Abstract Book - 3rd International Symposium on Medicinal Plants ...

The 3 rd <strong>International</strong> 

<strong>Symposium</strong> on Medicinal 

Plants, 

Their Cultivation and 

Aspects of Uses 

BeitZaman Hotel & Resort 

Petra - Jordan 

November 21-23/ 2012 

<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Book</strong>

Sponsors 

http://www.mohammadasfour.com

المملكت األردنيت الهاشميت 

رقم اإليداع لدي دائزة المكتبت الىطنيت 

) 2012/10/4010( 

‏)ردمك ) 978-9957-31-012-7 ISBN 

يتحمل المؤلف كامل المسؤوليت القانىنيت عن محتىي مصنفه و ال يعبز هذا المصنف 

عن رأي دائزة المكتبت الىطنيت أو أي جهت حكىميت أخزي

THE 3 rd INTERNATIONAL 

SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICINAL PLANTS, 

THEIR CULTIVATION AND ASPECTS OF USES 

BeitZaman Hotel & Resort 

Petra - Jordan 

November 21-23/ 2012 

<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Book</strong> 

Chairman: 

Dr. Mohammad Abu Darwish 

Al-Balqa' Applied University 

Chief in Editor: Dr. Mohammad Abu Darwish 


Editors: 

Ziad H.M. Abu-Dieyeh 

Dr. Ezz Al-Dein Al-Ramamneh 

المحررون:‏ 

د.‏ محمد سند أبو درويش 

م.‏ زياد حمدان محمود أبو دية 

د.‏ عز الدين محمد الرمامنة

Welcome 

Dear Participants, 

It is a great pleasure to welcome you on my own behalf, and on behalf 

of steering, and scientific committees of The 3 rd <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> 

on Medicinal Plants, Their Cultivation and Aspects of Uses, as you are 

meeting here in the Red–Rose city of Petra; which is famous with its 

history and civilization. A city that was a commercial as well as a cultural 

center where caravans met to continue their ways from east to west. 

Today, we are here again for the third time, to meet these elite 

scientists and researchers, from different countries of the world. They 

came from famous universities, institutes, and research centers to 

present their result's researches in an old-renewable science (Plant 

Science). A science in which agriculture, pharmacy, medicine, and biology 

have interfered. By this, we confirm that humans and humanity are 

linked to the nature, craving to return to it, conserving it too. We also 

confirm that our scientific research will continue, deeping into the 

knowledge of medicinal plants -been cultivated, harvested, used, and 

studied in the laboratory- until being manufactured to various forms. It 

will be away to modernize the originality, and to originate the modernity. 

This conference will deal with your various, scientific researches in 

medicinal plants in the following main topics: Using medicinal plants and 

their extracts in the pharmacological activities, Ethno-pharmacological 

studies, Using medicinal plants as food additives in food recipes, Quality 

control and standardization of its products, Their conventional and 

organic cultivation and Impact of cultivation on their biodiversity, Climate 

change and ethno-botanical sources, Ethno-veterinary and animal 

nutrition practices of medicinal plants, Using of their extracts as parts 

of integrated pest management programs, New approaches in bio-fuel 

production and their industrial utilization. 

Outstanding eleven Keynotes speakers, who came from prestigious 

scientific institutes, will talk to us in order to enrich our conference with 

researches through their long–year's scientific research. This conference 

will create a great opportunity to communicate between participants; it is 

also a chance to exchange ideas and experiences, however, this chance 

will ease their future communication in order to hold new prospects of 

scientific co-operation. 

i

This conference is a result of your participation, and the effort of 

members of steering, scientific, and executive committees. Not only this, 

it is also a result of partnership with public and private Jordanian as well 

as foreign institutions that contributed to success of the conference, 

like: Scientific Research Support Fund, Petra Development and Tourism 

Region Authority, The Housing Bank for Trade & Finance, DELASS for 

Natural Products, Jordan River Foundation, Aqaba <strong>International</strong> 

Laboratories (Ben Hayyan), VAPCO Company for Veterinary Medicines, 

Baraka Farms, Arab Federation of MAP, Pharmacognosy Communications, 

Ministry of Agriculture, Jordan TV, Ro'ya TV, Nature Middle East and 

Asfour Company. All thanks and appreciation is extended for you and 

them. 

I would like to extend my thanks to the Presidency of Al- Balqa Applied 

University represented by its president Professor Nabil Shawagfeh for 

supporting this conference. Once again, I welcome you in the Hashemite 

Kingdom of Jordan. A country full of love, goodness and peace. 

We wish you all a fruitful meeting. 

Dr. Mohammad Sanad Abu Darwish 


Chairman of the <strong>Symposium</strong> 

ii

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 

- Mohammad Sanad Abu-Darwish (Chairman)/Al-Balqa' Applied University, Jordan 

- Alain Meybeck / AM Phyto-Conseil, France 

- Geoffrey A. Cordell / Natural Products Inc.,Evanston.IL.USA 

- Carlos Garbisu / Neiker-Tecnalia,Spain 

- Hao Feng/University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.USA 

- Caroline Weckerle / University of Zurich, Switzerland 

- Ivan Salamon/Presov University, Slovakia 

- Judit Hohmann /University of Szeged,Hungary 

- Kyslychenko V.C. / National University of Pharmacy, Ukraine 

- David Draper Munt / Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,Spain 

- Lígia Salgueiro/University de Coimbra, Portugal 

- Fatma Afifi /Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan,Jordan 

- Mohammed Hmamouchi / AFAMP, Morocco 

- Khulood Al Samararrae/ Al Nahrain University,Iraq 

- Rudolf Bauer / University of Graz, Austria 

- Nasri Haddad /ICARDA,Jordan 

- Wade Yang/University of Florida, USA 

- Mohamed Rashwan Abdel-Aal/ Assiut University ,Egypt. 

- Talal Ahmad Aburjai / Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan , Jordan 

- Abu-Dieyeh, Ziad H. M. / Al-Balqa' Applied University, Jordan 

- Bochra Laribi /National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Tunisia 

- Abdelrahman Tawaha /Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan 

- Bayan Abdulhaq / Amman Arab University , Jordan 

- Ezz Al-Dein Al-Ramamneh /Al-Balqa' Applied University, Jordan 

- Faisal Awawdah / NCARE, Jordan 

- Hashem Taha / Delass Natural Products, Jordan 

- Kamal Khairallh/ Freelancer, Jordan 

- Majed Hasanat / PDTRA, Jordan 

- Mohammad Shahbaz / NCRD & IUCN, Jordan 

- Taha M. Rababah/Jordan University of Science&Technology,Jordan 

- Nemer Hadadin / Ministry of Agriculture, Jordan 

- Oraib Nawash/ Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan 

- Tariq Abo-Taleb/ Royal Botanic Garden, Jordan 

- Muhammad H. Aludatt / JUST, Jordan 

- Anwar Elhalah / Jordan River Foundation, JRF, Jordan 

- Sobhia Saifan/ NCARE, Jordan 

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 

Honorary Chairman: Prof. Dr. Nabil Shawagfeh 

Mohammad Sanad Abu-Darwish (Chairman) 

Abu-Dieyeh, Ziad H.M. 

AbedAlrzaq Shqirate 

Ahmad Al-Fraihat 

Ashraf Al-Shaer 

Eitaf Rawashdeh 

Ezz Al-Dein Al-Ramamneh 

Khaled Al-Habahbeh 

Odeh Murad 

Omar Al-Bdoor 

Saddam Al-Dalain 

Sati Al-Dalain 

Talib Al-Mseidein 

Ziad Al-Rawashdeh 

iii

EXCUTIVE COMMITTEE 

Chairman: Ziad H. M. Abu-Dieyeh 

AbedAlrzaq Shqirate 

Afaf Rafaye'ah 

Ahmad Bdawi Rafaye'ah 

Aman Awadat 

Doa'a Habahbeh 

Ezdehar Shu'aibat 

Hassaan Osofi 

Heyam Shqirate 

Khaleel Bdour 

Majeda Aghawani 

Mohammad A. Bdour 

Mohammad H. Bdour 

Mohammad R. Shqirate 

Moneer Shqirate 

Nora Hwartheh 

Rakan Nasarat 

Saleh Bdour 

Somya Shkhibi 

Talib Mseidein 

Adel Marahleh 

Ahmad Abbas 

Ali Tawara 

Bader Tawara 

Ekhlas Dhayat 

Fawaz Rafaye'ah 

Haya Rafaye'ah 

Khaled Habahbeh 

Majed Hasanat 

Marwan Habahbeh 

Mohammad A. Rafaye'ah 

Mohammad Khliefat 

Mohammad T. Bdour 

Nedal Bdour 

Odeh Murad 

Reem Khoshman 

Sohilah AboDarweesh 

Tahani Bdour 

TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT 

Ekhlas Dhayat , Ezdihar Al-Shu'aibat , Tahani Bdour 

iv

INVITED SPEAKERS 

Prof. Dr. Alain Meybeck / AM Phyto-Conseil, France 

Prof. Dr. Fatma Afifi / University of Jordan, Jordan 

Prof. Dr. Judit Hohmann / University of Szeged, Hungary 

Prof. Dr. Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff / University Pretoria 

Prof. Dr. Inteaz Alli / McGill University, Canada 

Prof. Dr. Lyoussi Badiaa / University of Fez, Morocco 

Dr. Matthias Lorenz / Phyto consult, Germany 

Prof. Dr. Mohammed Hmamouchi / Arab Federation of MAP, Morocco 

Prof. Dr. Rudolf Bauer / University of Graz, Austria 

Dr. Caroline Weckerle / University of Zurich 

Prof. Dr. Viljoen A. M. / Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa 

v

The 3 rd <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Medicinal Plants, their Cultivation and Aspects of Uses 

Topic (1): Pharmacological Activities of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts 

1.1 Evaluation of the Volatile Oil Composition and Antiproliferative Activity 

of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) on Breast Cancer Cell Line Models 

Abu-Dahab, R., Kasabri, V., and Afifi, F. 

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Volatile oil composition and antiproliferative activity of Laurus nobilis fruits and leaves 

grown in Jordan were under investigation. Volatile oil obtained by hydro-distillation was identified 

by GC-MS. Crude ethanol and other solvent extracts were prepared and antiproliferative activity 

was assayed using sulphorhodamine B assay against breast cancer cell models (MCF7 and 

T47D). Periodontal fibroblasts were used as a model for healthy cells. GC-MS analysis of the 

essential oil of the fruits resulted in the identification of forty five components representing 99.17 % 

of the total oil content while the leaf essential oil yielded 37 compounds representing 93.1% of the 

total oil content. Oxygenated monoterpene 1,8 cineol was the main component in the fruit 

(29.82%) and leaf (36.83%) oils. The ethanol extract of the fruits exhibited prominent 

antiproliferative activity with an IC 50 of 12.32 µg/ml for T47D cell line and 27.96 µg/ml for MCF7 

cells, while the IC 50 values of the leaves were higher (48.20 µg/ml for MCF7 and 19.77 µg/ml for 

T47D cells). Least activity was observed with the oils. In an attempt to study the safety of these 

extracts, the antiproliferative activity of the crude ethanol extract was tested against normal freshly 

excised human periodontal cells. In those, and after 72 hours incubation, the IC 50 values for both 

parts were higher than that determined against the cancer cell lines; (81.34 µg/ml for the fruits and 

41.79 µg/ml for the leaves). Ethanol extracts of Laurus nobilis have been proven to have 

antiproliferative activity specifically against breast cancer cell lines, further investigations are run to 

better understand the mechanism of this activity and to identify the molecule/s responsible for this 

action. 

Key words: Hydro-distillation, leaf essential oil, volatile oil, Laurus nobilis. 

1.2 Real -Time Xcelligence Impedance Analysis of the Cytotoxicity of Plant 

Extracts on Human Cell Line 

Adamska A., Hering A., Stefanowicz – Hajduk J., Bartoszewski R., and 

Ochocka J. Renata 

Depart. of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Although progress had been made in anticancer drugs development, cancer is still 

one of main causes of death worldwide. Thus, the search for novel cytotoxic agents continues to 

be important in the advancement of modern anticancer drugs. The use of plant-derived 

compounds as anticancer agents contributed to establishing of several important drugs currently 

used in chemotherapy. The structural diversity of plant compounds and their bioactivity potential, 

makes them very promising source of novel anticancer agents. Therefore, it is necessary to 

develop reliable and fast methods to analyze the cytotoxicity of plant extracts in in vitro human cell 

cultures. This study objective was to investigate cytotoxicity of extracts from: Paris quadrifolia, 

Cyclopia sp. and Nigella sativa in HeLa and HaCaT cell lines, using the real time and label free 

Roche xCELLigence system. The system consist of the electrical impedance cell sensor array 

integrated into the bottom of cell culture microtiter plates (E-plates) which provides continuous, 

quantitative information about the biological status of attached cells. Impedance measurements 

are displayed as Cell Index (CI) values that correspond to cell number and cell viability. Briefly, 

xCELLigence cell index impedance measurements were performed according to the instructions of 

the supplier. After seeding 20 000 cells per well of the E-plate, cell proliferation was monitored 

every 15 min for a period of up to 48 h by the xCELLigence system. For each extract, following 

proliferation real time analysis, we determined, base on dose response curves, the half maximal 

inhibitory concentration (IC50) as well as the time range of the cytotoxic activity. Vinblastine was 

used as a positive control. Our data showed that the xCELLigence system can be successfully 

used for dynamic and rapid monitoring of cellular viability and therefore is a suitable tool for testing 

toxicity of plant extracts against human cell lines. 

Key words: Analysis, cytotoxicity, human cell, plant extract, xcelligence impedance. 

1

1.3 Antioxidant Activity of Thapsia garganica Leaves and Roots Extracts 

Adrar Sabah and Bedjou Fatiha 

Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Faculty of science, University Bejaia – Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The antioxidants play a basic role in the elimination of the toxic reactive oxygen 

species excess at the origin of various degenerative diseases. Thus, the exploitation of natural 

plant molecules will be very beneficial for the human health. Therefore, we were interested by the 

evaluation of the anti-radical activity of the phenolic compounds extracted from our local medicinal 

plant, Thapsia garganica, and that by doing two types of manipulations, of course, after getting the 

different plant leaves and roots extracts. First, we quantified the phenolic compounds amounts 

(total phenolics and flavonoids), in order to make a qualitative and a quantitative assessment. 

Then, we realized the DPPH scavenging activity assay. The experimental results showed that 

plant extracts were low in phenolic compounds. However, methanolic and ethanolic leaves 

extracts exhibited a high DPPH scavenging activity, 91,92% and 79.60% respectively, unlike the 

roots extracts. These observations lead us toward more studies in this field, so that we get more 

benefits from our local medicinal plants. 

Key words: Antioxidants, roots extracts, phenolic, Thapsia garganica. 

1.4 In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Some Plant Extracts Against 

Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E . coli 

Agbaria Sahar, Mahajna Shahinaz, Basheer A. and Masalha Mahmud 

Al-Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academic Collage, Baga Algharbiya 30100,Israle. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Today we are witnessing a significant increase of bacterial resistance to a wide range 

of antibiotics reported worldwide. This has prompted intensive efforts to search for new antibiotics 

as well as for valuable antibacterial plants agents to be used for the treatment of infection 

diseases. Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine as remedies for all kinds of 

human diseases. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of selected medical plant extracts – 

Eucalyptus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia dominica, Salvia fruticosa triloba, Saponaria, Melissa 

officinalis, Platanus orientalis, Melilotus sulcatus, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Centaurea 

cyanoides and Asphodelus ramosus- against strains of Staphylococcus aureus SH1000, 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATTC 9027 and E. coli ATTC 8739 .Twelve dried plants where 

extracted with 50 % ethanol in water. Extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity 

against Staphylococcus aureus SH1000, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATTC 9027 and E. coli ATTC 

8739. The MICs and MBC of the different plants extract were obtained using broth microdillution 

assay. Our ongoing study shows remarkable efficacy of some of the selected plants against S. 

aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .The MIC value for all tested plant extracts ranged 

from 0.006 to 1.37 mg/ml for S.aureus, 0.13 to 3.09 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 0.06 

to 5.05mg/ml for E. coli. The MBC value for all tested plant extracts ranged from 0.05 mg/ml to 3.3 

mg/ml for S. aureus and 0.825 mg/ml to 5.4 mg/ml for Pseudomonas arugonisa. In addition results 

show that Gram-positive S. aureus was more susceptible to all extract tested compared with other 

bacteria strains. Our results show that several medicinal plants used in our study provide 

promising sources of potential antibacterial activity. These extracts will now be used for further 

study to verify synergism with various antibiotics. 

Key words: E. coli, medicinal plants, extracts, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. 

2

1.5 The Effect of Nigella sativa Aqueous Extract on Blood Urea 

Concentration in Induced Uremic Rats 

Al -Soub Razan 

Faculty of Science ,Biology Department ,Mu'tah University, Karak ,Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Nigella sativa is annual flowering plant, native to south and southwest Asia. The seed 

of N.Sativa is used as a spice and in traditional medicine. N. sativa aqueous extract was studied 

on rats with induced- renal failure .Our results showed that N.sativa aqueous extract decreased 

the plasma urea concentration to 60% which have standard deviation below uremic control. This 

study indicates that Nigella sativa aqueous extract has a antiuremic effect during in vivo study. 

Key words: Aqueous extract, blood urea, concentration, Nigella sativa, uremic rats. 

1.6 Antioxidant Activity of Eight Libyan Medicinal Plants Extracted Using the 

Microwave Technique 

Alsabri Sami 1 , Zetrini Abdulmottaleb 1 , Mohamed S 1 ., Rmeli N. 2 and Gbaj 

Abdul Fatah 1, 2 

1 National Medical Research Center, Zawia, Libya. 2 Tripoli University, Faculty of pharmacy, 

Department of Natural Products, Tripoli, Libya. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Natural products perform various functions, and many of them exhibited interesting 

and useful biological activities. There are more than hundred species that are used by local people 

in folk medicine for medicinal purposes in Libya. The antioxidants are playing an important role 

against diseases caused by oxidant damage. The term „„antioxidants‟‟ refers to compounds that 

can inhibit the oxidation of lipids or other molecules by inhibiting the initiation of oxidative chain 

reaction. Researchers are increasingly paying their attention to natural products looking for new 

leads to develop better drugs against cancer. In this study eight libyan medicinal plants belonging 

to different families were studied for their antioxidant activities. The plants were collected from Elgabel 

Elakdar (Elbayda) and El-gabel El- gharbi (Gharian), Libya during Spring season (2010), 

and sent to herbarium of Botany department Faculty of Sciences, Tripoli University, Tripoli-Libya 

for plant identification. The plants were extracted successively by using microwave method with 

three different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol). The three extracts of each plant 

were in vitro evaluated for their anti oxidant. 2,2, Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical 

scavenging method was adopted for the test using quercetin and ascorbic acid as positive 

controls. Among twenty four crude extracts, the methanolic extract of Arbutus Pavarii was the 

most active with an IC 50 value of 4.55±1.90 μg/ml followed by Cistus Parviflorus, Globularia 

Arabica, Cistus Incanus, Quercus Coccifera and ethyl acetate extract of Arbutus Pavarii with IC 50 

values of 4.75±3.25, 7.65±1.40, 17.75±6.55, 18.65±3.80 and 21.55±9.05 μg/ml, respectively, 

showed a very strong antioxidant activity. While the methanolic extracts of Rhamnus Alaternus, 

Helianthemum Lippii and Capparis Spinosa, and the ethyl acetate extracts of Quercus Coccifera, 

Globularia Arabica and Capparis Spinosa with an IC 50 values of 40.7±3.80, 45.2±10.40, 

57.75±12.15, 63.75±26.65, 74.75±55.25 and 94.4±8.20 μg/ml, respectively, exhibited a moderate 

antioxidant activity. The n-hexane extracts of Rhamnus Alaternus, Cistus Incanus, Cistus 

Parviflorus and Helianthemum Lippii showed a poor antioxidants activities with IC 50 more than 

200 µg/ml when compared with quercetin and ascorbic acid (IC 50 3.35± 2.3 µg/ml and 15.35±3.2 

µg/ml, respectively). Some Libyan medicinal plants can be considered as good sources of natural 

antioxidants since their extracts were found to possess high antioxidant activity, which can be 

used against different types of tumours caused by oxidant damage. Most of the extracts that 

exhibited the strong activities were methanolic extracts (relatively polar), while those that showed 

moderate activities were ethyl acetate extracts (semi polar). All of the non-polar extracts (nhexane) 

did not show any antioxidant activity. In fact this reveals that most antioxidant compounds 

from plants are polyphenolic compounds, where can be extracted with polar and semi polar 

solvents. 

Key words: Antioxidant, extract, medicinal Plants, microwave technique. 

3

1.7 High Inhibition Effect on Lipid Peroxydation by Phenolic Extracts from 

Some Local Medicinal Plants 

Amar DJERIDANE, Nourelhouda RENANE and Mohamed YOUSFI 

Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Univ. Amar Telidji. PB 37 G, 03000, Laghouat- Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of extract and solvent-solvent partition 

fractions from the aerial parts of four medicinal plants were evaluated. Ariel parts of Asteriscus 

pygmaeus, Hammada elegans, Plantago ciliate and Thymelia microphylla were extracted with 

gradient polarity of different solvents. The extracts were then extracted by liquid-liquid partition 

with different organic solvents to obtain sixteen fractions. Next, the phenolic content of all these 

fractions were analysed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and their inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic 

acid and sunflower oil were evaluated by lipid peroxideammonium thiocyanate method. The total 

phenolic content of the different Hammada elegans fraction varied from 0.045 to 0.0714 mg/g dry 

weight, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Whereas, the percentage inhibition of 

peroxidation of linoleic acid and sunflower oil was found to be higher in methanolic fraction, it was 

comparable to α-tocopherol, trolox, BHT and BHA. In this study, a direct relationship between the 

total phenolic content with inhibitory activity towards lipid peroxidation was observed. This 

indicates that phenolics are the main contributors for the observed antioxidant activities for 

different plants extracts. These results, suggest that the level of antioxidant activity in these plants 

varies to a great extent. They also suggest that phenolics in these plants provide substantial 

antioxidants. Upon achievement of this survey, and using more samples, extra benefits of these 

medicinal plants may be completed. Flora of Algeria appears to be a rich and interesting source for 

supplementary ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies. 

Key words: Hammada elegans, lipid peroxidation, phenolics, medidinal plants. 

1.8 Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Fraxinus excelsior Extract 

ARRAR Lekhmici 1 , AMAMRA Samra 1 , ZERROUG Mohammed Mihoub 2 , 

BELHADDAD Oum Elkheir 1 , CHAREF Noureddine 1 , KHENNOUF Seddik 3 , 

NICKLIN Jane 4 and BAGHIANI Abderrahmane 1 

1 Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, University Ferhat Abbas, 

Setif. 2 Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, University Ferhat 

Abbas, Setif. 3 Laboratory of Phytotherapy applied to Chronic diseases, Faculty of Nature and Life 

Science, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria. 4 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 

Birkbeck College, University of London, UK. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal preparations derived from natural sources, especially from plants, have 

been in widespread use since time immemorial. In this study, oil extract of Fraxinus excelsior was 

tested to evaluate its antioxidant effects and antimicrobial activity against twelve bacteria and three 

phytopathogenic fungi. The results showed that the oil (petroleum ether) extract contained 

moderate amount of polyphenols and flavonoids. DPPH test showed an EC 50 of 3722.5 ± 72.84 

μg/ml. Using beta carotene/linoleic acid method, the oil extract of F. excelsior inhibits the lipid 

peroxidation with an IC 50 of 70 % after 24 h which is a good effect. On the other hand petroleum 

ether extract inhibited the growth of the tested microorganisms with different zones of inhibition 

from 8 mm to 15 mm except for Lysteria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and the 

bacteria isolated form human samples. The antimicrobial effect of this extract varied with 

microorganism's species and its own concentration. Thus at the 12.5 mg/ml, an inhibition diameter 

of 14 mm was recorded with Ascochyta rabiei and Fusarium solani f. sp. coeruleum and Fusarium 

oxysporum f. sp. albedinis but only 8.7 mm for Candida albicans even at extract concentration of 

25 mg/ml. The same phenomenon was observed with the antibacterial activity. A zone of inhibition 

of 8 mm was observed with Staphylococcus aureus using the extract at 50 mg/ml. The 

concentration of 25 mg/ml gave inhibition zones of of 10 mm, 9.3 mm and 8.5 for Enterococcus 

faecalis, Acinetobacter baumanii and Salmonella typhimurium respectively. The 12.5 mg/ml 

inhibited the growth of E. coli with 9.3 mm. At the 6.25 mg/ml, inhibition zones of 15 mm and 8 mm 

was obtained for Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. 

Key words: Antibacterial, anti-fungal effects, antioxidant, Fraxinus, petroleum ether extract. 

4

1.9 Preventive and Curative Effect of the Methanolic Extract of Ajuga iva on 

Collagen Induced Arthritis in Rats 

ARRAR Lekhmici 1 , DIAFET Abdelwahab 2 , CHAREF Noureddine 1 , 

KHENNOUF Seddik 3 and BAGHIANI Abderrahmane 1 


Setif. 2 Department of Biology, University Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj. 3 Laboratory of 

Phytotherapy applied to Chronic diseases, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, University Ferhat 

Abbas, Setif, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The use of medicinal plants is now the form of medicine most widely around the world. 

Rheumatoid arthritis affects 1% of the adult population, and has a significant impact on physical 

functioning and social life of patients. In rats, induction of arthritis by collagen II causes alterations 

of synovial joints similar to patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In this work the collagen induced 

arthritis model is used to evaluate the anti-arthritic effect of Ajuga iva methanolic extract. Arthritis 

was induced by collagen emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. Arthritic rats were treated 

orally with the methanolic extract of Ajuga iva. For preventive effect 30 and 60 mg / kg of body 

weight, were given daily from the first day of immunization for 21 days. For the cure, 100 

and 150mg/kg of body weight were daily administrated for a period of 21 days after onset of signs 

of arthritis. Changes in body weight, swelling of the legs, level of protein C, sedimentation rate, 

and the histopathological status of articulation were evaluated as markers of inflammation 

associated with arthritis. In preventive treatment of rats, methanolic extract of A. Iva inhibited 

significantly the markers of inflammation and arthritis in comparison with the positive control rats 

(arthritic rats). Ajuga iva methanolic extract, in the curative treatment, reduced significantly the 

swelling of legs and other parameters of inflammation such as CRP, ESR and leukocytes. 

Histopathological examination showed reduced erosion and destruction of bone. The results of our 

study show that the methanolic extract of A. iva plays an effective role in the prevention and 

treatment against collagen induced arthritis. The way by which the components contained 

in this extract act to prevent or to reduce the inflammation is not clear but it may 

be due to their inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. 

Key words: Ajuga iva, anti-arthritic effects, collagen induced arthritis, methanolic 

extracts. 

1.10 Antioxidants as Therapeutic Targets for Cardiovascular Health 

Badiaa Lyoussi 

Laboratory physiology-Pharmacology & Environmental Health University Sidi Mohamed Ben 

Abdallah, Fez, Morocco 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: It is generally believed that diseases caused by oxidative stress should be treated 

with antioxidants. Numerous natural products containing iron binding agents can be essential in 

the maintenance of human health. Treatment with antioxidants has been suggested to lower 

oxidative stress and therefore blood pressure. So many therapeutical strategies have been tested 

in animal and human to prevent the occurrence of these oxidative diseases. They use nutritional 

improvement of antioxidant capacities, plant or chemical antioxidants. Chemists designed various 

new molecules chelating iron, scavenging free radicals or catalysing destruction by miming the 

activity of antioxidant enzymes. But new ways of research have to be now explored to create more 

specific and tissue targeted molecules able to regulate the intracellular level and not only to 

destroy oxygen radicals. Polyphenolic compounds in plants exert cardioprotective effects linked to 

their free radical scavenging. Therefore the importance of searching for and exploiting natural 

antioxidants, especially of plant origin, has increased greatly in recent years. Plant and plant 

5

products are being used as a source of medicine since long. The medicinal properties of plants 

have been investigated in the recent scientific developments throughout the world, due to their 

potent antioxidant activities, no side effects and economic viability. Flavonoids and phenolic 

compounds which are widely distributed in plants have been reported to exert multiple biological 

effect, including antioxidant, free radical scavenging abilities, anti-inflammatory,… etc. Numerous 

studies indicate that regular intake of polyphenol-rich beverages (Tea) and foods (Chocolate, Fruit, 

and Vegetables) is associated with a protective effect on the cardiovascular system . Experimental 

and clinical studies have also indicated that chronic intake of several polyphenol-rich natural 

products is able to improve endothelial dysfunction and to decrease vascular oxidative stress 

associated with major cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Experiments from our 

laboratory with isolated arteries have shown that polyphenols cause nitric oxide (NO)-mediated 

endothelium-dependent relaxations and increase the endothelial formation of NO. Thus, these 

experimental and clinical studies highlight the potential of polyphenol-rich sources to provide 

vascular protection in health and disease. There is a growing interest in the food industry and in 

preventive health care in the development and evaluation of natural antioxidants from plant 

materials. Some plants contain considerable amount of polyphenolic substances, which have been 

reported to have antioxidant activity. These polyphenolic substances are also known as 

proanthocyanidins (also referred to as procyanidisns) are one of the most beneficial groups of 

plant flavonoids. 

Key words: Antioxidant, free radicals, hypertension, Natural products, stress. 

1.11 Evaluation of Combination Effect of Stilbenoid from Shorea gibbosa 

with Vancomycin Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus 

(MRSA) 

Basri Dayang Fredalina 1 , Azmi Abdul Muin 1 , Chan Kin Luoi 1 and Latip 

Jalifah 2 

1 School of Diagnostic & Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti 

Kebangsaan Malaysia. 2 Centre Of Chemical Science & Food Technology, Faculty of Science & 

Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Stilbenoids have high potential in natural product research and pharmaceutical 

industry. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of various stilbenoids from Shorea 

gibbosa combined with vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 

A total of nine stibenoid compounds, 5 stilbenoid dimers; Ɛ-viniferin, ampelopsin A, balanocarpol, 

laevifonol and diptoindonesin G and 4 stilbenoid trimers; α-viniferin, johorenol A, ampelopsin E 

and vaticanol G were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against two strains of MRSA; ATCC 

33591 and Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM) clinical isolate. Minimum inhibitory 

concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for each active compounds 

were determined using serial broth microdilution and plate streaking technique. Combination effect 

of stilbenoids with vancomycin against MRSA was evaluated using checkerboard assay to 

determine their fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index values. The MIC value of α-viniferin 

on both MRSA strains was 0.1 mg/ml whereas the MIC value of johorenol A on ATCC 33591 and 

HUKM strain was 0.1 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. On the other hand, the MIC values of 

ampelopsin E and vaticanol G were higher than 0.4 mg/ml. Out of five stilbenoid dimers tested, 

only Ɛ-viniferin was capable of inhibiting the growth of both MRSA strains at MIC value 0.4 mg/ml. 

The MBC value of Ɛ-viniferin showed bacteriostatic action against MRSA. The result of MBC 

determination also showed that α-viniferin and johorenol A were bacteriostatic. Using 

checkerboard assay, the FIC index value of Ɛ-viniferin in combination with vancomycin showed 

the additive effect which was 0.5625. The combination effect of α-viniferin and vancomycin on both 

MRSA strains and johorenol A-vancomycin combination against HUKM strain were also additive 

(0.5< FIV ≤2.0). Only the combination effect of johorenol A and vancomycin against ATCC 33591 

was synergistic (FIC

Key words: Antibacteria, growth, Shorea gibbosa, Stilbenoids. 

1.12 Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Essential Oils of Mentha pulegium and 

Rosmarinus officinalis 

Bedjou fatiha, Tamendjari lynda, and Touati naima 

Laboratoire de biotechnologie végétale et d’ethnobotanique,faculté des sciences de la 

nature,université de Béjaia, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Mentha pulegium and Rosmarinus officinalis belong to Lamiaceae family. Their 

multiple pharmacological properties have been known since the antiquity. These aromatic plants 

are commonly used by Algerian population for treating several diseases. In our study we have 

extracted essential oils of these two plants by the method of hydrodistillation and have tested them 

in vivo on mousse (Mus musculus) to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effect. The results showed 

that the yield of extraction is higher in the case of Mentha pulegium, compared to Rosmarinus 

officinalis and the essential oil of Mentha pulegium is more efficient than that of Rosmarinus 

officinalis. The disappearance of oedema provoked by carragenine was obtained at 90 min for 

Mentha pulegium used at 4%, and at 120 min for the same oil used at 2%. Rosmarinus officinalis 

essential oil was less efficient. The disappearance of oedema was obtained at 120 min for the 

concentration of 4% , and at 150 min for the concentration of 2%. For the control disappearance of 

oedema was obtained at 240 min. CPG analysis of the two essential oils showed that the major 

components are: the pulegone and the alpha pinene for Mentha pulegium and the linalol and the 

p-cymene for Rosmarinus officinalis.The presence of terpens in these oils explain their antiinflammatory 

effect. 

Key words: Inflammatory, Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis , terpens. 

1.13 Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols Extracted from 

the Leaves of Citrus limon Harvested Near Algiers 

BELGUENDOUZ, R 1 ., ASFOUR F 1 ., MEDDAHI, H 1 ., BICHE, M 2 .,and 

HOUMANI, Z. 3 

1,3 Laboratory for Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, University Sâad Dahlab, Blida. 

2 Laboratory of Zoology, National College of Agricultural Sciences in Algiers. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The use of medicinal plants and their products is gaining more interest worldwide, 

especially by companies fundamentally oriented research of healthy living and a return to nature. 

The plant is the best source of biologically active molecules with therapeutic properties. These 

molecules serve as sources for the formulation of new drugs with negligible side effects. 

Polyphenols are molecules with antioxidant and stimulant of microorganisms; they participate in 

the fight against microbial diseases and free radicals which are responsible for many 

cardiovascular diseases especially in the elderly, athletes and smokers. In this study, we looked at 

Citrus limon. It is extracted by solvents and assayed by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu total 

polyphenols from the leaves, to assess their performance relative to the harvest period, to analyze 

the extracts obtained by HPLC. The results show that the yields of these compounds vary with the 

harvest period. The best yield of total polyphenols was obtained in the month of July (10.50%). 

Chromatographic analyzes (HPLC) showed that the Gallic acid concentration is 8.49 mg / l in 

October (autumn), 5.18 mg / l in July (summer) and 4.31 mg / l in the month of April (spring). 

Sensitivity tests of the extracts obtained during the three harvest periods (April, August) were 

realized on 09 species: of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus 

pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsilla pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, 

Penicelium digitatum and Condida albicans. These tests revealed that only the bacterium 

Staphylococcus aureus showed high sensitivity of the concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 

100% of the extracts obtained from leaves harvested in the month of August and with zones of 

inhibition ranging from 16.33 ± 0.58mm to 9.67 ± 1.58 mm in diameter. These results highlight the 

interest to continue this research to define a model of inhibition of certain microorganisms that 

cause diseases, from extracts of plant origin, particularly the phenolic extracts. 

7

Key words: Anti-microbia, antioxidant, Citrus limon, gallic acid, micro-organisms, polyphenols. 

1.14 Antioxidant Activities in Calycotome villosa L. (Fabacées) from National 

Park of Bou Kornine, Tunisia 

Ben Jemia Mariem 1 , Hamdaoui Ghaith 1 , Bruno Maurizio 2 , Kchouk Mohamed 

Elyes. 1 

1 Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles - Biotechnologic Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, B.P. 

901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia. 2 Department STEMBIO, Sect. of Organic Chemistry, University 

of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d’Orleans II - 90128 Palermo, Italy. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the 

methanolic extracts of Calycotome villosa leaves. Plant material was collected from the National 

Park of Bou Kornine (Tunisia) and fresh plant samples were dried and ground into a fine powder 

and extracted with methanol at room temperature for 30 min. Extracts were kept for 24 h at +4°C, 

then filtered, evaporated under vacuum and stored in sealed vials under N 2 , at +4°C. Antioxidant 

activity was determined by four different methods namely DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid, reducing 

power and metal chelating activity assay. Additionally total phenolic, flavonoid and tannins 

contents of the methanolic extracts have been quantified. Results showed that, Calycotome villosa 

leaves exhibited high phenolic contents, especially total phenols (34, 9 ± 0,01mg GAE g−1 DW) 

and flavonoids (18.99 ±0, 14 mgEC g−1 DW). Extracts exhibit a higher antioxidant activity with β- 

carotene/linoleic acid bleaching test (IC 50 = 29.8±0, 13µg /ml). EC 50 values of reducing power 

activity were 20±1, 13µg/ml. Calycotome villosa may be considered as an interesting source of 

antioxidants. 

Key words: Antioxidant activities, Calycotome villosa L., leaves, polyphenols. 

1.15 Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oil of Artemisia herba alba Asso. 

BENREBIHA F., IFTENE, N., EZZIAT, H., CHAOUIA, C., and BOUCHENAK F. 

Université SAAD DAHLEB, BLIDA, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The white wormwood recognized as forage for Excellence for protein intake and it‟s 

medicinal whether for animal or human capital is a significant. Used for its traditional medicinal use 

and studied in recent years in several countries to determine its chemical compounds in its 

essential oil of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. In our work we started by 

extracting the essential oil by steam distillation of water. The compounds of the essential oil were 

identified by CG/MS. Microbial activity is tested on three bacterial strains (E. coli, K. pneumonia 

and S. aureus). The results of the analysis CG/MS showed that the major compound is camphor. 

Tests of antimicrobial activity revealed that the essential oil of Artemisia white has an inhibitory 

effect on the strains tested. 

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, camphor, E. coli, essential oïl, K. pneumonia, S. aureus. 

1.16 Study of the Antioxidant, Inflammatory, Analgesic Activities, Acute and 

Subacute Toxicity of the Extracts of Thapsia garganica 

BERRI Yasmine, BEDJOU Fatiha and Bougoffa Khalida 

Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie,Département de physico-chimique biologie 

,Université A. Mira Bejaia-Algerie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Thapsia garganica belongs to the family Apiaceae, widespread in the Mediterranean. 

They have several various biological properties which are due to their richness in bioactive 

substances. In this study, our interest has been, the one hand, to the phenolic composition, 

8

educing power and DPPH radical scavenging of methanolic extracts of the three plant parts 

(roots, leaves and flowers). It shows that the roots are richer than the other two parts with total 

phenolic 214.91 mg/100g DW, tracking flowers and leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanins in 

flowers are dominant, while condensed tannins are a majority in the roots. The test of reducing 

power indicates greater activity of the extracts of leaves, knowing that they are quantitatively less 

rich in phenolic compounds. Similarly to the scavenger effect against DPPH radical with IC50 of 

9.98, 10.08 and 19.32 mg/100 ml for the leaves, flowers and roots, respectively. On the other 

hand, acute toxicity tests classify infusions of the three parts of the plant substances in the 

categories of "practically nontoxic" or "relatively safe" with LD 50> 10 g / Kg. The results of 

subacute toxicity at 1 g / Kg showed elevated levels of transaminase "AST" in the three groups 

that received infusions of Thapsia garganica and elevated blood urea in the lots receiving 

preparations from roots and leaves. It also follows that these infusions exert a pro-inflammatory 

and analgesic effect 

Key words: Thapsia garganica methanolic extract, phenolic. 

1.17 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Stability of Morinda citrifollia 

Fruit Extract 

Borisut P 1 ., Tansirikongkol A 1 ., Sucontphunt A 2 ., Chansriniyom C 2 . and 

Nimmannit Ubonthip 2 

1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 

Chulalongkorn University. 2 National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and 

Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present investigation focused on the method of extraction to get the highest 

antioxidant activity of Morinda citrifollia (noni) fruit extract. The chemical stability and safety of noni 

fruit extract were also studied. The noni fruit is a multiple fruit with pungent odor when ripening. 

Noni fruit has been used as medicinal plant from ancient time. Researches on the phytochemical 

constituents and biological activity revealed that compounds in noni are beneficial for skin health. 

The fruit juice was freeze-dried. The residue was further extracted by ethanol, acetone and ethyl 

acetate. All of the extracts were determined their activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 

(DPPH) radical scavenging. The extract which showed highest activity was further partition by 

hexane and ethyl acetate. The IC 50 was determined using DPPH assay. The safety evaluation was 

determined by MTT assay using keratinocyte (HaCaT). The chemical stability was determined by 

HPLC. Extracts were incubated at ambient, 4°C and 40°C for 2, 4 and 6 months and protected 

from light. The active constituents in noni fruit extract which used as a marker was scopoletin. The 

ethanol extraction showed the highest antioxidant activity of 0.24 mg/ml at the first step of 

extraction then it was chosen for further partition by hexane and ethyl acetate. The IC 50 value for 

DPPH assay of ethyl acetate extraction was 0.014 mg/ml. The extract concentration of 1.2 mg/ml 

was reported as same as 100% control cell viability value. For chemical stability determination, the 

scopoletin was detected at 12.9 min using HPLC. The concentration of scopoletin in the ethyl 

acetate extraction showed no significant reduction after incubation at ambient, 4°C and 40°C for 2, 

4 and 6 months. Ethanol was used for extraction of the residue from noni fruit, then hexane and 

ethyl acetate was used for further extraction. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract 

was 0.014 mg/ml. The safety concentration of extract was 1.2 mg/ml. It was stable at ambient 

temperature, 4°C and 40°C protected from light for 6 months. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, fruit extract, Morinda citrifollia, stability. 

9

1.18 Preparation and Characterization of Some Chlorinated 3, 5-Diaryl-2- 

Pyrazolines Analogue of Natural Product as Antimicrobial Agents 

Boufas Sihem 1 and Benmekhbi Lotfi 2 

1 Université 20 Août 1955, Skikda. 2 Université de Msila. Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>:Variously substitued pyrazolines and their derivatives analogue of natural product 

isolated from various medicinal plants are important biological agents and a significant amount of 

research activity has been directed towards this class; their prominent effects are antimicrobial 1 

antifungical antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-tubercular 2 and insecticidal agents. A series of chlorinated 

3, 5-diaryl-2-pyrazolines has been synthesized by the reaction of appropriately substituted 

chlorochalcones (analogue of flavonoids) and phenyl hydrazine in hot acetic acid solution. The 

structures of all compounds have been elucidated by microanalysis and H- and C- NMR 

spectroscopic measurements. The antibacterial activites of the synthesized compounds against 

staphylococcus aures ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 

4352, pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 1539, proteus mirablis, were tested using disk diffusion 

method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Method. All the déterminations tests were 

performed in triplicate and the results were taken as a mean of at least three determinations. The 

tested compounds exhibited different degrees of antibacterial activities or inhibition actions. 

Key words: Antimicrobial agents, characterization, chlorinated 3,5-diaryl-2-pyrazolines analogue, 

natural Product 

1.19 Total Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Santolina 

chamaecyparissus 

Bouriche Hamama, Benbrinis Soumia and Senator Abderrahmane 

Department of biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Currently, efforts have been put to identify natural compounds that can act as suitable 

antioxidants to replace synthetic ones. These naturally occurring antioxidants can be formulated 

as functional foods and nutraceuticals that can help to prevent oxidative damage occurring in the 

body. Herbal products in experimental screening methods are important to establish the active 

component and appropriate plant extracts. In this study, the total polyphenolic and flavonoid 

compounds were determined in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Santolina 

chamaecyparissus by using the Folin-Ciocalteau and colorimetric aluminum chloride methods, 

respectively. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of these extracts was evaluated. The total 

polyphenolic compounds in the aqueous and methanolic extracts were 73.84 µg gallic acid 

equivalents/mg and 105.88 µg gallic acid equivalents/mg, respectively. While, the total flavonoids 

were 12.81 µg quercetin equivalent/mg and 20.99 µg quercetin equivalent/mg, respectively. At 50 

µg/ml, aqueous and methanolic extracts inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation by 64% and 61%, 

respectively. These values are very close to that obtained with the standard antioxidant, BHT. On 

the other hand, the two extracts exhibited good but lower reducing power. Based on the results 

obtained, the extracts from Santolina chamaecyparissus may be valuable natural antioxidant 

sources and are potentially applicable in both medicine and healthy food industry. 

Key words: Antioxidant, extract, flavonoids, nutraceuticals. 

10

1.20 Human Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, Antioxidant, Antihemolytic and 

Antibacterial Activity of Globularia Alypum L. Extracts 

BOUSSOUALIM Naouel 1 , TRABSSA Hayat, AOUACHRIA Sana, BOUMERFEG 

Sabeh, ARRAR Lekhmici, BAGHIANI Abderrahmane. 

1 Laboratory of applied Biochemistry, Department of biochemistry, Faculty of nature and life 

science, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif. Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Xanthine Oxidase (XO) inhibitory effect, 

antioxidant ex-vivo properties, anti-hemolytic and antibacterial activity of Globularia Alypum (GA) 

extracts. GA were submitted to extraction and fractionation to give methanolic extract (CrE), 

chloroformic extract (ChE), ethyle acetate extract (EAE) and aqueous extract (AqE). Total 

polyphenols contents of GA extracts were determined, EAE is the most rich in polyphenols 

(157,74± 5,27 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extracts). GA extracts inhibited XO in a 

concentration-dependent manner. The EAE showed the highest inhibitory effect on the XO activity 

with IC 50 = 0.083 ± 0.001 mg/ml, followed by CrE and ChE. The serum ability to inhibit DPPH 

radical was measured, The CrE was found to exhibit the greatest scavenger activity with 48.41± 

2.763%, followed by AqE and EAE with IC 50 of 40.54± 7.51% and 41.79± 1.654%, respectively. 

Total antioxidant capacity of plasma, and red blood cells were measured, EAE and AqE increase 

significantlly HT 50 (the half hemolysis time) with 149.8± 1.887 and 145.9± 2.103 min, respectively. 

The hemolysis is lagged, indicating that endogenous antioxidants in the erythrocytes can trap 

radicals to protect them against free-radical-induced hemolysis. The antibacterial activity of the 

four subfractions was evaluated by disc diffusion assay against 11 ATCC strains. ChE and EAE 

extracts were the most active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Our results 

showed a great relationship between the polyphenols contents and the activities of different 

fractions of the plant. 

Key words: Antibacterial, Globularia Alypum, hemolysis, polyphenols, Xanthine oxidase. 

1.21 Polyphenols Content and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Inula viscosa 

Boussouf, Lilia 1,2 , Boutennoue, Hanane 1,2 , Madani, Khodir 2 and Kebieche, 

Mohamed 1 

1 Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of Jijel. 2 3BS Laboratory, University of Bejaia- 

Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: There is abundant evidence that a great number of aromatic, spicy, medicinal and other 

plants contain chemical compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties. With this respect a particular 

interest has been given to plant polyphenols. The natural polyphenols have an ideal structure for 

capturing of free radicals and it was found that their antioxidant activity surpasses the effect of 

known antioxidants, such as the vitamins A and E. In this study, methanol extract from Inula 

viscosa was evaluated to investigate its phenols content, and in vitro antioxidant activity using 

three different methods: 1,1- diphenyl 2- picryl-hidrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 

reducing activity of H 2 O 2 and ferric reducing power assay.Total phenolic content was determined 

as gallic acid (GAE) equivalent. Flavonoids and flavonols contents were determined as quercetin 

(QE) equivalents. The obtained results showed that the total phenolic content was 322.48mg GAE/ 

g crud extract (CE). The amount of total flavonoids and flavonols were 105 mg QE/ g CE and 47,5 

mg QE/g CE respectively. The results of the antioxidant activity indicated that Inula viscosa 

recorded a good capacity. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, flavonoids, flavonols, Inula viscosa, phenolic content. 

11

1.22 Eucalyptus globulus: Polyphenols Extraction and Antioxidant Effect 

Boutennoune Hanane 1 , Boussouf Lilia 1 , Madani Khodir 2 and Kebieche 

Mohamed 3 

1 Molecular and Cell Biology Department, University of Jijel-Algeria. 2 BS Laboratory, University of 

Bejaia-Algeria. 3 Phytopharmacology laboratory, University of Jijel-Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: There is abundant evidence that a great number of medicinal plants contain chemical 

compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties. With this respect a particular interest has been given 

to plant polyphenols. The natural polyphenols have an ideal structure for capturing of free radicals 

and it was found that their antioxidant activity surpasses the effect of known antioxidants, such as 

the vitamins A and E. In this study, methanol extract from Eucalyptus globulus was evaluated for 

its phenols content using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and antioxidant activity using different methods: 

1,1- diphenyl 2- picryl-hidrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing activity of H 2 O 2 and 

ferric reducing power assay. The result for total phenols content shows a high content of these 

compounds. An important content of flavonoids and flavonols was also detected. The results of the 

antioxidant activities obtained indicate that, about of measurement method, Eucalyptus globulus 

records a high capacity. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, Eucalyptus globulus, methanol extract, polyphenols. 

1.23 Chemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of 

Pistacia lentiscus L. Harvested in Boumerdes 

CHEBOUTI-MEZIOU N 1 , MERABET A. 1 FARES A 1 , GHEZRAOUI D 1 BISSAAD 

F.Z. 1 and DOUMANDJI S. 2 

1 Department of biology, University of Boumerdes. (U M BB). 2 Nationally School superior agronomy 

(E.N.S.A). Laboratory of Soft Technology Valorization Physical-Chemical Characterization and 

Biodiversit , Algeria . 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Pistacia lentiscus L.family (Anacardiaceae) is an evergreen shrub native to the 

Mediterranean region and Middle East. The leaves of P. lentiscus (mastic tree) P. lentiscus 

samples were collected in October in a forest ecosystem of northeastern Algiers (Khemis 

Elkhechna ).The leaves were air dried in a shadowy place, then ground into powder. The essential 

oil from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus grown in Algeria was obtained by the hydrodistillation 

method, separating the components of the extracts was performed by the method of thin layer 

chromatography (single and two-dimensional polyamide). We conducted microbiological tests on 

gram-positive and gram- negative bacteria, on fungi and yeasts. We noted that the mastic tree oils 

are active against bacteria more than fungi and yeasts. 

Key words: Pistacia lentiscus, essential oil, forest ecosystem, Algeria, bacteria, fungi 

chromatography. 

1.24 GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Petalostigma Extracts: Toxicity, 

Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities 

Cock I.E. 1,2 and Kalt F. R. 1 

1 Environmental Futures Centre & 2 Biomolecular and Phys. Science, Griffith Univ, Brisbane, QLD. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Petalostigma (known locally as quinine tree), an Australian genus of the 

Euphorbiaceae family, has a long history of ethnopharmacological usage in the treatment of sore 

eyes and toothaches, as well as usage as a general antiseptic agent. P. pubescens, and P. 

triloculare solvent extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity and toxicity in vitro 

by disc diffusion assays, MS2 bacteriophage plaque reduction assays and Artemia nauplii 

12

mortality bioassays respectively. The methanol, water and ethyl acetate leaf and fruit extracts of P. 

pubescens, and P. triloculare displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay. The 

methanol and ethyl acetate extracts proved to have the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth 

of 10 of the 14 bacteria tested (71 %) for the leaf extract and 9 of the 14 bacteria tested (64 %) for 

the fruit extracts. The water extracts of the leaf and fruit also had broad spectrum antibacterial 

activity, inhibiting the growth of 8 (57 %) and 7 (50 %) of the 14 bacteria tested respectively. All 

extracts which displayed antibacterial activity were approximately equally effective against Grampositive 

and Gram-negative bacteria, each inhibiting the growth of 50-75% of the Gram-positive 

and Gram-negative bacteria tested. The methanol, water and ethyl acetate extracts also displayed 

antiviral activity in the MS2 plaque reduction assay. The methanol and water extracts inhibited 

26.6 - 49.0 % and 85.4 - 97.2 % of MS2 plaque formation respectively, with the fruit extracts being 

more potent inhibitors. All ethyl acetate extracts inhibited 100 % of MS2 plaque formation. All P. 

pubescens, and P. triloculare extracts were also shown to be non-toxic or of low toxicity in the 

Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Analysis of these extracts by RP-HPLC showed that the P. 

triloculare ethyl acetate fruit extract was the least complex of the bioactive extracts. Subsequent 

analysis of this extract by GC-MS revealed that it contained 9 main compounds: acetic acid; 2,2- 

dimethoxybutane; 4-methyl-1,3-dioxane; decane; unadecane; 2-furanmethanol; 1,2-benzenediol; 

1,2,3-benzenetriol; and benzoic acid. The lack of toxicity of the P. pubescens, and P. triloculare 

extracts and their inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and viruses validate Australian Aboriginal 

usage of Petalostigma species and indicates its medicinal potential. 

Key words: Antibacterial, antiviral extracts, Petalostigma, toxicity. 

1.25 Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Hypoglycemic Activity of Extracts from 

Thymelaea microphylla coss. et dur. 

Dahamna Saliha 1 , Dehimi, Khadidja 1 . Belguet, Assia 1 , Boussahel, Soulef 1 , 

Merghem, Mounira 1 , Rezzagui, Abir 1 and Harzallah, Daoud 2 

1 Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Diseases, Department of Animal Biology and 

Physiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas. 2 Laboratory of Applied 

Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat 

Abbas, Sétif, 19000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Thymelaea microphylla is a medicinal plant with a Saharan affinity, belonging to the 

Mediterranean genus Thymelaea. Two different extracts were prepared from leaves and flowers of 

the plant: aqueous and ethanolic extract. Antioxidant activity was determined using two methods: 

2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and the inhibition of lipid 

peroxidation using the β-carotene / linoleate model system. The antioxidant effects of the extracts 

were compared with those of commercial antioxidants; In this study butylated hydroxytoluene 

(BHT) was used as a positive control. Both extracts had a very low scavenging ability against 

DPPH radical. In the second method, ethanolic extract had a high antioxidant activity 

(RAA=77.86%), in comparison with aqueous extract (RAA=46.40%). In order to investigate the 

antimicrobial activity of extracts, four different bacterial strains were used: Escherichia coli, 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus 

(Gram-positive). The disc diffusion agar method described by Bauer (1966) was used; the results 

suggest that both extracts have no inhibitory effect on studied bacterial strains, except an 

intermediary antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella oxytoca. In this work, we tried to study the 

hypoglycemic activity of the aqueous extract on Albinos Wistar rats. Results indicates that a single 

administration of the aqueous extract from Thymelaea microphylla at a dose of 250mg/Kg body 

weight, caused a very significant decrease in blood glucose level after 120 minutes of 

administration in comparison with control group. 

Key words: Antibacterial, antioxidant, extract, Hypoglycemic, Thymelaea microphylla. 

13

1.26 Antioxidant and Antiulcerogenic Effects of Globularia alypum L. 

Extracts 

Derrafa I., Benchikh Fatima, Amira S., Khennouf S. and Dahamna S. 

Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University 

Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Globularia alypum L. is widely used as a medicinal plant in Algeria. In this context, we 

estimated the antioxidant and anti ulcerogenic activity of various solvent extracts prepared from 

the aerial parts of this plant. The quantitative analysis of plant material reveal that these extracts 

are rich in polyphenolic compounds (41.04 to 136.66 mg EAG/G of extract) for total polyphenols , 

(10 to 15.52 mg ER/G of extract and 5.04 to 6.68 mg EQ/g of extract) for flavonoids and (52.88 to 

164.33 mg ETA / G of extract) for tannins. The evaluation of the scavenging capacity of the 

extracts with respect to DPPH shows that the crude methanolic (CrME), the aqueous (AqF) and 

the ethyl acetate (EaF) extracts were the most active, with an IC 50 of 33.32 , 36.12 and 38.29 

µg/ml respectively. The inhibition of the coupled oxidation of the β-carotene / linoleic acid assay 

showed an important antioxidant activity of 79.10 for CrME, 73.37 for AqF, and 70.17 for the 

chloroformic extract (ChF). The ferrous ion chelating capacity test showed that the crude aqueous 

(CrAE), AqF and CrME extracts were the most active. Oral administration of (100, 300 and 600 

mg/kg) of Globularia alypum L. extracts reduced the severity of gastric lesions induced by 70% 

ethanol in the mouse. These results show that this plant is a good source of antioxidant molecules 

and may explain in part, its pharmacological properties and its traditional therapeutic uses. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, ethanol, gastric ulcer, Globularia alypum, polyphenols. 

1.27 Bioinformatic Analysis and Study of the Antiulcerous of an Active 

Principale Compared to Gastric Medecines 

DJALILA BOUDEMAGH., 1 ZAWANI M. 2 , VIJAY M 3 ., and TAIBI BEN H. 4 

1 Département de Génie des Procédés, Université Ferhat Abbas de SETIF, Algérie. 2 Ecole 

Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger-16000, Algérie. 3 Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati 

College, Amravati, India- 444 602. Laboratoire Chimie des Matériaux, Faculté Sciences, Oujda- 

60000, Maroc. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The anti-ulcer activity of active principle has been carried out in albino rats. First for all 

study on small groups of animals was conducted to know the approximate ulcer protective activity 

of the active principle compared to the different gastric medicines Maalox, Ranitidine and 

Omeprazole. Anti-ulcer activity for product was studied in rats, in witch gastric ulcers induced by 

oral administration. The reduction of ulcer index as well as gastric out put in product treated 

animals was found to be statistically significant with respect to control animal. The average ulcer of 

control was found to be varied from (1.4 ± 1.14) to (0.2 ± 0.447) for a dose of 250 mg/kg. Thus 

results tend to confirm that the active principle has a preventive role in drug induced ulceration. 

Key words: Anti-ulcer activity, gastric medicines, ulcer index. 

1.28 The Antioxidant and Lipid Peroxidation Activities of Rubus idaeus L. 

Extracts 

Djamila AMENI 1 , Abderrahmane BAGHIANI 2 , Saliha DJIDEL 3 , Sabah 

BOUMERFEG 2 , Seddik KHENNOUF 3 and Lekhmici ARRAR 2 . 

1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Abderrahmane Mira 

Bejaia. 2 Laboratory of applied biochemistry, Department of biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life 

Sciences, University Ferhat Abbes Setif,. 3 Laboratory of Phytotherapy applied to chronic diseases 

, Department of biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbes Setif, 

Algeria 

14

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Rubus idaeus L. shoots is used widely in the north of Algeria in folk medicine for its 

medicinal properties. The total phenolics and antioxidative proprieties of crude (CRE), chloroform 

(ChRE) and ethyl acetate (EARE) extracts of Rubus idaeus L. were determined by different in vitro 

model systems. The EARE contained relatively high levels of total phenolics as gallic acid 

equivalents; 174,54 ± 1,132 mg GAE/g extract, then that of CHERI; 29,77 ± 0,97 mg GAE/g 

extract, and CERI; 106,80 ± 1,11 mg GAE/g extract. In comparison with butylated hydroxyl 

toluene (BHT) (59,52 ± 2,16 %), at 2 mg/ml, the antioxidant activity, by linoleic acid peroxidation, 

was found to be highest with ChRE, followed by EARE and CRE. In -carotene/linoleic acid 

bleaching assay, the CRE showed the highest antioxidant activity with 99,47 ± 0,10 %, followed by 

the EAERI and CHERI with 95,30± 0,38 % and 85,29 ± 3,51 %, respectively. The results showed 

that EARE had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC 50 value of 0,0048 ± 0,0006 mg/ml for 

DPPH radical scavenging activity, 0,358 ± 0,003 mg/ml for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and 

0,593± 0,009 mg/ml for reducing power. In conclusion, the present results provide evidence that all 

extracts of Rubus idaeus acts as an antioxidant and inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. 

Key words: Medicinal plants, Robus idaeus L., Free radicals, Antioxidants, Lipid peroxidation 

1.29 Evaluation of Activity Hypoglycemic and Anti-Hyperglycemic Aqueous 

Extract of Inula viscosa in the Rat with Induced Diabetes 

DJEDIOUI A 1 , HENCHIRI.C 2 , LEKOUAGHET.A 3 , and BOUASLA.A 4 . 

1 M’sila university, Doctoral at the Annaba university. 2 laboratory Biochemistry and Microbiology 

Applied to Annaba University. 3 Annaba University. 3 Annaba university - Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The choice of a treatment by an aqueous extract of the sheets of a plant, Inula 

viscosa of the Asteraceae family, long-lived species is abundant in the area of the Algerian East, 

at a rate of two amounts (100 and 150mg/kg).The purpose of this is to evaluate the hypoglycemic 

activity and anti-hyperglycemic of this species. Rats are subjected to an injection of Alloxane 

(98%) has an amount of 150 mg/kg to cause and return these animals diabetic. The screening 

phytochemical carried out showed that the sheets are rich in flavonoids and with proportions 

different of tanins, sterols, terpenes and saponosides and does not contain toxic alkaloids. In this 

study, one could estimate that the aqueous extract of the species Inula viscosa has to decrease 

the rate of glucose as well as the lipidic assessment with an improvement of the body weights. In 

addition, treatment to be published not only to restore the levels of the hepatic parameters of the 

function but increased the hepatic Al GSH level. On the other hand our treatment did not 

announce any effect on the healthy rats 

Key words:- Algeria, antidiabetic, diabetes, inula viscose, medicinal plants. 

1.30 Antioxidant Proprieties of Pistacia lentiscus l. Leaves Extracts 

DJIDEL Saliha 1 , KHENNOUF Seddik 1 , AMENI Djamila 2 , BAGHIANI 

Abdrrahmane 2 , ARRAR Lekhmici 2 and CHAREF Noureddine 2 

1 Laboratory of phytotherapy applied to chronic diseases. 2 Laboratory of applied biochemistry. 

Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, 19000, ALGERIA. 

Abstact: Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) is used traditionally in Algeria for gastro-intestinal 

disorders. In the present study, different antioxidant tests were employed to evaluate the 

antioxidant activities of crud, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous leaves extracts of Pistacia 

lentiscus. The antioxidant capacity of extracts were determined by the scavenging activity against 

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), free hydroxyl radicals (HO . ), β-carotene/linoleic acid model 

system, lipid peroxidation and reducing power. The total phenolic contents were determined using 

the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. They varied from 207 ± 0,021 to 390 ± 0,005 mg/g dry weight, 

expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Total flavonoid concentrations were quantified using 

aluminum chloride, they varied from 13 ± 0,003 to 82,37 ± 0,0043 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) / g 

dry weight. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging, 

15

hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power with IC 50 value of 0, 0068 ± 0, 0013 mg/ml, 0,16 ± 

0,0082 mg/ml and 1,55±0,025 mg/ml respectively. Using β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, 

crud extract had the highest antioxidant activity with 90 % inhibition. BHT was used as positive 

control in this test. In addition, the ethyl acetate and crud extracts exhibited lipid peroxidation 

inhibiting activity with 42.7% and 41%, respectively against the linoleic acid emulsion system. In 

conclusion, Pistacia lentiscus extracts contain high amounts of phenolic compounds and exhibited 

high antioxidant activity which is related to these compounds. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, free radicals scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation, Pistacia 

lentiscus L, polyphenols. 

1.31 Antiplasmodial and Immunomodulating Activity of Some Sudanese 

Herbal Medicine with emphasis on Pristimerin as Antiplasmodial Agent 

EL Tahir A 1,2 , SATTI G M H. 1 , THEANDER T 3 , CHRISTENSEN S B. 3 , and 

KHALID S A. 4 

1 Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2 Dept. of Biochemistry, 

Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Sudan. 3 Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen; 

4 Faculty of Pharmacy University of Khartoum. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Sudan is the largest country in Africa, covering an area of one million square miles 

with different metrological and polyethnic, with a diverse flora. Most people in rural areas rely on 

traditional medicine for the treatment of many infectious diseases. WHO has recently advocated 

the use of traditional medicine where appropriate health services become inaccessible, therefore, 

the study aims to investigate the potential antiplsmodial, antleishmanial activity of some medicinal 

plants and to detect their effect on human lymphocytes proliferation which may imply the ability to 

potentiate the human immune system. Forty-nine plant parts representing 26 species from 15 

families were extracted and screened for their activity on chloroquine sensitive strains 3D7 and 

Dd2. Plants were collected according to their traditional use and / or to their taxonomical affiliation 

to their families that had been reported to have antimalarial activity. Thirty-four methanol extracts 

(59%) exhibited significant activity against 3D7 with IC50 values ≤ 50 μg/ml, while twenty-one 

extract (57%) showed antiplasmodial activity on Dd2 with IC50 values ≤ 50 μg/ml. On the other 

hand, thirteen extracts (22%) and ten extracts (18%) only showed an activity with IC50 values ≤ 5 

μg/ml on 3D7 and Dd2; respectively. Human lymphocytes treated with the most of extracts 

demonstrated a minimum level of toxic inhibitory effect at concentration ≥ 100μg, whereas 

Sonchous cornatus, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia nilotica and Tamarindus indica enhanced 

lymphocytes proliferation. Bioactivity directed fractionation of the chloroform extract of the root 

bark of Maytenus senegalensis resulted in the isolation and characterization of the 

quinonemethide triterpene, (20α)-3-hydroxy-2-oxo-24-nor-friedela-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-carboxylic 

acid - (29)- methylester (pristimerin). The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. 

The in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the isolated compound against chloroquine-resistant strain 

(Dd2) of Plasmodium falciparum was IC50 = 0.5μg/ml and its in vitro antileishmanial activity 

performed on promostigotes of Leishmania major was IC50 = 6.8 ± 0.8 μg/ml while the cytotoxicity 

on lymphocyte proliferation model was detected at IC50= 6.8 ± 0.8 μg/ml. The promising response 

of Acacia nilotica and Mayenus senegalensis conclude that some Sudanese plants used in 

traditional medicine possess a potent antimalarial activity with minor effects on lymphocytes 

proliferation. These plants have been subjected to long-term clinical trials in folk medicine and 

hence we propose that these plants should be further investigated. 

Key words: Antiplasmodial, immunomodulating activity, sudanese pristimerin. 

16

1.32 Impact of Iron Overload in Drinking Water on Animal and Human Health 

in Dakahlyia Governorate, Egypt and Role of Catechins as Iron Chelator 

F.A. Badria 1 , R.A. Mandour 2 and A.A. Ghanem 3 

1 Pharmacognosy Department. Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University . 2 Toxicology Unit, 

Emergency Hospital, Mansoura University. 3 Forensic Med. and Clin. Toxi. Department, Faculty of 

Medicine, Mansoura University. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Water may be regarded as polluted if it contains substances that render it unsafe for 

public use. The surface, subsoil waters and the shallow water-bearing geologic formation are more 

subjected to pollution due to its closeness to the human daily work. For the present study, a total 

number of 144 drinking water samples (surface, wells and tap) have been collected during Nov, 

2002 and Blood samples were carried out on (140) selected inhabitants who attended in different 

Dakahlyia governorate hospitals, from different localities and suffering from liver diseases, serum 

iron level in these patients was estimated. Moreover, 30 albino rats (divided into three groups of 

ten rats each) were subjected to analysis for iron biochemical (blood) and histopathology (tissue). 

The water samples analyzed for iron are found suitable for drinking except two samples at Mit- 

Ghamr district, showing values higher than the permissible limit of Egyptian Ministry of Health 

(EMH, 1995) and World Health Organization (WHO, 1984).The comparison between iron 

concentrations in drinking water and human blood samples shows a positive relationship, where 

the mean value of Fe is 3.150 mg/l and 0.149 mg/l for blood and water samples of groundwater 

origin respectively. Also the mean value of Fe is 2.270 mg/ l and 0.057 mg/ l for blood and water 

samples of surface water respectively. The results obtained were confirmed experimentally in ironoverload 

rats whereas the mean of iron level in both rat ' s liver and spleen were 17.35 µg / g and 

39.3 µg / g respectively. Administration of a major component of green tea (catechin) led to 

decrease of iron levels in iron-overload rats in liver and spleen to 15.5 µg / g and 26.5µg / g 

respectively. 

Key words: Catechins, drinking water, iron overload, liver. 

1.33 Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Olive Leaves on Blood Glucose and 

Cholesterol Levels in Diabetic Rabbits 

Firas alkazak 1 , Assaad al-abd 2 and Talah Kanbar 3 

1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al Baath University. 

2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Al Baath University. 3 Department of 

Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al Baath University. Hama, Syria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present study aims to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Olive leaves 

(Olea europaea L.) on blood glucose and cholesterol levels in diabetic rabbits. Diabetes was 

induced in rabbits by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. The experiment was carried out on 36 

rabbits of both sexes and weight between (2100g-2500g). The experimental animals were divided 

into 3 groups, each group consisting of 12 animals. The first group was left as control, while the 

second and third groups, they were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (175 

mg/kg b.wt.). The second group was left as diabetic control, while the third was treated with of the 

ethanolic extract of Olive leaves in a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt./ day for 4 weeks. Blood samples 

were collected from the heart for determination of glucose and cholesterol levels. The results 

obtained show that oral administration of Olive leaves ethanolic extract high significantly 

decreased the high blood glucose and cholesterol levels of the treated diabetic rabbits, as 

compared to the diabetic control group. To conclude, it can be said that Olive leaves of ethanolic 

extract produces antidiabetic and hypocholesterol levels in alloxan–diabetic rabbits and it may be 

beneficial to help patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus. 

Key words: blood glucose, cholesterol,l olive leaves. 

17

1.34 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hypericum triquetrifolium and Peganum 

harmale 

Hadieh Bahaa 1 , Abo Farich Basheer 1 , Said Omar 2 and Saad Bashar 1,3 

1 

Al-Qasemi Research Center- Al-Qasemi Academic College, Israel. 2 Antaki Center for Herbal 

Medicine Ltd, Kufur Kanna, Israel. 3 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Jenin, 

P.O Box 240, Jenin, Palestine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Traditional therapies have been utilized by people in Mediterranean region who have 

faith in spiritual healers, homeopaths or even many herbalists. Arabic medicine had shown 

remarkable achievements in curing inflammatory diseases in general, and clearly distinguishing 

between several subtypes of inflammatory diseases and has offered tens of plants for treating 

various types of inflammations. Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to 

infection or irritation. It is caused by cytokines. There are two types of cytokines; pro-inflammatory 

and anti-inflammatory. Thus, inhibitors of the pro-inflammatory cytokines have been considered as 

a candidate of anti-inflammatory drugs. Lipopolyssacharide (LPS)-activated macrophages are 

usually used for evaluating the anti-inflammatory effects of various materials. LPS is a principle 

component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is an endotoxin that induces septic 

shock syndrome and stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, 

tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins. Therefore, LPS plays a key role in not only 

eliciting an inflammatory response but also in causing septic shock during a Gram-negative 

bacterial infection. Inflammatory responses are advantageous for eradicating bacteria, as long as 

they are under control. When out of control, However, deregulated inflammation leads to the 

massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by 

macrophages, which can cause tissue injury and multiple organ failure. The aim of the present in 

vitro study is to evaluate the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 

and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the observed anti-inflammatory effects of Hypericum triquetrifolium and 

Peganum harmale. Therefore, water extracts from the aerial parts of the two plants. 

Key words: Anti-inflammatory, effects, hypericum triquetrifolium, peganum harmale. 

1.35 Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from 

Pituranthos scoparius Growing in Algeria 

Hakim kheniche 1 , Tahar Smaili 1 ,and Amar Zellagui 2 

1 Life Science and Nature Department, Faculty of Science, University of M'sila. 2 Laboratory of 

Biomolecules and Plant Breeding, Life Science and Nature Department, University of Larbi Ben 

Mhidi Oum El Bouaghi ,Algeria 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the flowers of Pituranthos scoparius 

(Coss. & Dur.) Benth.et Hook. (Apiaceae), an endemic species of North Africa, including 

Algeria, was analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty-one compounds were identified accounting for 99.3 % of 

the whole essential oil, mainly represented by monoterpenes, followed by phenylpropanoid 

derivatives. The main constituents of the essential oil were myristicin (24.1%), α-pinene (17.4%), 

α-phellandrene (15.6%) and sabinene (7.5%).The Antioxidant activity of oil was assayed 

spectrophotometrically using DPPH free radical. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, apiaceae, essential oil, myristicin, Pituranthos scoparius. 

18

1.36 Antimicrobial Activity of Phenolic Extract from Teucrium Polium Geyrii 

(Lamiaceae) Plant 

HAMMOUDI Roukia, HADJ M. M., and RAMDAN Farah CHABROUK F. 

Laboratoire de Biogéochimie des milieux désertiques , Université KASDI Merbah Ouargla 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In order to contribute to the well-known local medicinal plant valorization for their 

therapeutic virtues, we were interested in the survey of the plant Teucrium polium geyrii 

(lamiaceae). Phytochemicals screening had put in evidence various secondary metabolites: 

Tannins, Saponosids, sesquiterpens, alkaloids, anthraquinons, stérols, flavonoids and 

polyphenols.The plant has been subject to two types of phenolic compounds extraction, the first 

was made by macerating, and the second by Soxhlet. The semi-quantitative analysis of the total 

phenols and flavonoids extracts carried out by colorimetry showed that the plant is very rich in 

phenolic compounds. The extract to the acetate ethyl gotten by macerating contains the biggest 

quantity of total phenols, 89.05 mg/g in equivalent of acidic Gallic, for the same reason as the rate 

of flavonoids with 0.45 mg/g in equivalent of vitexin. The antibacterial activity carried out on 

stumps pathogens and alteration bacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 

Proteus mirabilis, by the method of Aromatogramme shows that the tested extracts are endowed 

with interesting antibacterial activity with a maximum of inhibition 3.4 + / - 0.3 cm of diameter for 

butanolic extract on Proteus mirabilis. 

Key words: Antibacterial, Aromatogramme, Medicinal plant, Phenolic, Teucrium polium geyrii. 

1.37 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Free Radical Scavenging and Cuprac 

of Three Compounds Isolated from Scorzonera undulata ssp deliciosa. 

Harkati Brahim 1, 3 , Akkal Salah 2 , Bayet Christine 3 , and Dijoux-Franca M-G 3 . 

1 Département de sciences de la matière, Faculté de Sciences exactes, Sciences de la naturel et 

vie, Université de Tébessa . .2 Université de Constantine, Laboratoire de Phytochimie et analyse 

physico chimiques et biologiques, Faculté des Sciences, 25000 Constantine, Algérie. 3 Université 

de Lyon, UMR 5557 CNRS-UCBL, CESN, Département de Botanique et Pharmacognosie, 

Faculté de Pharmacie, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Known for its medicinal, aromatic and culinary, the Asteraceae family has a major 

economic interest, such as source essential oils. As part of the study of biodiversity of flora 

Algerian, phytochemical analysis and research of biological activities of roots of Scorzonera 

undulata ssp deliciosa (Guss.) Maire were undertaken. Dichloromethane and methanol extracts 

led to the isolation of triterpenoid known compounds were also isolated: β acetate Amyrin, of them 

was known compounds (a mixture methyl Oleanate, methyl Ursolate and Stigmasterol, β- 

Sitosterol) of the and three phenolic derivatives among which two were new from the genus 

Scorzonera named: Galangustin and Actoside and coumarin: Coumarin-O-β-glycoside. The 

structures and relative configurations of the compounds were elucidated by MS and a series of 1D 

and 2D NMR analyses. Three pure compounds (Galangustin, Acetoside and β acetate Amyrin) 

have been evaluated for their antioxidant activities through different methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2- 

picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods demonstrated 

important radical scavenging activity with the antiradical power (ARP) of 5 (in DPPH method), and 

trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) = 1. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, phenolic, Scorzonera undulata, triterpenoid. 

19

1.38 Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effect of the Aqueous Extract of A 

Medicinal Plant Used in Algerian Traditional Medicine: Rubus 

fruticosus. 

HENCHIRI C., BOUASLA, A., and DERRADJ M. 

Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Microbiologie Appliquées. Faculté des Sciences. Université Badji 

Mokhtar, Annaba (Algérie). 

<strong>Abstract</strong>.: This study aimed to demonstrate the supposed anti-diabetic effect of aqueous 

extract of the berries of Rubus fruticosus, botanical species of the Rosaceae family. The 

experiments were conducted on Wistar rats with Alloxan induced diabetes. For that 30 male 

rats were divided into six groups of five rats: a healthy control group and an untreated diabetic 

rats, have received distilled water, a diabetic group treated with glibenclamide (3mg/kg), two 

diabetic groups have traited with the aqueous extract at 200 and 400 mg / kg body 

weight orally and twice daily for 21 days. The results of biochemical analysis of blood 

after sacrifice, showed in the untreated diabeticgroup: hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, 

hypertriglyceridemia accoed by a decrease in total protein, increased levels of urea and the 

change of the enzyme activity GOT, GPT, as well as alkaline phosphatase. The histology of the 

pancreas showed atrophy in the islets of Langerhans characterized by necrosis. Meanwhile, the 

administration of aqueous extract caused a decrease dose-dependent blood glucose accompanied 

by a regulation of lipid profile, protein and activity of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase; the 

results obtained with the 400 mg / kg b.w. are similar to those obtained with the drug 

(glibenclamide). A phytochemical study was also conducted; she was able to detect bioactive 

following groups: Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannin, Sterol and Terpenes 

Key words: Alloxan, antidiabetic effect of plants, diabetes, medicinal plants, Rubus fruticosus. 

1.39 Natural Products As Lead Structures for the Discovery of New 

Anticancer Agents 

Hohmann, Judit 

Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Plants or plant extracts have a long history of use in the treatment of cancer and these 

substances play a crucial role as a source of effective anticancer therapy. Natural compounds 

have a significant contribution to the success of cancer chemotherapy today, and many 

compounds are under clinical evaluation or are promising drug candidates as enhancer the 

antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic drugs by inhibiting multidrug resistance of cancer cells. The 

aim of our research program was the isolation and identification of natural compounds, especially 

from species of the Hungarian flora, in order to find promising lead compounds and scaffold for 

drug discovery and development. A broad screening program was recently made by our 

workgroup testing about 700 plant extracts prepared from more than 100 species of Asteraceae, 

Polygonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae and Lamiaceae family on human cancer cell lines 

(HeLa, MCF-7, A431) for tumour cell growth inhibitory effect. The highly active extracts from this 

screening (e.g. Centaurea, Achillea, Artemisia, Euphorbia, Conyza, Anthemis, Tamus, Sprekelia 

and Ruta species) were selected for bioactivity-guided isolation using solvent-solvent partition, CC, 

VLC, CPC, MPLC and HPLC techniques. The structures of the pure compounds were determined 

by means of 1D- and 2D-NMR and MS spectral analyses, and then the compounds were 

subjected to antiproliferative assay. The tumour cell selectivity of cytotoxic compounds, which is a 

critical pharmacological feature of new anticancer drug candidates, was assayed on noncancerous 

cells (MRC-5). The final result of these phytochemical works was the identification of a 

set of effective, and previously unknown or poorly characterised compounds belonging mainly to 

the group of alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, phenanthrenes and terpenoids. Many isolated 

compounds were investigated for multidrug resistance reversing activity, too. The inhibition of ABC 

transporters responsible for MDR of cancer cells is a particularly important effect of the 

compounds because the efflux inhibitors applied in combination with anticancer agents may 

reverse the chemotherapy resistance of various types of tumour cells. Our experiments reveal that 

some of the compounds can serve as adjuvant to current chemotherapy in as much as they 

20

everse MDR of cancer. This lecture will highlight our laboratory‟s recent work on the bioassayguided 

isolation of antitumor natural products from Hungarian plants, and a discussion about 

future perspectives of antitumor natural product research will also be included. 

Key words: Asteraceae, cancer, euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, natural compounds, polygonaceae, 

rutaceae. 

1.40 Evaluation of the Ex Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Guava Leaf Extract 

(Psidium guajava) on Erythrocytes Infected-Plasmodium berghei NK 65 

Ishak Shafariatul Akmar and Ariffin Noraniza 

Program Of Biomedical Science, Academic Centre Of Applied Science And Diagnostic Science, 

Faculty Of Health Sciences , National University Of Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Malaria is the most destructive and dangerous parasitic disease. The burden of this 

disease is getting worse, mainly due to the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against most of 

the current antimalarial drugs. Therefore, the search for new antimalarial drug is urgently needed. 

Thus, in this studies extract of Psidium guava leaves seems to be promising for treatment of 

malaria infections. Crude extracts of guava leaves were prepared according to method known as 

cold extraction using different solvent polarity which are hexane, etil asetat, aseton and methanol. 

These extracts were evaluated against infected erythrocytes with Plasmodium berghei NK65. The 

Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay was employed for determination of the 

antimalarial activity (IC 50 ) after 24 hours treatment at concentration range of 10-0.0000001 mg/ml. 

Plasmodium berghei NK65 was also cultured in synchronization process to produce a specific 

stage of morphology of trophozoite and schizont. Initially the study was done for screening most 

effective solvent at parasitemia of 10%, the result showed that methanol extract was the most 

effective which IC 50 is 4.270 mg/ml approximately to IC 50 values of the gold standard chloroquine 

drug which is 3.080 mg/ml. To prove it, one way ANOVA statistical test are used and results 

showed no significant differences between them as such F (1, 18) = 1091, p> 0.05 (0.310). The 

methanol extract of guava leaves also were treated on erythrocytes infected Plasmodium berghei 

NK65 at different level of parasitemia which are 5%, 10% and 30% . The degrees of parasitemia 

represents the severity parasite infection inside the body of an individual as well. The study found 

that malaria inhibitory activities effectively in parasitemia of 10% and it is not significantly different 

to the chloroquine F (1, 18) = 0797, p> 0.05 (0.384). Finally, the synchronization process was 

carried out by using the sorbitol lysis method where it lysed most of the malarial stage except the 

ring form (early trofozoit) and then the ring form were cultured in complete media for 24 hours in 

order to obtained the trofozoites and schizont form . Results demonstarated that in the ring form 

(early trofozoit), IC 50 is 0.0001 mg/ml whereas late trofozoit and skizon showed similar IC 50 value 

which is 4.276 mg/ml 4.295 mg/ml. In conclusion, guava leaf extract methanol showed the 

potential of anti-malarial agent. 

Key words: Malaria, Plasmodium berghei, Psidium guajava, synchronization. 

1.41 Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Tea Extracts 

KAABOUR Faiza, BELAMBRI Sahra Amel, BOURICHE Hamama, and 

SENATOR Abderrahmene. 

Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life 

Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif, 19000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress is involved 

in development and progression of many diseases such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases 

and aging. The most widely used synthetic antioxidants in food industry such as BHT (butylated 

hydroxytoluene), BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and PG (propyl galate) have been suspected to 

cause or promote negative health effects. So, there is a growing interest to study natural products, 

since they contain a wide variety of compounds which provide protection against harmful free 

radicals. Tea derived from leaves of Camellia sinensis is the most popular drink over the world. 

Traditional medicine has recommended this plant for headaches, body aches, digestion, and 

21

general pain. It can be used as beverage, mouth wash, local drug delivery or chewing gum. The 

aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant effect of aqueous green tea extracts. Infusion and 

decoction are used to obtain water extracts from green tea leaves, Moreover, the DPPH (1,1- 

diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, the β-carotene bleaching test and the ferrous 

ions chelating assay are applied to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The obtained 

results show that both tea extracts have exhibited a strong scavenging effect on DPPH radical 

comparable with ascorbic acid (reference antioxidant) with an IC 50 of 3µg/ml. The maximum of 

inhibition reached 88%. Our results also indicated that 88% and 93% of linoleic acid oxidation was 

inhibited by tea extracts prepared by infusion and decoction respectively. These results are similar 

to those exhibited by the standard antioxidant (BHT) witch produce an inhibition percent of 96%. In 

terms of FIC ability, the two types of tea extracts produced a good chelating power on Fe 2+ with 

chelating level of 75%. Infusion and decoction extracts have the same antioxidant activities without 

significant differences. The present study provides additional data for supporting the use and 

consumption of aqueous green tea extracts as natural antioxidant agents. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, tea. 

1.42 Greco-Arab-Based Medicinal Plants Diminishe Insulin Resistance in 

Skeletal Muscle Cell Line 

Kadan Sleman 1,2 Saad Bashar 1,3 , Kmail Abdalsalam 3 , Khasib S 3 ., and Zaid 

H. 1,3 

1 Qasemi Research Center- Al-Qasemi Academic College, P.O Box 124, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100. 

2 Casali Institute for Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, The Hebrew 

University of Jerusalem, 3 Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Jenin, P.O Box 

240, Jenin, Palestine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Hypoglycemic herbs are widely used as non-prescription treatment for diabetes 

(mainly type II)). Palestinian herbs have been used for hundreds of years in treatment and 

prevention of diverse diseases including diabetes. However, Palestinian herbal anti-diabetic 

medicines action mechanisms are not well characterized as those of Western drugs. This study 

aimed at investigating safety and efficacy of one of these plants that is still in the process of 

patenting it; herein named HIBAS. The largest site for glucose disposal in the mammalian body is 

skeletal muscle, and Glucose Transporter-4 (GLUT4) is the major glucose carrier in muscle 

mediating most of the glucose influx. Insulin triggers GLUT4 translocation to the plasma 

membrane, where it can mediate glucose influx into the cell. Here, we focused on identifying the 

mechanism of action of HIBAS in curing insulin resistance (type II diabetes) in an in-vitro skeletal 

muscle cell line model by detecting the relative amount of GLUT4 on the plasma membrane. We 

had also tested the toxicity of the HIBAS leave extracts (50% H 2 O, 50% Ethanol) on human 

fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. No sign of toxic effects were seen in cultured human 

fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells treated with increasing concentrations of the Plant mixture up 

to 1mg/ml. Anti-diabetic effects were evidenced by measuring the relative amount of GLUT4 

translocation to the plasma membrane in the presence and absence of insulin. Skeletal muscle 

(L6) cells stably expressing myc-tagged GLUT4. have been repeatedly shown to display insulin 

regulated GLUT4 traffic. HIBAS led to increase in surface GLUT4myc when L6 myoblasts were 

pre-treated with increasing concentrations of the plant extract for 20h, followed by 3h serumdeprivation 

and insulin stimulation for 20 min. Exposing L6 muscle cell cultures to high glucose and 

high insulin (25 mM, 100 nM, respectively, for 24h), followed by 3h in control medium, renders 

them refractory to subsequent acute stimulation by insulin. This experimental paradigm has also 

been tested. Consistent with the previous finding, 0.5mg/ml of HIBAS for 3h was able to overcome 

the induced Insulin insensitivity. Collectively, our results demonstrate safety, tolerability and 

efficacy of a herbal Palestinian plant that seems to be safe for use and regulates glucose 

homeostasis. 

Key words: Diabetes, insulin triggers, mechanism, myoblasts, Palestinian herbs. 

22

1.43 Polyphenols and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Mentha 

pulegium L. and Matricaria camomilla L. 

KHENNOUF Seddik 1 , DJIDEL Saliha 1 , BENCHIEKH Dalila 1 , DAHAMNA 

Saliha 1 , CHAREF Noureddine 2 , BAGHIANI Abderahmane 2 , HARZALLAH 

Daoud 3 and ARRAR Lekhmici 2 

1 Laboratory of phytotherapy applied to chronic diseases. 2 Laboratory of applied biochemistry. 

3 Laboratory of applied microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat 

Abbas, Setif, 19000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of Mentha pulegium L 

and Matricaria chamomilla L extracts. The methanolic extract (MeE) of Mentha pulegium L gave 

the higher yield (14, 4%) of extraction. Whereas the aqueous extract (AqE) of Matricaria 

chamomilla L had the highest yield (18, 56%) of extraction. Moreover, the ethyl acetate extract of 

Mentha pulegium L contains high amount of total polyphenols; tannins and flavonoids (191,99µg 

gallic acid equivalent/g; 265,33µg tannic acid equivalent/g; 110,37µg quercetin equivalent/g and 

151,11µg rutin equivalent/g) respectively. This extract possessed high antioxidant activity 

(IC 50 =0,017mg/ml) in DPPH assay while the chloroformic extract (ChE) of this plant was stronger 

in the β carotene/linoleic acid assay. On the other hand, the ChE of Matricaria chamomilla L 

contains the higher value of flavonoids (197,43µg quercetin equivalent/g; 273,03µg rutin 

equivalent/g) whereas total polyphenols were higher in MeE (299,14µg gallic acid equivalent/g) 

and ChE showed high tannin values (245,11µg tannic Acid equivalent/g). Matricaria chamomilla 

extracts exerted high DPPH scavenging activity and a moderate antioxidant action in the β 

carotene/linoleic acid assay. It was concluded that the therapeutic use and biological activities of 

these plants could be attributed to phenolic compounds and its free radicals scavenging and 

antioxidant properties 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, βcarotene, flavonoids, Matricaria chamomilla, polyphenols, PPH, 

tannins. 

1.44 Antifungal and Antibacterial Properties of Three Medicinal Plants from 

Malaysia 

Khoo, Kong Soo 1 Gwee, Pei Shing 2 , Chen, Li Wen 2 , Tan, Syu Wei 2 , Ong, 

Hean Chooi 3 , and Sit, Nam Weng 2* 

1 Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan 

Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 2 Department of Biomedical Science, 

Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 

Kampar, Perak, Malaysia. 3 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of 

Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The increase of opportunistic fungal infections and the escalation of bacterial 

resistance, particularly multi-drug resistance have seriously impacted the chemotherapeutic 

agents available today. Thus the search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources such as 

medicinal plants becomes necessary. Plants that are consumed as vegetables or used in 

traditional medicine in Malaysia were investigated for this purpose. The aerial parts of Diplazium 

esculentum (“vegetable fern”) and Sechium edule (“chayote” or “vegetable pear”), and the fruits of 

Solanum muricatum (“sweet pepino” or “melon pear”) were used, and extracted sequentially using 

hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water. The extracts were then 

evaluated, in triplicate, against a panel of 12 medically-important microorganisms (two Grampositive 

bacteria, four Gram-negative bacteria, four yeasts and two molds) for microbiostatic and 

microbiocidal activities using colorimetric broth microdilution methods. Amphoterin B and 

chloramphenicol was used as the positive control for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Following 

extraction, the total percentages of yields obtained were 1.20%, 1.84% and 3.53% (w/w, based on 

fresh weight) for D. esculentum, S. edule and S. muricatum, respectively. All the plants showed 

antifungal activity with 66% and 49% of the bioassays demonstrated fungistatic and fungicidal 

23

activity, respectively. Two yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans and Issatchenkia orientalis were 

found to be 100% susceptible to all the plant extracts with the MIC values ranging from 0.08 to 

2.50 mg/mL. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal 

concentration was exhibited by the hexane extracts of S. edule and S. muricatum against C. 

neoformans, both with values of 0.08 mg/mL. In the antibacterial screening assays, 49% of the 

bioassays exhibited bacteriostatic activity while only 21% of them showed bactericidal activity. The 

lowest MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration was recorded for the hexane extract of S. 

muricatum against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, both with values of 0.31 mg/mL. 

The susceptibility of bacteria towards the plant extracts evaluated was species-dependent, with 

the susceptibility indices ranging from 0% for Escherichia coli to 72% for Pseudomonas 

aeruginosa. The results from this study show that extracts from these plants have significant 

antimicrobial activity, which corroborates their use in traditional medicine. 

Key words: Bactericidal, bacteriostatic, broth microdilution, extraction, fungicidal, fungistatic. 

1.45 Application of Citrus aurantifolia to Control Streptococcus agalactiae 

Infection in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus 

Kitancharoen, Nilubol 1 ., Duadin, A 1 ., and Hanjavanit, Chutima 2 

1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 

Thailand. 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 

Thailand. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Effectiveness of Citrus aurantifolia to control Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Nile 

tilapia was investigated, including its impacts on tilapia growth rate and histopathological changes. 

Concerning tilapia growth rate, the fish with 50±0.12 g BW were fed with pellet feeds containing 

2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% of C. aurantifolia juice for 2 mo. The results showed that specific growth rate of 

fish fed with the 3 concentrations of C. aurantifolia juice were significantly higher than those of the 

control group (p0.0) 5. On investigation of diseases control, S. agalactiae KKU 02057 were 

intraperitoneally injected into the fish at a dosage of 0.1ml/100g fish and observed mortality for 14 

d. The fish fed with C. aurantifolia juice showed significantly higher survival rate than the control 

group (p

of blood sugar control were documented over a period of six months. Fasting and postprandial 

glucose and the HbA 1c value declined significantly. In the case of HbA 1c , this meant a reduction of 

the absolute value from 7.49 ± 0.72% to 6.82 ± 0.67% (from 58.4 to 51.0 mmol/mol Hb; ITT 

population). Furthermore, cholesterol and triglycerides were slightly reduced, and no negative 

effect on other laboratory parameters and no change of the liver values was observed. The 

tolerance was very good. In particular, no side effects and no hypoglycaemic episodes or 

worsening of diabetic symptoms occurred. The study confirms the positive effect of extract 

preparations from the bark of Hintonia latiflora on the blood sugar values. This provides a 

possibility of positive regulation of glucose metabolism in cases of mild type 2 diabetes. 

Key words: Bark extract, clinical study, diabetes mellitus, Hintonia latiflora. 

1.47 Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils Isolated from Selected Algerian 

Medicinal Plants 

KRAOUCHE Née KHEYAR N., KHARFALLAH Y., and BEJOU F. 

Laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire, Département de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Faculté des 

Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahamane Mira de Bejaia. Algeria 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The human body produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion 

radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide by many enzymatic systems through oxygen 

consumption. In small amounts, these ROS can be beneficial as signal transducers and growth 

regulators. However, during oxidative stress, large amounts of these ROS can be produced and 

may be dangerous because of their ability to attack numerous molecules, including proteins and 

lipids. To address these deleterious oxidative products, the human body has an arsenal of defense 

is termed antioxidants. In addition, many molecules of natural origin (phenolic compounds, 

alkaloids, essential oils,...) or from organic synthesis (Trolox, BHA, BHT, ...) are studied for their 

antioxidant properties and their contribution the fight against invasive species oxidant in the body. 

In In this study, essential oils of Inula viscosa, Salvia officinalis and Laurus nobilis have been 

evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant activity, that were conducted by four complementary 

methods: scavenging activity against the diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, Trolox Equivalent 

antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) or inhibition of radical (ABTS • +), H 2 O 2 scavenger activity and 

estimation of reducing power. Our results indicate that Inula viscosa oil exhibited high scavenging 

activity against the three radicals DPPH, ABTS and H 2 O 2 , followed respectively by those of two 

species Salvia officinalis and Laurus nobilis. Other share, the species L.nobilis L presents the 

reducing activity most significant. These variations can be allotted to the chemical composition of 

oils tested. The results of the chemical analysis of the composition of oil Inula viscosa by gas 

chromatography indicate the richness of the latter in the thymol (6,93%) and carvacrol (2,27%), 

could be at the origin of the results observed. These results highlight the various therapeutic 

applications of these plants in traditional medicine and like food spices and stimulate research of 

novel natural molecules with antioxidant and anti-bacterial in several industrial fields: 

pharmacological, cosmetic, food, etc. 

Key words: Essential oils, Inula viscosa, Salvia officinalis, Laurus nobilis, antioxidant, gas 

chromatography. 

1.48 Topical Symphytum Herb Concentrate Cream in the Treatment of 

Muscle Pain: A Subgroup Analysis According to Origin of Pain 

Kučera, Miroslav 1 and Hladikova, Marie 2 

1 Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2 nd Medical Faculty of the Charles University 

Prague, V Úvalu 85, CZ-15006 Praha 5, Czech Republic. 2 Department for Medical Informatics, 2 nd 

Medical Faculty of Charles University Prague, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Praha 5, Czech Republic. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The efficacy of a topical cream preparation with a concentrate from the aerial parts of 

medicinal comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman) had been tested in a randomised doubleblind 

clinical trial in 215 patients with muscle pain caused by blunt traumas. The reference 

preparation in this trial was a low-dose, but otherwise identical preparation (1 % comfrey 

25

concentrate; n = 111 versus 10 %; n = 104). The study duration was 8-10 days, with the primary 

parameter (pain on active motion) tested on day 4-5. The application of the higher concentration 

resulted in a significantly better and clinically highly important reduction of pain, as compared with 

the reference preparation.The origin of pain was more closely inspected in a subgroup analysis, 

differentiating pain caused by muscle overload (n = 135; of which n = 56 using verum) from muscle 

pain caused by blunt macrotraumas (n = 75; of which n = 47 using verum). Five patients with pain 

of other aetiology were not included. As in the original study, the primary statistical parameter was 

the assessment of pain on active motion on study day 4-5, measured through a visual analogue 

scale. A statistically highly significant advantage for verum over reference was found for both types 

of pain on study day 4-5 (t-Test, p ≤ 2 10 -5 ). Pain on motion was reduced for verum versus 

reference by 62, 5 % versus 19,9 % in cases of muscle overload, and by 61,8 % versus 27,7 % in 

cases of blunt macrotraumas. At the same time a significantly faster onset of pain relief was 

registered with verum (75.0 % versus 40.5 % quick and very quick onset in cases of muscle 

overload, and 76.6 % versus 42.8 % in cases of blunt macrotraumas; Mann-Whitney-Test, p ≤ 4 

10 -3 ). Topical Symphytum herb concentrate is efficacious against muscle pain originating from 

muscle overload as well as from blunt macrotraumas, with a quick onset of pain relief. The effect 

size must be considered clinically highly important. 

Key words: Concentrate cream, muscle pain, symphytum herb, treatment. 

1.49 Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Fraxinus angustifolia 

Laib Yasmina, Sebaihi S., Remila S., M., Chaher N., Debache N., Ayouni K., 

Berboucha M., Boudaoud, H., Atmani, D. and Atmani, D. 

Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry; University of Bejaia, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In the present work, we studied the anti-radical effects of extracts of Fraxinus 

angustifolia, a plant used locally to treat numerous inflammatory-related pathologies. Results 

concerning phenol analysis showed different rates, the richest in total phenols and Flavonoids with 

respective values of 249.01 mg CatEq/g of extract and 169.53 mg RtEq /g of extract is the ethyl 

acetate extract of leaves and the richest in tannins is the ethanol extract of bark (990.4 mg TAEq 

/g of extract). At a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the ethanolic leaf extract exhibited the best activity 

against OH (65.68%, IC50 = 79.76µg/ml), higher than that of the standards of which the best 

(catechin) showed a rate of 37.85%. Evaluation of anti-DPPH activity at a concentration of 

100µg/ml proved that bark extracts showed very important activity which is higher than 94%. 

Results of anti-H 2 O 2 indicate that all extract showed a high activity around 70% at 100 µg/ml; the 

ethyl acetate extract of leaves showed the most important scavenging effect against this radical, 

with an IC50 of 51.79µg/ml. Analysis using column chromatography revealed two active fractions: 

polar F2 eluted with a mixture of ethyl acetate/methanol and F1 less polar eluted with chloroform. 

Analysis of these fractions using thin layer chromatography showed that the anti-radical effect 

could be probably due to the presence of rutin and tannic acid derivatives in the case of F2 of leaf 

extracts and to rutin and quercetin for F2 and F1 of bark extracts. Bark F1 revealed the presence 

of complex molecules with high molecular weight having an important anti-radical effect which 

remains to be identified and exploited in therapy. 

Key words: Antioxidant, anti-radical, chromatography, Fraxinus angustifolia. 

1.50 Chemical and Biological Study of Essential Oils of Two Populations of 

Algerian Daucus setifolius 

Laouer Hocine 1 , Bouheda Amina 1 , Bouchekrit Moufida 1 , Boulachaab 

Nacira, Sahli Farida and Akkal S 2 . 

1 Laboratory of natural resources valorization, University of Setif, Algeria. 2 Department of 

chemistry, University of Mentouri, Constantine, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The composition of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Daucus setifolius 

(Apiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation, collected from two site in Algeria (Bejaia and Skikda), 

was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yields of essential oils were varying from 0.3 % (Skikda) to 

26

0.5% (Bejaia). The main constituents of the essential oil from Bejaia aerial part were β-pinene 

(41.1%), sabinene (38.4%) and α-pinene (4.6%), and those from Skikda aerial part sabinene 

(37.6%), β-pinene (28.6%) and α-pinene. The essential oils of these two populations are largely 

dominated by sabinene and β-pinene. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were also carry 

out. 

Key words: Algeria, antimicrobial, antioxidant, Daucus setifolius , chemical composition, essential 

oils, sabinene. 

1.51 In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extracts and Their Liquid 

Fractions Obtained From Three Lichen Species in Jordan 

Leena Abu-Eraq, Ghassan Kanan and Ahmad El-Oqlah 

Biology Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid-Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic and methanolic crude extracts of three lichen 

species, Tornabenia atlantica, Physconia venusta and Xanthoria parietina, as well as liquid 

fractions of Tornabenia atlantica, were investigated using agar well diffusion and agar amended 

methods. The ethanolic crude extract of Tornabenia atlantica was shown to be the most effective 

extract against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia at 1500 μg/mL. 

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 700, 1700 and 2000 μg/mL respectively were 

required in order to inhibit their growth. Furthermore, ethanolic crude extract of Physconia venusta 

showed high activity at 1500 μg/mL against Staphylococcus lentus and Micrococcus luteus. MIC 

values of 1000 and 1400 μg/mL were required to achieve complete inhibition of bacterial growth. 

Moreover, methanolic crude extract of Xanthoria parietina was shown to be the most effective 

against Staphylococcus epidermidis where similar inhibition zones (mm) of 13.67±1.15 were 

generated at 800 and 1500 μg/mL. The MIC value obtained against Staphylococcus epidermidis 

reached 3000 μg/mL. In addition, the methanolic extract of Physconia venusta showed antifungal 

activity against Aspergillus nidulans, Candida albicans, Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, 

Aspergillus niger (mutant) and Penicillium chrysogenum. These fungal species (with the exception 

of Candida albicans MIC = 2000 μg/mL)) required MIC values greater than 12 mg/mL in order to 

be completely inhibited. Moreover, all liquid fractions of Tornabenia atlantica showed high activity 

against the fungi. The only exception was the activity obtained against Candida albicans. 

Phytochemical screening of Tornabenia atlantica fractions revealed the presence of alkaloids in 

methanolic and hexane fractions of methanolic crude extracts, aqueous and methanolic fractions, 

and aqueous and methanolic fractions of ethanolic crude extracts. Flavonoids were detected in the 

aqueous and methanolic fractions of methanolic crude extracts of Tornabenia atlantica and in the 

aqueous, methanolic and hexane fractions of ethanolic crude extracts. Thin layer chromatography 

analysis indicates the presence of lichen acids such as usnic acid. 

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, crude extracts, in vitro, Jordan, lichen species. 

1.52 Antioxidant and Polyphenol Oxidase Activity of Some Tunisian Pearl 

Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R.Br.) Ecotypes 

Leila Radhouane 

radhouane.leila@iresa.agrinet.tn, Tunisia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Pearl millet, like others cereals, in addition to being primary sources of carbohydrates, 

also provide trace minerals, dietary fibre and bioactive compounds. It has health-promoting 

properties, in particular its antioxidant activity. It‟s used as nutraceuticals and as functional foods. 

It‟s also a potentially important source of polyphenol and cholesterol-lowering waxes and could 

serve as an important source of phytoceuticals. Many autochthonous pearl millet ecotypes have 

generated interest in Tunisian because of their nutritional qualities. In order to provide information 

on the composition of pearl millet grown under local conditions, seven ecotypes were analyzed to 

evaluate phenolic compounds. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was also investigated and 

correlated to the total phenolic content and antioxidant potential. Results showed that Total 

phenolic content (TPC) in whole pearl millet ecotypes varied significantly among ecotypes.The 

27

highest TPC was observed in HZ ecotype with 323 mg/100g (mg equivalent of gallic acid 

(GAE)/100g) while BG showed the lowest TPC (198mg GAE/100g). The antioxidant activity of 

pearl millet flour significantly varied among ecotypes and ranged from 10.7% to 25.5%. Pearl millet 

ecotype (HZ) showed the highest antioxidant activity while (BG) ecotype exhibited the lowest. 

Therefore, pearl millet holds a good potential as a source of bioactive components. Research on 

endogenous bioactive components such as phenolic compounds will contribute to unleash the 

capacity of pearl millet to be the cornerstone of food security in Tunisia as well as in many 

developing countries. 

Key words: Antioxidant, cholesterol, Pearl millet, polyphenol. 

1.53 Study of Extracts Plants on Crystallisation Calcium Phosphate Stones 

Urinary In Vitro 

M. Beghalia 1,2 , S. Ghalem1, H. Allali 1 , A. Belouatek 2 , H.Allali 1 

1 LASNABIO. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Aboubekr Belkaïd BP 119, 

Tlemcen, Algeria. 2 University Centre of Relizane, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In this work, we performed an in vitro crystallization study enabling the specification of 

kinetic and thermodynamic conditions of formation and growth of crystalline calcic phosphates 

species by . We used inhibitors, which are medicinal plants which prevent, slow down or reduce 

crystallization phases. We chose the classical model for the study of phosphate crystallization 

without inhibitor and with it, in order to assess the inhibiting capacity of any chemical species used. 

The precipitation of the solid phase of phosphates from artificial urine. The crystal size 

development was monitored by polarized microscopy at different time intervals. After crystallization 

time, the mixture was filtered, the recovered dried precipitates were analysed by FTIR 

spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction technique and chemical analysis. In the absence of inhibitor, 

the crystallization of phosphates led to the formation of struvite and amorphous carbonated 

calcium phosphates (ACCP), after 6 hours. In presence of inhibitor, at lower concentrations of 

plant inhibition was partial. The addition of 1 ml of extract plant to the mixture decreases the size 

of crystal, after 4 hours the size of crystals stabilized at 20.67 μm. The complete disappearance of 

struvite crystals was obtained after addition of 10mL of inhibitor plant, only Pentahydrated 

octocalcic phosphates (POP) and ACCP were formed. In the presence of other inhibitor extract 

plant, the inhibition of struvite growth and aggregation increased. The addition of up to a volume of 

20 mL of the second inhibitor resulted in total inhibition and crystalline transformation of the ACCP 

into carbapatite (CA). Phosphate compounds encountered in urine can be dangerous and the use 

of inhibitors to prevent, slow down or reduce crystallization phases might be very helpful. In this 

investigation, extracts plants proved to be good inhibitors. Their effect increases with solution pH 

but they are more efficient in less acidic or neutral urine than in alkaline one. 

Key words: Crystallization, inhibition; IR, medicinal plants, struvite. 

1.54 The Anti-Psoriatic Effects of Hypericum triquetrifolium and Peganum 

harmale -Derived Factors are Mediated by Down Regulation of Proinflammatory 

Cytokines and up Regulation of Apoptosis 

Mahajna Shihnaz 1 , Hadieh Bahaa 1 , Zaid Hilal 1 , Abo Farich Basheer 1 , Soroka 

Yoram 3 , Said Omar 2 and Saad Bashar 1,4 

1 Al-Qasemi Research Center- Al-Qasemi Academic College. 2 Antaki Center for Herbal Medicine 

Ltd, Kufur Kanna. 3 The Dead Sea Laboratory for Skin Biochemistry and Biotechnology in Ein-Gedi. 

4 Faculty of Art and Sciences, Arab American University Jenin, Palestine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Psoriasis is a common cutaneous disorder characterized by inflammation and 

abnormal epidermal proliferation. Several observations indicate that cytokines produced within the 

skin are of major importance in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Overexpression of proinflammatory, 

type 1 cytokines has been demonstrated in psoriasis and is believed to be of pathophysiological 

28

importance. IL-10 is a type 2 cytokine with major impact on immunoregulation, since it inhibits type 

1 cytokine formation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate anti-psoriatic effects of 

extracts from Hypericum triquetrifolium (HT) and Peganum harmale (PH). These two plants are 

known in the local traditional medicine for their anti-psoriatic effects and exhibited in our 

preliminary studies cytostatic effects but not cytotoxic effects, and significantly reduced the LPSinduced 

nitric oxide production by monocytes/macrophages. In particular, we focus on their effects 

on the production levels of both proinflammatory cytokine (TNFandIL) and anti - 

inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate the role of proinflammatory 

cytokines tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the observed 

anti-inflammatory effects of HT and PH. Therefore, water extracts from the aerial parts of the two 

plants were tested for their anti-inflammatory effects in vitro using cells from the human monocyte 

cell line THP-1 co-cultured with keratinocytes cell line HaCat. Anti-inflammatory effects were 

assessed by measuring the levels of TNF- and IL-6 production of LPS-activated THP-1 cells. 

Cells were treated with 5g lipopolyssacharide/ml (LPS) in the absence and presence of 

increasing concentrations of plant extracts. During the entire experimental period, we used plant 

extract concentrations (up to 250g/ml) that had no cytotoxicity as measured in MTT assay. HT 

extracts totally reduced the LPS induced TNF- expression and secretion. Results obtained so far 

indicate that: 1. both plant extracts exhibit no sign of toxic effects at low concentrations (up to 250 

g/ml). Reduction in cell viability was seen only after treatment with high concentrations of some 

plant extracts (higher than 500 g/ml). 2. Treatment with extracts of inhibited the LPS-induced NO 

production by cultured cells. Concentrations higher than 62 g/ml inhibited completely the NO 

production from cultured cells. 3. HT extracts totally reduced the LPS induced TNF- production 

in co cultured cells. HT extracts had no significant effects on the LPS induced IL-6 nor IL-10. 4. 

HT was more effective in apoptosis induction compared to PH. These results demonstrate that the 

anti-inflammatory effects of HT and PH are mediated through the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory 

cytokines TNF- and IL-6 but not through the induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. 

Key words: Hypericum triquetrifolium, Peganum harmale, psoriasis, cytokines. 

1.55 Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of a Medicinal Plant Schinus molle 

Mehani mouna and Ladjel segni 

Laboratory of Process Engineering Univ. Kasdi Merbah Ouargla Road Gardaia 30 000. Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Plants are capable of producing highly diverse natural substances. In effect, next to 

the primary metabolites, they accumulate metabolites called secondiares including essential oils 

that are used by humans in areas as diverse as a pharmacological or agrifood. The aromatic plant 

harvested in the month of May 2010 is among the most abundant species in the region South of 

Algeria. These Schinus molle: has been selected for screening antibacterial. Preliminary tests 

performed on the essential oil of Schinus molle showed that this oil has antibacterial activity vis-àvis 

the bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, 

Pseudomonas, Proteus and Candida albicans). We used the dilution method on medium solidde 

to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The culture medium used was 

nutrient broth Muller Hinton. The interaction between the bacteria and the essential oil is 

expressed by a zone of inhibition with diameters of MBC indirectly expression of. Quantitative 

analysis of essential oils by hydrodistillation given the following yield: 1%. Our study reveals that 

the essential oil of the plant Schinus molle has a different effect on the resistance of germs for, 

Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonnas aeroginosa strains are moderately sensitive, also 

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Candida albicana represent high sensitivity. By 

against Proteus is a strain which represents a weak sensitivity. In this study, we performed the 

extraction of essential oils of the plant Schinus molle and their analysis on the five bacterial 

species Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas, Proteus 

and Candida albicans and on fungic species Candida albicans. The results indicated that essential 

oils of the plant Schinus molle showed an interesting biological activity. 

Key words: Antibacterial activity, essential oil, Schinus molle, hydrodistillation. 

29

1.56 Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Ruta montana L. in 

Rodents 

Merghem Mounira 1 , Dahamna S 1 ., Rezzagui A 1 ., Boussahel S 1 ., Belguet A 1 ., 

Dehimi K. and Harzallah D. 2 


Physiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas. 2 Laboratory of Applied 

Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat 

Abbas, Sétif, 19000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of aqueous 

extract of Ruta montana L. in mice and rats. For the acute study, aqueous extract of Ruta Montana 

L. was administered to mice in single doses of 0-12 g/kg given by gavage. General behavior, 

adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In the chronic study, the extract 

was administered orally at doses of 0, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg daily for 90 days to rats. 

Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined after 30 and 90 days. Enzyme 

activities were assayed in the plasma samples obtained. AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), Cholesterol, 

Triglyceride and Glucose. The results showed a decrease in RBC; WBC after one month (chronic 

dose) of treatment (in males 75.48% &51.47% respectively), however an increase was 

unregistered after 3 months (in males 130% & 171% respectively). This probably explained by the 

effect of this plant extract on the erythropoiesis. A decline was observed on plasma enzyme 

activities in both GOT& GPT on males after one month by (51.67% & 68.6 % respectively). On the 

other hand, an increase after 3 months (acute dose) was recorded (on males 81.67% in females 

184.61% respectively). These explain a high energy-generating product. A decrease was found in 

cholesterol and triglyceride by 95.55% & 78.36% in the plasma enzyme activity. In acute toxicity, 

there was no mortality and signs of toxicity. In Chronic toxicity, no mortality was observed, 

biochemical and hematological analysis showed no significant changes in any of the parameters 

examined of both sexes. Urine analysis was negative for glucose, bilirubin, ketones, blood, protein, 

nitrite and leukocytes in the control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in 

the body and organ weights between controls and treated animals of both sexes. The 

histopathological studies have been carried out (results not shown). 

Key words: Acute and chronic toxicity, aqueous extract, medicinal plants, Ruta montana L. 

1.57 Studies of Anti Bacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Methanol Extract 

/Fractions of Peganum harmala 

Meriem DJARMOUNI 1 , Abderrahmane B 1 ., Naouel B., Hayet T 1 ., Sabah B 2 ., 

Farida B., Ameni D., Fatima Z. and Lekhmici A 1 . 

1 Department of biochemistry Faculty of Biology, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif.. 2 Department of 

biochemistry Faculty of Biology, University Brdj Bou-Arréridj. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Peganum harmala L. seeds (Pgh) were extracted with solvent of varying polarity 

allowed their separation into crude extract (CE), chloroform extract (CHE), ethyl acetate extract 

(EAE) and aqueous extract (AqE). The highest total polyphenols and flavonoids amounts were 

recorded in CHE (66.29 ± 1.57 mg EGA / g dry extract and 13.88 ± 0.13 mg EQ / g dry extract), 

followed by EAE (58.1 ± 1.57 mg EGA / g dry extract and 12.18 ± 0.08 mg EQ / g dry extract, 

respectively). The antioxidant activities of these extracts were estimated by superoxide scavenging 

ability and reducing power using (PMS-NADH-NBT) and FRAP assay. The result showed that 

CHE have the stronger superoxide scavenging effect with IC 50 0,395± 4,9117E-05 mg/ml, followed 

by EAE and CE with IC 50 of 1,644± 0,023 and 3,33± 0.047 mg/ml, respectively. In ferric reducing 

power assay, the results showed that extracts exhibited a good reducing power, and the highest 

power was recorded for CHE (TAP = 5,85±0,145 mM Fe +2 /g of extract). The antibacterial effect of 

CE, CHE, EAE was assessed by the disc method. . The results showed that this plant has a very 

important antibacterial effect on strains E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. 

aeroginosa ATCC 27853. The most sensitive strain was S. aureus to both EAE and CHE with a 

30

zone of inhibition of 35 and 26mm, respectively. These diameters are greater than those obtained 

by the antibiotics (between 23 and 33 mm). Strain E. coli ATCC 25922 was less inhibited 

compared to the previous strain and antibiotics, with diameters of inhibition ranging from 12 to 20 

mm with all extracts. These results provided evidence that Peaganum harmala seeds had 

interesting antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which support its use traditional medicine. 

Key words: Antibacterial, antioxidant, medicinal plant, Peaganum harmala, reducing power, 

superoxide. 

1.58 Antibacterial and Anti-Adherence Effect of Pomegranate Peel on Oral 

Pathogens 

Merzouk H 1 ., Azelmat J 2 ., Chibane M 1 ., and Chandad F. 2 

1 laboratoire de technologie alimentaire, dép. SA. FSNV, Université A/Mira, Bejaia, Algérie. 

2 Laboratoire de contrôle microbiologique, GREB, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université 

Laval, Canada. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Studies on antimicrobial activity of pomegranate extract have been restricted to their 

antimicrobial properties on Streptococcal species while those of periodontal disease and biofilm 

formation are limited. The antibacterial activity of pomegranate peel was tested against eight oral 

bacteria. a peel of acid fruit was selected “QE”. Polyphenols were extracted with 50% (v/v). 

Bacterial strains and growth conditions: The microorganisms used in this study are P. Gingivalis 

(Pg), P. Intermediate (Pi), A. Actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), F. Nucleatum (Fn), S. Mutans (Sm), S. 

Sanguinis (Ssg), S. Gordonii (Sg), S. Oralis (So). The concentrations arranged between 500mg/ml 

to give the final concentration of 10mg/disc to 0.5mg/disc. The MIC of extract was determined by 

agar dilution method and inhibition of biofilm formation was evaluated by crystal violet staining 

assay. The results of the disc diffusion assay showed that the extract at 10mg/disc has an 

interesting antimicrobial activity against all bacteria tested. Pi (19.66mm) was the most sensitive 

bacteria. The MIC of extract ranged from 0.5-20mg/ml. The treatment showed also a significant 

biofilm inhibition in all the wells compared with controls. Extracts showed a significant inhibitory 

effect on biofilm formation by all the strains tested at certain concentrations. QE exert an effective 

inhibition 90% for Pg, at 250ug/ml and Sm 86% at 5mg/m. Results of antibacterial activity showed 

that extract was effective on all tested bacteria. Antibacterial adhesion showed also reduction on 

biofilm attachment. 

Key words: pomegranate peel extract, antibacterial activity, anti-adherence effect, oral strains. 

1.59 Biological Activities of Plant Extracts on Skin Cells 

Meybeck alain 

AM Phyto-Conseil. 20ter rue de Bezons, 92400 Courbevoie. France. 

Examples will be given of how testing extracts, fractions, or purified natural molecules on 

epidermal or dermal cells in culture can give information on their potential as new cosmetic active 

raw materials to meet the demand of the growing global market for products which improve skin 

condition or protect it from ageing. 

Seabuckthorn or Hippophae rhamnoides Winter Twigs Extracts Could Lighten Skin 

Pigmentation 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: It has been found that Hippophae rhamnoides winter twigs extracts have the highly 

valuable property to inhibit pigment formation in skin cells, whereas an extract of twigs collected in 

summer and bearing leaves had practically no effect. Different extracts and fractions were 

submitted to special tests on cultures of melanocytes (epidermal pigment producing cells) which 

allow evaluating the amount of melanin pigment synthesized. These tests have shown that: 

Seabuckthorn winter twigs polar extracts inhibit the biosynthesis of melanin pigments by skin cells, 

whereas a seabuckthorn summer twig extract has practically no activity on melanogenesis, the 

active compounds responsible for the whitening effect of Hippophae rhamnoides winter twig 

extracts are water soluble molecules, and these active molecules seem to be indole derivatives. 

31

Ergosterol Found in Mushrooms and Yeast is An Anti-Senescence Compound 

Useful for Cosmetics 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Cells which have lost irreversibly their ability to divide while remaining viable are 

called senescent. They have first been observed in cell cultures after a number of replications, 

then in cultures after stresses, and finally in vivo in animals and man. The role they play in ageing 

is thought to be important, not only because cells which do not replicate themselves cannot very 

well participate in tissue renewal, but also because senescent cells secrete proteolytic enzymes 

such as MMP3, pro inflammatory cytokines such as Il-1, 6 and 8, or growth factors such as VEGF, 

which exert negative effects on their environment. It seems thus interesting to prevent the 

appearance of senescent cells. UVB stress induced premature senescence (SIPS) tests have 

allowed to show that pre-treatments with Vitamin D as well as its precursors 7-dehydrocholesterol 

and ergosterol can prevent the appearance of senescent cells characterized by the expression of 

the enzyme SA β-gal (senescence associated beta-galactosidase). In silico docking studies with 

the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) have shown that the mechanism of action of these molecules 

probably implies their binding with its “alternative”, recently described, non-genotropic binding site. 

Moreover, as these molecules activate the protein p53, often called “guardian of the genome”, it is 

tempting to put forward the hypothesis that it is this p53 activation known to trigger repair of DNA 

damages which prevents the occurrence of senescence. Mushrooms such as Poria, Ganoderma, 

Cordyceps, Polyporus, or Agaricus all contain ergosterol, and special ergosterol rich fractions 

could be developed for anti-senescence skin care cosmetic products. 

Extracts of the Polynesian Plant Microsorum scolopendria could be Used As New 

Anti-Aging Cosmetic Active Ingredients 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: A study was undertaken in order to determine whether extracts of the Polynesian 

plant Metua Pua‟a could have interesting activities on skin. Metua Pua‟a is the local name of 

Microsorum scolopendria , a fern which is a very popular medicinal plant in Tahiti. A total extract of 

Microsorum s. was made by soxhlet treatment of dry leaves with methanol. This crude extract E 

was fractionated, first by partition with chloroform and water to eliminate lipophilic molecules, then 

by partition of the polar phase between water and butanol to obtain a butanol soluble phase which 

was further purified through a polyamide gel column into a fraction F enriched in ecdysteroids 

among which ecdysterone and ecdysone. The total extract of Microsorum s. (but not the 

ecdysteroid fraction F) up-regulates Heme Oxygenase 1, an enzyme which protects cells from 

oxidative stress (through the liberation of biliverdin, itself quickly converted into the antioxidant 

bilirubin) and which exerts several other activities like the photoimmunoprotection of skin by UVA 

through the liberation of carbon monoxide CO. The ecdysteroid fraction of Microsorum s. (rich in 

ecdysone and ecdysterone) completely protects BJ dermal fibroblasts from stress induced 

premature senescence, thus confirming the results previously obtained with ecdysterone from 

Cyanotis arachnoidea. It seems therefore that extracts or fractions of extracts of Microsorum 

scolopendria could protect skin against oxidative stresses and that they could be used to formulate 

better anti-aging cosmetic products. 

Key words: Ati-Aging, anti-Senescence, biological activities, cosmetics, ergosterol, Hippophae 

rhamnoides, ingredients, Microsorum scolopendria, mushroom, plant extracts, skin cells. 

1.60 Antimicrobial Activity of Pseudomonas Secondary Metabolites 

Mezaache-Aichour Samia, Guechi Abdelhadi and Zerroug Mohamed 

Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas 

of Sétif, ALGERIA. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Phenazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecules produced by fluorescent 

Pseudomonas. These compounds have broad-spectrum antibiotic properties including 

antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi and pathogenic bacteria. Several mechanisms 

of action have been proposed, including inhibition of DNA replication, uncoupling of electron, 

transport and energy production, and disruption of normal membrane functions resulting in the 

generation of toxic intracellular oxygen species. Production of antimicrobial metabolites in vitro 

was assayed in NBY supplemented with glucose to a final concentration of 2%. Extracts of 

32

supernatants from liquid cultures of the isolate completely inhibited phytopathogenic fungi when 

incorporated into agar culture at a rate equivalent to 0.31 – 0.94 ml culture filtrate/ml, this crude 

extracts was active against all tested fungi. In a disc assay, extracts equivalent to 0.31 ml 

supernatant gave zones of inhibition of 15 mm and 25 mm for the Gram positive bacteria Bacillus 

subtilis and Paracoccus paratrophus, respectively with disc diffusion technique. The purified 

extracts were analyzed by Infra red mass spectroscopy and GC/MS. 

Key words: Antimicrobial, pseudomonas, secondary metabolites. 

1.61 In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Extract from Seaweed, Ulva rigida, 

Protects HeLa cells from Hydrogen Peroxide Cytotoxicity 

Mezghani Sana, Bourguiba Ines and Amri Mohamed. 

Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit, 00/UR/08-01, University 

of science, El Manar Tunis, Tunisia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Over the past decades, seaweeds have aroused a special interest as potential 

sources of natural antioxidants and nowadays different compounds of marine algae are believed to 

exhibit potent antioxidant activity. In these regards, we have demonstrated in the present study 

that Ulva rigida contains a high content of total phenolic and flavonoids. Furthermore, DPPH 

antioxidant assays show clearly a huge antioxidant activity about 99% and 70% for water and 

methanol ulva extracts, respectively. Besides, exposure of HeLa cells to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ; 

1mM, 3h) led to dramatic morphological changes including a condensation of the cytoplasmic 

content, cell shrinkage and a leakage of the cytoplasmic content implying an induction of a cell 

death process. However, the co-incubation of cells with H 2 O 2 and crude extract of U. rigida 

prevents morphological cytotoxic effects. Cell viability assays reveal that the percent of viable cells 

co-treated with H 2 O 2 and crude extract was higher than that obtained with cells treated with H 2 O 2 , 

only (65 versus 22%, P

potential antimicrobial activity against some microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus 

aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts exhibited a concentration 

dependent antibacterial and antifungal inhibition. Both in vitro and in vivo leaf extract showed 

similar antimicrobial activity. These results suggest that A. millefolium and R. graveolens is a 

promising antimicrobial agent. 

Key words: Achillea millefolium, antimicrobial activity, clonal propagation, conservation, Ruta 

graveolens 

1.63 Antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from some local pumpkin 

seeds (Cucurbita pepo) 

Mohamed BENALAI, Amar DJERIDANE, Zohra MOUISSA, Hadda GUETTAF 

and Mohamed YOUSFI 

Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Telidji. PB 37 G, 03000, Laghouat- 

Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Among vegetables used by most local people are cucurbitaceae. However, pumpkin 

seeds and their oils are being the subject of several studies in the health field. In recent years a 

special emphasis has been given to a specific class of phytochemicals antioxidant, the 

polyphenols. However, there is little information available on the antioxidant effects of Algerian 

legume plants. In the present work, we are interested to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 

phenolic extracts prepared by two solvent systems (methanol / water and acetone / water) of eight 

samples of local pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo).The total phenolic content, analyzed using Folin- 

Ciocalteu‟s reagent, of the samples varied from 19.8 mg to 46.39 mg/100g dry weight, expressed 

as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). The evaluation of the DPPH radical scavenging power shows 

clearly that all the tested extracts have a remarkable antiradical effect. The extracts of samples 5 

and 8 have proved the most active, with EC 50 lower than 0.19 mg/ml. Moreover, the reducing 

capacity of molybdenum hexavalent ions of our phenolic extracts showed that the extract of 

sample 3 has a significant reducing activity compared to that of BHT (3.60 mg / ml). According to 

the obtained results, we can conclude that the local Cucurbita pepo seeds have considerable 

antioxidant activities which are mainly detected in extracts 3, 5 and 8. At the end of this study, the 

important antioxidant potential found in phenolic extracts of local pumpkin seeds would be 

appropriate for food and industrial applications. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, pumpkin seeds, reducing power. 

1.64 The Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extract and Essential Oil of 

Stachys Rupestris Montbret Et Aucher Ex Bentha 

Erdoğan Elif and Everest Ayşe 

Mersin University Faculty of Science and Letters, Biology Department, Mersin, Turkey. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Stachys rupestris is an endemic specie which lives on ruins and stones at 50-1100 

meters in Mersin and to our knowledge it‟s antimicrobial activity has never been researched 

before. The aqueous extract and essential oil of the aerial parts of Stachys rupestris were 

investigated for its antimicrobial activity against four Gram positive-bacteria, three Gram-negative 

and two fungi species. Essential oil (EO) of Stachys rupestris extracted by hidrodistilation was 

analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The main components of EO of 

Stachys rupestris were 4-Aminostyrene (35.81%), 1S-alfa-pinene (6.98%), Caryophyllene (4.25 

%), Bicyclo [3.1.1] hept-2-ene,2,6-dime (4.67 %). The antimicrobial effects of essential oil and 

aqueous extract were assessed on several pathogens, namely Escherichia coli , Enterococcus 

feacalis, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella thyphimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus 

epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida neoformans, Candida parapsilosis. This study 

indicated that the aqueous extract of the Stachys rupestris had lower antimicrobial effect than its 

essential oil. Anyway, it was found that the essential oil showed antimicrobial activity, particularly 

against fungi species. 

Key words: antimicrobial, aqueous extract, essential oil, fungi, Stachys rupestris. 

34

1.65The Pyretic and Antiinflammatory Activity of the Leaves Extracts of 

Thymus fontanesii boiss and Reut from Algeria 

Mostefa sari F. 1 , Mokabli A 1 , Benmokadem N 1 , Nemri M. 2 ,and Chérif H-S 3 

Institute of the nature and the ground sciences, Department of biology, University of Khemis 

Miliana. 2 Pharmacotoxicology department, Antibiotical group SAIDAL,Medea. 3 Institute of the 

Agro-vétérinarian sciences, Laboratory of vegetal biotechnology; department of Biology, Saad 

Dahleb university of Blida. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The fontanesii Thymus Boiss and Reut is a very used plant in traditional medicine for 

its therapeutic virtues. The pyretic activity was estimated by the in vivo test of pyrogènes and 

completed by the in vitro test of the research for the bacterial endotoxines (LAL test). The 

antiiflammatory activity as for it, was estimated by injecting phlogogènes products in rats treated 

by the plant extracts. According to the results, both extracts of the plant provoked rises of the 

temperature, and there is no correlation between the dose and the pyretic effect (AEE1, AEE2, 

AE1, AE2, EOE, EO). However, we notice that there is a proportionality between the dose and the 

antiinflammatory effect as well for the essential oil as the aqueous extract, maximum of the effects 

were reached with the concentrations of essential oil of 0.44 % ( ISP) and 4.4 % (Oral route) and 

those of the aqueous extract of 0.22 g / ml (Oral route). 

Key words: Anti-inflammatory, aqueous extracts, , essential oil, pyrogène, Thymus fontanesii 

Boiss. 

1.66 Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Ocimum basilicum 

L. Essential Oil from Algeria 

Moussa Brada 1 , Leila Hadj K., 2 Djilali A., 2 Jean Paul W. 3 , and Georges L. 4 

1 Laboratoire de Valorisation des Substances Naturelles, Université de Khemis-Miliana, Route de 

Thenia-Souffay, W. Aïn-Defla. 2 Département de Génie des Procédés, Faculté des Sciences de 

l’Ingénieur, Université Hassiba Ben Bouali de Chlef, 02000, Algeria. 3 Unité de Chimie Générale et 

Organique, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 

Gembloux, Belgium 4 Unité de Chimie Analytique, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 

2, Passage des Déportés, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The constituents of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation of the overground parts of 

Ocimum basilicum L. from Algeria were examined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas 

chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 46 components were identified accounting for 

99.6% of the oil. The major compounds were linalool (44.7%), linalyl acetate (14.0%), 1,8 cineole 

(6.7%), myrcene (5.6%) and α-terpineol (5.1%). Furthermore, the oil was tested for antimicrobial 

activity against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. The bacterial strains tested were found to be 

sensitive to essential oil studied and showed a very effective bactericidal activity. This work fits into 

the broader context of development of the biodiversity of herbs for their Algerian medicinal 

properties as dietary ones. 

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, essential oil composition, inalool, linalyl acetate Ocimum 

basilicum. 

1.67 Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Saccocalyx 

satureioides Essential Oil 

N. Gourine 1 , K. H. Benabed 1, 2 , M. Ouinten 2 , and M. Yousfi 1 

1 Laboratoire des sciences fondamentales, Université Amar Télidji. 2 Laboratoire de génie des 

procédés, Université Amar Télidji, Laghouat, Algérie 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This work aims to study the chemical composition and the antioxidant activities of the 

essential oils of a local medicinal plant Saccocalyx satureioides. The essential oils obtained by 

hydrodistillation of the aerial part of theses plants yielded 3.3% (w/w). The chromatographic 

analyses (GC and GC/SM) revealed that carvacrol is the main component for S. satureioides 

(51.82%). Other compounds were present in high contents: γ-terpinene (18.96%) and o-cymene 

35

(11.3%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined employing two different assays: 

DPPH• free radical scavenging assay and Phosphomolybdenum assay. The results showed that the 

essential oils have an excellent reducing activity but low anti-radical power, by comparison with 

those of the antioxidants of reference. These results show clearly that the essential oil extract is a 

good antioxidant, and represent an important potential as a natural antioxidant. 

Key words: Antioxidant, chemical composition, DPPH assay, essential oil, Saccocalyx 

satureioides. 

1.68 In Vitro Vasomotor Effects of Capparis spinosa Aqueous Extracts 

Nadia BENZIDANE 1 , Imane K 1 ., Abderrahmane B 1 ., Noureddine C 1 ., Seddik 

K 2 ., N. XAVIER 3 , and Lekhmici A. 1 

1 Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life 

Science, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria. 2 INSERM U698, Faculté de Médecine Xavier 

Bichat, Paris, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Capparis spinosa (Capparidaceae) dicotyledons from the class of spermaphytes, is 

an arbustive, enduring and woody plant, typically Mediterranean, largely used in folk medicine in 

the Mediterranean countries including Algeria. The aim of the present research is to assess the in 

vitro vasomotor effects of aqueous extract of different parts of Capparis spinosa (roots, leaves, 

stems, flowers, fruits and kernels). Rings of thoracic aorta and windpipe of rat Wistar were isolated 

streamlined cut and suspended by means of bath of organs containing 10 ml of Krebs 

physiological solution. The addition of Capparis spinosa extracts with different concentrations 

during the stage of contraction led by the phenylephrin for the thoracic arteries and acetylcholine 

for windpipes showed a light vasodilatation. Another protocol, by incubation 30 mn with extracts at 

different concentrations proves to be so efficient. Several doses (0,1 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml et 10 mg/ml) 

have been used. The dose of 10 mg/ml showed a significant vasodilator effect for fruits and 

kernels, and vasoconstrictor effect for leaves. This study is preliminary and cannot give an idea 

neither of the mode of action, nor of substance (s) responsible of the expressed effects. 

Key words: Aortic ring, aqueous extract, Capparis spinosa, medicinal Plants, vasomotor effect. 

1.69 Inhibition of Stromelysine-1 By Chicoric Acid Derivatives Isolated from 

Algerian Propolis. 

Narimane Seguen 1,3 , Abdulmagid Alabdul Magid 2 , Martine Decarme 1 , Salah 

Rhouati 3 , and Mesbah Lahouel 4 

Frank Antonicelli 1 , Catherine Lavaud 2 , William Hornebeck 1 1 Unité Medyc, Université de Reims 

Champagne Ardennes, UMR 6237 CNRS, IFR 53 Biomolécules, UFR de Médecine, 51 rue 

Cognacq Jay, 51095 Reims.cedex, France. 2 Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Université de Reims 

Champagne Ardennes, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 6229 CNRS, IFR 

53Biomolécules, Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims cedex 2, France; 3 Laboratoire des produits 

naturels d’origine végétale et de synthèse organique, Université Mentouri, Département de 

Chimie, Constantine 25000, Algérie. 4 Laboratoire de phytopharmacologie, Université de Jijel, 

Département de biologie, Jijel 18000, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Repeated exposure of human skin to sunlight is considered as a major factor in the 

premature aging of skin (photoaging). The UV-irradiation caused excessive generation of ROS 

thereby resulting in an oxidative stress condition. It is suspected that ROS are capable of 

enhancing matrix metalloproteinase activity. Thus the approaches contracting ROS production 

may be useful for the prevention of photoaging and skin cancer. Polyphenols are known as potent 

antioxidants. In addition, they can decrease the level of MMPs production and increase the level of 

procollagen synthesis. In this study, our focus was on the effect of propolis polyphenols on 

stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), this enzyme occupies a central position in collagenolytic and elastolytic 

cascades. We screened extracts of a propolis sample with the aim to isolate compounds able to 

selectively inhibit this enzyme. A butanolic extract (B3) of the investigated propolis sample was 

36

found to potently inhibit MMP-3 activity (IC50 = 0.15 ±0.03 μg/mL), with no or only weak activity on 

other MMPs. This fraction also inhibited plasmin amidolytic activity (IC50 = 0.05 μg/mL) and 

impeded plasmin-mediated proMMP-3 activation. B3 was fractionated by HPLC, and one 

compound, characterized by NMR and mass spectroscopy and not previously identified in 

propolis, i.e., (+)-chicoric acid, displayed potent in vitro MMP-3 inhibitory activity (IC50 = 6.3 × 

10−7 M). In addition, both caffeic acid and (+)-chicoric acid methyl ester present in fraction B3 

significantly inhibited UVA-mediated MMP-3 up regulation by fibroblasts. 

Key words: Caffeic acid, chicoric acid, MMP-3, polyphenols, propolis. 

1.70 Antibiogramm of Peonica mascula (L.)Mill 

Nouioua W. Kaabeche M., Sersoub dj., Sebihi H., and Bouabedallah M 

University Ferhat Abbas Sétif 19000 Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Algeria has a very significant floristic richness. Many species are badly known, on the 

taxonomic and phytochemical level.So, this work was undertaken to study Algerian endemic 

species which is Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill belonging to Paeonaceae family. The peony is 

distributed only in the north east of Algeria. The purpose of this study was to extract the essentials 

oils from the underground part of Paeonia mascula by hydrodistillation and to evaluate its 

antibacterial activity. The essentials oils of this plant showed strong antibacterial activity against 

many strains of bacteria (E.coli.). 

Key words: Antimicrobial, essentials oils, floristic, Paeonica mascula (L.) Mill, paeoniaceae, 

phytochemistry. 

1.71 Phenolic Compounds Analysis of Pulicaria incisa Foliage and their 

Antimicrobial and Analgesic Activities 

OUAFI S., and SAHAR D. 

Research Laboratory of Arid Lands, (LRZA) Faculty of biology, USTHB. BPN ° 32 El-Alia, Bab 

Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The flora of Algeria is very rich and diverse knowing that many medicinal plants are 

used in traditional medicine. Among these plants, the Pulicaria incisa belongs to the Asteraceae 

family, it extends in the Saharan regions and occupies the Tassili of 

Algeria (Tamanrasset and Adrar). Annual plant or occasionally perennial with many leaves and 

yellow flowers. It varies in size between 40 and 60 cm. The odor that emanates from the plant 

is very nice. The Pulicaria incisa is used as antibacterial, rich in phenolic compounds responsible 

for its therapeutic properties. In our work we were interested in separation, purification and 

identification of polyphenols (Flavonoids and phenolic acids) contained in the foliage in the first 

time. The study of the antimicrobial and analgesic activities of these compounds in a second 

time. Several chromatographic methods were used for the analysis of our extracts. The thin layer 

chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and UV-Visible 

spectrophotometry. We performed microbiological tests on gram-positive and Gram-negative 

bacteria, on fungi and yeasts. The evaluation of analgesic activity occurs by injection of acetic 

acid intraperitoneally in mice that causes a painful reaction manifested by cramping, which can be 

reduced by an analgesic product. This study compares the reduction in the number of cramps after 

administration doses of test and reference product (Aspirin). Among the principal compounds we 

have identified: two flavons (tricin ,apigenin) and two flavonols( quercetin ,rhamnetin) caffeic acid 

and cyanidin as anthocyanin.The research results of chemical diversity of the 

species considered showed that individuals of both arid regions(Tamanrasset and Adrar) are 

divided into two groups or clones which confirms the presence of two distinct chemotypes. 

The antibacterial and pharmacological tests showed that: the medicinal plant 

37

pulicaria incisa (L) DC has antibacterial activity with the fraction containing anthocyanin and 

glycosides, as well as analgesic activity using the hétérosidique fraction. The result justifies its use 

by the Tuareg people to treat headaches and to reduce fever. 

Keywords: Analgesic activity, antibacterial, medicinal plants, phenolic compounds, sahara 

populations. 

1.72 Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oils of Thymus algeriensis and 

lavandula stoechas 

Oukil naima and Bedjou fatiha 

Laboratoire de biotechnologie végétale et d’ethnobotanique faculté des sciences de la nature et de 

la vie ,université de béjaia, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Essential oils are known for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. This work has 

two objectives, the first, to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two essential oils extracted by the 

method of hydrodistillation from two aromatics Algerian plants: Thymus algeriensis and Lavandula 

stoechas; and the second to identify the different components of these oils. Antimicrobial activity 

was evaluated by the agar diffusion method.10 7 bacteria /ml was applied to Muller Hinton plates 

using a cotton swab .After a few minutes to allow complete absorption of the inoculums, discs 

impregnated with crude essential oil or its dilutions were placed onto the surface. Results obtained 

in this study showed that essential oils of Thymus algeriensis and Lavandula stoechas have strong 

antibacterial and antifungal activities, overcoat against Gram positive bacteria. Essential oils of 

Thymus algeriensis showed high activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae (25,43mm), Bacillus 

subtilis (30mm), Staphylococcus aureus (32mm), and Listeria innocua (32mm). Lavandula 

stoechas essential oil showed very high activities against Staphylococcus aureus (90mm) and 

Bacillus subtilis (90mm) and a high activity against Listeria innocua in (30mm). Antifungal activity 

showed that essential oil of Thymus algeriensis has a better activity (inhibition =100% in case of 

Rhizopus and Candida) than essential oil of Lavandula stoechas. Essential oils of Thymus 

algeriensis showed a fungicidal effect on Candida albicans and Rhizopus sp with a percentage of 

inhibition equal at 100%. The presence of phenols in these essential oils explains their 

antimicrobial effect. These results suggest that essential oils of Thymus algeriensis and Lavandula 

stoechas provide substantial antimicrobial activity. Flora of Algeria appears to be a rich and 

interesting source for the treatment of several pathologies. 

Key words: Antimicrobial, essential oils, lavandula stoechas, Thymus algeriensis. 

1.73 Effect of the Leaf Extract of Afgekia mahidolae on Wound Healing by 

Scratch Assay 

Petpiroon , Nareerat 1,2 Pongsamart, S 1 ., and Sukrong, S. 2,3 

1 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 

Chulalongkorn University. 2 Unit cell for research and development of herbs and natural products 

for dental application, Chulalongkorn University. 3 Department of Pharmacognosy and 

Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 

Thailand 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Wound healing is a complex process in wound repair of tissues injury which an 

important process including cell proliferation and migration. The aim of this study was to evaluate 

an effect of Afgekia mahidolae leaf extract on wound healing by using scratch assay, normal 

human skin fibroblasts (CRL-2076) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) were applied. Leaves of A. 

mahidolae B.L. Burtt & Chermsir. were extracted with methanol. Cytotoxic effect of the extract was 

examined by MTT assay. The results showed that the extract up to 1 mg/ml did not show cytotoxic 

effect on human skin fibroblast. However, 1 mg/ml of the extract reduced cell viability of 

keratinocytes to 18 %. The extract at concentration ranges of 0.001-100 µg/ml did not exhibit cell 

proliferation in both cells. The scratch assay showed that the extract at 0.001-1 µg/ml significantly 

38

accelerated 90 % wound closure at 24 hours on keratinocytes faster than control. While, the 

extract at 1 µg/ml showed potentially accelerate wound closure on skin fibroblasts, but the percent 

wound closure was not significantly different from control. Furthermore, the extract promoted 

migration of keratinocytes better than fibroblasts. These results suggested that the acceleration of 

wound closure of extract on cell keratinocytes involved the cell migration process. The extract has 

a potential to be applied for healing skin wounds. 

Key words: Afgekia mahidolae, leaf extract, scratch assay. 

1.74 Antioxidant Activity of Vaccinium corymbosum L. and Ribes nigrum L. 

Extracts 

Poracova, Janka 1 Tkacikova, Ludmila 2 , Sedlak, Vincent 3 , and Blascakova, 

Marta 1 

1 Department of Biology, Excellence Center of Human and Animal Ecology, Presov University. 

2 Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice. 3 Department 

of Ecology, Presov University in Presov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that plant polyphenols, including 

anthocyanins have various beneficial biological properties which may play an important role in 

protecting of human and animal health. Anthocyanins have antioxidants effects and inhibit lipid 

peroxidation. Therefore, a major anthocyanins have antiinflammatory, anticancerogenic and some 

of them antimicrobial activity. Antioxidant properties of extracts and juices of highbush blueberry. 

(Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and. black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) were analysed by the method 

DPPH + . The samples were diluted by methanol before the measurement of antioxidant activity. 

The antioxidant activity was determined by method Šeršeň and Grančai (2008). Concentrated 

extracts as well as diluted samples were stored at -20 o C. The values of absorbance were 

measured at individual diluted of sample. The dynamic antioxidant capacity in individual samples 

was followed on basis obtained values of absorbance and antiradical capacity. The value of SC 50 

was calculated on the basis of observed values. The samples were measured 

spectrophotometrically at 515 nm by the UV – 1800, spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU, Japan). 

SC 50 was 39,31 in juice of highbush blueberries in the retail network, commercially prepared; SC 50 

= 27,24 was in concentrated extract of ethanol, SC 50 = 205, 67 was in juice obtained naturally 

without any chemical additives, SC 50 = 255, 50 water extract CW0711, SC 50 = 251, 56 water 

extract highbush blueberries. SC 50 in extract and juice of black currants were following: SC 50 = 30, 

63 concentrated extract of ethanol, SC 50 = 97,89 natural juice, SC 50 = 284,53 water extract of 

black currant. High levels of SC 50 were found in natural juice of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium 

corymbosum L.) and black currant (Ribes nigrum L.), which suggest their high natural antioxidant 

activity. Found properties of studied extracts indicate that these berries can be used as natural 

additives for human and animal health. 

Aknowledgements: This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research 

and Sport of the Slovak Republic, project identification number – Stimuly 00162-0001 (SR- 

3634/2010-11 ME) and by th Agency for Structural Found EU, the code project: ITMS 

26220120041 

Key words: Antioxidant activity extracts, plant polyphenols, Ribes nigrum, Vaccinium 

corymbosum. 

. 

39

1.75 The Effect of Aloe Vera Leaf Gel in Promoting Wound Healing and As 

an Antibacterial Agent 

Qaragholi, Zena M.F., and AlKayyat, Ali 

College of Pharmacy/ Dep.of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Cultural Affaira, University of 

Baghdad, Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study explored the effect of crude Aloe Vera leaf gel in promoting wound healing 

and to investigate its antibacterial effect against some pathogenic bacteria in comparison with 

standard antimicrobial agents as Gentamycin and also other medicinal plants as Nigella Sativa oil. 

Culture medias as BHIB (Re-isolation of the test bacteria), Nutrient Agar ( Sensitivity test), Nutrient 

broth (MIC& MBC), Gelatin Agar (Biochemical method), MacConkey agar ( Diag . Pseudo.A), 

Mannitol Salt agar (Diag of Staph. Aerreus) and Milk agar (Biochemical Method). Chemicals and 

reagents as H2O240% (Catalase test), Tetramethyl-p-Phynelene Diamine Dihydrochloride1% 

(Oxidase test), Crystal Violate, Iodine solution, acetone, Safranin (Gram Stain), Normal saline, 

Bounes Sol. And Gentamycin. Standard dilutions of Aloe Vera leaf gel were made from 10-100%, 

its antibacterial effect had been examined by seeded agar method against Staphylococcus aureus 

and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gentamycin and Nigella Sativa oil were used for comparison. To 

explore the effect of Aloe Vera in vivo, twenty four local male rabbits were used and divided into 4 

equal groups. Each animal was wounded in both sides of the back region. The first group was 

control, designed to observe normal wound healing. The second group was treated with crude 

Aloe Vera gel twice daily for 10 days. While the third group was wounded and infected with 

Staphylococcus aureus without treatment to observe the natural body defense. The last group was 

infected with the same bacteria and treated with crude Aloe Vera. Left side wounds in all groups 

were left as self-control. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P

1.77 New Strategies in the Search for Natural Products with Anti- 

Inflammatory Activity 

Rudolf Bauer 

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Austria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Natural products possess a great structural diversity which is not commonly seen in 

synthetic molecules. Therefore, they continuously play a predominant role in the discovery of new 

drug leads. PPARγ is one of the three Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) 

subtypes and is involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and therefore an 

important target for metabolic diseases. Additionally, PPARγ plays a role in other chronic diseases 

such as inflammation, cancer and atherosclerosis. Within a national research network we have 

investigated Chinese medicinal plants for new anti-inflammatory compounds including PPARγ 

agonists, using an in-silico and activity guided approach. From the roots and rhizomes of 

Notopterygium incisium Ting ex H. T. Chang (Qiang Huo) we have isolated several polyacetylene 

and frulic acid derived compounds with anti-inlammatory activity. They showed inhibitory activity 

on NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, inhibory effects on leukotriene and prostaglandine 

formation, and PPARγ agonistic effects. Therefore they are good candidates for further drug 

development. 

Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Austrian Science 

Fund (FWF) within project NFN S 10705-B13. 

Key words: Anti-inflammatory activity, Natural Products, new strategies. 

1.78 Antimicrobial activity of Carthamus sp a Medicinal Plant in Algeria 

Saffidine Karima 1 , Sahli Farida a and Zerroug Mohamed Mihoub 2 

1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Sétif, ALGERIA. 

2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Live Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas of 

Sétif, ALGERIA. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal plants constitute a source of bioactive substances to treat chronic as well as 

infectious diseases in many countries of the world. A wide range of active compounds used as 

natural antimicrobial agents are economically accessible to face the apparition of phenomena of 

germ resistance to antibiotics. Carthamus includes almost all plants of the family Asteraceae 

growing in the Mediterranean area. This botanical genus has been traditionally used to treat 

various diseases: cardiovascular diseases, male sterility and skin diseases. It is either known to 

possess sedative and anti-tumor activity. Our work was undertaken in order to evaluate the 

antimicrobial activity of a species of Carthamus growing in Sétif area in the North-East of Algeria. 

The study was carried on the roots and leaves of this plant. The antimicrobial activity of aqueous 

and organic plant extracts was evaluated in vitro against ten bacterial and four fungal strains using 

disc diffusion method. It is also noteworthy that this study of the antimicrobial of this species is 

performed for the first time. The results showed a good activity of root and leave extracts in vitro 

against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains as well as against pathogenic fungus. 

Organic fractions from methanol and ethanol extracts exhibited high inhibition zones against one 

or more of the tested microorganisms, compared to aqueous fractions with lowest activity. 

Maximum antifungal activity, 25 mm, was obtained against Candida albicans and moderate one, 

10 to 12 mm, on plant pathogenic fungus: Aschochyta rabiei, Fusarium oxysporum albidinis and 

Fusarium Var coerileum. But for antibacterial activity, maximum of 20 mm was exhibited against 

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Acinetobacter bowii. While, low activity was obtained 

against Enterobacter faecalis, 10 mm and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, 9 mm. Extracts of this 

species may contain effective compounds against pathogenic microorganisms. These agents are 

in investigations to define their chemical structure and characteristics. 

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Carthamus, plant extracts. 

41

1.79 Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts from 

Peganum harmala Seeds 

Saliha Dahamna 1 , Abir Rezzagui 1 ,Mounira Merghem 1 , Dalila Bouamra 1 

,Daoud Harzalah 2 , Assia Belguet 1 , Soulef Boussahel 1 , Karima Yaici 1 ,and 

Khadidja Dehimi 1 


Physiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif . 2 Laboratory of 

Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, 

University FerhatAbbas, Sétif, 19000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as “Harmel” in North Africa, 

is widely used in traditional remedies for the treatment of a variety of human ailments. The seeds 

of this plant are reported to possess antidepressant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancerous and 

hallucinogenic effect. In this work the antioxidant potential of the aqueous (AqE) and methanolic 

(MeE) extracts of Peganum harmala seeds was investigated, and the second was the DPPH 

radical scavenging activity. The analysis of the extracts showed that AqE contains the highest 

amount of polyphenols followed by MeE (158,25 ± 6,80mg EAG /g dry extract and 98,44 ± 3,58mg 

EAG /g dry extract, respectively) and the inverse in the flavonoids amounts with 7.68 ± 0.66mg EQ 

/g dry AqE and 10.15 ± 0,017mg EQ /g dry MeE. The β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay 

revealed that the two extracts have an important antioxidant activity with 66.50 ± 1,46% of 

inhibition for AqE and 79.71 ± 0,34% for MeE. High DPPH radical scavenging was observed in 

MeE (0.194 ± 0.013mg/ml) followed by AqE (1.345 ± 0.036mg/ml). All together, these results 

showed an antioxidant potential in both AqE and MeE, and suggested that these natural extracts 

could be used to treat several diseases, especially, the stress oxidative-related disorders, through 

the free radical scavenging activity and/ or the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, Free-radical scavenging activity, Peganum harmala L., DPPH. 

1.80 Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Extracts Aqueous and 

Ethanolic for Ginger. 

SELLAL, A 1 ., SENATOR A 2 ., and Belattar R 3 

1 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Department of Biochemistry, 

University Ferhat Abbas Setif. 2 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, 

Department of Biochemistry, University Ferhat Abbas Setif. 3 Department of Ecology and Plant 

Biology University of Constantine. Algeria 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In the present study, the activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts from ginger 

rhizome were evaluated firstly in vivo using acetic acid induced vascular permeability and xylene 

induced ear edema by topical application in mice as a model of acute inflammation. The oral 

administration of this extracts at dose of 400mg/kg, one hour before the induction of inflammation, 

showed a high significant (p≤0,01) anti-inflammatory effect, compared to control group considered 

as 100% of inflammation. Secondly, the antioxidant effect of ethanolic extract was studied only in 

vitro (aqueous extract were studied in the priors works in our laboratory) using DPPH, total 

antioxidant activity, metal chelating and s-carotene/linoleic acid tests. Results obtained showed 

that this extract have a good scavenger effect towards DPPH radical and lipid peroxydation in total 

antioxidant activity and s-carotene/ linoleic acid tests. In Contrast, this extract hasn‟t metal 

chelating effect. 

Key words: Inflammation, oxidation, free radicals, ginger. 

42

1.81 Antioxidant Activity and Scavenging Effect of Oregano and Tea 

Aqueous Extracts. 

Senator Abderrahmane, Belambri, S.A, Kaabour, F., and Bouriche, H. 

Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of aqueous extracts obtained 

by decoction and infusion from oregano and tea leaves were determined by four different assays 

(DPPH radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity with β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, total 

antioxidant activity and metal chelating activity). Leaves of oregano were collected from Setif 

region, whereas Chinese green tea (disma) was purchased from local supermarket (Setif, Algeria). 

Tea and oregano extracts were prepared from 10g of dried leaves steeped in 200 ml of boiled 

water or boiled in the same volume for 20 min, respectively. After filtration and centrifugation, the 

residue was lyophilized. Results indicated that the four extracts of oregano and tea exhibited 

significant and similar DPPH radical scavenging activity, but slowly lower than the activity of 

ascorbic acid used as standard antioxidant. This activity was concentration-dependent and 

became stable when it riches the maximum values of 86% and 88 % for oregano and tea 

respectively. The four extracts also inhibited similarly and strongly lipid peroxidation; at the same 

concentration (130 µg/ml) similar inhibition was obtained with BHT, used as positive control. The 

absorbance of β-carotene solution remained stable in presence of each extract during all the 

incubation period (120 min). The total antioxidant activity was measured using ferric thiocyanate 

test which determines the amount of peroxides produced at the initial stage of lipid peroxidation. 

Lower absorbance indicates a higher level of antioxidant activity. The extend of inhibition of lipid 

oxidation is very important with all the samples tested, which is in agreement with results obtained 

in β-carotene/linoleic acid assay system. In fact, in the presence of both extracts of tea and 

oregano, absorbance remained very low during all the incubation time. After 96 h, inhibition of lipid 

peroxidation was about 88-90%. Moreover, both extracts of tea exhibited a considerable Fe 2+ - 

chelating activity (80% maximum), with IC 50 of 1.73 mg/ml and 1.55 mg/ml respectively. However, 

oregano extracts showed a moderate chelating activity (65% maximum) with IC 50 of 2.50 mg/ml 

and 2.80 mg/ml, respectively. Leave infusion or decoction extracts of oregano and tea can be used 

potentially as a readily accessible source of natural antioxidants principles and a possible 

pharmaceutical supplement. 

Key words: Antioxidant, decoction, tea extract, infusion, oregano extract, scavenging. 

1.82 Study of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Major Fractions of Quercus 

infectoria Galls 

Sharififar , Fariba 1 , Purhemati, Amin 2,3 , Moshrefi , Mandana 2,3 , Raeiat , 

Zeinab 1 

1 Traditional and Herbal Medicines research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of 

Pharmacy, Kerman University of Mediacl Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2 Department of Plant Protection, 

Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 3 American Chemical 

Society, Washington, DC 20036, USA. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Our previous studies have poven the high tyrosinase inhibitory effects of Quercus 

infectoria galls, an endemic plant to Iran. Considering the potency of tyrosinase inhibitors in 

cosmetic as a skin depigmentation and lightening agent, we have studied the galls of Quercus 

infectoria, and its major fractions for tyrosinase-inhibitory activity. Methanolic extract of Q. 

infectoria galls was evaporated in vaccum. The resulting residue was suspended in water and 

extracted successively with increasing orders of a combination of petroleum ether, chloroform, 

ethyl acetate and methanol in increasing order of polarity. As a result, fractions 1–18 were 

obtained. The fractions were initially screened for the O-diphenolase inhibitory activity of 

tyrosinase using L-tyrosine as substrate on TLC plate by bioautography method. All the active 

inhibitors from the first test were dissolved in methanol to give at least 5 concentrations. 80 

microliter of L-tyrosine (0.5mM) was added to wells containing 50 microlitre sample, incubated for 

43

4 minutes in room temperature. Thirty microlitres of mushroom tyrosinase (1000units/ml) was 

added and incubated again for 10 min at 35◦C. The enzyme reaction was monitored by measuring 

the change in absorbance at 475nm (at 37◦C) for 10 min. The percent of inhibition of the enzyme 

was measured and IC 50 values of each sample were calculated by probit analysis. Antioxidant 

activities of the fractions was measured using the 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant 

assay. Amongst the separated fractions, fractions 5 and 7 separated in ethyl acetate-methanol 

exhibited the most inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (% 89.2 and %93.65 inhibition respectively) 

in comparison to kojic acid (%96.54 inhibition). The least IC 50 values were due to fractions of 5 and 

7 (IC 50 values of 80 and 120 µg/ml respectively). Total extract showed %86.34 inhibition with IC 50 

value of 420 µg/ml (kojic acid with IC 50 = 27.6 µg/ml). The most antioxidant effect of Q. infectoria 

fractions was due to fractions 5 and 7 with IC 50 values of 14.7 and 21.3 µg/ml respectively. These 

two potent fractions were positive to phenols tests. Our findings indicated the fractions with potent 

antityrosinase effect have shown also the most antioxidant effect. These fractions were extracted 

in ethyl acetate- methanol fraction, so might have semipolar nature like gallic acid and/or ellagic 

acid. The confirmation of this thesis needs more fractionation which is carrying out. 

Key words: Antioxidant, fractionation, Quercus infectoria galls, tyrosinase inhibition. 

1.83 Morphological characteristic and antioxidant activity of silver birch 

(Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) pollen 

Shevtsova Tetiana 1 , Garkava Kateryna 1 , Brindza Jan 2 ,and Ostrovsky 

Radovan 2 

1 National Aviation University, Institute of Ecological Safety, Kiev, Ukraine. 2 Institute of Biodiversity 

Conservation and Biosafety, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of 

Agriculture (SUA) in Nitra, Slovak Republic. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In Ukraine, as well as in many other countries of the world, different parts of a birch 

are used in food, pharmacology and cosmetics for the health improvement and other purposes. 

Unfortunately, the birch pollen can initiate allergy as well. Therefore the aim of this study is to 

establish distinctions of morphological traits and antioxidant activity of silver birch pollen grains 

collected in different habitats on Ukraine territory and also to define the relevant relationships 

between them. For the comparative analysis 7 samples of the silver birch pollen have been 

prepared taking into account different location measures, background radiation and anthropogenic 

influence in Kiev and Rivne regions of Ukraine. The length of polar axis, equatorial diameter, 

apoporial field edge, shape index and other morphological traits were evaluated on scanning 

electron microscope using the software AxioVs40 V 4.8.2.0. Total antioxidant activity of water and 

ethanol extracts of birch pollen grains were defined in reaction with DPPH. Variability of the most 

important morphological traits of pollen – the length of the polar axis and equatorial diameter is 

respectively 17.90 μm (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (control)) – 18.97 μm (Ivankov) and 22.58 μm 

(Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (control)) – 23.98 μm (Ivankov). Shape index ranged from 0.77 

(Kuznetsovsk) to 0.81 (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi). It was established that the pollen of silver birch 

is characterized by high antioxidant activity: values of the total antioxidant activity for the pollen 

water extracts are defined within 80.54% (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi (control)) – 85.50% (Ivankov), 

for ethanol extracts 60.27% (Hotsky (control)) – 84.91% (Kuznetsovsk). Statistically significant 

differences between birch pollen samples collected in different habitats of Ukraine were found in 

all parameter. Results have confirmed that among the Betula verrucosa Ehrh. populations there 

are significant distinctions in morphological traits and antioxidant activity of pollen grains and the 

dominance of the differences of the same samples in different researches. 

Key words: silver birch; Betula verrucosa Ehrh., syn. B. pendula Roth.; pollen; morphology; total 

antioxidant activity. 

44

1.84 Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Terminalia ferdinandiana 

(Kakadu Plum) 

Sirdaarta J.P., and Cock I.E. 

Environmental Futures Centre & b Biomolecular and Physical Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, 

QLD. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell, Combretaceae) is an Australian native 

plant endemic to the tropical northern regions of Australia. It is known for its extremely high 

ascorbic acid and antioxidant content. Previous studies indicated that Kakadu plum may have 

medicinal potential in the treatment of various diseases. This study aimed to investigate its 

potential to quell free radicals and its role as an anticancer agent. Dehydrated Kakadu plum fruit 

were extracted with a variety of solvents and the extracts were dried and resuspended as aqueous 

solutions. The extracts were tested for their antioxidative potential in established assays. The 

extracts were also tested in vitro for anticancer activity by exposing a variety of cancer cells and 

normal cell lines to the extracts and noting cell viability and cell death. Kakadu Plum extracts 

exhibited substantial anti-oxidative activity, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging 

potential, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ability to limit lipid peroxidation in antioxidant 

assays. Subsequent trials of Kakadu plum extracts against normal cell lines (Hs 738.St/Int, CCD- 

18Co ect.) and cancer cell lines (AGS, HT-29, HL-60 etc.) were attempted to confirm previous 

studies. Positive results were noted against all cancer cell lines, yet the normal cells were largely 

unaffected. The extracts were also tested against a wider panel of cancer cell lines, exhibiting 

anticancer activity against most cancer cell lines tested. Equally important, the Kakadu plum 

extracts did not inhibit the viability of any normal cell line tested. Kakadu plum extracts show 

promise in the treatment of a variety of different types of cancer, yet are non-toxic towards normal 

cell lines. 

Key words: Australia, cancer cell, extracts, free radicals, Kakadu Plum. 

1.85 Biological evaluation of Orchids of Kolli hills of Eastern Ghats’s, India 

Senthilkumar Subburaman 

Dept. of Botany, St.Joseph's College (Autonomous),Tiruchirappalli-620002,INDIA 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The Kolli hills, a part of Eastern Ghats of India are a treasure of medicinal plants. An 

attempt is made to gather information about the traditional usage of orchids from the local healers. 

A diversity of orchid flora is being used to treat especially for UT infections. Different parts (leaf, 

Pulb and root) are collected in two seasons (summer and winter) of about 20 orchid species and 

their photochemical present in them are analysed. Leaf is found to be the potential source for most 

of the phytochemicals and used as study material for the various solvent extracts (methanol, 

ethanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, benzene and hexane) is screened for both summer 

and winter samples. Of the 35 organisms studied viz.Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus 

foecalis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella 

pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae, E.coli, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum fulvum, Candida 

albicans and Trichophyton rubrum are found to be more sensitive against Acanthephippium bicolor 

leaf extracts. The gram negative bacteria are found to be more sensitive than negative bacteria 

and selected fungi. The inhibition is found to be more in methanol extract. The summer and winter 

samples were compared for their antimicrobial efficacy shows no significant difference. The results 

proves that there is no impact of season on antibacterial activity of the orchids studied and 

Acanthephippium bicolor would be the best herbal species could be used for UT infection can be 

used throughout the year as no seasonal impact. Our studies showed that ethnomedicinal orchid 

species used by the traditional healers are under serious threat due to several factors, which 

indicates the need for their conservation and sustainable utilization. 

Key words: Biological evaluation, eastern ghats‟s, kolli hills, orchids. 

45

1.86 Hepatoprotective and Hypolipidemic Effects of Red Ginseng Crude 

Extract in Obese Rats. 

Shalaby A. Mostafa and Hamouda A. Ashraf 

Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, P.O. Box 

12211, Egypt. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) on liver function, serum lipids and some 

metabolic hormones were evaluated in obese rats. Sixty male rats were distributed into 6 equal 

groups, each of 10 animals. Group (1) was fed on basal diet (normal control), while the other five 

groups were fed on high fat-diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Group (2) was kept as an obese 

control, while groups (3), (4), (5) and (6) were orally given RGE at 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg- 

1/day, respectively for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, blood was collected from orbital 

plexuses of veins and used for separating serum for estimation of some serum biochemical 

constituents. Histological examination of the livers was also carried out. Results showed that RGE 

significantly decreased the elevated levels of AST, ALT and ALP enzymes; reduced levels of TC, 

TG and LDL. It increased serum levels of insulin and decreased leptin hormone in obese-treated 

rats. RGE at the large dose (200 mg/kg-1) ameliorated the degenerative changes seen in liver of 

obese rats. Red ginseng crude extract has hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects in obese 

rats. Therefore, this study recommends that daily intake of red ginseng roots as a drink may be 

useful for obese patients who suffer from liver diseases associated with hyperlipidemia. 

Key words: Histopathology, hormones, obesity, lipid profile, liver enzymes, red ginseng. 

1.87 Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plant Extracts 

Grown in South Jordan. 

Sharaf Omar 1 , Khaled Al-tarawneh, and Husni Al-tawara, 

1 Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Dep. Of Nutrition and Food 

Processing. Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The effect of methanol and ethanol of eleven plant extracts was tested against four 

bacterial isolates: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and 

Clostridium prerfirngens. The antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria was noticed with 

extract from the following plants: Sarcopterum spinosum L Paronchia argentea Lam ,Artemisia 

seiberi, Achillea fragrantissima (forssk) and Teucrium poliumL. The minimum inhibitory 

concentration (MIC) for methanol plant extracts of S. spinosum against C. prerfirngens and S. 

aureus was 0.25 mg/ml while the MIC for T. Polium and A. fragrantissima against L. 

monocytogenes was 0.45 mg/ml. In ethanol extract the MIC was 0.20 mg/ml for S. spinosum 

against C. prerfirngen and 0.45 mg/ml for A. fragrantissima and A. seiberi against L. 

monocytogenes. The phenolic content in methanol and ethanol plant extracts were (8.5- 194.9) 

and (12.1- 252.4) in mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) respectively. The extract of S. spinosum and 

A. fragrantissima contained high and low amount of total phenolic compound respectively. A high 

antioxidant activity was obtained with extracts of the following plants: S. spinosum, A. 

fragrantissima, A. seiberi, T. Polium, Arum hygrophyllum (A. hygrophyllum) and Matricaria aurea 

(Loefl.) (M. aurea). These extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation in the ratios near or reach the 

inhibition of vitamin E. Finally there was low relation between antioxidant activity and phenolic 

content. 

Key words: Antibacterial, antioxidant, medicinal plant extracts, Clostridium prerfirngens, 

Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus. 

46

1.88 Secondary Metabolites and Free-Radical Scavenging Activity of the 

Endemic Species Stachys mialhesi de Noé. 

Souheila LAGGOUNE 1 , Assia ZEGHIB 1 , Francisco LEON 2 , Ignacio BROUARD 2 , 

Jaime BERMEJO 2 , Claude-Alain CALLISTE 3 , Jean-luc DUROUX 3 , Ahmed 

Kabouche 1 , and Zahia KABOUCHE 1* 

1 Laboratory of Therapeutic Substances (LOST), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 

University Mentouri - Constantine, Chaabet Ersas Campus, 25000 Constantine, Algeria. 2 Instituto 

de Productos Naturales y Agrobiolog ıá-C.S.I.C.-Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgańica ‘‘Antonio 

Gonza´lez’’, Universidad de La Laguna, Av. Astrof ı´sico F. Sańchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, 

Tenerife, Spain. 3 Laboratoire de Biophysique, UPRES EA-1085, Biomolécules et cibles cellulaires 

tumorales Faculté´ de Pharmacie, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: One diterpenoid, horminone (1), two flavonoid glycosides, apigenin-7-O-(6''-E-pcoumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),isoscutellarein-7-O-(2''-O-6'''-O-acetyl-ı-D 

allopyranosy l-ı-Dglucopyranoside 

(3), were isolated from n-butanolic extract of the aerial parts of Stachys mialhesi 

de Noe´ (BESM). Two sterols, stigmasterol (4) and β-sitosterol (5), two lignans, (+)-sesamin (6), 

new for the genus Stachys and (±)-paulownin (7), new in the Lamiaceae family, reported for the 

second time from a natural source, and one acetylated flavones glycoside isoscutellarein-7-O-(2''- 

O-6'''-O-acetyl-ı-D-allopyranosyl-ı-D-glucopyranoside (3), were isolated from the roots of 

Stachys mialhesi de Noé. Surprisingly, 3g of compound (3) are gathered from 5g of roots extract. 

Their structures were established on the basis of physical and spectroscopic analysis, and by 

comparison with the literature data. The free-radical-scavenging property of the BESM and the 

compound (3) were evaluated by the use of the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method in order 

to visualize the inhibition of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Our results 

showed that S. mialhesi de Noé might be a source of natural antioxidants. The performed test 

confirmed that antioxidant potential of the plant, representing by an abundant flavonoid glycoside 

(3) in its root extract with a fairly high IC 50 value (0.066 ± 0.002 (mg/ml)) to scavenge DPPH free 

radical. 

Key words: Free radical scavenging activity, lamiaceae, lignans, Stachys mialhesi de Noé. 

1.89 Lipolysis Activity of Herbal Extracts and Nano Formulation for Cellulite 

Treatment. 

Sucontphunt Apirada, Ondee T., Chutoprapat R., Chansriniyom C. and 

Nimmannit U. 

National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development 

Agency (NSTDA), Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Obesity is characterized by increasing of the number or size of fat cells (adipocytes), 

or a combination of both. Localization of adipose deposits and edema within the subcutaneous 

tissue caused cellulite which been described as resembling an orange peel-like appearance. 

Approximately 85% of postadolescent women have some degree of cellulite. Therefore, the 

objective of this study is to find natural ingredients that promote lipolysis to reduce cellulite 

occurrence for incorporation in nano-cosmetic product for cellulite treatment. Selected herbs were 

extracted with ethanol and then the supernatant were evaporated until dryness. Adipocytes were 

maintained in 96 well- plate at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO 2 atmosphere. Various concentrations 

of herbal extracts were treated to adipocytes at 37°C for 3 h. Lipolysis activity was determined by 

measurement of free glycerol occurred from lipolysis using free glycerol determination kit. Various 

Thai herbs were investigated for their lipolysis activity. It was found that extracts of Allium sativum 

and Piper nigrum significantly increased lipolysis activity of adipocytes. At the concentration of 10 

µg/ml, Allium sativum extract exhibited the highest lipolysis activity (142%). Therefore it was 

selected to be the active ingredient in nano-cosmetic product for cellulite treatment. Nanoniosomes 

having the size in nano-meter range that could enhance the penetration of active 

47

ingredient were developed. Nano-niosomes containing Allium sativa encapsulated with sorbitan 

monooleate (0.3%) and PEG400 (1%) has the average particle size of 171 nm and exhibited 

excellent stability after heating-cooling 6 cycles, at room temperature, and at 40 °C for 1 month. 

Particle size of selected formulation in all tested conditions was changed within the range of ± 7.07 

%. Allium sativum extract exhibited the highest lipolysis activity. Therefore, it was selected to be 

the active ingredient in nano-niosome for cellulite treatment. Nano-niosomes containing Allium 

sativum extract encapsulated with sorbitan monooleate (0.3%) and PEG400 (1%) has the particle 

size lower than 200 nm and exhibited excellent stability after heating-cooling 6 cycles and room 

temperature of 40 °C for 1 month. 

Key words: Cellulite treatment, herbal extracts, lipolysis, nano formulation. 

1.90 Studies on the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Swertia 

chirata (Bush ham) plant Extracts Using in Vitro Models. 

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi 1 ., Zulfiqar, A. K 1 ., Sohail, A. S 2 ., Muhammad, Y 3 ., Qurat- 

Ul-A 1 ., and Nasir M 4 . 

1 Department of Chemistry, Government College University. 2 Department of Chemistry, COMSATS 

institute of information technology. 3 Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, 

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology. 4 Department of Allied Health Sciences, University 

of Health Sciences, Lahore-PAKISTAN 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Like many other plants and herbs, Swertia charata has also been used for treating 

different infections and diseases particularly liver disorder. Anti-diseased function of most of the 

plants or herbs extracts has been associated with its antioxidant and anti bacterial potential. This 

study was performed to explore the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the Swertia charata 

(Bush ham) endemic to the central Punjab of Pakistan. This was done by measuring possible 

constituents responsible for its anti-oxidant activity e.g. DPPH radical scavenging potential, total 

phenolic contents, reducing power, total flavonoide contents, and antibacterial power against four 

different strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity of methanolic 

and ethanolic extract of plant using DPPH model showed 84.32% and 82.54% respectively. Total 

phenolic contents of both extracts showed 2.565g (GAE)/100g and 1.612g (GAE)/100g was noted, 

respectively. Measured values of all these constituents explain strong anti-oxidant activity of the 

plants. HPLC analysis of plant extracts exhibit promising concentration of phenolic contents. 

Further the antibacterial activity indicates best possible use of this plant extract against infectious 

diseases in addition to diseases associated with oxidation process. 

Key Words: Antioxidants, free radical, HPLC, antibacterial activity, total phenolics, swertia 

charata. 

1.91 Chemical composition of the Essential oils of Daucus reboudii and their 

Antibacterial Activity 

Tahar Smaili 1,2 ., Amar Z 2 ., Khellaf R 1 ., Ghadbane M 1 ., Abdelwahab B 1 ., P. C 3 . 

and Guido F 3 . 

1 Département de Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie , Faculté de Sciences, Université de M'sila , 

28000 M'sila. 2 Laboratory of Biomolecules and Plant Breeding, Life Science and Nature 

Department, Faculty of Exact Science and Life Science and Nature, University of Larbi Ben Mhidi 

Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria. 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sede di Chimica Bioorganica e 

Biofarmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The essential oils obtained from aerial parts of Daucu reboudii Coss. (Apiaceae) 

which is endemic to north Africa collected from National Park of Gouraya (Bejaïa, Algeria) were 

analyzed by GC/MS. 28 compounds were identified accounting for 97.8% of the total oil, the result 

48

shows the dominance of the phenylpropanoids derivatives. (E)-anethol (59.4%) was the main 

constituent identified in the essential oil, followed by estragol (21.2%) and dodecanal (4.4%). The 

antibacterial activities of the Essential oils were assayed by using the agar diffusion method on 

Echerichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus. 

Key words: Antibacterial, Apiaceae, Daucu reboudii coss., essential oil, GC/MS, (E)-anethol. 

1.92 Antifungal Activity of Extract of Pistacia atlantica 

Taxanna, A., F. Thameur., R. mohsen Maha, and Larous.L. 

Faculty of natural science and life, university of Farhat abasse, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Antifungal activity of essentials oils and polyphenols of Pistacia atlantica leaves 

collected in locality from Djelfa(algeria) was tested in vitro on six isolates of fungi species 

(Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Apergillus parasiticus, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium 

moniliforme, Mauginiella scaettae). Diffusion discs method was used for antifungal activity of 

essentials oils and polyphenols. The essential oils showed antifungal activity against Fusarium 

moniliforme and Mauginiella scaettae at the concentration of 10-20ul/ml. In another hand ,the 

isolate of Aspergillus flavus showed resistance to essentials oils tested. The polyphenols showed 

strong activity against Mauginiella scaettae and Fusarium moniliforme at concentration of 10- 

20ul/ml in the presence of polyphenols results showed that an Antifungal activity against Alternaria 

alternata with MIC lower than 12ug/ml and MFC 12ug/ml. and Mauginiella scaettae,Fusarium 

moniliforme with a MIC lower than 50ug/ml and MFC more than 50ug/ml . Aspergillus parasiticus 

showed resistance to polyphenols. 

Key words: Antifungal activity, essentials oils, leaves, Pistacia atlantica , polyphenols. 

1.93 Antioxidant, Anti-lipid Peroxidation and Anti-Hemolytic Effect of 

Centaurea calcitrapa L. Extracts 

TRABSA H., BAGHIANI A., BOUSSOUALIM N., KRACHE I., BOUMERFEG S. 

CHAREF N., and ARRAR L. 

Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry; Department of biochemistry Faculty of natural and life 

sciences, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In the present study, aerial part of Centaurea calcitrapa L. were extracted with solvent 

of varying polarity allowed their separation into three main subfractions, the analysis of methanol 

crud (CrE), chloroform (ChE) and ethyl acetate (EaE) extracts, showed that the EaE contains the 

highest amount of flavonoids (50,71 ± 0,65 mg Eq Rutin / g dry extract and 31,96 ± 0,39 mg Eq 

Quercetin / g dry extract), followed by ChE (30,96 ± 0,55 mg ER / g dry extract and 19,38± 0,33 

mg EQ / g dry extract), and CrE with 27,29 ± 0,18 mg ER / g dry extract and 17,16 ± 0,11 mg EQ / 

g dry extract. The β-carotene / linoleic acid bleaching assay revealed that the extracts have a very 

important antioxidant activity. The results showed that CrE has the highest antioxidant activity, 

followed by EaE and ChE with 95.00 ± 3,48 %, 86,43 ± 2,48 % and 80,44 ± 0,19 %, respectively. 

Using DPPH assay, the highest activity was observed with EaE (IC50 = 0,037 ± 0,0006 mg / ml), 

followed by CrE and ChE with IC50 of 0,109 ± 0,0009 and 0,290 ± 0,0053 mg / ml, respectively. 

The antioxidant activities of the CrE is confirmed by an in vivo assay in mice, using two doses 

orally administrated: Cr dose 1 (CrD1: 50 mg/kg/day), Cr dose 2 (CrD2: 100 mg/kg/day) during 21 

days. Total antioxidant capacity of plasma and red blood cells was measured by using DPPH 

radical and from the kinetics of hemolysis, respectively. All treated groups compared with native 

control (GCtl) and the treated with vitamin C (GVit C) groups, CrD2 group showed a strong 

scavenging activity using DPPH assay (51,64 ± 7,82 %), higher than that of GVit C (47,27 ± 6,78 

%) and CrD1 group (45,95 ± 6,26 %). The half-life (HT50), which corresponds to 50% of cell lysis 

was calculated from the kinetics of hemolysis obtained, the results showed that both groups 

treated with plant extract had a protective effect against erythrocytes hemolysis (CrD2: HT50= 

49

167,3 ± 3,72 min), comparable to GVit C (HT50= 163,4 ± 9,10 min) and largely higher than the 

native control (HT50= 147,7 ± 0,40 min). All results confirmed that the extracts have a dose 

dependent effect on the growth of overall antioxidant defenses. This results supports the use of 

this plant against anti-inflammatory diseases in traditional medicine. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, Centaurea calcitrapa, DPPH, flavonoids, hemolysis. 

1.94 Plant Components Exhibit Pharmacological Activities and Drug 

Interactions by Acting on Lipid Membranes 

Tsuchiya Hironori 1 and Mizogami Maki 2 

1 Department of Dental Basic Education, Asahi University School ofDentistry, Mizuho, Gifu 501- 

0296, Japan and 2 Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, University of Fukui Faculty 

of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The medicinal benefits of numerous plants are attributable to 

phytochemicalcomponentslike flavonoids, capsaicinoids, stilbenoids, allyl sulfides, etc., which are 

best known for having antiproliferative and antioxidant properties. In light of anovel mode of action 

on lipid membranes, we studiedsuch pharmacological activitiesof plant components and verified 

their possible interactions with membrane-acting drugs. Fluorescence polarization measurements 

with different probes revealed that 1-50 μMphytochemicals actedon biomimetic membranes 

prepared with phospholipids and cholesterol of varying compositions. Theystructure-dependently 

changedthe physicochemical property, fluidity, of membranes by preferentially affecting the deeper 

regions of lipid bilayers. In the structure and membrane activity relationship, greater potencies to 

change membrane fluidity were closely associated with the polyphenol structure, especially 

flavonoids with hydroxyl groups at the 3-, 3‟-, 4‟-, 5-, 5‟-and/or 7-position. Quercetin and (-)- 

epigallocatechingallate, meeting the structural requirements, effectively inhibited at 1-10 μMboth 

the proliferation of tumor cells (inhibition (%) against cell proliferation after 24 and 48 h culture: 

23.3 ± 5.5 and 74.3 ± 5.7 for quercetin and 31.3 ±6.2 and 75.5±0.6 for (-)-epigallocatechingallate) 

and the peroxidation of membrane lipids(inhibition (%) against 10 and 50μMperoxynitrite-induced 

lipid peroxidation: 100±0.1 and 74.6±0.1 for quercetin and 96.8±0.1 and 74.9±0.2 for (-)- 

epigallocatechingallate). These antiproliferative and antioxidant phytochemicals also changed the 

fluidity of cell membranes simultaneously with exhibiting pharmacological activities. The 

membrane action is, at least in part, mechanistically responsible for the disease preventive and 

therapeutic effects of medicinal plants containing such phytochemical components. Among the 

tested membrane-active phytochemicals, 25-500 μMphloretinand capsaicin concentrationdependently 

decreased or increased the membrane-fluidizing effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine 

of clinically relevant concentrations (increase (%) of anesthetic membrane effects:205.5 ±1.5 for 

lidocaine and 125.6 ±1.0 for bupivacaine). These results suggest the possibility that medicinal 

plant components may antagonistically or synergistically interact with local anesthetics byacting on 

lipid bilayers to modify the membrane environments for sodium and potassium channels 

embedded in biomembranes. 

Key words: Antioxidant, antiproliferative, drug interaction, lipid bilayer, membrane fluidity. 

1.95 Isolation and Purification of Antifungal Compounds from Cyanobacteria 

(Spirulina platensis) 

Vinay kumar, A.K.Bhatnagar and J.N.Srivastava ⃰ 

Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra- 

282110 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Pathogenic fungi constitute an important public health problem as yet unresolved. In 

most African countries, traditional phytomedicines are used to control the disease. Various algae 

are known for their various biological activities. In the present investigation Spirulina platensis was 

tested for antifungal activity for in vitro at different concentration against three clinical isolates of 

pathogenic fungi i.e., (Candida albicans MTCC-227, Microsporum canis MTCC-3270, and M. 

fulvum MTCC-7675). Therefore, the main objective of this work was to look for active substances 

that could be used as antifungal agents. To achieve this target, two different extract (Methanol and 

50

Acetone) from Spirulina platensis was examined. The algal extracts were tested in vitro for their 

antifungal effects using Agar well diffusion method and Paper disc diffusion method and 

concentration from 250ppm up to 7000 ppm was taken and observed all these bacteria showed 

inhibition in growth by these extracts. During GC-MS analysis and NMR analysis the effective 

antifungal compound was identified as fatty acid compound associated with the antifungal 

properties. 

Key words: Algal extracts, diffusion, fungi, growth, phytomedicines, Spirulina platensis. 

1.96 Antibacterial Activity of Tea, Origano and Ginger Extracts 

Zerroug Mohamed Mihoub 1 , Bouriche Hamama 2 , and Senator Abderrahmne 2 

1 Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas 

of Sétif. 2 Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University 

Ferhat Abbas of Sétif, Algeria 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Natural drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported 

from all over the world. This fact urged to discover new antimicrobial compounds with diverse 

chemical structures and novel mechanisms of action. Many plants which are used in traditional 

medicine are considered as a source of antimicrobial compounds. In this study, the antibacterial 

activity of aqueous extracts obtained by infusion or decoction of tea (Camellia sinsnsis), origano 

(Origanum glandulosum) and ginger (Zingiber officinalis) were tested against E. coli MC 4100 

(NCTC 9002), Pseudomonas diminutus (NCTC 8545) and Paracoccus paratrophus. Bacterial 

suspensions (100 µl) were spread on tryptone soya agar (TSA) medium. Plant extracts (10 µl) 

were applied to discs of filter paper and placed on agar plates containing the microorganisms. The 

plates were incubated at 37°C for 48h. After incubation the zones of inhibition around the discs 

was measured. Results showed that the plant extracts inhibited bacterial growth, tea extract 

inhibited the growth of the three bacteria with zones of inhibition of 10 mm for E. coli, Paracoccus 

paratrophus and 11 mm for Pseudomonas diminutus. Ginger infusion gave zones of inhibition 

against E. coli and Pseudomonas diminutus of 10 mm. In contrast, origano infusion inhibited only 

E. coli by 9 mm. Tea decoction inhibited the growth of E. coli and Paracoccus paratrophus with 11 

and 9 mm, respectively. While ginger and origano extracts had no antibacterial effect. 

Key words: Antibacterial activity, ginger, origano, tea. 

1.97 Neuroprotective Effect of Curcuma Longa Administrated with Pepper 

nigrum Against Aluminium Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer’s Disease 

(Experimental Studies in Mice) 

ZERROUKI Khayra, and DJEBLI Noureddine 

Department of biology, Faculty of exact science and natural and life science, University of 

Mostaganem, Mostaganem-Algeria 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Chemicals with neurotoxic effects are found to be very different, citing the aluminum 

which can cause serious consequences, not only on the nervous system but also on other organs 

(liver, kidneys, bones ...) The presence of aluminum in the internal medium (blood) can take only a 

few hours, but with sub-acute exposure to chronic, this metal can be stored in several tissues 

(liver, bone, cartilage, nervous ... ) causing serious complications can go to the molecular level and 

resulted in tumor diseases and irreversible damages. Currently, the toxicity of aluminum is well 

established in the animal laboratory, and the neurotoxic effect is studied by means of behavioral 

tests, memory tests, histological and biological analysis. Several means were considered to fight 

against this severe health problem, including, herbal medicine which is based on the effectiveness 

of the antioxidant effect on lesions induced by metals. Curcuma longa is a powerful antioxidant 

used to reduce the damage causes by aluminum; it shows a protective effect against neurotoxicity, 

a large effect against antioxidative stress inhibiting the reactions cascade of neurofibrillary tangles, 

it‟s classed between therapeutic agents fight against neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer's 

51

disease induced by AlCl3 on the pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of albino 

mice; but it‟s less bioavailability and it‟s fast eliminated by the liver detoxification pathways, obliged 

there administration with piperine exist in Pepper nigrum, inhibitor of the key enzyme involved in 

detoxification, which helps maintain a high rate of curcumin (Curcuma longa) longer. Our aim is 

realized by means of two experiences with a different exposition of albino mice; sub acute and 

chronic exposure with a different manner (Oral and IP) on Curcumin with a Pepper as a fixative of 

absorption and AlCl3. 

Key words: Aluminum, alzheimer disease, antioxidant, Curcuma longa, neurotoxicity. 

1.98The Search of Plants with Expressed Theurapeutic Activity among the 

Cabbage Family 

Zinchenko, Iryna., Tartynska, G., Kolisnyk, Y., and Kyslychenko, V. 

National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: For centuries plants have been used by people all over the world due to their healing 

properties. Nowadays, when the pharmaceutic industry proposes more and more effective drugs, 

the usage of medicinal plants doesn‟t lose its actuality. The plants from the Brassicaceae family 

are a good source of natural antioxidants due to the high levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, 

phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid, which help to protect the human body against damage by 

reactive oxygen. The consumption of Brassica vegetables has been related to the reduction of the 

chronic diseases risk, and also diseases of cardiovascular system and cancer. In addition, plants 

from the Brassicaceae family are very nutritive, providing nutrients and health-promoting 

phytochemicals such as vitamins, carotenoids, fiber, soluble sugars, minerals, glucosinolates and 

phenolic compounds. Taking into account all the above mentioned advantages of these plants, the 

study of the Brassicaceae family representatives as prospective sources of biologically active 

compounds with expressed theurapeutic activity is carried out at the department of the chemistry 

of natural compounds of the National University of Pharmacy (Kharkiv, Ukraine). The shepherd‟s 

purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) herb is used in official medicine as a styptic agent in uteral, 

intestinal, nephritic, and pulmonary bleedings. The plant is also known to possess antibacterial 

and antioxidant properties. Field penny-cress (Thlaspi arvense) is an unofficial plant but it has 

been widely used in folk medicine as a styptic, cytostatic remedy, and which also has slight 

expectorant properties. It is used in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal diseases, it is also 

recommended in ovaritis and sexual impotence in men. The study carried out at the departments 

of the chemistry of natural compounds and pharmacology of the National University of Pharmacy 

has shown the field penny-cress to possess prostate-protective, anti-inflammatory and 

antimicrobial properties. Due to the presence of a large plant material base our attention was 

attracted to tyfon (Brassica campestris var. chinensis DC × Brassica rapa L.) – a hybrid of Chinese 

cabbage and turnip. The study of its chemical composition has shown the presence of such 

groups of biologically active compounds as sugars, polysaccharides, vitamins, organic acids, 

flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols, and steroidal saponins. At present the tyfon herb 

extract is being worked out which has anabolic properties. From all the above mentioned it can be 

concluded that these representatives of the Brassicaceae family are a prospective source of new 

phytoremedies. 

Key words: Cabbage, plant, theurapeutic activity, tyfon herb. 

52

1.99 In Vitro Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanolic Extract ofSome Indigenous Plants 

Zuberi, M. Hashim 1,2 Siddiqui, Farhan A 2 ., Mirza, A.Zeeshan 2 ., Arayne M. 

Saeed 1 and Sultana, Najma 2 

1 Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University for Arts, Science and Technology. 2 Department 

of Chemistry, University of Karachi 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Pakistan is rich in medicinally important plants and has ancient herbal treatment 

methods. Present work is based on the study of six indigenous plants Eugenia jambolana, 

Lawsonia inermis, Momordica charantia, Morus alba, Nigella sativa and Trigonella foenum 

graecum which show the inhibitory effect of glucose utilization, and are in use 

as hypoglycemic agents of varying degree in traditional system of medicine. The glucose 

uptake activity of (methanolic extracts) of these plants was tested in vitro and glucose was 

estimated by glucose oxidase method. The results in three different media revealed that 

hypoglycemic activity is more prominent in neutral and basic media as compared to acidic 

medium. The plant materials were collected from the natural habitat of various localities of Karachi. 

Glucose Oxidase- Peroxidase kit was purchased from Bio Science, Barcelona Spain. All other 

chemicals used were of analytical grade. The present study clearly indicated the use of these 

plants as antidiabetic agents, for example, these herbs can be used as mono therapy or add-on 

therapy in diabetes management. Further more; their indiscriminate use by the patients may lead 

to possibility of hypoglycemia. 

Key words: Hypoglycemic, indigenous plants, methanolic extract. 

53


Topic (2): The Ethno-Pharmacological Studies on Medicinal Plants 

2.1 Traditional Medicine in Jordan and Newly Discovered Biological 

Activities of Some Medicinal Plants 

Afifi, Fatma U. 

Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Queen Rania AlAbdullah Street, Amman 11942, Jordan 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine disorders. 

The potential of developing successful lipid lowering phytochemicals from natural resources with 

anti-pancreatic lipase activity is poorly investigated. Presently, we have screened the crude 

aqueous extracts of a total of 12 medicinal plants, some of their aerial parts as well as isolated 

pure compounds- belonging to 9 different families, for their in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory 

propensities. Interestingly, none of these plants is used traditionally for their hypolipidemic activity. 

A colorimetric methodology was employed to evaluate the release of p-nitrophenol from p- 

nitrophenol butyrate substrate by pancreatic lipase catalytic activity. Enzyme activity was defined 

as an increase of absorbance per minute. Orlistat, as a reference drug, demonstrated a 

pronounced pancreatic lipase inhibition with an IC 50 of 1.13 ± 0.3 ng/ml. The most active plant 

extracts showed an IC 50 range of 27.3 ±9.7 g/ml to 120±15.2 g/ml. Most notably, some 

differences in potency were detected among the different parts of the same active plant. Moreover, 

the isolated pure compounds, such as quercetin, rutin and β-sitosterol, exhibited much more 

pronounced inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase compared to their active crude plant extracts. 

The screening and optimization of safe and effective phyochemicals as potential lipid lowering 

agents would provide an excellent adjunctive therapy to the established pharmacological agents in 

management of obesity and its complications. Phytochemicals can modulate different stages of 

the adipocyte life cycle or adipogenesis. Novel phytochemical strategies may be formulated 

thereby translating active plant inclusion in healthy diet to the clinical practice for 

treatment/prevention of obesity 

Key words: Biological activities, Jordan, medicinal plants, traditional medicin 

2.2 The Effect of Topical Application of Extra Virgin Olive Oil on Alleviating 

Knee Pain in Patients with knee Osteoarthritis 

Almalty Abdul-Majeed, Hamed Saja, and AbuTariah Hashem 

Physical and Occupational Therapy Department, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: To investigate the effects of topical application of extra virgin olive oil on the pain of 

osteoarthritic knee (s) and compare it with NSAID gel. Thirty patients with knee(s) osteoarthritis 

(Mean±SD, age=60.1±6.6, weight=85.4±5.5Kgs, height=169.4±5.6cm and BMI=29.8±2.1, 16 

females and 14 males) were divided into three groups; Group A (n=10) treated with topical 

application of olive oil and exercise, group B (n=10) received topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory 

drugs (Ketoprofen gel) over the knee(s) and exercise, and group (C) received 

therapeutic exercise only. Topical olive oil (3ml) and ketoprofen gel (3 cm 2 ) were applied three 

times a day followed by therapeutic exercise for groups A and B respectively. Group C only 

received therapeutic exercise as the other two groups three times a day. VAS and WOMAC index 

measurement were taken at baseline and after two weeks of treatment. All groups showed 

significant improvement (p0.05), however, both groups significantly experienced less pain than 

group C (p

2.3 Ethno Botany’s Study, Phyto-Chemical Characterization and Healing 

Effect of Carthamus coeruleus Rhizomes 

BENHAMOU AMINA., and FAZOUANE FETHIA 

Food technology research laboratory-University of Boumerdes-Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Objective of this study is Carthamus coeruleus (Asteraceae) a medicinal plant in the 

region of Baghlia (Algeria), ethno botany‟s study, phytochemical characterization and healing 

effect of her rhizomes. From 74, 98% of respondents were able to identify 66.66% women aged 

above 44 years who use this plant frequently for healing and therapy of different degrees‟ burns. 

We conducted a characterization study of rhizomes through a phytochemical screening that 

reveals the presence of alkaloids, leuco anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins and 

absence of anthocyanins, tannins, and iridoids. To study the healing effect, we chose to formulate 

healing cream-based Total rhizomes of C. coeruleus with participation of qualified person in this 

area. This cream was applied to Wistar rats in which wounds and burns were caused by incision 

and burn of 2nd degree, respectively. Healing and cell regeneration of the burnt skin and the 

wound closure caused, had resulted in the reduction of area. Monitor these areas over time has 

allowed us evaluation of decreasing diameter for 15 days with a percentage reduction of 85.66% in 

rats treated with our cream rhizomes Carthamus coeruleus, this being higher than that found in the 

rats treated with ointments and reference whose value is of 75.12%. The histopathological study 

has confirmed the effectiveness of the cream prepared by the regeneration of epithelial tissue, 

which means a good epithelialization of scar tissue. 

Key words: Carthamus coeruleus, epithelialization ethno botany‟s study, healing, phytochemical, 

histopathological, scar tissue. 

2.4 Contradiction of Therapeutic Indications of Community Herbal 

Monographs and their Ethnobotanical Background 

Bernáth Jenő and Németh Éva 

Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Hungary 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The category of Traditional Herbal Medicinal (THMPD) Products was established by the 

European Parliament to provide a simplified regulatory approval process for traditional herbal 

medicines in the European Union. The products that belong to this category are actually medicines 

for use in specified indications exclusively based upon long-standing use. What the long-standing 

use does mean a question. To answer the question the indications described in Community Herbal 

Monographs are evaluated in respect of the ethnobotanical knowledge accumulated during the 

centuries. The therapeutic indications of 28 plant species finalized in Community Herbal 

Monographs are analysed in this respect taking into consideration international ethnobotanical 

databases. It is obvious from the analysis that the official Monographs restrict the application fields 

of the plant species in a great deal, comparing to the traditional application forms. According to the 

number of accepted therapeutic indications the analysed Monographs can be sorted into four 

groups: a) 12 documents with one official therapeutic indications, b) 8 documents with two 

indications, c) 6 documents with three indications, d) 2 documents with four therapeutic 

indications. The restriction of therapeutic fields made in the Monographs is rather strict if we would 

compare it to the large number of ethnobotanical claims. For instance in the case of Arctium lappa 

L., Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.) subsp. vulgare var. vulgare and Achillea millefolium L., more than 60 

ethnobotanical claims are recorded. To the group of species utilized worldwide expansively 

belong Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.), Hedera helix L., Mentha x piperita, Juniperus communis L., 

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wigg., Calendula officinalis L., Hypericum perforatum L., too, with 

44-45 ethnobotanical references, each. The contradiction of the therapeutic indications of 

Monographs to the ethnobotanical application form is larger if the number of ethnobotanical claims 

is large. As an example, the ''folium” of Mentha x piperita according to the Monograph can be 

used for the symptomatic relief of digestive disorders such as dyspepsia and flatulence, only. In 

contrast according to the ethnobotanical data the plant is rather effective additionally for curing 

ache (stomach), bronchitis, cold, colic, cough, nasal catarrh, nausea, nervine, rheumatism, 

55

sclerosis (limb), sore throat, toothaches and also effective as antiseptic, topical analgesics and can 

be used as vermifuge. However, there is a hope for further harmonization of the Monographs and 

the ethnobotanical knowledge, because of the decision of European Commission the Monographs 

need to be periodically updated evaluating data from the literature in order to prevent Monographs 

from becoming outdated. 

Key words: Herbal medicine, monographs, therapeutic. 

2.5 Survey of Medicinal Plants from National Park of Gouraya (Bejaia, 

Algeria) and Their Usage in Traditional Medecine 

Bouadjil Hadjira 1 and Bounechada Mustapha 2 

1 University of Ferhat Abbes, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and 

Biological Vegetal, Setif. 2 University of Ferhat Abbes, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, 

Research Laboratory ADPVA, Setif, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was conducted in the national park of Gouraya wich designated as a 

natural reserve by the international coordinating council of human and biosphere program of 

UNESCO in Paris and it classifed as protected area in May 1992. This work reported the results of 

ethnobotanical survey in national park of Gouraya conducted during year 2011-2012. Many 

medicinal plants were recorded and their ethnobotanical aspects were discussed. This survey 

shows that plants used in the traditional medecine being major source of treatment of some 

diseases in different parts of Algeria. This study may be also an guide of phytochimical and 

pharmacological analysis and it can enhance the conservation of plant biodiversity of this 

protected area. 

Keys words: Algeria, biodiversity.ethnobotany, Gouraya National Park, traditional algerian 

medecine, 

2.6 Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used in the Traditional Treatment of 

Hypertension in Setif Region (Eastern Algeria). 

BOUAZIZ Amel , KHENNOUF Seddik , BENTAHAR Assia , DAHAMNA 

Saliha and AMIRA Smain 

Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Diseases, Department of Biology and Animal 

Physiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, 19000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Ethnopharmacological surveys carried out in many parts of the world, including Algeria, 

have identified hundreds of plants used in folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension, and 

studies in experimental animals have confirmed the ethnomedical use of some of these plants. In 

this study, the medicinal plants used in the treatment of hypertension were inventoried based on 

the ethnopharmacological survey in eastern Algeria: Setif region. 1100 persons including 510 

patients with hypertension and 44 traditional herbal healers were interviewed in different areas of 

Setif . The inventory of medicinal plants is summarized in a synoptic table, which contains the 

scientific, vernacular and common name of the plant, the part of the plant used, the preparation 

and mode of administration. Extensive investigations have brought to light 71 medicinal plants 

belonging to 36 families. The most common plant families were Lamiaceae (>15%), Asteraceae 

(>13%), Apiaceae (>8%); the most common preparations were infusion and decoction. In this 

region, the survey shows that the most frequently used plants to treat hypertension include 

Mentha spicata, Olea europaea , Allium sativum, Petroselinum crispum, Artemisia herba alba, 

Laurus nobilis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Marrubium vulgare, Origanum 

glandulosum, and crataegus azarolus. 

Key words: Algeria, Hypertension, ethnobotanical survey, medicinal plants. 

56

2.7 Herbal Medicine and the Role of Ethnobotany 

Caroline S. Weckerle 

Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In the past, ethnobotany played an important role for the discovery of new drugs. 

Today, it focuses on a broad variety of subjects which are often subsumed as human-plantinteractions. 

This presentation focuses on the relationship between ethnobotanical research and 

herbal medicine in a globalized world. With case studies from Europe and China it highlights the 

role of traditions, regulations, and the market on the knowledge and use of medicinal plants in rural 

and urban contexts. Based on these examples, it deducts a variety of roles ethnobotanical 

research plays today. 

Key words: Drugs, herbal medicine, ethnobotany, research, role. 

2.8 Plant Remedies Used for Infectious Diseases by A Rural Community in 

South Africa 

De Wet Helene 1 and Van Vuuren Sandy 2 

1 Department of Botany, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886. 

2 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 

Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aims of this study were to document the ethnobotanical knowledge that lay 

people have about medicinal plants growing in and around the immediate vicinity of homesteads 

and perform in vitro antimicrobial testing to determine efficacy of traditional use. Interviews were 

conducted among 80 homestead inhabitants, using structured questionnaires where convenience 

sampling was undertaken. Furthermore, plant samples were collected in situ and tested using the 

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against pathogens associated with respiratory, 

gastrointestinal and sexually transmitted infections (STI). The sum of the fractional inhibitory 

concentrations (∑FIC) was determined for plants traditionally used in combination. The survey 

revealed that 23 plant species are used to treat diarrhoea, 30 species are used to treat respiratory 

infections and 33 plant species for STIs. It was also noted that plant combinations are frequently 

used in order to increase efficacy. Even though Lippia javanica was by far the most frequently 

used plant species (58 x for respiratory infections), no significant antimicrobial results were 

obtained thus demonstrating that frequency of use doesn‟t necessarily correlate with the best 

activity. Noteworthy MIC values were found for Terminalia sericea, one of four plant species which 

are being used to treat all three infectious disease studies. The aqueous bark extracts of T. 

sericea demonstrated mean MIC values of between 0.38-0.83 mg/mL against diarrhoel and 

respiratory pathogens. The indigenous tree Sclerocarya birrea (mentioned 24 x) has demonstrate 

the best overall activity against all three diseases with a mean MIC value of 1.38 mg/mL. A 1:1 

combination of Syzygium cordatum bark (MIC of 2.00 mg/mL) and T. sericea leaves (MIC of 3.33 

mg/mL) used for treating respiratory infections demonstrated an additive interaction against 

Mycobacterium smegmatis with ∑FIC value of 0.88. The rural inhabitants in this area, which is 

mostly women, prefer to use traditional medicine over allopathic medicine as it is free, easily 

accessible, more effective, no side effects and for cultural reasons. A diverse range of plants are 

used to treat the same symptoms - which primarily dependent upon plant availability in and around 

the homesteads. The results of this study validate the traditional use of some of the plant species 

to treat infectious diseases. 

Key words: Infectious diseases, remedies, rural, South Africa. 

57

2.9 Traditional Pharmacy – Attar's shop Model for Traditional Medicine 

Edris Jaradat 

Sanabel Center for Studies and heritage. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The study aims to identify the mechanism that is used by traditional healer - Attar – 

who treats various illnesses using herbal plants and other formulations based on the mothers of 

old books and which were used by our parents and grandparents in folk remedies as well as the 

experience of Attar and personal experiences of others in the treatment of diseases and 

ailments.The study also aims to introduce the readers of the contents of Attar's shop - Shop 

Perfumery - Traditional Pharmacy, which are spread in all Palestinian cities, especially in the old 

markets The name " Attarine market" still exists in the old city of Hebron, Jerusalem and 

Bethlehem. The study followed a descriptive approach using interviews and field visit to the place 

of Al-Attar shop, as well as observation of the people visiting the Attar's shop and what they asked 

him, during my interview with Al- Attar, which lasts about an hour, twenty people entered the shop, 

so he cut the interview and to meet the requests of the customers, patients and people ordinary, 

who were seeking recipes, whether for them or to other patients. The study was conducted to find 

out the contents of the Attar's shop and the most important diseases and illnesses addressed by 

Attar. The results revealed that Al-Attar shop contains herbs and spices, mixtures of herbs and 

vegetable oils, lotions and creams and powders are prepared by al-attar himself or imported from 

outside of Palestine, such as India and Pakistan. Al-Attar addresses and describes the recipes for 

most illness and disease and bring their own blends. Al-Attar depends on the preparation of herbal 

mixtures through personal experiences or transfer from his father. Perfumery is inherited within the 

family and moves from father to son through tradition or practice. The percentage of the general 

public who visited Attar's shop, regardless of their scientific level is high, during my interview with 

him in Hebron, which lasts about an hour, about twenty people entered to ask for herbs and 

formulations for the treatment of diseases to them or to others. He describes the treatment of 

diseases of physical - and psychological and mental health. High proportion of the visitors are 

women who applied for powders and cosmetic treatment of skin that are attended or imported from 

outside of Palestine, as well as recipes for thinness and obesity. The study suggests the following 

recommendations: Opening a research center specializing in the analysis of medicinal herbs used 

by Al-Attar to demonstrate the risks and the degree of damage from them. Having an analytical 

study of data from the People's Pharmacy - Shop Attar - and the facts by the method of systems 

analysis inputs - processes - outputs. Conducting comparative studies of the experience with the 

experiences of Palestinian folk remedy in the Arab and foreign countries. Conducting studies to 

develop future scenarios for the future and pharmacy, which includes all medical supplies and 

prescription drugs popular. And conducting specialized studies in the People's Pharmacy and 

Publishing in the journals and conferences. 

Key words: Attar's shop model, traditional medicine, traditional pharmacy. 

2.10 Ethnomedicine in Slovakia – Medicinal Herbs in Folk Medicine and 

Magic Versus Their Current Usage 

Eftimova Jarmila, Ciberej Juraj, and Stopkova Jana 1 

1 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Slovak Republic 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Knowledge comparison oriented on the utilization of selected plant group in folk 

medicine and magic in the past and their present application in phytotherapy and 

phytopharmacology in the Slovak regions. In the evaluation process were included 12 species of 

herbal plants. For any species were assembled data on their former utilization for healing of 

diseases and utilization in the current phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. In the same time 

were piled up the knowledge on use and/or disuse several other plant species in magic of different 

orientation – from that injuring to healing, protective or even dealing with the love affairs. In this 

study were complexely processed knowledge and experience pieces on the plants suitability and 

effects in former and nowadays phytotherapy concerning 12 plant species - Alchemilla 

xanthochlora Rothm., Sambucus nigra L., Betula pendula, Allium ursinum L., Crataegus 

58

monogyna Jacq., Symphytum officinale L., Hypericum perforatum L., Eupharsia officinalis L., 

Artemisia absinthium L., Origanum vulgare L., Equisetum arvense L., Achillea millefolium L., 

Agrimonia eupatoria f. davurca (Link) Nakai, Matricaria recutita L., Plantago lanceolata L. 

Comparison of these date showed specific ability of these plants to cure several diseases. 

Traditionally those plants were applied by our ancestors in different forms for curing of diseases 

mostly correctly, although they could not know anything about the presence of biologically active 

substances detected by current analytical methods. The so called injuring magic were applied 

some species mostly for bewitching – causing some evil or harm to target person or animals 

(Vincetoxinum spp.). In protecting magic were utilized some plants like Artemisia vulgaris L., Inula 

helenium L. against the harming effects, for protection of property, crop and prevention of animal 

diseases and other unfavourable factors was Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. recommended. 

Rosmarinus officinalis L., Ledum palustre L.and Lycopodium clavatum L. were the favourite plants 

in love magic. Based on the piled data a significant relevance is shown between the traditional 

knowledge of different regional inhabitants and the current use of these plants for the healing 

purposes in several forms – like teas, extracts, and/or commercial pharmaceutical products. 

Therefore this often nearly forgotten traditional knowledge represent and important indicator for the 

pharmaceutical production, especially when searching for suitable resources and raw material, 

which can be used in practice in many preventive programmes, health recovering and healing of 

many diseases. 

Key words: Folk magic, ľudové liečiteľstvo, medicinal herbs; phytopharmacology, phytotherapy, 

utilization. 

2.11 Inventory of Plants Used in Hypoglycemic Pharmacopoeia in Northern 

Sahara (In the Regions of Ouargla), Oued-Righ and Ziban 

HADJAIDJI-BENSEGHIER Fatiha 1 and DERRIDJ Arezki 2 . 

1 Laboratoires de bioressources Sahariennes, Départements des sciences agronomiques et de 

biologie,Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie et des sciences de la terre et de l'univers, 

Université de Kasdi Merbah ,Ouargla,Algérie. 2 Faculté des sciences biologiques et agronomiques, 

Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou, Algérie 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Diabetes is a widespread disease in Algeria. Indeed, in southeastern Algeria, 

especially the regions of Ouargla, and Oued Righ Zibans, are among the areas most affected by 

this disease.The aim of our study is to inventory the hypoglycemic plants consumed by the 

inhabitants the survey area. for this, our investigation has affected different categories of people. 

These have been collected into two groups in the survey. The first group consists of about sixty 

people resources among herbalists, pharmacists-plant, traditional practitioners and healers while 

the second group is formed by diabetics, a rate of ten percent (10%). The results revealed the use 

of 31 plants species for the treatment of diabetes. Frequency of use was the highest rated in the 

region of Ouargla. The infusion and the powder are the most common modes with the mixed use 

of plants. The seeds are the most consumed over different parts of plants. This study contributed 

to the identification of hypoglycemic plants that play a very significant traditions in medicine and in 

people's lives, but it remains pioneer because the inventory is far from the most comprehensive. 

Every time she has given of importance to safeguarding of traditional medicinal system. To do this, 

the development of a strategy to preserve this ancient knowledge is imperative. 

Key words: Diabetes, hypoglycemic plants, ethnopharmacology, investigation, oued-righ, ouargla. 

59

2.12 Traditional Uses and Scientific Evidence for a Selected Native Medicinal 

Plant from Jordan: A Critical Evaluation of Achillea santolina 

Kasabri, Violet, Afifi, Fatma U., Hamdan Imad, Abu-Dahab Rana 

Faculty pf Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Queen Rania AlAbdullah Street, Amman 11942, Jordan 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Traditional plant treatments are used globally for the diabetes therapy. Achillea 

santolina L. (Asteraceae) is a traditional diabetes remedy in Jordan. The aim of the present in vitro 

and in vivo studies was to investigate the efficacy and the role of this indigenous plant‟s aqueous 

extracts (AE) on the pancreatic -cell proliferation and insulin secretion as well as extrapancreatic 

carbohydrate digestion and absorption as possible action mechanisms. Oral starch tolerance tests 

(OSTT) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were determined for the plant AE at 

concentrations 125, 250 and 500 mg/Kg body weight versus acarbose or metformin and glipizide. 

Results showed that, dual inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, A. santolina dose gradient (1 

- 100 mg/ml) did not affect any substantial reductions of corn starch digestion in vitro. Interestingly 

in starch-fed rats, in vivo acute postprandial antihyperglycemic efficacies were obtained for A. 

santolina (125 mg/Kg b.wt, P

as a potential source for antidiabetes pharmacology leads or adjunctive therapeutic strategies. 

Identification of bioactive phytoconstituents is warranted. 

Key words: Acarbose, -cell proliferation, diabetes ethnomedicine, Eryngium creticum. 

2.14 Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Plants and their Traditional Uses in 

Kabylia (Algeria) 

MEDDOUR, Rachid, MEDDOUR-SAHAR, Ouahiba and DERRIDJ, A. 

Faculty of Biological and agricultural Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, BP 17 RP, 15 000 

Tizi Ouzou, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study aims to assess ethnobotanical knowledge in Kabylia, focusing on the use 

of traditional medicinal plants. This region has remained relatively isolated and agro-industrial 

development did not cause a significant decline in traditional practices, including the use of plants 

in traditional medicine. Ethnobotanical information was gathered using a questionnaire among 

herbalists, traditional healers and local populations, within eight rural municipalities in the 

department of Tizi Ouzou. At all, 98 vascular plants were identified and recorded, a large majority 

of them live in a wild habitats (forests and wetlands, especially), with the exception of 6 

crops. They belong to 48 families, the most represented are the Lamiaceae (13 species) and 

Asteraceae (12 species). The many diseases listed in the survey are grouped into 10 major 

disease groups. The mainly pathologies treated are those of the digestive system (40 plants), skin 

diseases (29 plants), circulatory system (24 plants) and respiratory system (21 plants). In contrast, 

the visual system, too precious, is treated with a single plant. The toxicity of some herbs used with 

caution is well known. Medicinal plants are often multipurpose plants (food, flavor, feed, veterinary, 

crafts, etc.). Moreover, 31 of these wild plants yet still have an interest in food for rural populations. 

Finally, a large majority of medicinal plants used in Kabylia, are also known for their therapeutic 

properties in the Mediterranean basin, e.g. 72 plants (73.5%) of this study are cited by the project 

Rubia (Gonzalez-Tejero et al., 2008). However, we must recognize the urgent need to collect 

ancestral medicinal know-how, especially since it is held by few and illiterate people (seniors over 

60 years old). This ethnopharmacological knowledge constitute a world heritage for finding new 

resources (food, medicines, nutraceuticals) for the future, by putting acquired data at disposal of 

clinical and pharmaceutical research. But a consequent part of the financial fallout, from such an 

initiative, has to return to the holders of this knowledge, in equity within a global frame of 

socioeconomic development planned in the durability. 

Key words: Algeria, ethnobotanical knowledge, Kabylia, medicinal plants, rural population. 

2.15 Ethnomedicinal Anthelmintic Plants of Northern Pakistan 

Muhammad Zafar, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Mushtaq Ahmad and Shazia 

Sultana and Sultan Bibi 2 

Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan. 2 District Head 

Quarter Hospital Abbottabad, Pakistan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present paper deals with 55 plant species belonging to 49 genera and 28 families 

used as anthelmintic and vermifuge by the tribal and rural people of Northern Pakistan. The district 

has rich plant biodiversity and people belonging to different ethnic groups and cultures yet have 

been poorly studied ethnobotanically. Surveys were conducted to identify medicinal plants being 

used and their uses. Mostly the herbs are used (31 spp) followed by tree (14spp species), shrubs 

(6spp), climbers (3 spp). Data shows that mostly the plants are used as anthelmintic (36spp.) 

followed by vermifuge (19spp). The plants being used ethnomedicinaly dominate the herbs (31 

species) followed by tree (14 spp), shrubs (6 spp), climbers (3 spp). Study shows that a number of 

medicinal plants including Thymus serphyllum, Taxus wallichiana, Matricaria chamomillla, 

Cinnamon camphora, Aristolochis bracteata, Acorus calamus are threatened due to 

overexploitation and habitat loss. Attention is required to the management and protection of 

various ecosystems including in situ and ex situ conservation of species. 

Key words: Anthelmintic, medicinal plants, northern, Pakistan. 

61

2.16 Survey of Medicinal Plants From arid Land of Khushab, Punjab, 

Pakistan 

QURESHI, R 1 ., SHAHEEN, H 1 ., MAQSOOD, M 1 ., AKRAM, A 1 . and GULFRAZ, 

M 2 . 

1 Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, 

Pakistan. 2 Department of Biochemistry, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Murree 

Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aim of present study was to record medicinal uses of native plants by the 

inhabitants of Khushab. For this purpose, the whole area was surveyed during August 2010 to May 

2011 and local people including herbalists (Hakeems) and midwives (Daai) were interviewed using a 

semi-structured questionnaire. The area sustains good proportion of medicinal plants and a total of 

87 plant species have been found to use as a source of natural medicine. These species were 

altogether used to treat about 69 different ailments/diseases. Constipation was found the most 

prevalent disease in the area and most of the species (20, 6.39%) were used to treat that complaint. 

It was followed by pimples (16 spp., 5.11%), jaundice (15 spp., 4.79%), boils (14 spp., 4.47%), 

stomach problem (13 spp., 4.15%), blood purifier (12 spp., 3.83%) and gas trouble (11 spp., 3.51%), 

liver tonic, skin itching (10 spp., 3.19% each). With reference to conservation status, 68 species were 

commonly observed in the study area, however 60 species were very commonly seen. All parts of 

plants were employed for the preparation of medicament with different proportion. 

Key words: Khushab, medicinal plants, Pakistan, survey. 

2.17 The Use of Folkloric Botanical Extracts as Topical Skin Lightening 

Agents 

Saja Hamed 1 , Hatim AlKhatib 2 , Yasser Bustanji 2 , Fatma Afifi 2 , and 

Mohammad Mohammad 2 

1 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan. 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, 

University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Skin-lightening is a common practice among women living in Jordan that is reinforced 

by a number of perceived benefits associated with having a lighter skin tone. Main reasons for use 

were preference of lighter skin tone, the treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders or both. Melanin 

overproduction characterized a number of skin pigmentary disorders (i.e. melasma, freckles, and 

postinflammatory hyperpigmentation) which have a significant impact on subject‟s psychosocial 

status since they are common on sun-exposed areas of the face and the neck. Various treatments 

are available in the market, but none are completely satisfactory due to safety and/or overall 

effectiveness drawbacks. Thus, identification of new depigmenting agents especially of plant origin 

is an active research area that is reinforced by the belief that plant extracts have relatively lower 

side effects than synthetic chemicals. Thus, we attempted to assess our local herbs in Jordan to 

evaluate their depigmenting effectiveness. The plants prescribed by the local Attarin (herbalists) or 

found in local folkloric medicine books for treating hyperpigmentary problems were purchased and 

aqueous plant extract was prepared for each powdered plant by extracting 50 gm of powdered 

plant with distilled water at 60C o for 2 hours. Tyrosinase; the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin 

production, was targeted during the screening process. The effect of these plant extracts on 

mushroom tyrosinase activity as well as on B16-F1 melanoma tyrosinase was determined 

spectrophotometrically using previously published methodology after modifications and validation 

using known anti-tyrosinase inhibitors (Kojic acid & extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra) which are well 

known to inhibit mushroom tyrosinase. The majority of the tested plant extracts exhibited well to 

excellent tyrosinase inhibition efficacy. Of the 24 extracts examined, 13 showed over 50% 

inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at a used volume of 120µl. Based on our screening assay, many 

locally used plants have the potential to be used in ameliorating localized hyperpigmentation 

problems. 

Key words: Botanical extracts, folkloric, skin lightening agents. 

62

2.18 Medicinal Plants as a Source of New Drugs and Natural Products: Use 

of Traditional Knowledge and Resurrection of Ancient Seeds 

Sarah Sallon 

Member of the Royal Society of Medicine, London, United Kingdom. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal plants are particularly prevalent in the Middle East with estimates that over 

a third of local species possess significant medicinal activity. Historically many ancient sources 

including the Bible, refer to plants for their ceremonial, ritual and medicinal uses while later works 

including the writings of renowned physicians eg Maimonedes and Avicena, discuss the role of 

medicinal plants, laying the basis for scholarly and folk medical traditions. Thousands of years of 

trade and a history of frequent conquest, have also introduced many exotic species originally 

native to Europe, Asia, Africa and India into the area. Since 1995 The Louis L. Borick Natural 

Medicine Research Center (NMRC), has assessed as part of its Middle Eastern Medicinal Plant 

Project (MEMP) the legacy of local medicinal plants and acted as a focus for their conservation 

and development. The MEMP initiative includes a unique ethno-botanical database with detailed 

categorization of traditional uses of local medicinal plants, botanical descriptions, commonly used 

names (in English, Hebrew and Arabic), plant habitat, geographical distribution, ecology, 

harvesting details, preparation, combinations with other plants and administration. The database 

also relates traditional use to a modern clinical interpretation, using a standardized symptom list 

and search engine based on conventional disease classification. Currently the database contains 

over 500 medicinal species found in Israel with information derived from archival collections, 

ancient material medicia in Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Greek and Latin and field surveys of 

traditional healers carried out by NMRC. Since 2000 The MEMP project has cultivated desert 

medicinal plants at Kibbutz Ketura in southern Israel to preserve biodiversity and provide raw 

plant material for scientific research without depleting wild source. Separate sites at Noam on the 

coastal plain and the Jerusalem Botanical Gardens have been initiated to cultivate Mediterranean 

and mountainous species. Currently over 200 medicinal and economically important species have 

been domesticated many for the first time. Harvested plants, have contributed to NMRC`s 

screening programs where species with a long history of traditional use have been successfully 

tested for activity using an ethno-medical and ethno-botanical approach based on knowledge of 

their traditional uses. This focused screening has achieved significant success in assessing the 

bio-activity of selected species for malaria, antibacterial and anti-fungal activity, immune 

stimulation, anti-viral activity particularly RNA viruses eg Influenza, and neurodegenerative 

conditions eg Alzheimer's. In addition the use of ancient seeds radiocarbon dated to approx 2000 

yrs and retrieved from archeological sites in the Middle East have resulted in the germination by 

NMRC of date Palm seedlings (Phoenix dactilifera) that have received international interest and 

may provide important clues to the medicinal and nutritional activities of dates in antiquity. 

Key words: Ancient Seeds, drugs, medicinal plants, natural product. 

2.19 Ethnobotanical Study of Some Therapeutic Plants Used to Treat Arterial 

Hypertension in hodna region (Algeria) 

SARI Madani, SARRI Djamel, BOUDJELAL Amel and HENDEL Noui 

Department of Natural Sciences and Life, Faculty of Science, M'sila University, 28000 M’sila 

(Algeria) 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Ethnobotanical investigations were conducted from February 2006 to June 2010 in the 

region of Hodna to identify the different medicinal plants used in the traditional pharmacopoeia for 

the treatment of arterial hypertension. Information collected through questionnaires and personal 

interviews (77 males and 8 female). Thirty-five species belonging to 21 families with a dominance 

of especially Lamiaceae and Asteraceae were encountered during the study. The modes of herbal 

drugs preparation were decoction (48%) and infusion (25%). The most frequently used plant parts 

were the aerial parts (49%). 

Key words: Algeria, arterial hypertension, ethnomedicinal survey, Hodna, medicinal plants. 

63

2.20 Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the North East of Setif 

in Algeria 

SERSOUB D., Djirar N., Kaabeche, M., Mihi, A., Zeroug, KH., Sedjar, A. and 

Bentahar, A. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Currently, in certain developing countries as Algeria, traditional medicine often calls 

upon the use of plants or plants extracts to fight against the various diseases in particular most 

current. Most of the population still does not have access to conventional medicine, the 

safeguarding and the promotion of the medicinal plants as well as the traditional knowledge 

concerning their uses is a health priority. Thus, the interest for the ethnopharmacology can 

contribute original shares in the continuation of the development of the pharmacopeia of a 

surveyed region. This discipline shares with ethnobotanical study of the interrelationships between 

the man and the medicinal plants. It borders and integrates part of the field of the ethnotherapy 

and implies the cooperation of the ethnology and pharmacology (J.P. Nicolas, 1999). Thus, the 

ethnobotanical study and the ethnopharmacological development in the valley of Boussellam 

situated in the region of Setif can be summarized in the following phases :Search for ground 

associating various fields of study and being accompanied by data collection, botanical , 

phytochemical , and pharmacological study of the selected plants and information feedback on 

the ground negotiated with the local population. It is also noted that the most plants used by the 

users in the Valley of Boussellam belongs to the family of Apiaceae as Thapsia garganica and 

the family of of Lamiaceae as Mentha spicata L and Mentha pulegium L .These species contain 

essential oils which are used especially as carminative, antiseptic, stomachic, and bechic. 

Key words: Flora, ethnobotany ,. 

biodiversity, medicinal plants. 

2.21 Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for Gynecological Diseases in Northern 

Areas of Pakistan 

Shazia Sutlana, Ghulam Mujtaba Shah, Sultan Bibi 2 , Mushtaq Ahmad and 

Muhammad Zafar 

Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan. 2 District Head Quarter 

Hospital Abbottabad. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present study was carried out in the Northern Areas of Pakistan to explore 

medicinal plants to cure gynecological diseases by the tribal people. During the study interviews 

were carried out in local community, to investigate local people, herbalists and women. The 

medicinal data on 44 plant species belonging to 22 families and 34 genera was recorded during 

field trips in study area for curing women ailments. Study provides information on botanical name, 

family, local name, locality, disease, parts used, recipe and dose. Based on gynecological uses of 

medicinal plants the study needs further phytochemical screening for drug discovery development 

of wider acceptance. 

Key words: Ethnomedicinal, gynecology, northern Pakistan. 

64

2.22 The Ethnopharmacological Use of Polyherbals for Infectious Diseases 

in South Africa 

Van Vuuren Sandy 1 , Makunga Nokwanda 2 , De Wet Helene 3 , and Van Zyl 

Robyn 1 

1 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 

Parktown. 2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 

Stellenbosch. 3 Department of Botany, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Traditional healing is widely practiced in South Africa, however, there has been very 

little documented research undertaken on the validation of medicinal plant mixtures. This study 

presents a selection of highlights from our studies on the antimicrobial efficacies of plant 

combinations. Organic and aqueous extracts were prepared for all plants and their combinations 

which were then tested against pathogens relative to the traditional use of the plants. Antimicrobial 

activity was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration micro-dilution assay and activity 

of the combined plants were analysed using the ∑FIC index and isobolograms in order to 

determine antagonistic, indifferent, additive or synergistic interactions. For toxicity studies, the 3- 

(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide cell viability assay was performed on 

human kidney epithelial cells. Conventional antimicrobials were tested in combination with 

commercially relevant indigenous medicinal plants. A study on plants used to treat sexually 

transmitted infections in Maputaland emphasised the importance of performing tandem toxicity 

assays. When Sclerocarya birrea and Syzygium cordatum (aqueous extracts) were independently 

studied, they possessed no toxicity. However, when combined the toxicity levels increased. 

Conversely, multiple plants in a combination (Euphorbia hypericifolia, Hypoxis hemerocallidia, 

Senecio serratuloides and Ozoroa engleri) demonstrated synergy (∑FIC 0.4). The 1:1 mixtures 

within this selection displayed antagonism (∑FIC 4.5) against Oligella ureolytica. Agathosma 

crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus, a herbal mix frequently traded informally in 

Cape Town and used by herbalists descendent from the Khoi-San, demonstrated synergistic 

interactions as low as ∑FIC 0.05 (Staphylococcus aureus) when used in a multiple combination. 

Plants with allopathic antimicrobials demonstrated various interactions. Aspalathus linearis, for e.g. 

demonstrated interactions ranging from synergistic (∑FIC 0.15) to antagonistic (∑FIC 6.03) when 

combined with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin respectively. Whether interactive efficacies of 

medicinal plants yield synergistic or even antagonistic efficacies, the importance of combination 

therapy cannot be ignored and further validations could only enhance the field of phytosynergy. 

Key words: Ethnopharmacological, infectious diseases, polyherbals, South Africa. 

65


Topic (3): Standardization and Quality Control of Herbal Medicinal Products 

3.1 The Chemical Investigation of the Algerian Pallenis Spinosa and its 

Medicinal Use 

A. DJEBARA 1 , F. BITAM, A. DIBI and M. C. ABERKANE 

1 Chemical Department, Faculty of Sciences, Batna University, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Throughout human medical history, people have used medicinal substances extracted 

from plants to treat diseases and body organs. The Mediterranean species Pallenis spinosa (L.) 

Cass. is one from species of plants were catalogued for use in human medicine. The flowery parts 

of Pallenis spinosa (L.)Cass. is used For the treatment of : Gastralgia, circulatory problems, 

contusion, injury, inflammation, mouth infections and respiratory problems. There are few studies 

on this plant as indicated by literature and the main compounds are the germacranes derivatives, 

sesquiterpenes and flavonoids. In attempt to find other metabolites, a phytochemical study on P. 

spinosa which grows in Algeria was undertaken. The extraction of the aerial parts with different 

solvents yielded two extracts: chloroform extract and butanol extract. The first analysis in 

chromatographic showed the presence of sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids compounds. The 

purification and the structures elucidation of these metabolites have been started. The first 

analysis spectroscopic resulted in the structure determination of two sterols stigmasterol and ß- 

Sitosterol glucoside. The structures o these two compounds were established by spectral data, 

including 1D, and 2D NMR. The biological activities of this plant are under study. 

Key words: Asteraceae, ß-sitosterol glucoside, medicinal plant, metabolites, Pallenis spinosa. 

3.2 Phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of different parts of Ficus 

bengalensis 

Aftab A 1 ., and Huang Y.W. 2 

1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. 

2 Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Ficus bengalensis is the member of family Moraceae which is widely used in folk 

medicines. In this study, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of leaf, fruit and bark of the plant 

were determined. The methanolic extract was examined for their total phenolic contents (TPC) by 

using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and for total flavonoid content (TFC) by using Aluminium Chloride 

reagent. The antioxidant activity was assessed by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, linoleic 

acid stabilization and estimation of reducing power of the extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoid 

components of the extract were identified and quantified by using HPLC. Results showed that all 

three parts of the plant have excellent antioxidant activity. The leaves extract have the highest 

TPC (10.89 g GAE/100 g of dry sample) and TFC (3.89 g CE/100 g of dry sample), followed by the 

fruit (6.01 g GAE/100 g of dry sample and 2.14 g CE/100 g of dry sample) and the bark (4.11 g 

GAE/100 g of dry sample and 1.55 g CE/100 g of dry sample). IC 50 values of the leaf, fruit and 

bark extracts were 13.94, 18.62, and 20.4µg/ml, respectively in DPPH radical scavenging assay. 

Reducing power of the leaf extract was 1.24, while that of fruit and bark extract were 0.919 and 

0.797, respectively. Values for percentage inhibition of linoleic acid were 68.95%, 54.42%, and 

48.37% for leaves, fruit and bark extracts, respectively. All gallic acid, Protocatechuic acid, 

Gentisic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Vanillic acid, Caffeic acid and Sinapic acid were identified in all 

the three samples. However, syringic acid was present in fruit and bark extracts, while p-Coumaric 

acid was in leaf and bark extracts. Ferulic acid was only present in leaves extract. Rutin, 

myricetin, quercetin, luteolin and Kaempferol were identified in leaf extract, while all but luteolin 

was identified in fruit samples. Myrcetin and kaempferol were not found in bark extracts as well. 

Among the phenolic acids, levels of gentisic acid were 1674 mg /100 g of dry sample in leaf, 610 

mg/ 100 gram of dry sample in fruit, and 209.4 mg/100 gram of dry sample in bark extract. Among 

the flavonoids, levels of myricetin were found the highest in leaf (99.07 mg/ 100 g of dry sample), 

followed by fruit (20.09 mg/ 100g of dry sample). Rutin, however, was the highest (31.8 mg/ 100 g 

of dry sample) among the flavonoids identified in the bark extract. 

Key words: Antioxidant, ferulic acid, Ficus bengalensis, flavonoids, leaf, phenolic, syringic acid. 

66

3.3 Investigation of Secondary Metabolites (Flavonoids) of the Genus 

Ranunculus 

Ahlam Hachelaf, Ahmed Touil, Ammar Zellagui, and Salah Rhouati 

Laboratory of Natural Products from plants origins and organic synthesis chemistry, University of 

Constantine Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Ranunculus L. Gray, a group of something over 20 species of aquatic buttercups with 

a fluctuating number of sub-specific taxa, is notoriously difficult taxonomically. The species present 

today may well be the result of secondary speciation resulting from natural selection acting on the 

products of hybridization. Previous phytochemical studies of the genus Ranunculus revealed the 

presence of flavonoids alkaloids, triterpene saponins and lactones such as ranunculin and 

protoanemonin. However, no report of biological or phytochemical investigation on this plant was 

found apart from a general study regarding its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. 

Flavonoids are widely distributed and recognized as taxonomic markers in the genus 

Ranunculus.The dried aerial parts of R. chinensis were extracted with 95% EtOH. After 

concentration under reduced pressure, the extract was suspended inH2O and partitioned 

successively with petroleum ether, AcOH, and BuOH. The BuOH-soluble fraction was separated 

by repeated chromatographic procedures to give flavonoid glycosides. The Flavonoids were 

detected on dried papers and plates by examination in ultraviolet light alone and in the presence of 

ammonia. The extracts were chromatographed one dimensionally on Whatman no. 1 paper in four 

solvents - butanol:acetic acid: water 4: 1 : 5 (v: v: v) (BAW), n-butanol fraction was separated on a 

polyamide gel column (Toluene – MeOH), was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column (MeOH- 

H2O, 1:9 to 1:0), followed by chrommatographie CCM, using a mixture of MeOH-H2O as elution 

system, to give glycosids flavonoids. As mentioned above, there is currently a growing interest in 

products derived from sour orange, as a result of their increasing commercial diffusion. In this 

context, the present study demonstrates that the richness and variety of the flavonoid pool of C. 

aurantium makes sour orange juice an excellent source of healthpromoting compounds with the 

potential to act as preventing agents for carcinogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. 

Key words: Flavonoids, ranunculus, secondary metabolites, sour orange. 

3.4 Quality Assurance of Medicinal Plants 

Alli Inteaz 

Food Science Department, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Quality assurance serves to provide confidence that products and services that are 

offered to consumers meet certain expectations and requirements. Some of the current critical 

aspects of quality assurance in the cultivation, storage, processing and distribution of plants for 

food, herbal, and medicinal uses include quality, safety, and traceability activities and practices 

throughout the supply chain, and management systems-based standardization processes; this is 

in addition to national regulatory programs and framework for medicinal plants in many countries 

and internationally recognized guidelines of the World Health Organization. In the case of 

medicinal plants as a general category of products which are intended for both general and 

specific uses by consumers, the quality assurance requirements and expectations include 

regulatory issues, product efficacy, performance, acceptance, stability, labeling and label claims, 

and adverse effects and product safety. These attributes must be assessed for medicinal plants or 

herbal medicines since they are can be (a) consumed directly as materials considered as food or 

beverage or extracted for use in items considered as foods, beverages, food supplements, herbal 

products, natural health products or (b) used as herbal medicines or drugs or as chemical agents 

in the preparation or synthesis of drugs, both over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Quality 

assurance aspects for medicinal plants are addressed at both the international level by WHO 

guidelines and at national levels by government regulations; however government regulations vary 

from country to country and all medicinal plants are not subjected to the same national regulations. 

Generally, quality assurance activities cover the entire supply chain and include good practices 

throughout the supply chain from cultivation to the point of use by the consumer. In some 

companies, good manufacturing practices and HACCP systems are used to address food safety 

requirements of medicinal plants and herbal medicines, primarily during the processing of 

harvested medicinal plants for conversion into products intended for consumer use. This 

presentation will cover current perspectives for addressing all aspects for supply chain quality 

assurance of medicinal plants from cultivation to intended consumer use. 

Key words: Assurance, medicinal plant, quality. 

67

3.5 Comparison between Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities of 

Different Parts of Capparis spinosa L. 

ARRAR Lekhmici 1 , BENZIDANE Nadia 1 , KRACHE Imane 1 , , CHAREF 

Noureddine 1 Seddik KHENNOUF 2 and BAGHIANI Abderrahmane 1 


Setif, 2 Laboratory of Phytotherapy applied to Chronic diseases, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, 

University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Capparis spinosa L., Capparidaceae is a shrub growing widely in Algeria. Aqueous 

and methanolic extracts of five parts were studied for their contents in polyphenols and flavonoids. 

These extracts were used to evaluate their antioxidant and anti lipid peroxidation effects. Results 

showed that methanolic extracts contain more total polyphenols and flavonoids than aqueous 

extracts. Leaves and flowers are rich in either polyphenols or flavonoids while roots are the poor 

ones. In the same way, all extracts have anti lipid peroxidation and antioxidant effects with a 

dominance of flowers and leaves especially in the methanolic extracts (82,78 ± 2,64 and 80,94 

±1,57 respectively). Seeds have acceptable effects followed by bud than roots. These results 

confirm the literature and give a comparative data on the different parts of Capparis spinosa 

extracts that can be used in the disease with oxidative stress. 

Key words: Antioxidant, aqueous extract, Capparis spinosa, lipid peroxidation, methanolic extract. 

3.6 Effect of Polyploïdization and Elicitation on Hyoscyamine Content in 

Hairy Roots of Datura. 

Belabbassi Ouarda, Khelifi-Slaoui Majda, Zaoui Djamila and Khelifi Lakhdar 

Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et Biotechnologie, Ecole National Supérieure 

Agronomique, 16200 El-Harrach, Alger. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The hyoscyamine, a secondary metabolite, widely used in medicine, can be produced 

from roots of Datura sp. (Solanaceae). However, its content in the spontaneous roots remains low; 

hence the use of hairy roots (in vitro) to improve it. The production of hyoscyamine through 

biotechnology is of great interest and has many advantages. The hairy roots (HR) are 

characterized by a good genetic stability and a rapid growth. Indeed, the HRs of Datura 

stramonium L. are widely studied in the perspective of improving the yield of hyoscyamine. This 

study is part of this same perspective; it aims to study the effect of polyploïdization of HRs induced 

by colchicine combined or not with an elicitation with the acetylsalicylic (AAS) or salicylic (AS) 

acids on the HR content in hyoscyamine. Colchicine was applied at different concentrations and 

periods, on a line (L DS ) of D. stramonium HR induced by Agrobactrium rhizogenes (strain A4). The 

selection of tetraploïd HR lines was made by the cytogenetic analysis using light microscopy and 

the quantification of their DNA. The selected HR lines are elicited or not by AAS or AS. The effect 

of polyploïdization and elicitation was measured on the biomass dry weight of HRs and their 

hyoscyamine content. The untreated HR line (L DS : control) with colchicine shows a diploid level 

with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes. However, the HR lines treated with colchicine show, in most 

cases, an endoreduplication of their genetic material. The survival rate of endoreduplicated lines 

varies between 30% and 93%, depending on concentration and exposure time to colchicine. Thus, 

two HR lines (L DS1 and L DS2 ) were selected after confirming their tetraploïd nature. Moreover, the 

two tetraploïd HR lines (L DS1 , L DS2 ) show an increase in their biomass and hyoscyamine content in 

comparison to the diploid HR Line (L DS ). Further elicitation by AAS or AS at the 10 -4 M 

concentration of the selected HR lines causes respectively a low decrease or increase in dry 

weight. However, the same treatments show a significant increase in the yield of hyoscyamine in 

elicited HR lines. Furthermore, the combination of polyploidïzation and elicitation gives an even 

more significant improvement in hyoscyamine content. 

Key words: Colchicine, Datura stramonium, elicitation, hairy roots, polyploïdization. 

68

3.7 Effects of Growing Region Maturity Stages on Lipid Yield, Fatty Acid 

Profile and Tocopherols of Pistacia atlantica and Its Implications on 

Resultant Biodiesel 

Ben Ahmed Ziyad, Yousfi M. Yvan Vander H., Brahimi A., and Belhadj S. 

Laboratory of Sciences Fondamentales. University Amar Telidji Laghouat, (03000), Algeria. 

Lboratory of Aalytical Cemistry and Parmaceutical Tchnology Bussels, Belgium. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The objective of the present study was to monitor total lipid, fatty acid profile (FAP) 

and tocopherols contents at two stages of ripening, immature and mature Pistacia atlantica fruits 

cultivated south of Algeria (Laghouat and Ain oussera). Saponification number (SN), iodine value 

(IV), cetane number (CN) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of oils was empirically determined for 

to predict the quality of FAME for use as biodiesel. The accumulation pattern of lipid yield was 

strongly influenced by the growing regions and ripens process and showed a remarkable increase 

at full maturity to reach a maximum of 24.76%, 29.30% in Laghouat and Ain oussera, respectively. 

In both growing region, the palmitoleic, stearic and linolenic acids proportions correlated inversely 

with oleic and linoliec acids at two stages of ripening. The tocopherol contents of Pistacia atlantica 

oils were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During the immature 

stage the amount of total tocopherols (µg/g) in oils of Ain oussera and Laghouat was about 205.8 

and 313.49, it decreased to141.56 and 110.08 respectively in mature stage. FAME of Pistacia 

atlantica oils of immature and mature fruits were found to be most suitable for use as biodiesel by 

meeting the major specification of biodiesel standards of USA and European Standard 

Organization. Results of this study indicate that the Pistacia atlantica fruits at the immature stage 

have a healthy nutritional value and the mature stage was with important economic as the 

feedstock for biodiesel production by biocatalyst. 

Key words: Biodiesel, fatty acids profile, fruit ripening, lipid content tocopherols, Pistacia atlantica. 

3.8 Saffron: From Traditional Use to Modern Applications 

Betti, Georges, Schmidt, Mathias 2 and Thomsen, Michael 2 

1 Medicinal & Aromatic Plants R&D, 2000 Rue des Lucioles, F-06901 Sophia-Antipolis. 2 Eusano 

GmbH & Co. KG, Wartbergweg 15, 86874 Mattsies, Germany. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Saffron, the stigmas of Crocus sativus L., is a traditional medicinal plant and spice 

material. In the time of IbnSînâ (Avicenna) more than 25 different cultivars of different origins have 

been described, each with explicit uses. Some are described as having antidepressant effects, 

others as being used as (sexual) stimulants. The starting point of this study was the question 

whether these ancient cultivars can still be identified, and whether their uses can be correlated 

with phytochemical findings. Crocus sativus is a sterile species, exclusively multiplied by 

vegetative propagation starting from the corms. Correspondingly, the gene pool of saffron cultivars 

does not change by interbreeding. Isolated ancient saffron cultivations stand a chance not to have 

been altered by imported corms. In the course of our research program we located and screened 

isolated ancient cultivations of Crocus sativus in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean 

basin – cultivations as yet untouched by the use of mass-production of corms. Saffron quality was 

assessed based on the methods described in the ISO norm 3632. The phytochemical analysis of 

saffron from these sources shows distinct differences in the content of safranal and of crocin, 

especially when the saffron stigmas are obtained under strictly comparable harvesting and 

processing conditions to exclude external modifiers of saffron quality. Modern pharmacology and 

clinical research attributes antidepressant effects to the marker substance safranal, and stimulant 

effects to crocin. This association is well-correlated with the traditional recommendations of 

IbnSînâ. The content of the specific marker substances can be further increased by the application 

of well-defined harvesting and processing protocols – methods also adopted from ancient sources 

and optimized to cultivation protocols. The retrospective confirmation of ancient knowledge has 

practical implications: It may be used for the selection of optimal cultivars for specific uses (e.g., 

use as an aphrodisiac or as an antidepressant). The application of adequate cultivation, harvesting 

and processing protocols has an immediate impact on saffron quality, and thus on the economic 

result of saffron cultivation due to the classification of the harvest in better quality classes 

69

according to ISO 3632.The knowledge of phytochemical properties of saffron can also be used 

during manufacturing of pharma-grade saffron extracts to steer the process towards a further 

increase in marker compounds. These improvements of saffron extract quality and standardisation 

allow a reproducibility of phytochemical properties, which is important for the reliability and 

reproducibility of clinical effects. 

Key words: Modern applications, traditional use, saffron. 

3.9 Neolignans from the Marine Phanerogams Posidonia oceanica 

Bitam Fatma 1 , Ciavatta, Maria Letizia 2 Manzo, Emilianno 2 ; Villani, Guido 2 and 

Gavagnin, Margherita 2 . 

1 Faculté des sciences, département de Chimie, Université de Batna, Batna 05000, Algeria. 2 Istituto 

di Chimica Biomolecolare, C.N.R., Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Sea-grasses are the marine flowering plants that successfully grow in tidal and 

subtidal marine environment. They are an ecologically important role for structuring a number of 

ecosystems, stabilizing coastlines, providing food and shelter for diverse marine organisms and 

act as a nursery ground for many fishes of commercial importance. Posidonia oceanica is one of 

these groups of plants which played this role in the Mediterranean basin. A number of 

phytochemical investigations with different focus were carried out. The main compounds included 

sterols and phenolic compounds such as: phenylmethane derivatives, phenylethane derivatives, 

phenylpropane derivatives and their esters, chalkones, flavonols, 5α-cholestanes, and cholest-5- 

enes. Some limited studied proved the presence of lignins in some seagrasses such as Posidonia 

oceanica and zostera marina, but no mention on their lignan composition. Here, we report the first 

chemical investigation of lignans of Posidonia oceanica. The roots were extracted with acetone; 

the obtained extract was partitioned with chloroform and n- butanol giving two fractions. The 

chloroform fraction was purified using different chromatographic methods, in particular the HPLC 

technique. The spectroscopic experiences mainly the 1 H and 13 C NMR techniques, the IR and 

mass spectrometry allowed us to identify the structures of three new neolignans (A, B and C) 

containing a dihydrobenzo[b]furan skeleton. However, the relative stereochemistry of the C7-C8 

ring was established to be trans by the NOE difference experiment while the absolute 

stereochemistry is under study. 

Key words: Chloroform fraction, lignin, Neolignans, Posidonia oceanica, sea grasses. 

3.10 Analysis of Volatile Products in Honey by SPME –GC-MS 

Boudina Ali, Benmssedak Malak, and Yassaa ,Noureddine 

USTHB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Chemistry, B.P. 

32 El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Pesticides play a beneficial role in agriculture, because they help to combat the 

variety of pest that destroy crops, even though small amounts of pesticide residues remain in the 

food supply, constituting a potential risk for the human health, because of their sub-acute and 

chronic toxicity. Honey samples collected from different Algerian locations have been analysed by 

means of Solid Phase MicroExtraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in 

order to investigate the eventual presence of pesticide residues. The use of solid SPME fibre 

namely 75 µm Carbowas/DVB allowed a number of honey-related compounds to be identified 

along with several contaminated products. The application of this technique in the analysis of 

pesticide residues in honey will be discussed with regards to the simplicity, the solventless and 

rapidity of the SPME technique. 

Key words: Gas chromatography, honey, micro extraction, pesticide residues, solid-phase. 

70

3.11 Analysis of Crude and Chromatographic Fractions of Eucalyptus 

globulus Leaves 

Boulekbache-Makhlouf Lila, Slimani Sakina, and Khodir Madani 

Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, 3BS Laboratory, University of Bejaia 06000, Bejaia, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Leaves of E. globulus were taken from 25-year-old trees (ten trees) randomly 

harvested from the arboretum of Derguinah; Bejaia in the north east of Algeria (36°31‟13.56‟‟N, 

5°17‟18.43 E). The leaf samples were dried in an oven at 40°C, and ground to obtain a thin 

powder (250 µm of diameter). 1g was extracted with l00 mL of aqueous acetone (70%) containing 

0.5% acetic acid to prevent oxidation. The extract was filtered (Whatman paper no. 4) and the 

acetone was evaporated under reduced pressure in rotary evaporation at 40° C. The remaining 

aqueous phase was treated with hexane (25 mL x 3) to remove lipids, concentrated under reduced 

pressure, and lyophilized. Acetonic extract was then fractionated by chromatography on a 

Sephadex LH-20 column using consecutive elution with ethanol, methanol and aqueous acetone 

(60%). The total phenolic concentration was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids 

content was evaluated by using 2% aluminium chloride method and tannin contents was 

measured by protein precipitation method. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was 

performed by using three methods: ferric reducing power, DPPH • radical scavenging activity and 

scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Fractionation of acetonic extract yielded three fractions: 

FA, FB and FC. The total phenolic concentrations of different extracts varied from 53.79 to 432.63 

mg/g dry weight, expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Flavonoids were detected only in 

crude extract and their amount is about 3.65 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g dry weight. Tannin 

contents varied from 27.54 to 105.39 mg/g dry weight, expressed as tannic acid equivalents 

(TAE). Fraction C and B extracts exhibited high reducing power (CR 0.5 33.41 μg/ml and 43.17 

μg/ml, respectively) than crude extract (43.1 μg/ml). It was observed that fraction B and C extracts 

displayed the highest DPPH • scavenging ability (CI 50 87.77 and 87.12 μg/ml, respectively) followed 

by crude extract (CI 50 114.25 μg/ml). These two fractions displayed also the highest ability to 

neutralize hydrogen peroxide (53.58% and 43.20%, respectively). The results showed that 

fractions B and fraction C exhibited considerably higher antioxidant activities for the three 

antioxidant tests comparatively to that of crude extract and α-tocopherol. Fraction A exhibited the 

lowest antioxidant. 

Key words: Antioxidant test, chromatography, Eucalyptus globule, leaves, tannin. 

3.12 Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves Extracts 

from Rhamnus alaternus 

Boussahel Soulef 1 , Dahamna S., 1 Giuseppe R., 2 Siracusa L 2 ., Harzallah D. 3 

1 Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Diseases, Department of ecology and vegetal 

biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbes, Setif 19000 Algeria, 

2 Institute of biomolecular chemistry - C.N.R., Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 95126 Catania, Italy. 

3 Laboratery of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life 

Sciences, University Ferhat Abbes, Setif 19000 Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant 

activities of leaves extracts from Rhamnus alaternus L.; we submitted two extracts (methanolic 

and aqueous) of different polarity to a deep compositional analysis through the use of an 

advanced hyphenated technique like LC/Uv-vis-DAD/MS. to our knowledge no metabolic 

fingerprint studies have been done on this species so far. So, we report for the fist time the 

complete secondary metabolic fingerprint of R. alaternus polar extract, the chromatographic 

pattern from aqueous extract has several similarities with the methanolic one; we note the 

presence of Flavones (quercetin, kaempferol and rhamnetin derivatives). The samples were also 

subjected to a screening for their possible antioxidant activities by using 2,2-diphenyl-1- 

picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays, in the first case the IC 50 value was of 

0,082±0,0006 mg/ml for the methanolic extract and 0,398±0,0074 mg/ml for the aqueous one, in 

the β-carotene-linoleic acid system, the inhibition values of linoleic acid oxidation were estimated 

71

as 89,007±1,914 % and 59,639±3,824 % for the methanolic and aqueous extract respectively. In 

both tests the methanolic extract was the most active. On the other hand, total phenolics 

determination in the test solutions was carried out according to the spectrophotometric Prussian 

blue assay and the determination of flavonoids was performed using the method of aluminum 

trichloride, (AlCl 3 ) al the results indicated that the methanolic extract has higher total phenolics and 

flavonoids being of: 33.655±2.503mgGAE/g.extract for the first method and 61.127±1.217mgEQ/g; 

129.681±1.546 mg ER/g, for the second one. According to al these results, we conclude that there 

is a clear relationship between chemical composition of R. alaternus and its antioxidant activities. 

Key words: Antioxidant activities, chemical composition, extracts Rhamnus alaternus L. 

3.13 Optimisation of Solvent Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds 

(Phenolic Compounds) from Algerian Mint (Mentha spicata L.) 

Brahmi Fatiha 1 , Madani Khodir 1 , Rahmani Tiziri, Bousbaa Karima, Oukmanou 

Sonia 1 and Chibane Mohamed 1 

1 Laboratoire de Biomathématique, Biochimie, Biophysique et Scientométrie, Faculté des Sciences 

de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abderrahmane Mira, Bejaia, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The mints are herbs rich in essential oils and phenolic compounds that appear to be 

the cause of prevention of many diseases. This study first allowed to quantify the levels 

of polyphenols and flavonoids from mint: Mentha spicata L. harvested in Bejaia (Algeria) using 

pure solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone) and their aqueous mixtures at 50%; and secondly, to 

evaluate their antioxidant activities by two methods (radical scavenging activity using DPPH and 

total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdate test). The protocol elaborated by Singleton 

and Rossi (1965) was used to quantify total phenolics. Flavonoids were evaluated 

using Bahorun et al. (1996) protocol. The method ported by Stankevičius and al. 

(2010) was adopted to determine radical scavenging activity of different extracts while 

this ported by Jayaprakasha et Patil (2007) to determine total antioxidant activity. In light 

of our results, it appears that ethanol 50% gave a better extraction rate for the plant studied 

(14.1%). On the other hand, the ethanol extract of 50% presented the highest content in 

polyphenols (39.473 ± 1.81 mg EAG / g DM). Consequently, it manifests the highest radical 

scavenging activity. Regarding flavonoids, methanol was the best extractor. Whereas, the total 

antioxidant activity was attributed to the acetonic (0,230 ± 0,015 AU) and ethanolic 

extracts (0,222 ± 0,016 AU) without significant difference. The difference in the antioxidant 

capacity of different extracts was probably due to the difference of the nature of the compounds 

extracted with different solvents. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, extraction, Mentha spicata, phenolic. 

3.14 Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Pollen Grains and 

Bee Corbicular Pollen Collected from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) 

Brindza Jan 1 , Synytsya Andriy 2 , Bíro Daniel 1 , Ostrovsky Radovan 1 , 

Shevtsova Tetiana 3 , and Toth Dezider 1 

1 Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Biosafety, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, 

Slovak University of Agriculture (SUA) in Nitra, Slovak Republic, 2 Department of Carbohydrates 

and Cereals, Institute of Chemical technology (ICT) Prague, Czech Republic, National Aviation 

University, Institute of Ecological Safety, Kiev, Ukraine 3 

72

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Determination of morphological and biochemical traits of pollen grains and bee 

corbicular pollen gained from the sunflower (Heliathus annuus L.). On 6 operated stands with 16 

sunflower hybrids in several localities of Slovakia were gained both, the pollen grains collected 

mechanically and the bee corbicular pollen accumulated on the pollen rakes. Pollen samples were 

analyzed by spectrophotometric methods at the ICT Prague and the biologically active 

components determined by the HPLC on the Faculty of Pharmacy in Coimbra, Portugal. The 

length of polar and equatorial axes of pollen grains was evaluated on electron scanning 

microscope. The medium length of pollen grains polar axis ranged from 45.03 to 46.55 µm and 

that of equatorial axis from 38.01 to 40.66 µm. Evaluation of 6 hybrids resulted in a medium value 

of pollen production by one group in a range of 37.8–151.9 mg. Based on 6 bee pollen samples 

was determined the medium values for weight of pollen in one corbicula (7.57–10.70 mg), height 

(2.84–3.38 mm) and width (3.21–3.72 mm). There were observed significant differences among 

the hybrids in all evaluated traits. The reflectance Vis spectrophotometry confirmed that the flower 

pollen colour owing to collection by the bees is changed. Spectrophotometry showed, that the 

sunflower pollen contains high amount of carotenoids and the HPLC indicated the presence of 

different quercetine, gallic and chlorogenic acids derivatives and other non-identified components 

as well. The beekeepers of Slovakia are prepared to collect every year more than 5,000 kg of bee 

corbicular pollen of sunflower fields, i.e. the product, which is suitable for further processing in the 

pharmaceutical and several other branches as well. 

Key words: Bee pollen carotenoids, Helianthus annuus L, phenolic acids, pollen, sunflower. 

3.15 Source of Isoflavone Concentrations Variation in Perennial Clover 

Species 

Butkutė Bronislava 1 , Dabkevičienė Giedrė 1 , Lemežienė Nijolė 1 ,and Jakštas 

Valdas 2 

1 Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry 

LT-58344 Akademija, Kıdainiai distr., Lithuania. 2 Department of Pharmacognosy of Lithuanian 

University of Health Sciences. A. Mickevi ıiaus str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Traditionally, clover is used as a highly valuable livestock forage. Clover has attracted 

considerable interest as an important source of isoflavones – phytoestrogenic compounds. The 

current study aimed to determine the individual and total concentration of three isoflavones in 

clover species grown under a cool temperate climate environment in Lithuania and to assess the 

variation of these compounds‟ concentration among and within clover species. Isoflavone contents 

were quantified in the plant parts of 5 perennial species of genus Trifolium (T. pratense, T. repens, 

T. medium, T. rubens and T. pannonicum) and a total of 21 entries were examined. Daidzein, 

formononetin and genistein concentrations were quantified in separate plant parts by reversedphase 

high-performance liquid chromatography (RP- HPLC). Fresh samples of leaves, stems, 

flowers and roots were fixed at 105°C, dried at (65 ± 5) 0 C and ground in a cyclonic mill with a 1 

mm sieve. The analyte extraction procedure included acid hydrolysis of glycoside forms and was 

performed under the conditions described in the USP monograph. According to the averaged sum 

of the three isoflavones quantified in leaves-stems-flowers, the 5 clover species ranked as follows: 

T. medium (7.54-3.62-2.31 mg g -1 ) > T. pratense (2.74-3.32-2.22 mg g -1 ) > T. rubens (0.493-0.780- 

0.380) > T. pannonicum (0.274-0.230-0.980) > T. repens (0.191-0.204-0.171 mg g -1 ). The 

contribution of individual compound to total isoflavone content depended on the species, 

accession and plant part. The major part of the isoflavones is concentrated in leaves or stems; 

however there is a great variation also. The study of two Lithuanian varieties of T. pratense for 

distribution of isoflavones in roots and aerial plant parts showed difference between varieties: 

Vyčiai was characterized by apparently largest isoflavone concentration in roots (4.73 mg g -1 ) and 

by the lowest in leaves (2.18 mg g -1 ), while stems of Vyliai had the highest (4.74 mg g -1 ) and 

flowers the least (1.82 mg g -1 ) amount of phytoestrogenic compounds tested. The main conclusion 

to be drawn from this study is that there exists a large variation in the total as well as in individual 

concentration of isoflavones among the clover species and plant parts and within species. With 

73

egard to isoflavone concentration and it variability within the clover species, some accessions of 

T. medium and T. pratense can be considered a highly promising source of phytoestrogens. 

Key words: Concentration, isoflavone, perennial clover, variation. 

3.16 Essential Oils and Morphological Study of Mentha aquatica 

Chaker, A. N., Boukhebti, H., Sahraoui, R. and Ramdhani, M. 

Laboratoire de Valorisation des Ressources Biologiques Naturelles (VRBN), Département 

Biologie et Ecologie végétale, UFA, Sétif, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: As part of the development of plant resources, we are interested in the chemical study 

of essential oils of Mentha aquatica that is widely used in Algerian traditional medicine. Essential 

oils extracted from this plant obtained by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger type apparatus for a 

period of three hours. The extraction produces yellowish essential oils with a very strong odor. 

Chemical analysis of the essential oils is achieved by gas chromatography coupled with mass 

spectrometry (GC / MS). The major compound in essential oil of M. aquatica is linalyl Acetate 

(26.109%) and other constituents such as α-Pinene (22.708%), Linalool (13.755%), in addition 

morphological studies witch is realized manually show tow different types of glandular trichomes 

on leaves and stems and lacunar parenchyma in stem section. 

Key words: Chemical analysis, essential oils, M. aquatica, morphological study. 

3.17 Assessment of Bioactive Molecules Content in SomeS Marketed in 

Algeria 

CHIKHOUNE Anis 1,2 , LOUAILECHE H. 1 , SOUFI W. 1 and KHELADI B. 1 

1 Department of Food Sciences, Nature and Life Sciences Faculty, A/Mira University, Bejaia. 

2 Department of Food Technologies, Institute of Food, Feeding and Food Agric Technologies, 

Mentouri University, Constantine, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Spices lavish several phytochemical molecules to diet and play consequently a 

significant role in the prevention of chronic diseases. The aim of our work is to proportion these 

molecules also said antioxidants in three spices: black pepper, cinnamon and ginger in the two 

forms: whole spices and powders. Samples: black pepper, cinnamon and ginger in the two quoted 

marketed forms. Solvents of extraction: Boiling water, ethanol 50%, ethanol 70%, hexane. UV- 

Visible spectrophotometer was used for the proportioning of the following antioxidants: 

carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Procedure: 

three extractions were carried out: the first one to extract carotenoids, the second one to extract 

the total phenolic compounds, the flavonoids, the proanthocyanidins and the third one to extract 

the anthocyanins. Variations of antioxidants contents were raised according to spice and type of 

solvent. According to the results of proportioning obtained, cinnamon (whole spice and powder) 

showed remarkable contents for the majority of antioxidants: example of the phenolic compounds: 

whole spice: 4,40±0,43g/100g, powder spice: 6,82±0,98g/100g for boiling water, 1,49±0,03g/100g 

and 29,19±1,30g/100g for the ethanol 50%, 9,94±0,39g/100g and 38,47±0,49g/100g for the 

ethanol 70%, except the anthocyanins where no content is revealed and carotenoids where the 

values are of 0,15±0,06g/100g and 3,05±0,09g/100g respectively for whole spice and powder. The 

results of the antioxidant activity (reducing power) confirmed it richness compared to ginger and 

black pepper. It is highly advised to incorporate these spices in the dishes to profit from the 

benefits which they can bring, while respecting the amounts to be introduced. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, antioxidants, solvents, spices. 

74

3.18 Bioactive Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Carduus crispus Plant and their 

Synthesis 

F. Louafi 1 , J. P. Hurvois 2 , S. Shahane 2 , J. Moreau 2 ,and A. Chibani 1 

1 Département de Chimie, Université Mentouri de Constantine, Route Ain El Bey, Constantine 

25000. 2 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 

Rennes Cedex, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The plant Carduus crispus Linn (welted thistle) has been used in Chinese folk 

medicine for the treatment of cold, stomach pain and rheumatism. An extract of the plant showed 

significant cytotoxic activity against SKKOV3, KB, and HeLa human cancer cell lines. 

Phytochemical studies by Zhao group led to the isolation of two pyrrolo-[2,1-a] isoquinoline 

alkaloids Crispine A and Crispine B as well as bicyclic isoquinoline alkaloids Crispine C and D. A 

biological activity evaluation of each of the alkaloids showed Crispine B to be responsible for 

cytotoxic property. Following this information, numerous groups have synthesized Crispine A and 

its analogues in both racemic and enantiomerically pure forms. A new and reliable route to 

Carduus Crispus L. alkaloids from tetrahydroquinoline has been developed in this work. The α-CH 

bond of the tetrahydroquinoline nucleus was activated to produce an α-amino nitrile 1 as a key 

step to obtain the anti-tumor active pyrrolo-[2,1-a] isoquinoline alkaloids () -crispine A and its 

antipode. 

Key words: Alkaloids, anti-tumor, Carduus Crispus, synthesis. 

3.19 Chemical composition of leaf Essential Oils and Antioxidant Activity of 

Methanol Extracts of Juniperus phoenicea 

Foudil-Cherif Yazid, Boutarene Naoual, and Mansour Amira 

USTHB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Chemistry, 

B.P. 32 El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The chemical composition of essential oil extracted by steam distillation from leaves of 

Juniperus phoenicea growing in Algeria has been determined by capillary gas chromatography 

using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. The compounds were identified 

according to their retention indices and mass spectra. The main compounds were α –pinene 

(30.53%), p-cymene (22.98%), α-terpineol (8.29%), β-pinene (4.69%), linalool (3.78%) and 

piperitone (2.88%). The obtained results showed differences in composition with respect to 

previous studies of leaf oils of J. phoenicea (Greece, Spain and Morocco). Antioxidant activities of 

the essential oil and the methanolic extract from leaves were evaluated by using DPPH radical 

scavenging. In all the performed tests, methanolic extracts showed better antioxidant activity than 

essential oils. In addition the total phenol contents of leaves were estimated and compared. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, composition, essential oils, Juniperus phoenicea, phenolics. 

3.20 Ascorbic Acid Content Changes in the Leaves of Selected Species of 

Diospyros spp. Genus during their Growth 

Grygorieva Olga 1 , Vergun Elena 1 , Brindza Jan 2 , Rakhmetov Dzhamal 1 , and 

Stehlikova Beata 3 

1 M. M. Grishko National Botanical Garden of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences, 

Kiev,Ukraine. 2 Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Biosafety, Slovak University of 

Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic. 3 Pan European University, Bratislava. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Changes in the accumulation scale of ascorbic acid in the leaves and one-year old 

offshoots of Diospyros spp. during a 6-month period (May - October). In the experimental 

75

evaluation were included 4 species of D. kaki L.f., D. virginiana L. (male - m and female - f 

genotypes), D. lotus L. (male – m and female - f genotypes), and an interspecies hybrid D. 

virginiana L. x D. kaki L.f. All tested plants were grown in the Botanical Garden of M. M. Grishko of 

the National Academy of Sciences in Kiev, Ukraine. In the withdrawn leaves and defoliated oneyear 

old offshoots were determined the ascorbic acid content and their dry-weight in one-month 

intervals. With leaves were controlled their length and width as well. Medium length of the leaf 

blade ranged from 120.19 (D. virginiana L.- m) up to 190.94 mm (D. virginiana L.) and the width 

from 50.17 mm (D. virginiana L.- m) to 100.12 mm (D. virginiana L. x D. kaki L.f). Using the method 

of time-interval the ascorbic acid medium increment coefficient in the leaves has been detected in 

ranges from -0.19 (D. virginiana L.) up to -0.41 (D. kaki L.f.) and in the case of offshoots from -0.34 

(D. virginiana L.) to -0.54 (D. virginiana L.-m). Leaves medium growth rate varried between 58.87 

(D. kaki L.f.) and 80.07 % (D. virginiana L.) and for offshoots 45.44 (D. virginiana L.) and 65.19 % 

(D. virginiana L.). Among the tested species, significant differences were found in the antioxidation 

activity as well Leaves and ofshoots are important products, which could be utilized as resources 

of biologically active substances for pharmaceutical products. 

Key words: Ascorbic acid, diospyros, virginiana L, lotus L, leaves. 

3.21 Secondary Metabolites from Algerian Plant Atractylis flava 

Haba Hamada 1 , Chabani S 1 ., Lavaud C 2 ., Harakat D 2 ., and Benkhaled M. 1 

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Batna University, 05000, Batna, Algeria. 2 Institut de 

Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 6229, BP 1039, 51097 Reims Cedex 2, France 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The plant Atractylis flava Desf. belongs to the family Asteraceae. This family is one of 

the most important botanical families of plants kingdom. It contains a large number of species so 

different by their vegetative appearance, approximately 25000 species, distributed in temperate 

zones of the globe, Northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) and in Southern Europe (Italy, 

Greece, Spain and Portugal). The genus Atractylis is chemically little investigated. As such the 

studies have been realized on the toxic species Atractylis gummifera, its toxicity was attributed to 

atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside, two diterpenoid glucosides capable of inhibiting 

mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Triterpenoids and flavonoids were isolated previously 

from this genus. Atractylis flava Desf. (syn. Atractylis carduus (Forsk.) Christ.) known as yellow 

thistle, is a perennial plant growing in the Saharan region. Atractylis plants have been used in folk 

medicine to treat circulatory disorders, intestinal parasites, ulcers, and snake-bite poisoning.The 

present work describes the isolation by chromatographic methods of eight secondary metabolites 

from ethyl acetate extract of A. flava; three flavonoids: chrysin, quercetin 5,7,4‟-trihydroxy-3‟- 

methoxy-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-galactopyranosylflavonol, three triterpenes: oleanolic 

acid, hedragenin acid and 3β,22β-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and two steroids: β-sitosterol 

glucoside and stigmasterol glucoside. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis 

including 1D and 2D NMR ( 1 H, 13 C, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and mass 

spectrometry (ESI-MS) and comparison with literature data. In the biological part, crude extracts 

(dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) of A. flava exhibit antibacterial activity against 

Gram positive and negative strains: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC23, Staphylococcus aureus 

ATCC582, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 374 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 53. The 

anti-oxidant activity was estimated on the extracts by the DPPH test. 

Key words: Algerian plant, Atractylis flava, flavonoids, secondary metabolites, species. 

3.22 A flavone glucoside from the roots of Salvadora persica (Rutaceae) 

Hassan Abdalla Almahy 

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Education, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi 

Arabia 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: A flavone glucoside, luteolin 8-C-ı-d-glucopyranoside was isolated from the ethyl 

acetate extract of the roots of Salvadora persica and separated using column chromatography 

techniques. The structure of the compound was established by UV, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, COSY, 

76

HMQC, HMBC, DEPT and MS studies. The compound has never been reported previously from 

this plant. 

Key words: Flavone glucoside, rutaceae, Salvadora persica, spectroscopic data. 

3.23 Chemical Constituents of Cachrys libanotis L. 

Kamel Medjroubi 1 , Nabila Bouderdra 1 , Abdelhakim Elomri 2 , Philippe Vérité 3 , 

and Elisabeth Seguin 2 

1 Laboratoire de Phytochimie et Analyses Physico-chimiques et Biologique, Département de 

Chimie, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université Mentouri de Constantine, Route d’Aïn El Bey 

25000 Constantine Algérie. 2 Université de Rouen, CNRS UMR 6014,C.O.B.R.A. - I.R.C.O.F., UFR 

Médecine-Pharmacie, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex 1, France. 3 Université de 

Rouen, ADEN EA 4311, UFR Médicine-Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, 22 

Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex 1, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Seven known coumarins and flavonoid glycoside, osthole, Meranzin hydrate, 8- 

methoxy marmesin, 3‟-methoxy dihydroseseletin, nodakenin, 8-hydroxy nodakenin, Meranzin 

hydrate- 3‟-O-ı-glucopyranoside, hesperidin, were isolated from aerial parts of Cachrys libanotis. 

Their structures were determined by 1 and 2-D NMR techniques. 

Key words: Apiaceae, Cachrys libanotis, coumarins, flavonoid glycoside. 

3.24 Determination of Flavonoids and Tannins in some Serpentine 

Hypericum Populations fom Bulgaria 

Krasteva Ilina 1 , Pavlova Dolja 2 , Pencheva Ivanka 3 , Nedelcheva Anely 2 , 

Zdraveva Petranka 1 , and Nikolov Stefan 1 

1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 2 Department of Botany, 

Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia,. 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of 

Pharmacy, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Serpentine habitats are naturally rich in potentially cytotoxic elements like Ni, Fe, Mg, 

Co which exert strong selective pressures on the native vegetation. The most species growing on 

serpentine are adapted to these special conditions in different ways. In this study we investigate 7 

populations of three Hypericum species (H. cerastoides, H. aucheri and H. montbretii) growing on 

serpentines in Bulgaria to evaluate: 1) tannins and flavonoids content in the aboveground plant 

parts; 2) differences between species and their populations growing on and off serpentine. Aerial 

parts of Hypericum species were collected during the flowering season in June 2010 from 

serpentine, distributed in Rhodope Mts. The total quantity of the tannins and flavonoids are 

determined by spectroscopic method (European Pharmacopoeia). The presence of rutin in the 

samples was established by HPLC analysis. The results of the quantitative analysis of flavonoids 

and tannins in serpentinite populations were compared with literature data for non-serpentinite 

populations. Total amount of flavonoids in the serpentinite samples varies from 0.82% to 1.54% 

and in non-serpentinite – 0.74-1.22%. The results show that the content of flavonoids in 

serpentinite populations was higher than non-serpentine. In the most of the studied serpentinite 

samples were found higher levels of tannins than non-serpentinite. Only in H. cerastoides the 

content of tannins is lower than non-serpentinite. HPLC analysis detected the presence of rutin in 

the serpentinite populations from H. montbrıtii and H. cerastoides. In populations of H. aucheri the 

content of rutin is in trace. The high amount of rutin was found in populations of H. cerastoides. In 

populations of H. montbretii the content of rutin is lower than in H. cerastoides. The study is still in 

progress. Comparisons between rutin content in serpentine and non-serpentine populations are 

impending. The serpentine populations show constantly high levels of flavonoids and tannins than 

77

non-serpentine, ехеpt of content of tannins in samples from H. cerastoides. It could be suggested 

that these levels are in relation with the specific stress conditions of the habitat. 

Key words: flavonoids, flowering season, habitat, Hypericum, Serpentine, tannins. 

3.25 Analysis of Extracts of Different Polarity from Yarrow Herb 

Kyslychenko O., Koshoviy O., and Komissarenko A. 

The National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Yarrow herb (Achillea millefolium) is widely used in official medicine as hemostatic, 

antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory remedy. There are approximately 20 drugs at the market of Ukraine 

and Russia Federation that contain biologically active substances (BAS) of yarrow herb. Nevertheless, 

there is no mono-drug on yarrow basis that may be some kind of omission as this raw material has a 

broad spectrum of pharmacological activity and can become a basis for the new antimicrobial and antiinflammatory 

remedies. While making the literature review we found out that extraction parameters of this 

plant material are not justified in a proper way. That is why the aim of our research was to find the 

extractant that provides the best extraction of BAS from yarrow herb and to study the chemical content of 

these BAS and their antimicrobial activity. Solvents with different dielectrical constants such as ethanol, 

water, ethylacetate, hexane, chloroform, and acetone (1:10) were used to obtain extracts from yarrow 

herb. 1% ethanol solutions were prepared from obtained extracts and were further used for the 

analysis. Qualitative reactions, paper chromatography and TLC were used to study the qualitative 

composition. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, terpenoids and 

chlorophylls were detected in yarrow herb extracts. The quantitative content of main BAS groups was 

determined. Quantitave determination of phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 

flavonoids, and chlorophylls) was made by spectrophotometry according to the wavelength. 

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were determined in terms of chlorogenic acid (λ=327 nm), the total 

flavonoid content in terms of rutin (λ=417 nm) after formation of complex with Aluminium chloride, the total 

phenolic compound content in terms of gallic acid (λ=270 nm) and chlorophylls (λ=649, λ=665 nm). The 

essential oil content was performed according to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine by the 

hydrodistillation technique in presence of water vapors. It was found out that ethanol in concentration from 

70% to 96% as well as ethylacetate provided the best extraction of BAS. Studies of antibacterial activity 

were conducted by diffusion to agar technique. Yarrow herb extracts show antimicrobial activity to S. 

aureus, B. subtilis, S. pyogenosa and E. coli but has a very light impact on Proteus vulgaris, P. 

aeruginosa, Candida albicans. Ethanol and ethylacetate extracts were the most active. To make a 

conclusion, chemical content and antimicrobial activity of ethanol, water, ethylacetate, hexane, 

chloroform, and acetone extracts from Achillea millefolium herb were studied. That will be a basis 

for new drugs development. 

Key words: Antimicrobial, essential oil, gallic acid, phenolic, Yarrow herb. 

3.26 Flavonoids of Some Salvia Species wide-Spread in Ukraine 

Kyslychenko, Viktoriia., Koshoviy, Oleg., and Komissarenko, Andriy 

The National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Salvia genus consists of about 600 species, 30 of them are found in Ukraine. Officinal 

raw material in Ukraine is folia S. officinalis. S.officinalis is native to Asia and in Ukraine it‟s 

cultivated. Main therapeutic activities of the drugs, containing its extracts are antibacterial and antiinflammatory. 

S.officinalis leaves are used in pharmaceutical industry as the source of essential oil 

as well as are needed for tincture production, acetone extract "Salvin". S.sclarea essential oil 

which possesses broad spectrum of antibacterial activity is also used. The analysis of literature 

has shown that isoprenoids such as mono- and sesquiterpenoids, phenilpropanoids, di- and 

triterpens, fatty acids were studied the best. There is an expediency of phenolic substances study, 

78

particularly flavonoids, for new herbal drugs production. So the aim of our work was to study 

flavonoids of some Salvia species, sprouting in Ukraine. S.officinalis, S.grandiflora, S.scabiosifolia, 

S.glutinosa, S.aethiopis, S.pratensis, S.stepposa, S.Sibthorpii, S.illuminata, S.nemorosa, 

S.pendula, S.sylvestris, S.nutans, S.austriaca, S.verticillata and S.cernua leaves, gathered in 

summer 2010 in Crimea were objects of the studies. Extraction of the BAS was carried out by 70% 

ethanol. The analysis of the extracts was carried out by qualitative reactions, paper 

chromatography and HPLC. The determination of qualitative composition and quantitative content 

of flavonoids was conducted by means of Agilent Technologies chromatograph (model 1100). For 

the analysis chromatographic column (2.1x150 mm) filled with octadecylsilyl sorbent (3.5 µm 

"ZORBAX-SB C-18") was used. The analysis was performed under following conditions: 

thermostate temperature - 35°С, velocity of mobile phase - 0.25 ml/min. Solution A (0.1% H 3 PO 4 , 

180 µl/l triethylamine, 3 ml/l tetrahydrofuran in water) and solution B (MeOH) in correlation 90:10 

(first 8 min), 70:30 (from 8 till 24 min) were used as mobile phase. After 24 min only solution В was 

used. The eluent working pressure was 240-300 cPa. The identification was made by the 

standards‟ retention time and spectral features. It was discovered that leaves of plant species 

involved in this study contain mainly flavone derivatives: luteolin and apigenin. It should be 

mentioned that only in S.officinalis, S.stepposa, S.glutinosa and S.Sibthorpii leaves other 

kempferol and quercetin derivatives are found. 39 flavonoids were discovered, 12 of them were 

identified as luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin-7-О-glucoside, rutin, apigenin-7-Оglucoside, 

kaempferol-3-О-glucoside, 3-methoxyluteolin, 6-hydroxyluteolin-5-glucoside, hispidulin 

and cersimaritin. The highest contents of flavonoids are common for S.grandiflora, S.pratensis, 

S.illuminata, S.nemorosa, S.pendula, S.sylvestris, S.nutans, S.verticillata and S.cernua. That 

indicates good prospects of using these species in pharmaceutical industry. 

Key words: Apigenin, flavonoids, luteolin, Salvia species, Ukraine. 

3.27 Spongilla Lacustris – A new Perspective Source of Raw Material 

Kyslychenko Viktoriia and Tseliuba Iuliia 

The National University of Pharmacy. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Spongilla (Spongilla lacustris) is a representative of Spongilla genus and belongs to 

the silica sponges group (ıın ıcuspongia , Spongillidae family). Spongilla is a fixed, moveless 

colony of animals which are connected to each other. Spongilla skeleton consists of silica needles 

joined by spongin. Spongin is a protein very similar to chitin which forms sponge‟s skeleton. 

Spongilla shows its biological activity in mechanical irritation of skin by silica needles and special 

protein – spogin. Spongilla is used as powder, ointments, crèmes that irritate skin to cure 

rheumatic and neurological pain as well as different injuries and bruises. Spongilla extract has 

anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous and transdermal action that significantly increases activity of 

biologically active compounds that are components of different remedies. Chopped silica needles 

dilate blood vessels that improves blood circulation, releases pain and resolves hematomas. That 

leads to a local kinin, histamine and prostaglandin release. Spongilla‟s therapeutical activity is in 

moderate heating effect and temporary skin irritation. The aim of our work was to determine 

protein in spongilla powder. It is well known that proteins are one of the four main organic 

compounds of the living matter. However, proteins play a special role due to their structure and 

functions. Approximately 30% of all the proteins in human body are found in muscles, about 20% - 

in bones and tendons, 10% - in skin. It should be mentioned that protein has a serious impact on 

the process of tissue formation and leads to cornification of its upper layers as a consequence. 

The quantitative content of protein in Ukrainian and Chinese spongilla was determined by Kjeldahl 

method. According to the obtained results, Chinese spongilla contains more proteins in 

comparison to Ukrainian one (31.85% and 21.59% respectively). 

Key words: Perspective source, raw material, Spongilla Lacustris. 

3.28 A New Asymmetric Synthesis of the Analogue of Alkaloid Crispine A, 

Isolated from Carduus crispus 

L. Benmekhbi 1,2 ., J. P. Hurvois 1 , and L. Bencharif 2 

79

1 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Catalyse et Organométalliques, UMR 6226: CNRS–Université 

de Rennes 1,Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 France Cedex. 2 département de chimie université 

mentouri de Constantine 25000 Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Among the alkaloids, the isoquinolines are known to be numerous, displaying a wide 

range of biological activities; their structural diversity provided an impetus in an already fertile field 

of researches aimed at controlling asymmetric centres. Methods for the asymmetric synthesis of 

isoquinoline alkaloids have been reviewed by Chrzanowska and Rozwadowska and are based on 

many synthetic strategies. In this context, analogue of Crispine A (4) has been also selected as 

target compound. This pyrollo-isoquinoline alkaloid shows cytotoxic activity against HeLa human 

cancer lines, whilst it‟s deoxygenated counterpart (–)-4 exhibit antidepressant activity. We report 

on the synthesis of homochiral alkaloids 1–4 from α-aminonitrile. Homochiral (S)-(–)-αmethylbenzylamine 

served as a source of nitrogen and chirality. 

Acknowledgments: The authors wish to thank University of Rennes1 for providing research 

facility and University of Constantine for financial support for the accomplishment of this work. 

Key words: Alkaloid crispine, analogue, Carduus crispus, isolation. 

3.29 Comparative GC Analysis of Seed Essential Oils from Tunisian and 

German Caraway (Carum carvi L.) Ecotypes 

LARIBI Bochra 1 , KOUKI K., 1 BETTAIEB T 1 ., MOUGOU A. 1 and MARZOUK B. 2 

1 Institut National Agronomique de Tunis. 43, Av. Charles Nicolle-1082, Tunis, Tunisia. 

2 Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, CBBC, BP 901, 2050- Hammam-Lif, Tunisia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The seed essential oil composition of two caraway (Carum carvi L.) ecotypes from 

Tunisia and Germany, cultivated under the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions has been 

analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 

The essential oil yields differed significantly between the two caraway ecotypes: 1.41% and 0.48% 

for Tunisian and German seeds, respectively. Forty one (41) volatile compounds were identified in 

the two oil samples where carvone and limonene constituted the main components but with 

significant different proportions. Consequently, the two caraway ecotypes displayed the same 

chemotype, namely carvone. Additionally, the proportions of some minor essential oil compounds 

such as ketones, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were found to be significantly 

different between the German caraway seed essential oil and the Tunisian one. Since the 

influence of different environmental factors has been eliminated, the observed differences in seed 

essential oil yield and composition between the two studied ecotypes seem likely to result from the 

genetic variability. 

Keywords: Carum carvi L, carvone, essential oil, limonene, seeds. 

3.30 Strategy for the Valorization of Natural Products: Biological and 

Chemical Evaluation of Plant Extracts (examples of Moroccan plants) 

M. Hmamouchi 

President of the Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Ex-Director of the National 

Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Morocco, Pr. Faculty of medicine and Pharmacy of 

Rabat, Morocco. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: There are approximately 60,000 plant species in Arab /Africa countries, which 

represent roughly a quarter of the world plants. Unfortunately, despite the wealth and endemicity 

of the Arab plants biodiversity and associated cultures and these regions has only contributed 83 

of the world‟s 1100 leading commercial medicinal plants. The world market for herbal medicines 

based on traditional knowledge is estimated at over US$ 60 billion, which is about 30 percent of 

80

total world pharmaceutical sales. Arabic and Africa countries account for only 2.8 billion dollars 

(1.2%) of the world‟s total pharmaceutical sales. The developed world, which constitutes only 20 

percent of the world‟s population, consumes 80 percent of the total pharmaceutical output. So how 

do Arab/ Africa‟s almost one billion people take care of themselves if they consume only 1.2% of 

the total output of pharmaceutical products Morocco has a flora rich of 4200 plants of which 800 

are used. The presentation seeks to highlight the importance of a „bio-rational‟ approach to 

discovering useful natural products that build on chemo-ecological-biological insights, and the 

different challenges they present in practical exploitations. These will be illustrated by ours ongoing 

research activities, many examples of different bioassays (in vitro and in vivo test systems) 

and pharmacological tests are given, providing the reader with an insight into what is currently 

possible in the study of bioactive plant material. This research work concerns the, phytopharmacological 

investigation extraction, activity-guided fractionation isolation, structure 

determination, cultivation and structure characterization of active principle from 136 indigenous 

plant species, 148 Moroccan extracts, 96 Essential oils and 30 identified products. It is suggested 

that HMAPs have the potential to contribute to medicinal, local economies, subsistence health 

needs, and improved natural resources management, leading to the conservation of biodiversity 

and a promising economic development opportunity for the Arab/Africa countries as the region is 

endowed with an immense agro-ecological diversity; a wealth of plant biodiversity. 

Key words: Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant; antitumor agents, chemical composition, 

enantiospecific synthesis, essential oils, protozoa diseases. 

3.31 Essential Oil Variability in Natural Hahadjerine Population of Cupressus 

dupreziana in Tassili N’Ajjer (Algeria) 

M. Ramdani 1 , T. Lograda 1 , P. Chalard 2 , G. Feguiredo 3 , J. C. Chalchat 2 and A. 

Zeraib 1 

1 Laboratory of Natural Resource Valorization, Sciences Faculty, Ferhat Abbas University, Algeria. 

2 Ecole nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Clermont Ferrand, Laboratoire de Chimie des 

Hétérocycles et des glucides, EA987, 63174 Aubière Cedex 01. 3 LEXVA Analytique, 460 rue du 

Montant, 63110 Beaumont, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Essential oils extracted from dried leaves of Cupressus dupreziana A. Camus, an 

endemic species in the Tassili n‟Ajjer (Sahara Central Algeria), were analysed by gas 

chomatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Terpinoid analyses were performed on 

13 trees in the natural population of Hahadjerine in order to determine the intra-population 

variability. 42 trepenoids were identified; the averages of the principal components were, Totarol 

(18.4%), Manoyl oxide (16%), α-pinene (11.2%) and Δ 3 -carene (8.3%). The terpenoid markers 

used made it possible to determine the individual patterns of chemotypic variability. This variability 

confirms that genetic factors were not responsible for the decrease in the numbers of this species. 

Key words: Cupressus dupreziana, genetic variability, tassili n‟ajjer, terpenoïds. 

3.32 Quality Management in Medicinal Plant Raw Material Production and 

Primary Processing Acc. to Ph. Eur (GACP) 

Matthias Lorenz 

PhytoConsult, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants <strong>International</strong> Projects GACP Trainings & Audits. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: GMP is standard in the production of medicinal plant products. For a long time 

agricultural production and primary processing remained as a “black box” out of control. Conditions 

in production and primary processing of MAP possess direct influence on the final quality of the 

API. The Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) Guidelines were developed as a 

prolonged GMP arm towards medicinal plant production to ensure a high and constant quality of 

the plant raw material. They cover agricultural production and harvest, wild Collection, cutting 

(on farm), drying (on farm) and juice production and distillation. Since Sept. 2009 the GACP 

81

guidelines came into operation in the European Union. Since then all raw materials used for herbal 

medicinal products must be accompanied by GACP documents. 

Key words: Medicinal plant, (GACP), processing, production, quality, raw material. 

3.33 Chemical Constituents of the Extract Algerian Reutera lutea (Apiaceae) 

Makhloufi E 1 ., Akkal S 1 ., Medjroubi K 1 ., Elomri A 2 ., Laouer H 3 ., and Seguin 

S 2 . 

1 Laboratoire de Phytochimie et Analyses physicochimiques et Biologiques, Département de 

Chimie, Faculté de Sciences exactes, Université Mentouri Constantine, Route d’Ain el Bey, 25000 

Constantine, Algérie. 2 Université de Rouen, UMR CNRS 6014, COBRA, UFR Médecine- 

Pharmacie, 22 Bd Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France 3 Laboratoire de Valorisation des Ressources 

Naturelles Biologiques, Département de Biologie, Université Ferhat Abbas de Sétif, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The Lamiaceae family is represented in Algeria by 28 genus and 146 species. Among 

this family, many plants of the genus are widely used in local herbal medicine, as they show a 

wide range of pharmacological activities. The purpose of this research concerns the phytochemical 

and the biological study of one of the Algerian flora‟s medicinal plants known as Retura lutea. The 

diverse methods of separation and purification of the methanolic extract of the Retura lutea to 

obtain two flavonoid c-glucosides. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was based 

on analyses of their spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, UV, MS). 

Key words: Algerian Reutera lutea, chemical, extract. 

3.34 Quantitative Analysis of Total Phenolic Compounds in some Medicinal 

Plants 

Mekhaldi, A. 

Laboratory of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Dept. of Biology, Fac. Of 

Sciences, University Ibn-Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Polyphenols, a group of structurally heterogeneous compounds, have 

been widely used in phytotherapy for a long time. Quantitative analysis of total 

phenolic compounds using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were used to determine total 

phenols of plant extracts and the quantitative analysis of flavonoids was 

performed by the spectrophotometric assayas described by Kim et al. The 

quantitative dosage of total phenolic and flavonoids showed that Osyris 

uadripartite Salzm. And Pistacia atlantica Desf. Were the richest in phenolic 

compounds (425,43 ± 5,89 – 385,56 ± 8,43 mg GAE/g dry matter), contrary 

Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Acacia raddiana Savi presents highest content on 

flavonoids (123,56 ± 8,67 – 110,32 ± 9,12 GAE/g dry matter). 

Key words: Flavonoids, medicinal plants, polyphenols, secondary metabolites. 

3.35 Phytochemical Investigation and Research for the Antioxidant Activity 

of Polar Extract of Santolina rosmarinifolia Species (Asteraceae) 

82

Mekkiou R 1 ., Boumaza O 2 ., Seghiri R 1 ., Ameddah S 3 ., A. Menad 3 , D. Sarri 1 , S. 

Benayache 2 and F. Benayache 1 . 

1 Laboratoire de Phytochimie et Analyses Physico-Chimiques et Biologiques, Département de 

Chimie, Université Mentouri, Constantine, 2 Laboratoire de Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles 

et Synthèse de Substances Bioactives, Département de Chimie, Université Mentouri, Constantine, 

Route Aïn El Bey, 25000 Constantine. 3 Laboratoire de Biologie et Environnement, Université 

Mentouri, Route de Ain El Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study concerns the establishment of a chemical screening of Santolina 

rosmarinifolia species which are wide-spread in Algeria, and known locally as Al-Djaada. In 

Algeria, the leaves and the flowers of this species are used in folk medicine for their 

gastrointestinal properties, stimulating, expectorant. Its essential oil is used as an antispasmodic, 

antimicrobial and antifungal. Several investigations reported that this genus reveal the presence of 

some chemical groups. Extracts obtained after a hydroalcoholic extraction were subjected to a 

qualitative analysis TLC polyamide (Thin Layer Chromatography), CP and quantitative analysis by 

using the test of Folin-Cioculteu. These analyses of extracts (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) showed 

the presence of polyphenols The analysis on CP chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract 

allowed us to isolate four products in the pure state and to determine the structure of two of them, 

of besides an isolated product of the n-butanol extract.The structures of the compounds were 

elucidated by UV, IR, EIMS and extensive application of one and two dimensional NMR 

spectroscopy as well as by comparing their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. 

The test of the antioxidant activity (test in the DPPH) revealed that the extracts of flowers and 

leaves of Santolina rosmarinifolia are active in various degrees. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity,.chemical screening, flavanoids, polyphenols, 

rosmarinifolia. 

Santolina 

3.36 Standardization and Application Study on Paronychia Argentea 

Mohammad, Z., Yousif, H., and Suleiman Olimat 

Department of Pharmacetical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 

Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Paronychia argentea is a perennial herb, widely distributed in Jordan. Several studies 

showed that Paronychia argentea has hypoglycemic activity, it has been proved to be useful as 

gastric analgesic, bladder, prostate, abdominal ailments treatment, and stomach ulcers treatment, 

and it also showed significant alpha amylase and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibitory 

activity. The plant extract of Paronychia argentea showed antioxidant activity .Other in vivo and 

invitro studies on different extracts from Paronychia argentea revealed the immunomodulating 

activity of the plant. The aim of our study was to standardize the drug preparation by quantifying 

the main active component using HPLC, application of P. argentea in therapy. One kilogram of dry 

plant (Paronychia argenteae ) socked in 20 liters of propylene glycol ( 5%). The extract was filtered 

and used as a stock in the experiment (5% stock solution). Also Vanilic acid standard material was 

dissolved in methanol and injected in the HPLC system. Mobile phase was prepared as follows: 

Methanol: Water containing 1% Acetic acid (30:70), HPLC system prepared using the above 

mobile phase at flow rate 1.0 ml/min and wavelength 260 nm. Injection volume was 20µL. Results 

showed that vanillic acid standard material injected in the HPLC system, a peak of vanilic acid 

appears at 7.6 min, then a sample from the plant extract was injected and two peaks appear at 6.8 

min, 7.6 min respectively. To check vanillic acid peak, small quantity of vanillin acid was added to 

the extract and then injected, an increase in the peak appears at 7.6 min (in the previous injection) 

indicates that peak at 7.6 min refer to vanilic acid in the extract. In conclusion, a standardized 

HPLC method of analysis for the final dosage formula was developed successfully based on 

vanilic acid as a reference standard. The method validation is proceeding to ensure that the 

method is a stability indicating method for the formula 

Key words: Paronychia argentea, Standardization, Vanillic acid, Natural Products. 

83

3.37 Characterization and Optimization of Hirschfeldia incana and Raphanus 

raphanistrum two North African Cruciferae 

MOUSSAOUI Kamel 1 , BABA-AISSA M. Karima 1 , ZIOUCHE Sihem 1,2 , CHAICHI 

Wissem 1 , TCHAKER Fatma-zohra 1 , BOUNACEUR Farid 3 and D. Zahreddine 

1 . 

1 Université Saad Dahleb, Faculté des Sciences Agro-Vétérinaires, Département d’Agronomie, 

B.P. 270, route de Soumaa Blida. 2 Ministère de l’Agriculture et du Développement Rural, Direction 

de la Protection des Végétaux et Contrôle Technique, 12, Avenue Colonel Amirouche. 3 Université 

Ibn Khaldoun, BP 78. Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Focused reviews have specifically examined the glucosinolates in the Brassicaceae 

family regarding specific aspects of their biology, structure and chemical groups of compounds 

according to their structural similarities. This study is interested in the glucosinolate content of 

various organs of Hirschfeldia incana and Raphanus raphanistrum, and was analyzed during the 

critical phases of their cycle ie flowering and fruit set. A difference of accumulation is very marked 

between species and between phenological stages other hand. Hirschfeldia incana differs from 

Raphanus raphanistrum by a supplement in terms of storage capacity in molecules of 

glucosinolates. It appears that Hirschfeldia incana has a significant storage capacity in the 

flowering stage compared with the potential for accumulation of Raphanus raphanistrum. At Fruit 

set stage, there is a duplication of accumulated amounts of glucosinolates, which reflects a certain 

equality in productive capacity of the two species. Fluctuating amounts of glucosinolates shows a 

tendency to higher flowering stage to fruit set stage. We note a very significant overhaul of most of 

the molecules characterized (3 molecules of 4 molecules) namely, sinigrin, and the Glucoberverine 

Glucoberteroine. Changes in the rates of sinigrin (61.21 %) and Glucoberverine (51.77 %) has 

been reported from the flowering stage to fruit set stage Glucoberteroine the rates are scaled 

down (18, 02 %) with respect Raphanus raphanistrum. For Hirschfeldia incana, we also note a 

very significant overhaul of a minor number of molecules characterized (3 molecules of 7 

molecules) ie sinigrin, the Glucoberverine and pentenyl 

Key words: Brassicaceae, glucosinolate makers, Hirschfeldia incana, Raphanus raphanistrum. 

3.38 Comparative Study of Metabolomic Profile from Species of Taraxacum 

Muñoz–Mingarro Dolores 1 , Martínez Alcazar M Paz 2 , Acero de Mesa Nuria, 

López 3 , and Gonzálvez M Ángeles 2 

1 Dpto. de Química, 2 Cembio, 3 Dpto. de Biología, Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad CEU 

SanPablo. Urb. Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte. 28668. Madrid. Spain. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The genus Taraxacum (“Dandelion”) has long been used in traditional medicine for 

the treatment of various ailments such as liver complaints, heartburn and anorexia. Although 

monographs about Taraxacum reveal their therapeutic uses, currently available scientific 

information to justify them is very limited; in fact they are mainly based on empirical findings. In 

addition this genus presents great interest from the botanical point of view due to its complex 

systematic. Therefore, a precise identification of species including a comparative study of the 

profiles of metabolites is required. Extracts (methanol, 80%) of aerial part of T. lacistrum, T. 

obovatum, T. hispanicum, T. lambinonii and T. marginellum were obtained and analyzed by 

capillary electrophoresis (CE)–TOF-MS. Additionally, potential antioxidant activity and cytotoxic 

effect on cell lines culture has been evaluated by in vitro assays. In the metabolic profiles obtained 

the compounds were characterized by their molecular weight, retention time and the intensity of 

their signal. The data obtained were subjected to a statistical handling with the Mass Profiler 

Professional B.02.01 (Agilent) Software for the alignment and filtering and SIMCA- P+ 12.0.1 

(Umetris) for multivariate analysis that allowed screening the similarities and differences between 

the species. The accurate masses of features with significant differences were searched Plant 

Metabolic Network (www.plantcyc.org) public databases. This work shows the complexity of the 

comparative study and therefore it requires inquiring into the results, in order to characterize each 

84

species. With regard to the results of the antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effect it follows the 

need to assess more biological activities and to identify the metabolites of interest in each species. 

Also it should be noted that it has been revealed the importance of the use of an emerging 

technique as CE-MS in metabolomic studies. 

Key words: Comparative study, metabolomic profile, taraxacum 

3.39 Extraction of Antioxidants in Oil Palm Fruit Sterilization Derived 

Condensate 

Nipon Pisutpaisal 1,2 and Tipakorn Suwannarat 1 

1 Division of environmental technology, Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of 

Applied Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 2 The Research and 

Technolo Center for Renewable Products and Energy, King Mongkut’s University of Technology 

North Bangko. Thailand. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This research harvested the solid power in oil palm fruit sterilization derived 

condensate using electrocoagulation before the antioxidants in the powder were extracted. The 

optimal conditions for the electrocoagulation were 1.3 ampere and 60 minute retention time. At 

this conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the condensate was removed approximately, 

74.1%. Methanol is the best solvent to solubilize antioxidants from the powder. DPPH (2,2- 

diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl radical, DPPH) test confirmed that methanol extract contained 

antioxidants. The binding percentage of the methanol extract with free radicals was 68.8%. The 

antioxidants in the methanol extract were isolated and purified by using Liquid Chromatography 

and Thin layer chromatography. The purified antioxidant is anisole and esters of the omega -3 

(Omega-3) which is connected to the ethylene glycol after chemical identification using Fourier 

trans form infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NRM) 

were performed. 

Key words: Antioxidants, electrocoagulation, methanol, oil palm, solid power. 

3.40 Phytochemical Study of Ethyl Acetate Extract and Antioxidant Activity 

of the Species Genista quadriflora (Fabaceaes) 

O. BOUMAZA 1 ; R. BOUKAABECHE 1 ; R. MEKKIOU 2 ; R. SEGHIRI 2 ; 

D. ZAMA 1 ; D. SARRI; F. BENAYACHE 2 ; and S. BENAYACHE 1 . 

1 Laboratory of Natural Resource Development, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact 

Sciences, University Mentouri Constantine . . 2 Laboratory of phytochemical analysis Physico- 

Chemical and Biological Chemistry Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University Mentouri 

Constantine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Genista species contain a variety of secondary metabolites of various types, 

especially isoflavonoids, which have been shown to be biologically active. In a continuous of our 

studies of Algerian medicinal and endemic plants of the Genista species (Fabaceae). Aerial parts 

of Genista quadriflora were dried (1130 g), and macerated with MeOH–H2O (80:20, v/v) for 24 

hours three times. The crude extract was concentrated at room temp. and diluted with 500 ml 

H2O. The remaining aqueous solution was extracted successively with petroleum ether, CHCl3, 

EtOAc and n-BuOH. The organic layers were dried with Na2SO4 giving after removal of solvents 

under red. Pressure, petroleum ether (0.25g), CHCl3 (3g), EtOAc (6g) and n-BuOH (60g) 

extracts respectively.The ethyl acetate extract was chromatographed on silica gel by gradient 

elution with CHCl3-MeOH, the isolation and purification was performed by TLC on silica gel, 

leading to some compounds (flavonoids and isoflavonoids).These compounds were identified by 

spectral analysis.The extracts of G. quadriflora were examined for in vitro antioxidant properties 

using DPPH test. The results showed that a different extracts had significant activity, On the basis 

85

of this result, ethyl acetate extract was chromatographed.During this study, the chemical screening 

of the plant Genista quadriflora (species endemic in Algeria and Morocco), and also the 

quantitative analysis (TLC polyamide and chromatography on paper) of ethyl acetate extract of the 

aerial part shows presence of several chemical groups. The test of the antioxidant activity (test in 

the DPPH) shows that extracts of aerial parts of Genita quariflora are actives.The chromatographic 

study on silica gel of ethyl acetate extract allowed us to isolate and identify the secondary 

metabolites of flavonoid and isoflavonoid type. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of different 

extracts of Genista quadriflora was calculated in a dose- dependent manner. Different extracts of 

this plant proved to be an effective scavenger of DPPH radicals. The experimental results show 

that all substances had antioxidant activity in vitro but their capabilities differed for the different 

indicators 

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Dr. D. Sarri (Biology Department, University of M‟Sila, Algeria) for 

identification of plant material, and MESRS (Ministry of scientific research, Algeria) for financial support. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, flavonoid, isoflavonoid, Genista Quadriflora. 

3.41 Morphological, Physical Chemistry Analysis and Secondary 

Metabolites Investigation of Cistus creticus 

R. Sahraoui 1 , S. Djellali 2 , and A. Chaker 1 

1 Département Biologie and Ecologie Végétale, Université Ferhat Abbas, 19000, Sétif. 

2 Département des Sciences de la Matière, Centre Universitaire de Bordj Bouarréridj, 34000, Bordj 

Bouarréridj, Algérie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aim of this work is to study the secondary metabolites and the physicochemical 

properties of Cistus Creticus in addition to morphological characteristics for better knowledge. The 

literature indicates that this plant shows anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. Locally it is 

used as sedative drink. The plant was collected from mountains surrounding the city of Batna 

(East of Algeria). Morphological characteristics of leaves and trichomes type were determined; 

leaves were then separated from stems, cleaned of impurities and dried for a few days at room 

temperature in shaded and ventilated place before being grounded to a powder. The powder was 

then subjected to the following analyses: i) phytochemical analysis using extraction with solvents 

of increasing polarity and qualitative determination of secondary metabolites and ii) chemical and 

physicochemical analysis where the humidity, percentage of ash and metals content are 

calculated. The solvent extraction showed a high yield of polar compounds (5.76%) compared to 

apolar compounds (1.08%) while the chemical tests reveal the presence of alkaloids, heterosides, 

triterpenes, cyanidin, flavonoids, and saponosides. In addition, it was found that the ash of the 

plant contains low amounts of toxic metals such as Hg and Pb which makes the plant safe to use. 

Key words: Cistus creticus, Phytochemistry, Trichomes, Secondary metabolites. 

3.42 Preliminary Study of an Algerian Astéraceae: Nauplius Graveolens 

RAMDANE F., and HADJ MAHAMMED M. 

Laboratory of Biogéochemistry. Ouargla University. Algéria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by steam water distillation from the 

dried aerial parts of Nauplius graveolens were analysed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and 

coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). By water steam distillation the dried aerial parts of 

Nauplius graveolens yielded 0,08-0,1% of essential oils having an intense and penetrating odor. 

By using GC and GC-MS analysis thirty three compounds were determined in the reported 

essential oil representing75,34% of the total content. The major chemical constituents of this oils 

belong to terpenes were: σ cadinene 33,75% 2, 6, 6- triméthylacétate de bicyclo hept-2- en- 4-ol, 

13.91%, liguloxide 9.47%, mertenyl acétate 6,50%, β eudesmol 1,29% and α eudesmol 1,00%. 

The essential oils were found to show a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against the tested 

bacterial strains. 

Key words: Astéraceaes, biological activity, essential oils, GC-MS, Nauplius graveolens. 

3.43 Analysis of Anti-lipo-peroxidation of Medicinal Plant Daphne gnidium L. 

86

Sabah BOUMERFEG 1 , Abderrahmane BAGHIANI 2 , Djamila AMENI 2 , Meriem 

DJARMOUNI 2 , Moufida ADJADJ 2 , Seddik KHENNOUF 3 and Lekhmici 

ARRAR 2 . 

1 Department of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bordj Bou Arreridj. 2 Laboratory of Applied 

Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry. Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Ferhat 

Abbas. 3 Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Diseases, Department of Animal Biology 

and Physiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif , Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The antioxidant activities of subfractions; methanol (CE), chloroform (CHE) and ethyl 

acetate (EAE) of Daphne gnidium L.extracts (DGE) were investigated employing various 

established systems. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in these extracts were determined by a 

colorimetric method. Values varied between 130.84 ± 5.99 and 137 ± 7.66 mg equivalent gallic 

acid/g lyophilisate. In the cellular system, all the extracts showed a protective effect greater than 

those of Quercetin, rutin and gallic acid against t-BHP induced oxidative damages in human 

erythrocytes. These results were clearly confirmed by a modified thiobarbituric acid-reactive 

species (TBARS). In order to more clarify the antioxidants activities of the extracts through other 

mechanisms the iron chelating ability assay was realized. The results showed that the iron 

chelating ability of DGE was very effective; the CE showed an excellent chelating with IC 50 of 

8.171 ± 0.953 µM/quercetin equivalent, lower than that of EDTA with approximately 17 folds. 

These results show that Daphne gnidium L. extracts have strong anti-oxidant effects and may 

have some clinical benefits. 

Key words: Antioxidant activity, chelating activity, daphne gnidium L, ferrous, polyphenol. 

3.44 Lyofilisation Proces for the Isolation of Natural Compounds - 

Anthocyanins 

Salamon, Ivan 1 ., Böckem, M 2 ., and Grulova, D 3 . 

1 Excellence Centre of Animal and Human Ecology, Univerity of Presov in Presov. 2 Gea Process 

Engineering, Kalscheurener Strasse 95, 50354 Hürt, Germany. 3 Department of Ecology, The 

Faculty of Humanity and Natural Sciences, University of Presov in Presov, 17 th November Street, 

08001 Presov Slovak Republic. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Anthocyanins are one of the many natural compounds classes that belong to the 

polyphenolic flavonoid group. This group of species are distinguished for their role in conferring the 

bright red, blue and purple colors of berries and fruits. Selected natural secondary metabolites are 

an essential part of phytoterapeutic preparations which are most effective source of natural 

healing. Isolation of natural substances from the plant material is carried out by steam distillation 

and extraction in various extraction reagents. The methods of separation with their specific 

conditions (high temperature, aggressive solvents, etc.) means, in many cases, changes in the 

structures of secondary metabolites, thereby reducing their therapeutic effect. In connection with 

these facts insulation of components by the method of lyofilisation appears to be a real method, in 

which the structure of qualitative and quantitative properties are not changed. The aim of the 

research project had been to study the isolation of natural compounds - anthocyanis – from the 

fruits of selected plants species by the method of drying freezing. Blueberry (Vaccinium 

corymbosum L.) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) was selected for the initiation lyofilisation 

proces and was done with cooperation by the company GEA Lyophil SMART® SL 2. Fruits (or 

extracts) were cleaned and mixed in + 10 °C. Mixture was stored in stainless steel tape and the 

lyofilization was made. The behavior of the product was studied while it was being cooled down to 

the temperature lower than -80 °C and subsequently reheated in an alcohol bath. During the 

cooling proces most of the components crystalized at the temperature between -5 and -45 °C. 

Some few components were frozen at a temperature ranged from -25°C until -75 °C. The degree 

range for beginning start melting during reheating process was between -20 °C - -45°C. 

Key words: Anthocyanins, extracts, lyofilisation, natural compounds. 

87

3.45 Chemical Composition of The Extracts and Anti-Oxydant Activity of 

Chromatoraphic Fractions of Pistacia lentiscus 

SALIMA SEBAIHI, DINA A., MERIEM B., KARIMA A., NASSIMA C. and D. 

ATMANI 

Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Physico-Chemical Biology Faculty of Life and 

Nature Sciences, University Abderrahmane Mira. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal plants constitute an important source of active substances as they have a 

remarkable role in traditional medicine. Our study was carried out on the anti-radical activity of the 

leaf extracts of Pistacia lentiscus on DPPH and OH (DPPH test was evaluated by Massuda et al. 

1999and OH test was evaluated by Halliwell and Gutteridget 1987). The extracts that gave high 

antiradical activities were then fractionated by thin layer and column chromatographies, in order to 

characterize and determine the active fractions. The best scavenging activity against DPPH was 

obtained by the aqueous of chloroform extract at 100µg/ml with an IC 50 of 3,84µg/ml, the aqueous 

of ethyl acetate being more potent against the OH radical, with an IC 50 of 20,6µg/ml. Fractions F 2 

and F 3 obtained by column chromatography on silica gel from both extracts have exhibited an 

important anti-radical activity against the two radicals. On the other hand, thin layer 

chromatography has allowed us to detect the probable presence of gallic acid, quercetin and 

catechic tannins in these fractions. Quantification of total phenol (the determination of total phenols 

was estimated by Kähkönen et al. 1999) has demonstrated a high amount of these compounds in 

the aqueous of chloroform and ethanolic extracts (491,7mg and 388,2 mg Eq cat/g extract) 

respectively which confirms the richness of Pistacia lentiscus in phenolic compounds. 

Key words: Anti- radicalaire, fractions chromatographiques, Pistacia lentiscus, polyphénols 

3.46 Kava (Piper methysticum): Phytochemistry, Traditional Cultivars and 

Toxicity 

Schmidt Mathias 1 , Lebot Vincent 2 , and Vergano Paolo 3 

1 Herbresearch Germany, Wartbergweg 15, 86874 Mattsies, Germany. 2 CIRAD, Port Vila, Efate, 

Vanuatu. 3 FratiniVergano, 42 Rue de Haerne, 1040 Brussels, Belgium. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Kava, the root of Piper methysticum, is an important endemic cultural plant in the South 

Pacific Islands. More than 120 cultivars have been bred and selected for medicinal or social use. 

Some of these cultivars are known to be suitable for daily consumption of kava as a social 

beverage facilitating communication without having intoxicating effects. These cultivars are called 

„noble“, whereas others, the „two-day“ varieties, are known to produce long lasting effects and 

hang-over, and are therefore not used for traditional kava drinking. The use of peelings and 

rhizomes of two-day varieties have been suspected to have been involved in the sudden 

occurrence of cases of liver toxicity in Europe in 1999 and 2000, however, no clear correlation 

could be made between the composition of kavalactones – the fraction assumed to be responsible 

for the psychorelaxing effects – and toxicity. Albeit the distribution of the six major kavalactones 

and especially the relative quantities of kavain and of methysticin/dihydromethyticin vary distinctly 

between noble and non-noble cultivars (the latter containing less kavain and more M/DHM). The 

kavalactones as such are obviously not liver-toxic. Recent research pointed to the fraction of 

flavokavins, especially flavokavin B, which has been found toxic in rodents. In a pilot screening 

study we sampled typical varieties of the major types of cultivars: two noble kavas, two two-day 

varieties and one wild-type kava, each of them representative for a group of cultivars with similar 

kavalactone composition. The material was separated by roots, peeled rhizomes, peeled stems 

and the peelings. All samples were subjected to HPLC quantification of the six major kavalactones 

and the flavokavins A to C. Non-noble kava varieties were found to contain 10 times more 

flavokavins and especially flavokavin B than noble kava. There was an association between the 

kavalactones M and DHM and the content of flavokavin B. This association may be used to 

identify kava unsuitable for consumption (and potentially toxic) even in exported kava raw 

materials. It may also serve for establishing international quality standards for kava. 

Key words: flavokavin, kava, liver toxicity, medicinal, Piper methysti 

88

3.47 Identification of ferulenol and 4-hydroxycoumarin in Ferula communis 

samples collected in Jordan using GC-MS and HPLC methods 

Shudiefat M. F 1 ., Al-Khalidi K. M 1 ., Alzweiri M 2 . Afifi, Fatma U 2 . 

1 Royal Botanic Garden, Amman 11910 Jordan, Jordan. 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of 

Jordan, Queen Rania AlAbdullah Street, Amman 11942, Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Mostly growing in arid areas, the genus Ferula is widely distributed from the east 

Mediterranean region to central Asia. F. communis, the giant fennel, known with the Arabic name 

“kelh” is represented in Jordan by four species, namely F. blanchei, F. communis, F. ovina and F. 

sinaica. The objectives of the present study was primarily to identify qualitatively and quantitatively 

4-hydroxy-coumarin and ferulenol in F. communis samples collected in bi-weekly intervals from the 

vicinity of Amman (Tel al-Rumman Area) between beginning of January 2012 and end of March 

2012. Fresh and dried plants from each collected specimen were extracted with four different 

solvents: chloroform, butanol, ethanol and water. After evaporation of the solvent the obtained 

syrupy residues each 100 mg was dissolved in the HPLC grade solvent and used for HPLC 

analysis for qualitative and quantitative analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out after 

derivatisation. 4-hydroxycoumarin was detected in the ethanol extracts of fresh and dry samples, 

in small amounts in the water extracts, while negligible quantities were found in butanol extracts. 

Chloroform extract was free of this compound in HPLC method of determination, while ferulenol 

was found in dry ethanol extracts using TLC and HPLC. The study was undertaken to find an 

answer to the reported fatalities observed with the sheep as reported by some farmers in the area. 

Further experiments are needed to determine the chemotype of the F. communis growing in 

Jordan since ferulenol is reported as the main constituent responsible for the haemorrhages in 

sheep. 

Key words: Identification, Ferula communis ferulenol, Jordan, 4-hydroxycoumarin. 

3.48 Optimization of Bioactive Molecules Extraction from Olive Leaves of 

Swebea elgia Variety 

SIFAOUI Ines 1 , CHAMMEM Nadia, 2 Ben SLAMA Mourad, 2 HAMDI Moktar, 2 

Mejri Mondher 1 , ABDERABBA Manef 1 

1 Laboratoire Matériaux- Molécules et applications, IPEST, route Sidi Bou Said,B.P:51 2075 La 

Marsa. 2 Laboratoire d’Ecologie et de Technologie Microbienne, INSAT, Tunisia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In Mediterranean basin, our ancestors used olive oil to treat aches, ulcers and even 

cholera. Olive leaves were also used as remedies for all kinds of inflammation. Nowadays, several 

studies continue investigating in the biological activities of the leaves extracts against several 

pathologies. Their extraction should therefore be optimized. The present work was precisely 

carried out for this purpose. In fact, a 10-point augmented simplex-centroid design was used to 

formulate the three-component mixture systems comprised of water, ethanol and methanol. The 

10 points consisted of three single component systems, three binary mixtures and four ternary 

mixtures. Phenols and flavonoids levels, the antioxidant (measured with ABTS method) and 

antibacterial activities were selected as the responses for the combination of the independent 

variables. The experimental results fitted well to a first-order polynomial model and more than 95% 

of the variability was explained for all responses. All responses showed different patterns of 

extractability, with a significant variation in the linear and interaction effects of the independent 

variables. The desirability function was then employed in addition to the simultaneous optimization 

of the compounds. The optimal mixture identified was: 7.5% water, 15.1% ethanol and 77.4% 

methanol. Under this conditions, the yields of total phenolic and flavonoid were respectively 

165.27mg EAG/gdm and 117.42mg ER/gdm of olive leaves and the antioxidant activity measured 

by ABTS method was at 239.17mM trolox/ g dm of olive leaves. Also those condition permitsan 

inhibition of 40% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium and of 70% of 

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at 100μgdm of olive leaves/ml. Through correlation 

analysis for phytochemical contents with antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extract of olive 

89

leaves, the contents of phenolics and flavonoids exhibited good correlation with antioxidant activity 

and antibacterial against three bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella 

typhimurium. However, a non-significant correlation was found between those compounds and the 

inhibition growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 

Key words: Bioactive molecules extraction, olive leaves, optimization, Swebea elgia. 

3.49 Flavonoids from the Andemic Plant Henophyto deserti 

Smadi Abla 1 , Bitam Fatma 1 , Ciavatta Maria Letizia 2 , and Dridi, Seloua 1 

1 Faculté des sciences, département de Chimie, Université de Batna, Batna 05000, Algérie. 2 

Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, C.N.R., Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, 

Italy. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The Brassicaceae family is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom and it 

contains many medicinal plants. It includes about 19 tribes, 350 genera and more than 3500 

species. Many of the Brasssicaceae plants serve as a source of food and condiment such as 

cabbage turnip radish and mustard. All of them contained unusual flavonoids and glucosinolates. 

Flora of Algeria appears to be a rich and interesting source for supplementary ethnomedicinal and 

phytochemical studies. Henophyto deserti is an endemic plant found in north Algerian Sahara 

commonly known as Hannet l'ibel, this shrub has great potentialities to provide different products 

and services as forage, traditional medicine, halting desert encroachment and stabilizing sand 

dunes. The seeds and leaves of these plants are usually prepared and used to treat digestive 

problems, arthritis, colds and flu, fevers, irritability, and scorpion bites. To the best to our 

knowledge, very few chemical studies have been reported from this species. The phytochemical 

investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the aerial parts of this plant yielded two flavonoids 

glycosides and two steroids. The characterization of the compounds was achieved by various 

spectroscopic methods mainly 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectrometry. 

Key words: Brassicaceae, flavonoids glycosides, Henophyto deserti, steroids. 

3.50 Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils 

of Senecio perralderianus, An Endemic Species of Algeria 

T. Lograda 1 , M. Ramdani 1 , J. C. Chalchat 2 , P. Chalard 2 and G. Feguiredo 3 

1 Laboratory of Natural Resource Valorization, Sciences Faculty, Ferhat Abbas University, 19000 

Setif, Algeria. 2 Ecole nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Clermont Ferrand, Laboratoire de Chimie 

des Hétérocycles et des glucides, EA987, 63174 Aubière Cedex 01. 3 LEXVA Analytique, 460 rue 

du Montant, 63110 Beaumont, France. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aim of the present study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the essential 

oil prepared from aerial parts of the Algerien endemic Senecio perralderianus Coss. & Dur. 

(Asteraceae). The dried-in-shade at ambient temperature aerial parts of the plant were hydrodistilled 

for 3h, using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The extract is analysed by gas 

chromatography-mass spectrometry. 50 compounds were identified, constituting over 96.1%, of 

total oil composition. The main compounds in the essential oils of S. perralderianus were γ- 

cadinene (15.3%), α-pinene (8.8%), D-germacrene (5.8%), α-caryophyllene (5.5%) and γ-eudismol 

(4.9%). In vitro antibacterial studies were carried out against four bacteria strains and Candida 

albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was carried out with the disc diffusion 

method. The results indicated that the essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of tested 

microorganisms except Candida albicans. 

90

Key words: Algeria, antimicrobial activity, Asteraceae, essential oil, Senecio perralderianus. 

3.51 Phytochemical Investigation of an Anti-Diabetic Herb: Juglans regia L. 

Leaves Cultivated in Algeria 

Tigrine-Kordjani Nacéra and Boukhari Fayçal 

Laboratoire d’Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de 

la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Alger, Algérie 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Jugalns regia L. is a tree that belongs to the family Juglandaceae, it is commonly 

called walnut. Different parts of this tree, especially the leaves, are used in traditional medicine to 

treat several diseases including diabetes. The literature is very rich in information about the heavy 

fraction including phenolic compounds, several studies have been conducted on oil fruits showing 

that it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, unlike the volatile fraction of walnut leaves was a 

subject of limited investigations. The objective of this study was to determine, for the first time, the 

chemical composition of the volatile fraction of fresh leaves of walnut cultivated in Algeria. The 

extraction of essential oil was performed by conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and by microwaveassisted 

hydrodistillation (MAHD). Chemical Identification by GC-MS and quantification of 

constituents by GC-FID had shown a variation in phytochemical composition of essential oils 

obtained by both techniques. Indeed, we identified 38 compounds in the essential oil extracted by 

MAHD for one hour (1h) with a yield of 0.05% (w / w) and 37 compounds obtained by HD for three 

hours (3h) of extraction with a lower yield 0.03% (w / w). The major compounds were α-pinene, β- 

pinene, d limonene, germecrene D, caryophyllene and farnesene. 

Key words: Distillation, essential oil, Juglans regia, medicinal plant, monoterpenes, walnut, 

sesquiterpenes. 

3.52 Isolation of Volatile Oil with Antifungal Activity from Horseradish 

(Armoracia rusticana) 

Vasas Gabor 1 , Gonda S 1 ., Nguyen Minh N 1 ., Bertóti R 2 ., and Kiss A. 3 

1 Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen .2 Department of 

Microbial biotechnology and cell biology, University of Debrecen .3 Department of Organic 

Chemistry, University of Debrecen 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Armoracia rusticana, Cochlearia armoracia, Armoracia lapthifolia are scientific names 

that refer to a perennial plant commonly known as horseradish. Armoracia rusticana is rich in 

glucosinolates (GLS), secondary products which play an important role in the plant's defensive 

system. GLS consist of β-thioglucoside N-hydroxysulfates with a side chain (R) and a sulfur-linked 

β-D-glucopyranose moiety. Myrosinase reacts with GLS resulting in an unstable aglucone – 

thiohydroximate-O-sulfonates, which then give rise to different products depending on reaction 

conditions and participation of other factors. Under the effect of myrosinase the products of GLS 

hydrolysis reaction are mainly isothiocyanates (ITCs). It is obviously shown that allyl 

isothiocyanate (AITC) and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) are the most common 

components found ITC in horseradish root. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) have many pharmacological 

effects, they're recognized as anti-carcinogenic, gastro-protecting, anti-microbial, cell cycle 

inhibiting, apoptosis triggering etc. activities. Volatile oil of horseradish was isolated and collected 

by steam distillation from the root of A. rusticana. The major and minor components of the 

essential oil were identified and quantified by GC-MS (Agilent 7890A GC, Agilent 5975 MS). 

Antifungal activity was measured by microdilution method in Aspergillus nidulans, A. fumigatus, 

Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae The essential oil yield was 0.1% on raw weight 

basis. Allyl isothiocyanate, n-butyl isothiocyanate, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 4-pentenyl 

isothiocyanate, 5-hexenyl ITC, 5-methylsulphinylpentyl isothiocyanate were identified from the 

essential oil. The allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) were the 

main component of the volatile oil. Strong antifungal activity was detected in all tested organisms. 

The most sensitive strains were the A. nidulans and C. albicans. 

91

Key words: Antifungal, Armoracia rusticana, horseradish, volatile oil. 

3.53 Standardisation and Quality Control of Herbal Medicinal Products 

Viljoen, Alvaro and Vermaak, Ilze 

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, 

Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: It is a well-known fact that 80% of the world‟s population use herbal medicines. The 

herbal medicines market has increased dramatically in recent years as consumers became more 

health conscious, herbal medicines are considered safe by consumers and these products are 

generally less expensive than allopathic medicines. These products are however not rigorously 

regulated and quality and safety cannot be guaranteed. In fact, many cases of toxicity have been 

reported, in some cases due to errors in species identification which is, or should be, one of the 

first steps in a herbal quality control protocol. Established, methodical processes are necessary to 

standardise herbal medicines to produce consistent and reproducible products. Herbal medicines 

pose significant standardisation and quality control challenges due to their innate phytochemical 

complexity and intraspecies variability. Standardisation and quality control involves inter alia the 

authentication of plants followed by the quantification of identified biomarkers and the selection 

and cultivation of the chemotype with the desired characteristics (e.g. ratios of biomarkers). 

Vibrational spectroscopy has been identified and implemented as an important quality control 

technique in the pharmaceutical, food and beverage and agricultural industries. The technique has 

gained popularity as it is non-destructive, inexpensive, and any sample matrix (powder, liquid, 

essential oils) can be tested with minimal or no sample preparation. Therefore, no bias is 

introduced as a result of using different extraction solvents and the entire metabolome is used. 

The large datasets obtained using vibrational spectroscopy (NIR, MIR and hyperspectral imaging) 

are analysed using chemometric data analysis. This allows for species authentication using 

discrimination models constructed using the orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) 

technique. In combination with data obtained from standard analytical methods (e.g. LC-MS), 

calibration models which correlates the information in the spectral data to the chemical or 

reference data was used to quantify biomarkers. In addition, cluster formation during exploratory 

principle component analysis supplies valuable information through the detection of similarities 

between samples. This may be used in conjunction with hierarchial cluster analysis to identify and 

suggest the best chemotype to cultivate. Several examples related to quality control and 

standardisation of medicinally and commercially important plant species will be discussed: Species 

authentication and/or biomarker quantification (Agathosma, Harpagophytum, Illicium and 

Pelargonium species); chemotype selection (Sceletium tortuosum). 

Key words: Herbal products, medicinal plant, quality control, standardisation. 

3.54 Volatile Terpenes Determined in the Emission of Some Plants by Means 

of SPME and Chiral GC/MS 

Yassaa Noureddine 

USTHB, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Faculty of Chemistry, B.P. 

32 El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Plants are known to defend themselves against herbivores with chemical defences 

that directly influence herbivore performance and indirectly by releasing chemicals such as 

monoterpenes that attract the natural enemies of the herbivore. Many of the monoterpenes 

produced by plants and insects exist in two enantiomeric forms. A Solid Phase MicroExtraction 

(SPME) method has been validated for the determination of enantiomeric and non-enantiomeric 

monoterpenes emitted by plants. These compounds were adsorbed in the field, and then thermally 

desorbed at 250°C in a gas chromatograph injector port connected via a -cyclodextrin capillary 

separating column to a mass spectrometer. The optimized method has been applied for 

investigating the emissions of enantiomeric monoterpenes from Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Douglasfir), 

Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) and Lavandula lanata (Lavender) which were selected as 

92

epresentative of coniferous trees and aromatic plants, respectively. The enantiomers of -pinene, 

sabinene, camphene, -3-carene, -pinene, limonene, -phellandrene, 4-carene and camphor 

were successfully determined in the emissions from the three plants. While Douglas-fir showed a 

strong predominance toward (-)-enantiomers, Rosemary and Lavender demonstrated a large 

variation in enantiomeric distribution of monoterpenes. The simplicity, rapidity and sensitivity of 

SPME coupled to chiral capillary GC/MS makes this method potentially useful for in-field 

investigations of plant-insect interaction. 

Key words: Chiral GC/, emission plant, volatile terpenes. 

3.55 A new 3-O-Sulfo-Triterpenoid Saponin from Gypsophila richotoma 

Wend 

Yotova, Maya 1 ., Krasteva, Ilina 1 ., Jenett-Siems, Kristina 2 ., and Nikolov, 

Stefan 1 

1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 2 Dunav str., 1000 

Sofia, Bulgaria. 2 Institute of Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 

Berlin, Germany. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The Gypsophila species are well known by their medicinal, decorative and industrial 

application. The plants are studied for saponins, flavonoids, sterols, cyclopeptides, organic acids 

and others. It is well accepted that the major pharmacological effects of Gypsophila species are 

mainly due to the presence of saponins. In the last years there were several reports on sulfated 

saponins isolated from Gypsophila species. Here we describe the isolation and identification of 

one new sulfated triterpeniod saponin 3-O-sulfooleanolic acid 28-O-[ı-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[ıglucopyranosyl-(1→6)]-ı-glucopyranosyl 

ester (1) from the roots of Gypsophila trichotoma Wend. 

(Caryophyllaceae). Its cytotoxic activity was tested against nine human cancer cell lines. 

Gypsophila trichotoma Wend. is a perennial herbaceous plant, growing in Southeast Europe, 

Southwest Asia, Kazakhstan, West Mongolia, Russia and Turkmenistan. The species is spread in 

Bulgaria along the Black Sea coast. The roots of G. trichotoma Wend. (Caryophyllaceae) were 

collected in August 2008 at the Black Sea coast, Bulgaria. A voucher specimen was deposited at 

the Herbarium of the Faculty of Biology, Sofia University. NMR ( 1 H, HMBC, HSQC, COSY) spectra 

were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer at 700 MHz in C 5 D 5 N. ESI-TOF was carried out on an 

Agilent 6210 ESI-TOF mass spectrometer. HPLC was run on a Shimadzu HPLC. Separations 

were achieved on semi-prep. HPLC column C18 using MeOH-0.03% TFA (30 : 70 → 100 : 0, 1 mL 

min -1 , 210 nm). Column chromatography (CC) was carried out with Diaion HP-20 using a gradient 

of H 2 O-MeOH (100 : 0 → 0 : 100) and silica gel 60 (40-63 µm), eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH-H 2 O (18 

: 11 : 1). The structure was elucidated on the basis of acid hydrolysis and spectral data including 

NMR ( 1 H, HSQC, HMBC, 1 H- 1 H COSY) and mass spectra. The cancer cell growth inhibitory 

activity of compound 1 was evaluated against SKW-3, HL-60, HL-60-DOX, K-562, NB-4, EOL-1, 

CAL-29, RPMI-8226, U-266 cell lines, using MTT-dye reduction assay. It caused concentrationdependent 

inhibition of malignant cell proliferation, to all of the cell lines except to HL-60/Dox. The 

most prominent activity was observed against the CAL-29 cell line. 

Key words: Gypsophila richotoma, 3-O-Sulfo-triterpenoid saponin, wend. 

3.56 Application of Muller Polarimetry for analysis of Two Types of Biofilms 

Made from Gelatin / Starch and Gelatin / Sodium Alginate 

Zaher K. Cherif S., Medjahed A., and El Kolli M. 

Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymériques Multiphasiques (LMPMP), Département de Génie des 

Procédés Faculté de Technologie, Laboratory of Applied Optics, Institut of Optics and Precision 

Mechanics, University of Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria 

93

<strong>Abstract</strong>: A light wave is characterized by 4 characteristics: its amplitude, its frequency, its 

phase and the direction of polarization of its luminous vector (the electric field). It is in this last 

characteristic that we will be interested. The polarization of the light was introduced in order to 

describe the vectorial behaviour of the light; it describes the way in which the electric field evolves 

in a point of space. Our work consists in studying biofilms for applications in the pharmaceutical 

field. When crossing these mediums, the light undergoes modifications and/or deteriorations of its 

initial state of polarization. This phenomenon is related to the properties of the medium, we 

illuminate our samples with a He-Ne (632.8 nm) laser. The idea is to compare the characteristics 

of the entering and outgoing light from the studied mediums. The model selected is that of the 

matrix of Mueller: it is a transfer matrix which contains all information about the modifications 

induced by the interaction light-matter. From these matrixes, we defined some polarimétric 

properties of these mediums. The Mueller polarimeter is one of the major types of polarimeters 

used in measuring polarization properties; it can be viewed as a sample-measuring instrument. In 

a light polarization model, a sample can be represented by a 4x4 Mueller matrix where all 16 

elements are determined. The advantage of this model is that it is accessible in experiments by 

measurements of intensity realizable with a photodetector. This last information makes it possible 

to discriminate some physical properties of the studied mediums. The biofilms analyzed by our 

technique, are made from animal gelatin/Corn starch, animal gelatin/sodium alginate, in the 

presence of glycerol. The results found show that the presence of glycerol on gelatin/alginate, 

reduces the transparency of the film. However, the presence of glycerol on gelatin/starch, makes 

the film transparent. The transparency of biofilm, provides good visual control of cicatrizations 

wounds. 

Key words: Biofilms, gelatine, glycerol light polarization, mueller matrix, sodium alginate, starch. 

3.57 Quality Control and Standardization of Essential Oils 

ZRIRA Saadia 

Département des Sciences Alimentaires et Nutritionnelles, IAV Hassan II, Rabat Instituts, BP 

6202, Rabat, Maroc. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Occurrence of essential oils or volatile oils is very widespread in the plant kingdom. 

They are synthesized and accumulated in oil cells, secretion ducts or cavities, or in glandular hairs 

of plants. Today, according to market data, essential oils are produced on a large scale and 

commercialized from about 400 species, from 67 species. Essential oils are volatile odorous 

substances contained in the plants. They are heterogeneous mixture of complexes components 

whose contents can vary from state of trace to more than 90%. The production and consumption 

of essential oils, because of their multipurpose applications, are increasing continuously: essential 

oils are used in perfumery, food industry, households, condiments, beverages, as well as 

pharmaceutical and aromatherapeutic products from plant origin. The quality of essential depends 

on several factors such as the species and variety, the plant part, the environment, the harvesting 

period, the state of the vegetable matter (fresh or dry), the leaves age, the extraction technique 

and the storage conditions. The standardization of essential is very important to ensure user‟s 

safety. Several standards and regulations are organizing the sector. <strong>International</strong> Organization for 

Standardization (ISO), provides guidelines for packing, packaging, storage, labeling, sampling, 

testing of essential oils, they. French Association for Standardization “Association Française de 

Normalisation (AFNOR), provides guidelines and standards for the members of the European 

Union to facilitate intra-Community trade.The standards AFNOR allow the characterization of 

essential oils (physical, organoleptic, chemical and chromatographic characteristics) in order to 

assess the quality of it. The control of essential oils quality is carried out by determination of 

physicochemical characteristics and the Gas chromatographic analysis, which makes it possible 

to know the chemical composition very exactly and to seek possible traces of undesirable products 

such of the pesticides or added chemicals. A large quantity of raw material is required to extract 

pure, natural essential oils. For the essential oils to be of true therapeutic value, they should be 

pure, natural and of the highest quality. To ensure the quality of essential oils, several certifications 

and labeling have been implemented. The most important are: organic certification and 

certification implementation AOC lavender from France. 

94

Key words: Analysis, essential oils, quality control, standardization, volatile oils. 

95


Topic (4): Cultivation of Medicinal Plants 

4.1 Correlation Between Seed Indices of Foeniculum vulgare Under 

Allelopathic Effects of Crocus sativus L. 

Agah Fateme 1 , Sadrabadi Haghighi Reza 2 , Molafilabi Abdollah 3 

1 Seed Science and Technology Department, Islamic Azad University. 2 Agronomy and Plant 

Breeding Department, Islamic Azad University. 3 Research Institute of Food Science and 

Technology, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Foeniculum vulgare is a medical plant from Umbellifera (Apiaceae) family that can be 

used in mixed cropping with Crocus sativus L. This is only possible if there is no allelopathy 

between crops intercropped. To find out the allelopathic possibility of saffron corms on germination 

indices of Foeniculum vulgare an experiment was performed in completely randomized design with 

four replications and conducted in Seed Science and Technology laboratory in Faculty of 

Agricultural of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch in 2011. Treatments were five levels of 

Crocus sativus L. corms water extract concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). In this experiment, 

some indices related to the seed vigour including mean time germination (MTG), mean daily 

germination (MDG), daily germination speed (DGS), coefficient velocity germination (CVG), 

seedling vigour indices (SVI) and radicle and plumule length measured. Data were analyzed with 

SPSS software. Also probit analysis was used for studying the seed reaction to different levels of 

saffron corms water extract concentration. Analysis of variance showed that effects of treatments 

on all indices were significant, except on CVG. In correlation analysis, a significant relation 

between all seed vigour indices were observed except for CVG with all other indices. There was a 

negative correlation between DGS with %G, SVI and MDG. The results indicated the allelopathic 

effects of saffron corms and showed that by increasing extract concentration all indices decreased 

dramatically. The results from this study strongly suggest that allelopathy may be a possible 

mechanism controlling the timing of germination and seed vigour in Foeniculum vulgare. 

Key words: Allelopathic, Foeniculum vulgare, germination, saffron. 

4.2 Field Performance of Vernonia anthelmintica Under the Agroclimatic 

Conditions of Mansehra 

Ahmad, I., Ahmad, Habib 2 , Hashmi, Ratooba S 3 ., Yasmin, A 4 ., Fazal, N 2 ., and 

Khatoon, M 1 . 

1 Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra. 2 Department of Genetics Hazara University 

Mansehra. 3 Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffar Abad 

4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatma Jinnah Women University, Rawalpendi, Pakistan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd, an important medicinal plant newly introduced in 

Pakistan, was tested for seed yield under the rainfed condition of Pakhal Plateu, Mansehra. 

Performance of the germplasm was evaluated through sowing methods, seed rate, herbicide 

application and plant density. The parameters analyzed included plant height, number of leaves 

per plant, number of branches per plant, leaf area, number of capitula per plant and yield per 

hectare. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the yield components. 

The correlation coefficient indicated that seed yield was highly significant and positive correlated 

with number of capitula per plant and number of branches per plant, significant and positive 

correlation with plant height and non-significant positive correlation with leaf size and number of 

leaves per plant. Similarly seed yield had very strong, highly significant and positive regression 

with 7.867 and 5.602 regression coefficients for number of capitula and number of branches, 

96

espectively. Weak, positive and significant regression with 5.221 regression coefficient was 

recorded for plant height. A weak, positive but non-significant regression with 3.858 and 5.602 

regression coefficient was recorded for leaf area and number of leaves, respectively. It was also 

observed that planting method and herbicide application has evident effect on seed yield. It is 

recommended that for getting maximum yield in the rain fed conditions sowing should be done by 

broadcast method with herbicide spray before sowing. Agronomic characters like number of 

capitulum per plant, number of branches per plant and plant height has evident effect on seed 

yield, and hence these characters must be taken on preference for improvement of Vernonia 

anthelmintica. 

Key words: Capitula, Vernonia anthelmintica, medicinal plant, rainfed, seed yield. 

4.3 Influence of Water Intervals, Seed Type and Grazing on the Growth 

Characters of Little Jack Plants 

Aisha M.A. Ahmed 1 and Kamal H. Shaltout 2 

1 Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. 2 Botany Department, Faculty 

of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present study was carried out in the experimental farm of faculty of science, Tanta 

University, Egypt, during two successive seasons (October 1997 - June 1998 and October 1998 - 

June 1999). The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of seed type, water 

regime and partial cutting on the growth and nutritive values of little jack (Emex spinosa) The results 

indicated that: the subterranean seeds gave the highest percentage of seed germination compared 

with the aerial heavy and light seeds; the plants generated from the subterranean seeds, the plants 

growing under the wet regime and the uncut plants gave the highest values of most of vegetative 

characters and the highest percentages of chemical constituents (total carbohydrates, nitrogen, 

crude protein, phosphorus and potassium.) for all organs at different growth stages. 25 % cut 

treatment had the highest vegetative characters and chemical constituents for all organs. 

Key words: Germination, growth, seed type, vegetative, water. 

4.4 Evaluation of Four Medical Plant Species of Euphorbia to Callus 

Initiation in vitro 

Aljibouri Abedaljasim M. 1 , Zokian S.A Yakoub 2 , and Almusawi, A. H. 2 

1 Biotechnology Research Center – Al-Nahrain University –Baghdad- Iraq. 2 College of Science– 

Baghdad University- Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Callus cultures of four species of Euphorbia were initiated from nodule explants 

cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with different concentrations (0,0.5 

,1,1.5 and 2 mg/l) of auxin hormone 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Half of cultures were 

incubated under light of 16 hr/day, while the other half were incubated under complete darkness. 

The incubation temperature was 25± 1 ºC in both incubation conditions. The observations on 

number of nodule explants initiated callus were recorded 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of culture. 50 mg of 

callus produced were re -cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 

2,4-D (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mg/l). Callus fresh and dry weights were recorded after 4 weeks. 

The results showed that nodule explants of E.peplus and E.hirta incubated in light condition 

achieved the highest callus initiation (75 – 100%) compared with the other species studied, while 

E.helioscopia incubated in light condition achieved the lowest response for callus initiation which 

reached 25-75 %. The results also showed significant differences between the Euphorbia species 

in fresh and dry callus weight. E.hirta produced the highest weight of fresh and dry callus that 

reached 1.410 and 0.046 mg, respectively. The amount of fresh and dry weight of callus produced 

under dark condition was significantly higher than that produced under light condition. 

Key words: Acetic acid, auxin, callus, Euphorbia, nodule, species. 

97

4.5 Formation of Hawthorn, Crataegus azarolus L. Plants from Multiplication 

of Buds In Vitro 

Al-Mallah, M.K. 1 and AL-Hadeedy, S.H. 2 

1 Forestry Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry. 

2 Biotechnology Department, College of 

Education-Mosul, University of Mosul, Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The results proved that buds vegetative multiplication that excited from Hawthorn 

trees produced numerous shoots from single bud by using agar solidified MS medium 

supplemented with 5.0 mg/L BA, (Benzyl adenine). It was possible to enhance the multiplication 

rate by adding 0.5 mg/L of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) to the medium with decreasing concentration 

of BA to 3.0 mg / L. This medium stimulates the formation of callus that differentiated to new 

shoots. 

Key words: Crataegus azarolus, hawthorn, in vitro, multiplication. 

4.6 Improving Horse Chestnut Multiplication Rates and Embryo Quality 

Ćalić Dušica, Devrnja Nina, Milojević Jelena, Tubić Ljiljana, and Zdravković- 

Korać Snežana 

Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stankoviı“, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd 

142, 11 000 Belgrade, Serbia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Some of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) androgenic embryos in 

microspores and anther culture were abnormal. Addition of abscisic acid in media with horse 

chestnut androgenic embryos has circumvented the abnormal morphology. The best results were 

achieved on medium with the lowest abscisic acid concentration (0.01 mg l -1 ) in microspore 

culture. The microspore culture proved to be a better model system for albino embryo reduction 

than anther culture. Also, impact of abscisic acid on secondary somatic embryogenesis was 

investigated with the aim of improving multiplication rates and somatic embryo quality. With 

increasing ABA concentration decreased number of secondary somatic embryos of about eight 

times. Number of secondary somatic embryos was tree times higher on hormone-free medium 

than on medium with the lowest ABA concentration. Secondary somatic embryo production on 

roots was ten times higher than on cotyledons in both type of culture. Overall, the impact of ABA 

on induction of secondary somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of androgenic embryos 

of this species may be helpful for further synthesis secondary metabolites in vitro and their 

applicable in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Key words: Abscisic acid, embryo morphology, secondary somatic embryogenesis. 

4.7 Introduction and Breeding of Wild Growing Medicinal Plants in CentraL- 

Europe 

Éva Zámboriné -Németh 

Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Wild growing plants are widely used in Central Europe based on traditional 

knowledge. For centuries, the demand has been supplied by collection from wild habitats. 

However, in the recent 20 years, an accelerated tendency can be observed for introduction several 

wild growing species into agriculture. It can be traced back to different reasons.The increased 

demand for high and reliable quantity of raw material as basis of industrial processing can not be 

covered from natural populations. This is a specifically important question in case of rare and 

endangered species, where collection would contribute to their extinction. Protected species are 

only allowed to harvest with special permissions, regulated differently from country to country. In 

some countries, collection from the wide. The most important stimulating factor for introduction of 

98

wild species into agriculture seems to be however the requirement for standard quality. Efficacy 

and safety - as basic prerequisites in production of traditional herbal medicinal products in the EUcan 

only be assured by plant material of known and stable chemical composition.However, the 

majority of wild growing populations has a wide chemical diversity. Besides, deterioration of drug 

quality often happens by pollution of the plant raw with pesticides, heavy metals, etc. Their 

processing and use in up-to date preparations is only possible if the original raw material is 

optimized for quality assurance. Obtaining necessary scientific information is an extremely 

important work especially in case of newly introduced species. Collection and comparison of 

germplasms, preservation in genebanks contribute to the results. Some good examples show the 

achievements of these activities, e.g. Verbena officinalis, Solidago virga-aurea, Achillea collina, 

Symphytum officinale,Primula Veris, Arnica Montana. Rumex crispus. The new genotypes assure 

sustainable utilization of these species and standard quality of the phytotherapeutical products. 

The standard quality of biological raw material of medicinal plant preparations gained an 

increasing significance in the last 20 years. Breeding of medicinal plant species has been 

accelerated thorough the world. Different tendencies can be observed in this activity. A sever 

obstacle seems to be the high costs connected to individual laboratory analyses of biologically 

active principles. Besides, in several cases basic information on floral biology, inheritance and 

effective methods is still missing. Breeding should be supported by research on these aspects, 

parallelly. At the same time, turnover of investments seems to be restricted due to the relatively 

small surfaces and seed changes of most medicinal crops. Demand for new varieties arises 

basically from two directions. Producers require plant material assuring high yields, possessing 

stress tolerance against different ecological factors, providing morphologically and phenologically 

uniform stands appropriate for mechanisation, etc. In some countries farmers and merchants cooperate 

on improvement of these features and try to allocate financial background. In other 

countries this type of development is basically financed by the state through variable founds 

whose rate is and efficacy is often not adequate. More frequently, the demand for a uniform and 

high quality plant material is arising from the side of the processing industry. Traditional herbal 

medicinal products are not allowed to be registered without a quality assurance system. Starting 

point of the standard properties of the plant raw material is a selected genotype. For this reason, 

pharmaceutical factories invest into the development of the plant material of desired quality. As 

these genotypes are not intended for public marketing, they are often not registered varieties but 

protected by patents. (The presentation has been supported by TÁMOP 4.2.1.B-09/1/KRM-2010- 

0005 program). 

Key words: Breeding, chemical diversity, Europe, Wild Medicinal Plants. 

4.8 In Vitro Propagation and Secondary Metabolites Production in Milk 

Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) 

Fayha M. AL-Hawamdeh 1 , Rida A .Shibli 1 , and Tamara S. Al-Qudah 2 

1 Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture. 2 Hamdi Mango Center for 

Scientific Research (HMCSR), University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Silybum marianum L .is a wild medicinal herbal plant found in Jordan. In the current 

study, increasing the mass production of this medicinal crop was achieved by in vitro propagation . 

Micropropagation of S .marianum L. was initiated from seeds. Seeds were surface-sterilized and 

inoculated on the surface of hormone-free MS media until full germination occurred. MS media 

supplemented with 0.5 mg/l kinetin and 0.1 mg/l NAA were used for multiplication of mother stock. 

Proliferation was experimented with different levels (0.0, 0.4, 1.0, 1.6 or 2.0 mg/l) of kinetin, BA, or 

2ip. Highest proliferation of S .marianum was obtained when BA and 2ip were used at (2.0 and 0.4 

mg/l; respectively). Kinetin gave highest proliferation at 1.6 mg/l. Rooting was experimented at 

different levels (0.0, 0.4, 1.0, 1.6 or 2.0 mg/l) of IBA, IAA or NAA. Highest root number (4.0) and 

length (6.14 cm) was achieved at 1.0 mg/l NAA, and no roots were shown on MS media 

supplemented with IAA and IBA. HPLC analysis was used to identify silymarin components from in 

vivo grown plants compared with in vivo grown plants .In vitro grown S .marianum on MS medium 

supplemented with 1.6 mg /l kinetin and 0.1 mg/l NAA gave the highest silymarin content 0.83 % 

for silybin and 0.49 % for silydanin and compared with those grown on hormone-free MS media 

0.35 % for silybin and 0.04 % for silydanin .In vitro grown S .marianum on MS medium 

supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA yielded 0.68 % for silybin and 0.37 % for 

99

silydanin ,) 

while MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/l of 2iP gave 0.71% for silybin and 0.27 % 

for silydanin .On the other hand, the in vivo ( wild) grown shoots of S .marianum gave 1.07 % for 

silybin and 0.47 % for sildyanin .In studying carbon source effect on the in vitro multiplication and 

silymarin content, glucose gave the highest number (4.4) of shoots and the maximum shoot height 

(10.6 cm), and the largest amount 1.63 % of silymarin content. 

Key words: In vitro, metabolites, milk thistle, propagation, Silybum marianum. 

4.9 Effects of Salt Stress (KCl, CaCl 2 ) on In-Vitro Hyoscyamine Production 

from Datura Hairy Roots 

HARFI Boualem, KHELIFI Lakhdar, KHELIFI-SLAOUI Majda, BEKHOUCHE 

Mohamed and BENYAMMI Roukia 

Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et Biotechnologies, Ecole Nationale Supérieure 

Agronomique (ENSA), 16200 El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Several species of Datura genus are cultivated for their tropane alkaloid contents. 

However, the hyoscyamine production in open field is limited by the environmental conditions. The 

culture of hairy roots obtained by inoculation of Datura explants with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes 

A4 strain offered promising prospects for the in vitro production for this molecule. After the 

selection of effective root lines, the objective of this study is to optimize the hyoscyamine 

production by applying of salt stress. Potassium chloride and calcium chloride used as elicitors 

with various elicitation times reveal significant effects on hyoscyamine biosynthesis. The optimal 

concentration of KCl is 2 g/l combined with a contact time of 10 hours for the line L DT and 24 hours 

for the lines L DS and L DI . For CaCl 2 , it is 2 g/l for the lines L DS and L DT with respectively elicitation 

times of 10 hours and 24 hours. For the line L DI , it is with the concentration of 1 g/l and 24 hours 

elicitation time of CaCl 2 , that the most significant result is recorded. The improvement levels of 

hyoscyamine content compared to the non-elicited controls are respectively 2.32, 1.99 and 1.85 

fold for the lines L DS , L DT and L DI elicited with KCl and 2.08, 2.07 and 1.85 fold for L DS , L DT and L DI 

elicited with CaCl 2 . The line resulting from D. tatula elicited with CaCl 2 is most productive in 

hyoscyamine (16.978 mg/g DW). It is followed by the line of D. innoxia elicited with CaCl 2 then that 

of D. stramonium elicited with KCl. 

Key words: Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Datura, hairy roots, hyoscyamine, salt stress. 

4.10 Effects of Chemical Fertilizers on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of 

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) 

Ghasem Hosein Talaei 1 , Majid Amini Dehaghi 2 , Khosro Azizi 3 

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Shahed University. 2 Medicinal Plants 

Research Center and Shahed University. 3 Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, 

Lorestan University. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Cumin is an important medicinal plant and its cultivation in arid and semi-arid parts of 

Iran which water is a serious constraint to agricultural production has a high economical feasibility. 

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (0, 25, 50 kg.ha -1 from urea) and phosphorous fertilizer 

in three levels too (0, 40, 80 kg.ha -1 from super phosphat triple) on the yield, yield components and 

essential oil yield of Cumin was investigated. The experiment was a factorial on the basis of 

randomized complete block design with three replications conducted at Shaded University, 

Tehran, Iran in 2010-2011. Results showed that there were significant differences between these 

two fertilizers for yield, seed yields components, biological yield, essential oil yield, and harvest 

index (HI) at 1% level while it was not significant for plant height. Maximum number of umbels per 

plant, seed per umbel, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index (HI), 1000 seeds weight and 

essential oil yield were related to 25 kg of N per ha. Plant height was not affected by N fertilizer 

significantly. Maximum number of umbels per plant, seed per umbel, biological yield, seed yield, 

harvest index (HI), 1000 seeds weight and essential oil yield were related to 50 kg of P per ha. 

100

Plant height was not affected by P fertilizer significantly. There were positive and synergistic 

interactions between factors like interactions between factors on essential oil yield. The results of 

this study indicated that application of 25 kg N fertilizer per ha. and 50 kg P per ha. were the most 

suitable treatments. 

Key words: Essential oil yield, Cuminum cyminum, nitrogen fertilizer, Phosphate fertilizer. 

4.11 Improvement of Essential Oil Yield and Growth of Japanese mint 

(Mentha arvensis L.) To Exogenous Application of Plant Growth 

Regulators 

Hashmi R. S 1 , Khan N. A 2 , and Samiullah 2 

1 Department of Botany ,University of Azad jammu & Kashmir(Mzd), Pakistan. 2 Department of 

Botany, Aligrah Muslim University,Aligrah 202002 India 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Japenese mint (Mentha arvensis.) oil is widely used for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals 

and flavoring industries all over the world. Apart from menthol, oil contains many 

valuable terpenes and other minor constituents. The aim of the work was to test the efficacy of the 

spray of selected phytohormones to increase the foliage growth and possibly ensure the oil yield of 

crop, since a large portion of essential oil is extracted from foliage. The pot experiment was carried 

out on Mentha arvensis at department of botany, Aligrah Muslim university, India to study the 

Individual effect of foliar spray of 10 -5 M or10 -4 M of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), 10 -6 M or 10 -5 M kinetin 

(Kn), and deionized water(control test).The best results were obtained with 10 -5 M Kn for root 

length, underground plant fresh weight and dry weight, leaf area, above ground dry matter, leaf 

and stem dry weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, 

photosynthetic water use efficiency and yield parameters. However, plant height, leaf and branch 

number were maximally affected with 10 -5 M GA 3 . Maximum percent increase for most of the 

characters was recorded at 105 days after planting (DAP) and 10 -5 M Kn was found best 

concentration in present study. Thus, the spray of 10 -5 M Kn may be used for greatest foliage 

growth, photosynthetic potential and oil yield, and 105 DAP growth stage holds promising potential 

for essential oil productivity and overall performance of the crop. 

Key words: Dry matter, essential oil yield , herb yield, Phytohormones Mentha arvensis. 

4.12 Enfluence of Different Organic Fertilization on Productivity and 

Chemical Components of Two Varieties of Artichoke 

Hendawy, S.F. and Azza, A. Ezz El-Din 

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Researches Dept. National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Evaluation of growth, yield and active constituents of two varieties of Artichoke 

(Cynara cardunculus ) and (Cynara scolymus) wild artichoke under different organic fertilization 

was carried out. Three levels of compost (10, 20 and 30 m3 per feddan( 4200 m2 ) and /or 20 L / 

fed. of compost tea were arranged in the field experiment during two successive seasons (2010 

and 2011). Three cuts have been taken during the growing season. Artichoke (C.cardunculus ) 

produced maximum fresh leaves yield when fertilized with 20 m3 of compost + 20 L. of compost 

tea , while the ideal dose for wild artichoke was 30 m3 of compost + 20 L. of compost tea. The 

favonoids percentage in dried leaves ranged from 0.59---0.67 %. Poly-phenols percentage 

recorded 1.26---1.43 %, where an adverse relation between these two major components was 

observed. 

Key words: Artichoke, compost tea, fertilization, leaves, Poly-phenols. 

101

4.13 Organic Cultivation and Use of Medicinal Plants in Latin America 

Isabel Maria Madaleno 

Portuguese Tropical Research Institute, Rua António Galvão, 2-1B . 2780-047 OEIRAS, Portugal 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The struggle for health is twice as difficult among the less wealthy, underemployed 

and unemployed citizens. This contribution examines the organic cultivation of medicinal species 

in front and backyards and their uses in ten Latin American cities and metropolitan regions. Three 

main categories of afflictions are analyzed: 1) mild diseases, such as cough, colds, indigestion, 

conjunctivitis and diarrhea; 2) chronic health problems, meaning asthma, rheumatism; 3) serious 

troubles, as glaucoma, diabetes and cancer. Ancestral and domestic treatment practices, using 

native and exotic flora, are listed for each of the researched countries – Brazil, Chile, Argentina, 

Uruguay, Peru, Mexico, Cuba and Costa Rica – in order to provide a guide for interested peoples. 

Key words: Latin America, medicinal plant species, organic cultivation. 

4.14 The Effect of Soil Texture and Its Salinity on the Growth and Yield of 

Roselle 

Jasim Abdul razzak A 1 and Al- Kubaisy Waleed M 2 . 

1 Ministry of Higher Education And Scientific Research. 2 Staff Development Center Foundation of 

Technical Education, Baghdad - Iraq 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil texture and it‟s salacity on 

the growth and yield of Roselle. Three soils texture including silty clay loam, day and sandy silt, 

and two level of salty soil including 2 and 5 desisemins/m were used in this experiment. 

Randomized complete block design with three replications were used in this study. The results 

showed the significant effect on the growth characteristics and yield of Rosette as influenced by 

soil texture and saline soil. Significant increase in all plant characteristics were attributed to Sandy 

loam soil and low saline soil as compared with other treatments . 

Key words: Effect, growth, salacity, roselle, soil texture. 

4.15 Effect of Saline Conditions and Cobalt on Growth and Chemical Constituents 

of Black Seed Plants 

Khalid A. Khalid 1 and Mahmoud R. Shedeed 2 

1 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., 12311, 

Dokki, 2 Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 68 Hadayek 

Shubra, 1124, 1Cairo, Egypt. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The effects of saline irrigation water and cobalt on the vegetative growth characters 

[plant height (cm), leaf number (plant -1 ), branch number (plant -1 ), capsule number (plant 1 ), herb dry 

weight (plant -1 ) and seed yield (plant -1 )] and content of fixed oil, soluble sugars, proline, NPK and 

protein of black seed (Nigella sativa L.) plants were investigated. Saline irrigation water decreased 

certain growth characters, fixed oil, protein and mineral content (NPK) as saline irrigation water 

level increased. Saline irrigation water promoted the accumulation of soluble sugars and proline 

contents. The plants treated with saline irrigation water + cobalt resulted in higher plant growth 

characters and chemical constituent‟s values than those treated with saline irrigation water alone. 

Key words: Cobalt, fixed oil, growth, NPK, proline, protein, saline irrigation water, soluble sugars. 

102

4.16 Effect of Foliar Application of PRO.SOL Nutrient Solution and Liquorice 

Extract on Growth and Flowering of Geranium (Pelargonium zonale L.) 

Nasser, Z. S and Abbass, J. A 

Facility of agriculture – Kufa University – Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The world now avoidance from the use of chemical matters because the negative 

effects of these chemicals on the environmental, plant and human and resort to use the crude 

nature matters and plant extracts alternate from it . The Liquorices root extract of Glycyrrhia 

glabra L plant is one of it, which use in the medicine more than 4000 years in the China as a drug 

for cold and cough , also many studies and researches indicate that spraying Liquorices root 

extract on plants improving growth parameters because these root extracts contain many 

nutrients ( N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Mg ), Carbohydrates and Amino acids (Asparagine and Chlino ( 

as well as the active matter of Liquorice root Extract be characterized similar action like GA 

hormone . because of that an experiment was conducted In the lath house of agriculture college 

/university of Kufa , to study the effect of foliar application of PRO.SOL nutrient solution and 

Liquorices root extract on growth parameters of Geranium (Pelargonium zonale L.) cultivar Hans 

Rigler, included test of three concentration of nutrient solution PRO.SOL i.e. (0,1,1.5)gm.L -1 and 

three concentration of Liquorices root extract i.e. (0,1.5,3.0)gm.L -1 , experiment was conducted as 

factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with two factors. Duncan's 

Multiple Range test was used at probability of 0.05 to compared means. Results showed that 

spraying plant with Nutrient Solution of PRO.SOL at concentration of (1.5)gm.L -1 or Liquorice root 

extract concentration of (3.0) gm.L -1 significantly increased growth parameters ( plant height , 

numbers of total leaves , shoot dry weight , total roots number ,roots dry weight, leaf content of 

total chlorophyll , potassium and iron) in spring season, and number flowers.floret -1 and first flower 

diameter of the floret and flower content of anthocyanine in autumn and spring season compared 

to the lowest values which produced from non-spraying plant (control). Results revealed that the 

interaction between Nutrient Solution of PRO.SOL at concentration of (1.5)gm.L -1 and Liquorice 

extract concentration of (3.0)gm.L -1 significantly increased plant height, number of total leaves, 

shoot dry weight total roots number, roots dry weight and leaf contents of total chlorophyll, 

potassium and iron in autumn season, and increasing significantly in the number of flowers.floret -1 , 

flower diameter of the first floret and flower content of anthocyanine in the autumn and spring 

season compared to the lowest values which produced from control treatment. 

Key words: Foliar, flowering, geranium, growth, liquorice extract. 

4.17 In Vitro Multiplication of Achillea fragrantissima Forssk Sch. Bip 

Laila SasiYounes 1 , Rida A. Shibli 1 , Tamara Said Al-Qudah 2 

1 Department of Horticulture and Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan. 2 Hamdi 

Mango Center for Scientific Research (HMCSR), University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Achillea fragrantissima L. is a wild medicinal herbal plant found in Jordan and 

neighboring countries. The biodiversity of this plant is heavily subjected to loss because of heavy 

grazing, land cultivation and collection by people to be used in folk medicine. In the current study, 

increasing the mass production of this medicinal plant was achieved by in vitro propagation 

techniques, rooting and acclimatization. Micropropagation of Achillea fragrantissimawas initiated 

from seeds. Seeds were surface-sterilized and cultured on the surface of half-strength, fullstrength 

MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium, or water-agar medium, with or without plant growth 

regulators (PGRs). Complete germination of seeds (100%) was obtained in water-agar medium 

and developed into plantlets with greater hypocotyl and root length, and full cotyledonary leaves. 

Multiplication of mother stock was established on MS (Murashige and Skoog) media 

supplemented with 1mg/L GA 3 after 4 weeks of culture. Proliferation was experimented with 

different levels (0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2 or 1.6 mg/L) of BA, kinetin or 2ip. Maximum proliferation of 

Achillea fragrantissima (8 shoots/ explant) was obtained when MS medium supplemented with 1.2 

mg/L of kinetin was used. Rooting was experimented at different levels (0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, or 

1.6 mg/L) of NAA, IAA or IBA. Highest root number (9.80cm) and length (1.80 cm) was obtained at 

0.4 mg/L NAA, while IAA failed to promote root induction. Rooted plantlets were successfully 

acclimatized with 100% survival. 

Key words: Achillea fragrantissima, forssk, in vitro, multiplication. 

103

4.18 Effect of Some Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on Productivity of 

Medicinal Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Plant 

Mahmoud Khourang 1 , Ghasem Hossein Talaei 2 , Mehdi Rezaei 2 , Parisa 

Brumand 3 

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Tarbiat Modares University. 2 Department of agriculture, 

Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University of Tehran. 3 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of 

Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, IRAN. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most important of medicinal plants. 

Today‟s products of the flax plant have grown in number and importance, and human consumption 

of the flax is increasing rapidly for its food and industrial benefits. A diverse variety of biological 

and chemical fertilizers have been used to increase the quality and quantity of crops yield so far. A 

field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Trbiat Modares 

University, during spring season of 2010-2011, to study the effect of some chemical and biological 

fertilizers containing macro nutrients (i.e 100 kg/ha Urea as the source of N, 100 kg/ha calcium 

super phosphate as the source of P, 150 kg/ha Potassium sulphate as the source of K and 150 

kg/ha N.P.K (10-15-10) containing fertilizer as the source of macro complete fertilizer, combination 

of 50 kg/ha + 50 ton/ha animal manure and 100 ton/ha animal manure) on yield and its component 

of a medicinal flax plant. Results showed that fertilizer treatments had significant effects on all of 

the studied characters with the exception of seed germination date and 4-leaf stage. The earliest 

and latest flowering date of plants were achieved by applying N.P.K fertilizer and 100 ton/ha 

animal manure respectively. The highest plant height in full flowering stage obtained by application 

of 100 ton/ha animal manure. Seeding date of plants was also significantly affected by applied 

fertilizers; 100 ton/ha animal manure and N.P.K treatment caused latest and earliest seeding date 

of plant, respectively. The lowest seed index was obtained in control treatment, whereas N.P.K 

fertilizer caused the highest 1000-seed weight. Seed yield, seed oil percentage and oil yield 

reached the highest values by adding 150 kg/ha potassium sulphate. Meanwhile oil composition of 

seed oils was significantly different because of applying various fertilizers, and linoleic acid had the 

highest amount in all of the tested samples. Protein content of seeds reached the highest value 

with the application of 100 ton/ha animal manure, while the phosphorus source ranked in the 

lowest position. 

Key words: Biological fertilizers, flax, Linum usitatissimum, medicinal plants. 

4.19 The Effects of Corm Harvesting Date and Liquid Fertilizer on Growth 

and Development of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) 

Majid Amini Dehaghi 1 , Hossein Amirshekari 1 , and Mohammad Ghasem 

Jami 2 

1 Associate Professor of Medicinal Plants Research Center and Shahed University. 2 M.Sc Student of 

Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahed, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Saffron as an important medicinal plant has an especial position in human‟s health 

and food. Irrigation, date of corm harvesting and suspension spraying are the most effective 

agents of augmenting Saffron‟s yield. An experiment was conducted to determine the imperative 

role of corm‟s size and suspension spraying on saffron‟s yield. Present research was done in 

2008-2009 in the experimental field of Shahed University Research Institute. The corms were 

picked from 3-year old saffron‟s field and then were planted on our experimental farm. Experiment 

was set out in split plot based on completely randomized block designs with triplicate. The main 

Factor was in 4 levels including corm harvesting‟s date (30Fr, 4 May, 19 May, 7 Sep), on the other 

hand the adjunct factor contained complete fertilizer in 4 levels of density (control, 5%, 7%, 9%). 

The complete fertilizer contained (Zn) 5/1%, (K2O) 15%، (P2O5) 8%, (N) 15%. The most important 

measured traits were: corm number, main corm number, Main corm dry weight, diameter of main 

corm, Dry weight of small corm of each main corm. According to the final results it turned out that 

spraying 7% suspension was the best treatment among main factors. On the other case, Dry 

104

weight of leaves and small corms diameter were in their best position through spraying 5% of 

suspension. The least growth was dedicated to the non-treatment in each characteristic. 

Furthermore, the highest numbers of small corms in each main corm was harvested through out 

interaction of forth harvesting, 5 and 7% of suspension spraying and complete fertilizer. However 

based on economical and environmental conditions, using treatment of 5% is offered. In whole 

levels of suspension spraying the best date of harvesting was forth harvesting (7 Sep.) considering 

the main corm‟s diameter. Interaction between forth harvesting with non-suspension spraying was 

offered for increasing main corm‟s dry weight. Considering whole measured traits we suggest that 

Saffron‟s farmer use interaction between the forth harvesting treatment (7 Sep.) and 7% 

suspension spray to achieve the satisfied results. 

Key words: Corm harvesting, main corm, saffron, suspension sprayin. 

4.20 Effects of Biological (Bio-Stimulators) and Chemical Fertilizers Foliar 

Application on fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.) Under 

Drought Stress. 

Masomeh Mohammdi 1 , Heshmat Omidi 2 , Ali Mehrafarin 3 , and Hasan Ali 

Naghdi Badi 3 

1 MSc Student, Department of agronomy and plant breeding, Agricultural College, University of 

Shahed. 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed university. 

3 Department of Cultivation and Development, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: To investigate the effects of drought stress and chemical fertilizer and bio-stimulators 

on yield and some quantitative characteristics of Trigonella foenum-gracum, a factorial experiment 

was conducted on the basis of completely randomized blocks design with three replicates in 

Department of Cultivation and Development, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR in Karaj, Iran in 

2011. Treatment included drought stress with levels of non stress (40%FC), average stress 

(55%FC) and Severe stress (70%FC) and fertilizer with levels control (A), aminolforte (B), 

Fosnutren (C), kadostim (D), humiforte(E), humiforte+50% (NPK)(F), humiforte+100% (NPK)(G). 

Results showed that effect of fertilizer ×drought stress was significant (P≤0.01) on parameters of 

chlorophyl, plant height , petiole length, Root fresh weight, Root dry weight, total seeds fresh 

weight, total seeds dry weight, seeds thousand weight, the number of seeds per pod. So that was 

the most chlorophyll, petiole length, number of seeds per pod related to the combination treatment 

Fosnutren with non stress and most plant height, root dry weight, root fresh weight, seed dry 

weight related to the combination treatment humiforte+100% (NPK) with severe stress and most 

seeds fresh weight related to the combination treatment humiforte+100% (NPK) with average 

stress and most seeds thousand weight related to the combination treatment kadostim with severe 

stress. 

Key words: Biostimulators; chemical fertilizer, drought stress, fenugreek. 

4.21 First Results on Germination of Embryos of the Yew Tree (Taxus 

baccata ssp communis) Collected in Chréa (Algeria) 

Morsli A., Ait Abdelkader N., Benassoula F., Benslimani N. and Khelifi L. 

Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Ressources génétiques et Biotechnologies (LRGB), Ecole 

Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA), El Harrach, Alger, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The yew tree (Taxus baccata sp communis) is a leading species in medicinal plant. It 

is producing secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical interest, such as taxol (antimitotic 

molecule). However, this species does not regenerate itself in Algeria through seeds which are 

characterised with embryo dormancy. This earned it to the status of endangered species. The 

valorisation of its metabolite must, therefore, pass through its regeneration and its conservation 

and multiplication both in situ and ex situ. To do this, it is imperative to lift this embryo dormancy. 

Indeed, sterile embryos are isolated from freshly harvested seeds and then disinfected and 

105

cultured in vitro. The WHITE and DCR culture media, stages of seed maturity and growing 

conditions (darkness / light) were tested. The best germination rate (83.33%) is obtained from 

embryos isolated from bright green seeds, grown on the WHITE culture medium in the dark. The 

addition of activated charcoal and/or PVP improves significantly the embryo germination quality on 

the one hand, and prevents culture browning, on the other hand. The seedlings thus obtained 

constitute a good starting material for taxol producing via biotechnological process or in the open 

field after the reintroduction of the acclimated seedlings in their natural environment. 

Key words: Embryo germination, in vitro, regeneration, Taxus baccata. 

4.22 Flavonoid Accumulation in Hypericum androsaemum Cell Cultures: 

Involvement of cAMP 

Paranhos, A. 

Faculdade de Farmácia and Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Universidade de Coimbra, 

Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Hypericum androsaemum L. is an herbaceous plant found in damp or shady places 

throughout Europe and has been used in traditional medicine owing to the diuretic and 

hepatoprotective properties of its aerial parts. These biological effects are attributed to the diverse 

flavonoids and phenolic acids known to be present in this species. Cell cultures have been 

recognized to represent a potential alternative source of secondary plant constituents and also a 

valuable tool for the study of biosynthetic pathways and regulation of metabolite synthesis. Cell 

suspension cultures established from hypocotyl-derived callus of H. androsaemum were reported 

to accumulate low amounts of flavonoids, with the highest levels being observed during the 

stationary phase (day 14). More recently, it was shown that treatment of 11-day-old cultures for 

72h with 15 mM CaCl 2 or 5 µM calcium ionophore A23187 increased considerably the 

accumulation of flavonoids and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key 

regulatory enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism assayed. Since calcium and cAMP systems 

often interact to regulate cell functions, similar experiments were carried out using either 100 µM 

dibutyryl-cAMP, a membrane-permeable cAMP analogue, or 100 µM IBMX, a cNMP 

phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Treatments with these modulators of intracellular cAMP also induced 

a marked increase in both PAL activity and flavonoid content of cells recorded on day 14. On the 

other hand, the addition of 100 µM 8-Br-cGMP (a membrane-permeable, phophodiesteraseresistant 

cGMP analog) had no significant effect on flavonoid production, even though the PAL 

activity levels were higher than in the untreated cells. In contrast, treatment of cultures with the 

adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (20µM) enhanced the accumulation of flavonoids without any 

significant increase in the levels of PAL activity. Taken together, these findings point to a possible 

involvement of cAMP signaling in the biosynthesis of flavonoids by H. androsaemum cell cultures 

and also indicate that PAL activity is not always correlated with the accumulation of these 

compounds. 

Key words: Cell culture, flavonoid, forskolin, Hypericum androsaemum, metabolism. 

4.23 Growth and Yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L) as Influenced by Humic 

Acid Foliar Spraying and Nitrogen Fertilization 

Saddam Aref Al-Dalain 1 ., Jawad A. Al-Dala'een 2 ., Adel H. Abdel-Ghani 3 ., 

Haditha A.Thalaen 4 ., and Khalil A. Al-Dhala'in 5 

1 Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa’ Applied University ,Al-Salt 19117, Jordan. 2 Karak 

University College, Balqa’Applied University, P. O. Box 36 Karak (61151) Jordan. 3 Department of 

Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Karak, Jordan. 4 Plant 

Production -Vegetable Farming Since, P.O. Box 4,Karak – Jordan. 5 Southern Ghour Province 

Agricultural Directorate- Ministry Of Agriculture, Jordan. 

106

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Field experiments were conducted during two successive seasons of 2009/2010 and 

2010/2011 at a private farm in South Ghor area, Al-Karak, Jordan, to study the effect of humic acid 

foliar spray with three concentrations 0,0,100, and 200 mg/liter and three levels of nitrogen 

fertilizer, i.e. 0, 45,and 90 kg/ha pure nitrogen on urea form on Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) 

growth and productivity. Results showed plant height, herbage yield and oil (%) were influenced by 

foliar spraying of humic acid and with nitrogen fertilizer application and their interaction effects. 

Foliar spraying of humic acid at 100 and 200 mg/liter and nitrogen application at both doses (45 

and 90 kg/ha) resulted in more vigorous plants and significantly increased herbage yield, plant 

height and essential oil (%) compared to their respective control. More growth and yield were 

associated with higher humic acid and nitrogen fertilizer treatments. Foliar humic acid application 

at 100 and 200 mg/liter combined with nitrogen fertilizer application (45and 90 kg/ha) led to 

maximize the growth and essential oil (%), although non-significant in most cases. 

Key words: Thyme( Thymus vulgaris L.), growth, humic acid, nitrogen fertilization. 

4.24 Effect of Magnetic Field on Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus l.) Seedlings 

SHARAF-ELDIN Mahmoud 1,2 , ALGORASHY Assari 1 , SABRY Refaat 3,4 , and 

ELSAYED Ibrahim 3 

1 Sara bint Rached bin Ghonaim research chair for cultivating non-traditional medicinal and 

aromatic plants, College of Sciences and Humanitarian Studies, Salman bin Abdulaziz University 

(SAU), P.O. Box 83, 11942 Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). 2 Department of Medicinal and 

Aromatic Plants Research, National Research Centre (NRC). 12622-Cairo, Egypt. 3 Salman bin 

Abdulaziz University (SAU), College of Sciences and Humanitarian Studies, Physics Department. 

PB 83, 11942 Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. 4 <strong>International</strong> Centre for Advanced Studies in Physical 

Sciences, Faculty of Physics & Astronomy, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Application of electricity, magnetism, monochrome light, and sound can stimulate the 

growth of plants to a great extent. This little-known technology, called Electro-culture, can 

accelerate growth rates, increase yields, and improve crop quality. Electro-culture can protect 

plants from diseases, insects and frost. These methods also can reduce the requirements for 

fertilizer or pesticides. Growers can produce greater and better crops in less time, with less effort, 

and at a lower cost. The energies are applied to the seeds, plants, soil or the water and nutrients. 

Cardoon plant (Cynara cardunculus L.) would be one of the best plants suits for the reclaimed 

desert lands in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Last year in the market the price of the fresh 

artichoke head was SAR 5.53/0.37g and for processed artichoke receptacle was SAR 11.50/400g. 

Here we report for the first time the cultivation of cardoon in the KSA in particular at Alkharj 

Governorate. A laboratory experiment was carried out during the successive season of 2011/2012 

at the premises of the Sara bint Rached bin Ghonaim Research Chair for Cultivating non- 

Traditional Medicinal and Aromatic plants, SAU, KSA, to study the effect of magnetic field (MF) on 

cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) seedlings. Seeds of Cynara cardunculus L. (Compositae) of 

German origin were supplied by Jelitto GmbH, Germany. Seventy five mT MF was used as 

follows: three different MF exposure time were studied as MF1: 15 min., MF2: 30 min. or MF3: 45 

min, and MF0: not exposed to MF (control) were studied. We found that magnetic fields (MF) had 

significant effects on most of agronomic parameters studied. Days to germinate, germination 

percentage, seedling length (cm), root length (cm), seedling fresh and dry weight (g) influenced 

with the increase in MF exposure time. Among various MF exposures time (MF2) exhibited the 

best growth attributes. Additionally, root system was influenced by MF exposure. 

Key words: Cardoon, Cynara cardunculus, magnetic field. 

107

4.25 Antioxidants In Vitro Androgenic Culture of Aesculus hippocastanum 

Štajner Dubravka 1 , Popović Boris 1 , Ćalić Dušica 2 and Štajner Marijana 3 

1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad,. 

2 Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stankovi ı", University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan ,Blvd. 

142, 11000 Belgrade. 3 Emergency Centre, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1, 21000 

Novi Sad, Serbia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In vivo antioxidant scavenging activity of leaves and seed embryos, and in vitro 

androgenic embryos of Aesculus hippocastanum was study. Total antioxidant capacity of all the 

samples of A. hippocastanum was determined using FRAP, DPPH, and NO• radical scavenger 

capacity. Antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase 

and glutathione peroxidas, reduced glutathione quantity, flavonoids, soluble protein contents, 

quantities of malonyldialdehyde, and •OH radical presence in the investigated plant samples were 

determined. The leaves of A. hippocastanum had stronger antioxidant activity, (higher activities of 

SOD, higher quantities of GSH, TSH, TP, scavenging abilities of DPPH and NO•, higher FRAP 

values and lowest quantities of •OH and MDA) than in vitro obtained androgenic embryos. 

Androgenic embryos of A. hippocastanum had low amount of antioxidants due to the controlled 

environmental conditions we employed (T, photoperiod, humidity, nutritive factors, pathogen-free), 

and it can be concluded that tissue culture methods produce optimal condition for the growth of 

androgenic embryos. The optimization of in vitro conditions for mass production of androgenic 

embryos could improve cultivation techniques, conservation of these species, as well as protection 

from leaf miners. 

Key words: Antioxidant, Aesculus hippocastanum, androgenic embryo, tissue culture. 

4.26 Biotechnological Approaches for Cultivation of Rh. rosea - Endangered 

Medicinal Plant 

Tasheva, Krasimira and Kosturkova, Georgina 

Plant Growth and Devepolment Regulation Department, Institute of Plant Physiology and 

Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: At present more than 50 000 plant species are used in the two major fields: the 

contemporary phytotherapy and the modern allopathic medicine. World wide about 2/3 of those 50 

000 medicinal plants are harvested from nature. The share of the cultivated plants used in the 

pharmaceutical industry is quite small, yet, being only 10 % in Europe. The number of natural 

populations is decreasing progressively leading to local extinction of many species or degradation 

of their habitats. Bulgaria is in the leading world positions in export of wild medicinal plants. Annual 

harvest varies between 15 000 t and 17 000 t. Half of them are collected in the mountains while 

80% of them are exported. Bulgarian medicinal plants are famous for their high content of 

biologically active substances. Rhodiola rosea is a medicinal succulent plant with limited area of 

distribution. The species is protected by Law in Bulgaria and other countries (Romania, Russia, 

UK etc). Roots and rhizomes contain biological active substances. Extracts from roots and 

rhizomes are used in prevention and treatment of some social important diseases – neurology, 

cardio-vascular, oncology etc. The plants need 4-6 years to accumulate the high content of 

basic/main/ biologically active substances. The biotechnological tools are important to select, 

multiply and conserve the critical genotypes of medicinal plants. Some of the most important is the 

clonal propagation of identically plants in in vitro condition. Plant material from wild growing plants 

and seeds (selected for high level of salidroside and rosavin complex) were used for initial 

experiments in vitro. Efficient systems for mass plant propagation and callusogenesis were 

established. Acclimatization of rooted rodiola plantlets in the greenhouse and in natural conditions 

was successful up to 70 % and 68 %, respectively. Phytochemical analysis did not prove 

biologically active substances in the roots of one month old regenerants in test tubes. However, 

salidroside was detected in the rhizome and roots of one and two year old regenerants grown in 

the mountains and in the green house. 

Key words: Biotechnological, cultivation, medicinal plant, mountain, phytotherapy, rosea. 

108

The 3 RD <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Medicinal Plants, their Cultivation and Aspects of Uses 

Topic (5): The Use of Extracts from Medicinal Plants as Part of Integrated Pest 

Management Programs 

5.1 Biological Control of Leaf Spot Disease by A Few South Indian Medicinal 

Ferns 

A. John De Britto 

PG & Research Department of Botany, St.Xavier’s College (Autonomous) Palayamkottai – 627 

002 Tamil Nadu India 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Leaf spot is a common disease in agriculture with severe yield loss. This harmful 

disease is caused by a phyto pathogenic bacteria namely Xanthomonas campestris. It is a multiantibiotic 

resistant bacterium. Many vegetable and cash crops are severely affected by the leaf 

spot disease which is caused by X. campestris. These bacteria have acquired resistance to 

synthetic pesticides. Pathovars of Xanthomonas are reported to have developed resistance to 

kanamycin, ampicillin, penicillin and streptomycin. Considering the resistant potency of X. 

campestris, there is an urgent need for alternative agents for the management of this pathogenic 

microorganism. Pteridophytes (ferns) are one of the oldest land plant groups on earth and 

constitute a vast group of vascular cryptograms. Ferns also show medicinal utility and many of 

them are being used medicinally from ancient time. These plants are resistant to a wide array of 

pathogens. The rich diversity of Indian medicinal ferns has been evaluated for their antimicrobial 

properties, and this may have proved beneficial for mankind. All the parts like rhizome, stem, 

fronds, pinnae and spores contain antimicrobial and medicinal potency due to the presence of 

secondary metobolites. Hence in the present study biocontrol activity of ten south Indian medicinal 

ferns on X. campestris was investigated. The antibacterial activity of five solvent extracts of ten 

medicinal ferns collected from the Western Ghats of south India was checked by agar disc 

diffusion method on MH agar medium. The methanol extracts of all the ferns gave successful 

result against the tested bacteria. Phytochemical analysis of all the extracts revealed that 

antibacterial activity is due to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. 

According to the results of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and RPI (Relative Percentage 

Inhibition) values, ferns extracts could be used as bio control agents for the management of 

pathogenic bacteria X. campestris. 

Key words: Antibacterial activity, leaf spot, pteridophytes, Xanthomonas campestris. 

5.2 Activity of Neem (Azadirachta indica a.juss) Extracted (Azadirachtin) on 

Mosquito Culex Pipiens pipiens (Dptera: Culicidea) 

ALOUANI, Abdelouaheb 1 REHIMI, N and SOLTANI, N 2 

1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ibn Khaldoun –Tiaret. 2 Department of Biological 

Sciences, University of Badji Moukhtar Annaba, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Various neem products have been researched extensively for their phytochemistry 

and exploitation in pest control programmes. A number of bioactive components have been 

Isolated from various parts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica ; Meliacae).These chemical 

compounds have different designations, among which Azadirachtin is the major component, and 

the predominant insecticidally active ingredient of seed, leaves, and other parts of the neem tree. 

Neem components show multiple effects against different insects such as mosquitoes. 

Azadirachtin (3.2% w/w) was tested for its effects against 1 th and 2 nd instars larvae of Culex pipiens 

(Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory conditions, following the standard World Health Organization 

insecticide susceptibility methodology. The results have been exploited according to classic 

statistical methods. A linear correlation was revealed between concentration and larval mortality . 

At first stage, larval mortality increased from 44.44 % at 0.125 mg /L to 93.05 % at concentration 

1mg /L of azadirachtin in direct effect. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) values was 0, 18 

mg / L. Cumulate mortality increased from 54.28% to 95.71% at 0,125mg/L and 1mg/L 

respectively. The LC50 value for the indirect effect was 0.12 mg/L. At second stage, larval 

109

mortality increased from 39.66 % at 0.125 mg /L to 91.77 % at concentration 1mg /L of 

azadirachtin in direct effect. The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) values was 0, 20 mg / L. 

Cumulate mortality increased from 46.43% to 94.32% at 0,125mg/L and 1mg/L respectively. The 

LC50 value for the indirect effect was 0.15 mg/L. Treatment resulted in a significant larvicidal effect 

and an inhibition of adult emergence. Moreover, treatment with azadirachtin caused different types 

of deformation in the larva, pupa and adult stages of mosquito. 

Key words: Azadirachta indica, Culex pipiens pipiens, larvicidal, mortality. 

5.3 In vitro Insecticidal Effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Against 

the Tomato leaf Miner (Tuta absoluta , Meyrick, 1917) 

AMMAD Faiza , BOUTECHENT R., AMADA Farid, and AOUES K. 

1 Department of Agronomy, Saad Dahleb University, PB. 270, route de Soumaa Blida, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The objective of this work has focused on evaluating the insecticidal activity (in vitro) 

of an essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis against the larvae of Tuta absoluta. The hydro 

distillation as a method of extracting the essential oil of the plant tested (Rosemary) and Gaz 

Phase Chromography (GPC) as a method for separating the complex substance of volatile 

products and the identification and quantification of chemical compounds, the insecticidal potential 

of the essential oil was evaluated by adding to 4 different doses (D1 :1ml H E +99ml Tween 

,D2 :1.5 ml H E +98.5ml Tween . ,D3 :2ml H E +98ml Tween ,D4 ; 2.5ml H E +97.5 ml Tween . 

The application of treatment was on Tuta Larvae (L2et L3) by contact. The control larvae were 

treated by contact only by Tween 80 (3%), the counting of dead larvae was performed 24 hours, 

48 h, 72 h and 96 h after each treatment. Statistical Method was done using: SYSTAT, 

ver.12.SPSS 2009 and GLM (General Linear Model) and calculation of lethal concentration that 

produce 50% of mortality. The analytical study of essential oil by (GPC), showed the presence of 

sixty (16) chemical compounds: Cineole (56.90%) followed respectively by the pinene and 

camphor (16.75% and 10.17%),α cadinene ( 0.0311%) and others. The essential oil of rosemary 

used introduced a gradation of insecticide activity against larvae of the tomato leaf-miner by dose 

and exposure time. The Lethal concentration (LC50) that induces 50% mortality of the study 

population is 1.6mg/cm3. It is concluded that the essential oil of rosemary has toxic effect by 

contacting and that substances used have a strong insecticide effect. 

Key words: In vitro, Rosemary, Tuta absoluta meyrick. 

5.4 Effectiveness of Certain Chemical and Safe Alternative Compounds as a 

Management Tool of the Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis 

(Costa) Infesting Okra 

Amro, Mohamed A 1 . and Abd El-Rahim, Gamal H 2 . 

1 Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 

2 Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Population fluctuations of the cotton seed bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) was 

monitored on okra (Abelmoschus spp.) in Assiut governorate, northern Upper Egypt during 2009 

and 2010 okra growing seasons. In both seasons the pest showed two peaks. The first peak was 

recorded in the third week of July, while the second one was recorded in mid August. Gradually 

increase of the pest numbers was detected before each peak and coincided with the increase of 

the nymphal stage populations. This could be considered as a prove that O. hyalinipennis may 

have two generations on okra planted in northern Upper Egypt. The ability of certain chemical and 

safe alternative compounds in reducing O. hyalinipennis populations in okra dry fruits was 

determined. The chemical compound Sumithion 50% EC reduces the pest numbers by 92.21%. 

However, the tested safe alternative compounds had less effectiveness (ranged 37.58% to 

110

80.77%). Although the latter compounds ranked the second, they could be used as a promising 

tool in suppressing O. hyalinipennis infestation on okra dry fruits. First because they had 

acceptable reduction percentage in the pest numbers. Second, because they had low residual 

effects. Furthermore, they can be applied more than one time in one okra growing season. 

Key words: Chemical, costa, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, okra, safe compounds. 

5.5 Investigation on the Repellency Effect of Three Ethanolic Extract Against 

Aphis fabae 

Asiyeh Salari Sabzevara 1, 2 , Kamal A 1 ., Hakimeh N 1,2 ., and Mandana M 1,2 

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of 

Kerman.. 2 Member of Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar Univ. of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: To reduce the dependence on the sometimes unwise use of synthetic pesticides in 

fruit and vegetable plantations, the repellent effect of Peganum harmala L. (seed), Calendula 

officinalis L. (seed) and Melia azedarach L. (dried fruit) ethanolic extracts on Aphis fabae Scopoli 

were assayed in the laboratory. Dual-choice experiments were conducted on broad bean leaves. 

Half-part of leaves were sprayed with the ethanolic extracts (5 and 10 mg.mL -1 ) and other parts 

were exposed to ethanol (95%). The experiment's results indicate clearly repellency effect of these 

plant derived chemicals on 1-2- and 3-4-day old nymphal stage of A. fabae. Mostly, the same 

effects were observed on the different ages of the aphid. The highest repellent index (RI) (Ca. 

62%) was recorded on 1-2 day old and 3-4 day-old A. fabae individuals with C. officinalis ethanolic 

and P. harmala seed extract after 72 hours, respectively. The lowest repellent index (RI) (Ca. 

30%) was recorded on 3-4 day old individuals with M. azedarach extract after 48 hours. At the 

concentration of 5 mg.mL -1 on the 3-4 day old A. fabae, repellency percentages were significantly 

higher in P. harmala than C. officinalis and M. azedarach treatments after 24 hours. The result 

indicated that there were significant differences between susceptibility of 1-2 day old and 3-4 day 

old with C. officinalis (5 mg.mL -1 ) after 24 and 48hours. There were significant differences between 

the effect of C. officinalis 10 and 5mg.mL -1 on 3-4 day old A.fabae. Repellency effects of different 

plant derived chemicals were not significantly different in the different days of the experiment. 

Therefore, these botanical extract can be applied as a repellent to control this pest. 

Key words: Aphis fabae, bean leaves, Melia azedarach, pest. 

5.6 Investigation of Insecticidal Properties of Extract of Hypericum 

perforatum L. on Plutella xylostella, Tribolium castaneum and 

Callosobruchus maculatus 

AskarianzadehA 1,2 ., Hosseinpour M.H 2 ., Rastegar F 2 ., Akbari F 2 . 

1 Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University. 2 Plant Protection Department, College of 

Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Now days, application of botanical insecticides was considered because of side 

effects of chemical pesticides such as environmental pollution, poison residue on the crops and 

resistance of the insects. In this study, insecticidal properties of Hypericum perforatum L. was 

evaluated. For this purpose, efficacy of extract of H. perforatum on the feeding indices of Plutella 

xylostella and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) and on the oviposition detergency of 

Callosobruchus maculates (F.) were tested. Also contact toxicity effect of the extract on C. 

maculates and P. xylostella was evaluated and chemical composition of essential oil was 

identified. Results showed that extract with 5000 ppm concentration was effective on feeding 

indices of P. xylostella, but on T. castaneum until 25000 pm, no effect was observed. Oviposition 

detergency of the extract with increasing concentration was increased, so that in 20000 ppm 

significant difference with control was seen. Lethal concentration for 50% mortality (LC 50 ) on the 

adult of C. maculates and third larval instar of P. xylostella was 64619.67 and 21731 ppm, 

respectively. Result of this study suggested that extract of H. perforatum could be efficient as a 

natural insecticide against stored products pests and other agricultural pests. 

Key words: Callosobruchus maculates, Hypericum perforatum, mortality, oviposition. 

111

5.7 The use of seaweed extract of Padina pavonica, Sargassum vulgare 

and Ulva linza as biocide against Penicillium digitatum in the treatment 

of post-Harvest citrus 

Asma Chbani, Hiba Mawlawi, and Rosette Mansour 

Doctoral school for sciences and technology. Azm centre for research in biotechnology and its 

application. Lebanese University. El Miten street, Tripoli, Lebanon. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Penicillium digitatum is a plant pathogen. It is a common postharvest fungus disease 

of citrus called green mold. Aqueous extracts obtained from Padina pavonica, Sargassum vulgare 

and Ulva linza have no effect on the growth of P.digitatum on Sabouraud. The zones of inhibition 

shown by the Dichloromethanolic extract from Padina pavonica (12mm) and Sargassum vulgare 

(13mm) are lower than the zone of the antifungal (14 to 15mm) while the extract from Ulva linza 

(14.2mm) is practically equivalent. The results of adhesion test showed that aqueous and organic 

extracts of Sargassum vulgare showed a high index of adherence (17 and 25), while the aqueous 

extracts and organic of Ulva linza and Padina pavonica presented a low index of adhesion

5.9 Evaluation of the efficiency of a Formulated Biopesticide Based 

Essential Oil Thyme on the Larvae Tomato Leafminer (Tuta absoluta 

meyrick), Compared to a Synthetic Insecticide (Thiamethoxam) 

BABA-AISSA Moussaoui Karima 1 , Benrima-Guendouz A 1 ., MOUSSAOUI K 1 ., 

ZIOUCHE S 1,2 ., CHAICHI Wi 1 ., TCHAKER F 1 ., BOUNACEUR F. 3 and 

DJAZOULI Z 1 . 

1 Université Saad Dahleb, Faculté des Sciences Agro-Vétérinaires, Département d’Agronomie, B.P. 

270, route de Soumaa Blida, Algérie. 2 Ministère de l’Agriculture et du Développement Rural, 

Direction de la Protection des Végétaux et Contrôle Technique,12, Avenue Colonel Amirouche. 

Alger, 3 Université Ibn Khaldoun, BP 78 Tiaret. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Currently, aromatic plants have a considerable advantage thanks to the discovery of 

applications from their essential oils in the biological fight against pests. The study focused on 

evaluating the efficacy of a biopesticide formulated: an essential oil of thyme on the larvae of the 

tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta Meyrick), compared with a synthetic insecticide (Thiamethoxam). 

The different doses applied during treatment shows that the full dose (D) of biopesticide essential 

oil of thyme proved the most effective compared to other doses and applied at the registered rate 

(HR) of the plant protection product due to its low residual populations recorded (PR

5.11 Antioxidant and Antifeedant Activities of Origanum glandulosum Desf. 

Acetone Extract 

Belhattab Rachid 1 and Azucena Gonzalez- Coloma 2 

1 Biochemistry Department Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas- Setif 

19000, Setif, Algeria. 2 ICA, CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Origanum glandulosum Desf .an endemic species growing wild in Algeria belongs to 

the Lamiaceae family. The plant is largely used as a beverage and also as source of medicines to 

cure several pains such as rheumatism, cough and digestive disorders. Acetone extract of the 

crushed aerial parts of the plant was obtained using a Soxhlet apparatus. Total phenolic content 

determined spectrophotometrically according to Folin-Ciocalteu method in terms of cafeic acid 

equivalent was 100,6 mg/100ml extract (38.7%w/w). The radical scavenging activity evaluated by 

the DPPH test afforded 76.0% when compared to cafeic acid (100%), whereas the antifeedant 

assay was assessed on three insects Spodoptora littoralis Boisd. (Lep:Noctuidae), Myzus persicae 

and Ropalosiphum podi fifth instar larvae. The amounts of plant consumed have been recorded 

for S.littoraalis as well as the number of insects (Myzus persicae and Ropalosiphum podi) settled 

on each leaf disk. 

Key words: Acetone extract, antifeedant, antifungal, insects, Origanum glandulosum. 

5.12 Effects of Wild Rose (Rosa sp.) Crude Seed Extracts on Legume Aphids 

Ben Cheikh-Affene Zohra 1 , Chaieb Ikbal 2 , Haouala Faouzi 3 and Harzallah- 

Skhiri Fethia 4 

1 Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Higher Agronomic Institute, University of 

Sousse. 2 Laboratory of Entomology, Regional Centre of Recherche in Horticultural and Organic 

Agriculture. 3 Department of Agronomy and Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Agronomy of 

Tunisia, University of Carthage. 4 Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Valorisation of 

Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir. Tunisia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Crude hexane seed extracts of four wild species of roses of Caninae Section: Rosa 

canina L., Rosa dumetorum Thuiller., Rosa pomifera Herm. and Rosa rubiginosa L. were screened 

for their insecticidal activity on two aphid species: black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) and pea 

aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Scop.), feed on several cultivated species. Tests were conducted 

using in vitro spraying of each rose seed extract at four doses: 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg ml -1 . Results 

showed a bigger sensitivity of Aphis fabae to rose extracts. Indeed, at the dosis of 40 mg ml -1 , the 

mortality varied from 25 to 47% for Aphis fabae and from 22 to 34% for Acyrthosiphon pisum. The 

maximum of mortality for the two aphid species was observed with hexane extracts of R. 

Dumetorum. This insecticidal activity may be due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the 

tested extracts. 

Key words: Rosa canina, Rosa dumetorum, Rosa pomifera, Rosa rubiginosa, seeds, Aphis fabae. 

5.13 The Insecticidal Effect of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts From the 

South-West of Algeria 

Boulenouar Noureddine 1,2 , Cheriti Abdelkrim 1 and Belboukhari Nasser 2 

1 Phytochemistry & Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Bechar University. 2 Laboratory of Bioactive 

Molecules and Chiral Separation, Bechar University, Bechar 08000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Blatella germanica is one of the insect species that cause lot of problems for the 

society. The existing treatments for this species are chemicals known as harmful for the 

environment. In addition, this species is known for its resistance to many products. The purpose of 

our study is the use of medicinal plants as source of bioinsecticide. In this study, the insecticidal 

effect of extracts from four medicinal and/or poisonous plants from the South-West of Algeria: 

Nerium oleander, Limoniastrum feei, Fredolia aretioides and Calotropis procera (two parts from 

each plants) was evaluated against Blattella germanica. Aqueous extracts were obtained by 

extraction with heat reflux procedure. Two supports were used to carry out the tests (nutritive 

114

support: wafer, non nutritive support: sawdust). For the tests with nutritive support the 

concentrated extract and four dilution were evaluated (1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8). For the non nutritive 

support, a quantity of 1g for 4ml of each concentrated extract was tested. A coupling between the 

extracts was carried out to evaluate the effect of synergy. The tests were realized on adult insects. 

Concerning the first support, the results did not show any insecticidal effect. Some extracts 

especially from toxic plants showed death rates between 20 and 80% by using the sawdust. The 

coupling of the extracts did not increase the insecticidal effect. This study has demonstrated that 

the extracts of certain plants contain bioactive substances which can be used as source of bioinsecticide 

against Blattella germanica. 

Key words: Bio-insecticide, Blattella germanica, medicinal plants, poisonous plants, sawdust. 

5.14 Digestive Tract Histological Disorder of L5 Locust Schistocerca 

gregaria (Orthoptera, Cyrtacanthacridinae) After Ingestion of Peganum 

harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) 

Bounaceur F., 1 Milat-Bissaad F.Z. , 2 Outtar F. 3 and Doumandji Mitiche-B. 3 

1 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University Ibn Khaldoun. Tiaret . 2 Department of Biology, 

Faculty of Science, University of Boumerdes M'Hamed Bouguera. 1 National School of Agronomy 

ENSA, Department of Agricultural and Forest Zoology ENASA, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The Peganum harmala L. is known for its traditional use, the seeds have long been 

used as macrotis, anthelmintics, antispasmodic and in some cases against rheumatism and 

asthma. In the present work, we tested the effect of this plant on the gut histology of the 5 th 

nymphal instar of the desert locust. Because, is insect since consumes this plant despite that it be 

toxic. As the result, there was significant histological disorder in the digestive tract of the treated 

insect compared to the control. Such disorders were manifested mainly in the midgut. However 

there was no similar disorder observed in the foregut and hindgut of the treated insects. The 

present results revealed the effectiveness of the Peganum harmala against the desert locust in 

causing detrimental histological disorders in its mesenteron. 

Keywords: Peganum harmala, Schistocerca gregaria haemolymph. 

5.15 Preliminary Study of the Effects of Rootstocks and Viroids on the 

Essential Oil Composition of the Sweet Orange “The Maltaise Demi 

Sanguine” 

Chammem Nadia 1 , Najar Asma 2 , Sifaoui Ines 3 , Jribi Chokri 3 , and Ben 

Abderrabba Manef 3 

1 Institut National des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (INSAT), Centre urbain Nord. B.P. 

676, 1080 Tunis, Tunisie. 2 Laboratoire de protection des végétaux, Institut National de la 

Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Rue Hedi Karray, 2049 Ariana, Tunisie. 3 Institut Préparatoire 

aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques (IPEST) B.P. 51, 2070 La Marsa, Tunisie. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Besides tolerance against diseases, the use of rootstocks in citrus crops may be 

enhanced by studying some other important aspects like extraction and analysis of essential oils 

(E.O) that are more and more required as active biomolecules. The presence of E.O in the 

different tree organs may be influenced by factors affecting the plant status. In the present work, 

this influence has been studied in relation with viroid infection and the root stock species in the 

case of Tunisian Maltaise cultivar that was grafted on Citrumelo swingle and Citrus macrophylla 

and inoculated with exocortis and cachexia viroids. The analysis of terpenic composition of those 

E.O in the fruit exocarps showed that (i) Maltaise/Citrumelo swingle association of trees infected 

by exocortis gave two folds less of terpinen-4-ol and terpineol than the control. At the qualitative 

level, exocortis infection in this case induced biosynthesis of new molecules e.g. n-decanal, cis- 

115

carveol and δ- selinene, but inhibited others e.g. valencene. (ii) In the case of Maltaise/ Citrumelo 

macrophylla, cachexia reduced three times the quantity of limonene and nootkatone than exocortis 

and (iii) Maltaise/ Citrumelo swingle contained five folds more of linalol and two folds more of 

terpinen-4-ol and terpineol, than Maltaise/ Citrus macrophylla. 

Keywords: Cachexia, essential oils, exocortis, maltaise, rootstocks. 

5.16 Repellence and Anti-Oviposition Activities of Plant Products on 

Greenhouse Whitefly 

Dehghani , Mahsa 1, 2 ., and Ahmadi , Kamal 1 

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. 

2 Member of Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: 

Aleyrodidae), is an important cosmopolitan pest of many crops. Chemical control for the 

management of greenhouse whitefly has resulted in development of resistance and outbreak of 

population. So, Secondary metabolites of some plants have been successfully used for integrated 

control of the pests. The present study investigated the repellent and anti-oviposition activities of 

essential oils and aqueous extracts from Achillea millefolium and Thymus vulgaris against this pest 

in greenhouse condition. The cucumber plants with 5 fully expanded leaves were sprayed with the 

chemicals at 40 µl/ml concentration and control plants were treated with distilled water. Also, the 

essential oil of A. millefolium at the same volume (5 ml) (for avoid the phytotoxicity effect on the 

cucumber plant) were sprayed on the special filter paper (2×4 cm) attached at the petiole plant. 

Four treated plants with the plant derived chemical and four control plants were placed randomly in 

to a cage (60 × 60 × 80 cm). Three days after spraying with the plant products, approximately 250 

whitefly adults were released into the cages. Then three and six days after infesting with the 

greenhouse whitefly, the number of eggs and adults on detached cucumber leaf were recorded. 

Each experiment was repeated two times at the same greenhouse condition. The results revealed 

that all plant products affected on the oviposition and tropism behaviors of greenhouse whitefly. 

Among different treatments, the highest anti-oviposition effect was calculated by aqueous extracts 

of T. vulgaris (62.87%) six days after treatments. After 9 days, the anti-oviposition effect caused by 

all the chemicals ranged from 41.80% to 49.33% in aqueous extract and essential oil of A. 

millefolium, respectively. Moreover, the aqueous extract of A. millefolium had highest repellent 

effect (52.54%) six days after treatments. Also, to compare repellent effect of the chemicals on 

greenhouse whitefly, the highest repellent effect observed with the essential oil of A. millefolium 

(48.07%) nine days after treatments. These results showed that A. millefolium and Thymus 

vulgaris had relatively long lasting repellent and anti-oviposition activities on the adults of the 

greenhouse whitefly. 

Key words: Achillea millefolium, anti-oviposition activities, greenhouse whitefly, Thymus vulgaris., 

5.17 Insecticidal Activities of Five Plant Derived Chemicals on Thrips tabaci 

Lindeman 

Hakimeh Najmizadeh 1,2 , Kamal Ahmadi 1 , and Asieh salari 1,2 

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. 

2 Member of Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Natural compounds originating from plants might be potential alternative pesticide that 

are not persistent in the environment and are safe to non-target organisms and human for use in 

sustainable agriculture. During this project, ethanolic extracts (30 µl mL -1 ) of Melia azedarach L. 

(Fruits), Peganum harmala L. (seeds), Calendula officinalis L. (seeds), Ferula assafoetida L. 

(Resin) and Cercis siliquastrum L. (seeds) were applied against 1-2 and 5-6 day old of Thrips 

tabaci Lindeman. All the experiments were conducted by spray test bioassay in laboratory and 

ethanol (95%) was used as control treatments. The results indicated that all the used plant derived 

116

chemicals was highly toxic against the pre-imago thrips. The mortality percentage of the thrips (1- 

2-day old) after 72h was more than 90% in the ethanolic extract M.azedarach and P. harmala 

treatments. It was approximately 89% and 77% in the ethanolic extract of C. siliquastrum and C. 

officinalis, respectively. Moreover, the mortality percentage of the pest (5-6-day old) after 72 h was 

more than 73% in each of the plant extracts. The highest insecticidal activity against the abovementioned 

pre-imago thrips was recorded in F. assafoetida treatment (80.70%). The results could 

be concluded that these plant derived chemicals may be applicable as a safe insecticide in T. 

tabaci management programs. 

Key words: Bioassay, chemicals, insecticidal activities, Thrips tabaci. 

5.18 Assay for Biocontrol of Verticillium Wilt of Olive Trees (Olea eureupea) 

by Using Actinomyctes Strains 

Harir Mohamed, Belahcen Miloud, and Fortas Zohra 

Laboratory of biology of microorganisms and biotechnology; Faculty of sciences department of 

biotechnology university of Es Senia Oran Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The diseases phytopathogenes are responsible for the enormous economic losses, of 

which 70% are caused by fungus. To limit the damage caused by these diseases, the researchers 

employed various means of fight. Among these means, the chemical fight was the most used 

method. However, the exaggerated use of the chemicals leads to harmful side effects as much for 

the plant that for its environment. Thus the biological fight proved to be the means of the most 

respectful fight for the environment. From the grounds rhizospheric of the orchards of olive-tree of 

the Algerian west and arid sols of the Algerian south we isolated 188 stocks from actinomycetes 

showing different morphological characteristics. The tests of antagonistic activity of the isolates of 

actinomycetes by various methods enabled us to select 05 isolates, named A48, B14, ST1, T4 and 

T6, presenting considerable antagonist activity with respect to V. dahliae. A traditional taxonomic 

study was first of all undertaken on the basis of morphological characters. This study made it 

possible to show that 04 isolate on the other hand produce chains characteristic of the 

Streptomyces kind the characteristics of A48 isolate made it possible to classify it with the 

Nocardia kind. The selected isolates were the subject of kinetics of growth and of production of 

antibiotics in two test and culture media were then carried out on V. dahliae. The results of this test 

showed an activity much more important of A48 isolate compared to the other isolates, with the 

maximum ones of production of antibiotics to the 8 and the 15th day of incubation. The best 

solvent of extraction is the ethyl acetate or N-butanol. The CCM of the rough extract of filtrate of 

culture of A48 isolate on liquid ISP2 showed the presence of one 05 bands. We supposed that 

these antibiotics can be attached to the group of aromatic glycosylés. The application in vivo as of 

these isolate showed an important degree of protection of the tomato screw plants - with - 

verticilliose, of which the percentages vary between (42.16% and 61.44%). 

Key words: Actinomycetes, Rhizosphere, Tomato, V. dahliae, antagonism. 

5.19 Biological Control of Fusarium Root Rot Disease on Strawberry Plant 

Huda Hazim Al-Taae 

Plant Protection Dept. College of Agric. & Forestry Mosul Univ.Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The results of field survey which was conducted in greenhouses subsidiaries (the 

Plant Protection Department, Department of Horticulture and Nineveh plant cultivation) in the 

province of Nineveh- Iraq presence of many pathogens, especially fungal infect strawberry plants, 

and most frequently with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium solani, followed by Fusarium 

oxysporium in three houses plastic mentioned. The incidence varied in Fusarium root rot in field 

survey of the three sites were the highest in the greenhouse of the plant cultivation by of Nineveh 

65%. And that this study is the first study of the most important diseases of strawberry, In the test 

of effect several pesticides in the fungal diameter growth of F.solani In vitro. noted that the 

concentration of (100 mg active ingredient / l L )was sufficient to inhibit growth, except fungicide 

Tobsin was not effective in inhibiting growth of pathogenic fungus, where the percentage of 

117

inhibition 95%. In the during of bio-test to many biocides fungal and bacterial in diameter growth of 

F.solani In vitro. superiority Bio-resistant contain the active ingredient represented (T.V) 

Trichoderma viride, while there was no significant difference between bacterial biocides in the 

percentage of inhibition growth of pathogenic fungus. Test showed the effect of several biocides 

containing bacterial and fungal in the control of Fusarium root rot disease, in the greenhouse of the 

Plant Protection Department, observed a difference in the rate and severity infect of strawberry 

plants, the biocide containing active ingredient Trichoderma viride superiority than the other 

Biocides used in reducing the severity of infection, did not differ significantly from biocide 

containing the active ingredient Psudo fluorescens. Through this study the impact of biocides on 

several characters for strawberry plants did not differ biocides fungal and bacterial among 

themselves in terms of their impact on the green matter (chlorophyll) in the leaves of strawberry. 

Excelled Biocides vitality contain active ingredient, Bacillus thuringinsis, Bacillus subtilis and 

Psudo fluorescens of the leaf space percentage, and the superiority of biocide contain the active 

ingredient Bacillus subtilis in the length of strawberry plants root by treatment. There was no 

significant difference between all the biocides used in stem diameter of strawberry plants. 

Key words: Diameter growth, fusarium root, pathogenic fungus, strawberry survey. 

5.20 Effect of NSKE Under Field Condition Against Paracoccus marginatus 

(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Gossypium hirsutum at Different Agro 

Climatic Region of Tirunelveli District. 

Kanagarajan Prasanna Kumar and S.R.S, Selvakuthalingam 

RVS-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR Farm Extension Centre, Govt of India, Tirunelveli District 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Cotton, (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plays a pivotal position in fruiting parts but also 

encourages the development of black the economic development of many countries including 

sooty mould leading to significant reduction in yield due to various hemipteran pests. Recent 

outbreak of Mealy bug caused 12% of the total production in Tirunelveli District. As a result a Field 

study was carried out during Kharif 2010-11 under on form testing programme (OFT) to evaluate 

the efficacy of NSKE at field recommended doses 1.5 and 3.0% concentrations against cotton 

mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus on cotton at different climatic regions of Tirunelveli District. The 

result reveals that at 3.0% concentration there is significantly reduced the population of mealybug 

(60.23%) were noted and significant mortality occurs when concentration increased and the 

viability remains effective more than 72 hours time durations. Effective dosage of NSKE gives 

considerable mortality of Mealy bug and a noval Eco friendly approach in Pest and diseases 

Management. 

Key wards: Cotton mealybug, Gossypium hirsutum, insecticides, NSKE. 

5.21 Antifungal Activity of Some Anvillea radiata Extracts Against Fusarium 

oxysporum F.SP. Albedinis 

Mebarki lakhdar and Kaid harch meriem 

Laboratory of plant and microbial productions and valuations, University of Science and 

Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The date palm is for the people of the Sahara the tree of Providence that provides not 

only dates, rich food for humans and animals, but also a large number of different productions that 

are very helpful to the families of phoeniciculteurs.The date palm is also the backbone of the 

oases which are true islands of greenery and life in the desert. In fact, the recovery provided by its 

foliage creates a climate conducive to human life, their cultures and their livestock. The 

association of various cultures and livestock production allow not only for subsistence and self 

supply but also cash. However, this culture has continued to dicrease in the Maghreb as a result of 

the attack by a lethal vascular wilt called "Bayoud" and caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. 

118

albedinis. This disease appeared in Morocco before 1870, in the Draa Valley and during a century 

it has reached all Moroccan palm groves in destroying more than 12 million trees, then it increased 

in Algeria where it has invaded the palm of West and Centre by eradicating about 3 million trees 

the Bayoud continues to eradicate annually from 4.5 to 12% of palm groves. The idea of using 

natural products against the plant pathogens is becoming increasingly popular because their side 

effects are negligible and often the desired effect can be achieved by them.With this in mind, we 

have tried to study the action of some plant extracts on the development of this agent Fusarium. 

Within this framework, extracts of Anvillea radiata, a medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae 

family which is harvested in the region of Bechar south western Algeria, were tested on 

germination, mycelial growth, sporulation and the density of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis in 

soil under laboratory conditions. The results show that no inhibition was observed against 

germination, in contrast, an inhibitory effect was proven by the flavonoids. So, pectins and 

hemicellulosic extracts showed a suppression of sporogenesis, and a density reduction of 

Fusarium in soil was observed in the presence of extracts compared to control. These results are 

encouraging, which suggest the in vivo application of these extracts can be good alternatives to 

chemical pesticides because they are readily biodegradable in nature. 

Key words: Antifungal, Anvillea radiata, botanical extracts, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Albedinis. 

5.22 Study the Effect of Some Water Extracts of In Killing of the Two Insects 

Trogoderma granarium Everts and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) 

Nada S. Othman 

Plant Protection Dept. College of Agriculture & Forestry Mosul- Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This research was conducted to study the effect of some water plant extracts of 

leaves of the plants, Myrtle Myrtus communis L. , Rue Ruta graveolens L. , Rosemary 

Rosemarinus officanalsi , Basil Ocimum basilicum and Mint Mentha piperita L. with the 

concentrations 1, 4, 7, 9 % in calculating the death rates of Trogoderma granarium Everts. and the 

adults of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). It was found that the concentrations 7% and 9% of M. 

communis and the concentration 9% of R. graveolens resulted in the highest average death rates 

for the larvae of T. granarium which was 100%. The concentration 7% of R. graveolens extracts 

and 9% of M. piperita gave high death averages to be 96.67 and 93.33% respectively. The relative 

average for R. graveolens 10.00 and 2.28 for M. communis. The insect T. granarium recorded the 

concentrations 7% and 9% for the extracts of M. communis , R. graveolens and M. piperita with 

high death average rates to be 100%. M. piperita gave the highest efficiency rate which was 8.83, 

while the extracts of R. officanalsi recorded a low death rate to be 1.00 % for each of the two 

insects. 

Key words: Killing, Trogoderma granarium, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, water extracts. 

5.23 Effects of Methanolic Extract of Peganum harmala l. on Different Aphid 

Species 

Salari Elham 1.2 , Ahmadi Kamal 1 , and Zamani Dehyaghobi Reza 1,2 

1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran,. 

2 Member of Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. 1 Department 

of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran 4 Member of 

Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Aphids are noxious pests of greenhouse and field crops. Botanical derived chemicals 

as insecticides are less toxic for the human and other biological system in environment. Therefore, 

it could be required to investigate the possible use of botanical products as alternatives to 

synthetic insecticides for pest management of aphids. In order to determine the lethal effect of the 

methanol seed extracts of Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) on different aphids, the relative 

susceptibility of 3-4-day old individuals of the three aphid species were selected as the biotest. 

The insects included were Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae 

119

(Sulzer). All experiments were conducted by topical test bioassay and the distilled water was used 

as control. Experiments were carried out at 25±1°C temperature, relative humidity of 60±10% and 

16 hours of artificial light at an intensity of about 4000 lux. At the single rate of the plant extract (60 

mg.mL -1 ), after 72 h, the mean mortality percentage of A. gossypii treatments was 90.00% and it 

was the highest, while the mean mortality was 75.00% in the A. fabae treatments. The mortality 

was significantly higher in A. gossypii than in A. fabae treatments through the experiment. The 

highest and the least mortality of M. persicae treatments were 84.00% and 77.00% after 72 and 12 

hours, respectively. Also, the toxicity index (LC 50 ) of the methanol seed extracts of P. harmala for 

A. gossypii and M. persicae after 24 hours were calculated 7.49 and 36.40 mg.mL -1 , respectively. 

Key words: Aphid Species, methanolic extract, Peganum harmala. 

5.24 Management of Bromus tectorum and Melilotus indica through 

Allelopathic effect of Retama retam (Forssk) Webb & Berthel 

Salhi Nesrine 1 ,Salama M. El-Darier 2 and Halilat M.El-Taher 1 

1 Laboratory for Bioressources Saharan preservation and development, University of Kasdi 

Merbah, Ouargla, Algeria B P 511 route de Ghardaia 30000. 2 Departments of Botany, Faculty of 

Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present work was carried out as a preliminarily study to investigate any possible 

herbicidal activity of the selected species against widely spread weed. The allelopathic effect of 

2.5,5,7.5 and 10% aqueous extract beside the control from aerial shoots of Retama retam, (donor 

species) was clearly demonstrated on germination percentage, plumule and radicle length of two 

weeds (Bromus tectorum and Melilotus indica) and one crop species (Triticum aestivum). 

Considering the foregoing results, it seemed that there are significant phytotoxic effect of Retama 

retam on germination and plumule and radicle length. The germination percentage (GP), plumule 

(PL) and radicle length (RL) were recorded after one weak at the end of the experiment. The data 

of the present study were subjected to standard one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the 

COSTAT 2.00 statistical analysis software manufactured by CoHort Software Company 

(1986).These results correlated with the findings that Allelochemicals presented in the aqueous 

extracts of different plant species have been reported to affect different physiological processes 

through their effects on enzymes responsible for phytohormone synthesis and were found to 

associate with inhibition of nutrients and ion absorption by affecting plasma membrane 

permeability. Retama retam species have phytotoxic effect on germination and plumule and 

radicle length of Bromus tectorum and Melilotus indica the germination and plumule and radical 

length was sensitive to the increasing concentration of the aqueous extract. Based on the results 

of this study: The species with the strongest allelopathic potential such as Retama retam must be 

examined for their selective action on other specific plants including weeds and crops under field 

conditions, their allelopathic activity will be much more detailed. Analysis of possible 

allelochemicals in these plants is also required. The isolation and characterization of growth 

inhibitors, which might be responsible for the strong allelopathic potential of these species is 

needed. There is possibility of using these allelochemicals directly or as structural leads for the 

discovery and development of environment friendly herbicides to control weeds. 

Key words: Allelopathy, germination, medicinal plants, weeds. 

120

5.25 Sub Lethal Effects of Otostegia persica on Predatory Bug Deraeocoris 

lutescens 

Zamani Dehyaghobi, Reza 1.2 , Ahmadi Kamal 1 , and Salari Elham 1,2 

1 Depart. of Plant Protection, College of Agric. 2 Member of Young Researchers Society, Shahid 

Bahonar Univ. of Kerman. Depart. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agric., Shahid Bahonar University 

of Kerman. 3 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, 

Kerman, 4 Member of Young Researchers Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The destructive effect of pesticides on the human and environment provide more 

botanical compound for pest control alternative to pesticide as a rich source of bioactive 

chemicals. Understanding the impacts of natural compound against natural enemies require a 

variety of investigations to determine both the selectivity of those agents against natural enemies 

and their other possible effects on the biological characteristics of the natural enemies in addition 

to mortality. During these studies, the ethanolic extracts of Otostegia persica (Labiatae) were 

assayed for their effects on pre-imago stages of predatory bug Deraeocoris lutescens (Hemiptera: 

Miridae). Experiments were carried out at 25±1°C temperature, relative humidity of 60±10% and 

16 hours of artificial light at an intensity of about 4000 lux. Ethanol (95%) was used as control. The 

result showed that in concentration 0.15 mg mL -1 no significant differences were found in the mean 

of the duration of embryonic development of the predator after being exposed to this plant extract 

and control. Whereas the means of hatching rate (%) of eggs of the predator treated with this plant 

extract was significantly lower than control (p ≥0.05). Also the result indicated that the extracts of 

O. persica caused significantly increased the developmental time of the predatory males 

compared with control. Therefore, in integration of ethanolic extract of O. persica with the 

predatory bug, it is required to adjusted concentration and application the plant extract at the 

appropriate time to reduce the side effects resulting from this plant extract. 

Key words: Bug, Deraeocoris lutescens, Otostegia persica, sub lethal. 

5.26 Insecticide activity of Ocimum basilicum extracts against the locust 

Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) 

Tail Ghania 1 ., Kara Fatma, Z 1 ., and Bounaceur, F. 2 

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Agro-Veterinary, Saad Dahlab University Blida. 

2 Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University Ibn Khaldoun. Tiaret, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aromatic and medicinal plants are a real bank of chemical molecules that are 

secondary metabolites. These metabolites play a major factor in plant adaptation to their 

environment. Besides their involvement in the workings of plants, and their defense. The 

secondary plant compounds are often considered as a defense of the producing plant against 

various organisms such as pathogens and pests. These compounds are very numerous and 

varied, and some are widely distributed, such as alkaloids, tannins and terpenes. In order to seek 

alternatives to chemical control methods were evaluated under laboratory conditions the effect of 

alkaloids extracted from leaves of N.oleander on desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria. Many toxic 

constituents have been isolated from N. oleander with a very wide field of activity (insecticide, 

antimitotic, cardiotonic properties). Active ingredients present in cardiotonic activity of N. oleander 

is oleandrin (or folinérine), and the nériine digitoxigenin. The chemical composition of the oleander 

is a poisonous plant involved in serious accidents or fatal. Alkaloids dissolved in ethanol at 1% 

were applied at concentrations: 5, 10, 20 and 50 µl / ml (corresponding to concentrations: C1, C2, 

C3 and C4) for toxicity testing purposes. The test was performed on 10 individuals for each dose. 

The mortality rate of desert eight days after treatment with a dose of 5µl / ml was 81.97%. For 

doses of 20 and 50 µl / ml, mortality was 100%. The alkaloid extracts of leaves of N. oleander 

have a potential as an insecticide against S. gregaria. Therefore, they can be integrated in the fight 

against locusts devastating crops. 

Key words: Alkaloids, insecticide activity, Schistocerca gregaria, Nerium oleander, toxicity. 

121

The 3 rd <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Medicinal Plants, Their Cultivation and Aspects of Uses 

Topic (6): Climate Change and the Ethno-Botanical Sources 

6.1 Studies of Morpho-Physiological and Phenological Aspects for a 

Collection of Algerian Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) 

Belattar, R 1 ., Boudour, L 2 ., and Sellal, A 3 . 

1,2 Department of Nature Sciences and life,University of Mentouri Constantine, Algeria. 3 Control 

laboratory, treatment plant, Bordj Bou Arreridj M'sila Road. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: A collection of 215 genotypes belonging to two varieties of Algeria durum wheat 

(Triticum durum) was obtained for this study. The field work was done at the experimental farm 

Technical Institute for Field Crops (TIFC/ITGC) 2008-2009. The climatic conditions, in this period 

(temperature and precipitation) were more or less favorable to the different phases of growth of 

our plants. However, their effects on phenological and morpho-physiological parameters measured 

with a different genotype to another for the two varieties studied: leucomeulon and Reichenbachi. 

The multivariate analysis revealed the existence of very important intra-and intervaritale variability. 

Thus most of the genotypes of the variety Reichenbachi present physiological and morphological 

aspects allowing a better development of plants. While many genotypes of the variety leucomelon 

are more performance in terms of production. 

Key words: Adaptation, morphology, phenology, physiology, Triticum durum. 

6.2 The Arthropods in Three Stations of Lavandula stoechas L. (Labiatae): 

Diversity and Approach Bio-ecological in the Region of Tlemcen (N-W 

Algerian) 

DAMERDJI A. and BOUDAOUD H. 

Valorisation des actions de l’homme pour la protection de l’environnement et application 

en santé publique. Department of Ecology and Environment Faculty S. N.V/S.T.U, 

University Aboubekr Belkaïd –Tlemcen- Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The region of Tlemcen is located in the North Western port of Algeria. It is 

characterized by Mediterranean climate. Lavander is an aromatic plant, used in perfumery; it 

belongs to the Labiatae family. A faunistic inventory is realized in the national park at Tlemcen. 

Three stations are described. Samplings was carried out from March to July 2010, are divided 

into 10 samples. Arthropods species richness is estimated at 48 with 5 Arachnida, one of 

Crustacean and 42 entomological species. The monthly seasonable importance is given by 

insisting on the principal faunistical groups notably the insects. The vertical distribution of 

Arthropods is shown. The ecological indices (frequency – abundance – density) are calculated. 

The diversity index is designed to Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. 

Key words: Algeria, arthropods, bio-ecology, diversity, Lavandula stoechas, vertical distribution. 

122

6.3 Medicinal Plant Collection in Southwest China: An Ecological and 

Societal Analysis 

Huber, Franz K., and Seeland, Klaus 

Society, Environment and Culture, Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich, 

Sonneggstrasse 33, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: During repeated fieldwork in two research sites in SW China (Muli County, Sichuan 

Province and Jianchuan County, Yunnan Province) between 2004 and 2011, a total of 177 rural 

households have been visited and a survey on socioeconomic background of the households and 

the use of natural resources, in particular medicinal plants and mushrooms for subsistence and 

cash income, has been conducted. Neither market accessibility, nor household education level or 

amount of agricultural field area significantly correlates with the amount of income from the 

collection of medicinal plants. In our field sites in Southwest China, medicinal plant collection is 

thus not a livelihood strategy for the remote and marginal population only, but a secondary income 

source for the majority of households. However, there is a negative correlation between the total 

household cash income and the share of income from medicinal plants, indicating that medicinal 

plant collection plays only then a significant role in people‟s livelihoods when other, more 

rewarding income sources are lacking. Due to the highly fluctuating market for medicinal plants, 

the collection of medicinal plants is generally driven by middlemen and traders, largely 

disregarding local ecological knowledge and social institutions related to the use of natural 

resources, and thus posing risks to vulnerable plant populations. In the wake of China‟s economic 

opening however, the rural population is more and more participating in the national economy, 

both as consumer and as provider of labor. The decreasing dependence of the rural population on 

income from medicinal plant collection seems to constitute a means of conservation for medicinal 

plant populations in Southwest China. However, recently increased living standards also pose a 

threat to these resources as a backup income source, in case of economic slow-down. 

Key words: Collection, ecology, medicinal plant, southwest china, societal analysis. 

6.4 Clımate Change and Ethnobotany of East Medıterranean Part of Turkey 

Ozturk Munir 1 , Altay Volkan 2 , and Salih Gucel 3 

1 Ege University, Science Faculty, Botany Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. 2 Mustafa Kemal 

University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Biology Department, Antakya, Turkey. 3 Institute of 

Environmental Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia,The Northern Cyprus. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Ethnobotanical data forms were prepared as follows; Date: --Research area 

(District/Village):---Informants name:--Age: --Addresses/Telephone number: --1.Local name of 

plant: --2. Part of plant:--3. Usage purpose of plant:--4. Dosage: --5. How to use it (powder, pulp, 

tea, etc.) --Internal□ External □ 6. Usage period of plant: --7. Side effect of plant :---- These were 

distributed among the local inhabitants in the different cities of East Mediterranean part of Turkey. 

The material was also collected from earlier published data. The herbal medicines coming from 

the mountainous areas of this region are in particular very important, because these are already 

under threat due to several abiotic stresses. Species belonging to the genera Digitalis, Galanthus, 

Artemisia, Primula, Hypericum, Aconitum, Paeonia, Thymus, Lupinus, Rhus, Rosa, Salvia, 

Origanum, Nigella, Matricaria, Carum, Carthamus, Allium, Equisetum, Pinus, Chenopodium, 

Glycyrrhiza, Sanguisoraba, Hedera, Inula, Tussilago, Fraxinus, Thymbra, Quercus, Tamus, 

Asparagus, Colchicum, Cyclamen, Rumex, Smilax, Celtis, Rumex, Crithmum, Nasturtium, Ajuga, 

Alyssum, Aubrieta, Cirsium, Ziziphora, Aethionema, Centaurea, Cephalaria, Phlomis, Scabiosa, 

Scutellaria, Verbascum, Micromeria, Prangos, Gundelia can loose the race, and trees like 

Aesculus hippocastanum and Salix alba may face local endangerment. The rich plant diversity 

here includes a huge number of endemics as well. Ethnobotanically important species are passing 

through a critical stage. Situation may become more dangerous for the species growing at high 

altitudes. Climate changes can affect the chemical composition, secondary metabolites together 

with other compounds, the morphological and phenological behaviour and theirby the survival of 

these valuable bioresources in the East Mediterranean. Ethnobotanical surveys are needed for 

123

capturing genetic diversity before we loose the same. Experimental studies related to the effects of 

different temperatures on the secondary metabolites, nutrients, antioxidant levels and other 

compounds in the MAPS growing at high altitudes should be started, and should also include the 

effects of soil moisture, grazing, competition, light exposure and fire on these parameters. 

Conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity in the region is an essential element of any 

strategy to adapt to climate change. Our aim here is to make an attempt to present an overview of 

the MAPS distributed at high altitudes in the East Mediterranean part of Turkey, compare the 

situation with other countries in the region. 

Key words: Clımate change, ethnobotany, medıterranean, Turkey. 

6.5 Useful Flora of a Steppe Area: M’sila, Algeria 

REBBAS Khellaf 1 , BAHLOULI Fayçal 2 , BOUNAR Rabah 1 , GHADBANE 

Mouloud 1 , CHERIEF Abdelkader 2 and BENDERRADJI Laid 1 

1 

Department of the SNV, Faculty of Science, university of M’Sila. 2 Department of Agronomy, 

Faculty of Science, university of M’Sila , 28000, Algeria . 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The area of M‟Sila presents a very interesting natural vegetation; formations of 

altitude in Cedrus atlantica and others in Pinus halepensis, Juniperus phoenicea and in Artemisea 

herba alba. These formations contain flora of an economic and ecological interest. With an aim of 

preserving and of developing this natural inheritance, we contributed to index the medicinal plants 

used by the villagers. An ethno botanic investigation was carried out near the inhabitants of the 

communes of the area of M‟Sila (healer, herbalist, and old people) to join together the maximum of 

information into the use of these plants. One listed 59 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families on 

the basis of 182 card questionnaires carried out on the ground which shows the use of these 

plants of interest medicinal. Endemic and rare species are inventoried like: Sedum acre subsp. 

neglectum (Ten) Archang, Doronicum atlanticum (Chabert) Rouy, Veronica rosea Desf, 

Helianthemum hirtum subsp. ruficomum (Viv) M, Astragalus armatus subsp. tragacanthoides 

(Desf) Maire., Hedysarum naudinianum L.(Coss), Centaurea involucrata Desf., Pulicaria arabica 

subsp. inuloides (DC) M., Erinacea pungens Boiss, Rupicapnos numidicus Pomel, Androsace 

maxima L., Rhamnus alaternus subsp. myrtifolia (Willd) M., Pituranthus scoparius Benth and 

Hook, Ebenus pinnata L., Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. poiretianus M., Danaa verticillata 

Janchen, Myosotis collina Hoffm, Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl, Saxifraga veronisifolia Pers., 

Draba hispanica subsp. djurdjurae var. cladotricha Maire, Lamium longiflorum Ten., Phlomis 

herba venti L., Smyrnium perfoliatum L., Cotoneaster racemiflora (Desf.) Koch., Viola munbyana 

Boiss. and Reut., Himanthoglossum hircinum (L.) Spreng., Ophrys numida Devillers-Terschuren 

and P. Devillers, Ophrys battandieri E. G. Camus. 

Key words: Endemic, ethno botanic investigation, safeguarding, steppe, valorization. 

6.6 Assessment Phenotypic Diversity and Cultivation Potential of 

Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichenb. Fil growing Wild in Jordan 

Saifan S 1 , Duwayri M 2 , and Alali F 3 

1 Directorate of biodiversity, genetic resources and medicinal plant, National Center for Agricultural 

Research and Extensin , 19381, Amman, Jordan. 2 Department of plant horticulture and agronomy, 

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 3 Department of Natural Product 

Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid, Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichenb. fil. is a medicinal and aromatic plant growing 

wild in Jordan and locally known as Za‟tar Farisi. The phenotypic diversity and potential cultivation 

study comprised fifteen wild populations of Coridothymus capitatus, one wild population of 

Thymbra spicata and two Thymbra. spicata landraces. The investigated wild populations of 

Coridothymus capitatus showed various degrees of phenotypic variation based on the characters 

under investigation. Significant variations were obtained for quantitative characters, the coefficient 

of variation percentage (C.V %) ranged from 12.60 %. to 39.20 %. The average estimate of 

124

Shannon‟s diversity index (H`) was 0.58. The genetic distance among pairs of populations was 

low. Coridothymus capitatus populations introduced for cultivation showed a good stand and 

potential toward producing dry herbage yield (3046 kg/ha). Cultivated populations showed 

phenotypic variation in the investigated traits. The results of this study indicate that a broad range 

of genetic variation exist among populations of Coridothymus capitatus collected from wild habitats 

in Jordan, and among Thymbra spicata populations. Seeds of Coridothymus capitatus and 

Thymbra spicata were conserved (ex situ) in seed bank and in the field bank. The results obtained 

pave the road for a potential commercial and large-scale cultivation and oil production from 

Coridothymus capitatus species. 

Key words: Cultivation, phenotypic variation, shanonIndex, thyme. 

6.7 The Status of Medicinal Plants in Jordan 

Sawsan A. Oran 

Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman- Jordan 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Flora of Jordan is rich with regards to its number of plant species. A number of 2978 

species belongs to 120 families and 719 genera are recorded in Jordan. 20% of the total flora are 

medicinal plants that are used in folk medicine and can be used in pharmaceutical industry. A total 

number of medicinal plants are recorded, 363 species of vascular plants, belonging to 263 genera 

and 86 families. The taxa recorded are wild plants that occur in Jordan, except few cultivated and 

well known to the people in the country. 

Key words: Flora, Jordan, medicinal plants, species. 

6.8 The history and conservation aspects of plants mentioned in the Qura’n 

Shahina A Ghazanfar 

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Several plants are mentioned in the Qura‟n and Hadith that have a history of use as 

food, as medicinal or have value for some particular characteristic they hold. Twenty plants are 

mentioned in the Qura‟n and some fifty four plants in the Hadith. Most of the plants in the Qura‟n 

can be identified to present day plants by the mention of their classical Arabic name. A couple, 

however, are difficult to name with certainty, and suggestions to their identity have been put 

forward with regard to the context in which these have been referred to. Here, I illustrate a few 

plants that have been mentioned several times in the Qur‟an and trace their natural history and 

that of their use and cultivation, and, in the current environment of global climate change and 

habitat loss, discuss why it is important to conserve them and their cultural history. 

Key words: Arabia, conservation, cultural history, medicinal plants, quranic plants. 

6.9 The Eco-Geographic Distribution and Molecular Diversity of Wild Akkob 

(Gundelia tournefortii L.) in Jordan 

Susan Dura 

Biotechnology Department, NCARE, Jordan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Akkob (Gundelia tournefortii L.) is an important edible plant growing wild in Jordan 

and it‟s known for its pharmaceutical value. A better understanding of its genetic diversity and 

distribution are essential for its conservation and use. Nineteen populations of G. tournefortii were 

collected from various regions in Jordan, those representing three eco-geographical systems. 

RAPD and SSR markers were used to assess genetic diversity of G. tournefortii populations. 

Twenty four primers were used to amplify 51 bands out of which 42 (82.4%) were polymorphic. 

Cluster analysis was able to produce three major groups and four subgroups and the genetic 

distance was 8.58. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed differences among groups 

accounted for 38.6% of the total variation, whereas differences among populations and within 

populations were 40.9 and 20.5%, respectively. 

Key words: Asteraceae, genetic diversity,Gundelia tournefortii, ISSR, RAPD. 

125


Topic (7): Medicinal Plants as Bio-Indicators and Heavy Metals Accumulators 

7.1 Potential of Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Phytoremedation of 

Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals 

Angelova, V 1 ., Ivanova, R 2 ., and Ivanov, K 1 . 

1 Department of Chemistry, Agricultural University. 2 Department of Plant science, Agricultural 

University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Environmental pollution with heavy metals is a global problem, and therefore the 

development of phytoremediation technologies for plant-based clean-up of contaminated soils is 

therefore a significant interest. Medicinal plants appear to be a good choice for phytoremediation 

since these species are mainly grown for secondary products (essential oil) thus the contamination 

of the food chain with heavy metals is eliminated. The accumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc by 

medicinal and aromatic plants from soils contaminated with heavy metals was studied in the 

vicinity of the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In the study were included 14 

medicinal and aromatic plants - Mentha piperita L., Salvia officinalis L., Salvia sclarea L, Silybum 

marianum L, Calendula officinalis L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Ocimum basilicum L.,Lavandula 

vera L., Vinca Minor L., Valeriana officianalis L.,Centranthus L.,Melissa officinalis L., Datura 

Stramonium L. and Nepeta Cataria. The contents of the heavy metals in the plant material /roots, 

stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc./ and their products were determined after the method of the dry 

mineralization. The quantitative measurements were carried out with ICP. A positive relationship 

was established between the concentrations of metal accumulated in different parts of the plants 

and the metal levels in the contaminated soils. A clearly distinguished species peculiarity exists in 

the accumulation of the heavy metals in the vegetative and reproductive organs of studied plants. 

The medicinal and aromatic plants can be divided into three groups which differ considerably in 

their ability to accumulate heavy metals: (i) low accumulators; (ii) moderate accumulators and (iii) 

high accumulators. Each one of the plants from these groups can be successfully grown in slightly 

polluted calcaric fluvisoils. The tested medicinal plants cultivated on highly heavy metal polluted 

soils could be used in pharmacy only after analysis for heavy metal concentration in them, in order 

to avoid any risk of contamination of the end products (drugs). Melissa officinalis L. and Valeriana 

officinalis L. have the potential of being used as a biomonitoring plants for heavy metal pollution in 

the polluted soils. Salvia sclarea L. was the most perspective plant from family Lamiaceae for 

growing in industrially polluted region - a very good accumulator of heavy metals and could be 

used for cleaning the toxic metals from polluted soils, as well as the end product (oil) can be used 

in the perfumery and cosmetics and tobacco industries. 

Key words: Aromatic plant, heavy Metals, phytoremedation, soils. 

7.2 Morphological Effects and Zinc Accumulation of Micropropagated Plants 

of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. 

BEN BAHRI Nada, BETTAIEB Taoufik, and LARIBI Bochra 

Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie. 43, Av. Charles Nicolle-1082, Tunis, Tunisia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In vitro essay of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. was undertaken to determine 

the capacity of this medicinal plant to accumulate heavy metal in its tissues. In this case, the nodal 

explants were placed on Murashige and Skoog‟s medium (1962), added with 1.0 mg/l indole-3- 

butyric acid (IBA). The ZnSO 4 was supplemented to the culture medium at various concentrations 

200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 µM. The MS medium free of Zn served as control. The height of 

plantlets, the number of nodes, the number and length of roots and the biomass of the in vitro 

plants were determined. The Zn content in plant tissues was measured by an inductively coupled 

plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, OPTIMA 2000 DV, and PerkinElmer, USA). 

Results showed that highest Zn level (1000 µM) induced a significant reduction in shoot height, 

(18.86%) and root number (84.9%) of plantlets in comparison to the control. The highest Zn 

concentration in the culture medium caused also an important decrease in fresh and dry biomass 

126

y 22.8% and 50.5%, respectively compared to the control. Furthermore, a high Zn accumulation 

in the plantlet tissues which varied from 121μg/g dry matter (DM) in the control to 2580 µg/g (DM) 

in the presence of 1000 µM Zn was noticed. Consequently, Paulownia tomentosa could be 

considered as a bio-indicator and Zn accumulator medicinal plant. 

Key words: In vitro propagation, Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.), phytoremediation, ZnSO 4 .Steud. 

7.3 Heavy Metals in Medicinal, Aromatic and Spicy Plants 

Kacharava Tamar, Kacharava K., and Koiava l., 

Biotecnology Centre of Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The object of our research was the medical, aromatic and spicy plants: Valeriana 

officinalis, Valeriana alliariifolia, Origanium vulgare, Vaccinium myrtillus, Rhododendron 

Caucasicum and the soil cover of 10-30 cm depth. Fifteen heavy metals content were defined in 

the areas of Georgia. The pollution level of medical, aromatic and spicy plants and soil with the 

heavy metals were ascertained according to regions on a basis of comparison with the maximum 

allowable concentrations that will enable us to produce clean, high-quality phytomaterials that are 

demanded on the domestic market as well as has the high export potential. 

Key words: Aromatic plant, heavy metals, spicy. 

7.4 Essential and Toxic Elements Distribution in the System Teucrium 

Speies/ Serpentine Soils in Bulgaria 

Karadjva Irina 1 , Pavlova Dolja 2 , and Krasteva Ilina 3 

1 Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Farmacy, University of Sofia, blvd. 

J. Bouchier 1, 1164 Sofia. 2 Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, blvd. 

Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 Sofia. 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical 

University, 2 Dunav str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal plants play a significant role in providing primary health care services to 

rural people and are used by about 80% of the communities living in mountains in Bulgaria. An 

average of 6 000 tons of herbs are gathered annually, most of which represents natural plant 

resources. The increased interest in, and constantly expanding use of, the medicinal plants 

clearly raises questions about the state and capacity of their populations from one side and 

their quality control from other side. Ultramafic (serpentine) soils typically host a distinctive flora 

and vegetation, largely affected by the edaphic and physical characters of these soils. 

Teucrium species widely used as medicinal plants are typical excluders well distributed and 

acclimatized with “difficult” conditions of serpentine soils. The aim of present study is to 

establish distribution of essential and toxic elements in Teucrium species as well as in their 

rhizosphere soil samples. Based on the results obtained after various extraction steps, the real 

and potential acidity and redox potential of the soils, uptake, mobility, and bioavailability of 

essential and toxic elements are discussed. Correlations between mobile ion concentrations in 

soil solution and metal concentration in usually used tea infusions or water/methanol extracts 

are presented. Correlations between toxic elements content and flavonoids levels are studied. 

Conclusions on toxicity and applicability of Teucrium species from serpentine soils as medicinal 

plants are defined. 

Key words: Medicinal plants, redox potential, serpentine, Teucrium speies, toxic elements. 

127

7.5 Heavy Metal Content in Hypericum Species Growing on Serpentines in 

Bulgaria 

Pavlova Dolja 1 , Karadjova Irina 2 , and Krasteva Ilina 3 

1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Sofia, blvd. Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 

Sofia . 2 Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Farmacy, University of Sofia, 

blvd. J. Bouchier 1, 1164 Sofia. 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical 

University, 2 Dunav str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Populations of Hypericum cerastoides, H. aucheri, and H. montbretii growing on 

serpentines in Bulgaria and their soils were analyzed for total content of Fe, Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, 

Zn, Pb, Cd, and As using ICP AES after acid digestion. The same elements were measured in 

their methanol extracts by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. H. montbretii has a 

great pharmaceutical potential with its well-documented chemical content. It shows morphological 

similarities with the well-known medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum known also as tolerant of 

heavy metals. It is known that the distribution and abundance of medicinal plants are directly 

correlated with the edaphic factor. The aims of this study were to investigate serpentine 

populations of three Hypericum species to estimate: 1) concentration of chemical elements in 

aerial plant biomass and associated soil samples in order to assess their ability to 

tolerate/accumulate trace elements; 2) correlations between total metal concentrations in aerial 

plants biomass and their methanol extracts. Metal concentrations varied across species and sites. 

The metal concentrations for Fe, Ni, Cr, and Co are elevated in all species. It is also notable that 

difference in heavy metal concentration in a particular plant species collected from different 

regions is related to the site from where the samples were collected. The metal contents of the 

aerial biomass were higher than those of the methanol extracts. The range of metal contents in 

methanol extracts was found as follows: Zn (44–430µg/L) > Fe (61–133µg/L) > Mn (55–130µg/L) > 

Ni (18-133µg/L) > Cu (18–50 µg/L) > Co (6-23 µg/L) > Pb (1.62-6.22 µg/L) > Cr (1.1–1.9µg/L) > Cd 

(0.15–0.43µg/L). The content of As was lower than 0.2µg/L for most of the cases. Positive 

correlation coefficients were established between Ni and Cr in aerial plant biomass and Mn in the 

extracts. All investigated plants are not hyperaccumulators although the metal content in some of 

them was higher than the proposed limits. So that we do not recommend collecting plants from 

serpentine for pharmaceutical uses and traditional medicine. 

Key words: Heavy metal, hypericum species, methanol extracts. 

128


Topic (8): Industrial Utilization of Medicinal Plants 

8.1 Development of Dental Gel of Complex Action «Aromadent Plus» 

Composition and Technology 

Baranova Inna, Lebedynets Olga, and Bespalaya Yuliya 

National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Gel is the rational medicinal form for periodontium topical therapy – it is well 

distributed and absorbed by the mouth mucous membrane that provides high bioavailability of the 

active ingredients. The interaction of the gel with mucous membranes improves the penetration of 

components. The diffusion of active substances in the mouth cavity is decreased due to the 

hydrogel viscosity, and moderate washing off by saliva allows saving the optimal concentration of 

substances on the localized gum area. On the basis of complex studies conducted we have 

chosen tea tree and eucalyptus essential oils as plant components which possess antibacterial, 

anti-inflammatory, regenerative properties, and also sulphatized glycosaminoglycan (sodium 

chondroitin sulphate) as anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and regenerative agent. As a result of a 

complex of physical and chemical and technological studies a stable gel system on the basis of 

hydroxyethylcellulose and other auxiliary substances was worked out. Addition of sorbitol in 10% 

concentration provided a moderate osmotic activity of the stomatological gel. The microbiological 

studies showed the addition of tea tree and eucalyptus essential oils (2% of each) to be rational as 

the synergy of the antimicrobial activity displays. The optimal theurapeutic concentration of sodium 

chondroitin sulphate (1,0 %) has been determined on the basis of biological studies. The modern 

methods of qualitative and quantitative determination of sodium chondroitin sulphate (HPLC), tea 

tree and eucalyptus essential oils (gas chromatography) were worked out for the proposed 

medicinal preparation standardization. The proposed methods differ by their high sensitivity and 

results‟ reproductivity. As a result of stability study of stomatological gel “Aromadent plus” the 

expiration terms and storage conditions were determined – 2 years in aluminium tubes with 

varnished cover at room temperature. 

Pharmacological studies showed the remedy to have 

expressed anti-inflammatory on the model of carrageenan oedema in mice. The active 

components of the gel have been proven to be cyclooxygenase inhibitors and not to have a 

serious impact on the leukotriene phase of inflammation on the zymosan oedema model in rats. 

The presence of expressed reparative activity of the dental gel was proven on the model of linear 

incised wounds in rats. The LD50 for the stomatological gel “Aromadent plus” exceeds 15000 

mg/kg at intrastomachal introduction in rats which allows to attribute it to IV toxicity class – 

relatively safe substances. On the basis of conducted pharmaco-technological, structural and 

mechanical, physical and chemical, microbiological and other researches composition and 

technology of gel «Aromadent plus» was proven. 

Key words: Aromadent Plus, composition, dental Gel, technology. 

8.2 Corrosion Inhibition by Limonium touhini (Plumbaginaceae) Extract in 

Acid Medium 

BENAHMED Merzoug 1 , LAFHAL M 2 ., DJEDDI N 1 ., AKKAL S 2 ., LAOUAR H. 3 

1 Laboratoire des molécules actives et applications, Université Tébessa. 2 Laboratoire de 

Phytochimie et Analyses physicochimiques et Biologiques, Département de Chimie, Faculté de 

Sciences exactes, Université Mentouri Constantine, Route d’Ain el Bey, 25000 Constantine,. 

3 Département de biologie, Université de Séti,f. Algérie 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The inhibition of the corrosion of C steel in 1 M HCl by Limonium touhinni has been 

studied by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization method and electrochemical impedance 

spectroscopy measurements. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of 

the inhibitor. The results of weight loss studies correlated well with those of impedance and 

polarization studies. 

Key words: C steel, inhibition, electrochemical spectroscopy, Limonium touhinni. 

129

8.3 Development of Medicinal Plants Extracts Producing Modes 

Grubnik Igor, Bondarenko Alena, Gladuch Ievgeniy, and Stepanenko Sergiy 

National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The relevance of herbal medicine has grown immeasurably the last decade. The 

therapeutic effects of many types of herbs used in the present time in medical practice, due to the 

presence of various biologically active substances, which at introduction into human body 

determine one or another physiological effect. These acting physiologically active substances have 

diverse composition and belong to different classes of chemical compounds. The aim of our study 

was to determine optimal conditions for extraction of biologically active compounds from herb and 

roots of comfrey, fruits of chestnut, sage grass, plantain leaves, violet grass leaves of burdock and 

ivy leaves. As a method of extraction remaceration method has been chosen that can effectively 

extract the main groups of compounds. We have studied the influence of such factors as the 

degree of raw materials grinding, the type of extractant, the ratio of raw material – extractant, 

extraction time and temperature. Have investigated raw materials with different particle size. As 

extractant have studied solvents of different polarity: hexane, chloroform, ethyl alcohol, wateralcohol 

mixtures (containing different amounts of ethanol), purified water. We have investigated 

the following raw material – extractant ratio from 1:5 to 1:20. Extraction was carried out at two 

temperatures: 25 °C and 95 °C. The evaluation criteria were yield of extractives and the yield of 

biologically active substances of different chemical nature. The experiment revealed that at the 

extraction of raw materials by 40 % ethyl alcohol yield of extractives and the amount of oxidized 

phenols was the highest. By increasing the ratio of raw material to extractant from 1:10 to 1:20 

yield of extractives and the amount of oxidized phenols increased slightly. For most types of 

medicinal plants has been established optimal ratio of raw material-extractant 1:12. To develop 

production technology for dense extracts of plant materials and the selection of the optimum 

extraction temperature were obtained extracts in two temperature modes: at room temperature 

(each extraction lasted for 12 hours), and at a temperature of 90 °C (each extraction – within 2 

hours), the multiplicity of drains 5. The results showed that temperature significantly affects only 

the extraction of polysaccharides from plant materials. Basing on the conducted work we have 

developed a technology for producing substances from various kinds of medicinal plants and 

gained a few series in the laboratory for further study. 

Key words: Development, medicinal plants extracts, modes. 

8.4 Design and Synthesis of Some Benzoxazolinone Derivatives 

F. Guenadil and H. Aichaoui 

Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique, Departement de Biologie Universite´ d'el Tarf 36000, BP 

73, El Tarf, Algeria 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Benzoxazolinone (BOA) was first discovered in nature by Virtanen and Hietala as an 

anti-Fmariulll factor in rye seedlings. This heterocyclic template has long been known as a 

bioisostere of catechol and can be considered a „„privileged scaffold‟‟ in the design of new 

pharmacophores. Therapeutic applications of this platform are very broad and range from 

analgesic anti-inflammatory compounds to anticocaine and neuroprotective anticonvulsant agents. 

In particular, their derivatives 6-benzoyl- Benzoxazolinone (CERM-10194) and its sulfur surrogate 

(S-14080) underwent clinical trials as anti-inflammatory analgesics. They were found to inhibit not 

only the arachidonic inflammatory cascade, but also to induce the release of an opioid peptide 

(possibly endomorphin) in the periphery. On the other hand, Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-known 

therapeutic agent that has been for a long time in clinical use for treatment of epilepsy and bipolar 

disturbs without significant toxicity. Valproic acid has been recently reported to reduce estradiolinduced 

MCF-7 cell proliferation. Thus, in an effort aimed at developing mild and flexible strategies 

to design new Benzoxazolinones and synthesize heterocyclic scaffolds to prepare new valuable 

building blocks in medicinal chemistry, we devised an efficient method to get access to 6-benzoyl- 

3-valproyl-Benzoxazolinone and their corresponding sulfur bioisoster, which are analogs of the 

prototypic CERM 10194 and S-14080. 

Key words: CERM 10194, derivatives, epilepsy, benzoxazolinone, valproic acid. 

130

8.5 Effects of Fining on Antioxidative Activity of Merlot Wine Obtained with 

Increased Content of Stem and Seed 

Puškaš, Vladimir and Miljić, Uroš 

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The structure and amount of phenolic compounds in the wine depend on the grape 

variety, agroecologic and vinification conditions. The influence of pomace enrichment with grape 

stems and seeds during maceration, as well as the effect of commonly used fining agents 

(albumin, bentonite, gelatine and PVPP) on antioxidative activity of Merlot red wines were 

investigated. Besides control wine, produced from pomace which contained original content of 

seeds, without stems, other wine samples were obtained from grape pomace supplemented by 

50% of previously separated stem or by 120 g seed/kg. The antiradical activity of red wines 

towards DPPH • and hydroxyl ( • OH) radicals was determined by electron spin resonance (ESR) 

spectroscopy. Enriching of pomace with 120 g seeds/kg resulted in increase of antioxidative 

capacity of wine. In wine enriched with tannins and flavan-3-ols from the seeds, the DPPH • 

radicals were completely eliminated (AA DPPH •=100%), while stem addition scavenged 88.21% of 

these radicals (AA DPPH • of control wine was 83.73%). Regarding the scavenging capacity against 

hydroxyl radicals, supplementation of pomace with seeds increased this parameter for 20%, while 

stem was not so efficient (5% increase). Applied fining agents, except gelatin, showed insignificant 

(p=0.05) influence on DPPH • scavenging activity of all wine samples. On the other hand, 

antiradical activity towards hydroxyl radicals (AA• OH ) was mostly significantly changed after each 

fining treatment. 

Acknowledgments: The authors appreciate financial support from the Ministry of Education and 

Science of the Republic of Serbia (Project TR-31002). 

Key words: Antioxidative activity, ESR spectroscopy, fining agents, merlot wine, seed, stem. 

8.6 Medicinal Plants in Bermet, Serbian Aromatic Wine 

Miljić, Uroš and Puškaš, Vladimir 

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Blvd. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>; Bermet is aromatic, dessert wine with especially unusual and original taste. Bermet is 

made exclusively from grapes from hillside vineyards of mountain Fruška Gora (Vojvodina, Serbia) 

and it is enriched with up to 24 to 26 aromatic, medicinal herbs. Technology of Bermet production 

is passed down from generation to generation and its recipe was kept as a closely guarded secret. 

This rare wine is produced in limited quantities, only 15,000 to 20,000 bottles a year. This fact 

gives to the Bermet a special value and impressiveness. Nowadays, it is known that main 

medicinal plants included in Bermet production are: wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), yellow 

gentian (Gentiana lutea), anise (Pimpinella anisum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), 

bitterbloom (Centaurium umbellatum), black mustard (Brassica nigra L), coriander (Coriandrum 

sativum), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), carob (Ceratonia siliqua) and liquorice (Glycyrrhiza 

glabra). Besides these plants, orange and lemon peel, vanilla bars, dried figs and grape, as well as 

some quantities of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), are added to Bermet. Pharmacological compounds 

from these plants have a powerful tonic, antioxidative, antiseptic, antidiarrheic and antipyretic 

effect. These plants are often used to remedy indigestion and gastric pain in Serbian folk 

medicine. They can be also used as a carminative and in regulation of the menstruation. Bermet, 

as a valuable herbal medicinal beverage, demonstrates the complementary effect of phenolic 

compounds from red wine and numerous pharmacological compounds from medicinal and 

aromatic plants added during its production. The aim of this paper was to emphasize the individual 

effect of these plants, in order to evaluate their contribution to the medicinal value of this aromatic 

wine. 

Acknowledgments: The authors appreciate financial support from the Ministry of Education and 

Science of the Republic of Serbia (Project TR-31002). 

Key words: Bermet, medicinal plants, pharmacological compounds, Serbia, wine. 

131

8.7 Industrial Products from Indigenous Fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) 

with Emphasis on the Potentiality of Balanites Oil in the Treatment of 

Some Superficial Mycosis 

Osman N.A.A., Elhussein S.A.B., Toum A.M.A., Abdelrahman E.E.A., and 

Hussein I.H.A. 

1 Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Gazira, Wad-Medani, Sudan. 2 Faculty of 

Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia PAHANG (UMP). 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca were claimed as a potential source of steroidal 

sapogenins, raw materials for the partial synthesis of the important group of steroid drugs. The 

tree is indigenous to Sudan. Our research interests focused mainly on steroid constituents in fruitparts 

and fruit accessions. However, other fruit by-products were encountered. Thirteen 

accessions of Balanites fruit were analyzed for their sapogenin content using infra-red 

spectroscopic method. Most of the sapogenins of Balanites fruit reside in the mesocarp (64%), 

followed by kernel (25%), and epicarp (10%). However, on a tissue-weight basis, kernel tissue was 

richest (2.5-5.0%) in several accessions. The 25α- to 25β-sapogenin ratio varied according to the 

fruit part (tissue) and developmental stageFruit kernel of Balanites yield as by-product of 

extraction, an interesting oil fraction that was characterized to be good dermatophytes. The study 

of crude extract of the fruit kernel oil (BKO) showed activity against fungi that is responsible for 

some dermatophytes diseases. BKO was prepared after kernel was ground and extracted on a 

Soxhlet extractor with n-hexane and dried by a Rotary evaporator. Applied doses on infected skin 

can be used topically on morning and at night for a period of 1-5 weeks depending on the patient's 

age and the type of fungus causing the infection. A suggested Scheme for Balanites fruit 

processing for steroidal sapogenin and by-products was proposed. 

Key words: Balanites aegyptiaca, BKO, dermatophytes, steroidal sapogenin. 

8.8 Swelling and Residue Studies on Biofilms Containing Mixture of Gelatin / 

K- Carrageenan as Biomedical Applications 

Zaher K., El Kolli. M., and Benmesli. S. 

Laboratoire des matériaux polymériques multiphasiques (LMPMP), Département de Génie des 

Procédés Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat ABBAS – Sétif. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In this study two types of dressings in the form of thin films were prepared from a 

mixture of two natural biopolymers, namely gelatin and қ - carrageenan. The protein and the 

polysaccharide were chosen because of their hydrosolubility and interactivity, respectively. 

Glutaraldehyde was also used to crosslink the films. Sodium azide (NaN 3 ), used to avoid bacterial 

contamination. The biopolymer-based films were prepared from a mixture of pectin and gelatin by 

casting using the following procedure. 2.5 grams of gelatin/ қ - carrageenan mixture at a ratio of 

88/12 were dissolved in 50 ml distilled water and a small amount of sodium azide, which was 

added to each solution to prevent bacterial contamination. After allowing the grains to swell for 35 

min, the mixture was placed in a water bath heated at 60°C under slow agitation for 40 min. Once 

the resulting solution became clear, three different samples (5 ml, 10 ml and 15 ml) were 

withdrawn from the mixture and poured separately into 8.5 cm diameter polystyrene boxes in order 

to obtain films with different thicknesses. These samples were then allowed to dry in free air at 

room temperature for 3 to 4 days. The resulting films were crosslinked by means of glutaraldehyde 

(GTA). Crosslinking was carried out by pouring 20 ml of the GTA solution onto the dry films and 

allowing the reaction to take place for 24 h. Finally, the crosslinked films were washed with distilled 

water and dried in free air at room temperature. It was found that crosslinking much increased the 

absorption capacity, reflecting the strong interactions that developed between gelatin and қ - 

carrageenan. The FTIR analysis also allowed us to identify the different functional groups through 

which gelatin and қ - carrageenan chemically interacted. The quantitative analysis of the residue 

by means of UV spectroscopy indicated that the films were biodegradable and therefore can be 

used for biomedical applications. 

Key words: Absorption capacity, dressing, gelatin, қ - carrageenan, residue. 

132


Topic (9): The Use of Medicinal Plants as Food Additives in Food Recipes 

9.1 Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Major Legume Crops in the Kingdom 

of Saudi Arabia 

Alghamdi, Salem S., 1 Ammar, Megahed H., 1 Migdadi, Hussein M., 1 ; Khan, 

Altaf M., 1 Osman, Magdi A., 2 El-Harty, and Ehab H. 1 

1 Legume Research Group, Plant production Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural 

Sciences, King Saud University, P.O .Box 2460, Riyadh 11451. 2 Food Science and Nutrition 

Department, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O .Box 2460, 

Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In this study, 40 Faba bean genotypes, 28 chickpea genotypes and 35 lentil 

genotypes were analyzed for their agronomical performance, proximate and minerals composition, 

vitamins, amino acids profile, antinutritional factors and antioxidant activities. In faba bean 

genotypes, crude protein ranged from 31.5 to 37.7 %, fat from 1.52 to 2.12 %, carbohydrate from 

42.7 to 49.3 %, moisture from 7.21 to 8 % and ash from 3.0 to 4.2 %. In chickpea genotypes, 

crude protein ranged from 19.8 to 24.9 %, fat from 3.6 to 5.1 %, carbohydrate from 62.5 to 69.7 %, 

moisture from 7.1 to 7.9 % and Ash from 2.7 to 3.9 % while in lentil genotypes, crude protein from 

25.3 to 29%, fat from 0.79 to 1.19%, carbohydrate from 39.5 to 47 %, moisture from 11.6 to13.6 % 

and ash from 2.39 to 2.89 %. All the studied legumes genotypes were found to be good sources of 

essential minerals such as K, Mg, Ca, and P. The essential amino acids profile of all investigated 

genotypes compared favourably with the FAO/WHO requirement pattern except there were limiting 

source of tryptophan and sulphur containing amino acids. Antinutritional factors, i.e., protease 

inhibitor (trypsin and chymotrypsin) in faba bean genotypes ranged from 2.24 to 2.77 and 0.35 to 

0.70 TIU/G respectively, whereas in chickpea genotypes 7.65 to 8.98 and 9.0 to 11.9 TIU/G. 

Tannin and phytic acid in faba bean genotypes ranged from 12.2 to 16.2 and 1.23 to 1.5 mg/100g 

while in chickpea genotypes 4.11 to 5.06 and 6.10 o 6.98 mg/100g respectively. Protease 

inhibitors, tannins and phytic acids in lentil ranged from 2.08 to 2.78 mg/100g, 0.52 to 0.79 and 

0.72 to 1.09 mg/100g, respectively. Among antioxidants, lentil genotypes are a good source of 

phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) whereas faba bean and chickpea are 

moderate source of both phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The data 

presented here, shows that some genotypes of faba bean, chickpea and lentils can serve as a 

significant source of crude protein, essential amino acids, and antioxidant activities that help in 

enhancing radical scavenging capacity. Feeding on legumes rich with antioxidants can help in 

reducing Hypocholesterolemic symptoms, and reported to have anti-microbial, anti-viral and anticancer 

properties. 

Key words: Legume crops, medicinal value, Saudi Arabia Kingdom. 

9.2 The Effects of Using Ground Basil to Improve Qualtiy Characteristics and 

Sensing of the Shelf-Life of Minced Cold Beef Meat 

Al-Rubeii, Amera M.S., Hamodi, S. J., AL- kabbani, and E. A.M. 

Dept. of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of using ground basil seed 

to improve some of the meat quality characteristics, sensing and limited storage time of minced 

cold beef meat. Ground basil seed was added at 0,1 and 3% to minced beef meat, these 

treatments were stored individually for 3, 6 and 9 days at 4ºC ± 1. After making several chemical, 

physical, sensing and microbial tests, Results showed that the process of adding ground basil 

seed to minced beef meat led to significant increase in moisture content, pH and water holding 

capacity (WHC), and decrease in fat and drip loss percentage.The process of adding ground basil 

seed to minced beef meat led to significant decrease (P

evaluation improvement (P

exercised great power inhibitor of mycelial growth with PIC equal to 100%. The fungus was 

completely inhibited by an MIC of 0.05 mg / ml. Production and spore germination are strongly 

inhibited in the presence of oil compared to the untreated control. In-vivo oil C. limonum showed 

an antifungal effect against the fungus. She has an inhibitory effect on the appearance of disease 

symptoms (necrotic spots) and the percent inhibition of sporulation (PIs = 90%), if applied by 

spraying. The percentage inhibition of spore germination is about 19% to 33%. 

Key words: Alternaria solani, C.limonum, GC / MS, essential oil, in vivo, in vitro. 

9.5 Use of Extracts of Cynara cardunculus as Coagulating Agent of Different 

Types of Milk 

Khreisat Nadjoua and Pr Choukri Ali 

Organic chemistry laboratory and valorisation of natural substance, Ziane Achour university, 

Djelfa, 17000, Algeria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The cardoon has become important as a medicinal herb in recent years following the 

discovery of Cynarin, this better tasting compound, which is found in leaves, improves several 

functions. The flowers of cardoon are typically used in Algeria, for traditional cheese making of 

“Djben”,. The present study was carried out in order to study the aptitude of the cardoon to 

coagulate cow‟s, camel‟s, ewe‟s and goat‟s milks in the traditional cheese making. First, extraction 

carried out from flowers indicate a coagulating activity only with the flower collected at an 

advanced stage of development. The coagulant agent seems to show a greater affinity for the 

ewe‟s milk where its action is found to be much better. The organoleptic characteristics of cheese 

performed with the four types of milk differs notably, particularly the consistency and the bitterness 

flavor in cow‟s milk cheese. Second, extractions carried out from various parts of the plant, 

indicate a coagulating activity with the flower, and a low activity with receptacle. The results 

obtained suggest that some specific parameters shoul be revised such as NaCl concentration, and 

extraction time in order to characterise better this traditional cheese. 

Key words: Cardoon, Cynara cardunculus, milk coagulation, vegetable coagulant. 

9.6 Antioxidant activity of traditional food products based on fruits of black 

mulberry (Morus nigra L.) 

Kucelova Lucia 1 , Brindza Jan 1 , Culakova Marcela 1 , Toth Dezider 1 , and 

Sajbidor Jan 2 , 

1 Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Biosafety, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra. 

²Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This experiment was conducted to determine the morphological, biochemical, 

technological and antiradical activities of the black mulberry fruit and related food products. In the 

experiments were used the fruits of selected genotypes of black mulberry populations grown in 

Slovakia. From the fruits was prepared and tested the juice, jam, jelly, syrup, liqueur, un-sterilized 

produce was overpoured by honey, among other products should be mentioned the tinned fruits, 

wine and cakes. Ability of these products to catch up DPPH (2,2-di-phenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) 

radicals was determined by spectrophotometry at 515 nm absorbancy in regular time intervals until 

the reaction equilibrium has been achieved. With tested genotypes was measured the fruit 

medium weight ranging from 7.26 g (genotype MN-1) to 1.42 g (MN-14), medium length from 

13.51 mm (MN-14) to 29.20 mm (MN-12) and medium width from 11.88 mm (MN-14) to 21.12 mm 

(MN-2). Fully matured fruits produced 62.40 % of juice. In products was controlled the 

anthocyanins content ranging from 21.4 up to 106.4 mg.dm -3 . The highest concentration of 

anthocanins was found in the black mulberry juice and the lowest one in the mulberry wine. 

Antiradical activity for individual samples ranged from 50.81 to 74.02 %. The highest antiradical 

activity was manifested in the case of mulberry fruit overpoured with honey and the lowest one 

again for mulberry wine. High values of antioxidant activity has been found for mulberry fruit cakes 

as well. In general, all tested samples exerted higher antioxidant activity in water extracts than in 

the ethylalcohol ones. Tested goods made of black mulberry fruits are used as traditional food 

135

products. The applied mulberry fruit significantly increases the antioxidant activity, what has a 

positive effect on possible therapeutic impact on the consumers. Therefore the black mulberry is 

ranked among important species, which should be propagated and utilized in practice for phytotherapeutic 

purposes. 

Key words: Antioxidative activity, anthocyanins, food products, fruits, Morus nigra. 

9.7 Effect of Dipping in GA 3 and Liquorice Root Extract and Storage Periods 

on Storage Characteristics of Pear cv. Le-Conte 

Nameer Najeeb F. and Esraa Abd Al-Ghani 

Hort. Dept. College of Agriculture & Forestry, Mosul University. Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The experiment conducted on pear fruits cv. Le-Conte to study the effect of dipping 

pear fruits for 5 minutes in solutions of (Control, 100 and 200 mg.l -1 GA 3 or 4 and 8 gm.l -1 liquorice 

root extract or 100 mg.l -1 GA 3 + 4 gm.l -1 liquorice root extract, and two periods of storage ( 2 and 3 

months) on fruit storage characteristics. After treatments the fruits were left to dry, put in 

perforated polyethylene bags and stored in cool room at 0±1ºC and 85-90% r.h.. The experiment 

was factorial in Complete Randomized Design (C.R.D.), 2X6 (with 3 replicates and 7 fruits within 

each replicates). Results showed that, no significant differences appeared between dipping 

treatments of GA 3 and liquorice root extract and control treatment in total soluble solids, total 

acidity, sugar content and fruits contents of calcium and nitrogen, while dipping treatments in 100 

and 200 mg.l -1 GA 3 concentrations or one of them resulted in a significant reduction in fruits 

respiration and fruit decay percent, and retained fruit firmness. Also liquorice root extract 

treatments were effective in reducing fruit decay percent. Prolonging storage period from 2 to 3 

months showed a significant reduction in total soluble solids, total acidity, sugar content and fruit 

firmness, but showed an increment in carotene pigment and fruit decay percent. Interaction 

between some treatments of GA 3 or liquorice root extract and storage periods resulted in a 

significant influence of some important storage characteristics like fruit firmness and fruit 

respiration and a reduction in fruit decay percent. 

Key words: Pear fruit, root extract, liquorice, polyethylene. 

9.8 Use of Thai local Vegetable Extracts as Natural Preservatives in Dried 

Sausage System 

Nanasombat, S., Armeen, W., and Arkom, O. 

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 

Bangkok 10520, Thailand. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Thai local vegetable extracts (3 formulations) 

at concentrations of 0.02%, 0.1% and 0.2% in a dried chinese-style sausage during storage at 4°C 

and 85% relative humidity (RH) for 20 days were evaluated. These formulations of the extracts 

were 1) the extract containing only Polygonum odoratum extract (PE), and the other two extracts 

were mixed vegetable extracts of formulation 1 (MVE 1 ) and formulation 2 (MVE 2 ) which were 

mixture of P. odoratum, Cassia siamea, Garcinia cowa and Limnophila aromatic extracts. All 

formulations of the vegetable extracts were able to delay lipid oxidation in the sausage. Addition of 

0.2% vegetable extracts resulted in greater decreasing of TBARS value as compared to the other 

concentrations, but caused unacceptable color of the sausage. The extracts at all concentrations 

tested did not result in decreasing of their total viable counts (TVC). Therefore, these vegetable 

extracts at 0.1% were selected for use in combination with 2.5% sodium lactate (SL) as 

preservatives in this dried sausage. Their effects on oxidative, microbial and sensory stability of 

sausage samples during storage at 4°C and 85% RH for 21 days were evaluated. These extracts 

were able to retard lipid oxidation by lowering TBARS value throughout the 21-day storage. 

Addition of SL, either alone or in combination with these plant extracts resulted in decreasing 

136

number of TVC in the samples. The TVC in the samples added with SL alone, PE with SL, and 

MVE 2 with SL decreased by 1.36, 1.35, and 2.42 log units after 21 days of storage. However, 

addition of vegetable extracts alone did not cause reduction of microbial counts in the sausages 

during storage. The sausage samples added with PE in combination with SL had less rancid odor 

compared to the samples of other treatments. Therefore, the vegetable extract, PE in combination 

with SL could be effectively used to extend shelf-life of the chinese-style sausage. 

Key words: Antimicrobial,antioxidant, Polygonum odoratum, sodium lactate. 

9.9 Antioxidant Potential of Some Medicinal Plants 

P.R. Venskutonis 1 ., I. Šliumpaitė 1 ., M. Murkovic 2 ., and A. Zeb 2 

1 Department of Food Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilın ı pl. 19, Kaunas, 

LT-50254, Lithuania. 2 Institute for Food Chemistry and Technology, Graz University of 

Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A – 8010 Graz, Austria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal plants biosynthesize various compounds, including strong antioxidants, 

which may be used as a promising source of natural food additives and healthy functional 

ingredients. In this study radical scavenging activity of extracts isolated from such less investigated 

previously plants as Betonica officinalis, Gratiola officinalis, Vincetoxicum lutea, Saponaria 

officinalis and Astragallus glycyphyllos was evaluated using DPPH • and ABTS +• radical scavenging 

assays. It was determined that the extracts from hedge hyssop (G. officinalis), wood betony (B. 

officinalis) and swallowwort (V. lutea) possessed the highest radical scavenging acitivity in both 

assays. Their antioxidant activity was much stronger than those of soapwort (S. officinalis) and 

wild liquorice (A. glycyphyllos). The content of total amount of phenolic compounds measured by 

Folin-Ciocalteu method correlated with the ability of plant extracts to scavenge free radicals. It was 

found that the highest amount of phenolic compounds were in the plant extracts which effectively 

inhibited DPPH • and ABTS +• free radicals. The most active species G. officinalis, B. officinalis and 

V. lutea were selected for further studies, which were focused on phytochemical composition of 

the extracts as well as antioxidant activities of the separated constituents. An on-line HPLC-DPPH • 

method was used for this purpose. The technique enabled selective detection and identification of 

individual radical scavenging compounds without any prior off-line and time consuming 

chromatographic steps. It was determined that one of the main compounds possessing antioxidant 

activity in B. officinalis and V. lutea was chlorogenic acid. Moreover, the acetonic extract of 

swallowwort contained other 5 compounds, namely apigenin-7-O-glucoside, ferulic acid, 

cynaroside, luteolin-7-O-gentiobioside and quercetin-3-O-glucoside. The methanolic extract of this 

plant contained less compounds possessing antioxidant activity. Three compounds were identified 

in the mentioned extract, namely chlorogenic acid, isoquercetin and luteolin-7-O-gentiobioside. 

The identification of the chemical constituents from hedge hyssop was more complicated; however 

it was observed that the main compounds possessing antioxidant activity were hydrocinnamic acid 

derivatives. Furthermore, it was found that the extracts from wood betony contain these 

compounds as well. The identified constituents in wood betony were luteolin-7-O-glucoside, 

vitexin, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide and apigenin-7-O-p-coumaroylglucoside. 

Key words: Antioxidant potential, medicinal plants. 

137

9.10 The Importance of Gentiana lutea as Medical Plant for Herbal 

Supplemented Beverage 

Razmovski N. Radojka, and Vučurović M. Vesna 

Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Boulevard Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, 

Republic of Serbia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was conducted to analyse the importance and the potential of Gentiana 

lutea as medical plant for herbal supplemented beverage in Serbia. Gentiana lutea belongs to 

family of Gentianaceae, flowering plants comprising approximately 70–80 genera and 900–1200 

species. This medical plant grows naturally on uncultivated ground in central and southern Europe 

including Balkan mountains. In Serbia it can be found on mountains as Zlatibor, Tara and 

Kopaonik (altitude of 300-2500 m). Gentiana lutea is an official drug in many pharmacopoeias and 

it is present commercially in the form of dried fermented rhizomes and roots. The root has 

antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, bitter, febrifuge, refrigerant and stomachic properties. These 

properties can be attributed mainly to secoiridoid bitter compounds, such as gentiopicroside, 

amarogentin, swertiamarin and group of xanthones such as isovitexin and isogentisin. Taking into 

account the anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties as well as different pharmacological activities 

of Gentiana extracts, it was desirable to explore and compare few different traditionally procedures 

for the prodution of herbal supplemented alcoholic beverages. There are several well known 

traditional procedures depending on ethno regions. The most widely used method include 

extraction of 30 g/l sliced fermented roots in 1 l grape brandy (45% v/v ethanol) or white wine 

during seven days. After filtration supplemented beverage should be stored in dark place until 

further use. This study aims at emphasizing the greatest importance of investigation of Gentiana 

lutea since there is a growing interest in the food industry and in preventive health care in the 

development and evaluation of natural healing agents from plants. This research is financed by 

Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Project TR-31002). 

Key words: Gentiana lutea, medical plant, supplemented beverage. 

9.11 Food and Medicinal Uses of Agave Sap Species in Western Mexico 

Valenzuela, A. and Montiel, A. 

Signo Tequila Foundation, Universidad de Guadalajara. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Since Precolumbian times agave sap rich in sugars (honey-water) in Mexico, are a 

source for food, beverages, ferments, remedies and fibres. During Clasic period of Aztec Culture, 

ebriety, nutrition and medicinal were assigned in a godess complex and pulque (ferments). Codex 

form central Mexico and descriptions are evidences about man-agave simbiosis. The most 

important products were fresh juices from saps (honeywater or “aguamiel”) and their ferments 

(pulque). Tequila is a national liquor, very well known and produced in this región from Agave 

tequilana. Ethnobotanical research in agave species for saps has been scarse. From 2008 to 

2012, we made 20 interviews, plant collects and species identification, crop systems classification, 

soils and weather types, uses as ferments, in gastronomy and medicinal remedies. How are the 

saps species and their cultivations patterns in Tequila land Literature sources were reviewed and 

regional “pulque” history. Results showed differences in the agave saps species used in Jalisco, 

traditional knowledge and cultivation systems. We found two regions, with different species and 

production systems. The most intense cultivated system is represented by agave cultivars 

selected by asexually propagation. They are planted since XIX century with A. americana, 

Americanae, A. salmiana and A mapisaga both Salmianae. Average total anual rain in this area is 

500-600 mm with a soils diversity range. A second group is a wild and semi-domesticated 

production system of A. inaequidens and A. hookeri both Crenatae. They have a predominant 

sexual propagation, grown in volcanic soils (basalts), in mountains with pine and oak forest, total 

anual rain between 1000-1400 mm. Today, more medicinal and nutritional attributes are given to 

“aguamiel” and “pulque” and less for ineabriation. This nutritious ferment 3-4% alcohol is 

recomended to mothers feeding, children, aged and sick people for a oligo-elements and 

aminoacids. Cooked juices from fresh leaves are used for tramautism, cicatrisants and celular re- 

138

hydratation. Aguamiel is cooked for a 45% brix syrup, remedy for cough and sweetner. Agave 

saps nutritional uses are re-valorised in Jalisco, this is the first empirical investigation identifying 

species, areas, cultivation and uses. 

Key words: Agave sap, Jalisco, medicinal remedies, salmianae, tequila. 

9.12 Traditional Use of Juniper communis L. Berries for Flavored Spirit 

Production in Serbia 

Vučurović M. Vesna, and Razmovski N. Radojka 

Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Boulevard Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, 

Republic of Serbia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Medicinal plants represent a valuable resource for alternative medicine and 

livelihoods of many people in Serbia. The rural communities and income generation rely on 

medicinal plants for their primary healthcare needs. The fruit of Juniper communis L. are 

commonly and traditionally used for production of juniper-flavored spirit in Serbia. In the production 

of traditional alcoholic beverages, juniper berries are used either as flavoring for grain and fruit 

spirit or as both fermentation substrate and flavoring agent. Various techniques have been used 

for juniper-flavored spirit production. Our study provides comparison of different techniques for 

juniper-flavored spirit. Each technique has particular advantages and disadvantages. 

Nevertheless, juniper-flavored spirit is most frequently obtained by addition of 10g dried mature 

berries in 1l of plum brandy (25% v/v ethanol) and storage for 40 days in the sunlight exposure. 

During that time aromatic, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds are extracted. Then distillation 

of this plum brandy along with the berries of juniper is carried out. The obtained distillate is ageing 

in oak barrel for 3-6 months. Juniper-flavored spirit has been traditionally used in Serbia and 

others Balkan countries as diuretic, for disinfection of urinary organs, for improving digestion, 

expectorant, anti-gastric diseases, kidney diseases etc. The practical implementation of the 

selected technique presented in our findings could serve as a basis for further research in the field 

of the production of beverages with healing properties, with a view to developing new medicines 

for the treatment of the diseases of the modern times. This research is financed by Ministry of 

Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Project TR-31002). 

Key words: Juniper, juniper-flavored spirit, medical plant. 

139


Topic (10): Medicinal Plants in Ethno-Veterinary Practice and Animal Nutrition 

10.1 The Effect of Supplementing Different Levels of Fenugreek Seeds 

(Trigonella foenum– graecum) on Physiological Performance of Japans 

Quail (Cutornix-cutornix Japonica) Exposed to Oxidative Stress 

Induced By Hydrogen Peroxide 

Ahmed T.Taha and Ahmed A. AL Douri 

Animal resources dep./ College of Agriculture/ University of Tikrit/Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of oxidative stress induced 

by H2O2 (0.5%) supplemented with drinking water on the physiological performance of(cutornixcutornixja 

ponica) birds In addition of study the effect of Fenugreek seeds to reduced this type of 

stress . Oxidative stress were determined by measuring the level of glutathione (GSH) and 

malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissues, and by measuring GOT and GPT enzymes activity , in 

addition in the some physiological and hematological parameters. Sixty (Cutornix-cutornix 

Japonica) birds were randomly assigned in to six treatments groups as follows: (control group T1) 

The birds were given standard diet and normal water, Treatment (2) The birds were given the 

same ration as treatment (1) and H2O2 (0.5%) in drinking water. Treatment (3) The birds were 

given a standard ration and 5 gm grounded fenugreek /Kg feed + H2O2 (0.5%) in drinking water. 

Treatment (4) The birds were given a standard ration +10gm grounded fenugreek /Kg diet + H2O2 

(0.5%) in drinking water. Treatment (5) The birds were given a standard ratio + 5gm grounded 

fenugreek /Kg diet + normal water. Treatment (6) The birds were given a standard ratio + 10gm 

grounded fenugreek /Kg diet + normal water. The result of study showed that H2O2 

supplementation caused deterioration in the antioxidant status as represented by an increase in 

MDA and a decrease in GSH levels of the liver tissue . Significant increases (P≤0,05) in WBC, 

glucose ,cholesterol and GOT, GPT enzymes activities blood serum .An improvement of the 

antioxidant status of liver tissue were evident in birds receiving Fenugreek seeds as represented 

through an increase of GSH and decrease in MDA levels , and significant increases (P≤0,05) in 

RBC , Hb, total protein concentration. It was concluded from the present study that supplementing 

(H2O2) resulted in an increase in the oxidative stress of (Cutornix-cutornix Japonica) birds; the 

fenugreek seeds have ability to reduce this type of oxidative stress. 

Key words: Fenugreek, japans quail, hydrogen peroxide, oxidative stress. 

10.2 Influence of Drinking Water Supplementation with Licorice Extract on 

Certain Blood Traits of Broilers during Heat Stress 

Al-Daraji, Hazim J. 

Department of Animal Resource, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was conducted to determine the physiological mechanisms expected to be 

involved in alleviating the detrimental effects of heat stress on broiler chickens by supplementing 

drinking water with licorice extract (LE). A total of 600 broiler chicks, one day old were used. Birds 

have been assigned to 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates of 50 chicks each (150 chicks per 

treatment). Birds in the first treatment (T1) were provided with drinking water alone and considered 

as a control group, whereas birds in treatments 2 (T2), 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) were provided with 

drinking water supplemented with 150, 300 or 450 mg LE / liter, respectively. At the third week of 

age, birds in all treatments were exposed to heat stress (38 – 43 º C) for 6 hours daily (1200 h – 

1800 h).Hematological traits included in this study were: Erythrocyte counts (RBC), hemoglobin 

concentration (Hb), thrombocyte counts (Thr), leucocyte counts (WBC), heterophil / lymphocyte 

ratio (H / L ratio), hematocrit (pcv) and plasma uric acid (Uri), glucose (Glu), cholesterol (Cho), 

Protein (Pro), aspartate aminotransaminase activity (AST), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), 

calcium (Cal) and phosphorus (Pho). Results revealed that inclusion of the LE in the drinking water 

of broiler chickens (T2, T3, and T4) exposed to heat stress resulted in significant (p < 0.05) 

140

increase in RBC, Hb, Thr, WBC, PCV, and plasma Uri, Glu, AST, ALP, Ca and Pho and significant 

(p < 0.05) decrease in H / L ratio, and plasma Cho and Pro compared with (T1). However, T4 

recorded the best results with relation to all blood characteristics included in this experiment. It 

was concluded from this study that supplementation of LE particularly at the level of 450 mg / liter 

to the drinking water of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress can depress the adverse effects of 

heat stress on blood characteristics of broiler chickens. Therefore, LE can be used as an effective 

feed additive for enhance general physiological status of birds during heat stress. 

Key words: Broiler, erythrocyte, heat stress, licorice extract, plasma, thrombocyte, water. 

10.3 Effect of Garlic Oil Supplementation on Laying Hens Fed with T-2 Toxin 

Contaminated Diet 

Ancsin Zsolt, Erdélyi Márta, Balogh Krisztián, Bócsai Andrea and Mézes 

Miklós 

Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István 

University, H-2103 Gödöllõ, Hungary. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aim of present study was to investigate whether garlic essential oil, with natural 

organosulfur compound content, that possesses free radical scavenging activity, is able to 

eliminate the adverse effects of T-2 mycotoxin contamination in laying hens‟ diet. Hens were 

divided randomly into three treatment groups: Control (C), Control + T-2 toxin (T) and Control + T- 

2 toxin + Garlic essential oil (GT) (n=15 in each group). The Control group (C) was fed with 

commercial broiler diet without added antioxidants (basal diet). In the case of group T the basal 

diet was experimentally contaminated with T-2 toxin with a dosage of 2.05 mg/kg feed. In group 

GT the feed of T group was complemented with 0.30 g/kg feed garlic essential oil. Experimental 

diets were fed for 21 days. During this period, the egg production was recorded daily, and egg 

samples for quality measurements were taken on weekly basis. On day 21 five randomly selected 

birds from each group were exterminated, and blood, liver, muscle, kidney and spleen samples 

were taken to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), as meta-stable end product 

of free radical initiated lipid peroxidation, and that of the reduced glutathione (GSH), the most 

important sulfhydryl containing low molecular weight antioxidant, as well as the activity of 

glutathione peroxidase (GPx). There were no significant changes in egg production and in the 

biochemical parameters of blood samples. However, significant changes were found in egg quality 

parameters as we measured, such as significantly lower egg-length (p

10.4 Comparative efficacy of various indigenous and allopathic drugs 

against fasciolosis in buffaloes 

Azhar Maqbool, and S. Shakeel Shah 

Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: One hundred and eighty buffaloes were used in 18 controlled experiments to compare 

the efficacy of certain indegenous drugs, including Nigella sativa seeds, Fumaria parviflora aerial 

parts, Caesalpinia crista seeds, and Saussurea lappa roots with triclabendazole against 

fasciolosis. Efficacy was quantified by determining the difference of eggs per gram faeces (EPG) 

pre- and post-treatment. Nigella sativa seeds, after a single dose of 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg body 

mass, reduced EPG by 54.16, 57.4 and 58.33 per cent. After the second dose the respective 

reduction in EPG was 79.16, 80.85 and 81.25 per cent. Fumaria parviflora aerial parts at the rate 

of 40, 50 and 60 mg/kg body mass were 50.0, 57.44 and 78.72 per cent, respectively, whereas 

efficacy at two dose levels with the same dose rate was 82.6, 89.36 and 95.74 per cent, 

respectively. Caesalpinia crista seeds at30, 40 and 50 mg/kg body mass were 48.9, 50.0 and 57.7 

per cent effective, respectively, whereas efficacy at two dose levels was 80.0, 84.09 and 86.6 per 

cent, respectively. Saussurea lappa at a rate of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body mass was 46.6, 57.4 

and 61.7 per cent effective, respectively, at one dose level and was 62.2, 72.3 and 78.7 per cent 

effective at two dose levels. Triclabendazole at one dose level at a rate of 10 mg/kg body mass 

was 82.6 per cent effective and at two dose level it was 95.7 per cent effective. The efficacy order 

was triclabendazole, Fumaria parviflora, Caesalpinia crista, Nigella sativa and Saussurea lappa. 

No side effects were noted due to the use of any of these plant-origin drugs. 

Key words: Buffaloes, efficacy, eggs, Nigella sativa, Saussurea lappa, triclabendazole. 

10.5 The effect of phytogenic additive on in vivo saccharides digestibility of 

sport horses 

Galik Branislav 1 , Biro Daniel 1 , Rolinec Michal, Simko Milan 1 , Juracek 

Miroslav, and Halo Marko 2 

1 Department of Animal Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture. ²Department of Animal 

Husbandry, Slovak University of Agriculture, in Nitra-Slovakia. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was conducted to determine the effect of plant extract additive on 

digestibility of nitrogen free extract, crude fibre, NDV and ADV in sport horses nutrition. 14 adult 

healthy warm blood sport horses were used (BW: 525±75 kg, Age: 6.8±3 Years). Animals were 

divided in two groups (7 horses in each group): control group C and experimental group A. Feed 

rations of sport horses were formulated from crimped barley, meadow hay and mineral feed 

mixture. Feed rations of horses in experimental group were added with phytogenic additive (active 

compounds: a blend of essential oils from origanum, anise and citrus fruits, as well as a prebiotic 

rich in fructooligosaccharides) in dosage 1g per 1 kg of concentred feed. Two months after the 

beginning of experiment we realized in vivo digestibility trial. During the experiment any metabolic 

problems were observed. Significantly (P

10.6 Effect of Supplementation Powder and Aqueous Extract of Rice Oryza 

sativa Bran to Diet and Drinking Water During Heat Stress on Broiler 

Performance 

Ibrahim, Dhia 1 and Butris, Ghassan 2 

1 College of Agriculture Baghdad University. 2 College of Veterinary , Baghdad University, Iraq. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing powder, aqueous 

extract of rice bran to diet and drinking water on broiler performance exposed to cyclic temperature 

28-35-28°C. One hundred and twenty one day old unsexed Lohmann broiler chicken were used, 

reared on litter to 3 weeks of age, and from 4-8 weeks reared in batteries, birds fed a diet contain 

21.13% crude protein and 2978.58 Kcal ME/ Kg diet and, five treatments were carried out T O 

treatments without addition of rice bran, and T 1 ,T 2 treatments where addition of rice bran aqueous 

extract to drinking water was at level 0.3, 0.9% respectively and ,T 3 ,T 4 treatments where addition 

of rice bran powder to diet was at level 0.3, 0.9% respectively. This supplementation of rice bran to 

diet and drinking water was given to broiler daily for 6 hours from 1200-1800 hours which the 

highest environmental temperature 35°C during experiment periods 4-8 weeks of age. In general 

the results of addition rice bran to diet and drinking water revealed a significant (P

10.8 Effect of Rhus coriaria L. in Rabbit Nutrition on Spermatozoa Motility 

Massanyi Peter 1 , Abbas Kamaran 2 , Danko Jan 3 , Formicki Grzegorz 4 , Stawarz 

Robert 4 , Rzepka Andrzej 4 , Dlugosz Zbigniew 4 , and Lukac Norbert 1 

1 Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic; 2 Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq; 

3 University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic; 4 Pedagogical 

University, Krakow, Poland. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: Rhus coriaria L. is a deciduous shrub to small tree in the Anacardiaceous or Cashew 

family, native to southern Europe. The dried fruit are used as a spice, particularly in combination 

with other spices. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) 

addition to the diet on spermatozoa motility parameters of male rabbits. Adult rabbits (5 in each 

group) were divided into 5 groups – control (C) and four experimental groups. Experimental 

animals received sumac per os in feed in various doses: E1 – 0.50%, E2 – 0.75%, E3 – 1.0% and 

E4 – 1.50% for 90 days. During the consumption of the sumac the spermatozoa motility was 

analyzed using CASA system. At the end of the experiment the analysis of the total spermatozoa 

motility detected a decrease of spermatozoa motility from 74.68% in control group to 61.48% in 

group with the highest sumac concentration in feed mixture. Similar tendency of decrease was 

detected also for progressive spermatozoa motility, where the decrease reached almost 20%. 

Motility spermatozoa parameters closely correspond with path parameters of spermatozoa motility. 

The highest distance average path was found in control group (19.55±8.04 μm) and the lowest in 

group with addition of 1.0% sumac (15.89±9.63 μm). Distance curved path (line) was in control 

group 41.11±15.43 μm and the decreased in the group E3 was the most significant – 31.07±18.68 

μm. Similar tendency was detected also for distance straight line – a decrease from 13.79±5.60 to 

11.91±7.50 μm. Also the other fine parameters of spermatozoa motility: velocity average path, 

velocity curved line, velocity straight line, straightness, linearity, wobble, amplitude of lateral head 

displacement and beat cross frequency were lower in groups with addition of sumac in feed 

mixture. Generally, results of the study suggest negative effect of sumac on spermatozoa motility 

parameters which might be in relation to decreased cholesterol concentration as reported before. 

Supported by VEGA 1/0532/11. 

Key words: Rabbit nutrition, Rhus coriaria, spermatozoa motility. 

10.9 Phyto-Ethnveterinary Medicines of Northern Himalayas 

Mushtaq Ahmad, Ghulam M. S., Mir Ajab K., Muhammad Z., and Shazia S. 

Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The Mountains of Northern Himalayas are endowed with a diverse plant wealth. It is 

the home of rare species of plants and animals. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted for 

documentation of medicinal plants used to cure different veterinary ailments. In this region nomads 

and other migratory herders utilize herbal medicines for the treatment of their livestock. Data was 

collected based on questionnaires and interviews of herders, nomads and shepherds. A total of 62 

plant species belonging to36 families were identified against veterinary aliments. Typically 7-10 

types of diseases were reported in study area. The most frequent diseases are diarrhea, after birth 

retention, prolapsed of uterus, constipation, fever, foot and mouth rot, colic, indigestion, blood in 

urine, internal injury and fever etc. Further research trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of 

these veterinary herbal drugs. 

Key words: Ethnobotany, flora, northern himalaya, veterinary diseases. 

144

10.10 Medical Plant Tribulus terrestris as Additive in Animal Nutrition 

Petkova Mariana and Grigorova Svetlana 

Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod, 2232 Bulgaria. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: The extract from the annual herb Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) is extremely rich in 

biological active substances such as furostanol saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, 

vitamins and other constituents in general. It is commonly used in the folk medicine of many 

countries for different purposes because of its anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-helminthic, antifungal, 

and antiviral effects. However, Bulgarian product, in comparison with those from other 

origin (China, India, America, Japan, Korea etc.), contents more saponins of the furostanol type: 

protodioscin and protogracilin which are the main active components of this medical plant. The 

objective of this paper is to review and analyze the results of studies with animals received as 

additive of products from Tribulus terrestris by feed or water. Recently, experiments with various 

farm animals (rams, poultry, rabbits, bulls) proved the beneficial effect of TT dry extract on: 

productivity; sperm quality; biochemical changes of blood parameters and qualities of meat and 

eggs. The paper presents also the review of results from our own investigations. It was found that 

the tested product increased the laying intensity of hens (P≥0.05), guinea fowls (P≤0.05), quails 

(P≤0.001). Egg morphological characteristics as well as sperm quality of rams, cocks and bulls are 

improved under treatments. The addition of TT dry extract leads to decreasing of blood serum 

cholesterol in hens and cocks (P≥0.05), in guinea fowls (P≤0.01). The concentration of glucose in 

the blood serum was high significant lowered (P≤0.001) in hens, guinea fowls and bulls. The level 

of Ca blood serum increased (P≤0.01) only in female experimental birds (guinea fowls and hens). 

Additionally, in growing rabbits received TT extract, we observed enhancement of the average 

daily gain, carcass performance and meat chemical composition, dependent on the sex of animals 

and the level of additive. The supplementation of the TT dry extract does not influence negatively 

on the sensor properties of table eggs. The blood testosterone level in bulls was significant higher 

(P< 0.01) at the end of treatment in relation to the level at the beginning of investigation. We made 

conclusions for beneficial effects of medical plant Tribulus terrestris and the possibilities for using 

its products in animal nutrition. The proper concentration in the daily rations and the concentrate 

mixtures are also given. 

Key words: Animal, biological active substances, extract, , nutrition, Tribulus terrestris L.. 

10.11 Herbal Medicine for Animal Health in the Region of Central Slovakia 

Poracova, Janka 1 , Blascakova, Marta 1 , Kotosova, Janka 2 , and Sedlak, 

Vincent 2 

1 Department of Biology, Excellence Centre of Human and Animal Ecology, Presov University in 

Presov. 2 Department of Ecology, Presov University in Presov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural 

Sciences, Presov, Slovak Republic 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In the last few decades rise the interest and use of herbal medicinal products, plant 

material or its crude extracts in the human and veterinary medicine. This general interest has been 

followed by increasing scientific and commercial interest in traditional medicines. This work´s 

focused on finding medicinal plants that are most used for digestive disorders, skin, and 

inflammatory respiratory diseases in animals in Central Slovakia. By questionnaire inquiry we 

investigated the use of medicinal plant species in animals in the region of Central Slovakia – 

Banska Bystrica and Zilina regions. We asked 256 respondents who answered questions 

concerning the use of medicinal plants for various diseases of domestic animals, especially in 

diseases of the digestive tract, skin diseases and injuries, inflammatory respiratory diseases. Many 

plant extracts, essential oils, teas and other preparations are used in our country at diseases of 

economically important domestic animals or pets. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.), coriander 

seed (Coriandrum sativum L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), yarrow 

(Achillea millefolium L.), yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.) and others are especially used for 

treatment of the digestive problems in animals in Central Slovakia. For the treatment of skin 

diseases are used ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), St. John's Wort (Hypericum 

145

perforatum L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), purple coneflower (Echinacea purple L.), greater 

celandine (Chelidonium majus L.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). The inflammatory respiratory 

diseases in animals are treated mainly with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), thyme (Thymus 

serpyllum L.), coltsfoot healing (Tussilago farfara L.), ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), 

pansy (Viola tricolor L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.). Use of plant extracts and essential oils 

is widespread throughout the region of Central Slovakia. Mainly are represented the plants that are 

commonly growth in this part of Slovakia, which are used in relation to traditional medicine known 

in this area. 

Aknowledgements:This work was based on a project supported by the Ministry of Education, 

Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, project number 00162-0001 (SR- 

3634/2010-11 ME) and the Agency of Structural Found EU, project: ITMS 26220120041. 

Key words: Dandelion, essential oils, medicinal plant, veterinary, sage, Slovakia. 

10.12 Ethnoveterinary Medicine in the Region of Eastern Slovakia 

Poracova, Janka 1 , Blascakova, Marta 1 , and Sedlak, Vincent 2 

1 Excellence Centre of Human and Animal Ecology, Presov University. 2 Department of Ecology, 

Presov University in Presov, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, 081 16 Presov, Slovak 

Republic. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: As far as the industrially development countries are concerned, intensive farming has 

been widely practiced but had raised not only food production, but also many ethical and health 

concerns, giving rise to the organic preference of many consumers. The investigation of the 

traditional natural medicines might provide alternatives to current treatments of animals that have 

caused much concern such as widespread use of antibiotics in young animals, producing residues 

in food and creating of resistance in humans and animals. In our work we focused on finding 

medicinal plants that are most used for digestive disorders, skin diseases, respiratory diseases in 

domestic animals in region of Eastern Slovakia. The results were processed on the basis of the 

responses which we received from 425 respondents in the Presov and Kosice region. We tried to 

find which kind of herbs is used in diseases of domestic animals in Eastern Slovakia. Plants and 

their extracts are commonly used for skin diseases and injuries, diseases of the digestive tract and 

respiratory tract. The mainly used medicinal plants by digestive problems in animals in Eastern 

Slovakia are dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.), yarrow (Achillea mellefolium L.), lemon balm 

(Melissa officinalis L.). In case of skin diseases and wound healing in animals using stinging nettle 

(Urtica dioica L.), ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and greater 

celandine (Chelidonium majus L.). In case of respiratory diseases in animals used thyme (Thymus 

serpyllum L.), clover (Trifolium pratense L.), Fennel (Foeniculum vulgaris L.) and healing coltsfoot 

(Tussilago farfara L.). We found that most respondents used in the treatment of selected diseases 

of animals the plants, which are located in the region and have been used in traditional medicine in 

this part of Slovakia. In recent years are beginning to use the new plants, which were introduced 

from other countries in Europe, Asia ect. 

Aknowledgements 

This work was based on a project supported by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and 

Sport of the Slovak Republic, project identification number 00162-0001 (SR-3634/2010-11 ME) 

and The Agency of Structural Found, code project: ITMS 26220120041. 

Key words: Dandelion, medicine, sage, Slovakia, veterinary. 

146

10.13 Mahout Community – An Indigenous Knowledge Tresasure of 

Medicinal Plants Used in The Healthcare of Domesticated Elephants 

of Maharashtra, India 

SALUNKHE CHANDRAKANT B. 1 and MOHOLKAR SUHAN M. 2 

1 Post Graduate Center of Botany, Krishna Mahavidyalaya, Shivnagar, Rethare (Bk.). 2 Raja 

Shripatrao Bhagwantrao Mahavidyalaya, Aundh – 415510, M.S., India. 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: In India, The Project Elephant presently covers 25 Elephant Reserves in 14 States 

spread over 61,200 km 2 of National Parks and Sanctuaries and areas used by elephant outside. 

Major aim of The XI Five year plan of Project Elephant is the long-term conservation of viable 

elephant populations. In the Royal families and some temples, elephants have been domesticated 

and used as status symbols since time immemorial. It is estimated that about 4000 elephants are 

in captivity in India. The majority (i.e. about 2700) are under the care of private individuals. Once a 

captive elephant is weaned, it begins life as a domesticated elephant under the care of its keeper 

„Mahout‟. Very little attention has been paid to the management of the large population of these 

captive elephants in the country. There is an urgent need to pay more attention for welfare of this 

intelligent animal, who has shared a close relationship with people for several thousand years. The 

Mahouts have sound knowledge of nutrition and herbal remedies to cure various diseases of 

domesticated elephants. This traditional knowledge of Medicinal plants is unique to the community 

and has been passed from generation to generation, usually by word of mouth and cultural rituals. 

It forms the basis of health care of domesticated elephants. Today, there is a grave risk that this 

valuable indigenous knowledge of herbals will be lost in the near future. The documentation of this 

un-coded, oral traditional knowledge of little-known bioresources of potential economic value is 

very much essential. For the last 3 years (2009-2011), the data on medicinal plants used for 

domesticated elephants was obtained through interviews with Mahouts of Maharashtra state in 

India. Present paper highlights some herbal preparations used by Mahouts to cure various 

diseases in domesticated elephants. An extensive literature review and botanical identification of 

the plants was done with available literature. The preserved specimens were deposited in the 

herbarium of Krishna Mahavidyalaya, Shivnagar, Rethare Bk.,(MS). 

Key words: Elephants, india. indigenous knowledge, maharashtra, mahout. 

10.14 Effect of Addition Different Levels of Caraway Seeds Powder on 

Performance, Some Physiological Traits and Immunity to Broiler 

Chicken 

Sunbul J. Hamodi and Hanan I. Al-Mashhadani 

Department of Animal Resources / Faculty of Agriculture / University of Baghdad. Iraq . 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This study was conducted at Poultry Farm, Animal Science Department, College of 

Agriculture, University of Baghdad from 28/3/2011 until 9/5/2011 to evaluate the supplementation 

of different levels of caraway seed powder on the performance, some physiological and immunity 

traits and microorganism count to broiler chicken. A total of 180 day-old Ross-308 chicks were 

randomly assigned to four treatments with three replicate pen/treat. (15 chicks/replicate). Birds 

were fed experimental diet containing 0% T1 control and 1, 2, 3 gm caraway seed powder/kg diet 

for treatment T2,T3,T4 respectively. The results showed that there was a significant increase 

(p

10.15 Comparative Supplemented Vitamin C and Roselle Flower to Broiler 

Diet on Productive Performance 

Sunbul, J. Hamodi 1 ., Luma, K. Bander 1 ., Firas, M. Al-Khilani 2 ., Raad, F. 

Hamed 2 

1 College of Agric. Baghdad Univ. 2 State Board of Agric Res. Ministry of Agric. Baghdad – Iraq 

<strong>Abstract</strong>: This experiment was conducted at poultry research station, State Board of Agricultural 

Research Ministry of Agriculture from 1/7 to 11/8/2010. To study the effect of supplemental Vit.C 

and Roselle in broiler diets on productive performance 540 day old unsexed broiler chicks (Arbore 

Acres) were used in this study. The supplements were randomly distributed into 3 treatments. 

Control, Vit.C (250gm /ton) and Roselle (6kg/ ton) for 6 replicate (30 chicks per replicate e).Body 

weight (gm)،gain(g)،feed consumption،feed conversion ratio ، mortality، dressing percentage، 

giblets and carcass cuts were studies. The result showed that supplementing Vit.C and Roselle 

flower studies to the diet increased significantly (p

Authors' Index 

149

A. DJEBARA (66) 

A. John De Britto (108) 

Abbass, J. A. (102) 

Abu-Dahab, R. (1) 

Adrar, Sabah (2) 

Afifi, Fatma U. (54) 

Aftab, A. (66) 

Agah Fateme (95) 

Ahlam Hachelaf (67) 

Ahmad El-Oqlah (27) 

Ahmad Habib (95) 

Ahmed T.Taha (139) 

Aisha M.A. Ahmed (96) 

Akkal, S. (82) 

Al - Daraji, Hazim J. (139) 

AL-Hadeedy S.H. (97) 

Al -Rubeii, Amera M.S. (132) 

Al -Soub, Razan (3) 

Alghamdi, Salem S. (132) 

Aljibouri Abedaljasim M. (96) 

Alli Inteaz (67) 

Almalty Abdul-Majeed (54) 

ALOUANI, Abdelouaheb (108) 

Alsabri Sami (3) 

Amar DJERIDANE (4) 

AMMAD Faiza (109) 

Amro, Mohamed A. (109) 

Ancsin Zsolt (140) 

Angelova, V. (125) 

ARRAR Lekhmici (68) 

Ashrafju, Mahla (111) 

Asiyeh Salari Sabzevara (110) 

Askarianzadeh A. (110) 

Asma Chbani (111) 

Azhar Maqbool (141) 

Azza, A. Ezz El-Din (100) 

BABA-AISSA M. Karima (112) 

Bachir Raho Ghalem (133) 

Badiaa Lyoussi (5) 

BAHLOULI Fayçal (123) 

Baniadami Yekta (112) 

Baranova Inna (128) 

Basri Dayang Fredalina (6) 

Bedjou, fatiha (7) 

Belattar, R. (121) 

BELGUENDOUZ, R. (7)

Belhattab Rachid (113) 

BEN AHMED Merzoug (128) 

Ben Ahmed Ziyad (69) 

BEN BAHRI Nada (125) 

Ben Jemia Mariem (8) 

Benchikh Fatima (14) 

BENHAMOU AMINA (55) 

BENREBIHA, F. (8) 

Bernáth Jenő (55) 

BERRI Yasmine (8) 

Betti Georges (69) 

Biro Daniel (141) 

Bitam Fatma (70) 

Blascakova, Marta (144) 

BOUAZIZ Amel (56) 

Boudina Ali (70) 

Boufas, Sihem (10) 

Boulekbache-Makhlouf Lila (71) 

Boulenouar Noureddine (113) 

Bounaceur F. (114) 

Bounechada Mustapha (56) 

Bouriche Hamama (10) 

Boussahel Soulef (71) 

BOUSSOUALIM Naouel (11) 

Boussouf, Lilia (11) 

Boutennoune Hanane (12) 

Brahmi Fatiha (72) 

Brindza Jan (134) 

Butkutė, Bronislava (73) 

Ćalić Dušica (97) 

Caroline S. Weckerle (57) 

Chaker, A. N. (74) 

Chammem Nadia (114) 

CHAREF Noureddine (4) 

CHEBOUTI-MEZIOU N (12) 

CHIKHOUNE Anis (74) 

Cock I.E. (12) 

DAMERDJI, A. (121) 

Dehghani, Mahsa (115) 

De Wet Helene (57) 

DIAFET Abdelwahab (5) 

DJALILA, BOUDEMAGH. (14) 

Djamila AMENI (14) 

DJEDIOUI, A (15) 

DJIDEL Saliha (15) 

Edris Jaradat (58)

Eftimova Jarmila (58) 

EL Tahir A (16) 

Erdoğan Elif (34) 

Éva Zámboriné –Németh (97) 

F. Guenadil (129) 

F. Louafi (75) 

Fayha M. AL-Hawamdeh (98) 

Firas alkazak (17) 

Foudil-Cherif Yazid (75) 

Ghasem Hosein Talaei (99) 

Grubnik Igor (129) 

Grygorieva Olga (75) 

Haba Hamada (76) 

Hadieh Bahaa (18) 

HADJAIDJI-BENSEGh Fatiha (59) 

Hakim, kheniche (18) 

Hakimeh Najmizadeh (115) 

Hamdani Fatima zohra (133) 

HAMMOUDI Roukia (19) 

Haouala Faouzi (113) 

HARFI Boualem (99) 

Harir Mohamed (116) 

Harkati Brahim (19) 

Harzallah, Daoud (13) 

Hashmi R. S. (100) 

Hassan Abdalla Almahy (76) 

HENCHIRI C. (20) 

Hohmann, Judit (20) 

Huber, Franz K. (122) 

Huda Hazim Al-Taae (116) 

Ibrahim, Dhia (142) 

Isabel Maria Madaleno (101) 

Ishak, Shafariatul Akmar (21) 

Jasim Abdul razzak, A. (101) 

JN Eloff (142) 

KAABOUR Faiza (21) 

Kacharava Tamar (126) 

Kadan Sleman (22) 

Kamel Medjroubi (77) 

Kanagarajan Prasanna K. (117) 

Karadjva Irina (126) 

Kasabri, Violet (60) 

Kchouk Mohamed Elyes (8) 

Khalid A. Khalid (101) 

Khelifi Lakhdar (68) 

KHENNOUF Seddik (22)

Khoo, Kong Soo (23) 

Khreisat Nadjoua (134) 

Kitancharoen, Nilubol (24) 

Korecova Marta (24) 

KRAOUCHE Née KHEYAR N (25) 

Krasteva Ilina (77) 

Kučera, Miroslav (25) 

Kyslychenko O. (78) 

Kyslychenko, Viktoriia (78) 

L. Benmekhbi (79) 

Laib Yasmina (26) 

Laila Sasi Younes (102) 

Laouer Hocine (26) 

LARIBI Bochra (80) 

Leila Radhouane (27) 

Luma, K. Bander (147) 

M. Beghalia (28) 

M. Hmamouchi (80) 

M. Ramdani (81) 

Mahajna Shihnaz (28) 

Mahmoud Khourang (103) 

Majid Amini Dehaghi (103) 

Masalha Mahmud (2) 

Masomeh Mohammdi (104) 

Massanyi Peter (143) 

Matthias Lorenz (81) 

Mebarki lakhdar (117) 

MEDDOUR, Rachid (61) 

Mehani mouna (29) 

Mekhaldi, A. (82) 

Mekkiou R. (82) 

Merghem Mounira (30) 

Meriem DJARMOUNI (30) 

Merzouk H. (31) 

Meybeck alain (31) 

Mezaache-Aichour Samia (32) 

Mezghani Sana (33) 

Miljić, Uroš (130) 

Mohamad Shatnawi (33) 

Mohamed BENALAI (34) 

Morsli, A. (104) 

Mostefa sari, F. (35) 

Moussa Brada (35) 

MOUSSAOUI Kamel (83) 

Muhammad Zafar (61) 

Muñoz–Mingarro Dolores (84)

Mushtaq Ahmad (143) 

N. Gourine (35) 

Nada S. Othman (118) 

Nadia BENZIDANE (36) 

Nameer Najeeb F. (135) 

Nanasombat, S. (135) 

Narimane Seguen (36) 

Nimmannit Ubonthip (9) 

Nipon Pisutpaisal (85) 

Nouioua W. Kaabeche M. (37) 

O. BOUMAZA (85) 

Ochocka J. Renata (2) 

Osman N.A.A. (131) 

OUAFI S. (37) 

Oukil naima (38) 

Ozturk Munir (122) 

P. R. Venskutonis (136) 

Paranhos, A. (105) 

Pavlova Dolja (127) 

Petkova Mariana (144) 

Petpiroon, Nareerat (38) 

Poracova, Janka (39) 

Purhemati, Amin (43) 

Puškaš, Vladimir (130) 

Qaragholi, Zena M.F. (40) 

QURESHI, R. (62) 

R. A. Mandour (17) 

R. Jeyachandran (40) 

R. Sahraoui (86) 

RAMDANE F. (86) 

Razmovski N. Radojka (137) 

Rudolf Bauer (41) 

Sabah BOUMERFEG (86) 

Saddam Aref Al-Dalain (105) 

Saffidine Karima (41) 

Saifan S. (123) 

Saja Hamed (62) 

Salamon Ivan (87) 

Salari, Elham (118) 

Salhi Nesrine (119) 

Saliha Dahamna (42) 

SALIMA SEBAIHI (87) 

SALUNKHE CHAN. B. (146) 

Sarah Sallon (63) 

SARI Madani (63) 

Sawsan A. Oran (124)

Schmidt Mathias (88) 

Sedlak, Vincent (145) 

SELLAL, A. (42) 

Senator Abderrahmane (43) 

Senthilkumar Subburaman (45) 

SERSOUB D. (64) 

Shahina A Ghazanfar (124) 

Shalaby A. Mostafa (46) 

Sharaf Omar (46) 

SHARAF-ELDIN Mahmoud (106) 

Shazia Sutlana (64) 

Shevtsova Tetiana (44) 

Shudiefat M. F. (88) 

SIFAOUI Ines (89) 

Sirdaarta J.P. (45) 

Smadi Abla (90) 

Souheila LAGGOUNE (47) 

Sucontphunt Apirada (47) 

Suleiman Olimat (83) 

Sunbul J. Hamodi (146) 

Susan Dura (124) 

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi (48) 

Štajner Dubravka (107) 

T. Lograda (90) 

Tahar Smaili (48) 

Tail Ghania (120) 

Tasheva, Krasimira (107) 

Taxanna, A. (49) 

Tigrine-Kordjani Nacéra (90) 

Toth Dezider (72) 

TRABSA H. (49) 

Tseliuba Iuliia (79) 

Tsuchiya Hironori (50) 

Valenzuela, A. (137) 

Van Vuuren Sandy (65) 

Vasas Gabor (91) 

Viljoen, Alvaro (91) 

Vinay kumar (50) 

Vučurović M. Vesna (138) 

Yassaa Noureddine (92) 

Yotova Maya (93) 

Zaher K. (93, 131) 

Zaher K. Cherif S. (93) 

Zamani Dehyaghobi Reza (120) 

Zerroug Mohamed Mihoub (51) 

ZERROUKI Khayra (51)

Zinchenko, Iryna (52) 

ZRIRA Saadia (94) 

Zuberi M. Hashim (53)

The 3 rd <strong>International</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> on Medicinal Plants, Their 

Cultivation and Aspects of Uses 

<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Book</strong> 

(ISBN 978-9957-31-012-7) 

BeitZaman Hotel & Resort, Petra - Jordan 

November 21-23/ 2012

Abstract Book - 3rd International Symposium on Medicinal Plants ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?