Papua New Guinea - HCV Resource Network

Funded by: World Bank and WWF Global Forest Alliance 

Copyright © PNG FSC Inc. 

(Papua New Guinea Forest Stewardship Council Incorporated) - 2006. 

This publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or 

by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying or recording; provided, PNG FSC Inc is 

acknowledged as source. 

Native man, Tree Kangaroo, Native Birds and Orchid photos on the cover is copyrighted to © Brent Stirton/ Getty Images/ WWF-UK 

Produced by WWF South Pacific/ Comms. Unit/ Wyse Tabuavou - 2005

High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

This HCVF Toolkit was developed through the generous support and contributions from the following people: Alimel 

Bellet, Arison Arihafa, Biatus Bito, Elizabeth Tongne, Forova Oavika, Henry Kawas, James Sabi, Jeff Hayward, Jim 

Copland, Kanawi Pouru, Katayo Sagata, Leo Salas, Magdeline Maihua, Micheal Avosa, Paul Chatterton, Peter Dam, 

Peter Tutuai, Ripa Karo, Ruby Yamuna, Sander van den Ende, Simon Passingan, Steven Sukot, Ted Mamu and 

Thomas Paka. 

The HCVF National Working Group (NWG) would also extend their graditude and acknowledgement for the support 

and valuable input from the following key partners and stakeholders; PNG Forest Authority, PNG Forest Research 

Institute, Department of Environment and Conservation, FORCERT, Eco-Forestry Forum, Wildlife Conservation 

Society, Rainforest Alliance, SmartWood, East New Britain Social Eksen Komiti, BareFoot, Industry Participants and 

other NGOs and Community Based Organisations (CBOs). The NWG would also like to thank the peer reviewers for 

their critical input into the first and second drafts of the HCVF Toolkit. 

We also acknowledge World Bank and WWF Global Forest Alliance for the financial assistance and the support 

towards the development of the HCVF Toolkit. 

The endorsement of the drafts of the HCVF Toolkit from the PNG FSC National Standards Working Group is 

acknowledged and the recognition given to the toolkit to be used in Papua New Guinea as a tool to achieve compliance 

with Principle 9 of the FSC National Forest Management Standards. 

Papua New Guinea FSC National Initiative, 

c/o Foundation for People & Community 

Development, 

P.O Box 1119 

Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea 

WWF Papua New Guinea, 

P.O Box 8280, 

Boroko, NCD, 

Papua New Guinea 

iii


TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. iii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. V 

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 

1.1 WHAT ARE HIGH CONSERVATION VALUES AND HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE FORESTS? ......................................................... 1 

1.2 WHAT IS THE HCVF TOOLKIT? ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 

1.3 HOW WAS THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA HCVF TOOLKIT DEVELOPED? ................................................................................................ 3 

1.4 CONSULTING EXPERTS AND DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIPS ............................................................................................................. 4 

1.5 PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 

1.6 HOW DOES THIS TOOLKIT WORK? ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 

2. HCV1. FOREST AREAS CONTAINING GLOBALLY, REGIONALLY OR NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT 

CONCENTRATIONS OF BIODIVERSITY VALUES (E.G. ENDEMISM, ENDANGERED SPECIES, REFUGIA) 

................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 

HCV1.1 PROTECTED AREAS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6 

HCV1.2 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES ............................................................................................................................................... 7 

HCV1.3 CONCENTRATIONS OF ENDEMIC SPECIES .................................................................................................................................... 10 

HCV 1.4 CRITICAL TEMPORAL CONCENTRATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 13 

3. HCV2. FOREST AREAS CONTAINING GLOBALLY, REGIONALLY, OR NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT 

LARGE LANDSCAPE LEVEL FORESTS, CONTAINED WITHIN, OR CONTAINING THE MANAGEMENT 

UNIT, WHERE VIABLE POPULATION OF MOST, IF NOT ALL NATURALLY OCCURRING SPECIES 

EXIST IN NATURAL PATTERNS OR DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE ............................................................ 15 

4. HCV3. FOREST AREAS THAT ARE IN OR CONTAIN RARE, THREATENED OR ENDANGERED 

ECOSYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 

5. HCVF4. FOREST AREAS THAT PROVIDE BASIC SERVICES OF NATURE IN CRITICAL SITUATIONS 

(E.G. WATERSHED PROTECTION, EROSION CONTROL) ..................................................................................... 20 

HCV4.1 FORESTS CRITICAL TO WATER CATCHMENTS ............................................................................................................................. 20 

HCV4.2 FORESTS CRITICAL TO EROSION CONTROL ................................................................................................................................. 22 

HCV4.3 FORESTS PROVIDING CRITICAL BARRIERS TO DESTRUCTIVE FIRE.......................................................................................... 23 

6. HCV5. FOREST AREAS FUNDAMENTAL TO MEETING BASIC NEEDS OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES 

(E.G. SUBSISTENCE, HEALTH) AND CRITICAL TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES' TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL 

IDENTITY (AREAS OF CULTURAL, ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC OR RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE IN 

COOPERATION WITH SUCH LOCAL COMMUNITIES) ........................................................................................... 25 

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 32 

GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39 

APPENDIX 1 - LIST OF IUCN LISTED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES, ENDANGERED AND DATA DEFICIENT IN PNG ............ 42 

APPENDIX 2 - LIST OF PNG CITES I ............................................................................................................................................................... 45 

APPENDIX 3- LIST OF ENDEMIC BIRD AND MAMMAL SPECIES AND THEIR LOCATION BY ECOREGION IN PNG 

(WIKRA MANAYAKE, 2002) 

............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 

APPENDIX 4- A LIST OF RECOGNIZED SPECIES THAT MAY ACT AS INDICATORS OF LARGE-SCALE ECO-LOGICAL 

PROCESSES ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61 

APPENDIX 5- WATER CONTROL DISTRICTS IDENTIFIED UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT ACT 2000 ........................................................ 62 

APPENDIX 6 - LIST OF EXPERT CONSULTANTS FOR ONSITE ASSESSMENTS ....................................................................................... 63 

APPENDIX 7 - LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS FOR PEER REVIEWING .............................................................................................................. 67 

APPENDIX 8 - THE VEGETATION TYPES OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA ........................................................................................................... 72 

APPENDIX 9 - THREATENED TREES OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA ................................................................................................................. 76 

APPENDIX 10 - HIGHLY THREATENED SPECIES IN ENDEMIC BIRD AREAS OF PNG............................................................................. 81 

APPENDIX 11 - MAP OF PROTECTED AREAS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA .................................................................................................... 83 

iv


Copyright © Brent Stirton/ Getty Images/ WWF-UK 

A river weaving its way through the dense forest in the East Sepik province, Papua New Guinea. Forest loss in the other 

parts of the whole means that Papua New Guinea now contains the planets third largest block of rainforest. 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The Papua New Guinea High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) toolkit was developed through consultative processes 

and peer reviewing by experts and stakeholders. The HCVF concept was initially developed by the Forest Stewardship 

Council (FSC) for use in forest management certification. Within FSC certification, for compliance with Principle 9, 

forest managers are required to identify any High Conservation Values (HCVs) that occur within their individual forest 

management units and manage them in order to maintain or enhance the values identified. 

The key to the concept of HCVFs is the identification and maintenance of High Conservation Values (HCVs). The 

FSC's definition of HCVs encompasses exceptional or critical ecological attributes, ecosystem services and social 

functions. The global HCV definitions are listed below, with an example of a Papua New Guinea HCVF for each. 

• HCV1: Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant concentrations of biodiversity values 

(e.g. endemism, endangered species, refugia). HCVs 1.1 - 1.4 are protected areas, threatened and endangered 

species, concentrations of endemic species, and critical temporal use. 

• HCV2: Forest areas containing globally, regionally, or nationally significant large landscape level forests contained 

within, or containing the management unit where viable population of most, if not all naturally occurring species, 

exist in natural patterns or distribution and abundance (e.g. viable populations, wide-ranging species, etc) 

• HCV3: Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems (e.g. breeding sites, 

migratory sites, etc). 

• HCV4: Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations (e.g. watershed protection, erosion 

control). 

HCV 4.1 - 4.3 are forests critical to water catchments, forests critical to erosion control, and forests providing 

barriers to destructive fire. 

v


• HCV5: Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities (e.g. subsistence, health) and 

critical to local communities' traditional and cultural identity (areas of cultural, ecological, economic or religious 

significance in cooperation with such local communities) . 

The High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit for Papua New Guinea can be described by the following key statements: 

• Is intended only for use by forest managers undergoing FSC accredited forest management certification and by 

FSC accredited certification auditors assessing or monitoring conservation values in Papua New Guinea as part of 

a complete FSC assessment or evaluation process 

• Will create an industry standard and provide guidelines to compliance with FSC's 9th Principle by helping to identify, 

manage and monitor forests of High Conservation Value 

• Stresses equal importance to social, biological, and environmental values which forests in PNG contain 

• Has been developed through a full consultative process taking into account the major stakeholders involved with 

forest ownership and industry participation 

• Is owned by the PNG FSC National Initiative 

• Is referenced in the current PNG FSC National Standards 

• Will be updated along with the PNG FSC National Standards at a periodicity of every two years after the 

endorsement of the PNG FSC National Standards 

• Is a major step forward that ensures that the interest of all stakeholders in forest conservation is integrated. 

It is anticipated that this document will assist in making FSC certification acceptable within the forest industry in Papua 

New Guinea. 

vi


1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 What are high conservation values and high conservation value forests? 

All forests contain environmental and social values such as wildlife habitat, watershed protection and cultural 

significance. Where these values are considered to be of outstanding significance or critical importance, the forest can 

be defined as a High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF). Identifying these values, knowing to whom these values are 

considered important, and locating the forest areas which harbour the values is the essential first step in developing 

appropriate management for them. 

The HCVF concept was initially developed by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) for use in forest management 

certification. Within FSC certification, for compliance with Principle 9 1 , forest managers are required to identify any 

High Conservation Values (HCVs) that occur within their individual forest management units and manage them in order 

to maintain or enhance the values identified. 

The key to the concept of HCVFs is the identification and maintenance of High Conservation Values (HCVs). The 

FSC's definition of HCVs encompasses exceptional or critical ecological attributes, ecosystem services and social 

functions. The global HCV definitions are listed below, with an example of a Papua New Guinean HCVF for each. 

HCV1. Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant concentrations of biodiversity 

values (e.g. endemism, endangered species, refugia). 

e.g. the forests which house the Fire-maned Bower Bird (Sericulus bakeri) in the Adelbert Range, 

Madang Province. 

HCV2. Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape level forests, 

contained within, or containing the management unit, where viable populations of most if not all naturally 

occurring species exist in natural patterns of distribution and abundance. 

e.g. the vast lowland rainforests of the West Papuan Shelf in which New Guinea Harpy Eagles (Harpyopsis 

novaeguineae) still hunt healthy breeding populations of Lowland Tree Kangaroos. 

• 

I NTRODUCTION 

e.g. the Monsoon Forests which stand out like islands in the flood plain savannas of the TransFly, Western 

Province. 

HCV3. Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems. 

HCV4. Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations . 

e.g. the watersheds of the Sirinumu Dam, Sogeri, Central Province. 

(e.g. watershed protection, erosion control). 

HCV5. 2 

Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities and critical to local 

communities' traditional cultural identity (areas of cultural, ecological, economic or 

religious significance identified in cooperation with such local communities) 

e.g. areas that supply building materials, traditional medicine, bush meat for Papua New Guinea's rural 

majority 

e.g. ples tambu or sacred sites in forest areas around rural villages in Papua New Guinea 

In summary, a High Conservation Value Forest is the area of forest required to maintain or enhance a High 

Conservation Value. An important implication of this definition is that management (e.g. harvesting) is not automatically 

precluded in HCVFs. However, any management that does take place must be compatible with maintaining or 

enhancing the identified HCV. 

1 FSC Principles and Criteria. Document 1.2; revised February 2000. Available from www.fscoax.org 

2 Note that the drafters of the Toolkit found it appropriate to consolidate HCV5 and 6 into one. 

1


I NTRODUCTION 

1.2 What is the HCVF toolkit? 

The PNG HCVF National Toolkit, or the Toolkit, provides practical guidance to forest managers and other stakeholders 

in Papua New Guinea to identify, manage, and monitor High Conservation Value Forests as specified within any FSC 

accredited certification or time bound management improvement activities which lead to FSC certified forest 

management. 

The Toolkit is intended to help forest managers comply with the 9th Principle of the Papua New Guinea FSC National 

Standards for forest management and is referenced in the current National Forest Management Standards for Papua 


The completed Toolkit was endorsed by the PNG FSC National Working Group and its methodology recommended 

for FSC certification within the PNG FSC National Standards. Users should understand that while this toolkit might 

form the best available guidance on interpreting FSC Principle 9 for PNG it is only one of the possible tools to do this. 

While the HCVF National Toolkit Working Group, or the HCVF WG, recommended a focused utilization of the Toolkit 

they recognized the broad spectrum of applications which could be derived from it. The following applications of the 

toolkit are possible: 

a. Forest managers to meet standards related to HCVF 

Forest managers could carry out evaluations of their forest areas to determine whether any of the defined HCVs 

are present within their FMU, so they could integrate them into their overall forest management planning and 

activities. This is a requirement of FSC certification and might also be demanded by customers, donors or 

investors. 

b. Certifiers assessing HCVF 

The defined national HCVs, together with management guidance, should form the HCVF element of national forest 

management certification standards. When no national standard exists, certification auditors would be required to 

develop 'interim standards' against which to assess forest management. 

c. Landscape planners trying to prioritise different land-uses 

Based on information that was already held or was being collated, the defined national HCVs can be used to draw 

up landscape-level plans and maps to show actual or potential HCVF. Such maps could then be used to inform and 

prioritise land-use planning decisions and conservation planning and land-use advocacy. 

d. Purchasers implementing precautionary purchasing policies 

Purchasers implementing HCVF policies could utilise landscape-level information about the presence of HCVs, or 

use the nationally defined sets of HCVs to also undertake evaluations for the presence of HCVs in specific FMUs, 

or in setting precautionary purchasing policies. Many purchasers and retailers have complex supply chains and so 

would normally need either maps of HCVFs or possibly clear guidelines (rather than maps or guidelines of areas 

that potentially contain HCVs) that are recognised by a wide range of stakeholders. 

e. Investors and donors 

Investors and donors are increasingly concerned to provide safeguards to ensure that investments or donations do 

not promote socially or environmentally irresponsible actions from potential recipients. This might take the form of 

either screening potential recipients or introducing requirements that the recipients fulfil their social and 

environmental responsibilities. By concentrating on the most critical environmental and social values, the HCVF 

framework provides a potential mechanism for ensuring that donors and investors fulfil their own environmental and 

social policies 

The HCVF WG limited the use of the Toolkit in compliance with the 9th Principle of FSC by companies undergoing FSC 

accredited certification. While the HCVF WG realized the potential applications of the Toolkit outside of the certification 

process, it emphasizes the importance of keeping the use of the Toolkit part and partial to the remaining 9 Principles 

of FSC which provide the full scale of checks and balances to responsible and sustainable forest management in 

Papua New Guinea. Any application or adaptation of the Toolkit outside of FSC certification would have to be done 

as part of comprehensive social, environmental, and economic sustainability criteria and would need approval from 

PNG FSC National Working Group. 

The Toolkit can be used for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with the FSC Controlled Wood Standards (FSC- 

STD-30-010 and FSC-STD-40-005), whereby non-FSC certified forest management enterprises and/or wood trading 

companies need to prove to FSC accredited assessors that harvest of this wood does not endanger HCVF, in order 

for it to be allowed to be mixed with FSC certified material (FSC, 2004). 

2


Use of this toolkit requires specialized knowledge of the conservation and social issues in Papua New Guinea which 

constitute the High Conservation Values. This will require an understanding of the uniqueness of forest areas, 

land/forest owners and the threats to their resources. Toolkit users would need to rely on national or international 

experts (scientists, research institutions, NGOs) to evaluate the quality of data and information on the conservation 

values in a particular forest area. 

1.3 How was the Papua New Guinea HCVF toolkit developed? 

STEP 

1 

PERIOD/DATE 

1 February 28 

to March 2, 

2005 

TASK PROCESS 

Preliminary first draft developed through a drafting 

workshop on Motupore Island, Port Moresby. The 

workshop was facilitated by a Smartwood consultant. 

PEOPLE INVOLVED 

Social scientists, biologists, 

ecologists, foresters, 

cartographers, cartographers, 

planners and certification 

specialists from WWF-PNG, 

Wildlife Conservation Society, 

Department of Environment 

and Conservation, National 

Forest Service, Rainforest 

Alliance, FORCERT and a 

Smartwood consultant 

I NTRODUCTION 

2 

March 28 to 

April 8, 2005 

i) Preliminary first draft field-tested with a small scale 

community-owned logging operation undergoing 

certification under the FORCERT group certification 

scheme in Danaru and Kalifilum villages, Usino Bundi 

district of Madang Province. 

ii) A Smartwood consultant peer-reviwed the preliminary 

first draft. 

iii) Recommendations/comments made by these people 

were consolidated into a preliminary 2nd draft. 

Expert field biologists and 

social scientists, HCVF 

Working Group, Smartwood, 

villagers in small scale logging 

operation in Madang Province 

3 

Two weeks 

i) 2nd draft report by the HCVF WG and was 

presented to the PNG FSC National Standards 

Working Group for their input and endorsement for 

wider stakeholder consultation. 

ii) 2nd draft of the toolkit circulated for stakeholder 

comments. 

HCVF working group, PNG 

FSC National Standards 

Working Group and other 

stakeholders 

4 

July 15, 2005 

General stakeholder meeting convened at Holiday Inn, Port 

Moresby. Issues and concerns raised during the 

stakeholder reviews were further discussed with HCVF WG 

and incorporated into working document. 

HCVF Working Group and 

stakeholders 

5 

2 weeks 

August 23- 

25,2005 

i) This revised 2nd draft again circulated for final 

stakeholder comments. 

iI) This document also presented at the South-East Asia 

HCVF conference at Bali, Indonesia. 

HCVF working group plus all 

other stakeholders, both in the 

country and abroad 

2 weeks 

iii) 

Document recognised as preliminary final draft which 

was again circulated for final stakeholder comments. 

6 

October 1-12, 

2005 

i) Preliminary Final Draft presented at the Western 

Province Forest Plan meeting in Kiunga for further 

community consultation. During the meeting the 

issues of HCVF and forest planning were addressed 

in practice. 

ii) Final comments obtained from stakeholders and 

HCVF NWG incorporated those comments into 

preliminary final draft. 

HCVF Working Group, 

stakeholders and community 

7 

November 16, 

2005 

Final meeting held at Gateway Hotel, Port Moresby in 

which the HCVF NWG incorporated the changes and/or 

recommendations made by final peer review. 

HCVF working group and 

stakeholders 

8 

November 18, 

2005 

Final Draft was reviewed, discussed, amended and 

endorsed by the PNG FSC National Standard Working 

Group at WWF PNG Country Office, Port Moresby. 

Thus, the First Edition of the PNG HCVF National Toolkit 

was completed and ready for publication. 

HCVF working group and 

PNG FSC National Standard 

Working Group 

3


I NTRODUCTION 

The Papua New Guinea HCVF toolkit is based upon an interpretation of the generic, global definitions of High 

Conservation Values by the FSC. The toolkit follows the methodology developed by Proforest to interpret the 

parameters, values, and thresholds within the context of Papua New Guinea as believed appropriate within the 

country. 

The following table shows the steps, the tasks and the people involved in the development of the toolkit. 

Due to the necessity of industry buy in the concepts and methodologies recommended in the Toolkit it is envisaged 

that the 1st Edition will be revised and edited as it gets increasingly used. It is highly recommended that subsequent 

editions are produced as part of the two yearly review of the PNG FSC National Standards. The HCVF WG envisages 

that this will be the responsibility of the PNG FSC National Standard Working Group. 

1.4 Consulting experts and developing partnerships 

The toolkit-drafting group realized that the diversity and highly variable conservation context and land use patterns of 

different regions in Papua New Guinea makes the development of nationally relevant definitions and lists of HCVs very 

difficult. Thus, the toolkit has often avoided defining values with specific sizes and numbers, although quantified 

thresholds have been suggested for some HCVs. Instead, toolkit users are encouraged to consider the island and 

ecoregion context (Mainland of New Guinea or satellite islands) of the forest area in a level of detail that will require 

consulting which is not provided through this document. Thus, other sources of information and resources will be 

necessary. 

The HCVF toolkit requires users to identify HCVs that cover a wide range of ecological, environmental, and social 

issues and requires an understanding of regional biodiversity issues, animal and plant ranges and behaviour, water 

and soil resources, ecosystem health, anthropology and local economy. It is very likely that toolkit users will not have 

all of the expertise necessary to evaluate these issues alone. The toolkit process is highly reliant upon the input of local 

and national expert organizations and individuals. 

Users should consult with local and national experts during HCV identification and while developing management and 

monitoring techniques. In a number of cases, these organizations should provide the key inputs as to whether a forest 

area/forest type should be considered critical, threatened, etc. Expert organizations will also be able to provide input 

on the status of forest types and rare, threatened, and endangered species and help devise management strategies 

to ensure the maintenance or enhancement of these values. 

Who are regional and national experts? The drafting group cited the research and resources available from many 

organizations and scientific institutions active in the field of social and biodiversity conservation. In the appendices, lists 

of references and organizations are provided for those who may be able to provide information or should be consulted 

on communities and conservation. The expertise that comes from local and traditional knowledge should not be 

overlooked, and should form an important source of information in the application of this Toolkit. 

. 

1.5 Precautionary approach 

An important component of the management of HCVFs is the application of the Precautionary Approach. HCVFs are, 

by definition, the most important forests from a conservation or social perspective (depending on the HCVs identified). 

Therefore, it is critically important that the values identified are not lost. But with the current level of knowledge about 

forests and how they function, it is not possible to be sure in every case that a particular management strategy will 

work. Therefore, the identification, management and monitoring of HCVs will draw upon the precautionary approach 

when dealing with HCVF. 

In practice, this means: "Planning, management activities and monitoring of the attributes that make a forest 

management unit a HCVF should be designed based on existing scientific and indigenous/traditional knowledge to 

ensure that these attributes do not come under threat of significant reduction or loss of the attribute and that any threat 

of reduction or loss is detected long before the reduction becomes irreversible. Where a threat has been identified, 

early preventive action, including halting existing action, should be taken to avoid or minimise such a threat despite 

lack of full scientific certainty as to causes and effects of the threat" (FSC Principle 9 Advisory Panel, 2000). 

The precautionary approach has been incorporated into the methodology for identifying HCVs and should form a basis 

for any management regime and monitoring programme. 

4


• Assessing the presence of HCVs: where doubt exists as to whether an attribute, or collection of 

attributes, are sufficient to signify HCVs, then the forest manager will treat these attributes as HCVs 

until information proves otherwise. This should occur when the toolkit users and regional and national experts 

lack sufficient information to make an informed judgement. 

• Managing and monitoring HCVFs: where doubt exists as to the appropriate management of the HCVF, 

management should include applying treatments to the HCVF at a scale and intensity that does not threaten the 

HCV before applying the management more generally within the forest management unit. 

1.6 How does this toolkit work? 

Following this introductory section, the Papua New Guinea HCVF toolkit includes one section for each of the FSCdefined 

five High Conservation Values. Each section will be organized as follows: 

Description - 

This sub-section is a brief description of the intent of the HCV or HCV element. 

Definition - 

This sub-section defines the HCV in terms of the forests that should be considered as an HCVF when certain 

conditions or thresholds are met. 

Rationale - 

This sub-section provides background and offers justification as to how and why a particular attribute is considered 

of high conservation value in the context of Papua New Guinea. The rationale includes discussion on the existing 

prioritization schemes and processes for determining areas of conservation significance and whether or not, or how, 

these should be used in the toolkit. This section attempts to explain the interpretation of the HCV definition based 

on the assessment by the toolkit drafters with respect to the limits to existing knowledge, science, and research and 

how one could arrive at a reasonably defensible series of definitions of HCVs and HCVF. 

Identifying the Presence of the HCV - 

For each HCV and HCV element, the toolkit provides guidance on the tasks that the user can follow to identify the 

existence of the HCV and it's applicability within a forest management unit. This sub-section will suggest the 

priorities for existing evaluation approaches, data requirements or information sources, and indicates examples of 

the HCV. 

Recommendations for managing and monitoring the HCV - If, after evaluation, it is found that a particular HCV is not 

present within the FMU, no further action is necessary. If a value/component is present within the FMU, then the 

manager is expected to take steps to make changes to ensure the maintenance of the identified value through 

appropriate management and monitoring of/for the value. 

Recommendations are included to help toolkit users develop plans to maintain the HCVs present within a forest area. 

Recommendations are brief and are meant to guide users on the types of information and consultations necessary to 

develop effective planning and monitoring programs. The guidance provided is not meant to fulfil the role of either 

standard operating procedures or basic prescriptions for conservation management plans. 

Due to the site-specific nature to preparing management and monitoring plans to address maintenance or 

enhancement of particular HCVs, forest managers would be expected to develop more in-depth planning efforts related 

to HCVFs. Forest managers may find it necessary and useful to consult other organizations in Papua New Guinea who 

should be consulted for their experience and involvement in developing management, monitoring or research programs 

relevant to maintaining or enhancing HCVs. 

I NTRODUCTION 

5


2. HCV1 

Forest areas containing globally, regionally 4 or nationally significant 

concentrations of biodiversity values (e.g. endemism, endangered species, 

refugia) 

HCV1 has to do with values that are related to biodiversity values. It contains the following four elements: 

HCV1.1 Protected areas 

HCV1.2 Threatened and endangered species 

HCV1.3 Concentrations of endemic species 

HCV1.4 Critical temporal use. 

Most of the assessments within this HCV are focused on the occurrence of species within taxanomic groups. Due to 

the practical limitations of logging businesses to assess these, the HCVF WG recommended that only mammals, birds, 

frogs, reptiles and higher vascular plants are considered taxa groups for identifying and monitoring HCVFs. The 

following table describes the recommended taxa groups by scale of logging operation and frequency of assessments. 

Table 1. Taxa groups to be identified by scale of operation and frequency of assessements 

Scale Birds Mammals Reptiles/Frogs* Vascular Plants 

Small (5000m3/yr) 1 1 1 2 

1-During baseline survey and every two years thereafter 

2-During baseline survey and every four years thereafter 

*During baseline survey any one of these taxa can be surveyed or otherwise 

HCV1.1 Protected areas 5 

Description 

The concept of protected areas on Papua New Guinea is different to many other countries in which HCVF Toolkits 

have been and are being developed. This is because of the fact that at least 97% of the land is privately owned under 

traditional land tenure systems and the resulting decentralized nature of decision making over land resources makes 

protected areas, in the traditional sense, scarce. 

Definition 

All gazetted PAs, Conservation Deeds and proposed 6 areas with forest cover should be considered HCVFs. This 

should include PAs with forest plantations, if any exists, and marine protected areas that include mangroves. 

Rationale 

There is no unifying procedure that determines the goals and functions of Protected Areas (PAs) in Papua New 

Guinea. Based on the Rapid Assessment of Parks and Protected Areas Management (RAPPAM, in press) study for 

PNG, recently conducted by WWF, about 18 different categories of PAs have been identified. Although some of these 

categories are directly useful to determine a HCVF (e.g., sanctuaries or Ramsar sites), the percentage of areas 

covered by PAs in PNG is very small (


Identification of HCV 

Tasks 

Determine if logging unit boundaries fall within gazetted 

PA or Conservation Deeds in PNG. 

Determine if logging unit boundaries fall within a 

proposed PA in PNG. 

Determine if legislation and community PA rules exist 

which ban logging operations 

Examples: 

Data sources & requirements 

The Department of Environment and Conservation, PNG 

Forest Authority, Provincial Administrations, Local Level 

Government (LLG) 

The Department of Environment and Conservation, Papua 

New Guinea Forest Authority, Provincial Administrations, 

Local Level Government (LLG), FSC Principles 

The Department of Environment and Conservation, PNG 

Forest Authority. 

A logging concession in Simbu Province has been 

planned overlapping a large portion of Crater Mountain 

Wildlife Management Area. All areas of the concession 

overlapping with Crater Mountain WMA shall be 

considered HCVFs. 

Management and monitoring for HCV 1.1 

Management Recommendation 

No logging permitted within all PAs declared under the 

National Parks Act and all Conservation Areas. 

Within Wildlife Management Areas timber harvesting 

and other economic activities may be allowed as per 

respective WMA rules and landowner agreements. 

Specific management plans required. 

Guidance 

DEC's PA Registry, NGOs and local community leaders 

may assist in identifying the PA boundaries. 

DEC, PNGFA, WMA Committee, community needs 

determines type of activity. 

HCV1.2 Critically endangered species 

Description 

Forests that contain concentrations of threatened or endangered species are clearly more important for maintaining 

biodiversity values than those that contain none or a few, simply because these species are more vulnerable to 

continued habitat loss, hunting, disease etc. FSC Criterion 6.2 already deals in a general way with individual rare, 

threatened or endangered species present. HCV element 1.2 adds further protection for forests that contain 

outstanding concentrations of rare and endangered species. 

Definition 

A forested site is considered as HCVF if: 

1) There is reliable field data on the presence of at least one IUCN Red List endangered, and critically endangered 

species 

OR 

2) The forest contains at least one of the following abundances of a CITES Appendix I listed species: 

• at least three breeding pairs of animals (regardless of density) or 

• at least five trees/hectare, or 

• five small plants or shrubs/hectare 

OR 

3) The forests are important for the long-term survival of a species if they are susceptible to adverse impact due 

to logging 

7


Rationale 

The island of New Guinea and satellite islands are well-known centers for high levels of endemism. Many species are 

confined to limited distribution ranges. Because of this, and due to human-made habitat alterations, many of these 

species are considered Endangered (En) or Critically Endangered (Cr) or are so rare that they are considered Data 

Deficient (DD) according to the IUCN Red List (www.redlist.org). All these are recognized as HCV and the forests they 

inhabit as HCVFs. 

The quality of information available precludes any threshold for numbers present of critical species (PNG endemics, 

endangered, critically endangered or data-deficient) or assemblages. Therefore, the presence of one individual of an 

En, Cr or DD species in a location shall render the forest as HCVF. 

The geological processes underpinning the evolution of these threatened PNG endemics affects all taxa. The 

presence of one endangered endemic is therefore harbinger of the existence of a center of endemism and other equally 

endangered species. These centers of endemism cover extensive areas of mainland PNG and virtually all satellite 

islands. There is no prioritization mapping process carried out by DEC, other than the Conservation Needs 

Assessment (CNA, 1993), based on the biological/threat status of species. The CNA results reflect areas of high 

endemism and high biodiversity, which correlate with the location of endangered and critically endangered species. 

However, because very little is known of the fauna and flora of PNG, the CNA draws on expert opinion and limited data 

and is considered outdated. 

Because of the paucity of data on the location and biology of endangered, critically endangered, or data-deficient 

species, field surveys must be conducted at all sites requesting FSC certification. If in the future better maps of 

locations of data-deficient, endangered and critically endangered species, or Known Biodiversity Areas, are available 

from NGOs, these should be used as guides for field surveys instead of the CNA. The tree database lists locations by 

province, which should be used as guides for tree species surveys. Normal forestry inventories may not identify the 

presence of endangered tree species, because sometimes only 1% of the forest is surveyed, and only trees of >50 cm 

DBH are identified (from PNGFA). Thus, a proper botanical survey of trees should be conducted; it may not be 

replaced by the forestry inventory. 

Maps in the CNA or from other sources may be too coarse to identify specific habitat types used by endangered 

species. If biological information on habitat preferences of the endangered species is available, this could be used to 

further detail the outline, within a logging concession, of the HCVFs. 

By using the IUCN Red List and Threatened Trees of PNG database (www.unep-wcmc.org), concerns of quality and 

scope of the data/classification are sufficiently addressed, because the Red List and the database are updated 

periodically and all taxa are considered. 

Species listed in the Appendix I and II of CITES may not be endangered but are of biological importance. Several of 

these species may be island-wide endemics (not regional endemic). By using these species to appraise the forests, 

many areas would fit the definition of HCVFs. Thus, only those PNG endemic species listed in the CITES Appendix I 

shall be considered as HCVs and the habitats supporting them as HCVFs. Those species listed in CITES Appendix 2 

should only be noted for their potential of moving into Appendix I. 

Considerable debate in the conservation literature over the past three decades on the minimum viable population size 

for management has led to no unanimous figure. Recent proposals include numbers higher than 5,000 breeding pairs 

(Reed et al. 2003). Past proposals to set general guidelines for establishing/ensuring viable populations (Gilpin and 

Soule 1996) consider populations of 50-1,000 individuals or pairs as a minimum value (i.e. a short-term goal), while 

1,000-10,000 would be adequate (Meffe and Carroll 1997). For the purpose of identifying HCVFs, areas with at least 

three observed breeding pairs of a CITES Appendix I species are considered. For plants, lowland forest plots of


Identification of HCV 1.2 

Tasks 

Determine if the logging concession falls within an area recognized as 

housing En, Cr or DD species (see Appendix 2 for list of PNG CITES 

1 listed species) 

Determine if the logging concession contains forests home to species 

En, Cr, or DD species in CITES Appendix I, IUCN species listing, and 

species protected under the PNG Fauna [Protection and Control] Act 


PNG CNA, Threatened Trees of PNG 

database, the IUCN Global Species 

Assessment, IUCN Red List, CITES, 

FRI, DEC, Conservation and Research 

NGOs.. 

Medium to Large Scale 

Field surveys conducted by authoritative 

institutions/researchers or experts in all 

or at a minimum suspected taxa of En, 

Cr, DD species CITES 1 species, IUCN, 

CI and other authoritative body) andtheir 

location in PNG 

Small-scale 

Interviews with landowners conducted 

by specifically trained supporting 

organisation staff 

Compile ecological studies, if any, indicating the biological needs of 

the species and attempt to further refine the habitats where the HCVs 

are found. 

Examples: 

NGO and expert consultation 

Dendrolagus matschiei, the Huon Tree 

kangaroo, is found in mid- to highelevation 

forests in the Huon Peninsula. 

Forests at these elevations in the 

peninsula, known to host at least one 

individual of the tree kangaroo, are 

considered HCVFs. Further, the tree 

kangaroo is restricted to primary forests 

and at present is not known to enter 

disturbed habitats, secondary forests or 

plantations. Thus, primary forests, and 

not plantation forests, are considered 

the HCVFs. 



PNG is mandated to manage CITES listed species to ensure that 

populations remain at least stable, if not improving. Any logging 

practice in an HCVF housing a CITES species should abide by this 

mandate. 

Guidance 

Large and Medium Scale 

Expert consultation and periodic survey 

analyses. Experts may indicate best 

practices and critical resources that 

must remain unchanged to protect the 

species (e.g., critical habitats for the 

species, such as riparian habitats; or 

nesting trees; or connectivity areas). 

9



NB. Depends on the end use and management plan of that particular 

species, e.g. Eaglewood, Gynostylus sp. 

NB. When areas are put out on tender HCVF should already be 

identified so the investor knows what they are dealing with. 

Guidance 

Surveys must occur prior to and every 

two years subsequent to felling. 

Small-scale 



organisation staff must occur prior to 

and every two years subsequent to 

felling. 

Reduced Impact Logging can take place in an HCVF housing a 

CITES 1 species provided a minimum area (appropriately sized set 

aside/buffer zone recommended by experts) of forest management 

unit is set aside for large, medium and small scale operations. 

Identify Institutions/Experts/Researchers 

with >10 years of experience in PNG in 

taxa identified as En, Cr, and DD 

species (refer to Appendix 6). Only 

those authoritative bodies/researchers 

that have been identified shall be 

consulted to do monitoring. 


Expert consultation will determine the 

presence of En, Cr or DD species in the 

forests through field surveys. 

Small-scale 




If negative impacts on populations of CITES 1 species are observed, 

no logging shall happen until recovery of their populations is 

observed, or until the problems are properly identified and practices 

are improved to overcome them 


Expert consultation will determine the 

presence of En, Cr or DD species in the 

forests through field surveys. 

Small-scale 




HCV1.3 Concentrations of endemic species 

Description 

Endemic species are ones that are confined to a particular geographic area. When this area is restricted, then a 

species has particular importance for conservation. 

Definition 

Three breeding pairs, or five plants, of one local endemic species is enough to render a forest as housing an HCV and 

thus shall become an HCVF. 

If maps on the distribution of local endemics from reliable sources are available, areas containing at least three local 

endemic species shall become HCVFs. If the maps indicate that less than three local endemic species are found in an 

area, but evidence exists that the area contains a data deficent, endangered or critically endangered local endemic 

species the forest is considered HCVF. 

10 

Rationale 

There is no source with a comprehensive outline and classification of areas based on the presence of endemics across


taxa in PNG. Compilation of all records of endemic species is a worthwhile effort. The CNA includes areas of 

endemism but these were drawn by experts based on limited data and cover a large extent of PNG, and is considered 

outdated and too coarse scaled by active field biologists. The areas highlighted in the Endemic Bird Areas (Endemic 

Bird Areas of the World, 1998) cover more than 70% of the country and are thus also unrealistic as a guide to identify 

HCVFs. Conservation and research NGOs may be consulted in the future for maps of concentrations of endemic 

species, as they are compiling and geo-referencing records for all New Guinea species for all taxa. Maps are also 

being drawn from the Global Species Assessments of the IUCN. 

NB: it is acknowledged here that New Guinea-wide endemics are also of high biological value. Although management 

recommendations herein shall apply to HCVFs only, it is strongly encouraged that logging be conducted in non-HCVF 

habitats with due consideration to these species. 

The largest percentage of New Guinea endemic mammals are found at mid-elevations 1500-2500m, but high 

elevations also have high percentages (but lower numbers) of endemics. The EBA considers areas above 1000m as 

of urgent priority for conservation of the island's avian endemics. Lowlands are recognized as high priority for the 

conservation of endemics, as well as all satellite islands. These assessments render most of PNG as important for 

endemics. 

PNG endemics, on the other hand, are restricted to localized areas (as opposed to New Guinea-wide endemics). 

These localized endemics are considered of HCV. Additionally, any mid- to high-elevation forest (


Tasks 

Determine if at least three local endemic species are expected to be 

present in the area 


Distribution maps from reliable sources 

(see Appendix 6) 

Examples: 

Fire-maned Bower Bird (Sericulus 

bakeri) is only restricted to the Adelbert 

Range, Madang Province and areas 

with this endemic species should be 

considered a HCVF. 


Reduced Impact Logging can take place, provided; 

Experts endorsement (see Appendix 6 for expert list) indicating that 

these endemics can withstand timber harvesting 


The location of the protected area covering 20% of the total fmu, shall 

be determined by an identified authoritative Institution/ Researcher/ 

Expert of a suspected taxa (En, Cr, DD species by CITES, IUCN, CI, 

Protected by PNG Fauna Act) or Ecosystems (critical ecosystems) 

agreed upon by the land owners. 

Small Scale 


Allocation of the 10% of protected area in a small scale fmu shall be 

determined by the landowners, advised by specifically trained support 

organisation staff. 

PNG CNA, Threatened Trees of PNG 

database, the IUCN Global Species 

Assessment, IUCN Red List, CITES, 

FRI, DEC, Conservation and Research 

NGOs.. 


Field surveys conducted by authoritative 

institutions/researchers or experts in all 

or at a minimum suspected taxa of En, 

Cr, DD species CITES 1 species, IUCN, 

CI and other authoritative body) andtheir 

location in PNG 

Small-scale 

Guidance 




NGO and expert consultation 

Dendrolagus matschiei, the Huon Tree 

kangaroo, is found in mid- to highelevation 

forests in the Huon Peninsula. 

Forests at these elevations in the 

peninsula, known to host at least one 

individual of the tree kangaroo, are 

considered HCVFs. 

Furthermore, the tree kangaroo is 

restricted to primary forests and at 

present is not known to enter disturbed 

habitats, secondary forests or 

plantations. Thus, primary forests, and 

not plantation forests, are considered 

the HCVFs. 

12


HCV 1.4 Critical temporal concentrations 

Description 

This element is designed to ensure the maintenance of important concentrations of species that use the forest only at 

certain times or at certain phases of their life-history. It includes critical breeding sites, wintering sites, migration sites, 

migration routes or corridors (latitudinal as well as altitudinal). 

Definition 

Those areas that are critical for temporal use by animals, where these concentrate seasonally as part of their life cycle, 

should be considered HCVFs. 

All mangrove forests, high- and low-water refuges in woodlands and wetlands are considered HCVFs. 

Rationale 

It is likely that many critical areas for the temporal concentration of species in PNG have not been identified. 

Generalizations for identification of critical areas can be made based on biological knowledge from PNG and other 

countries. All mangrove forests should be considered HCVFs because these act as spawning sites for many 

economically important fishes. High- and low-water refuges (woodlands) in the Trans-Fly should be considered HCVFs 

because these offer refuge to many water-dependent species at different times of the year. 

Because these areas are critical for large numbers of individuals of one or a large number of species, and because to 

date the known areas occupy a minimal percent of PNG's land, these shall remain un-logged. 


Task 

Determine if the logging concession contains critical temporal 

sites 

Data Sources and Requirements 


Field survey by experts in the known or 

suspected taxa (list provided in Appendix 

6) 

Small-scale 

Interviews with landowners conducted by 

specifically trained supporting 


Determine if the concession contains mangrove forests, high- and 

low-water refuges in woodlands and swamps 

Detailed map of forest cover and other 

features within the concession; expert 

assessment. 

Forest Inventory Mapping System (FIMS) 

UPNG/UNDP Landcover Mapping Project 

It is likely that vague definitions of forest 

cover types may lead to argumentation, 

because of the dearth of data. In such 

cases, if a forest cover type is suspected 

to be a critical site, it shall be considered 

an HCVF. 

Examples: 

Flood plain and wetland areas in the 

Trans-Fly region and Moresby Savannas. 

13




Reduced Impact Logging can take place, provided; 

Experts endorsement (see Appendix 6 for expert list) indicating that 

these endemics can withstand timber harvesting. 


Allocation of up to 20% of protected area in a fmu (large scale 

operation) shall be determined by an identified authoritative 

Institution/Researcher/Expert of a suspected taxa (En, Cr, DD species 

by CITES, IUCN, CI, Protected by PNG Fauna Act) or Ecosystems 

(critical ecosystems) agreed upon by the land owners. 

Guidance 

Expert consultation before, during and 

after felling. 

Strict complicance to the PNG LCOP 

and Environment Act 2000. 

Small Scale 

Allocation of up to 10% of protected area in a small scale fmu shall 

be determined by the landowners, advised by specifically trained 

support organisation staff 

Other aspects of logging operations should be also considered, like 

log transportation along waterways/marine routes, ie/ Gulf/Western 

Provinces. 

14



Forest areas containing globally, regionally, or nationally significant large 

landscape level forests, contained within, or containing the management 

unit, where viable population of most, if not all naturally occurring species, 

exist in natural patterns or distribution and abundance. 

Description 

This part of the HCVF definition aims to identify forests that contain viable populations of most, if not all, naturally 

occurring species. It also includes forests that contain important sub-populations of very wide-ranging species (e.g. 

Adelbert and Huon mountains may contain sub-populations of plants and animals found throughout the northern 

mountain ranges) even though the sub-populations may not be viable in the long term. It includes forests where 

ecological processes and ecosystem functioning (e.g. natural disturbance regimes, forest succession, species 

distributions and abundance) are wholly or relatively unaffected by recent human activities. Such forests are 

necessarily large (tens of thousands of hectares) and will be less affected by recent human activities than other forests 

within the region. Such forests are increasingly rare and continue to be threatened throughout the world, through 

processes such as deforestation, forest fragmentation and degradation. 

Papua New Guinea retains a relatively large proportion of forest cover so the working group has had to decide the 

extent to which patterns of historical and current use as well as current threats have reduced the ability of forests to 

support the natural array of species. 

It is also worth emphasising that the forest considered under HCV2 is not necessarily confined to a particular 

administrative unit (e.g. forest management unit). This is because several contiguous administrative units of forest land 

may together form a significant large, landscape level forest. An individual administrative unit can be a HCVF under 

HCV2 if it is whole or part of a significant large, landscape level forest. 

Definition 

Where opportunity exists to append new protected areas to existing or proposed PAs, to bolster conservation of all 

forest types, these should be considered as HCVFs. 

On the mainland, contiguous forest blocks around PAs that can potentially become protected areas or areas that may 

become PAs extending beyond 500,000 ha in size are considered HCVFs. 

On satellite islands, contiguous forest blocks around PAs that can potentially become protected areas extending 

beyond 20% of the total island forest cover are considered HCVFs. 

On both mainland and satellite islands, areas that represent significant contribution to large landscape-level forests 

through connectivity for ecological and ecosystem processes are considered HCVFs including mangrove swamp 

forests of PNG. 

Any contigious forest area remaining from any forest type (Appendix 8), 50 % of which has been removed, and is found 

either on the mainland or satelite islands,is to be considered HCVF. 

Where possible, or where data is available, it is recommended that the large landscape-level HCVFs be identified 

through reliable evidence of the presence of at least five to 10 breeding pairs of an umbrella species (identified by 

experts or see Appendix 4 for list of recognised species), in the mainland and satellite islands. 

Rationale 

There is insufficient protection to date for any forest type (primary forests) in PNG as protected areas only cover 2.7%. 

There are examples where appending new protected areas to existing ones would enhance conservation of forest 

types. For example: 

- Tonda (Monsoon forests) 

- Crater (Lower to mid montane) 

- Hunstein (Lowland and lower montane) 

15


- Managalas Plateau (Mid montane) 

New protected areas that cover large areas are also in the process of being developed: 

- Kokoda Track / Owen Stanley Ranges (lower to mid montane) 

- Lakekamu basin (Lowland and lower montane) 

- Great Papuan Plateau (Lowland and mid montane) 

- Kamiali extensions (Lowland and lower montane) 

- Nakanai mountains (Lowland and mid montane) 

- Torricelli mountains (Mid montane) 

- Manus (Lowland Mountains) 

Since the current level of protection is very low, even consideration of annexes to proposed areas will not represent 

extensive forest covers as HCVF. Thus, HCVFs should be considered where there is the opportunity to extend PAs 

through contiguous blocks to cover at least 500,000 ha on the mainland, and 20% plus of the island's forest cover. See 

examples in 2.3. Also, HCVFs should apply to forested areas integral to the functioning of PAs and other HCVFs 

through connectivity. 

For the determination of landscape-level ecological processes, it is possible to consider sensitive, wide-ranging 

umbrella species susceptible to forest fragmentation and human population pressures to define HCVFs (refer to 

Appendix 4 for list of recognised species). It is expected that the landscape level forests maintain processes that 

ensure the persistence of these focal or umbrella species. This has been variously translated in the literature to 

population figures, usually 500 pairs. If this approach is to be considered, focal species should be identified for each 

island or region in the mainland with the assistance of an expert. 

Unfortunately, there are probably no animals in New Guinea large enough to indicate presence of large forests and 

landscape-level ecological processes. Adding to the problem with this definition, it is unrealistic that surveys could be 

conducted to determine abundance of the wide-ranging species mentioned above, especially in the rugged terrain and 

difficult field conditions of PNG. Perhaps as the only surrogate to field data, reliable evidence of persistent small 

breeding populations of the same species may indicate a large forest type (e.g Cassowary). 

Identification of HCV 2 

Tasks 

Determine the presence and size of forested 

areas surrounding PAs 

Identify large continuous blocks of forest 

extending >500,000 ha on the mainland, and 

>20% of island cover on satellite islands 


DEC PA registry, WWF’s RAPPAM analysis results, forest 

cover maps (DEC, UPNG, PNGFA). 

Forest cover maps (DEC, UPNG, PNGFA). 

Identify small blocks of forest that may be 

important for connectivity between a PA and a 

large block of forest, or between two blocks of 

forest. 

Forest cover maps (DEC, UPNG, PNGFA). 

The small blocks may not need to be directly connecting the 

two adjacent forested areas. These small blocks may act as 

“stepping stones”, as long they are within 5 km of at least 

two large forested areas, and are at least 500 ha in size 

(this certainly will not work for forest-interior mammals, but 

for plants and birds. 

16 

If possible, or where data is available, determine 

the presence and persistence or abundance of a 

recognized umbrella species. 

A list of recognized species that may act as indicators of 

large-scale ecological processes is included in Appendix 4. 

Expert survey and expert consultation shall indicate if an 

umbrella species is present and persistent in a block of 

forest, and/or its current estimated abundance.


Tasks 


Examples: 

1. Tenkile Tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus 

scottae) habitat in the Toricelli 

mountains. 

2. Calophyllum forest of Manus province. 

Management and monitoring for HCV 2 


HCVFs shall be managed by reduced impact 

logging. 

If there is evidence of negative impacts on landscape-level ecological 

processes, logging shall not occur until recovery is observed, or the 

problems properly identified and addressed through improved 

practices. 

Before logging takes place, experts 

must indicate best practices to minimize 

impact; experts must also conduct 

surveys to ensure the presence and 

abundance of indicator (umbrella) 

species are not compromised. 

Expert consultation. 

Satellite imagery. 

Guidance 

Large, medium and small scale 

monitoring surveys must be conducted 

once every two years. 

17



Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered 

ecosystems 

Description 

Some ecosystems are widespread and under little threat, whereas others are naturally rare or are declining rapidly due 

to human pressures. In order to conserve the full range of biodiversity, it is important that sufficient areas of each of 

these rare or declining habitats are kept in good condition. The most effective way to achieve this is to aim for adequate 

coverage within secure protected areas. Where this is not feasible, or has not yet been achieved, sympathetic 

management is needed for key sites outside the protected areas system. The goal for this HCV is to identify sites 

where this is required for each rare, threatened or endangered habitat type. For some habitats, no such special 

management will be required, for others every surviving example of the habitat may be considered precious, but for 

many there will be a need to identify and concentrate on the higher priority sites from a range of sites of varying 

importance. 

Definition 

1) Identified threatened or endangered lowland forests on satellite islands, mangroves, swamp forests, Araucaria 

forests, Eucalyptus deglupta forests, Terminalia brassii forests, Castanopsis forests, Nothofagus forest, Savanna 

forest and Monsoon forest. 

2) All forests on karst or ultrabasic soils that do not promote regeneration are considered as HCVFs 

3) Forests that do not regenerate sufficiently after logging and where regeneration management and/ or silvicultural 

measures cannot be applied then in consultation with DEC and PNGFA can be declared HCVF. 

Rationale 

No prioritization plans are available based on threatened or endangered ecosystems as there is limited information or 

availability of data on the conservation of ecosystems in PNG. Some of the most threatened ecosystems in PNG are 

island ecosystems, including satellite islands and ecosystems in mountain tops. 

Examples of forest types likely to be identified as of high concern include: lowland forests on satellite islands, 

mangroves, swamp forests (Sepik plains, Gulf deltas and Fly river delta swamps), lower montane forests, Araucaria 

forests, Eucalyptus deglupta forests, Terminalia brassii forests, Castanopsis forests, Nothofagus forests, etc (refer to 

Appendix 8 for the vegetation types of PNG, see also the text by Paijman, 1975). 

Forest types found on particular substrate are notable for possessing high levels of endemism, such as karst forest 

and ultrabasic soil forests. These should be considered for HCV. 

Other forests may become threatened by global warming due to their isolation on mountain tops, such as high montane 

forests, forests in areas of low relief and forests in fragmented landscapes. Because of this, these are considered 

HCVFs. 

There shall be no size threshold for forest types identified as threatened or endangered through DEC's Vegetation 

Change Analysis, or for forests on limestone karst or ultrabasic soils. Forests threatened by global warming (i.e., high 

montane forests, forests in areas of low relief and forests in fragmented landscapes) that maintain, or may attain, 

connectivity to larger areas of the same forest type to maintain landscape-level processes (i.e., areas that together 

cover 500,000 ha or more on the mainland and >20% on satellite islands) shall be considered, regardless of their size. 

If no connectivity exists as defined in HCVF2, or if the forest links to other forests of the same type but together do not 

reach 500,000 ha, it may not be considered HCVF. 

18



Tasks 

Determine the forest types inside the concession and their level of 

threat. 

Determine the kind of substrates inside the concession 


Vegetation cover maps (DEC, UPNG, 

PNGFA-FIMS), 

Field verification and sampling 

Soil maps, geo-morphological maps, 

geological maps (DEC, UPNG), Field 

verification and sampling. 

Those forests on limestone or on 

ultrabasic soils shall be considered 

HCVFs (PNGRIS) 

Determine if forest is able to regenerate after logging or if 

regeneration and/or silvicultural measures can be applied. 

Examples: 

FRI, PNGRIS (eg Soils), Field 

verification and field trial 

Mid montane forests at Gumi, West 

Watut TRP, which have poor 

regeneration after felling. 



Because these are already identified as critcal or threatened 

ecosystems, no medium or large scale logging shall occur within 

these 

HCVFs. 

Guidance 

Only upon expert consultation 

re-evaluate and identify the current level 

of threat to the ecosystem Identify the 

authorized institution/ NGO/ researcher/ 

expert who can be consulted (see 

Appendix 6). 

19



Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations 

(e.g. watershed protection, erosion control) 

All forests provide some services of nature such as watershed protection, stream flow regulation or erosion control and 

these services should always be maintained under good management. In most forests the consequence of a 

breakdown in these services is relatively minor. In some cases, however, their failure would have a serious catastrophic 

or cumulative impact. For example, a forest that forms a large proportion of the catchment area of a river that has a 

high risk of damaging and destructive flooding downstream may be critical in preventing flooding and would be 

considered a HCV. It is this type of situation that HCV4 attempts to identify. 

Since there is a range of separate ecosystem services, this value has been sub-divided into three elements: 

HCV4.1 Forests critical to water catchments 

Forests play an important role in preventing flooding, controlling stream flow and regulating water quality. Where a 

forest area constitutes a large proportion of a water catchment, it is able to play a critical role in maintaining these water 

quantity and quality. The greater the importance of the water catchment, in terms of flooding or drought risk or water 

usage, the more likely it is that the services provided by the forest are critical and that the forest is a HCVF. 

HCV4.2 Forests critical to erosion control 

A third basic service of nature that forests provide is terrain stability, including control of erosion, landslides, avalanches 

and downstream sedimentation. All areas suffer some degree of erosion and many are also prone to a degree of terrain 

instability, but often the extent or risk of these is very low or the consequences minor. In some cases, though, forests 

protect against erosion, landslides and avalanches in areas where the consequences, in terms of loss of productive 

land, damage to ecosystems, property or loss of human life, are severe. In these cases, the ecosystem service 

provided by the forest is critical, and it is these that should be designated HCVFs. 

HCV4.3 Forests providing barriers to destructive fire 

Fire is a part of the natural dynamics of many forest ecosystems, such as boreal forests in Canada or eucalypt forests 

in Australia. Mostly these fires are small and pose no great threat or risk. However, forest fires, whether started by 

natural causes or by humans, can sometimes develop into destructive, uncontrolled fire that can be a serious risk to 

human life and property, economic activity, or to threatened ecosystems or species. A HCV under this element includes 

forest that naturally acts as a barrier to fire in areas that are prone to fire where the consequences are potentially 

severe. 

HCV4.1 Forests critical to water catchments 

Description 

All forests affect the watersheds in which they occur. However, the watershed protection function of individual forests 

is not always critical. Some forest types are particularly important in regulating stream flow, and so more likely to be 

critical to watershed functioning. 

Forests can be considered critical to watershed protection when a particular forest area protects against: 

• potentially catastrophic floods or drought 

• widespread loss of irreplaceable water for drinking, agriculture, hydroelectric schemes and other uses, 

• the destruction of fisheries where spawning grounds had been protected by mangroves or riparian forests 

• changes to the hydrology of catchments that would seriously and irreversibly degrade a protected area. 

Definition 

Forests critical to water catchments are defined as forests that: 

1. provide critical water supplies for urban areas which are defined by established catchment plans (Waterboard, 

PNG Power) 

20


2. have catchments as identified by Wetlands (Ramsar) Convention, Directory of Asian Wetlands 

3. provide rural communities with class 2 stream according to Logging Code of Practice (LCOP), including all water 

bodies and water courses 

4. are within designated Water Control Districts 

5. Provide water for energy (electricity) source 

Rationale 

There are no national water catchments classifications, however, several catchments have been identified as critical. 

These are: 

• Laloki (hydro and water supply) Urban 

• Fly (irrigation, navigation, transport, tourism, fishing) Rural 

• Sepik (irrigation, fishing, tourism) Rural 

• Markham-Ramu (hydro) Urban 

• Purari (due to no development seen as a control) Rural 

• All urban water supply catchment areas and their tributaries. 

Water Control Districts identified under the Environment Act 2000 (section 95 div v). A list of Water Control Districts 

is included in Appendix 5. 

Water permit areas as identified under the Environment Act 2000 (section 82 div 1 part vii). 

As a signatory to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), PNG has an 

international obligation to protect wetlands listed on the Ramsar "List of Wetlands of International Importance" and the 

upstream catchments affecting these areas. PNG currently has two Ramsar listed areas - Lake Kutubu WMA (24,100 

ha) in Southern Highlands Province and Tonda WMA (590,000 ha) in Western Province. 

The Directory of Asian Wetlands (Osbourne 1989; 1993) lists 30 biologically important wetland sites and areas which 

need to be considered in planning forestry developments. 

Eighteen high priority wetlands are identified in the Conservation Needs Assessment (1993). Forestry operations 

within and upstream of these areas will need to maintain the values for which these were designated. 

Downstream impact on protected or economically important fisheries needs to be considered (e.g. Gulf of Papua and 

Milne Bay prawn fisheries; barramundi in Western and Gulf provinces; black bass fisheries in Western, Gulf and WNB 

provinces; crocodiles in Sepik and Western provinces. 


Determine if the catchment is within a Wetlands (Ramsar) 

Convention, Directory of Asian Wetlands. 

Determine if the catchment provides critical water supply to urban 

areas (water permit) 

Determine if the catchment provides critical water supply to rural 

communities Determine if the catchment is a gazetted 

Water Control District 

Examples: 

Tasks 


Ramsar Sites, Directory of Asian 

Wetlands 

Waterboard, PNG Power, DEC, 

Provincial Government, Local Level 

Governments Rural communities, use 

Stream Class 2 within the LCOP 

DEC (Environment Act 2000) 

A forester working in the Sogeri District 

consulted the Waterboard and found out 

that Laloki River is a priority catchment. 

21




Identify and mark where catchment boundary borders with the 

concession 

Establish a 50 meter buffer outside of the catchment where logging 

may not take place 

In urban catchment areas and gazetted Water Districts no logging will 

be permitted 

For definitions 1 and 3, reduced impact logging is permitted using the 

PNG Logging Code of Practice Key Standard Number 2. 

Guidance 

This has to be identified in the field by 

establishment of permanent, marked 

boundaries. Experts assistance is 

required to verify 

/ 

This has to be identified in the field by 

walking along watershed boundary and 

flagging them with orange flagging 

tapes. 

Consult Waterboard, PNG Power, DEC, 

Provincial Government, Local Level 

Governments, 

Consult PNG Logging Code of Practice. 

HCV4.2 Forests critical to erosion control 

Description 

Forests are often important in maintaining terrain stability, including control of erosion, landslides and avalanches. Most 

standards for responsible forest management take this into account. In some cases, though, the risks of severe 

erosion, landslides and avalanches are extremely high and the consequences, in terms of loss of productive land, 

damage to ecosystems, property or loss of human life, are potentially catastrophic. In these cases, the ecosystem 

service provided by the forest is critical, and it is these that should be designated HCVFs. 

Definition 

A forest should be considered HCVF when on a slope of > 30 degrees (PNG Logging Code of Practice (LCOP)). 

Rationale 

The existing classification used in the PNG Logging Code of Practice sufficiently identifies areas prone to erosion and 

landslides. It does not identify materials with erosion potential which is either below or above the average cut-off slope 

recommended. While it is advisable to develop a separate more conservative slope class according to erosion 

potential, the necessary information - relief, soil structure, seismic activity - is not easily available to forest managers 

or at a scale relevant to forest management plans. 


22 

Tasks 

Identify areas of corresponding slope classes from maps 

Verify slope classes in the field 

Examples: 


Derive slope from 1:100,000 Topographic 

Maps, Use slope classes and queries 

within PNGRIS and the SRTM DEM, 

UPNG DEM of PNG. 

Verify slopes with chain and clinometer. 

The operations forester will receive maps 

of corresponding slope classes from the 

maps produced by the survey section 

and verify slope classes with chain and 

clinometer in the field for set-up planning.



Source: PNG LCOP 

Slopes from 0 to 30 degrees Slopes steeper than 30 

degrees 

Selective Logging Extraction System 

Ground-based Wheeled or tracked 

skidder 

High Lead Cable System 

Skyline Cable System 

Helicopter 

Generally PNGLCOP 

Applies 

PNGLCOP applies 

Prohibited 

May be approved with specific 

permission of DEC and PNGFA but 

not covered by PNGLCOP 

PNGLCOP applies 

Note: Generally prohibited under 

the terms and conditions of the 

Timber Permit 

Prohibited 

Prohibited 

Prohibited 

May be approved with specific 

permission of DEC and PNGFA. 

This may require variation of the 

Timber Permit 

HCV4.3 Forests providing critical barriers to destructive fire 

Description 

Most standards for responsible forest management contain requirements for fire prevention and control in areas where 

this is appropriate. This element is not intended to include forests where fire is a natural or normal part of forest 

ecosystem process. Rather, it will include those few forests that provide natural barriers to fire where uncontrolled 

spread of fire could pose a serious risk to human life and property, economic activity or to threatened ecosystems or 

species. 

Definition 

Any forest that provides protection from fire to: 

• forests declared protected according to the Forestry Act (Division 3. Section 52. Subsection 1 and 2), Fauna 

(Protection and Control) Act, National Park Act, Conservation Area Act. 

• forest succeptible to fire (Monsoon and Savanna Forests, Swamp and Peat Forests). 

• Plantations (as well as green breaks). 

Rationale 

There is no national fire risk assessment of forests nor is there an assessment of critical barriers to destructive fires. 

There is a provision under the Forestry Act 1991 (Section 52, Subsection 1 and 2) which allows the PNGFA Managing 

Director to declare certain forests that are under risk of destructive fires as protected, however this does not equate 

to identifying forests which provide critical barriers to destructive fire. Plantation forests are often at the risk of fires and 

with the exception of Bulolo Plantation none of these plantations have a fire management plan. 

23



Tasks 

Verify if a forest has been declared protected from fire 

under the Forestry Act (Division 3. Section 52. 

Subsection 1 and 2), Fauna (Protection and Control) Act, 

National Park Act, Conservation Area Act. 

Verify the existence of barrier forests in dry zones of 

PNG susceptible to fires. 

Verify the proximity to plantations. 

Examples: 


Forest Management Division, PNGFA,DEC. 

Forest Management Division, PNGFA 

FIMS 

Bulolo, Wau (Morobe) 

Stettin Bay, Hoskins 

Open Bay, East New Britain 

Kerevat, East New Britain 

Jant, Madang 

Lapegu, East Highlands Province 

Waghi, Western Highland Province 

Fayantina, Eastern Highlands Province 

Brown River, Central 

Kuriva, Central 

Ulabo, Milne Bay 

Sepik Plains, East Sepik 

Mt Susu National Park and the Araucaria 

forests of Bulolo, Morobe Province. 



Conduct awareness on the provision of the Forestry Act 

(Division 3. Section 52. Subsection 1 and 2), Fauna 

(Protection and Control) Act, National Park Act, 

Conservation Area Act in relation to declaration of 

protected areas and the forest types that are included 

under this provision 

In plantation susceptible to fires a "green break" should 

be established. 

Guidance 

Prepare and disseminate awareness materials and carry 

out the awareness in consultation with these groups 

(Prov. Govt., LLG. Schools, Media, CBO). 

Grassland fires-HCV breaks must be at least 20 meters. 

Forest Fires-HCV breaks must be at least 100 meters. 

24



Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities 

(e.g. subsistence, health) and critical to local communities' traditional 

cultural identity (areas of cultural, ecological, economic or religious 

significance in cooperation with such local communities) 

Description 

The HCVF National Working Group has combined HCV5 and 6 because of the shared requirement of consultation 

for these two values. 

Many conservation designations view humans as purely prejudicial to forests. The definition of HCVFs is different 

because it recognises that some forests are essential to human well-being. This value is designed to protect the 

basic subsistence and security of local communities that are derived from forests - not only for "forest-dependent 

communities", but also for any communities that get substantial and irreplaceable amounts of income, food or other 

benefits from the forest. 

Definition 

1. If the community derives >50% of their needs for water, building materials,food, medicine, firewood, craft 

materials, cash NTFP's, cultural materials from the forest, this (part of the) forest shall be HCV for this 

particular need. Social assessment is necessary to determine individual community needs. 

2. Any cultural and heritage significance (ples tambu), or historical sites within the forest will be regarded as 

HCV. 

3. Areas identified as important and incorporated into the property list in the Incorporated Land Groups be 

regarded as a HCV. 

Rationale 

HCV5 applies to basic needs and maintaining cultural identity. For example, for a community that derives a large 

part of its protein from hunting and fishing in forests where there is no alternative source of meat or fish, the forests 

would constitute a HCV. If, in another forest, people hunted largely for recreational purposes (even if they did eat 

their catch) and where they were not dependent upon hunting, then this would not constitute a HCV. As well as 

being essential for subsistence and survival, forests can be critical to societies and communities for their cultural 

values. This value is designed to protect the traditional culture of local communities where the forest is critical to their 

identity, thereby helping to maintain the cultural integrity of the community. 

A forest may be designated a HCVF if it contains or provides values without which a local community would suffer 

a drastic loss of a basic need or cultural change and for which the community has no alternative. A forest may have 

HCV status if local communities obtain essential fuel, food, fodder, medicine, or building materials from the forest, 

without readily available alternatives. In such cases, the High Conservation Value is specifically identified as one or 

more of these basic needs. 

Identifying HCV5 will require consultation. 

Employment, income and products are values that should be conserved if possible, without prejudice to other values 

and benefits. However, HCVs do not include excessive extraction, even when communities are currently 

economically dependent on it. Nor do they include the excessive application of traditional practices, when these are 

degrading or destroying the forests and the other values present in the forest. 

The following would not be considered HCVs: 

• Forests providing resources of minor importance to local communities. 

• Forests that provide resources that could readily be obtained elsewhere or that could be replaced by affordable 

substitutes. 

25


Over time, a value may grow or decline, with changing community needs and changes in land use. A forest, which was 

previously only one of many sources of supply, may become the only, or basic fundamental source of fuel wood or 

other needs. Conversely, needs may decline and disappear with time. This stresses the need for monitoring and 

review. 

Communities living in and around forest areas have a varying degree of dependency on forest resources depending 

on their origin, their history, the influence of external parties such as traders, companies or government, as well as their 

access to markets and agricultural technologies. Communities living in isolated areas usually have a high degree of 

dependency to the forest. However, even migrant communities may become dependant on the forest if they harvest 

timber or non-timber forest products, for example, as part of their livelihood. 

Assessing the availability of alternative sources may be delicate. The presence of communication and market access 

is an important factor. Isolated communities are likely to have few market options and a reduced access to alternative 

technologies to replace their forest-dependant livelihood pattern. Communities with easy market access and easy 

communication with traders and government services may be in an easier position to shift to new livelihoods. However, 

this may be limited by access to land, technology and capital. This should be considered carefully, and the principle of 

precaution should be applied, that is, when in doubt, assume that the people have no ready replacement. 

Another delicate element to evaluate is the extent to which the use of the forest by the communities is sustainable and 

is compatible with the safeguard of other HCVs. Unsustainalbe levels of extractions such as excessive hunting of 

endangered species should be treated as HCVs and management criteria developed and applied that allows the 

continued sustainable harvest of these forests. 

Guidance on appropriate consultation methods 

This step aims to help forest managers determine whether use of the forest is: 

• fulfilling one or more of the community's basic needs and 

• whether the forest is fundamental to the cultural identity of the community (or communities). 

1) Characterising the community: Has to be adjusted to particular situations. 

Unless dealing with very small groups/clans, more than 

one consultation method should be used to verify the 

information gathered. 

2) Consultation methods: 

IMPORTANT: Land and use of its resources is a very 

sensitive issue in PNG. When collecting the information 

needed, the facilitators should make their objectives very 

clear and avoid asking for (sensitive, controversial) 

details. 

To understand the community there has to be a 

community profile. This includes knowing the population, 

community structure (clan groups), decision making 

processes, language(s), socio-economic information, 

community groupings (women's groups, youth groups, 

churches), land boundaries, etc. 

Additional to the use of the forest by the landowners there 

will be rights to its use with other people. These user 

rights will have to be identified to achieve a full picture of 

the use of the forest in meeting basic needs. 

Landownership can be identified using the Incorporated 

Land Group process. It is important to ensure proper 

process & approach is/has been used, so the group 

involved is aware of its purpose, all clan members 

are/were involved, and the correct information is/was 

collected. 

There is no existing methodology to obtain written 

evidence of user rights, although clear verbal 

agreements exist, passed down from generation to 

generation. It is also important to identify background of 

26


Important considerations: 

• Approaches may have to be adapted to the specific 

situation (community groups, different ethnic groups) 

• In the identification of cultural sites existing rituals, 

customs, taboos, etc should be respected 

• Past, present and future status of basic needs 

provision from the forest needs to be assessed by 

the people 

• All clans within a forest management unit will have to 

be involved and all neighbouring clans have to be 

informed to avoid possible future disputes. 

• For practical reasons the consultation may be 

undertaken in stages (village by village). Preferably it 

should be undertaken before start of the harvesting 

operation. 

NB: 

• All methodologies used should be participatory 

processes 

• Facilitator role to be limited to guiding process only 

and should not be dominant or too leading 

• Facilitator to clearly explain that the HCV process is 

not aimed at getting outsiders to provide a solution or 

assistance, but to assist community to come up with 

their own solutions and management 

• Facilitator to clarify that secret information or 

knowledge that is not to be shared with outsiders, 

could be generally indicated to ensure it is included 

as HCV 

• Recheck information obtained from one group with 

other group(s) 

• Approach may have to be adapted to the specific 

situation 

• Utilise knowledge of existing Community Based 

Organisations, e.g. church groups 

• Use traditional knowledge on indicator species to 

identify HCV. 

user rights, as this may influence management 

measures. 

Only general information on user rights and the extent to 

which they meet basic needs should be collected, to 

avoid getting bogged down into unnecessary and 

possible sensitive or controversial details. 

In order to consult under-represented individuals or 

groups, specific interviews, e.g. women, elders, youth 

and household, interviews/surveys can be used. 

Information on basic needs has to be collected. This 

could be done as part of a land use planning process. 

As slightly different methods & approaches are used by 

various organizations, it has to be verified if the land use 

planning process has been completed sufficiently and 

will provide the needed information. If not, an additional 

consultation process is needed. 

3) What information is needed: 

NB: There is very little written information available. Even 

though some studies are available, they may be either too 

general or applicable to a certain area/group only. 

Normally this would include: 

• What the community uses the forest for 

Main basic needs list: 

Water, building materials, food, medicine, firewood, 

craft materials, cash NTFP's 

• Patterns of resource use (how much, when, how many 

people) and alternative sources 

• Whether the use of one resource conflicts with the 

maintenance of another HCV 

• Whether resource use is sustainable (NB: Past, 

present and future status of basic needs provision 

from the forest needs to be assessed by the people to 

help determine this) 

27


4) How to analyze the information obtained: Determine relevance of individual basic needs obtained 

from the forest (table). 

Potential indicators that a forest is fundamental to local 

communities may be when: 

• A high proportion of the community's need comes 

from the FMU; 

• There are no readily available, affordable and 

acceptable alternatives; 

• A community would suffer diminished health or wellbeing 

through reduced supply of a resource; 

• A particular resource provides only a small proportion 

of a community's basic needs or is only used 

occasionally but is nevertheless critical (e.g. when a 

forest provides a modest proportion of overall food 

consumed but most of the protein, or when a forest 

provides famine food or provides a large proportion 

of food at particular times of year). 

Table: Basic needs 

Basic need Forest Other 

Water 

Building material 

Food 

Medicine 

Fire wood 

Craft materials 

Cash NTFP 

4 - Essential 100% of basic need is met by the forest 

3 - Critical >50% 

2 - Important 25-50% 

1 - Not important 1-25% 

0 - Non existent 0% 


Tasks 

1. Identify landowning clan(s) within the forest 

management unit. If the FMU contains more than one 

village the HCV identification exercise has to be done 

per village. 


Incorporated Land Group documents 

If there are no ILG's, get information from community on 

number of clans, their family members and land areas 

from the village recorder (according to Organic Law). 

2. Consult with other stakeholders to find out if there is 

any existing relevant information. 

National Museum and Art Gallery, NRI, PNGFA, UPNG, 

NGOs. 

28



Tasks 

3. Determine appropriate methodology during a scoping 

visit 

3.1 Agree on awareness meeting date 

4. Facilitate awareness meeting 

4.1 Agree on HCV identification meeting date 


Awareness meeting to be held first to explain the 

purpose of the exercise and to give community members 

time to familiarise themselves with the idea. Meeting to 

take place in the village, at a date and time convenient 

to the community. 

Inform (toksave pastaim), remind and reconfirm meeting 

date and time. 

Meeting must take place in the village, at a date and 

time convenient to the community 

Explanatory material 

5. Facilitate HCV identification meeting Materials: HCVF National Toolkit 

6. Basic needs and cultural site identification 

6.1 List of basic needs, cultural sites and users 

6.2 When, where and how much and often 

used/collected 

6.3 Determine if the use is sustainable 

6.4 Alternative sources 

7. Process information and determine if basic needs are 

essentially or critically met by the forest. 

Depending on selected (combination of) methodologies: 

- Participants draw resource map and compile lists 

- Facilitator meets with different groups and records 

information 

- Facilitator hold household interviews/surveys and 

collects information. 

Use thresholds and Table: Basic needs (see above in 

Guidance section) 

8. Confirm results with community Either at the same meeting or a separate/next meeting 

9. Incorporation into overall HCV identification 

9.1 Compare results with outcome of other HCVs and 

analyse. 

9.2 Incorporate results with outcome other HCV into 

overall HCV identification 

Results of HCV 1-5 

eg. Over harvesting of certain species that are 

threatened or endangered may exterminate them. 

10. Presentation/confirmation of overall HCV 

identification to/with community 

Examples: 

Masalai ples forest areas where traditionally no 

harvesting or even presence of people is allowed. 

29



Guidance 

General remarks: Management recommendations and guidance given below apply to permit areas where outside 

contractors operate on customary land. Where landowners operate in small-scale operations on their own land, the 

community decides on the appropriate management recommendations, which will have to be respected by the 

management of their company. If basic need harvesting is unsustainable or pose a threat to other HCVs the 

community will have to develop management rules to ensure this threat is dealt with. Look back at customary rules 

and/or design 'modern' versions of these rules. E.g. peles masalai becomes WMA. NB: Look at protected and 

endangered species and indicator species under other HCV(s) to ensure these species receive the needed 

protection. 

MEDIUM - LARGE SCALE 

1. Water: buffer zones and no road crossings LCOP 

2. Building materials: 

- If identified as reserve, no logging + 100 m buffer zone 

- If no specific reserve identified, have to be specifically 

marked by landowner to be kept from harvesting by 

contractor. 

LCOP, at time of set-up preparation. 

Timber permit extraction exclusion, at time of set-up 

preparation 

3. Food: 

- trees have to specifically marked by landowner to be 

kept from harvesting by contractor. 

List of trees not be harvested 

4. Medicine: 




contractor. 

5. Firewood: no recommendations thought necessary 

6. Craft materials: 




contractor. 

7. Cash NTFP's: 




contractor. 


preparation 


preparation 


preparation 


preparation 

8. Cultural sites LCOP Timber permit extraction exclusion, at time 

of set-up preparation 

SMALL SCALE 

1. Water: buffer zones & no road crossings Same as medium-large: LCOP 

2. Building materials: 

- If identified as reserve, no logging + 100 m buffer 

zone 

- If no specific reserve identified, have to specifically marked by 

landowner to be kept from harvesting by contractor 

3. Food: 

trees have to specifically marked by landowner to be kept from 

harvesting by contractor. List of trees not to be harvested 

Same as medium-large: LCOP 


30


SMALL SCALE 

4. Medicine: 


- If no specific reserve identified, have to specifically marked 

by landowner to be kept from harvesting by contractor 

Same as medium-large: LCOP. 

NB: If landowners are managing their own forests 

there is no threat of over-harvesting or species 

becoming scarce due to their consumption. 

5. Fire wood: no recommendations thought necessary NB: Majority of firewood will normally come from 

garden areas, plus additional availability through 

the waste of the sawmilling operation. 

6. Craft materials: 



by landowner to be kept from harvesting by contractor 

6.1 Own use-sustainability generally not an issue 

6.2 For sale-sustainability to be looked carefully 

May be a problem in very highly populated areas, 

where then some reforestation specifically for fire 

wood production may be necessary. 


See 4. 

For sustainability assessment see Section 6 of 

HCV 5's Identification Table. 

7. Cash NTFP's: 



by landowner to be kept from harvesting by contractor. 


For sustainability assessment see Section 6 of 

HCV 5's Identification Table. 

8. Cultural sites Same as medium-large: LCOP 

Extraction exclusion, at time of set-up preparation 

MONITORING 

NB 1: Small scale operations will typically form part of a FSC Group Certificate, as becoming certified individually 

normally is way too expensive and too difficult (to know how to meet FSC requirements). 

NB 2: For individually certified small-scale operations (not part of a group certificate) expert engagement for the HCV 

assessment will be required, which has to be repeated every five years, at the time of certificate renewal. For 

individually certified operations monitoring will be done directly by the certifier. 

The group certificate manager will have to monitor the identified HCVs and compliance with any management rules 

under the HCVs. 

Annual monitoring is recommended for a start, but possibly a two-yearly monitoring may suffice. 

Monitoring as to start with (re)confirming sustainable resource use and/or assessing the impact of management rules 

on unsustainable use. 

Collection of information has to be through field visits with community meetings plus, if necessary, interviews with 

specific (user) groups. 

Specific attention has to be given to community rules associated with HCVs, their enforcement and effectiveness. 

Monitoring results may lead to requests to the operation/community to improve /change existing rules or develop 

new/additional ones. 

31


32 

Acronym/Abbreviation 

CA 

CBO 

CC 

CI 

CITES 

CM 

CNA 

CR 

DEC 

DD 

EBA 

EN 

ENB 

EU 

FIMS 

FMU 

FRI 

FSC 

HCV 

HCVF 

HCVF WG 

NGO 

ILG 

IUCN 

LLG 

NRI 

NTFP 

PA 

PNG 

PNG LCOP 

PNGRIS 

PNGFA 

RAPPAM 

STRM DEM 

TRP 

UNDP 

UPNG 

WGC 

WCS 

WMA 

WNB 

WWF 

Meaning 

Conservation Area 

Community-Based Organisation 

HCVF National Toolkit Working Group Chamber Coordinator 

Conservational International Inc 

Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species 

HCVF National Toolkit Working Group Chamber Member(s) 

Conservation Needs Assessement 

Critically Endangered 

Department of Environment and Conservation 

Data Deficient 

Endemic Bird Areas of the World 

Endangered 

East New Britain 

European Union 

Forest Inventory Mapping System 

Forest Management Unit 

Forest Research Institute 

Forest Stewardship Council 

High Conservation Value 

High Conservation Value Forest 

HCVF National Toolkit Working Group 

Non-Government Organisation 

Incorporated Land Group 

International Union of Conservation of Nature 

Local Level Government 

National Research Institute 

Non Timber Forest Product 

Protected Area 

Papua New Guinea 

Papua New Guinea Loggging Code of Practice 

Papua New Guinea Resource Information System 

Papua New Guinea Forest Authority 

Rapid Assessment and Priorisation of Protected Area Management 

Shuttle Topography Radar Mission Mapper Digital Elevation Model 

Timber Rights Purchase 

United Nations Development Programme 

University of Papua New Guinea 

HCVF National Toolkit Working Group Coordinator 

Wildlife Conservatoin Society 

Wildlife Management Area 

West New Britain 

World Wide Fund for Nature


Glossary 

(all definitions are taken from www.dictionary.com unless indicated otherwise) 

CITES 

Conservation Areas 

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 

Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between Governments. Its aim 

is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants 

does not threaten their survival. www.cites.org 

Land under community or other ownership that is managed by a community 

committee for conservation protection. The Prime Minister declares a 

Conservation Area on recommendation of the Minister for Environment and 

the landowners. 

It should have " particular biological, topographical, geological, historical, 

scientific or social significance or other special value for the present 

community or future generations". 

Conservation areas are to be managed by a committee including landholder 

representatives but do not provide exclusive landholder control as in the case 

with WMAs. The Conservation Area committee prepares a management plan 

that sets out the restrictions on the use of the rules. [ Conservation Areas Act 

1978]. 

Conservation Deeds 

Convention on Wetlands 

DATA DEFICIENT (DD) 

A voluntary agreement between a landowner and an authorised body to help 

the landowner protect and manage the environment on their land. 

An intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action 

and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands 

and their resources. http://www.ramsar.org 

A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a 

direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution 

and/or population status. 

A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but 

appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient 

is therefore not a category of threat. 

Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and 

acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened 

classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever 

data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing 

between DD and a threatened status. 

If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a 

considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, 

threatened status may well be justified. www.redlist.org 

Directory of Asian Wetlands 

This Directory aims to provide an essential database as a basis for action. It 

provides an inventory of wetlands of international importance in the Oceania 

region, including 25 political entities from Palau, Guam and the Solomon 

Islands in the west to Easter Island in the east, and from the Marianas and 

Hawaiian islands in the north to New Caledonia and French Polynesia in the 

33


south. http://www.wetlands.org/inventory&/OceaniaDir/Prelims.html 

endangered adj : (of flora or fauna) in imminent danger of extinction; "an 

endangered species". www.dictionary.com 

ENDANGERED (EN) 

A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it 

meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is 

therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. 

www.redlist.org 

endemismDefinition of an endemic species: a species which is only found 

in a given region or location and nowhere else in the world. This definition 

requires that the region that the species is endemic to, be defined, such 

as a "site endemic" (e.g. just found on Mount Celaque),6 a "national 

endemic" (e.g. found only in Honduras), a "geographical range endemic" 

(e.g. found in the Himalayan region, which however covers several 

Himalayan countries and therefore is not a national endemic), or a political 

region endemic (e.g. found in countries of Central America). 

www.birdlist.org 

Ecoregion 

An area defined by environmental conditions and natural features; a 

region defined by its ecology. www.dictionary.com. Landscape planning 

units for WWF, modified version for PNG - 

Conservation Planning Region (CPR) of the DEC. The DEC is using CPR 

as a base tool to analyse future conservation initiatives (e.g. DEC 

vegetation change assessment - intersected CPR + PNGFA FIMS 

Vegetation Types datasets). 

Fauna (Protection and Control) Act, 

1976 

An Act that protects fauna within the following PAs such as Wildlife 

Management Areas, Fauna Sanctuaries, Nature Reserves and 

appointment of wildlife rangers (detailed information obtain from DEC). 

Forest Stewardship Council 

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an international network to 

promote responsible management of the world's forests. 

FSC brings people together to find solutions to the problems created by 

bad forestry practices and to reward good forest management practices. 

www.fsc.org 

FSC Principles and Criteria 

Fundamental 

The Forest Stewardship Council has 10 Principles of Forest Stewardship. 

These Principles and associated Criteria form the basis for all FSC forest 

management standards. www.fsc.org 

adj 

1: serving as an essential component; "a cardinal rule"; "the central cause 

of the problem"; "an example that was fundamental to the argument"; 

Eg:"computers are fundamental to modern industrial structure" [syn: 

cardinal, central, key, primal] 

2: being or involving basic facts or principles; "the fundamental laws of the 

universe"; "a fundamental incompatibility between them"; "these 

rudimentary truths"; "underlying principles" [syn: rudimentary, underlying] 

3: far-reaching and thoroughgoing in effect especially on the nature of 

something; "the fundamental revolution in human values that has 

34


occurred"; Eg: "the book underwent fundamental changes"; "committed the 

fundamental error of confusing spending with extravagance"; "profound social 

changes" [syn: profound] n : the lowest tone of a harmonic series [syn: 

fundamental frequency, first harmonic] www.dictionary.com 

IUCN 

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 

The World Conservation Union is the world's largest and most important 

conservation network. 

The Union brings together 82 States, 111 government agencies, more than 

800 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and some 10,000 scientists and 

experts from 181 countries in a unique worldwide partnership. www.iucn.org 

Local endemics 

Protected Areas 

These are species only restricted to a geographical area and not widely 

distributed in PNG. (Ted Mamu) 

CA Management Plan A plan prepared under section 27 (1)(d) under the 

Conservation Areas Act, 1980 (obtain detailed information from DEC) 

An area declared by the Minister for Environment to protect only those animals 

declared as protected. [Fauna (Protection and Control) Act 1966]. 

Peat Forest 

Peat swamp forests are forested areas with extreme conditions of wetlands 

and characteristics of forest with composition of dead litters and twigs. 

For example, the forest on the southern part of Lake Kutubu in the Southern 

Highland Province, PNG, is a peat swamp forest with an average of 1 meter 

depth. 

PNG wide Endemics 

Population and Population Size 

Ramsar Site 

Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) 

Species that are only found within Papua New Guinea. Note that these are 

distinct from local endemics. (Ted Mamu) 

The term 'population' is used in a specific sense in the Red List Criteria that is 

different to its common biological usage. Population is here defined as the total 

number of individuals of the taxon. 

For functional reasons, primarily owing to differences between life forms, 

population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only. In the case 

of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles, 

biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used. 

www.redlist.org 

A wetland which fulfils the criteria set forth within the Convention of Wetlands 

(Sander van den Ende) 

Rare (R) Taxa with small world populations that are not at present 

'Endangered' or 'Vulnerable', but are at risk. 

These taxa are usually localized within restricted geographical areas or 

habitats or are thinly scattered over a more extensive range. www.redlist.org 

The term 'reduced impact logging' has become essentially interchangeable in 

the vernacular with timber harvesting. 

'Reduced impact logging technology' is a collective term that refers to the use 

of scientific and engineering principles, in combination with education and 

training, to improve the application of labour, equipment and operating 

methods in the harvesting of industrial timber. www.fao.org 

35


Refugia 

Refugia is the term used to describe an area where susceptible corn borers will 

be able to survive when Bt corn use becomes wide spread. 

One of the biggest concerns with Bt corn is that its widespread use will lead to 

selection for corn borers that are resistant to Bt. Maintaining a population of 

susceptible corn borers is thought to be one way of reducing the speed of 

resistance build-up. www.dictionary.com 

Sacred sites 

Places of cultural and traditional significance including initiation grounds, 

ancestral spirits and witchcraft practices, rituals and taboos. 

Satellite Islands 

All islands off of the coast of Papua New Guinea 

Temporal Use 

Threatened (T) 

VULNERABLE (VU) 

Any habitat use that is not permanent, especially when making reference to 

national or international migratory use for feeding, mating and nesting. (Sander 

van den Ende) 

According to the IUCN definition, "threatened" is a general term to denote 

species that are endangered, vulnerable, rare, or categorized as "indeterminate," 

meaning that there is insufficient information to indicate which of the first three 

categories is appropriate. www.redlist.org 

A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets 

any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore 

considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. www.redlist.org 

Wetlands 

A lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, 

especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife: a program to preserve 

our state's wetlands. www.dictionary.com 

36


Bibliography 

1. Anders, S.B., Banka, R., and Dowe, L.J. (2001). Field Guide to Palms in Papua New Guinea PNG Forest 

Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 

2. Anon. (1995). Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Melbourne University Press, Australia. 

3. Anon. (1995). Non-wood forest products for rural income and sustainable forestry. Food & Agriculture 

Organization of the UN, Rome. 

4. Anon. (1998). Incomes from the Forest. International forestry Reasearch. 

5. Anon. (1994). People, Plants and Patents-The impact of intellectual property on trade, plant, biodiversity, and rural 

society. International Development Research centre. 

6. Anon. (2002). Tapping the Green Market - Certificate & Management Of Non-Timber Forest Products (1). 

Earthscane Publication Ltd, USA. 

7. Anon. (1968). Production Patterns of 180 Economic Crops in Papua New Guinea. Coombs Academic Publishing. 

Australia 

8. Baillie, J., and Groombridge, B. (1996). Threatened Animals. IUCN, Washington. 

9. Beehler, M. B and Finch, W.B. (1985). Species-Checklist Of The Birds Of New Guinea. Royal Australian 

Ornithologists Union, Australia. 

10. Bheeler, B., Pratt, K.T., and Zimmerman, P. (1986). Birds of Papua New Guinea. Princeton University Press. 

New Jersey, USA. 

11. Bleeker, P. (1983). Soils of Papua New Guinea. Australian National University Press, Canberra. 

12. Bonaccorso, J.F. (1998). Bats of Papua New Guinea. Conservation International, Washington. 

13. Chatterton, P., Higgins-Zogib, L., Yamuna, R., and Duguman. J. (in prep). (2005). 

PNG National Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation for Priority Protected Areas Management (RAPPAM). 

Unpublished WWF report. 

14. Coates, J.B. (1977). The Birds of Papua New Guinea - Volume 1&2. Dove Publications, Brisbane. 

15. Conservation International (1988). A Biological Assesment of the Lakekamu Basin Papua New Guinea. 

Conservation International, United States of America. 

16. Cropper, C. S. (1993). Management of Endangered Plants. CSIRO, Australia. 

17. CSIRO. (1974). Conservation of Major plant Communities in Autralia and Papua New Guinea. CSIRO, Melbourne. 

18. Cunningham Anthonty B. (2001). Applied Ethnobotany - People, Wild Plant Use & Conservation. Earthscane 

Publication Ltd UK. 

19. Davies, S. J. J. F. (2002). Ratites and Tinamous. Oxford University Press, USA. 

20. DEC. (2000). Environment Act 2000. Department of Environment and Conservation. Waigani. PNG. 

21. Dombois - Dieter Mueller-Dombois and F Raymond Fosberg (1998). Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. 

Springer-Verlag, New York.Inc. 

22. Eddowes, P.J. (1977). Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea (1)Papua New Guinea. 

39


23. FAO (1980). Community-based tree and forest product enterprises. FAO, Rome. 

24. Flannery, T. (1995). Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Reed Books, Australia. 

25.Flannery, T. (1995) Mammals of New Guinea - Revised and Updated Edition. 2nd Edition. Reed Books, 

Chatswood. Australia. 

26. Frith. B. C., and Frith, W.D. (2004). The Bowerbirds. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom. 

27. Frith, Clifford, B., and Beehler, M. B. (1998). The Birds of Paradise. Oxford University Press, New York. 

28. FSC. (2004). FSC standard for non FSC - certified controlled wood. FSC-STD-40-005 (version 1.0). Forest 

Stewardship Council, A.C. Bonn, Germany. 

29. Gavan, D., and Fujita, M. (1999). Achipelago. University of California Press, London. 

30.Gilpin, M.E., and Soule, M.E. (1986). Minimum viable populations: Processes of species extinction. Pp 19-34, in 

ME Soule, ed. "Conservation Biology: the science of scarsity and diversity." Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 

Massachusets, U.S.A 

31. Gould, J. (1970). Birds of New Guinea. Methuen & Co Ltd. 

32. Gressitt, J. L., and Hornabrook, W.R. (1977). Handbook of Common New Guinea Beetles. Wau Ecology 

Institue, Wau, Papua New Guinea. 

33.Gunn, B. (2004). Seed Handling and Propagation of Papua New Guinea's Tree Species. CSIRO Forestry & Forest 

Products, Canberra. 

34. Hammermaster E.T., and Saunders J.C. (1995). Forest Resources and Vegetation Mapping of Papua New 

Guinea" PNGRIS Publication No. 4 Australian Agency for International Development, Canberra Australia 2601. 

page 7-22 

35. Henty, E.E. (1981). Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea, Volume II. Melbourne University Press, 

Melbourne. 

36. Henty, E.E. (1995). Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea, Volume III. Melbourne University Press, 

Melbourne. 

37. Henty, E.E. (1969). A Manual of the Grasses of New Guinea. Government Printer, Port Moresby, Papua New 

Guinea. 

38.Hoft, R. (1992). Plants of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands-Dictionary of the Genera and Families of Flowering 

Plants and Ferns. Wau Ecological Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 

39.Hogarth, P.J. (1999). The Biology of Mangroves.Oxford University Press, New York. 

40.Htsgiks, D.P., and Borrell, O.W. (1989). An Annotated Checklist of the Flora of Kairiru Island, New Guinea. 

Marcellin college Bulleen. 

41. IUCN 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 04 December 2002. 

42.Kumar, R. (2001). Insects of Papua New Guinea. Part 1 Principles and Practice, Science in New Guinea, Papua 


43.Lambert, F., and Woodcock, M. (1996). Pittas, Broadbills and Asities. Pica Press. 

40 

44. Mackay, R. (2002). The Atlas of Endangered Species. Earthscan, London.


45.Meffe, G.K., and Carroll, C.R. (1997). Principles of Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 

Massachusetts, U.S.A. 

46.Menzies, J. (1991). A Handbook of New Guinea Marsupials & Monotremes. Kristen Pres Inc, Madang, Papua 


47.Menzies, J.I., and Dennis, E. (1979). Handbook Of New Guinea Rodents - Handbook No.6 Wing Tai Cheung 

Printing Co. Hong Kong. 

48.Miller, A. (1999). Orchids of Papua New Guinea. Crawford House Publishing,Australia. 

49.O'Shea, M. (1996). The Snakes of Papua New Guinea. Christensen Research Institute, Madang, Papua New 

Guinea. 

50.Parsons, M. (1991). Butterflies of the Bulolo-Wau Valley. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 

51.Pekel, P. (1984). Flora of the Bismark Archipelago. Kristen Press,Madang Papua New Guinea. 

52.Percival, M., and Womersley, S.J. (1975). Floristics and Ecology Of The Mangrove Vegetation Of Papua New 

Guinea. Department of Forest, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 

53.PNGFA. (1996). Papua New Guinea Logging Code of Practice. First Edition. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority. 

Hohola. PNG. 

54.Quentin, C. B.C., and Fuller, L.J. (2001). Plant Invaders - The Threat To Natural Ecoysytems (1).Earth Scan 

Publications Ltd, UK. 

55.Quentin, C. B.C., and Fuller, L.J. (2001). Plant Invaders - The Threat To Natural Ecosystems (2). Earthscane 

Publication Ltd, UK. 

56.Reed, D.H., O'Grady, J.J., Brook, B.W., Ballou, J.D., Frankham, R. (2003). Estimates of minimum viable 

population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates. Biological Conservation 113:23-34. 

57.Sarah, A Laird (2002). Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge-Equitable Partnerships in Practice (1). Earthscan 

Publications Ltd, London. 

58.Social Learning in Community Forests (2001). Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor. 

59.Stattersfield, A., Crosby, M., Long, A., Wege, D. (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the World Priorities for 

Biodiversity Conservation. The Burlington Press Ltd, UK. 

60.Tuxill, J., and Nabhan, G.J. (2001). People, Plants and Protected Areas - A Guide To In Situ Management. 

Earthscan Publications Ltd, UK and USA. 

61.The World List of Threatened Birds. BirdLife Internation, Cambridge. 

62.UNEP-WCMC. 23 February, 2005. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species 

63.Verdcourt, B. (1979). A Manual Of New Guinea Legumes. Kristen Press, Madang, Papua New Guinea. 

64.Weeds of New Guinea and their Control (1998). Department of Forest Division, Lae, Papua New Guinea. 

65.Whitelock M. L (2002). The Cycads. Timber Press, USA. 

65.Wikramanayake, E., Dinerstein, E., Loucks, J.C., Olson, M.D., Morrison, J., Lamoreux, J., McKnight, M., and 

Hedao, P. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific. A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, United 

States of America. 

41


Appendix 1 - 

Critically endangered, endangered and data deficient IUCN species of 

animals in PNG 

# [Scientific Name] Common Name(s) Red List 

BIRDS 

1 Aegotheles tatei STARRY OWLET-NIGHTJAR DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

2 Aegotheles wallacii WALLACE'S OWLET-NIGHTJAR DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

3 Androphobus viridis PAPUAN WHIPBIRD DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

4 Aplonis brunneicapillus WHITE-EYED STARLING EN C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2001) 

5 Collocalia orientalis MAYR'S SWIFTLET DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

6 Collocalia papuensis PAPUAN SWIFTLET DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

7 Columba pallidiceps YELLOW-LEGGED PIGEON EN C2a(i) ver 3.1 (2001) 

8 Cracticus louisiadensis TAGULA BUTCHERBIRD DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

9 Erythrotriorchis buergersi BÜRGER'S SPARROWHAWK DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

10 Megalurulus grosvenori BISMARCK THICKETBIRD DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

11 Melanocharis arfakiana OBSCURE BERRYPECKER DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

12 Meliphaga vicina TUGULA MELIPHAGA DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

13 Myzomela albigula WHITE-CHINNED MYZOMELA DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

14 Pseudobulweria becki BECK'S PETREL CR D ver 3.1 (2001) 

15 Rallina mayri MAYR'S FOREST-RAIL DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

16 Tanysiptera hydrocharis LITTLE PARADISE-KINGFISHER DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

17 Todiramphus nigrocyaneus BLUE-BLACK KINGFISHER DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

18 Tyto aurantia NEW BRITAIN MASKED-OWL DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

19 Uroglaux dimorpha PAPUAN HAWK-OWL DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

20 Zosterops meeki TUGULA WHITE-EYE DD ver 3.1 (2001 

TURTLE 

21 Chelonia mydas GREEN TURTLE EN A2bd ver 3.1 (2001) 

FROGS 

22 Albericus brunhildae DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

23 Albericus fafniri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

24 Albericus gudrunae DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

25 Albericus gunnari DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

26 Albericus rheaurum DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

27 Albericus siegfriedi CR B1ab(iii) ver 3.1 (2001) 

28 Aphantophryne minuta DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

29 Aphantophryne sabini DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

30 Asterophrys leucopus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

31 Austrochaperina adamantina DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

32 Austrochaperina aquilonia DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

33 Austrochaperina archboldi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

34 Austrochaperina brevipes DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

35 Austrochaperina mehelyi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

36 Austrochaperina parkeri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

38 Austrochaperina septentrionalis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

42



FROGS 

39 Austrochaperina yelaensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

40 Barygenys cheesmanae DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

41 Barygenys exsul DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

42 Barygenys flavigularis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

43 Barygenys maculata DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

44 Barygenys parvula DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

45 Batrachylodes gigas DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

46 Callulops eurydactylus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

47 Callulops glandulosus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

48 Callulops marmoratus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

49 Callulops sagittatus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

50 Choerophryne allisoni DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

51 Choerophryne longirostris DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

52 Cophixalus aimbensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

53 Cophixalus ateles DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

54 Cophixalus bewaniensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

55 Cophixalus cryptotympanum DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

56 Cophixalus daymani DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

57 Cophixalus kaindiensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

58 Cophixalus pulchellus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

59 Cophixalus tagulensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

60 Cophixalus verecundus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

61 Copiula pipiens DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

62 Discodeles opisthodon DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

63 Hylophorbus richardsi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

64 Liophryne allisoni DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

65 Liophryne dentata DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

66 Liophryne rhododactyla DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

67 Liophryne rubra DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

68 Liophryne similis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

69 Litoria albolabris DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

70 Litoria bulmeri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

71 Litoria contrastens DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

72 Litoria dorsivena DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

73 Litoria jeudii DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

74 Litoria leucova DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

75 Litoria longicrus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

76 Litoria louisiadensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

77 Litoria majikthise DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

78 Litoria mucro DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

79 Litoria oenicolen DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

80 Litoria ollauro DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

43

1 



FROGS 

81 Litoria rubrops DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

82 Mantophryne infulata DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

83 Mantophryne louisiadensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

84 Mixophyes hihihorlo DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

85 Nyctimystes daymani DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

86 Nyctimystes gularis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

87 Nyctimystes obsoletus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

88 Nyctimystes oktediensis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

89 Nyctimystes papua DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

90 Nyctimystes perimetri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

91 Nyctimystes persimilis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

92 Nyctimystes semipalmatus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

93 Nyctimystes tyleri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

94 Nyctimystes zweifeli DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

95 Oreophryne insulana DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

96 Oreophryne kampeni DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

97 Oreophryne loriae DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

98 Oreophryne notata DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

99 Oreophryne parkeri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

100 Oreophryne wolterstorffi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

101 Oxydactyla coggeri DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

102 Oxydactyla crassa DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

103 Pherohapsis menziesi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

104 Platymantis acrochorda DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

105 Platymantis gilliardi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

106 Platymantis macrops DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

107 Platymantis macrosceles DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

108 Platymantis mimica DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

109 Platymantis myersi DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

110 Platymantis nexipus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

111 Platymantis rhipiphalca DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

112 Xenobatrachus anorbis DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

113 Xenobatrachus huon DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

114 Xenobatrachus subcroceus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

115 Xenobatrachus tumulus DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

116 Xenobatrachus zweifeli DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

117 Xenorhina arboricola DD ver 3.1 (2001) 

Source: www.cites.org, Citation: IUCN 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Downloaded on 04 

December 2002. 

44


Appendix 2 - 

List of PNG CITES Appendix I Species of Fauna and Flora 

Phylum Class Order Family Species 

FAUNA 

CHORDATA Mammalia Chiroptera Pteropodidae Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 

Rodentia Muridae Xeromys myoides Thomas, 1889 

Cetacea Delphinidae Orcaella brevirostris (Gray, 1866) 

Cetacea Delphinidae Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) 

Aves Falconiformes Falconidae Falco peregrinnus Tunstall, 1771 

Columbiformes Columbidae Caloenas nicobarica (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Psittaciformes Cacatuidae Probosciger aterrimus (Gmelin, 1758) 

Reptilia Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) 

Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) 

ARTHROPODA Insecta Lepidoptera Papilionidae Ornithoptera alexandrae (Rothschild, 1907) 

FLORA 

SPERMATOPHYTA 

Monocotyledonae 

Orchidales Orchidaceae Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum Fowlie 

Paphiopedilum glanduliferum (Blume) Stein 

Paphiopedilum glanduliferum (Blume) 

Stein var. wilhelminae (L.O.Williams) P.J.Cribb 

Paphiopedilum papuanum (Ridl.) Ridl. 

Paphiopedilum praestans (Reichb.f.) Pfitzer 

Paphiopedilum violascens Schltr. 

Paphiopedilum wentworthianum Schoser & 

Fowlie 

Source: www.cites.org, Citation: UNEP-WCMC. 23 February, 2005. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed 

Species 

45


Appendix 3 - 

List of endemic bird and mammal species and their location by Ecoregion in 

PNG (Wikramanayake, 2002) 

Ecoregion Class Genus Species Common name 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Ducula subflavescens Yellow-tinted Imperial-Pigeon 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Ptilinopus solomonensis Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Reinwardtoena browni Pied Cuckoo-Dove 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Megapodius eremita Melanesian Scrubfowl 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Myzomela pammelaena Ebony Myzomela 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Philemon albitorques White-naped Friarbird 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Monarcha infelix Manus Monarch 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Rhipidura semirubra Manus Fantail 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Pitta superba Black-headed Pitta 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Zosterops hypoxanthus Black-headed White-eye 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Micropsitta meeki Meek's Pygmy-Parrot 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Ninox meeki Manus Hawk-Owl 

Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests Avia Tyto manusi Manus Owl 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Aerodramus nuditarsus Bare-legged Swiftlet 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Aerodramus papuensis Papuan Swiftlet 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Aegotheles archboldi Archbold's Owlet-Nightjar 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Eurostopodus archboldi Archbold's Nightjar 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Rallina rubra Chestnut Forest-Rail 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Coracina longicauda Hooded Cuckoo-shrike 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Androphobus viridis Papuan Whipbird 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Ifrita kowaldi Blue-capped Ifrita 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Cormobates placens Papuan Treecreeper 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Amalocichla sclateriana Greater Ground-Robin 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Pachycephalopsis hattamensis Green-backed Robin 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Peneothello cryptoleucus Smoky Robin 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Peneothello sigillatus White-winged Robin 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Petroica bivittata Alpine Robin 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Lonchura montana Snow Mountain Munia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Lonchura teerinki Black-breasted Munia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Oreostruthus fuliginosus Mountain Firetail 

46



Central Range montane rain forests Avia Melanocharis striativentris Streaked Berrypecker 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Melidectes belfordi Belford's Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Melidectes fuscus Sooty Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Melidectes ochromelas Cinnamon-browed Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Melidectes rufocrissalis Yellow-browed Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Meliphaga mimikae Spot-breasted Meliphaga 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Oreornis chrysogenys Orange-cheeked Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora erythropleura Rufous-sided Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora guisei Rufous-backed Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora meekiana Olive-streaked Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora perstriata Black-backed Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora plumbea Leaden Honeyeater 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Colluricincla umbrina Sooty Shrike-thrush 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Daphoenositta miranda Black Sittella 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Eulacestoma nigropectus Wattled Ploughbill 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Pachycephala lorentzi Lorentz's Whistler 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Astrapia mayeri Ribbon-tailed Astrapia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Astrapia splendidissima Splendid Astrapia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Astrapia stephaniae Princess Stephanie's Astrapia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Cnemophilus loriae Loria's Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Cnemophilus macgregorii Crested Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Epimachus meyeri Brown Sicklebill 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Loboparadisea sericea Yellow-breasted Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Macgregoria pulchra MacGregor's Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Melampitta gigantea Greater Melampitta 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Paradigalla brevicauda Short-tailed Paradigalla 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Paradigalla carunculata Long-tailed Paradigalla 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Paradisaea rudolphi Blue Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Parotia carolae Carola's Parotia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Parotia lawesii Lawes' Parotia 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Pteridophora alberti King-of-Saxony Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Acanthiza murina Papuan Thornbill 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Archboldia papuensis Archbold's Bowerbird 

47



Central Range montane rain forests Avia Charmosyna multistriata Striated Lorikeet 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Neopsittacus pullicauda Orange-billed Lorikeet 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Psittacella madaraszi Madarasz's Tiger-Parrot 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Psittacella modesta Modest Tiger-Parrot 

Central Range montane rain forests Avia Psittacella picta Painted Tiger-Parrot 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Aegotheles archboldi Archbold's Owlet-Nightjar 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Anurophasis monorthonyx Snow Mountain Quail 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Ifrita kowaldi Blue-capped Ifrita 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Amalocichla sclateriana Greater Ground-Robin 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Petroica archboldi Snow Mountain Robin 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Petroica bivittata Alpine Robin 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Oreostruthus fuliginosus Mountain Firetail 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Melidectes belfordi Belford's Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Melidectes foersteri Huon Wattled Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Melidectes fuscus Sooty Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Melidectes nouhuysi Short-bearded Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Melidectes princeps Long-bearded Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Melipotes ater Spangled Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Oreornis chrysogenys Orange-cheeked Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Ptiloprora guisei Rufous-backed Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Ptiloprora perstriata Black-backed Honeyeater 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Anthus gutturalis Alpine Pipit 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Daphoenositta miranda Black Sittella 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Pachycephala lorentzi 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Astrapia mayeri Ribbon-tailed Astrapia 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Astrapia rothschildi Huon Astrapia 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Astrapia splendidissima Splendid Astrapia 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Astrapia stephaniae Princess Stephanie's Astrapia 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Cnemophilus macgregorii Crested Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Epimachus meyeri Brown Sicklebill 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Macgregoria pulchra MacGregor's Bird-of-paradise 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Acanthiza murina Papuan Thornbill 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Avia Psittacella picta Painted Tiger-Parrot 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Aerodramus papuensis Papuan Swiftlet 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Eurostopodus archboldi Archbold's Nightjar 

48



Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Ifrita kowaldi Blue-capped Ifrita 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Ptilorrhoa geislerorum Brown-capped Jewel-babbler 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Melidectes foersteri Huon Wattled Honeyeater 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Melidectes ochromelas Cinnamon-browed Honeyeater 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Melipotes ater Spangled Honeyeater 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora guisei Rufous-backed Honeyeater 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Ptiloprora meekiana Olive-streaked Honeyeater 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Anthus gutturalis Alpine Pipit 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Astrapia rothschildi Huon Astrapia 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Paradisaea guilielmi Emperor Bird-of-paradise 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Chalcopsitta duivenbodei Huon Peninsula montane 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Psittacella madaraszi Madarasz's Tiger-Parrot 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Avia Psittaculirostris edwardsii Edwards' Fig-Parrot 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Cracticus louisiadensis Tagula Butcherbird 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Dicaeum nitidum Louisiade Flowerpecker 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Meliphaga vicina Tagula Honeyeater 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Myzomela albigula White-chinned Myzomela 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Pachycephala leucogastra White-bellied Whistler 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Zosterops griseotinctus Louisiade White-eye 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Avia Zosterops meeki White-throated White-eye 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Aerodramus orientalis Mayr's Swiftlet 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Columba pallidiceps Yellow-legged Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ducula finschii Finsch's Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ducula melanochroa Bismarck Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ducula rubricera Red-knobbed Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ducula subflavescens Yellow-tinted Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Henicophaps foersteri New Britain Bronzewing 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ptilinopus insolitus Knob-billed Fruit-Dove 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ptilinopus solomonensis Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Reinwardtoena browni Pied Cuckoo-Dove 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Alcedo websteri Bismarck Kingfisher 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Todirhamphus albonotatus New Britain Kingfisher 

49



New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Centropus ateralbus Pied Coucal 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Centropus violaceus Violaceous Coucal 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Accipiter albogularis Pied Goshawk 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Accipiter brachyurus New Britain Sparrowhawk 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Accipiter luteoschistaceus Slaty-mantled Sparrowhawk 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Henicopernis infuscatus Black Honey-buzzard 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Megapodius eremita Melanesian Scrubfowl 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Gallirallus insignis New Britain Rail 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Artamus insignis Bismarck Woodswallow 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Dicaeum eximium Red-banded Flowerpecker 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Dicrurus megarhynchus Ribbon-tailed Drongo 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Lonchura forbesi New Ireland Munia 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Lonchura hunsteini Mottled Munia 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Lonchura melaena Bismarck Munia 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Lonchura nigerrima New Hanover Munia 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Myzomela cineracea Ashy Myzomela 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Myzomela erythromelas Black-bellied Myzomela 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Myzomela pammelaena Ebony Myzomela 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Myzomela pulchella New Ireland Myzomela 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Myzomela sclateri Scarlet-bibbed Myzomela 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Philemon cockerelli New Britain Friarbird 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Philemon eichhorni New Ireland Friarbird 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Monarcha menckei White-breasted Monarch 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Monarcha verticalis Black-tailed Monarch 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Myiagra hebetior Dull Flycatcher 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Rhipidura dahli Bismarck Fantail 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Rhipidura matthiae Matthias Fantail 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Aplonis feadensis Atoll Starling 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Megalurulus rubiginosus Rusty Thicketbird 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Zoothera talaseae New Britain Thrush 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Zosterops griseotinctus Louisiade White-eye 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Zosterops hypoxanthus Black-headed White-eye 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Cacatua ophthalmica Blue-eyed Cockatoo 

50



New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Chalcopsitta cardinalis Cardinal Lory 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Charmosyna rubrigularis Red-chinned Lorikeet 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Lorius albidinuchus White-naped Lory 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Geoffroyus heteroclitus Singing Parrot 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Loriculus tener Green-fronted Hanging-Parrot 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Micropsitta finschii Finsch's Pygmy-Parrot 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Micropsitta meeki Meek's Pygmy-Parrot 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ninox odiosa Russet Hawk-Owl 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Ninox variegata Bismarck Hawk-Owl 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests Avia Tyto aurantia Bismarck Owl 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Aerodramus orientalis Mayr's Swiftlet 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Columba pallidiceps Yellow-legged Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Ducula finschii Finsch's Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Ducula melanochroa Bismarck Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Ducula rubricera Red-knobbed Imperial-Pigeon 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Ptilinopus insolitus Knob-billed Fruit-Dove 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Ptilinopus solomonensis Yellow-bibbed Fruit-Dove 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Centropus ateralbus Pied Coucal 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Centropus violaceus Violaceous Coucal 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Accipiter princeps New Britain Goshawk 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Megapodius eremita Melanesian Scrubfowl 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Gallirallus insignis New Britain Rail 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Dicaeum eximium Red-banded Flowerpecker 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Dicrurus megarhynchus Ribbon-tailed Drongo 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Lonchura melaena Bismarck Munia 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Melidectes whitemanensis Bismarck Honeyeater 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Myzomela pulchella New Ireland Myzomela 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Philemon cockerelli New Britain Friarbird 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Philemon eichhorni New Ireland Friarbird 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Monarcha verticalis Black-tailed Monarch 

New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests Avia Myiagra hebetior Dull Flycatcher 

51



New Britain-New Ireland montane 

rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 

Avia Megalurulus grosvenori Bismarck Thicketbird 

Avia Zoothera talaseae New Britain Thrush 

Avia Zosterops hypoxanthus Black-headed White-eye 

Avia Charmosyna rubrigularis Red-chinned Lorikeet 

Avia Lorius albidinuchus White-naped Lory 

Avia Geoffroyus heteroclitus Singing Parrot 

Avia Ninox odiosa Russet Hawk-Owl 

Avia Tyto aurantia Bismarck Owl 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Aerodramus papuensis Papuan Swiftlet 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Goura cristata Western Crowned-Pigeon 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Ptilinopus wallacii Wallace's Fruit-Dove 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Tanysiptera nympha Red-breasted Paradise-Kingfisher 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Talegalla cuvieri Red-billed Brush-turkey 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Dicaeum pectorale Olive-crowned Flowerpecker 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Pitohui incertus White-bellied Pitohui 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Chalcopsitta atra Black Lory 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Chalcopsitta duivenbodei Brown Lory 

New Guinea mangroves Avia Psittaculirostris salvadorii Salvadori's Fig-Parrot 

Northern New Guinea lowland rain 

and freshwater swamp forests 











Avia Aerodramus papuensis Papuan Swiftlet 

Avia Tanysiptera nympha Red-breasted Paradise-Kingfisher 

Avia Ptilorrhoa geislerorum Brown-capped Jewel-babbler 

Avia Corvus fuscicapillus Brown-headed Crow 

Avia Pachycephalopsis hattamensis Green-backed Robin 

Avia Lichmera alboauricularis Silver-eared Honeyeater 

52





Avia Philemon brassi Brass' Friarbird 





















Northern New Guinea montane rain 

forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 

Avia Arses insularis Rufous-collared 

Monarch 

Avia Monarcha rubiensis Rufous Monarch 

Avia Pachycephala leucogastra White-bellied Whistler 

Avia Epimachus bruijnii Pale-billed Sicklebill 

Avia Epimachus fastuosus Black Sicklebill 

Avia Manucodia jobiensis Jobi Manucode 

Avia Melampitta gigantea Greater Melampitta 

Avia Chalcopsitta duivenbodei Brown Lory 

Avia Psittaculirostris edwardsii Edwards' Fig-Parrot 

Avia Psittaculirostris salvadorii Salvadori's Fig-Parrot 

Avia Rallina mayri Mayr's Rail 

Avia Ptilorrhoa geislerorum Brown-capped Jewelbabbler 

Avia Pachycephalopsis hattamensis Green-backed Robin 

Avia Peneothello cryptoleucus Smoky Robin 

Avia Melidectes ochromelas Cinnamon-browed 

Honeyeater 

Avia Ptiloprora guisei Rufous-backed 

Honeyeater 

Avia Ptiloprora mayri Mayr's Honeyeater 

Avia Melampitta gigantea Greater Melampitta 

Avia Parotia carolae Carola's Parotia 

Avia Parotia wahnesi Wahnes' Parotia 

53



Northern New Guinea montane rain forests Avia Amblyornis flavifrons Golden-fronted Bowerbird 

Northern New Guinea montane rain forests Avia Sericulus bakeri Fire-maned Bowerbird 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Aerodramus nuditarsus Bare-legged Swiftlet 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Eurostopodus archboldi Archbold's Nightjar 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Tanysiptera danae Brown-headed Paradise-Kingfisher 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Ifrita kowaldi Blue-capped Ifrita 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Ptilorrhoa geislerorum Brown-capped Jewel-babbler 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Cormobates placens Papuan Treecreeper 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Amalocichla sclateriana Greater Ground-Robin 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Petroica bivittata Alpine Robin 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Lonchura caniceps Grey-headed Munia 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Lonchura monticola Alpine Munia 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Oreostruthus fuliginosus Mountain Firetail 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Melanocharis arfakiana Obscure Berrypecker 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Lichmera alboauricularis Silver-eared Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Melidectes belfordi Belford's Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Melidectes fuscus Sooty Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Melidectes ochromelas Cinnamon-browed Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Melidectes rufocrissalis Yellow-browed Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Meliphaga mimikae Spot-breasted Meliphaga 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Ptiloprora guisei Rufous-backed Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Ptiloprora meekiana Olive-streaked Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Ptiloprora perstriata Black-backed Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Ptiloprora plumbea Leaden Honeyeater 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Anthus gutturalis Alpine Pipit 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Daphoenositta miranda Black Sittella 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Eulacestoma nigropectus Wattled Ploughbill 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Pachycephala leucogastra White-bellied Whistler 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Astrapia stephaniae Princess Stephanie's Astrapia 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Cnemophilus loriae Loria's Bird-of-paradise 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Cnemophilus macgregorii Crested Bird-of-paradise 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Epimachus meyeri Brown Sicklebill 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Loboparadisea sericea Yellow-breasted Bird-of-paradise 

54 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Macgregoria pulchra MacGregor's Bird-of-paradise


* 


Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Melampitta gigantea Greater Melampitta 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Paradisaea rudolphi Blue Bird-of-paradise 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Parotia helenae Eastern Parotia 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Parotia lawesii Lawes' Parotia 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Acanthiza murina Papuan Thornbill 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Amblyornis subalaris Streaked Bowerbird 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Psittacella madaraszi Madarasz's Tiger-Parrot 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Avia Psittacella picta Painted Tiger-Parrot 

Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp 

forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 

Avia Goura cristata Western Crowned-Pigeon 

Avia Ptilinopus wallacii Wallace's Fruit-Dove 

Avia Tanysiptera hydrocharis Little Paradise-Kingfisher 

Avia Talegalla cuvieri Red-billed Brush-turkey 

Avia Dicaeum pectorale Olive-crowned Flowerpecker 

Avia Lonchura nevermanni Grey-crowned Munia 

Avia Lonchura stygia Black Munia 

Avia Pitohui incertus White-bellied Pitohui 

Avia Paradisaea apoda Greater Bird-of-paradise 

Avia Megalurus albolimbatus Fly River Grassbird 

Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp Avia Chalcopsitta atra Black Lory 

forests 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Avia Tanysiptera hydrocharis Little Paradise-Kingfisher 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Avia Talegalla cuvieri Red-billed Brush-turkey 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Avia Meliphaga mimikae Spot-breasted Meliphaga 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Avia Paradisaea apoda Greater Bird-of-paradise 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Avia Charmosyna multistriata Striated Lorikeet 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Avia Dacelo tyro Spangled Kookaburra 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Avia Tanysiptera hydrocharis Little Paradise-Kingfisher 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Avia Lonchura nevermanni Grey-crowned Munia 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Avia Lonchura stygia Black Munia 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Avia Megalurus albolimbatus Fly River Grassbird 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Avia Manucodia comrii Curl-crested Manucode 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Avia Paradisaea decora Goldie's Bird-of-paradise 

55



Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Emballonura furax New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Otomops secundus Mantled Mastiff Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Syconycteris hobbit Moss-forest Blossom Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Hipposideros corynophyllus Telefomin Roundleaf Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Hipposideros muscinus Fly River Roundleaf Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Kerivoula muscina Fly River Trumpet-eared Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Nyctophilus microdon Small-toothed Long-eared Bat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Dorcopsulus macleayi Papuan Forest Wallaby 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Dactylopsila megalura Great-tailed Triok 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Phalanger matanim Telefomin Cuscus 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Phalanger vestitus Stein's Cuscus 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Pseudocheirus mayeri Pygmy Ringtail 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Antechinus wilhelmina Lesser Antechinus 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Neophascogale lorentzi Speckled Dasyure 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Phascolosorex doriae Red-bellied Marsupial Shrew 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Microperoryctes murina Mouse Bandicoot 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Echymipera clara Clara's Echymipera 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Coccymys albidens White-toothed Brush Mouse 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Crossomys moncktoni Earless Water Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Hydromys habbema Mountain Water Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Hydromys hussoni Western Water Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Hydromys shawmayeri Shaw Mayer's Water Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Hyomys dammermani Western White-eared Giant Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Leptomys elegans Long-footed Water Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Macruromys elegans Western Small-toothed Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Mayermys ellermani One-toothed Shrew Mouse 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Melomys fellowsi Red-bellied Mosaic-tailed Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Melomys gracilis Slender Mosaic-tailed Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Melomys lanosus Large-scaled Mosaic-tailed Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Neohydromys fuscus Mottled-tailed Shrew Mouse 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Paraleptomys wilhelmina Short-haired Water Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Pogonomelomys bruijni Lowland Brush Mouse 

56



Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Pogonomelomys mayeri Shaw Mayer's Brush Mouse 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Pogonomys championi Champion's Tree Mouse 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Pseudohydromys murinus Eastern Shrew Mouse 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Rattus giluwensis Giluwe Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Rattus novaeguineae New Guinean Rat 

Central Range montane rain forests Mammalia Xenuromys barbatus Rock-dwelling Giant Rat 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Mammalia Antechinus wilhelmina Lesser Antechinus 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Mammalia Mallomys gunung Alpine Woolly Rat 

Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Mammalia Stenomys richardsoni Glacier Rat 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Mammalia Dendrolagus matschiei Huon Tree Kangaroo 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Mammalia Melomys gracilis Slender Mosaic-tailed Rat 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Mammalia Pogonomelomys mayeri Shaw Mayer's Brush Mouse 

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Mammalia Rattus novaeguineae New Guinean Rat 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Mammalia Nyctimene major Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat 

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests Mammalia Kerivoula agnella St. Aignan's Trumpet-eared Bat 

New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain 

forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 

Mammalia Dobsonia praedatrix New Britain Naked-backed Fruit 

Bat 

Mammalia Melonycteris melanops Black-bellied Fruit Bat 

Mammalia Nyctimene major Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat 

Mammalia Pteropus admiralitatum Admiralty Flying Fox 

Mammalia Dobsonia praedatrix New Britain Naked-backed Fruit 

Bat 

Mammalia Melonycteris melanops Black-bellied Fruit Bat 

Mammalia Nyctimene major Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat 


rain forests 

Mammalia Pteropus admiralitatum Admiralty Flying Fox 

New Guinea mangroves Mammalia Emballonura furax New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat 





Mammalia Emballonura furax New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat 

Mammalia Otomops secundus Mantled Mastiff Bat 

57
























forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 

Mammalia Nyctimene draconilla Dragon Tube-nosed 

Fruit Bat 

Mammalia Hipposideros wollastoni Wollaston's 

Roundleaf Bat 

Mammalia Kerivoula muscina Fly River Trumpeteared 

Bat 

Mammalia Dorcopsis hageni White-striped 

Dorcopsis 

Mammalia Dorcopsis muelleri Brown Dorcopsis 

Mammalia Echymipera clara Clara's Echymipera 

Mammalia Echymipera echinista Menzies's 

Echymipera 

Mammalia Hydromys hussoni Western Water Rat 

Mammalia Paraleptomys rufilatus Northern Water Rat 

Mammalia Pogonomelomys mayeri Shaw Mayer's Brush 

Mouse 

Mammalia Dendrolagus scottae Tenkile Tree 

Kangaroo 

Mammalia Petaurus abidi Northern Glider 

Mammalia Echymipera clara Clara's Echymipera 

Mammalia Paraleptomys rufilatus Northern Water Rat 

Mammalia Xenuromys barbatus Rock-dwelling Giant 

Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Otomops papuensis Big-eared Mastiff Bat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Otomops secundus Mantled Mastiff Bat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Syconycteris hobbit Moss-forest Blossom 

Bat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Hipposideros muscinus Fly River Roundleaf 

Bat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Kerivoula muscina Fly River Trumpeteared 

Bat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Pharotis imogene New Guinea Bigeared 

Bat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Dorcopsis luctuosa Gray Dorcopsis 

58 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Dorcopsulus macleayi Papuan Forest 

Wallaby



Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Thylogale brunii Dusky Pademelon 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Murexia rothschildi Broad-striped Dasyure 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Planigale novaeguineae New Guinean Planigale 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Peroryctes broadbenti Giant Bandicoot 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Chiruromys forbesi Greater Tree Mouse 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Chiruromys lamia Broad-headed Tree Mouse 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Crossomys moncktoni Earless Water Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Hydromys shawmayeri Shaw Mayer's Water Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Leptomys elegans Long-footed Water Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Mayermys ellermani One-toothed Shrew Mouse 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Melomys gracilis Slender Mosaic-tailed Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Melomys levipes Long-nosed Mosaic-tailed Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Neohydromys fuscus Mottled-tailed Shrew Mouse 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Pseudohydromys murinus Eastern Shrew Mouse 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Rattus novaeguineae New Guinean Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Stenomys vandeuseni Van Deusen's Rat 

Southeastern Papuan rain forests Mammalia Xenuromys barbatus Rock-dwelling Giant Rat 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 


forests 

Mammalia Kerivoula muscina Fly River Trumpet-eared Bat 

Mammalia Dendrolagus spadix Lowland Tree Kangaroo 

Mammalia Dorcopsis luctuosa Gray Dorcopsis 

Mammalia Thylogale brunii Dusky Pademelon 

Mammalia Echymipera echinista Menzies's Echymipera 


forests 

Mammalia Leptomys signatus Fly River Water Rat 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Mammalia Emballonura furax New Guinea Sheath-tailed 

Bat 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Mammalia Otomops papuensis Big-eared Mastiff Bat 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Mammalia Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer's Fruit Bat 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Mammalia Nyctimene draconilla Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat 

Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Mammalia Hipposideros muscinus Fly River Roundleaf Bat



Southern New Guinea lowland 

rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 


rain forests 

Mammalia Hipposideros wollastoni Wollaston's Roundleaf Bat 

Mammalia Kerivoula muscina Fly River Trumpet-eared Bat 

Mammalia Dendrolagus spadix Lowland Tree Kangaroo 

Mammalia Dorcopsis luctuosa Gray Dorcopsis 

Mammalia Dorcopsis muelleri Brown Dorcopsis 

Mammalia Melomys gracilis Slender Mosaic-tailed Rat 


rain forests 

Note that some of these ecoregions extend into West Papua 

Mammalia Pogonomelomys bruijni Lowland Brush Mouse 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Mammalia Dorcopsis luctuosa Gray Dorcopsis 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Mammalia Thylogale brunii Dusky Pademelon 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Mammalia Dasyurus spartacus Bronze Quoll 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Mammalia Planigale novaeguineae New Guinean Planigale 

Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Mammalia Sminthopsis archeri Chestnut Dunnart 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Nyctimene major Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Kerivoula agnella St. Aignan's Trumpet-eared Bat 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Dorcopsis atrata Black Dorcopsis 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Dactylopsila tatei Tate's Triok 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Phalanger lullulae Woodlark Cuscus 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Echymipera davidi David's Echymipera 

Trobriand Islands rain forests Mammalia Chiruromys forbesi Greater Tree Mouse 

60


Appendix 4 - 

A list of recognized species that may act as indicators of large-scale 

ecological processes 

Note: ideally species that are sensitive to impact (i.e., primary forest species), require relatively large ranging areas 

and are at a minimum PNG endemics. 

• New Guinea Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae) 

• Goura ground pigeons (Goura spp.) 

• Sicklebill Bird of Paradise (Epimachus spp.) 

• Cassowaries (Casuarius spp.) 

• Tree Kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.) 

• Vulturine Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus) 

• Blue-Collared Parrot (Geoffroyus simplex) 

• Gurney's Eagle (Aquila gurneyi) 

• New Britain Sparrowhawk (Accipiter brachyurus) 

• Wedge-tailed Eagle (Aquila audax) 

• Manus Pitta (Pitta superba) 

61


Appendix 5 - 

Water Control Districts identified under the Environment Act 2000 

[Refer to PNG Department of Environment and Conservation for detailed information about the Water Control Districts, 

Water Resources Act almagated into Environment Act 2000]. 

BWR 21/0 

WATER CONTROL DISTRICTS 

21/1 DECLARATION OF LALOKI CATCHMENT 

21/2 KUM RIVER CATCHMENT - MOUNT HAGEN 

21/3 ALABULE RIVER CATCHMENT - TAPINI 

21/4 ZOKOZOI RIVER CATCHMENT - GOROKA 

21/5 MENDI 

21/6 ALOTAU CATCHMENT - ALOTAU 

21/7 BULOLO - WATUT CATCHMENT 

21/8 YONKI 

21/9 WAHGI CATCHMENT 

21/10 RABAUL CALDERA CATCHMENT AND WATER CONTROL DISTRICT 

21/11 BEWANI/WEST SEPIK INT. DEVELOPMENT 

BWR 22/0 

DECLARATION WATER CONTROL AREAS DECLARATION OF 

UNDERGROUND WATER CONTROL AREAS 

22/1 LAE 

22/2 RABAUL - TOWN & VUVU AREA 

22/3 DARU - DARU ISLAND 

22/4 KWIKILA 

22/5 MADANG 

22/6 KAVIENG - KAVIENG TOWN 

22/7 GOGOL RIVER CATCHMENT - MADANG 

22/8 VANIMO UNDERGROUND WATER CONTROL DISTRICT 

22/9 KIMBE UNDERGROUND WATER CONTROL DISTRICT 

22/10 KOKOPO GROUNDWATER CONTROL DISTRICT 

62


Appendix 6 - 

List of Expert Consultants for Onsite Assessments 

Name 

Expertise/ 

Position 

Organisation Address Phone/Fax Email 

Aaron Jenkins Fish Wetlands International 

- Oceania 

Mt Coot-tha Road, 

Toowong Q 4066 

+679 - 925 - 5425 apjenkins@connect.com.fj 

Allen Allison 

Reptiles/ 

Amphibians 

Bishop Museum, Dept 

of Zoology 

1525 Bernice Street, 

Honolulu, Hawaii 

96817-0916 Allison@hawaii.edu 

Anda Kivi 

Country 

Coordinator 

European Union - 

EcoForestry Program 

P.O Box 314, Lae (675) 985 4081 eff@global.net.pg 

Andrew Mack Birds Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

Balun Lawong Plants University of 

Technology 

Banak Gamui Ecology Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

Barnabas Wilmott Plants/Reptiles Depart. of 

Environment & 

Conservation 

P.O Box 277, 

Goroka, EHP 

Private Mail Bag, 

Unitech, Lae, 

Morobe 

P.O Box 277, 

Goroka, EHP 

P.O Box 6601, 

Boroko, NCD 

(675) 732 3836 amack@global.net.pg 

(675) 474 5226 laden@datec.net.pg 

(675) 732 3836 bgamui@global.net.pg 

(675) 325 0195 barneywilmott@daltron.com.pg 

Barry Lally 

CD 

Trainer/Advisor 

Bismarch-Ramu 

Group 

PO Box 305, 

Madang 

(675) 852 3011 brg@online.net.pg 

Benedict Yaru Plants Oil Search HSES P.O Box 842, 

Port Moresby 

(675) 278 6332 PHGHS106@oilsearch.com 

Betty Lovai Sociology University of Papua 

New Guinea 

Bruce Beehler Birds Conservation 

International 

Bulisa Iowa Birds National Museum & 

Art Gallery 

Chris Unkau Birds/Mammals Depart. of 

Environment & 

Conservation 

P.O Box 320, UPNG, 

Waigani, NCD 

PO Box 106, 

Waigani, NCD 

PO Box 5560, 

Boroko, NCD 

P.O Box 6601, 

Boroko, NCD 

(675) 326 7626 Lovaibp@upng.ac.pg 

(675) 323 1532 bbeehler@conservation.org 

(675) 323 0602 pngmuseum@global.net.pg 

(675) 325 0195 cons@daltron.com.pg 

Constin Bigol Plants/Trees PNG Forest Authority P.O Box 5055, 

Boroko, NCD 

(675) 327 7937 cbigol@pngfa.gov.pg 

Dan Polhemus Insects Bishop Museum, Dept 

of Zoology 



96817-0916 dpolhemus@hawaii.edu 

David Bishop Birds Birds Australia P.O Box 6068, 

Kincumber, NSW 

2250, Australia 

(03) 9882 2622 png-indo.rep@ausraptor.org.pg 

David Mitchell Ecology Conservation 

International 

P.O.Box 804, Alotau (675) 323 1532 dmitchell@conservation.org 

Debra Wright Mammals Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

P.O Box 277, 

Goroka, EHP 

(675) 732 3836 dwright@global.net.pg 

Desmond Elicor 

Harvesting 

Officer 

Timber & Forestry 

Training College 

P.O Box 2132, Lae, 

Morobe 

472 4600 tftc@global.net.pg 

Diana Exion CD Trainer ECOSEED P.O Box 256, Daru 645 9285 none 

Dough Watkins Birds Wetlands International 

- Oceania 

Felix Kinbag Birds/Mammals Depart. Of 

Environment & 

Conservation 



P.O Box 6601, 

Boroko, NCD 

Doug.Watkins@ea.gov.au 


63


Name 

Expertise/ 

Position 


Fred Kraus 

Reptiles/ 

Amphibians 

Bishop Museum, 

Dept of Zoology 



96817-0916 fkraus@hawaii.edu 

Gai Gowai Forest/Plants Department of 

Environment & 

Conservation 

Gerard Allen Fish Conservation 

International 

PO Box 6601, Boroko, 

NCD 

PO Box 106, Waigani, 

NCD 


(675) 323 1532 gallen@conservation.org 

Guy Dutson Birds Birdlife International Girton Road, 

Cambridge CB3 0NA 

+44 (0)1223 277 

318 

guy.dutson@birdlife.org.uk 

Ian Burrows Birds Sicklebill Safaris Ltd Trefor, Creake Road, 

Sculthorpe, Fakenham 

(01328) 856925 Ian@sicklebill.demon.co.uk 

Ilaiah Bigilale Reptiles National Museum & 

Art Gallery 

Jared Diamond Birds University of 

California 

Jimmy Anamiato All Fauna National Museum & 

Art Gallery 

John Aruga Mangroves/Fish Depart. Of 

Environment & 

Conservation 

John Dobunaba Insects PNG Forest 

Research Institute 

Kenn Mondiai Plants Partners with 

Melanesians Inc. 

Kipiro Damas Plants/Trees PNG Forest 

Research Institute 

Kulala Mulung Forest/Plants University of 

Technology 

Larry Orsak Insects Scientific Method 

Institute, California 

Leo Salas Mammals Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

Lester Seri Mammals Conservation 

Melanesia 

Lucinta Bisip CD Trainer Community 

Development 

Scheme, NGI 


NCD 

Los Angeles, CA 

90095-1751, USA 


NCD 

P.O Box 6601, 

Boroko, NCD 

P.O. Box 314, LAE 

411, Morobe 

P.O Box 1910, Port 

Moresby 


411, Morobe 


Unitech, Lae, Morobe 

P.O Box 277, Goroka, 

EHP 


NCD 


NCD 


310/825-6177 jdiamond@geog.ucla.edu 



675) 472 4188 jdobunaba@fri.pngfa.gov.pg 

(675) 323 9924 kmondiai@pwmpng.org.pg 

(675) 472 4188 kdamas@fri.pngfa.gov.pg 

(675) 473 4651 kmulung@unitech.gov.pg 

lesmangi@hotmail.com 

(675) 732 3836 lsalas@global.net.pg 

(675) 323 2758 conmelpng@global.net.pg 

(675) 323 0180 infor@pom_cds.org.pg 

Mark Hanu Operation Manager Narapela Wei 

Limited 

P.O Box 2504, Lae (675) 472 6910 

Mary Latu 

Counsellor/OD 

Trainer 

Lousiade Women's 

Association 

P.O 42, Alotau 643 7443 

Matthew Pauza Reptiles Department of 

Primary Industries & 

Water 

Mick Raga Birds International Waters 

Program 

Nancy Sullivan Anthropology University of Divine 

Word 

Navu Kwapena Birds Depart. Of 

Environment & 

Conservation 

134 Macqaurie Street, 

Hobart, Tasmania 

7001, Australia 


NCD 

P.O Box 483, Madang, 

PNG 

P.O Box 6601, 

Boroko, NCD 

(61) 03 6233 6235 Matthew.Pauza@dpiw.tas.gov.au 

(675) 325 2043 

(675) 852 2937 nsullivan@global.net.pg 


Novotny Vojtech Insects New Guinea 

Binatang Research 

Center 

P.O Box 604, Madang (675) 853 3258 novotny@entu.cas.cz 

64


Name 

Expertise/ 

Position 


Olo Gebia Plants World Wide Fund for 

Nature 

Osia Gideon Plants University of Papua 


Patrick Osborne 

Freshwater 

ecology 

University of Missouri 

Paul Igag Birds Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

Paul Wanga Fauna National Museum & Art 

Gallery 

P.O Box 8280, 

Boroko, NCD 

P.O Box 320, 

UPNG, Waigani, 

NCD 

P.O Box 277, 

Goroka, EHP 

PO Box 5560, 

Boroko, NCD 

(675) 278 6638 Olo.Gebia@oilsearch.com 

(675) 326 7155/7387 oggideon@upng.ac.pg 

(675) 732 3836 pigag@global.net.pg 


Peter Tutuai 

Program 

Coordinator 

ENBSEK P.O Box 780, 

Rabaul, ENB 

Province 

Phille Daur Plants/Insects University of Papua 


Pius Piskaut Plants University of Papua 


P.O Box 320, 


NCD 

P.O Box 320, 


NCD 

Robert Johns Plants Kew Herbarium Richmond, Surrey, 

TW9 3AB, UK 

982 9301 widebay@global.net.pg 

(675) 326-7221 daurp@upng.ac.pg 

(675) 326 7210/7154 piskautp@upng.ac.pg 

+44 (0)20 8332 5655 htc@rbgkew.org.uk 

Robert Kiapranis Plants PNG Forest Research 

Institute 

Robin Totome Fish/Freshwater University of Papua 


Roger Jaensch Fish Wetlands International 

- Oceania 


411, Morobe 

P.O Box 320, 


NCD 



675) 472 4188 'rkiapranis@fri.pngfa.gov.pg' 

(675) 326 7387 totomerg@upng.ac.pg 

-9399 Roger.Jaensch@ea.gov.au 

Rose Singadan Mammals University of Papua 


Ross Sinclair Birds Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

Roy Banka Palms/Plants PNG Forest Research 

Institute 

P.O Box 320, 


NCD 

P.O Box 277, 

Goroka, EHP 


411, Morobe 

(675) 326 7655 Rose.Singadan@upng.ac.pg 

(675) 732 3836 rsinclair@global.net.pg 

(675) 472 4188 rbanka@fri.pngfa.gov.pg 

Sabi Pati CD Trainer MODE P.O Box_ Lae (675) 982 9758 barefoot@online.net.pg 

Simon Passingan CD Trainer BareFoot Services P.O Box 3381, 

Rabaul, ENBP 

(675) 982 9758 barefoot@online.net.pg 

Simon Saulei Plants University of Papua 


Sisa Kini CD Trainer Community 

Development Initiative 

Stephen Richards Frogs South Australian 

Museum 

Steven Pesto CD Trainer Community 

Development Initiative 

Tanya Leary. Mammals NWS National Parks & 

Wildlife 

Ted Mamu Plants/Mammals World Wide Fund for 

Nature 

Thane Pratt Birds U.S. Geological 

Survey 

P.O Box 320, 


NCD 


Moresby, NCD 

North Terrace, 

Adelaide, Australia 


Moresby, NCD 

P.O Box 95, 

Paramatta, NSW 

2150, Aust. 

P.O Box 8280, 

Boroko, NCD 

(675) 326 7501 sauleism@upng.ac.pg 

(675) 321 6295 skini@cdi.org.pg 

61 8 82077473 Richards.Steve@saugov.sa.gov.a 

u 

(675) 321 6295 spesto@cdi.org.pg 

(02) 9895 7579 Tanya.Leary@npws.nsw.gov.au 

(675) 323 9855 Ngaii2001@yahoo.com 

1-888-275-8747 

65


Name 

Expertise/ 

Position 


Thomas Warr CD Worker Village Development Trust P.O Box 2397, Lae (675) 472 1666 

Timothy 

Flannery 

Mammals, 

Director 

South Australian Museum 

Topul Rali Plants University of Papua New 

Guinea 

North Terrace, Adelaide, 

Australia 

P.O Box 320, UPNG, 

Waigani, NCD 

61 8 82077473 Flannery.Tim@saugov.sa.gov.au 

(675) 326 7223 rali.topul@upng.ac.pg 

Vagi Rei Fish Depart. Of Environment & 

Conservation 

Vincent 

Manukayasi 

Trainer 

Partners with Melanesians 

Inc. 

P.O Box 6601, Boroko, 

NCD 


NCD 

Vitus Ambia Plants/Trees PNG Forest Authority P.O Box 5055, Boroko, 

NCD 

Wayne Harris Orchids Queensland Herbarium Brisbane Botanic 

Gardens, 

Mt Coot-tha 

Wayne 

Takeuchi 

Plants 

Harvard University/ PNG 

FRI 

P.O. Box 314, LAE 411, 

Morobe 

Wesley Watt Forester FORCERT P.O Box 772, Kimbe, 

WNB Province 

William Baker Plants/Palms Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Kew 

William Vomne CA Officer Wide Bay Conservation 

Association 

Richmond, Surrey, TW9 

3AB, UK 

P.O Box 1047, Rabaul, 

ENB Province 


(675) 321 0799 vmanukayasi@pwmpng.org.pg 

(675) 327 7800 vambia@pngfa.gov.pg 

61 7 38969323 wayne.harris@epa.qld.gov.au 

675) 472 4188 wtakeuchi@global.net.pg 

983 4440 forcert@global.net.pg 

+44 (0)20 8332 

5655 

(675) 982 9525 

info@kew.org 

Winter Moi Plants Depart. Of Environment & 

Conservation 


NCD 


66


Appendix 7 - 

List of Stakeholders for Peer Reviewing 

Name 

Expertise/ 

Position 

Organisation Address Phone Fax Email 

Simon Saulei Dean Research & 

Postgraduate 

Studies/UPNG 

P.O Box, 320, 

University 

326 5701 326 7599 sauleism@upng.ac.pg 

Augustine 

Mungkaje 

Senior Lecturer 

Natural & Physical 

Science/UPNG 

Phille Daur Senior Lecturer Natural & Physical 

Science/UPNG 

Osia Gideon Senior Lecturer Natural & Physical 

Science/UPNG 

Robin Totome Lecturer Natural & Physical 

Science/UPNG 

Andrew Mack Co-director Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

Debra Wright Co-director Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

P.O Box 320, University 326 7387 326 0369 amungkaje@upng.ac.pg 

P.O Box 320, University 326 7387 326 0369 daurp@upng.ac.pg 

P.O Box 320, University 326 7387 326 0369 oggideon@upng.ac.pg 

P.O Box 320, University 326 7387 326 0369 rtotome@upng.ac.pg 

P.O Box 277, Goroka 732 3836 amack@global.net.pg 

P.O Box 277, Goroka 732 3836 dwright@global.net.pg 

Ross Sinclair 

Assistant 

Director 

Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

P.O Box 277, Goroka 732 3836 rsinclair@global.net.pg 

Leo Salas 

Biologist 

/Ecologist 

Wildlife Conservation 

Society 

P.O Box 277, Goroka 732 3836 lsalas@global.net.pg 

Balun Lawong 

Forestry 

Lecturer 

Forestry Department, 

Unitech 


Unitech, Lae 

474 5226 laden@datec.net.pg 

Gerald Allen Biologist Conservation 

International 

P.O Box 106, Waigaini, 

NCD 

323 1532 gallen@conservation.org 

Allen Alison 

Senior Vice 

President 

Bishop Musuem, Haiwaii 


Honolulu 

96817-0916 Allison@hawaii.edu 

Fred Kraus Herpetologist Bishop Musuem, Haiwaii 1525 Bernice Street, 

Honolulu 

96817-0916 fkraus@hawaii.edu 

Wayne Harris Orchid specialist Queensland Herbarium, 

Australia 

Brisbane Botanic 

Gardens 

61 7 38969323 wayne.harris@epa.qld. 

gov.au 

Wayne 

Takeuchi 

Plant 

Taxanomist 

Harvard University/ PNG 

FRI 

P.O Box 314, Lae 411, 

Morobe 

472 4188 wtakeuchi@global.net.pg 

Gunther Joku 

First Assistant 

Secretary 

Environment Division, 

DEC 

P.O Box 6601, Boroko 325 0194 env@daltron.com.pg 

Navu 

Kwapena 


Secretary 

Conservation Division, 

DEC 

P.O Box 6601, Boroko 325 0195 cons@daltron.com.pg 

John Aruga 

Assistant 

Secretary 

Biodiversity Branch, 

DEC 


Barnabas 

Wilmott 

Assistant 

Secretary 

Wild Enforcement 

Branch, DEC 


Vagi 

Genorupa 

Assitant 

Secretary 

Parks and Wildlife 

Branch, DEC 


John Mosoro 

Kay Kalim 

Assistant 

Secretary 

Assistant 

Secretary 

EIA Branch, DEC P.O Box 6601, Boroko 325 0194 env@daltron.com.pg 

Water Resources, DEC P.O Box 6601, Boroko 325 0194 env@daltron.com.pg 

Tanya Leary 

Biologist/ 

Ecologist 

National Parks and 

Wildlife, NSW 

P.O Box 95, Paramatta, 

NSW 2150, Australia 

(02)9895757 

9 

Tanya.Leary@npws.nsw. 

gov.au 

Max Kuduk 

Program 

Manager 

WWF Kikori ICDP P.O Box 8280, Boroko 278 6638 278 6203 mkuduk@yahoo.com.au 

Michell Bowe 

TransFly 

Coordinator 

WWF TransFly 

Ecoregion Project 


Madang 

853 3220 853 3221 mbowe@wwfpacific.org.pg 

67


Name 

Expertise/ 

Position 


Paul 

Chatterton 

Conservation 

Manager 

WWF - PNG 


Madang 

853 3220 853 3221 pchat@wwfpacific.org.pg 

Gai Gowai 


Secretary 

Department of 

Environment & 

Conservation 


NCD 

325 2157 325 0182 cons@daltron.com.pg 

Kulala Mulung 

Lecturer, 

Forestry 

University of Technology 


Unitech, Lae 

473 4651 473 4669 kmulung@unitech.for.gov. 

pg 

Betty Lovai 

Nancy 

Sulluvans 

Simon 

Passingan 

Sociology/ 

Lecturer 

Anthropologist/L 

ecturer 

Hum & Social 

Sciences/UPNG 

P.O Box 320, University 326 0900 326 7187 Lovaibp@upng.ac.pg 

Divine Word University P.O Box 483, Madang 852 2937 852 2812 

CD Trainer BareFoot Services P.O Box 3381, Kokopo, 

ENBPl 

Lucinta Bisip CD Trainer Community Development 

Scheme, NGI 


NCD 

982 9758 982 9759 barefoot@online.net.pg 

323 0180 infor@pom_cds.org.pg 

Barry Lally CD Trainer Bismarch-Ramu Group PO Box 305, Madang 852 3011 852 3306 brg@online.net.pg 

Steven Pesto CD Trainer Community Development 

Initiative 

Sisa Kini CD Trainer Community Development 

Initiative 

Mary Latu 

Counsellor/OD 

Trainer 

Lousiade Women's 

Association 


Moresby 


Moresby 

321 6295 321 6309 spesto@cdi.org.pg 

321 6296 321 6309 skini@cdi.org.pg 

P.O 42, Alotau 643 7443 none none 

Vincent 

Manukayasi 

Mark Hanu 

Bob Sinclair 

Desmond 

Elicor 

Program 

Manager 

Operation 

Manager 

General 

Manager 

Harvesting 

Officer 

Partners with 

Melanesians Inc. 


Moresby, NCD 

321 0799 321 0833 vmanukayasi@pwmpng.or 

g.pg 

Narapela Wei Limited P.O Box 2554, Lae 472 6910 472 6611 Narapelawei@global.net.pg 

Lae Builders Ltd P.O Box 174, Lae 472 4000 472 4026 lbc@lbcgroup.com.pg 

Timber & Forestry 

Training College 

P.O Box 2132, Lae 472 4600 472 3586 tftc@global.net.pg 

Wesley Watt Forester FORCERT P.O Box 772, Kimbe 983 4440 983 4440 forcert@global.net.pg 

Thomas Warr 

Anda Akivi 

Peter Tutuai 

William 

Vomne 

Brian Brunton 

CD Program 

Coordinator 

Country 

Coordinator 

Program 

Coordinator 

CA Officer 

SeniorLawyer/Di 

rector 

Village Development 

Trust 

P.O Box 2397, Lae 472 1666 472 48324 vdt@global.net.pg 

EU EcoForestry Program P.O Box 314, Lae 985 4081 

ENBSEK P.O Box 780, Rabaul 982 9279 982 9279 

Wide Bay Conservation 

Association 

Sasa Zibe Huon-Gulf MP Bau Eco-Boat 

Project/Morobe Bris 

Kanda 

John Chitoa 

Executive 

Director 

P.O Box 1047, Rabaul 982 9525 

Alotau Environment Ltd P.O Box 802, Alotau 641 0532 641 0554 Brian.brunton@gmail.com 

PO Box 3557, Lae 472 1708 

Bismarck-Ramu Group PO Box 305, Madang 852 3011 852 3306 brg@online.net.pg 

Damien Ase Director CELCOR P.O Box 4373, Boroko 323 4237 311 2106 celcor@datec.com.pg 

Gai Kula Country Director Conservation 

International 

P.O Box 106, Waigani 323 1532 325 4234 ci-png@conservation.org 

Lesta Seri 

Technical 

Advisor 

Conservation Melanesia P.O Box 735, Boroko 323 2758 323 2773 conmelpng@global.net.pg 

Paul Lokani Country Director The Nature Conservancy PO Box 2750, Boroko 323 0699 323 0397 lok.tnc@global.net.pg 

68


Name 

Mary 

Soondrawu 

Expertise/ 

Position 

Social worker 


East Sepik Council of 

Women 

David Kovor Coordinator Sepik Community 

Development Alliance 

PO Box 1117, Wewak 856 2025 856 2131 escow@datec.net.pg 

PO Box 1117, Wewak 856 1793 

Gabriel Molok Coordinator East Sepik Environment 

Foundation 

PO Box 1225, Wewak 856 2068 856 2071 

Annie Kajir 

Volker 

Schwarzmann 

Executive 

Director 

Environmental Law 

Centre 

PO Box 49, University 323 4480 323 4483 anne@elc.org.pg 

Finschhafen Eco-Timber P.O Box 217, Lae 474 7186 474 7055 v.schiller@elcpng.org.pg 

Navu 

Kwapena 

Member 

Foundation for Aroma 

Coast Env't & Dev. 

P.O Box 1067, Boroko none none none 

Yati Bun 

Mary 

Soondrawu 

Program 

Director 

Social worker 

Foundation for People & 

Comm. Dev. 

East Sepik Council of 

Women 

David Kovor Coordinator Sepik Community 

Development Alliance 

Gabriel Molok Coordinator East Sepik Environment 

Foundation 

Annie Kajir 

Executive 

Director 

Environmental Law 

Centre 

P.O Box 1119, Boroko 325 8470 325 2670 yabun@datec.net.pg 

PO Box 1117, Wewak 856 2025 856 2131 escow@datec.net.pg 

PO Box 1117, Wewak 856 1793 

PO Box 1225, Wewak 856 2068 856 2071 

PO Box 49, University 323 4480 323 4483 anne@elc.org.pg 

Volker 

Schwarzmann 

Navu 

Kwapena 

Yati Bun 

Alphonse Pun 

Dorothy 

Tekwie 

Nick Kem 

Phil Sawyer 

William 

Takaku 

Member 

Program 

Director 

Executive 

Director 

Director 

Program 

Director 

Program 

Coordinator 

Finschhafen Eco-Timber P.O Box 217, Lae 474 7186 474 7055 v.schiller@elcpng.org.pg 

Foundation for Aroma 

Coast Env't & Dev. 

Foundation for People & 

Comm. Dev. 

Foundation for Rural 

Development Inc 

Green Peace Australia 

Pacific 

P.O Box 1067, Boroko none none none 

P.O Box 1119, Boroko 325 8470 325 2670 yabun@datec.net.pg 

P.O Box 719, Mt Hagen 542 3524 542 3524 


Moresby 

321 5954 321 5960 ekwie .tekwie@au. 

greenpeace.org 

Habitat for Humanity P.O Box 3804, Lae 472 0113 472 3513 hfhpng@online.net.pg 

Human Resource 

Development PNG 

Indigenous Environment 

Watch 

Powes Parkop Lawyer Melanesian Solidarity 

(MelSol) 

Narua Lovai 

Project 

Coordinator 

International Waters 

Program 

Steven Nasa Project Officer Kamiali Conservation 

Project 


Moresby 

321 7288 none 

P.O Box 1749, Boroko 326 0043 none 

P.O Box , Boroko 

P.O Box 265, Waigani 325 2043 325 4400 

P.O Box 2397, Lae 472 1666 472 4828 

Lukis Romaso Kum Gie Consult P.O Box 3399, Lae 472 5688 472 4556 kumgie@datec.com.pg 

Billy Ume 

Local Environment 

Foundation 

Fua Singin Program officer Lutheran Development 

Services 

Steven Babo 

Albert Motisi 

Gabriel 

Setepana 

Melanesian Environment 

Foundation 

Melanesian Inter. 

Technologies International 

Milne Bay Ecoforestry 

Association 

P.O Box 300, Kavieng 984 2271 984 2253 

P.O Box 291, Lae 472 1122 472 1638 

P.O Box 4830, Boroko 325 9659 323 0090 msf@pactok.peg.apc.org 

P.O Box 4692, Boroko 323 4175 323 4175 

P.O Box 492, Alotau 641 1687 641 1286 

69


Name 

Luke Mombe 

Kenn Mondiai 

Expertise/ 

Position 

Executive 

Director 


Namiae Community Dev. 

Association 

Partners with Melanesia 


NCD 


NCD 

323 5845 323 5835 

321 0799 321 0833 pwmpng@global.net.pg 

Rhonda 

Beldbn 

Thomas Paka 

Executive 

Director 

Peace Foundation 

Melanesian 


Moresby 

321 3144 321 3645 peacefound@global.net.pg 

PNG EcoForestry Forum P.O Box 3217, Boroko 323 9050 325 4610 tpaka.teff@global.net.pg 

Bill Hamblin PNG Incentive Fund P.O Box 776, Port 

Moresby 

Albert Gewu PNG Watch council P.O Box 6289, Boroko 325 4854 325 4854 

Peter Davis Sepik Timber Producers P.O Box 89, Wewak 856 2743 856 2743 

320 1926 320 1863 ewari@asf.sagric.com 

Eric Kwa Lawyer/Lecturer Siasi Enviornment 

Foundation 

PO Box_, Lae none none 

John Tangila 

Jacqunene 

Badcock 

Aung Kumal 

Ryan Grist 

Yausena 

Page 

Executive 

Director 

Waria Valley 

Coordinatior 

South Pacific Appropriate 

Tech. Foundation 

United Nations 

Development Program 

P.O Box 5601, Boroko 325 8153 325 8822 none 


Moresby 

321 2877 321 1224 registry.pg@undp.org.pg 

Village Development Trust P.O Box 2397, Lae 472 1666 472 4824 vdt@global.net.pg 

Voluntary Service 

Overseas 

P.O Box 5685, Boroko 326 0026 326 1010 

Habitat For Humanity P.O Box 3804, Lae 472 0113 472 3513 hfhpng@online.net.pg 

Sam Krimbu Wau Ecology Institute P.O Box 77, Wau 474 6377 474 6381 

Miriam Layton 

Executive 

Director 

YWCA President P.O Box 636, Lae 732 1516 732 2934 ywcagka@online.net.pg 

Manager Bionamo Logging Ltd ario@global.net.pg 

Anthony 

Honey 

Manager PNG Forest Product Ltd P.O.Box 88, Bulolo, Lae 474 5322 474 5365 Pngfp.amh@global.net.pg 

Tony Buskins Manager Tavilo Timbers Ltd 

70 

Axel Stefan 

Wilhelm 

Management 

Unit Officer 

RH - Vailala Block 1 

Development Trust 

Bob Tate CEO Forest Industries 

Association 

Stanis Bai Manager Ulamona Sawmill 

Development Company 

Bruce Telfer 

Emily 

Blackwell 

Jeff Hayward 

General 

Manager 

Asia Pacific 

Coordinator 

Verification 

Services 

Manager 

SGS (PNG) Ltd 

Soil Association 

Woodmark 

SmartWood 


Moresby, NCD 

P.O Box 229, Waigani, 

NCD 

P.O Box 101, Billia, 

WNBP 


Moresby, NCD 

40-56 Victoria Street, 

Bristol, UK 

2204 Flagler Place NW, 

Washington, D.C. 2001 

Kevin T Grace Director Global Forestry Services P.O Box 438, Road 

Town, Tortola, British 

Virgin Islands 

Oscar 

Mamalai 

Althol Smith- 

Loretz 

Terry Warra 

Project Manage Innovision PNG Ltd P.O Box 1908, Port 

Moresby 

325 7677 325 9701 sctimbers@datec.com.pg 

983 1084 983 1104 manager@usdc.amosconne 

ct.com 

323 1835 323 1697 Bruce.telfer@sgs.com 

+44 (0) 

117 914 

2435 

202-294- 

7008 

+603 2093 

5007 

+44 (0) 

117 925 

2504 

212-659- 

0098 

+603 

2093 

2007 

eblackwell@soilassociation. 

org 

jahyward@smartwood.org 

kevin@gfsinc.biz 

3113111 ipng@datec.com.pg 

Manager Timbersaws Pty Ltd P.O Box 318, Lae 472 7015 472 7673 timbers@global.net.com 

A/Managing 

Director 

PNGFA P.O Box 5055, Boroko 327 7800 325 4433 twarra@pngfa.gov.pg


Name 

Kanawi Pouru 

Expertise/ 

Position 

Sustainable 

Forest Manager 


PNG Sustainable 

Development Project 

Company 


Moresby 

320 3844 320 3855 enquiries@pngsdp.com 

Sabuin Tunov 

Division 

Manager 

PNGFA, Resource 

Development 

P.O Box 5055, Boroko 327 7800 325 4433 

71


Appendix 8 - 

The Vegetation Types of Papua New Guinea 

Table 1: Classification of structural formations of the vegetation 

Structural formation Description 

Forest 

Tree canopy is greater than 5 m in height 

Crowns are touching or overlapping. 

Crown class is based on average crown 

diameter of canopy trees: 

Large crowned> 15 m 

Medium crowned 8-15 m 

Small crowned 4-8 m 

Very small crowned < 4 m 

Ground layer is not visible on airphotos. 

Canopy closure (horizontal projection): 

In-regularly open 

Open 

Almost closed 

Dense - tightly packed 

Canopy profile (vertical projection): 

In-regularly uneven 

Uneven 

Even 

Degree of disturbance: 

Nil disturbance 

Slight disturbance 8-9 

Moderate disturbance 6-7 

Heavy disturbance 4-5 

Very heavy disturbance < 5 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Woodland 

Trees with separated crowns. 

Generally low, up to 10m tall, rarely to 20 m, but lower in the case of non-tree 

life-fonns e.g. sago palm and Pandanus. 

A clearly visible ground layer of shrubs, herbs and/or grasses. 

Savanna 

Scattered to moderately dense layer of trees. 

Generally less than 6 m tall. 

A clearly visible ground layer of herbs and/or grasses. 

Scrub 

Grassland 

Mangrove 

Dense shrubs with or without scattered low trees. 


Grasses, sedges, herbs and very low woody shrubs. 


Scattered trees may be present. 

All vegetation of the saline or brackish communities tidal zone. Ranges from forest 

over 30 m tall, to low halophytic herbs. 

72


Table 2 Classification of vegetation types 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

Alpha Vegetation type 

code 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Forest 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Low Altitude Forest On Plains And Fans - below 1000 m 

Pl Large to medium crowned forest 

Po Open forest 

Ps Small crowned forest 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Low Altitude Forest On Uplands - below 1000 m 

Hl Large crowned forest 

Hm Medium crowned forest 

HrnAr Medium crowned forest with Araucaria common 

Hmd Medium crowned depauperate/damaged forest 

Hme Medium crowned forest with an even canopy 

Hs Small crowned forest 

Hse Small crowned forest with an even canopy 

HsAr Small crowned forest with Araucaria common 

HsCa Small crowned forest with Castanopsis 

HsCp Small crowned forest with Casuarina papuana 

HsN Small crowned forest with Nothofagus 

HsRt Small crowned forest with Rhus taitensis 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Lower Montane Forest - above 1000 m 

L Small crowned forest 

LAr Small crowned forest with Araucaria common 

LN Small crowned forest with Nothofagus 

Lc Small crowned forest with conifers 

Ls Very small crowned forest 

LsCp Very small crowned forest with Casuarina papuana 

LsN Very small crowned forest with Nothofagus 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Montane Forest- above 3000 m 

Mo Very small crowned forest 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Dry Seasonal Forest 

D Dry evergreen forest 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Littoral Forest 

B Mixed forest 

BCe Forest with Casuarina equisetifolia 

BMl Forest with Melaleuca leucadendron (continued) 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Seral Forest 

73


Fri 

FriCg 

FriK 

FriTb 

Riverine mixed successions 

Riverine successions with Casuarina grandis 

Riverine successions with Eucalyptus deglupta 

Riverine successions with Terminalia brassii 

Fv Volcanic successions 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Swamp Forest 

Fsw 

FswC 

FswMl 

FswTb 

Mixed swamp forest 

Swamp forest with Campnosperma 

Swamp forest with Melaleuca leucadendron 

Swamp forest with Terminalia brassii 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Woodland 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

W 

Wri 

WriCg 

Wv 

WswMl 

Woodland 

Riverine successions dominated by woodland 

Riverine successions with Casuarina grandis woodland 

Volcanic successions dominated by woodland Wsw Swamp woodland 

Swamp woodland with Melaleuca leucadendron 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Savanna 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Sa Savanna 

Saf Savanna with gallery forest 

SaMl Savanna with Melaleuca leucadendron 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Scrub 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Sc Scrub 

ScBc Scrub with Bambusa and Cyathea 

Scv Volcanic successions dominated by scrub 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Grassland and Herbland 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

G Grassland 

Ga Alpine grassland 

Gi Subalpine grassland 

Gf Grassland with some forest 

Gr Grassland reverting to forest 

Grf Grassland reverting to forest with some forest 

Gsw Swamp grassland 

Gri Riverine successions dominated by grass 

Gv Volcanic successions dominated by grass 

Hsw Herbaceous swamp (continued) 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Estuarine Communities 

74


............................................................................................................................................................ 

M Mangrove 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

Other Non-vegetation And Areas Dominated By Land Use 

............................................................................................................................................................ 

O 

E 

Z 

U 

Land use intensity classes 0-4 (low to very high) 

Lakes and larger rivers 

Bare areas 

Larger urban centers 

Some of the above forest types may have a comment added to their code. These do not constitute a separate type: 

.f Flush of leaves or flowers noted 

.l Landslips very common 

.Ar Presence of Araucaria noted 

.N Presence of Nothofagus noted or suspected 

Source: Hammermaster E.T & Saunders J.C 1995 " Forest Resources and Vegetation Mapping of Papua New Guinea" 

PNGRIS Publication No. 4 Australian Agency for International Development, Canberra Australia 2601 page 7-22 

75


Appendix 9 - 

Threatened Trees of Papua New Guinea 

(Source: www.unep-wcmc.org) 

Species Family Status Description 

1. Hopea inexpectata Dipterocarpaceae CR A1cd, B1+2c 

2. Madhuca boerlageana Sapotaceae CR A1cd, C2ab, 

D1 

A tree of primary lowland forest in NewGuinea and 

the Moluccas. In Papua New Guinea, this species 

is extremely rare and known from a single sterile 

collection made from the Vanimo area, West 

Sepik province. This part of Papua New Guinea is 

heavily logged and there is grave doubt as to its 

continuing existence in this country. The above 

threat category applies to the situation in Papua 

New Guinea only. 

3. Calophyllum 

acutiputamen 

Guttiferae CR B1+2abcde Known only from Rossel Island, this canopy 

species is found on ridges in colline forest. The 

fragile ecosystem of Rossel Island is possibly 

threatened by logging and mining for copper and 

gold. 

4. Helicia peltata Proteaceae CR B1+2abcde Known only from a single location, Bisiatabu in the 

Central Province, this tree occurs in forest at 

450m. The habitat is threatened by logging and 

the increasing settlement. 

5. Helicia polyosmoides Proteaceae CR B1+2abcde This small tree, restricted to Manus Island in the 

Bismarck Archipelago, occurs in ridge forest 

between the elevations of 100 and 550m. This 

species may face extinction through the 

commercial logging of its habitat. 

6. Helicia subcordata Proteaceae CR B1+2abcde A tall tree found only once in mid-montane open 

forest at 1350m near Wagau in the Morobe 

province. 

7. Guioa grandifoliola Sapindaceae CR B1+2c An extremely localised species known only from 

four collections from lowland rainforest and 

advanced secondary forest near the Buso River. 

Large areas of lowland forest in Papua New 

Guinea are threatened by increased logging 

activity. 

8. Diospyros 

lolinopsis 

9. Halfordia 

papuana 

Ebenaceae 

Rutaceae 

CR B1+2c, C2b 

CR C2a 

76



10. Diospyros benstonei Ebenaceae CR C2b Apparently confined to Misima Island in Milne Bay 

Province, this small rare tree occurs in streamside 

rainforest in a gorge. The population is threatened by 

mining and cutting for local use. 

11. Nothofagus nuda Fagaceae CR D1 A tree known from a single collection found in mixed 

lower montane forest near the Tauri River in the Gulf 

province, which is outside the general range of 

Nothofagus in New Guinea. A future taxonomic revision 

may change the status of this species. 

12. Aglaia mackiana Meliaceae CR D1 A canopy tree most commonly found in mid-elevation 

forest. Trees may be easily overlooked as this dioecious 

species is only identified from the fruit. It is only 

definitely known from the type locality. Additional 

collections, which differ from the type specimen but may 

represent the same species, have been gathered from 

three localities. Forest fragmentation is likely to impede 

reproduction as it has been found that pollination is most 

efficient when individuals are less than 250m apart. The 

enormous seeds are dispersed by cassowaries. 

13. Guioa hospita Sapindaceae CR D1 The only record of this species is the type specimen 

collected in 1890 in Gulf Province. Despite the area 

being relatively well studied, it has not been recorded 

since. 

14. Ptychosperma gracile Palmae EN A1a+2c Confined to New Ireland and New Britain, this palm tree 

is scattered in rainforest on both limestone and volcanic 

soils. Populations have declined because of rapid and 

extensive deforestation for plantation agriculture. This 

species can survive in open vegetation or in secondary 

forest if it is allowed to regenerate. 

15. Ptychosperma hentyi Palmae EN A1a+2c A taxonomically unique palm tree of lowland forest, 

restricted to eastern New Britain. Rapid and extensive 

deforestation for plantation agriculture has caused 

population decline. 

16. Santalum macgregorii Santalaceae EN A1cd, C1 A parasitic or semi-parasitic species found in open 

savannah vegetation and in savannah forest in gullies in 

the eastern part of Western Province and possibly also 

in south-east Irian Jaya. As with all other sources of 

sandalwood, this species is overexploited for its scented 

wood, which is used for incense, perfume, essential oil 

and carving. In Papua New Guinea the exploitation 

began at the turn of the last century; now the resource is 

greatly depleted as there are few mature trees or virgin 

stands. 

17. Diospyros insularis Ebenaceae EN 

A1cd+2cd, 

B1+2c 

A tree of primary lowland rainforest found in only a few 

localities in the Solomon Islands and New Ireland of the 

Bismarck Archipelago. Overexploitation and logging 

have resulted in the species becoming highly 

endangered, possibly critically endangered. 

77



18. Terminalia 

archipelagi 

Combretaceae 

EN 

A1cd+2cd, 

C2a 

19. Diospyros gillisonii Ebenaceae EN 

A1cd+2cd, 

C2a 

20. Manilkara 

kanosiensis 

21. Alloxylon 

brachycarpum 

Sapotaceae 

EN 

A1cd+2cd, 

C2a 

22. Flindersia ifflaina Rutaceae EN A2cd, 

B1+2c 

Occurring on the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, this 

large well-formed tree can be locally dominant in lowland 

primary rainforest. It has been and still is heavily exploited 

through intensive logging practices. It is much sought-after 

for the production of plywood. 

A tree scattered throughout the small coral islands in the 

Kiriwina (Trobriand) Group and the Louisiade Archipelago, 

where it occurs in beach scrub on coral limestone at sea 

level. It is heavily exploited by the local people for its black 

heartwood, which is used in carvings, native hair combs 

and ceremonial pieces. Very few mature trees, if any, 

remain. 

Relatively widespread but uncommon, this timber tree is 

scattered in primary lowland rainforest. It occurs mainly in 

areas where intense logging is being carried out, such as 

New Britain and New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago 

and the north-west of Papua New Guinea. 

Proteaceae EN A2cd Confined to Western Province in south Papua New Guinea 

and adjacent Digul District, Irian Jaya, extending into the 

Aru Islands, this tree is scattered in lowland rainforest and 

monsoon forest. The population around the Oriomo River 

in Western Province, is a relatively restricted and confined 

to a fragile ecosystem, which is under pressure from 

logging and destructive activities. It is expected that the 

population across the border into Irian Jaya is similarly 

threatened. 

In Papua New Guinea, this tree is found in monsoon and 

gallery forest up to 50m. The species occurs in the Oriomo 

River ecosystem in Western Province, which is relatively 

restricted, fragile and threatened by logging activities. The 

above threat category applies only to the population in 

Papua New Guinea. More information is needed from 

Queensland. 


waliense 

Guttiferae 

EN 

B1+2abcde 

24. Helicia insularis Proteaceae EN 

B1+2abcde 

A species restricted to lowland rainforest on ridges on 

Manus Island. The habitat has been heavily logged and 

degraded. 

A small tree found in mossy forest on ridge crests at 800 

to 950m on Normanby and Fergusson Islands of the 

D'Entrecasteaux Group. 


morobense 

26. Xanthostemon - 

oppositifolius 

Guttiferae EN B1+2c Endemic to Morobe Province, this tree occurs in lowland 

rainforest on alluvium, where it is under threat mainly from 

logging. 

Myrtaceae 

EN B1+2c, 

C2a 

In Papua New Guinea, this tree is thought to be restricted 

to coastal rainforest in Milne Bay Province. It was heavily 

exploited in the early days of colonisation and harvested 

continually throughout the Second World War. It is poor at 

regenerating and has now become rare in Papua New 

Guinea; very few, if any, mature individuals remain. The 

Queensland population is considered threatened but more 

up-to-date information is required to consolidate the 

present IUCN category. 

78



27. Bleasdalea papuana Proteaceae EN C2a An uncommon species of isolated occurrence in lower 

montane forest on serpentine soils. It has been recorded 

from the Vogelkop Peninsula and Jayapura in Irian Jaya 

and the East Sepik and Morobe provinces in Papua New 

Guinea. It is threatened by habitat destruction. 

28. Flindersia 

pimenteliana 

Rutaceae EN C2a A large tree found mainly in lower montane rainforest or 

in foothill rainforest. In Papua New Guinea, the species 

is widespread but uncommon and sporadic. 

It has been heavily exploited in the Bulolo/Wau region of 

Morobe Province. Populations on spurs and ridges of 

mountain ranges may be spared from future exploitation. 

The population status in Australia is not taken into 

consideration in this evaluation. 

29. Pentaspadon motleyi Anacardiaceae DD In Papua New Guinea, this species occurs mainly in 

primary forest on the banks of streams and rivers in the 

Gulf and Madang Provinces and Bougainville in the 

North Solomons. It is under great threat from habitat 

destruction in these areas and is considered to be 

endangered (EN C2a). The situation is likely to be 

similar elsewhere. 

30. Hopea aptera Dipterocarpaceae DD Endemic to Papua New Guinea, this species forms pure 

stands in secondary forest and is a locally important 

timber species. 

31. Hopea glabrifolia Dipterocarpaceae DD 

32. Hopea scabra Dipterocarpaceae DD 

33. Hopea ultima Dipterocarpaceae DD There is a possibility that this dipterocarp is extinct in the 

wild. 

34. Elaeocarpus 

homalioides 

Elaeocarpaceae DD A New Guinea endemic recorded from a few locations. It 

has not been collected in recent years. 

35. Calophyllum brassii Guttiferae DD A montane forest tree known only from the Western 

district in Papua New Guina and Irian Jaya mainly 

between 400 and 900m altitude. Sterile material may be 

incorrectly assigned to this species. 

36. Calophyllum collinum Guttiferae DD Endemic to New Guinea, this species is found in lowland 

and hill forest up to an elevation of 500 m in the Snow 

Mountains, Irian Jaya and the Western and Morobe 

districts of Papua New Guinea. These areas are poorly 

collected. It is suspected that the timber is traded as 

`Calophyllum' in Papua New Guinea. 


heterophyllum 

Guttiferae DD This species is so far known from the Vogelkop 

Peninsula and the Snow Mountains in Irian Jaya and in 

the Western province in Papua New Guinea. This 

species appears to grow into canopy trees on low ridges 

at 100m altitude but forms only shrubs and treelets on 

poor loam soils at 1200 to 1300m. This species is very 

poorly known and probably undercollected. The 

taxonomic limits of this species are also unknown. 

79



38. Calophyllum laticostatum Guttiferae DD A large tree found in well-drained lowland or lower 

montane rainforest. This species is possibly traded for 

its 'Calophyllum' timber from Papua New Guinea. 

39. Calophyllum persimile Guttiferae DD A rainforest tree occurring up to 560 m altitude near 

Kiunga. This species is poorly known and variation is 

seen in the sterile material. 

The timber is probably traded as 'Calophyllum' by 

Papua New Guinea. 

40. Calophyllum piluliferum Guttiferae DD A tree found in forest in or near swamps below 40 m 

altitude in Digul, Irian Jaya and the Western district of 

Papua New Guinea; this area is poorly collected. 

41. Calophyllum streimannii Guttiferae DD Known only from Morobe district, the species is rarely 

collected, occurring on ridges and hillsides between 30 

and 300m, often associated with dipterocarps. 

42. Mammea 

novoguineensis 

Guttiferae DD A tree that occurs in primary well-drained forest 

between 60 and 420m. It is known from a few scattered 

localities in an area that is poorly known. 

43. Fagraea carstensensis Loganiaceae DD A poorly understood species, collected twice from forest 

between 200 and 860m on Mt. Carstensz and Mt. 

Tamrau, Mimika District. 

44. Horsfieldia cruxmelitensis 

Myristicaceae DD A small tree or shrub, which is restricted to mixed 

lowland rainforest in Morobe Province. It has been 

collected only six times. 

45. Horsfieldia leptantha Myristicaceae DD This tree is known from six or seven collections from 

primary and secondary forest areas in Vogelkop in Irian 

Jaya and West Sepik in Papua New Guinea. 

46. Myristica filipes Myristicaceae DD This tree is locally endemic to the Buso River area of 

the Morobe Province. It has been collected six times in 

coastal swamp forest, river flat forest and lowland 

secondary forest. 

47. Dacrydium cornwalliana Podocarpaceae DD The species grows in some abundance in confined 

patches of cloud forest or mossy heath forest above 

1430m. Collections are few, largely because the area is 

poorly explored. 

48. Podocarpus atjehensis Podocarpaceae DD The species occurs in the Gajo Lands in northern 

Sumatra and the Wissel Lakes in Papua New Guinea. 

49. Podocarpus spathoides Podocarpaceae DD The species is known from occurrences on Mt. Ophir in 

Peninsular Malaysia, Morotai in the north Moluccas, 

Rossel Island in the Louisiade Archipelago of Papua 

New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. 

80


Appendix 10 - 

Highly Threatened Species in Endemic Bird Areas of PNG 

(Source: Stattersfield et al., 1998) 

EBA Scientific Name Common Name Status 

Admiralty Islands Tyto manusi Manus masked-owl Vulnerable 

Pitta superba Superb pitta Vulnerable 

Rhipidura semirubra Manus fantail Vulnerable 

St Matthias Islands Monarcha menchi White-breated monarch Data deficient 

Rhipidura matthiae Matthias fantail Data deficient 

New Britain and New 

Ireland 

Accipiter brachyurus New Britain sparrowhawk Vulnerable 

Columba pallidiceps Yellow-legged pigeon Critically endangered 

Tyto aurantia Bismark masked-owl Vulnerable 

Collocalia orientalis Mayr's swiftlet Data deficient 

Megalurus grosvenori Bismarck thicketbird Vulnerable 

D'Entrecasteux and 

Trobriand Islands 

Paradisaea decora Goldie's bird of paradise Vulnerable 

Louisiade Archipelago Zosterops meeki White-throated white-eye Data deficient 

Myzomela albigula White-chinned myzomela Data deficient 

Meliphaga vicina Tagula honeyeater Data deficient 

Cracticus louisiadensis Tagula butcherbird Data deficient 

Solomon Group (including 

Bougainville) 

Haliaeetus sanfordi Sanford's fish-eagle Vulnerable 

Accipiter imitator Imitator sparrowhawk Endangered 

Nesoclopeus woodfordi Woodford's rail Endangered 

Columba pallidiceps Yellow-legged pigeon Critically endangered 

Nesasio solomonensis Fearful owl Vulnerable 

Collocalia orientalis Mayr's swiftlet Data deficient 

81


EBA Scientific Name Common Name Status 

Actenoides bougainvillea Moustached kingfisher Vulnerable 

Pitta anerythra Black-faced pitta Vulnerable 

Megalurus Ilaneae Bougainville thicketbird Data deficient 

Aplonis brunneicapilla White-eyed starling Endangered 

175. North Papuan 

Mountains 

176. North Papuan 

Lowlands 

Rallina mayri Mayr's forest-rail Data deficient 

Psittaculirostis salvadorii Salvador's fig-parrot Vulnerable 

Poecilodryas placens Olive-yellow robin Data deficient 

Philemon brassi Brass's friarbird Data deficient 

177. Adelbert and Huon 

Ranges 

Sericulus bakeri Fire-maned bowerbird Vulnerable 

Parotia wahnsei Wahne's parotia Vulnerable 

178. Central Papua 

Mountains 

Androphobus viridus Papuan whipbird Data deficient 

Melidectes princeps Long-bearded melidectes Vulnerable 

Archboldia papuensis Archibold's bowerbird Vulnerable 

Loboparadisaea sericea Yell-breasted bird of 

paradise 

Macgregoria pulchra Macgregor's bird of 

paradise 

Data deficient 

Vulnerable 

Astrapia mayeri Ribbon-tailed astrapia Vulnerable 

Paradisaea rudolphi Blue bird-of-paradise Vulnerable 

179. Southern Papuan 

Lowlands 

Poecilodryas placens Olive-yellow robin Data deficient 

180. TransFly Tanyiptera hydrocharis Little paradise-kingfisher Data deficient 

Megalurus albolimbatus Fly river grass-bird Vulnerable 

82


Appendix 11 - 

Map of Protected Areas in Papua New Guinea 

[Source: RAPPAM Report (in press), 2005] 

Id Name Area (ha) Id Name Area (ha) 

1 Bagiai WMA 13,760.00 27 Mt Kaindi WMA 1,502.80 

2 Baiyer River Sanctuary 64.00 28 Mt Susu National Reserve Park 49.00 

3 Balek Wildlife Sanctuary 470.00 29 Mt Wilhelm National Reserve 817.00 

4 Baniara Island Protected Area 37.28 30 Namanatabu Reserve 27.44 

5 Cape Wom Memorial Park 2.00 31 Nanuk Island Districk Park 12.00 

6 Crater Mountain WMA 270,000.00 32 Ndrolowa WMA 5,850.00 

7 Crown Island Wildlife Sanctuary 58,969.00 33 Neiru (Aird Hills) WMA 3,984.00 

8 Garu WMA 8,700.00 34 Nuraseng WMA 22.23 

9 Hombareta WMA 130.00 35 Oi Mada Wara WMA 22,840.00 

10 Hunstein Range WMA 220,000.00 36 Paga Hill National Park Scenic Reserve 17.44 

11 Iomare WMA 3,827.50 37 Pirung WMA 43,200.00 

12 Jimi Valley National Park 4,180.00 38 Pokili WMA 9,840.00 

13 Kamiali WMA 65,541.00 39 Randa WMA 41,922.00 

14 Kavakuna Caves GAM 40 Randa Wildlife Sanctuary 15,724.00 

15 Klampun WMA 5,200.00 41 Sawataetae WMA 700.00 

16 Kokoda Historic Track Reserve GAM 42 Siwi-Utame WMA 12,540.00 

17 Kokoda Memorial Park GAM 43 Talele Is. National Park Reserve 12.00 

18 Lake Kutubu WMA 24,100.00 44 Tavalo WMA 2,000.00 

19 Lake Lavu WMA 2,640.00 45 Tonda WMA 590,000.00 

20 Lihir Island Protected Area 20,207.85 46 Variarata Nat. Park 1,063.00 

21 Loroko National Park 100.00 47 Wewak Peace Memorial Park 2.00 

22 Maza WMA 184,230.00 48 Zo-oimaga WMA 1,510.00 

23 McAdams National Park 1,821.00 49 Taab WMA 984.30 

24 Moitaka Wildlife Sanctuary 44.00 50 Tabad WMA 16.20 

25 Mojirau WMA 5,079.00 51 Sinub WMA 11.80 

26 Mt Gahavisuka Provincial Park 77.40 52 Laugum WMA 72.95 

Note: Please crossreference the above table with the map on the back cover of this toolkit. 

83

Papua New Guinea - HCV Resource Network

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?