa;Compressive strength -21.0 MPa; Shear strength-3.96 MPa; Hardness - 4.82KN; Toughness - 7.10Joule/Specimen)I * * Sawing Class II Moderate to saw* * Drying Class II Moderately difficult to dry* * Machining Class III Fair machining property,** Finishing Class II Good to very good finishin&property* * Natural Durability Class I Durable* * Treatability Class I Very difficult to treat withchemical preservatives* * - Data obtained from previous studies on LDS ofFPRDI6. END-USESFor house posts and other uses requiring durability; for paneling, furniture andcabinet works of all kinds, and for musical instruments as a substitute for nangka(Artocarpus heterophylla Lam.) The wood is highly prized for making dugout canoes.7. ILLUSTRATION"Tangential Cut21

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesPamilyNameAntsoanCassiajavanica L.Bagayong, fugayong, tualing bakulao(Cagayan); cafia fistula (Cagayan, Docos Sur,Pangasinan, NuevaEcija, Pampanga, B atanes,Rizal, Sorsogon); narandaoel, pangoasen(Docos Sur); apostala (pangasinan); dulauen,kapistula (Isabela); maratayong (NuevaEcija); duyong (Laguna); anchoan(Camarines Norte); dangkalang, matangulang,malatagum (Camarines); barn-barn(Albay); bagiroro (Masbate, Capiz); balayong(Doilo); fistula (Negros Oriental); candelacandela,apodapod (Palawan); pistol (Lanao);kil-kil (Zamboanga).Leguminosae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported from Northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan in open forests atlow and medium altitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium-sized tree a diameter up to 70 cm. Bole straight, cylindrical,usually 5 to 8 m. in length.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is white or creamy white, turning light brown on drying,. and distinctlymarked off from the heartwood, which is light yellow when fresh turning tobrick red with age; grain crossed; texture moderately fine; hard and heavy; Poresare slightly visible to the naked eye, generally solitary with reddish deposits. Parenchymais fairly distinct to the naked eye, usually aliform and confluent, andscarcely in band.; of fine lines. Rays are not visible to the naked eye./22

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class I M,oderately high (0.70)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class II Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (8.2%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class I High strength (Bendingstrength - 95.6 MPa;Compressive strength -47.8 MPa; Shear strength-12.4 MPa; Toughness-53.8 Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class II Moderately difficult to saw* * Drying Class III Difficult to dry* * Machining Class II Good machining property* * Finishing Class I Very good finishingproperty* * Natural Durability Class II Moderately durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat withchemical preservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESFor heavy construction such as bridges, posts, piles, railway sleepers, stairs andhighway railguards. Balusters, railings in building, tool handles, paper weights,pencil holders, door and window frames, beams and joists.7. ILLUSTRATION .Tangential Cut23

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameBalakatZiziphus talanai (Bleo.) Merr.Aggok, aggub, dinan (Cagayan); aligamen,apatuten (Ilocos Norte); dinaan, dir-an, duplok(pangasinan); duldap (pangasinan, Zambales);balakat (Zambales, Nueva ECija, Bataan,Laguna, Camarines, Palawan, Butuan); bia-a(Zambales); lanutan (Nueva Ecija); biga-a,diga-a (Bataan, Rizal, Tayabas, Leyte, Samar,Davao); dugaa (Sorsogon); bariango, dogaa(Palawan); dagao (Surigao, Agusan); duguo(Davao)Rhamnaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONBalakat can be found in Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Palawan, Zamboanga delNorte, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del NOlte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur,Davao del Norte and Lanao del Sur Provinces.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSLarge tree; height to 30 m, DBH to 100 cm; bole cylindrical, long, producingseveral rounded branches, branchet slender, rounded, arranged almost horizontally,appearing crooked; crown widespread, large, almost oval in shape, quite dense;bark surface ridged, the ridges sloughing at times with maturity and flaking, grayishbrown; inner bark reddish to purple, without distinct odor and sap.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood not sharply defined from heartwood, which is light red or reddishbrown;grain straight; occasionally wavy; texture moderately fine; heavy. Poresbarely visible to the naked eye, solitary and in radial multiples of 2-5, usually 2-3.Parenchyma visible with a hand lens, distinctly aliform to confluent. Rays notvisible to the naked eye, with whitish streaks on cross-section, slightly conspicuouson radial surface due to color of ray flecks.24

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES--Technological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class III Medium relative density,(0.527)Volumetric shrinkage Class 11 Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (10.3%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 High strength (Bendingstrength - 72.1 MPa;Compressive$trength -34.6 MPa; Shear strength-10.1 MPa; Hardness - 5.12KN; Toughness - 49.0Joule/Specimen)Sawing C lass I Easy to saw* * Drying Class I Easy to dry* * Machining Class 11 Good machining propertyFinishing Class 11 Fair _finishing property,./,Natural Durability Class IV Non-durableITreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LDS ofFPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I oflTTO Project PD 47/88 'Rev. 3 (1).6. END-USESFor general construction, furniture and cabinet works; veneer and plywood;bowling pins and baseball bats; rotary cut veneer for chopsticks, popsic1e sticks,medical sticks, toothpicks, ice cream spoons, pulpwood, pallets.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut25

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Coinmon NameScientific Narrie'Local NamesFamily NameBaleteFicus balete L.Universally known as balete, which means tobind or entrapMoraceae2. DISTRIBUTIONIt occurs from Cagayan, Isabttla, Quirino, AUrora, Zamboanga del Norte,Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del SUr, Surigao del Norte, Davaodel Norte, Davao Oriental and Lanao del Sur Province~3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSThe tree species has epiphytic habits; It usually starts as seedling upon anothertree and eventually entraps it. Air roots are sent to the ground as support anddevelop into fair sized trunks reaching 60 to 80 cm. in diameter.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONColor is light buff to light yellow; grain straight; texture moderately coarse,not lustrous, taste and odor not distinct. Pores are visible to the naked eye, solitaryand in radial multiples of mostly 2; whitish deposits and tyloses are present in somepores. Parenchyma is distinct to the naked eye. · Fibers are moderately loose. Ripplemarks are visible to the naked eye on tangenial surface due to the stoned arrangementof the rays.26

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class IV Moderately low relativedensity (0.47)Volumetric shrinkage No available data No available dataMechanical/StrengthProperties Class II MOderately high strength(Bending strength -.73.4MPa; Compressivestrength - 33.1 MPa; Shearstrength -7.49 MPa; Hardness- 5.05 KN; Toughness- 59.8 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class I Easy to dryMachining Class II Good machining propertyFinishing Class II Fair finishing propertyNatural Durability Class IV Non-durableTreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservativesData obtained from Phase I ofITIO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3 (1).6. END-USESSuitable for interior framing, wooden shoes, floats, louvre doors, frames; veneer,moulding, newspaper stand, table and cabinet drawers.7. ILLUSTRATION-- .' ~ ...Radial Cut27

1. NAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameB:alooo.;.{;.~IlJiplodiscus palliculatus Turcz.Barubu (Cagayan); bagobo (Ilocos Norte);apipangol-Iokilloten (La Union); manaring(Isabela); balogo (Pangasinan); burusang(Bulacan); bolato (Quezon); barko (CamarinesSur); baroto (Albay); marbo (Catanduanes);barubo (Samar, Albay, Mindoro, Leyte,13ukidnon); maobo (Cebu); balugug(Zamboanga, Cotabato); basobo (Davao);, ~mt5o (L agu~a, Rizal, QuezoFl, Camarines$ur, Samar, Agusan, Cotabato, Davao,Basilan).Tiliaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONThe species has been reported to be found in Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Palawan,Catanduanes, Mindoro, Masbate, Samar, Leyte and Panay and all provinces ofZamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan dei Norte, Agusan del Sur,Surigao del Norte, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental and Lanao del Sur. Found inold groWh and s_econd~ forests at low and medium altitudes often on flat levelland, and seldom on slopes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSMedium sized tree; height to 20 m, DBH to 60 cm; bole short, cylindrical, attimes angular, crooked, tapering; branches somewhat slender, twisted so are thebranchlet; crown irregular in shape, quite dense; buttresses high, symmetrical, planktype, spreading to 4 m; bark tough, Uirty-brown,flaky-scaly, flaking and sloughingin time into small, irregular-shaped sheets, leaving conspicuous flat scars on-thebole of the surface; leaves oblong or linearly-oblong, glaucous beneath, simplealternate, entire.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is not sharply marked off from heartwood, which is grayish or palereddish-brown; grain straight; texture moderately fine; hard; and heavy. Growthrings indistinct to fairly distinct. Pores barely visible to the naked eye: solitary andin radial multiples usually 2-3, the multiples predominating; perforation platessimple. Parenchyma visible with a hand lens, abundant, diffuse as short tangentiallines between rays forming a mesh-like pattern. Rays not visible Ito the naked eyeon cro~s section. Ripple marks due to storied arrangement of the rays on tangentialsurface_ are distinct with a hand lens.28

s:.TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES---1 Technological Properties Property Classification Description/Remarksr hysical PropertiesRelative density Class 11 Moderately high relativedensity (0.632)Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (12.6%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 81.2MPa; Compressivestrength - 36.1 MPa; Shearstrength - 9.27 MPa; Hardness- 6.16 KN; Toughness- 61.8 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class IV Very difficult to dryMachining Class I Very good machiningpropertyFinishing Class 11 Fair finishing propertyNatural Durability Class IV Non-durableTreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservativesData obtained from Phase I of ITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3 (1).6. END-USESFor venetian blinds, bowling pins, ~obbins, spindles and shuttles, house posts,agricultural implements, general construction work, toothpicks, chopsticks, matches,tool handles (cant hooks, peavies), packing boxes and crates, pulp and paper, furniturearid cabinets, mouldings, balusters, louvre doors, frames, bowls, cups, ash trays,candy trays, chopping boards, pencil holders, and paperweights.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut29

1. NAMESAND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameBanabaLagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.Nabulong, tabangau (Cagayan); banaba (IlocosNorte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union,Pangasinan, Bulacan, Bataan, Mindoro,Palawan, Antique, Negros, Davao);aropag, makabolo (Pangasinan); mitla(Tarlac); banang-pulo (Tayabas); pantahaun(Camarines); agupanga (Marinduque);pamalasagon (Leyte); pamalauagon,pamaraugoh (Samar, Leyte); kauilan (lloilo);manaba (Capiz) parasabakong (Misamis);batiladhan (Lanao); abak (Agusan,Zamboanga).Lythraceae2. DISTRIBUTIONScattered along streams in open places and second growth forests. Reportedfrom almost all provinces. Often cultivated as ornamental plant on account of itsshowy purplish flowers.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium-sized tree reaching a height of 25 or more and a diameter of 120 cm.Bole usually short, irregular, not strongly buttressed.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSap wood 4 to 6 cm. thick not well marked off from the heartwood, which isreddish brown; grain generally straight, sometimes wavy; texture moderately fineto moderately coarse; glossy; no distinct taste and odor. Tyloses completely clogthe vessels. Fibers dense.30

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptioniRemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class III Medium relative density(7.6)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (12.4%)** Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Medium strength (Bendingstrength - 63.7 MPa;Compressive strength -18.5 MPa; Hardness - 4.85KN; Shear strength - 9.37MPa; Kn; Toughness- 40.9 Joule/Specimen).* * Sawing Class II Moderate to saw* * Drying Class II Moderately difficult to dry* * Machining Class III Fair* * Finishing Class I Very good* * Natural Durability Class II Moderately-durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat** -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESFor ship building, flooring, interior finish, furniture, and cabinet work and houseposts. Louvre doors, balusters, frames, ash trays" bowls, paperweights, pencil holders,and table name blocks.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut31

L. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBanai-banalRedermachera pinnata (Blco.) Seem.Lanunisi (Cagayan); ati-atip; pagalayan(Mountain Province); baranggaoan (TIocosSur); banaibahayan, pata del monte(pangasinan); balinghasai, katurai (Zambales);banai-banai (Bulacan, Bataan, Laguna,Cavite, Batangas, Mindoro, Samar); tuinghulo, yabang-yabang (Bataan); kalapuing,pingkapinkahan (Laguna); palinguak'(Camarines Sur); badlan, sali (Tayabas);milansilan (Camiguin).Bignoniaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported in Luzon (Cagayan to Bicol), Visayas (Samar, Biliran, Negros) andMindanao (Misamis). Found scattered in second-growth and virgin forests at lowand medium altitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree up to 80 cm. in diameter. Bole generally straight, regular 8 to 12 m.long. Buttress pronounced.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood not distinct from the heartwood, which in light reddish yellow, turningto cinnamon buff upon exposure; grain crossed; texture moderately fine; glossy;no taste or scent. Growth rings present, but not distinct, delimited by dense woodbands, often accompanied by a narrow line of terminal parenchyma. Vesselsisolated· and in groups, those in groups 2. tp 4 in multiples, evenly distributed,inclined to arrangement in tangential rows. come in contact with the rays mostly onone side. Also with aliform parenchyma, perforation plates simple, slanting andempty. Fibers comparatively dense. Pith-ray flecks occasionally present as inmargapali (Dehaasia triandra).32

5. TECHNOLOGif,}A

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBaniladSterculia philippinensis Merr.Hantak (Batanes); lapnit (Babuyan-; Cagayan);sinaligan (Ilocos Sur, Mt. Province);malabanilad (Rizal, Bicol, Mindoro);malabuho (Bataan, Laguna); bonga,malabonga (Quezon); uos (Camarines, Albay);saripongpong (Sorsogon); bakan (Mindoro);malabanilad (Samar); taroi' (Negrosaccidental).S terculiaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported from Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon, Mindoro), Visayas (Busuang~Samar, Leyte, Negros) and Mindanao (Lanao).3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of 70 cm. Bole generally straight, regularshort, seldom reaching 10 m.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood indistinguishable from heartwood which is buff-colored; straightgrained; comparatively coarse textured; not glossy, without taste or odor; very softand very weak. Growth rings indistinct. Vessels mostly in groups, evenly distributed;surrounded by vasicentric parenchyma, come in contact with the rays on one or twosides, small to moderately large; few; vessel elements distinct, 2.3/mm. perforationssimple; perforation plates horizontal; with occasional tyloses. Fibers loose; sheathcells present.34

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTlES--Technological Properties Property Classification Description/Remarks\Physical PropertiesRelative density Class V Low relative density(0.315)Volumetric shrinkage No available data No available data"Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class V Low strength (Bendingstrength - 27.6 MPa;Compressive strength -11.4 MPa; Shear strength-3.34 MPa; Hardness - 1.36KN; Toughness - 9.71Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dryMachining Class 11 Good machining propertyFinishing Class 11 Fair finishing propertyNatural Durability Class 11 Moderately durable,Treatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservativesData obtained from Phase I oflTTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor general house construction particularly sidings ceilings and partitions.Louvre doors, balusters, frames, moulding, knife blocks, cups, bowls, coaster set,toys, candy tray, table tops, pencil holders, and trophy.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut35

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBatinoAlstonia macrophylfll Wall.Busisi, pangolaksien (Cagayan); basikal,basikarang, batisalag, batikalang (Cagayan,TIocos Sur, Isabela, Pangasinan); manggamangga,maramangga (Cagayan, La Union);banakao, panglanutien, pangalunadsin (llocosNorte); dalakan, darakan (Ilocos Sur);kalatuche, pangalisokloen (Pangasinan);batino (Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas,Tayabas, Camarines, Mindoro); itang-itang(Tayabas; Guimaras); buyao-yao, kuyao-yao(Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Capiz); ditadita(Albay); pugayan, tugayan (Mindoro);malabato (Marinduque); lasona (Samar);opon-opong . (Leyte); tangitang, ughayan(Capiz); dinog (Bohol), kurayan, rigayan,sulusihigan (Palawan); guala (Bukidnon);tulingan (Sibutu); saakias, tambaltungon(Sulu).Apocynaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONFound in Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Palawan, Zamboanga del N orte, Zamboangadel Sur, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, andLanao del Sur Provinces.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSAttains a diameter of 65 cm. Bole straight, regular, about 10 m. long.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood not distinct from the heartwood, which is pale yellowish brown (warmbuff to cinnamon buff ofRidgway); grain crossed, often wavy; moderatejine texture;with distinct bitf.er taste, particularly when fresh; without odor. Growth rings absent;wood very hombgenous. Vessels almost all in groups, 2 to 14 in multiples; diffuse;come in contact with the rays generally on two sides; small, oblong; numerous;vessel elements distinct, variable in length; perforation ,Simple; perforation platesslightly inclined; empty. Fibers dense. Wood parenchyma diffuse, consisting ofsmall isolated dots between rays.36

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES--Technological Properties Property Classification Descrlption/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class 11 Moderately high relative ,density (0.64)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class V High volumetric shrinkage(14.5%)** Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 84.0MPa; Compressivestrength - 20.2 MPa; She¥"strength -10.6 MPa; Hardness- 5.7 KN; Toughness-43.1 Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class 11 Moderate to saw* * Drying Class III Difficult to dry* * Machining Class 11 Good* * Finishing Class 11 Good* * Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durable* * Treatability Class I Easy to treat* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.6. END-USESFor beams, joists, rafters, flooring and household implements, for high gradefurniture and cabinet making, bobbins, floor parquet, louvre doors, balusters, frames,toys, coaster set, cups, bowls, candy tray, fruit tray, trophy, che"ss pieces, ,pencilholders, table tops and moulding.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut37

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBinuangOctomeles sumatrana Miq.Sanew (Cagayan); barong (Cagayan, IlocosNorte); barasing (Nueva Ecija); binuang(Bulacan, Laguna, Quezon, Palawan, Agusan,Davao, Zamboanga); samak (Tarlac); binua(Zambales); kobal (Bataan); barousan (Rizal);biluang (Camarines); barobalobo (Albay);banuang (Zamboanga)Datiscaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported from Cagayan, Mt. Province, Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon,Camarines, Sorsogon, Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao. Grows along streams andoften gregarious in second-growth forests.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSLarge tree; height 35 to 60 m., DBH 100 cm. or more, bole long, cylindrical,tapering, the major branches stout, branchlet quite slender; crown small, ovoid orcircular, sparse; buttresses high, plank type, symmetrical, spreading to 4 m; barksurface creamish-yellow, scaly, the somewhat rounded scars deep and prominent;leaves large, heart shaped often with many punctures; petiole long, slender.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is not distinguishable from the heartwood which is buff to pale orangeyellow; grain straight; texture comparatively coarse not glossy; taste and odor notperceptible. Fiber loose. Rays on one kind multiseriate, very narrow; few distinctlyheterogenous with 2 or more upright cells.38

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES--Technological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties*,* Relative density Class V Low relative density* * Volumetric shrinkage Class II(0.265)Moderate volumetricshrinkage (10.0%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class V Low strength (Bendingstrength - 31.9 MPa;Compressive strength -16.0 MPa; Shear strength-3.64 MPa; Hardness - 1.50KN; Toughness - 16.9Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class I--Easy to dryMachining Class 11 Good machining property* * Finishing Class II Good finishing propertyNatural Durability Class V PerishableTreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor veneer and plywood, match boxes, fishnet floats, dugouts, pulpwood,veneers and wooden clogs.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut39

1. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBayok-bayokanPterospermum niveum Vid.Bayok-bayokanSterculiaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONSupply limited.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA small tree attaining about 50 cm. in diameter. Trunk usually straight,cylindrical of moderate length. Buttress small.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is lighter-colored gradually merging with heartwood which is lightdrab to reddish; grain is straight or slightly crossed; texture is moderately fine tomoderately coarse; moderately h~avy and moderately hard. Pores are fairly visibleto the naked eye, solitary and in radial multiples of 2-4, mostly 2-3; occasionaltyloses present. Rays are not visible to the naked eye. Ripple marks are present onthe longitudinal surface due to th~ tier arrangement of ~e rays.40

5. TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIESTechnological Properties~ '-Property Classification DesgiptionlRemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class III Medium relative densityI(0.53)** Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (12.60%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class IV Moderately low strength(Bending str~llgth - 54.9MPa; Compressive'Strength - 21.1 MPa;Toughness - 35.2Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class II Mod~rate to saw"". --.* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dry* * Machining Class III FairFinishing No available data No available data* * Natural Durability Class III Slightly durable* * Treatabili ty Class II Moderately difficult totreat* * - Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESFor posts (above stumps) beams, joists, rafters, fioorings, sheathing, ceilings,furniture and cabinet works, combs, baseball bats, tool handles, carriage and wagonshaft and household and agricultural implements.-7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut-41

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBitaogCalophyllum inophyllum L.Batargo, parnitaogen, vitang, vutalao (Batanes,Cagayan); bitaog (Babuyanes, Cagayan,Isabela, Ilocos Norte, Abra, La Union,Zambales,.Batman, Batangas, Lanao, Agusan,Camiguin); dankalan or dangkalan (BatanesIsabela, Polilio, Tayabas, Camarines,Catanduanes, Mindoro, Burias, Masbate,Samar,. Capiz, Negros Oriental, Palawan,Agusan, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao,Zamboanga, Basilan); bitaoi, pamitaogen(Cagayan, Pangasinan, Tarlac); palomaria(Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Tayabas, Zambales,Bataan, Mindoro, Cebu); palomaria de playa(Pangasinan, Laguna, Camarines Sur,Masbate, Mindoro, Agusan, Zamboanga,Basilan); bilasi (Zambales); bitong (Bataan);tamayuan (Batangas); bitaog (Camarines);dangkaian (Catanduanes); bitanghol (Leyte);dangkaan (Davao); makabanakan(Zamboanga); tambo (Sulu).Guttiferae2. DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed throughout the Philippines along seashores and bank ofstreams oflow and medium altitudes particularly in the provinces of Ca gay an, Isabela,Quirino, Aurora, Palawan, Zamboanga, Agusan, Surigao del Sur, Davao and Lanaodel Sur. A fair amount is obtainable in Bataan, Zambales and Mindoro.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of 130 cm. Bole short, seldom reaching 5 m.with big sprading branches, the part of the tree most commonly used.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 2 to 5 cm. thick, light colored, well marked-off from the heartwood,which is light reddish brown; grain decidedly crowded; texture moderately fine;very -glossy; no odor or taste; heavy. Growth rings marked by terminal parenchymaspaced from a fraction from a mIll to 1.5 mm, occasionally more. Vessels mostlyisolated; diffuse but arranged in oblique or radial chains of 2 to 4 in a row; vesselelements difficult to distinguish. Tyloses and gummy deposits present. Fibersdense.42

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES- ----- , ._-Technological Properties PropeI\Y Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class III Medium relative density(0.56)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class 11 Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (10.3%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Medium strength (Bendinglstrength - 65.6 MPa;Compressive strength -18.0MPa; Hardness - 5.60 KN;Shear stI;ength - 11.0 MPa;Toughness - 62.9 Joule/"Specimen)* * Sawing Class 11 Moderate to saw* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dry* * Machining Cla~s III Fair machining property* * Finishing Class I. ,Good to very goodfinishing property* * Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durable* * Treatability Class 11 Moderately difficult to treatwith chemical preservatives* * - Data obtained from previous studies on It.US of FPRDI.6. END-USESFor general construction, doors, flooring, -sheathing and ceilings; ship stems,knees and ribs; vehicle wheel hubs; fine furniture and cabinet work; gunstocks andmusical instruments. Louvre doors, axe and hammer handles, balusters, door andwindow frames, moulding, agricultural implements.7. ILLUSTRATIONRadial Cut43

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameBitangholCakJphy/hJm bloncoi P1anchon & TrianaTadak (Cagayan); basangol '(Ilocos Norte);pamitangan (llocos Sur, La Union); bitaol(Abra); tikleg (Mt. Province); bitaog-bukid(pangasinan); bitanghol (NuevaEcija, Bataan,Laguna, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, .Masbate, Leyte, Capiz, Lanao); marabiklat(Tarlac); palomaria (Quezon, Nueva Ecija,Zambales, Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna,Palawan, Surigao); bagomanban (Samar);sililihan (Su~gao).Guttiferae2. . DISTRIBUTIONBitanghol is usually distributed in Cagayan, Isabela, Palawan, A~rora, Leyte,Zamboangadel Norte, Zamboangadel Sur, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surrgaodel Sur, Davao del ~orte, Davao Oriental and Lanao del Sur Provinces.3. TREE CHARACTERlS-T-ICSA medium sized tree attaining a diameter of 60 cm. and a stem of 12 to 18meters clear of branch. Without buttress.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is light colored, distinct from the heartwood, which is reddish brown;grain is slightly crossed or wavy; texture is fine or moderately fine; moderatelyheavy. Pores are barely visible to the naked eye, almost solitary, unevenly distributedin oblique or radial pattern; tyloses are sparse or absent. Parenchyma is distinct tothe naked eye, typically in apotracheal bands, continuous or sometimes interrupted.Rays are fine, visible onlywith a hand lens..,44

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class III Medium relative density(0.51)Volumetric shrinkage Class V High volumetricshrinkage (16.9%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Mdium strength (Bendingstrength - 49.9 MPa;Compressive strength -11.3 MPa; Shear strength-6.51 MPa; Hardness - 3.10KN; Toughness - 37.4Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult tO'dry* * Machining Class III Fair machining property* * Finishing Class I Very good finishingproperty* * Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat withchemical preservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESThe wood is used for posts and spars; bridge and boat building; beams, jOists,rafters, floorings, furniture and cabinet works. It is suitable for poles and piles,pulpwood, truck bodies, exterior Siding and flooring, boxes and crates, tool handles.Mouldings balusters, louvre doors, frames, chopping boards, bowls, paper weightsand toys.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut45

LNAMESANDF~ILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily Name/Bok-bokXantophyllum excelsum (Blume) Miq.Barokbok (Cagayan); pagpagan (llocano); ·kabol (Bataan); anono, malagitinggiting(Rizal); bagaluan, bartig, butugan (Tagalog);bagarilflo, bokbok (Mindoro);managbak,balobo (Palawan); magbok (Bisaya);ka.n,gkangum (Davao).Polygalaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONDistributed in the provinces of Ca gay an, Isabela, Aurora,Palawan, Zamboangadel Norte, Zamboanga del SW', Agus~del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur,Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental andLanao del Sur.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium sized tree attaining a diaIJleter of about 80 cm. Trunk generallystraight, regular 7 to 12 meters long. Buttress small.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood almost identical in color with heartwood, wl1lch is light yellow; grainstraight; texture moderately coarse; no) particularly lustrous; taste and odor notperceptible; comp;rrativelv hard, heavy and strong; fiber length medium sized.46

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES'"Technological Properties Property Classifi~ation Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class I High relative density* * Volumetric shrinkage Class IV(0.64)Moderately high volumetricshrinkage (15.7%)** Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class II Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 68.8MPa; Compressivestrength - 35.3 MPa; Shearstrength - 9.01 MPa; Hardness- 5.09 KN; Toughness- 33.8 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class II Moderately difficult to sawDrying Class III Difficult to dryMachining Class I Very good machiningpropertyFinishing No available data No available data* * Natural Durability Class IV Non-durable* * Treatability . Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LDS of FPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor interior work and temporary constructions; paving blocks or ties, poles andpiles and picker sticks. Floor parquet, moulding, balusters, louvre doors, choppingboards, balusters, friunes, knife blocks, toys, bowls, cups, coaster set, ash tray, candytray, paper weights and pencil holders.7. ILLUST!MTIONTangential Cut47

I. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameDitaAlstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.Andaragan (Cagayan, Isabela); andauyar(Isabela); dalipanan (Cagayan, nocos, NuevaEcija, Pangasinan, Bataan); bita, dita(Pangasinan, Zambales, Bulacan, Bataan,Rizal, Laguna, Palawan); dirita (Bataan);manakat, takno (Quezon); linog (Cebu);kamaglit (palawan).Apocynaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONScattered from Northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan, in most provincesand islands, in primary and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of about 90 cm. or more. Bole straight,generally fluted, 10 to 15 m. long. Buttress small.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is not distinct from heartwood, which is yellowish-brown; grain straightsometimes interloc}

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties . Property Classification DescriptionIRemarksPhySical PropertiesRelative density Class V Low relative density(0.34)Volumetric shrinkage Class IV Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (9.3%)iMechanical/StrengthPropertiesClass VLow strength (Bending-strength - 35.7 MPa;Compressive strength -12.0 MPa; Shear strength-,/3.57 MPa; Hardness - 1.90KN; Toughness - 17.2J oulelSpecimen)Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class I Easy to dryMachining Class I Very good machiningpropertyFinishing No available data No available data* * Natural Durability Class V PerishableTreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I oflITO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor matchwood, wooden shoes, household implements, ceiling, partition, boxesand crates, interior finish, mOUldings, pattern making, turnery bouys and floats,veneer and plywood (core), wooden bowls (buttress), roof shingles and for pulp andpaper.7. ILLUStRATIONTangential Cut49

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamePamilyNameDuguanMyristica philippinensis Lam.Talibagan (Cagayan); mundura (TIocos Norte);mabolo palong (TIocos Sur); kutu, palong, pau(Abra); bagir, malamabolo (pangasinan).Myristicaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONThe species has been reported to abound in Cagayan, Camarines and Mindoro.It is a component of primary and old secondary forest at low to medium altitudes. Itis fairly commqu. on slopes and near creeks and streams in Mt. Banahaw, Quezon,Isabela, Aurora, Quirino, Palawan, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusandel Sur, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental andLanao del Sur.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSMedium-sized tree up to 80 cm. in diameter; bole long; straight, cylindrical,tapering; branches arranged horizontally, teretes or rounded, quite slender, short,forming a sparse almost pyramidical to oblong shape crown; buttresses low,inconspicuous; bark surface dark brown to blackish, smooth with minute,inconspicuously sloughing flakes; inner bark red, profusely exuding red, blood-likewatery sap.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is lighter colored and not sharply marked off from heartwood, whichis reddish brown; grain straight; texture fine or moderately fine; soft to moderatelyhard; light to moderately heavy. Growth rings somewhat distinct, marked by terminalparenchyma. Pore barely to readily visible to the naked eye, solitary and in radialmultiples of 2-3 or more, the multiples more frequent. Parenchyma indistinct to thenaked eye, usually in terminal bands. Rays.not or hardly visible to the naked eye oncross section, often with whitish streaks in certain specimens; conspicuous in radialsurface due to col or of rays flecks.50

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class IV Moderately low relativedensity (0.421)Volumetric shrinkage Class 11 Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (9.5 %)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class IV Moderately low strength(Bending strength - 43.30, MPa; Compressivestrength - 23.8 MPa; Shearstrength - 5.70 MPa; Hardness- 1.96 KN; Toughness- 7.54 Joule/Specimen)(Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dryMachining Class 11 Good machining propertyFinishing Class 11 Fair finishing propertyNatural Duraoility Class V PerishableTreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I of ITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor temporary construction, boxes and crates, mOUldings and interior finish,concrete shuttering, temporary cladding, floors of temporary camp buildings andplywood cores. Furniture components, louvre doors, balusters, knife blocks, paperweights, pencil holders, name blocks, chopping boards and picture frames.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut51

LNAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamePamilyName2. DISTRIBUTIONIpilIntsia bijuga (Coiebr.) KuntzeThe name "ipil" is used throughout the islandsfor all species of the genus Intsia Other namesreported for ipil are labrig (Tayabas); ipil-ilog,ipil-talao (Mindoro); tagal-tugas (palawan);molato (Surigao); itil (Cotabato); balayong(Lanao); ipil-nangka (Sulu).Leguminosae"The tree is found in Babuyan Islands and Northern Luzon to Palawan andMindanao. Scattered along seashores, back of swamps and sometimes in inlandforests. Obtained in fairly large quantities especially from Mindoro and Palawan.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree, l!sually slightly crooked; attains a diameter up to 1.2 m and aheight up to 35 m. Trunk often forks a short distance from the ground but sometimesit is clearly cylindrical and straight, unbuttressed but sometimes fluted and irregularcross section.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 4 to 8 cm. light buff, distinctly marked-off from the heartwood,which is bright yellow when fresh, turning dark brown with age; grain slightlycrossed; texture moderately coarse; moderately glossy; with characteristic odor whenfleshly cut, resembling that raw of beans.52"

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class 11 Moderately high relative* * Volumetric shrinkage Class IIIdensity (0.68)Medium volumetricshrinkage (12.1 % )* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength. (Bending strength - 90.4MPa; Hardness - 5.90KN; Toughness - 30.0Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class III Hard to saw* * Drying Class III Very difficult to dry* * Machining Class III Fair* * Finishing Class I Good to very good* * Natural Durability Class I Durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat* * -Data..obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.6. END-USESFor high grade construction, furniture and cabinet making, for house posts,door and window jambs and frames. Balusters, floor parquet, coffee table, ash tray,tool handles, agricultural implements, paper weights, truck bodies, stairs, and rails,boat components, wharf and pier.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut53

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameKalumpitTenninalia microcarpa DecneAlupi, kalupi, kalusit, lauang (Cagayan); anagep(Cagayan, Mountain Province, TIocos Sur);kalauitit (Cagayan, Mountain Province, NuevaVizcaya); ambobok, ambobonat (Jsabela);sakat (Pampanga, Laguna); galamayen,gayumayem (Zambales), dalinsi (Tayabas,Bataan); bisal, kalosit (Bulacan);kalamansanai (Rizal); balisayin, dilasa,dumasil, malagabi (Mindoro); tina(CamarinesNorte); dalinson,kalamagon, tangal(Camarines Sur); kalimangog, kaluniangog(Sorsogon, Masbate, Samar); magtalisai(Sorsogon, Masbate); lumangog (Leyte, lloilo)taya-taya (Hoilo); kalomagon (Samar);balisayon (Negros Occidental); kamaris(Palawan); bogo (Butuan); bulao(Zamboanga).Combretaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed from Northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan, in mostProvinces and islands in the more open portions of the diptrocarp forests at low andmedium altitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree that attains a diameter of 100 cm. Bole straight, regular 10 to 12m. long. Buttress small.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood large, yellowish, merging gradually into the heartwood, which is lightbrown to dark reddish brown; grain slightly crossed; sometimes curly or wavy;texture moderately coarse; fairly glossy; taste and scent not perceptible. Growthrings indistinct; marked by alternating rings of porous and less porous wood.Sometimes marked by very narrow yet distinct terminal parenchyma. Vessels mostlyisolated; rather irregularly distributed; several rows of relatively large vessels inconcentric alignment and those in the rays on both sides, partly with the vasicentricaliformparenchyma, and when free abut upon the fibers. Perforation plateshorizontally or slightly inc1ine.d;_some with scanty tyloses. Fibers comparativelydense.54

5. TECHNOWGICA.LPROPERTIESTechnological Properties . PropertyClassification Description/Remarks-Physical Properties* * Relative density Class IV Moderately low relativedensity (0.48)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class II Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (9.80%)** Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Medium strength (Bendingstrength - 65.8 MPa;Compressive strength -19.1 MPa; Hardness - 2.5KN; Toughness - 61.5Joule/Specimen)Sawing No available data No available data* * Drying Class IIEasy to dry* * ~hining Class I Very good* * Finishing Class II Fair* * Natural Durability Class I Durable* * Treatability Class I Easy to treat* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.6. END-USESFor general construction, furniture and cabinet making; a good wood for a shipplanking. Louvre doors, balusters, picture frames, room dividers, bowls, coaster setand tool handles.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut55

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameKamatogErythrophWeum densiflonun (Ebn.) Merr.Abbinal, kadir, malena, pali, ngirik-ngirik,salsal (Cagayan); bulilising, kihaulit (lsabela);balayong-aso, kalumatan, kamatog,mallabunao (Camarines); bangati (Albay); .malasantol (Masbate); isao (Leyte);balakbakan (Lanao).Caesalpiniaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONFound in the forests at low and medium altitudes, from Northern Luzon toMindanao and Palawan, scattered in dipterocarp forests.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of 150 cm. with a clear, cylindrical or irregularbole of 10 to 15 m. Buttress prominent.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood up to 7 cm. thick; light-colored, turning reddish brown upon drying,sometimes distinctly marked off from the heartwood, which is reddish and sometimesmerging gradually into the heartwood; grain crossed; texture comparatively fine tomoderately coarse; taste and odor not characteristics.Growth rings irregular, being delimited by concentric bands about 15 times,those in groups; diffuse with a tendency to be more numerous in the early part of thegrowth rings and less numerous in the late wood; come in contact mostly with thevasicentric parenchym~ that surrounds the vessels and also with rays on both sidesas the diameter of vessels is once or twice the distance between the two adjoiningrays; moderately small to moderately large; circular; occasionally oblong; vesselelements 3 to 4.5 per mm; distinct, perforations simple; perforation plates slightlyinclined; reddish gummy deposits in most vessels. Wood from Mindanao haveslightly larger vessels than those from Luzon. Fibers dense.Wood parenchyma vasicentric and terminal; the vasicentric parenchyma broadsurrounding entirely one to two three vessels, aliform or confluent, in a good manyinstances connecting neighboring vessel.s and appearing to the naked eye as wavy oroblique lines of soft tissues; the terminal parenchyma occurs a distinct, fine, concentriclines, more or less interrupted.Rays oftwo kinds; one to two fine rays between two large ones; but occasionallynone at all; large rays moderately narrow to moderately broad; small rays narrowand not distinctly visible to the naked eye; few to moderately few; extremely low tovery low.56

5. 'TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptionlRemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class 11 . Moderately high relativedensity (0.67)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class IV Moderately high volumetricshrinkage (15.5%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 72.2MPa; Compressivestrength - 34.9 MPa; Shearstrength - 9.72 MPa;Hardness - 5.37 KN;Toughness - 38.2 Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying Class III Difficult to dry,* * Machining Class 11 Good** Finishing 'Class I Very good* *,Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durableTreatability No data available No data available* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.6. END-USESFor house posts, beams, joists, floors, sheathing, ceilings and furniture 'andcabinet work of all kinds. Balusters, frames, louvre, knife blocks, and. coaster sets.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut57

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameKatoAmoora aherniana Merr.Kato (Bataan); malatumbaga(Bataan, Laguna);qlalakamote (Quezon).Meliaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONKato has been reported from Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, CamarinesNorte, Lanao and Zamboanga in Mindanao.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA medium sized tree attaining a diameter of ~OO centimeters and a stem of 6 to8 meters to the first branch.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is lighter-colored, distinctly marked-off from the reddish brownheartwood; grain is straight or slightly crossed; texture is moderately coarse; hardand heavy. Pores are readily visible to the naked eye, comparatively more of solitarythan in radial multiples of2-3; yellowish white deposits present occluding the vesselsin the same samples. Parenchyma is indistinct even with a hand lens. Rays are fine,not visible to the naked eye.58

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class II Moderately high relativedensity (0.647)Volumetric shrinkage Class IV Moderately high volumetricshrinkage (16.0%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class II . Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 71.4MPa; Compressivestrength - 36.9 MPa; Shearstrength - 8.58 MPa; Hardness- 5.87 KN;Toughness - 34.9 Joule/ .Specimen)Sawing Class II Moderately difficult to saw* * Drying Class II Moderately difficult to dry* * Machining Class II Good machining property* * Finishing Class I Good to very goodfinishing property* * Natural Durability ClaSs II Moderately durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat withchemical preservatives* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LDS of FPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I oflTIO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESThe wood is used for posts, beams, rafters, fioorings, door, windows, interiortrims, furniture and cabinet work, bridges, wharves and other heavy construction. Itis suitable for rotary-cut veneer for plywood and related products, mine and truckbodies.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut59

lNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameLamogPlanchonia spectabilis Merr.Puragot (Cagayan); matonbaton (MountainProvince); poronot (Ilocos Norte); apalang(Zambales, Bataan); malaputat (Bataan,Rizal); lamog (Laguna, Tay ab as , Masbate);malauban, mauban (Laguna, Tayabas);bagobangas (Tayabas); malaputat (Tagalog);batongbatong, boroboro, matonbaton (Albay,Catanduanes); balatuson, balituson(Camiguin); bohokan (p. Bisaya, Masbate);uya-oi (Iloilo); himbabalod (Capiz); amog(palawan); tagumata (Negros Oriental); tawi(Bohol); sumuaridud (Davao).Lecythidaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONCommon in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. Reported from Luzon(Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Camarines andAlbay), Masbate, Panay, Negros, Bohol and Mindanao (Davao).3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree up to 100 cm. or more in diameter. Bole straight, regular, 16 to 20m. in length, strongly buttressed.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 4 to 8 cm. thick sharply mar~ed off from heartwood, which is russetto dark reddish brown; grain crossed; sometimes curly; texture moderately fine;glossy; no distinct taste or scent; heavy; strong and tough.Growth rings present, plainly visible to the naked eye, being delimited byrelativelidense concentric bands of woody tissues. Vessels isolated and in groups 2to 3 in multiples, diffuse; come in contact with the rays mostly moderately few;vessel elements hard to distinguish, perforation simple; perforation plates horizontaltyloses occlude the vessels. Fibers dense. Wood parenchyma diffuse, numerous,starting from one ray and extending to the adjacent ray.60

5. TECHNOWGICAL PROPERTIESITechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class II Moderately high relativedensity (0.62)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class IV Moderately high volumetricshrinlc..age (15.4%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Medium strength (Bendingstrength - 56.8 MPa;Compressive strength -17.6 MPa; Shear strength -8.65 MPa; Hardness - 5.34KN; Toughness - 26.8Joule/Specimen)Sawing No available data No available data* * Drying Class III Difficult to dry* * Machining Class III Fair machining property* * Finishing Class I Very good finishingproperty* * Natural Durability Class I DurableTreatability No available data No available data* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.6. END-USESFor posts, beams, joists, rafters, flooring, sheathing, paneling, furniture andcabinet work, bentwood work, ship framing and vehicle shafts.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut61

LNAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameLoktob.Duabanga moluccana BlumeArek (Cagayan, Pangasinan); bukag, kadig(Cagayan, llocos, Mountain Province); loktob(Cagayan, Quezon, Laguna, Mindoro, Nbay,Zambbanga); bayrekan (Nueva Vizcaya);malailang-Hang (Nueva Ecija); malapalikpik(Rizal); anaang (Catanduanes); karauan(Camarines); Ho-Ho (Capiz); dahi (NegrosOccidental, Misamis, Davao); tikatan(Cotabato); laton (Zamboanga).oSonnerqtiaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONIt can be found in forests along streams at low. and medium altitudes, ascendingto 1200 meters. Reported from Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain Province, llocos Norteand Sur, Abra, Nueva Vizcaya, Bulacan, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Palawan,Leyte, Panay, Negros, Zam~oanga del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte,. Surigao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental and Lanao delSur.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of 90 cm. and a height of 50 meters. Boleregular, usually straight, short, seldom reaching 15 meters. Buttress high to morethan 1 m. plank, symmetrical, spreading to 3 m. Branches ascending, few, short,rounded. Bark surface greenish brown with yellowish and purplish tinge, hard,brittle, pimpled with diffusely arranged purplish and black lenticels that are roundedwith purplish horizontal slits, flaking and shredding irregularly into thin flakes whoseunderside is blackish or shiny leaving greenish and yellowish brown scars on thebole; give stain when chopped with bolo, middle bark purplish brown; inner barkpale or dull brown, woody wiQ1 fine fibers, exuding watery sap sparingly.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 6 to 8 cm. thick, not sharply marked off from the heartwood, which islight reddish brown; grain crossed; texture coarse; glossy when cut in tangentialsection;· no distict taste or odor. Fipers loose. Occasional tyloses present.62

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptionJRemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class I Low relative density(0.341)Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (11.1 %)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class IV Moderately low strength(Bending strength - 43.0IMPa; Compressivestrength - 19.6 MPa; Shearstrength - 5.74 MPa;Hardness - 3.98 KN;Toughness - 21.6 Joule/Specimen)Sawing I Class I Easy to sawDrying Class I Easy to dryMachining Class II Good machining propertyFinishing Class II Fair finishing propertyNatural Durability Class V PerishableTreatability Class I Easy to treat with chemicalpreservativesData obtained from Phase I ofITIO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor floaters, for rafting heavy logs, fishnet floats, dugout canoes and light andtemporary construction. It is recommended for core veneer for plywood.7. ILLUSTRATIONPartly Tangential Cut63

I. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameMagabuyoCeltis luzonica Warb.Ma~abuyo (Bikol, P. Bisaya)Ulmaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed from Northern Luzon to Mindanao in thickets and mediumaltitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSLarge tree; height to 25 m, DBH to 60 cm. or more; bole long,cylindrical,erect, at times bent or crooked, tapering; branches rounded, stout; branchlet slender,somewhat twisted complemented with somewhat oval or rounded, dense crown;bark surface grayish black, pimpled with conspicuously minute, rounded, blacklenticels crowded over bole surface; middle bark green; inner bark yellow brown,streaked with brownish black, dot like longitudinal bands; buttresses high, plank orboars type, spreading to 6 m; leaves simple. alternate, entire, shiny above, dullgreen below, tri nerved.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONWood is straw colored or pale white; grain crossed or wavy; texture is moderatelyfine to moderately coarse; moderately heavy and moderately hard. Pores are barelyto readily visible to the naked eye, solitary and in radial multiples of 2-5 of lessfrequent occurrence; with occasional whitish deposits in some pores. Parenchymais not visible to the naked eye, aliform and confluent. Rays are indistinct to thenaked eye.64

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES-- -----Technological Properties Property Classification DescriptionlRemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class IV Moderately Iow relativedensity (0.488)Volumetric shrinkage Class II Moderately Iow volumetricshrinkage (8.9%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Mediumh strength(Bending strength - 55.7MPa; Compressivestrength - 25.2 MPa; Shearstrength - 8.70 MPa;Hardness - 3.67 KN;Toughness - 40.8 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class II Moderate to sawDrying Class III Moderately difficult to dryI Machining Class III FairFinishing Class I GoodNatural Durability Class IV Non-durableTreatability Class I Easy to treatData obtained.from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESSuitable for poles and piles, pulpwood, house frames, boxes and crates, rackets,bowling pins and musical instruments.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut65

LNAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameMalak -malakPalaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob.Aniko (Cagayan); afakopaka (Pangasinan);tagogong (Zambales); malak-malak (Bataan,Laguna); baniti (Bataan); alakaak (pampanga,Bulac~, Rizal, Tayabas, Laguna, Batangas,Mindoro); malasaputi (Pampanga); dulitan(Laguna, Quezon); takloban, palak-palak(pangasinan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac,Pampanga, .Bulacan, Camarines); gendang(Catanduanes).Sapotaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported in Cagayan, Isabela,Aurora, Palawan, Bicol, Mindoro, Panay, Negros,Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Davaodel Norte and Lanao del Sur. Common in primary forests at low and mediumaltitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSAttains a diameter of 120 cm. Bole cylindrical, straight, 10 to 12 m. long;buttress small.4: WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 2 to 4 cm. thick, not so sharply distinguished from the heartwood,which is reddish brown; grain straight; texture moderately fine; fairly glossy. Tylosespresent in some vessels. Fibers comparatively dense; the uniseriate rays largelycomposed of upright cells.66

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES-Technological Properties Property Classification DescriptionlRemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class IV Moderately low relativedensity (00407)Volumetric shrinkage Class 11 Moderately low volumetricshrinkage (9.9%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Mediumh strength(Bending strength - 58.9MPa; Compressivestrength - 27.6 MPa; Shearstrength - 8.31 MPa;Hardness - 4.14 KN;Toughness - 30.7 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class III Difficult to dryMachining Class III FairFinishing Class I Good to very goodNatural Durability Class IV Non-durableTreatability Class III Very difficult to treatData obtained from Phase I ofITIO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESSuitable for rotary cut veneer for plywood and related products, house framing,furniture and cabinets, wallings, flooring, louvre doors, balusters, moulding, pictureframes, tool handles, pencil holders, boxes and crates.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut67

I. NAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameMalakauayanPodocarpus rutnphii BlumeMalakauayanPodocarpaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONReported from Luzon (TIocos Sur, Bataan, Pampanga) and Mindoro in forestsat mediumaItitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSMedium to large tree.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONWood is yellowish-pinkish buff with brownish streaks; grain is straight; textureis fine; moderately light to moderately heavy and moderately hard. Growth ringsare variable, sometimes indistinct or fairly distinct darker-colored latewood.Parenchyma is diffuse visible only with a hand lens and usually filled with darkcontents. Rays are not visible to the naked eye. Resin canals are absent.68

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTlES--Technological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class IV Moderately low relativedensity (0.50)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (12.10%)I * * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 71. 0MPa; Compressivestrength - 20.0 MPa; Shearstrength - 8.86 MPa;Hardness - 3.84 KN;Toughness - 18.4 Joule/Specimen),* * Sawing Class 11 Moderate to saw* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dry* * Machining Class 11 Good* * Finishing Class 11 Fair* * Natural Durability Class V Perishable* * Treatability Class I Easy to treat* * -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI6. END-USESThe wood is used for high grade construction, carving and household utensils.Walls, room dividers, louvres, picture frames, toys, coaster set, bowls, trays, trophy,chess pices, and boards.7. ILLUSTRATION,"Tangential Cut69

LNAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamePamilyNameMalasantolSandoricum vidallii Merr.MalasantolMeliaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONIt is widely distributed throughout the Philippine islands at low and mediumaltitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSIt is a medium sized tree with wood very similar to santol (S. koetjape)4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is lighter-colored and not sharply marked off from the heartwood,which is light brown to pinkish brown; grain is straight to slightly crossed; texture ismoderately fine. Pores are slightly visible to the naked eye. Parenchyma is visibleonly with a hand lens as indistinct sheath to the pores, narrow aliform and terminalirregular occurrence. Rays are not visible to the naked eye.70

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification DescriptionlRemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class IVModerately'jow relative* * Volumetric shrinkage Class Idensity (0.43)Low volumetric shrinkage(4.3%)* * Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class IV Moderately low strength(Bending strength - 44.5MPa; Compressivestrength - 10.4 MPa; Shearstrength - 5.28 MPa;Hardness - 2.20 KN;Toughness - 21.9 Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying " Class I Easy to dry* * Machining, Class III FairFinishing No available data No available data* * Natural Durability Class IV Non-durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat* * - Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESThe wood is often used as a substitute material in wood carving, householdimplements, butchers block and for general construction. It is occasionally cut fortimber and sold as "red miscellaneous" lumber.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut71

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameMalugaiPometia pinnata Forst.Chai (Batanes); laui, madalo, madlau(Cagayan); malakobe (lsabela); suket (Docos);doko (La Union); kirone, malatagum(Bulacan); aklan (Tagalog); bangked (Bataan,Batangas); kayani (Queron, Laguna); malugai(Laguna, Quezon, Albay, Mindoro, Cebu);bontog, malaguas, kuglik, tugaui, tigaui,bayod, kayaua (Bicol); balolanga, kia-kia'(Leyte, Masbate, Samar, Cebu, Bohol);tipanga agupanga (noilo); bankalan (Surigao);alipanga, tipanga (palawan, Zamboanga);bantagali (Agusan); gasuli (Lanao).Sapindaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONMalugai is obtainable in fair quantities and has been reported to abound inCagayan, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, Palawan, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Norte,Agusan del Sur, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Laguna and Zamboanga del Norte.Can be found in old growth and secondary forests at low and medium altitudes oftennear creeks and waterways.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA tree attaining a diameter up to 60 to 100 cm. Trunk is 18 to 25 meters inlength, cylindrical and straight. Buttress conspicuous; bole long, somewhat fluted,tapering, erect, at times crooked or bent; branches stout, rounded, the branchletquite slender, somewhat twisted and rounded; crown wide spreading, irregular inshape; dense; bark surface yellow-brown or "khaki" brown, flaking and sloughinginto more or less circular sheets, leaving deep, crowded, scary marks on the bole;buttresses high, symmetrical, plank type spreading to 6 m; middle' bark tinged withgreen, thin, inner reddish-brown with narrow, fine, concentric bands or streaks oflight and dark colors.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is lighter in color but not sharply defined from the heartwood whichis light red to dark red brown; grain straight or sometimes interlocked; texturemoderately fine to moderately coarse; hard and heavy. Growth rings marked by fineterminal parenchyma; pores barely or readily visible to the naked eye, solitary andin radial multiples up to 4 or more; solitary pores round to oval in shape; whiteyellow brown deposits present. Parenchyma of indistinct sheath to the pores, visibleto the naked eye or cross-section, with dots or streaks of white deposits; ratherconspicuous on radial surface due to col or.72

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTlESII--Technological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class 11 Moderately high relativedensity (0.581)Volumetrtc shrinkage Class V High volumetricshrinkage (16.1 %)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 58.1MPa; Compressivestrength - 30.8 MPa; Shearstrength - 9.16 MPa;, Hardness - 5.42 KN;Tqughness - 43.6 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class 11 Moderate to sawDrying Class III Difficult to dryMachining Class I Very goodrFinishing Class I,Good to very good/Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durableTreatability Class III .. Very difficult to treatData obtained from Phase I oflTTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END· USESFor beams, girders, rafters, chords and purlins, flooring, sheathing, bentwoodarticles, boat and car framing, mast and spars, tool handles. It is also ideal forfurniture and cabinet making, baseball bats, rim of tennis racket, pole and golfclubs, airplane construction (substitute for white ash), bobbins, spindles and shuttles,cooperage, tripods, T-squares, shipbuilding (stem and hull of ships and smalllaunch), frames, spokes and truck bodies, house framing.7. ILLUSTRATIONRadial Cut73

,L NAMESAND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NameFamily NameNatoPalaquium luzoniense (F.-Viii.) VideAralm (Cagayan); Diket (llocos Norte);gatasan(llocos Sur); tarakan (pangasinan); pateleo(Nueva Ecija); palak-palak (Bataan); nato(Bataan, Quezon, Laguna, Mindoro);tiIigkayad (Rizal).Sapotaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONNato is common in primary forests at low and medium altitudes. It has beenreported in Cagayan, Abra, Mt. Province, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, llocos Sur andNorte, Pangasinan, Zambales, Rizal, B ataan, Laguna and Quezon, Mindoro, Masbate,Palawan, Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Davao del Norte,Davao Oriental, andLanao del Sur.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSIt reaches a diameter of 120 cm generally with a straight regular trunk of 10 to12 meters long.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood, thin, light red or pinkish in color; not sharply marked off from theheartwood which is pale red to reddish brown; grain straight or slightly crossed;occasionally wavy; texture comparatively fine; fairly glossy; without taste or smell.Fibers comparatively dense.74

5. TECHNOWGICALPRQPERTIES,Technological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class IV Moderately low relativedensity (0.482)Volumetric shrinkage Class II Moderately low volumetric" shrinkage (10.2%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class III Mediumh strength(Bending strength - 58.2MPa; Compressivestrength - 26.7 MPa; Shearstrength - 7.70 MPa;Hardness - 3.53 KN;Toughness - 20.4 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class II Moderately difficult to sawDrying Class II Moderately difficult to dryMachining Class I Very goodFinishing Class I Good to very goodNatural Durability Class III Slightly durableTreatability Class II Moderately difficult to treatData obtained from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USES/All uses of red lauan and for interior case of cigar boxes; rotary cut veneer forplywood and related products; house framing; exterior siding and flooring; furnitureand cabinet work; for sides and neck of guitars. Louvre doors, balusters, stairs,railings, solid and panel doors, moulding, bowls, candy and fruit trays, choppingboards.7. ILLUSTRATION. Radial Cut75

LNAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal N JIIlesFamily NamePalmtanMangifera altissima B1CO.f '"'pan,bullutan (Cagayan, Negros); pangmanggaen(llocosSur, Abra); pahong damulag(Tarlac); paho (Nueva Ecija, Zambales,Batman, Camarines Sur, Mindoro, Sibuyan,Leyte); malaputat, pahutan (Bulacan, Rizal,Bataan, Tayabas, Mindoro); panghutan,malamangga, kaburoan (Samar); bitanghol(Capiz); malapaho (Sibuyan, NegrosOccidental); mangian (Lanao); manggapole(Zambc)'Ulga)Anacardiaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed in Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, Palawan, Zamboanga,Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Mindoro andQuez,on.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSGenerally straight and tall, attaining a diameter up to 90 cm. Trunk cylindrical,15 to 20 m. long. Buttress small.4.WOOD DESCRIPTIO ~ ·;Sapwood very thick 8 to 10 cm; light colored with a yellowish tinge, distinctlymarked off from the heartwood, which is dark brown with a narrow, almost blacklon~itudinal bands; grain generally straight, occasionally wavy or curly, texturemoderately fine; no taste or odor. Tyloses occlude the vessels. Fibers dense. Woodparenchyma vasicentric and terminal; the vasicentric parenchyma narrow, completelysurrounding each vessel, aliform,often confluent crossing 1 to 3 rays.76

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES- . . (Technological Properties Property Classificatioh Descriptiop!RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class IIIMedium relative density* * Volumetric shrinkage , Class 11(0.55). Moderately low volumetricshrif\kage (10.4%)>1< *""Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 64.8MPa; Compressivestrength - 20.9 MPa; Shearstrength - 9.37 MPa;Hardness - 4.4 KN;Toughness - 33.7 Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult* * Machining Class 11 Good** Finishing Class 11 Fair* * Natural Durability Class III Slightly durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat** -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESFor general construction for interior work, sheathing, ceiling, door panels,flooring, furniture and cabinet work, veneer and plywood.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut77

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameRarangErythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.RarangLeguminosae2. DISTRIBUTION AND SUPPLYA tree of primary and second growth forests occurring usually on level land atlow and medium altitudes. In Mt: Banahaw, Quezon, Cagayan, Aurora, Palawan,Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and Lanao del Sur, growingabundantly in old coconut plantation regenerating into forest.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSLarge tree; height to 30 m. or more, DBH to 80 cm; bole cylindrical, erect,tapering, very long; branches slender, complemented with small, compact more orless rounded crown; bark surface yellowish to blackish spines, distinctly protrudingfrom rounded and swollen base, arranged in almost longitudinal rows; lenticellate;wide, boat-shaped fissures at times developing from rows or columns of abscisedspines; buttresses low, symmetrical, rounded, branched and spreading to 3 m.4.WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood is buff, not clearly defined from the col or of the heartwood; grain iswavy or slightly crossed; texture is coarse; soft and very light. Pores are distinct tothe naked eye, solitary and in radial multiples of 2. Parenchyma is distinct to thenaked eye, in broad and slightly wavy bands; ripple marks are observed inlongitudinal surfaces. Rays are broad distinct to the naked eye. Fibers are loose,visible with a hand lens.78

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classi:ficatjol). Description/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelative density Class V Low relative density(0.236) .Volumetric shrinkage Class I Low volumetricshrinkage (5.7%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class V Low strength (Bendingstrength - 24.6 MPa;Compressive strength -11.9 MPa; Shear strength-3.65 MPa; Hardness - 1.12KN; Toughness - 11.5Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to sawDrying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dryMachining Class 11 Good machining propertyFinishing No available data No available dataNatural Durability Class III Slightly durableTreatability Class I Easy to treatData obtained from Phase I ofI1TO ProjectPD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor :fishnet floats; helniets; insulator boards; rotary cut veneer; for chopsticks,popsicle sticks, medical sticks, ice cream spoons, toothpicks, matches; pulpwoodand boxes and crates.7. ILLUSTRATIONRadial Cut79

LNAMES AND FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal Names .Family NameSakatTtrminalia nitens Presl.Kalampa, kalumpe (Cagayan); anagep, kalautit(llocos Norte, llocos Sur); porngued (NuevaVizcaya); aritongtong (Nueva Ecij a);arimbokal, arinbukal, saket (Pangasinan,Tarlac; sakat (Tarlac, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna,Rizal, Batangas); hakut, sakut, suI u -s ul u'(Zambales); kalumpit, malabunga(Bulacan);dalinsi (Tayabas); malagabi (Mindoro);dalinson (Catnarines) samando, tagit(Palawan); magatalisai, magtalisai,. manggatalisai, matalisai (Masbate,Sorsogon,Negros Occidental, Agusan, Cotabato,Zamboanga).Combretaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONFrom Northern Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan. Common in the more openportions of the dipterocarp forests at low and medium altitudes.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of 100 cm. Bole fairly straight, regular, short,seldom reaching 12 m. in length. Buttress not pronounced.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood 5 cm. or more not sharply marked-off from the heartwood, whichranges from light yellow to yellowish brown or dark yellowish brown when exposed;grain crossed; texture moderately fine; glossy taste and odor not characteristic;comparatively.heavy to heavy. Growth rings fairly distinct, marked by alternatingbelts and in groups; diffuse with a tendency for the early wood to be more porousthan the late wood; perforation plates horizontal and slightly inclined; most vesselscontaip tyloses. Fibers dense.Wood parenchyma vasicentric and diffuse; the vasicentric parenchyma narrow,aliform, sometimes confluent the latter ip'egular in occurrence and interrupted; thediffuse parenchyma conspicuous, maybe in very fine tangential lines, extendingfrom ray to ray or maybe isolated cells containing aggregate white crystals.80

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES_ ._-Technological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Prop_erties* * Relative density Class 11 Moderately high relativedensity (0.66)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class III Medium volumetricshrinkage (11.4%)** Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 71.4MPa; Compressivestrength - 18.3 MPa;Hardness - 4.88 KN;Toughness - 28.5 Joule/Specimen)* * Sawing Class I Easy* * Drying Class I Easy* * Machining Class II Good* * Finishing Class 11 Fair* * Natural Durability Class III Slightly durable* * Treatability Class I Easy to treat** -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS ofFPRDI.6. END-USESFor general construction, furniture and cabinets. Balusters, louvre doors, frames,flooring, knife blocks, paper weights, bowls, cups, trays, pencil holders, boxes,crating, materials and some handles of agricultural implements.7. ILLUSTRATIONTangential Cut81

LNAMES AND-FAMILYOfficial CorninonName j Talisai gubatScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameTenninaliafoetidissima Griff.Talisai-gubatCombretaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONDistributed in primary forests at low and medium altitudes in limited quantitiesin Cagayan, Is;rbela, Bataan, Quezon, Laguna, Palawan, Camarines, Sorsogon,Mindoro, Panay, Surigao, Zamboanga, Davao and Lanao.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree attaining a diameter of 100 cm. and a height of 40 cm. Bole straight,regular, unbuttressed, 12 to 18 meters long.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood yellowish; not sharply marked off from the heartwood, which rangesfrom yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown or dark reddish brown; grain crossed;texture moderately coarse; fairly glossy. Growth rings indistinct; visible to the unaidedeye as narrow belts of relatively dense wood with few vessels. Fibers moderatelydense. Rays of two kinds, uniseriate and multiseriate, 1 to 4 cells narrow; notdistinctly visible to the naked eye; moderately numerous; uniseriate rays built largelyof upright cells; multiseriate rays almost homogenous; apical cells practically thesame in height as the procumbent cells.82

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESTechnological Properties Property Classification Description/RemarksPhysical Properties* * Relative density Class III Medium relative densityCO.547)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class 11 Moderately low volumetric!)hrinkage (10.1 %)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 78.3MPa; Compressivestrength - 36.1 MPa; Shearstrength - 8.50 MPa;Hardness - 4.75 KN;Toughness - 48.7 Joule!Specimen)Sawing Class I Easy to saw* * Drying Class 11 Moderately difficult to dryIMachining Class 11 Good ,/Finishing Class I Good to very goodNatural Durability Class III Slightly durableTreatability Class I Easy to treat** -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I ofITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESFor furniture and cabinet maldng, wallings, poles and piles, rotary-cut veneer,musical instruments, louvre doors, balusters, mouldings, tool handles, window anddoor frames, bowls, pencil holders, newspaper and magazine stands.7. ILLUSTRATION,Tangential Cut83

LNAMESANDFAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily Name .UlaianLithocarpus"llanosii (A.DC.) Rehd.Ulaian (Cagayan); manaring (Isabela); masaring(Nueva Vizcaya); uhip (Zambales); b3IUsang(Bulacan); bayukan, kakana (Rizal); katabang(Bataan and Laguna); lisikan, olayan(Laguna); babaysakan, basakan (Tayabas);tilakod (Albay); umayam (Surigao); ulan(Misamis); uayan (Agusan).Fagaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONOf wide distribution in forests at medium altitudes from Luzon to Mindanao.In the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Palawan, Zamboanga del Norte,Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Davao del N orte, Davao Orientaland Lanao del Sur.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA large tree growing to a height of 20 cm. or more and attaining DBH of 50 cm.or over. Bole slightly bent and twisted, slightly fluted. Buttress low insconspicuous.Branches steeply ascending. Crown far spreading open. Barkgrayish-brown, smoothwith fine, inconspicuous; inner bark reddish-brown, immediately turning dark brownon exposure, brittle. Leaves alternate, oblong-oval, 11-16 cm. long. 5.5-7 cm. wideapex acuminate, base rounded, textures leathery, both leaf surface glabrous, theunderneath with ochre gray blOOD or glaucous.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood not distinct from the heartwood, which is fawn colored, grain slightl ycrossed; texture moderately coarse owing to the presence of large rays; not gIOS,3Ytaste and odor indistinct; very heavy; hard, strong and somewhat hard to split owingto toughness. Bbers dense.84

5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIESI TechIlological Properties Property Classification Descrlpgon/RemarksPhysical PropertiesRelati ve density Class III Medium relative density(0.561)Volumetric shrinkage Class V High volumetricshrinkage (18.0%)Mechanical/StrengthProperties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 63.6MPa; Compressivestrength - 34.5 MPa; Shearstrength - 9.67 MPa;Hardness - 4.76 KN;Toughness - 34.4 Joule/Specimen)Sawing Class III Hard to saw* * Drying Class III Difficult to dry* * Machining Class 11 GoodFinishing No available data No available data* * Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durable* * Treatability Class III Very difficult to treat-** -Data obtained from previous studies on LUS of FPRDI.Data obtained from Phase I of ITTO Project PD 47/88 Rev. 3(1).6. END-USESSuitable for sliced veneer, pulpwood and picker sticks. For general houseco!}.struction; for furniture and cabinets.7. ILLUSTRATIONRadial Cut85

1. NAMES A NI) FAMILYOfficial Common NameScientific NameLocal NamesFamily NameVidal's lanutanHibiscus campylosiphon Turcz. var.glabrescens (Warb. ex Perk.) Borss.Losoban, nusuban, tokulao-blanco(lIocos Norte, lIocos Sur, Abfa,Mountain Province); bitnong (MountainProvince); lanutan (Northern Luzon toBataan); barioan (Pangasinan, NuevaEcija); binatalan (Palawan).Malvaceae2. DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed from Northern to Southern Luzon, southward to Mindoro,and Palawan. Commol}in forested ravines and in secondary forests at low and mediumaltitudes ascending to 1,200 m.3. TREE CHARACTERISTICSA small tree up to 60 cm. in diameter. Trunk generally crooked and short.4. WOOD DESCRIPTIONSapwood narrow (1.5 to 5 cm. thick), light colored sharply marked offfrom heartwood, which is brownish drab or purplish, including intermediate colors;grain crossed; texture moderately fine; fairly glossy; no taste or odor; comparativelylight. Growth rings distinct to the naked eye; arise from dark bands formed duringlate growth, where the vessels are smaller and the woody tissue denser in contrastwith the relatively soft, more porous bands of the early woods. Vessels mostly ingroups of 2 to 3 in chains, evenly distributed; come in contact with the rays mostlyon two sides; perforation plates inclined or horizontal; some vessels have iridescenttyloses. Fibers dense. Ripple marks present, owing to the storied arrangement of therays.86

--Technological Properties Property Classification . Descriptio~emarksPhysical Properties* * R elative density Class 11Moderately high relativedensity (0.69)* * Volumetric shrinkage Class 11 Moderately low volumetric* * Mechanical/Strength \jshrinkage (9.70%)Properties Class 11 Moderately high strength(Bending strength - 65.9I87Tangential Cut7. ILLUSTRATIONFor posts, beams, joists and rafters of small houses; tool handles, vehicle shafts,singletrees, gunstocks, backs and sides of musical instruments (guitars, mandolins,etc.), furniture and cabinet works.6. END-USES- MPa; Compressivestrength - 21. 2 MPa; Shearstrength - 12.2 MPa;Hardness - 3.8 KN;Toughness - 28.5 Joule/Specimen)Sawing No availabre data No available data* * Drying Class I Easy* * Machining Class III Fair* * Finishing Class 11 Fair* * Natural Durability Class 11 Moderately durableTreatability No available data No available data** -Data obtained from previous studies of FPRDI.5. TECHNOWGICALPROPERTIES

MANUAL ON THE PROPERTIES AND USES OF LESSER ... - ITTO

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