Florida Waterwise Landscapes - Alliance for Water Efficiency
Florida Waterwise Landscapes - Alliance for Water Efficiency
Florida Waterwise Landscapes - Alliance for Water Efficiency
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St. Johns River <strong>Water</strong><br />
South <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
Southwest <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
<strong><strong>Water</strong>wise</strong><br />
Management District<br />
Management District<br />
Northwest <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
Suwannee River <strong>Water</strong><br />
Management District<br />
Management District<br />
81 <strong>Water</strong> Management Drive<br />
9225 County Road 49<br />
Havana, FL 32333<br />
Live Oak, FL 32060<br />
F l o(850) r 539-5999 i d a L a n d s c(800) a226-1066 p e s<br />
Landscaping to Promote <strong>Water</strong> Conservation<br />
Using the Principles of Xeriscape<br />
This guide was produced by <strong>Florida</strong>'s water management districts to in<strong>for</strong>m<br />
from <strong>Florida</strong>’s water management districts
Credits<br />
Northwest <strong>Florida</strong><br />
<strong>Water</strong> Management District<br />
This publication is provided to you by <strong>Florida</strong>'s five regional water management districts.<br />
Principal staff involved in preparing this guide include Bruce Adams, Daniel Boyar,<br />
Linda Burnette, David Clayton, Sylvia Durell, Amy Ferriter, Martha Friedrich, Lisa Grant,<br />
Beth Hickenlooper, Jo Ann Hyres, Cindy Johnson, Lou Kavouras, Jan Loftin, Mat O'Malley,<br />
Sandra McGee, Marc Minno, Brian Nelson, Georgann Penson, Katherine Pordeli,<br />
Carolyn Purdy, Eileen Tramontana, Daniel Thayer, John Thompson and Garrett Wallace.<br />
The districts offer special thanks to the Association of <strong>Florida</strong> Native Nurseries, Janice Broda,<br />
David Chiappini, Betsy Davis, Debbie Butts, the <strong>Florida</strong> Native Plant Society, Joel Jackson,<br />
K.A. Langeland, Charles Lippi, Maria Minno, Richard Moyroud, the Sarasota Audubon<br />
Society and the University of <strong>Florida</strong>, IFAS Department of Environmental Horticulture.<br />
Cover photographs<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>'s water management districts<br />
Southwest <strong>Florida</strong><br />
<strong>Water</strong> Management District<br />
Suwannee River<br />
<strong>Water</strong> Management District<br />
South <strong>Florida</strong><br />
<strong>Water</strong> Management<br />
District<br />
Left to right<br />
Top: Daylily (Hemerocallis hybrids); Crinum-lily (Crinum x powellii); Pentas (Pentas lanceolata)<br />
Second row: Iris, blue flag (Iris hexagona); Confederate-rose (Hibiscus mutabilis); Amaryllis (Hippeastrum hybrids)<br />
Third row: Sweet olive (Osmanthus fragrans); Ginger, peacock (Kaempferia spp.); Dotted horsemint (Monarda punctata)<br />
Bottom: Milkweed, scarlet (Asclepias curassavica); Passion flower, incense (Passiflora x ‘Incense’); Firebush (Hamelia patens)<br />
St. Johns River<br />
<strong>Water</strong> Management<br />
District
W A T E R W I S E<br />
Contents<br />
F l o r i d a L a n d s c a p e s<br />
Landscaping to Promote <strong>Water</strong> Conservation<br />
Using the Principles of Xeriscape<br />
from <strong>Florida</strong>’s water management districts<br />
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />
What Is <strong><strong>Water</strong>wise</strong> Landscaping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />
The Seven Principles of Xeriscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />
1. Plan and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />
2. Obtain a Soil Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />
3. Choose Proper Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s Plant Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />
4. Use Turf Wisely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />
5. Irrigate Efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />
6. Use Mulches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />
7. Per<strong>for</strong>m Proper Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />
A Landscape Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20<br />
The Plant Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />
Lists and Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70<br />
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71<br />
Scientific Cross-Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72<br />
Plant Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Introduction<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> is surrounded on three sides by water.<br />
The state’s sources of surface water are wetlands,<br />
thousands of lakes, and many rivers and streams.<br />
With all this water around, many people may not<br />
realize there is a need to conserve water. Even<br />
though <strong>Florida</strong> is surrounded by water and has many<br />
interior water bodies, not all of that water is available<br />
<strong>for</strong> drinking or other uses by humans. In addition,<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s weather is fickle — long periods of wet<br />
weather may be followed by long periods of dry<br />
weather. The state’s leaders recognize the need to<br />
conserve water as a means to ensure the continued<br />
availability of this vital resource <strong>for</strong> everyone from<br />
year to year.<br />
Preserving and protecting <strong>Florida</strong>’s water<br />
resources is a main focus of the state’s five water<br />
management districts. This guide is brought to you<br />
by the water management districts in an ef<strong>for</strong>t to<br />
help you work with nature in the state’s unique<br />
environment to establish a landscape that conserves<br />
water resources and protects water quality. Through<br />
use of waterwise landscaping (based on the<br />
principles of Xeriscape), everyone<br />
2<br />
can help conserve resources. <strong>Florida</strong>’s water<br />
management districts have permission to use<br />
the concepts of Xeriscape, which is a registered<br />
trademark of Denver <strong>Water</strong>.<br />
Achieving a natural, healthy balance in your<br />
landscape starts by putting the right plant in the<br />
right place. Matching plants to conditions that exist<br />
in your area helps them thrive, once established, with<br />
little or no irrigation or chemicals. The seven<br />
principles of Xeriscape are explained in this guide.<br />
Scientific or other special terms appear in bold.<br />
These terms are listed in the glossary at the end of<br />
this guide and are defined in the context in which<br />
they are used in this guide. A plant list is included to<br />
help you choose the best plants <strong>for</strong> your landscape.<br />
Resources and references <strong>for</strong> more in<strong>for</strong>mation are<br />
listed at the back of the guide.<br />
Through this guide, we hope you’ll find that<br />
when you work with nature, nature will work <strong>for</strong><br />
you. And you’ll be doing your part to ensure that<br />
our natural resources can be enjoyed today and<br />
by future generations.
What Is <strong><strong>Water</strong>wise</strong> Landscaping?<br />
<strong><strong>Water</strong>wise</strong> is a common sense way to landscape<br />
that conserves water and protects the environment.<br />
The main objective of waterwise landscaping is to<br />
establish and maintain a healthy landscape by<br />
matching the right plants with existing site conditions<br />
so that the use of additional resources, such as water,<br />
fertilizer, pesticides and labor, is minimized. In<br />
addition to helping conserve water resources,<br />
waterwise landscaping practices reduce the amount of<br />
pollutants reaching water bodies because fewer yard<br />
chemicals are used. Fertilizers and pesticides can<br />
contaminate water bodies when they are washed out of<br />
the yard with the rain, in stormwater runoff.<br />
The best time to establish a drought-tolerant<br />
water-conserving landscape <strong>for</strong> your home or<br />
commercial property is long be<strong>for</strong>e a drought. Once<br />
established, the right plant in the right place will be<br />
highly self-sufficient, needing little help to survive<br />
nature’s extremes. Healthy, well-placed plants with<br />
deep, established root systems will need less help to<br />
survive a drought.<br />
Conserving our water supply and reducing<br />
water pollution have become important issues in<br />
our growing communities. Despite <strong>Florida</strong>’s humid<br />
climate and abundant surface water bodies, water<br />
shortages do occur here. Demand can overtake<br />
supply, and regional droughts <strong>for</strong>ce Floridians to<br />
practice water conservation as a way of life.<br />
In many <strong>Florida</strong> households, as much as half of<br />
household water is used outdoors, mostly <strong>for</strong> lawn<br />
and garden irrigation. Ninety percent of all public<br />
water supply in <strong>Florida</strong> comes from underground<br />
sources, primarily the <strong>Florida</strong>n aquifer. The aquifer’s<br />
resources are limited. Each day we pump billions of<br />
gallons of water from the <strong>Florida</strong>n aquifer, but the<br />
rate at which the groundwater system refills, or<br />
recharges, from rain is far less. On average, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
receives 54 inches of rainfall yearly.<br />
Taking too much water out of the aquifers,<br />
known as overpumping, threatens potable water<br />
3<br />
supplies, but it also increases the occurrence of<br />
sinkhole <strong>for</strong>mations. Because the aquifer system is<br />
connected to surface water bodies in some areas,<br />
overpumping the aquifers causes lowered water<br />
levels — or drawdowns — of our vital wetlands<br />
and lakes.<br />
Inches<br />
44<br />
48<br />
52<br />
56<br />
60<br />
64<br />
Average Annual Rainfall<br />
1961—1990<br />
1961–1990<br />
Likewise, fresh groundwater sources can be<br />
threatened by saltwater intrusion. Saltwater<br />
intrusion occurs when too much freshwater is<br />
pumped from an aquifer, allowing salt water to<br />
move into voids in the aquifer from the ocean or<br />
the Gulf of Mexico; ancient brackish seawater<br />
below the freshwater level of the aquifer can also<br />
move into these voids.<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s water management districts have<br />
declared water resource caution areas throughout<br />
the state in areas where overpumping or saltwater<br />
intrusion has occurred. A water resource caution area<br />
is an area where the current source of public water<br />
supply is not adequate or may not be adequate to<br />
meet public water supply demands in 20 years.
The Seven Principles of Xeriscape<br />
The seven simple principles of<br />
Xeriscape landscaping have been<br />
used by landscape professionals <strong>for</strong><br />
years. Here is an overview of the<br />
seven principles; details of each<br />
principle are given in the<br />
following pages.<br />
1. PLAN AND DESIGN —<br />
Make a sketch of the landscape site.<br />
Base the plan on site conditions,<br />
existing vegetation and<br />
topography — the natural<br />
features of the land. Assess the<br />
area’s growing conditions and<br />
think through intended uses<br />
of the landscape. <strong>Landscapes</strong><br />
are dynamic, so include<br />
elements of growth, time<br />
and change in your plan.<br />
2. OBTAIN A SOIL ANALYSIS —<br />
Determine the soil’s composition,<br />
from sandy to clay, and test <strong>for</strong> the<br />
pH of the soil — its level of acidity<br />
or alkalinity. This in<strong>for</strong>mation will<br />
help you decide which plants are<br />
best suited to the conditions of<br />
your yard.<br />
3. CHOOSE PROPER PLANTS — When choosing<br />
new plants, match each spot in your landscape with<br />
plants that thrive in the specific conditions of that<br />
spot. Look <strong>for</strong> plants known to be resistant to disease<br />
and pests. Consider each plant’s mature height and<br />
width, its need <strong>for</strong> sun, shade, soil and water, and its<br />
tolerance to cold or salt. Preserve as many existing<br />
trees and shrubs as possible, provided they’re<br />
healthy and the root systems are not significantly<br />
4<br />
impacted by construction. Native vegetation<br />
appropriately placed will remain healthy with<br />
minimal supplemental irrigation and care,<br />
once established.<br />
4. USE TURF WISELY — Grass is often a yard’s<br />
largest water user, but it can still play a role in a<br />
water-conserving landscape. Use turf where it is<br />
most functional in the landscape plan, such as where<br />
children or pets will play, or <strong>for</strong> erosion control. In<br />
other areas, consider more water-thrifty alternatives<br />
such as groundcovers or mulched walkways.<br />
5. IRRIGATE EFFICIENTLY — Group plants based<br />
on their water needs. Put moisture-loving plants in<br />
moist areas and plants that prefer well-drained sites<br />
in drier areas. Group together plants that may need<br />
irrigation so that water is only used in limited areas.<br />
Only irrigate when plants need water or when rain<br />
has been inadequate, and use the right irrigation<br />
system and proper sprinkler head <strong>for</strong> each area.<br />
6. USE MULCHES — Mulches help hold moisture<br />
in the soil, moderate temperature, slowly release<br />
nutrients, reduce weed growth and slow erosion.<br />
Spread mulch around shrubs and trees and on<br />
flower beds, 2 to 4 inches thick, keeping mulch<br />
from coming into direct contact with plant stems.<br />
7. PERFORM PROPER MAINTENANCE —<br />
Keep plants healthy. Too much water and fertilizer<br />
promote weak growth, as well as increase pruning<br />
and mowing requirements. Remove weeds by hand<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e they get established and crowd out the plants<br />
you want. Watch <strong>for</strong> pests and make sure they’re<br />
truly a problem be<strong>for</strong>e waging war, then do it<br />
organically whenever possible.
1. Plan and Design<br />
The first step of design is to identify growing<br />
conditions and any vegetation or structures already<br />
in place. Next, decide how the property will be used.<br />
Be sure to check city and county landscaping codes<br />
<strong>for</strong> restrictions in your community. Also, some<br />
neighborhood associations have landscape<br />
specifications in the deed restrictions.<br />
Inventory the site, identifying<br />
• Growing conditions<br />
— Hardiness zone (<strong>for</strong> cold and heat)<br />
— Direction/aspect (north, south, east, west)<br />
— Areas that are sunny or shady throughout the<br />
day and the seasons<br />
— Areas that drain well or that collect water<br />
• Existing vegetation (Is it healthy? Is it native?<br />
Is it appropriate <strong>for</strong> site conditions?)<br />
• Hardscape (walkway, driveway, pool, fence)<br />
• Views and adjacent features (Frame a pleasing view,<br />
or screen an undesirable view. Watch out <strong>for</strong><br />
underground utilities and overhead power lines.)<br />
KNOW HOW IT GROWS<br />
Understanding a site’s growing conditions is the<br />
most important factor in choosing plants. Regional<br />
growing zones in <strong>Florida</strong> range from 8a to 11<br />
(see map on page 21).<br />
Within a regional growing zone, climatic<br />
variations can be influenced by specific site<br />
conditions such as shade or direct sun. These specific<br />
site conditions are referred to as microclimates.<br />
There may be dry areas and moist or wet areas on<br />
the same property. All of these conditions must be<br />
assessed to match them with the plants that will<br />
do well in each.<br />
Sunny and shady areas will vary, depending on<br />
the time of day and the season. For example, a plant<br />
may get more sun in winter than in summer due to<br />
the changed angle of the sun or because a deciduous<br />
tree has lost its leaves and no longer provides shade.<br />
5<br />
The south side of a building has more sun than the<br />
north side, so heat-sensitive plants can be placed on<br />
the north side of a building where it’s cooler. More<br />
cold-sensitive plants can be placed on the south side<br />
of a building <strong>for</strong> protection from winter’s north wind.<br />
HOW WILL YOU USE IT?<br />
The next step in the planning process is to determine<br />
what functions you want the landscape to serve.<br />
Answer these questions:<br />
• How will you use your yard?<br />
• What are the best places <strong>for</strong> entries, walkways,<br />
sitting areas and play areas?<br />
• Where do you want to frame existing views or<br />
to establish privacy?<br />
• Where do you want to create views or accent areas?<br />
Start with the plat (map, or plan) of your<br />
property, or draw your site to scale (e.g., 1 half inch<br />
= 1 foot). Computer software and lined/grid paper<br />
are readily available at computer or office supply<br />
stores. Put existing plants and site conditions on the<br />
master drawing. Make multiple copies so you can<br />
sketch in different ideas, or lay tracing paper over<br />
your master drawing to try out different ideas.<br />
On your drawing, arrange plants to create and<br />
define spaces, direct or screen views, and influence<br />
Put your ideas on paper to plan your landscape.
direction of movement. Plants can modify climate —<br />
a shade tree cools and protects, creating microclimates<br />
that determine the kinds of plants that can live in that<br />
shade. Take out the tree and you change the micro-<br />
climate — different plants can now live in that space.<br />
Your plant choices can also attract and support<br />
wildlife and beneficial insects. Plants can be<br />
specifically selected as nectar and larval food plants<br />
<strong>for</strong> butterflies and caterpillars or as food and<br />
nesting habitat <strong>for</strong> birds, or to add vibrant<br />
beauty to the landscape.<br />
Take your time and learn as much as possible<br />
about the area to be landscaped. A year of<br />
observation is recommended to study, reflect on<br />
and tune in to seasonal changes and other<br />
variables that exist in the area.<br />
THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER<br />
When combining plants, the most important<br />
considerations are mature size and how the<br />
plants look and exist together. Experiment<br />
with how different combinations look<br />
together, considering color, shape, texture<br />
and mature size.<br />
Plants combined in groups of odd<br />
numbers often look better than plants<br />
combined in groups of even numbers. Use<br />
repetitive elements — the same color in<br />
different shapes, <strong>for</strong> example. Other aesthetic<br />
uses <strong>for</strong> plants are to complement, soften,<br />
frame or emphasize elements within the<br />
landscape or architectural features of<br />
a building.<br />
Plan <strong>for</strong> different seasons of the year to ensure<br />
year-round interest through blooms, color, foliage<br />
and shapes in the landscape. And, because landscapes<br />
are <strong>for</strong>ever changing, plan accordingly. While waiting<br />
<strong>for</strong> that young live oak to grow into a dominant<br />
landscape element, plant sunny areas with annuals<br />
or perennials that will eventually be shaded out by<br />
the growing oak.<br />
Lye<br />
6<br />
2. Obtain a Soil Analysis<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> soils have varying textures, colors, water-<br />
holding capabilities and nutrient levels <strong>for</strong> plants. It<br />
is important to examine and analyze your soil at the<br />
beginning of a landscaping project. Most <strong>Florida</strong><br />
soils typically do a good job of supporting plant life<br />
— just look around at the variety of plants growing<br />
naturally in <strong>Florida</strong>. When choosing plants, be aware<br />
that some may require a lot of feeding and then may<br />
still have deficiency problems. It’s best to choose<br />
plants suited to existing soil conditions.<br />
A soil’s pH level — acid, neutral or alkaline —<br />
is one factor to analyze be<strong>for</strong>e selecting plants.<br />
Most plants grow best in soil that has a pH that is<br />
somewhat acidic (pH 5.5–6.5). Some plants, such as<br />
beach sunflower, will tolerate alkaline soils (high pH,<br />
above 7), while other plants simply can’t. Coastal<br />
areas frequently have alkaline conditions — the<br />
presence of salt and shell fragments can be an<br />
indication of alkalinity.<br />
Milk of magnesia<br />
Ammonia<br />
Some plants can tolerate acidic soils (lower than<br />
pH 5.5), and there are some plants that require acidic<br />
soil to thrive, <strong>for</strong> example, camellia, blueberry,<br />
gardenia and azalea.<br />
pH Scale<br />
Average seawater<br />
Alkaline<br />
soil Neutral<br />
(above 7)<br />
Baking soda<br />
Milk<br />
Human<br />
blood<br />
Theoretical pH<br />
of rain<br />
Acidic soil<br />
(5.5–6.5)<br />
If your landscape is in a low-lying area such as<br />
pine flatwoods, different kinds of soils may have been<br />
brought in as fill material to raise the building’s<br />
foundation. Thus, soil samples will need to be taken<br />
from several areas around the yard.<br />
Vinegar<br />
Tomato juice<br />
Apples<br />
Most acidic rainfall<br />
recorded in U.S.<br />
Lemon juice<br />
Battery acid
Soil can be improved<br />
in planting beds with<br />
amendments such as peat<br />
or compost, added several<br />
weeks be<strong>for</strong>e planting and<br />
then again periodically.<br />
But because amendments<br />
break down, it is difficult<br />
to significantly change<br />
soil over the long term.<br />
Adding organic matter<br />
does improve nutrient<br />
levels and basic soil<br />
conditions, but will not drastically change<br />
extreme conditions permanently. For more<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation about mulches and the rates at<br />
which they break down, contact your local<br />
County Cooperative Extension Service office.<br />
WHAT’S IN THE SOIL?<br />
The County Cooperative Extension Service can<br />
test pH in soil or irrigation water <strong>for</strong> a small fee, or<br />
you may wish to purchase a simple kit at your<br />
neighborhood garden center. The address and the<br />
telephone number of your local extension office are<br />
listed in the telephone book under county offices.<br />
A wealth of in<strong>for</strong>mation about soils <strong>for</strong> each<br />
county in <strong>Florida</strong> can be found in your county’s<br />
soil survey, published by the U.S. Department of<br />
Agriculture’s Natural Resource Conservation Service<br />
(listed in the telephone book under federal<br />
government offices). Soil surveys are frequently<br />
in the reference section of local libraries.<br />
In a county soil survey, exact properties can be<br />
pinpointed on aerial photographs. Specific soil types<br />
are described as being good <strong>for</strong> certain kinds of<br />
plants, <strong>for</strong> residential development, <strong>for</strong> septic tanks,<br />
etc. A survey also includes in<strong>for</strong>mation such as depth<br />
of the water table throughout the year; water table<br />
depth can be key in determining growing conditions<br />
<strong>for</strong> trees and other plants.<br />
7<br />
Remember to take into account any fill material<br />
that may have been brought in. Try to learn from the<br />
builder if local soils were used. It is common to dig<br />
retention pond areas and use that dirt <strong>for</strong> the<br />
foundation fill. But remember that even then, soils<br />
that are altered through disturbances can’t necessarily<br />
be equated to undisturbed soils from the same area.<br />
Also be aware that substances may have been spilled<br />
or buried during construction. If there’s an<br />
apparently unplantable area in the landscape, dig<br />
<strong>for</strong> debris or excavate the problem area and replace<br />
with topsoil.<br />
Knowing the following about your soil conditions is<br />
fundamental to matching the right plants to your site:<br />
• pH<br />
Getting ready <strong>for</strong> a soil test.<br />
• Sand, clay or rich soil<br />
• Drainage<br />
To determine drainability, fill a hole with water<br />
and note how quickly it drains. Knowing the water<br />
table level can also be important; a high water table<br />
(close to the surface) could influence growing<br />
conditions. The highest water table level of the<br />
year is generally in August.<br />
To determine a high water table, dig a hole and<br />
see if water seeps into it.<br />
Once you understand your soil analysis, the fun<br />
really begins — looking <strong>for</strong> plants!
3. Choose Proper Plants<br />
Try to keep as much of the existing vegetation as<br />
possible. If a plant grew in an area without your help,<br />
then conditions there are obviously right <strong>for</strong> it.<br />
Choose plants that can survive on normal rainfall in<br />
your area or that require minimal irrigation. Existing<br />
native-plant communities are an example of the<br />
“right plant in the right place.” There are also<br />
nonnative plants cultivated specifically <strong>for</strong> <strong>Florida</strong><br />
conditions that are water-efficient and resistant to<br />
disease and pests. However, there are also some<br />
plants that do too well because they don’t have any<br />
natural balances in the <strong>Florida</strong> environment, and<br />
they become highly invasive.<br />
And remember, the success of your waterwise<br />
landscape depends as much on where you locate<br />
plants as on what plants you use. Plant it smart!<br />
Learn each plant’s<br />
• Mature size (height and width)<br />
• Sun and shade requirements<br />
• Soil needs<br />
• <strong>Water</strong> needs<br />
• Salt and cold tolerances<br />
Match these factors with your soil and climatic<br />
conditions.<br />
Coastal upland<br />
8<br />
DO YOU NEED SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS?<br />
Many areas in <strong>Florida</strong> have salt prevalent in the<br />
air and the water; this is particularly true near the<br />
coast and salt marshes. Salt can even find its way into<br />
wells. Exposure to salt may severely damage or kill<br />
some plants, so if necessary, choose plants that can<br />
tolerate such exposure. Salt is alkaline, so a plant’s<br />
tolerance <strong>for</strong> salt indicates its tolerance to alkalinity.<br />
Where does this salt originate? Homes near the<br />
beach experience salt spray, with stiff winds blowing<br />
fine particles of salt and sand onto plants. Different<br />
plants can take varying degrees of this salt exposure.<br />
Some can’t tolerate it at all. Consult the County<br />
Cooperative Extension Service <strong>for</strong> a list of additional<br />
salt-tolerant plants.<br />
Irrigation water may also be salty, or saline.<br />
In some areas, the water taken from the ground<br />
is naturally high in salt. Other areas suffer from<br />
saltwater intrusion, where salt water moves<br />
underground into freshwater aquifers due to<br />
overpumping of the aquifer. If the salinity level in<br />
irrigation water is too high, the water can kill plants.<br />
Also, be aware that some household water treatment<br />
systems add salt to the water to remove iron or other<br />
minerals. Don’t use this water <strong>for</strong> plants.<br />
Use this guide and consult a plant specialist to<br />
determine if a plant is salt-tolerant. If you suspect<br />
salt problems, have your water tested <strong>for</strong> salt content.<br />
Contact your County Cooperative Extension Service<br />
<strong>for</strong> more in<strong>for</strong>mation about testing water <strong>for</strong> salt.<br />
The general vegetation map of <strong>Florida</strong> (on page 9<br />
of this guide) indicates the original native-plant<br />
communities throughout the state. Different plant<br />
communities often converge gradually in what is<br />
called ecotones — regions where one ecosystem<br />
blends into another. Sometimes pockets of one<br />
community are surrounded by another.<br />
Observing the differences in ecotones can help<br />
determine differences in the landscape, helping<br />
to identify the best plants <strong>for</strong> the microclimates<br />
throughout the landscape.
General Vegetation Map<br />
FLORIDA’S PLANT COMMUNITIES<br />
Pine Flatwoods<br />
The most common plant community in <strong>Florida</strong>.<br />
Acidic, sandy soil that commonly has a hardpan layer<br />
1–3 feet below the surface. Moisture levels vary from<br />
dry to nearly saturated during the wet season. Fires<br />
caused naturally by lightning occur every 2–10 years,<br />
leaving ash to fertilize new growth. In earlier<br />
decades, the pine flatwoods floor was cleared by fire.<br />
Now, without regular fires, a shrub strata<br />
dominates. In managed conservation areas,<br />
controlled burns are conducted to reduce the<br />
amount of fuel plants on the <strong>for</strong>est floor and to<br />
encourage growth of herbaceous species.<br />
The most dominant species include longleaf pine,<br />
slash pine or pond pine (depending on hydric<br />
conditions), saw palmetto, gallberry, fetterbush and<br />
tarflower. The <strong>for</strong>est floor has herbaceous species<br />
such as wiregrass, muhly grass, blazing star, violets<br />
and lilies — species adapted to both wet and dry<br />
conditions. Occasionally there are dahoon holly,<br />
persimmon, maple trees, loblolly bay and sweetbay.<br />
9<br />
Coastal Uplands<br />
BEACH DUNE SYSTEMS —<br />
Alkaline to neutral soils of coarse<br />
sand and shell; well drained, with<br />
some salt; low fertility; dry, hot, sunny<br />
and windy conditions. Common species<br />
include Spanish bayonet, saw palmetto,<br />
seaside purslane, saltmeadow cordgrass,<br />
beach morning glory, blanket flower<br />
and beach dune sunflower.<br />
MARITIME FORESTS — Soil pH moderately alkaline<br />
to neutral; sandy with some shell and periodic shell<br />
mounds. Retains some moisture though well<br />
drained, with humus, organic material. Plants<br />
indigenous to this community will tolerate some salt,<br />
wind, shade and drought. Some common plants<br />
include southern red cedar and magnolia, redbay,<br />
sand live oak, cabbage palm, American holly,<br />
Hercules’-club, saltbush and coontie.
Hardwood <strong>for</strong>est<br />
Sandhills<br />
High pinelands of open longleaf pine with<br />
wiregrass and shrubs and turkey oaks, over rolling<br />
uplands and sand ridges, with deep, acidic sandy soil<br />
that is very well drained. Sandhills grade into pine<br />
flatwoods and are often adjacent to, or interspersed<br />
with, islands of scrub throughout <strong>Florida</strong>.<br />
Hardwood Forests<br />
Hardwood hammocks occur in patches in<br />
temperate areas of <strong>Florida</strong>. The soils are acidic and<br />
sandy; the range is through the three moisture zones:<br />
xeric, hydric and mesic.<br />
UPLAND MIXED FORESTS — Occur throughout<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s northern panhandle region on upland clay<br />
soils over limestone bedrock. The canopy and<br />
understory are highly diverse, dominated by<br />
hardwoods, mostly oaks, with some pine species which<br />
are more prominent in earlier successional phases.<br />
UPLAND MESIC HARDWOOD FORESTS — Oak-hickory<br />
to pine-oak-hickory; range is through central to west-<br />
central <strong>Florida</strong> on rich upland soils and clay hills.<br />
10<br />
Cabbage Palm Hammock<br />
Sand over marl; flat hammocks of cabbage<br />
palms and live oaks; rarely flooded.<br />
Rocklands<br />
The uplands of southern peninsular <strong>Florida</strong> and<br />
the Keys; highly impacted by human development.<br />
PINE ROCKLANDS — Porous limestone with sandy<br />
humus and marl; good drainage. Plant species<br />
include South <strong>Florida</strong> slash pine, cabbage palm and<br />
saw palmetto, with ferns, sedges and more than a<br />
hundred herbaceous species.<br />
TROPICAL HARDWOOD HAMMOCKS — Alkaline<br />
limestone with moist humus. The diverse canopy<br />
carries many epiphytes, such as bromeliads, orchids<br />
and ferns. The canopy includes live oak, gumbo<br />
limbo, black ironwood and mahogany. The understory<br />
ranges from temperate to tropical species and<br />
includes white, red and Spanish stoppers, spicewood,<br />
beautyberry and wild coffee.
Prairies<br />
DRY PRAIRIES — Similar to pine flatwoods without<br />
the pine overstory; dry prairies occur in central and<br />
southern <strong>Florida</strong>. Sandy, acidic soil is present, often<br />
with hardpan and a high water table, becoming<br />
inundated only after heavy rain. Dominant species<br />
are wiregrass and broomsedges.<br />
MARL/ROCKLAND PRAIRIES — Wet grassy areas on<br />
alkaline soils intermixed with <strong>for</strong>ests on porous<br />
limestone with an understory of palms and shrubs.<br />
WET PRAIRIES — Often intermingles in ecotones<br />
with pine flatwoods, with few sparse pines, if any,<br />
allowing the sun through to stimulate a flourishing<br />
of herbaceous flora. Wet prairies are inundated by<br />
water 50–150 days of the year.<br />
Scrub<br />
Consists of <strong>Florida</strong>’s rarest plants and animals.<br />
The land area of this endangered habitat was reduced<br />
by more than 90 percent during the 20th century,<br />
leaving fragments, often in degraded condition.<br />
Infertile, sandy, excessively drained soils are high<br />
aquifer recharge areas, making scrub a particularly<br />
important ecosystem. These <strong>for</strong>ests consist of scrub<br />
sand pine, small scrub oaks, rosemary shrubs and<br />
scrub palmetto.<br />
SCRUB CYPRESS — Occurs in south <strong>Florida</strong> with<br />
thin marl soils over limestone; dwarfed pond cypress<br />
with sedges and grasses. Adjacent to the Everglades;<br />
often flooded.<br />
Cypress Swamp Forests<br />
Inundated by water most of the year. Can border<br />
rivers and lakes or be isolated; dominated by bald<br />
cypress in flowing systems and pond cypress in<br />
stagnant systems.<br />
Wetland Forests<br />
SWAMP FORESTS — Flooded most of the year along<br />
rivers and basins; characterized by pond cypress, bald<br />
cypress, red maple, water hickory, ashes and tupelo.<br />
11<br />
HYDRIC HAMMOCKS — Moist sites flooded<br />
occasionally, with evergreen and deciduous<br />
hardwoods of red maple, loblolly bay, water oak,<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> elm and cabbage palm.<br />
Freshwater Marsh<br />
Shallow wetlands that contain a variety of grasses<br />
and sedges on peat soil which may be dry during<br />
certain conditions. Common plants found are<br />
grasses, saw grass, pickerelweed, arrowhead and<br />
water lilies.<br />
Coastal Saline Wetlands<br />
<strong>Water</strong> levels in coastal wetlands are under the<br />
constant influence of tides, thus the degree of salinity<br />
varies from salt water to brackish.<br />
COASTAL SALT MARSHES — Mostly occur in north<br />
and west <strong>Florida</strong>; characterized by grasses and rushes.<br />
MANGROVE SWAMPS — Occur in central and south<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> coastal areas that flood, then drain, creating<br />
thick, nutritious muck.<br />
Pine flatwoods
Seagrapes and coonties fill this coastal landscape.<br />
WHAT TO PLANT<br />
Plant lists should be generated <strong>for</strong> the different<br />
areas of the landscape based on growing conditions<br />
and desired characteristics.<br />
Plantings should be placed with consideration <strong>for</strong><br />
changes which will take place over time. In natural<br />
plant communities, these changes are called<br />
succession. Succession is the orderly process<br />
of community change. It is the sequence of<br />
communities which replace one another in<br />
a given area.<br />
In most landscapes, succession is halted by<br />
deliberate maintenance practices. Yet plants tend to<br />
strive toward succession. By planning <strong>for</strong> each plant’s<br />
mature state, a dynamic landscape can be planned to<br />
include natural changes.<br />
When plants are first put into a landscape, the<br />
area should look unfinished, as the landscape must<br />
be given space and time to grow. Plan to replace<br />
sun-loving plants with shade-tolerant plants as the<br />
larger elements in the landscape such as trees and<br />
shrubs grow and create shade.<br />
12<br />
Remember, many so-called shrub species are<br />
actually 20-foot multi-trunked trees. Select plant<br />
species that will mature to a height and width that<br />
will fit the planting location. If you want a shrub that<br />
only grows 2–4 feet tall, find a dwarf variety or use<br />
ornamental bunch grasses or flowering perennials<br />
like pentas and scarlet milkweed.<br />
Publications about <strong>Florida</strong>’s plant communities<br />
are available through your local library.<br />
PLANTING FOR EFFICIENT WATER USE<br />
Group plants according to their water needs and<br />
soil conditions. If plant placement is done correctly,<br />
once plants are established, little to no supplemental<br />
irrigation will be necessary.<br />
NATURAL ZONE — In this area, place plants that have<br />
adapted to the wet and dry extremes of <strong>Florida</strong>’s<br />
climate so that regular watering (once plants are<br />
established) won’t be necessary, except during<br />
prolonged drought.
DROUGHT-TOLERANT ZONE — In this area, place plants<br />
that can survive extended periods of time without<br />
rain or supplemental irrigation.<br />
OASIS ZONE — In this area, place plants that may<br />
require some watering.<br />
Plants native to <strong>Florida</strong> can play a very<br />
dependable role in the landscape. Many of <strong>Florida</strong>’s<br />
plants have evolved through periods of extreme wet<br />
and then dry weather, so they survive through<br />
drought and don’t get root rot standing in water.<br />
They have also developed defenses to the diseases,<br />
fungi and insects which originate in <strong>Florida</strong>. Many<br />
have proven wind tolerances in areas that experience<br />
tropical storms and hurricanes.<br />
Strive to establish a yard that is largely sustained<br />
by existing conditions, then if specialty plantings<br />
such as vegetables or roses are desired, a more labor-<br />
and resource-intensive planting bed can be created in<br />
one or two areas.<br />
Remember, the overriding guidance should be to<br />
put the right plant in the right place.<br />
Oaks and palmettos<br />
13<br />
4. Use Turf Wisely<br />
Grass can be a practical part of your landscape in<br />
the right place, <strong>for</strong> example, in a play area <strong>for</strong><br />
children. Follow these simple tips <strong>for</strong> a healthy lawn<br />
and to reduce maintenance:<br />
• GO LIGHT ON THE FERTILIZER. Fertilization stimulates<br />
growth and increases water needs. If you do fertilize,<br />
use a slow-release product. <strong>Water</strong>-insoluble products<br />
won’t be washed away like liquid or fast-release<br />
fertilizers, which can contaminate waterways through<br />
stormwater or irrigation runoff. The slow-release<br />
products stay in the soil to supply nutrients to plants<br />
on a gradual basis, over a longer period of time.<br />
• LEAVE SHORT GRASS CLIPPINGS WHERE THEY FALL WHEN<br />
YOU MOW. This reduces the lawn’s need <strong>for</strong> both water<br />
and fertilizer. However, remove thick patches of<br />
clippings, which will decay and kill the grass.<br />
• RISE TO NEW HEIGHTS. That is, raise the height of<br />
your lawnmower blades to the highest setting. When<br />
you mow the grass, remove no more than one-third<br />
of the leaf blade. Cutting grass shorter than this may<br />
stress the grass and may also decrease the depth to<br />
which roots will grow, increasing the need <strong>for</strong> water.<br />
Most St. Augustine grass and bahia grass varieties<br />
should not be mowed below 3 inches in height.<br />
• KEEP A SHARP CUTTING EDGE. When your lawnmower<br />
blades are sharp, they give a clean cut. Grass torn and<br />
shredded by dull blades suffers stress and requires<br />
more water.<br />
• CONSIDER ALTERNATIVES TO GRASS. Grass can be a<br />
useful plant. Use grass in areas where children or pets<br />
play, or <strong>for</strong> erosion control. In low-use areas,<br />
consider drought-tolerant-plant beds, groundcovers,<br />
mulch, walkways or other alternatives that require<br />
little or no water.
5. Irrigate Efficiently<br />
The major oasis area in most yards is the grass.<br />
In some <strong>Florida</strong> locations, rainfall may be adequate<br />
<strong>for</strong> turf, but some supplemental water may<br />
be required.<br />
If an irrigation system is needed, manual<br />
methods may be the most thrifty. If the landscape is<br />
planted with species suited to existing conditions,<br />
little or no irrigation will be needed once the<br />
landscape is established, so an automatic system isn’t<br />
necessary. For occasional, manual irrigation of grass<br />
areas, a rain gauge is a valuable tool. It can tell you<br />
how much rain has occurred and can be used to<br />
measure the needed 1/2 to 3/4 inch recommended<br />
<strong>for</strong> grass areas.<br />
Inground irrigation systems are convenient, but<br />
often waste water. While the goal of these systems is<br />
to uni<strong>for</strong>mly and efficiently irrigate lawns, some may<br />
be used to overwater.<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> law requires an automatic rain sensor<br />
shut-off device that is properly installed and<br />
functioning on all automatic irrigation systems<br />
installed after May 1, 1991 (section 373.62, FS). The<br />
rain sensor overrides the irrigation system settings<br />
when there has been sufficient rain. Some local laws<br />
also require older systems to be retrofitted with<br />
shut-off switches.<br />
In addition to having a properly functioning<br />
irrigation system, the system’s efficiency will depend<br />
on you having the correct spray-head types <strong>for</strong> the<br />
various zones to be irrigated and how your landscape<br />
has been planted.<br />
For example, turf areas and planting beds should<br />
be separated into different irrigation zones because<br />
they have different moisture needs.<br />
Select the emitter head that will deliver water to<br />
the plant roots as efficiently as possible. For planting<br />
beds, microirrigation system emitters deliver water<br />
directly to the plant. Microirrigation types include<br />
“drip,” “trickle,” “microsprays” and “bubblers.”<br />
Microsprays or microjets are often used in<br />
14<br />
shrubbery or on groundcovers. Bubblers are<br />
normally used on trees or large shrubs.<br />
Within a zone, all the heads should have the same<br />
precipitation rate — the rate at which an irrigation<br />
head delivers water — in order to have even<br />
distribution within the zone.<br />
Microirrigation delivers water at rates of 60<br />
gallons per hour (gph) or less. Usually, bubblers emit<br />
1 gph and a single-drip emitter, 2 gph. For drip line,<br />
45 gph per foot of line is delivered and up to 60 gph<br />
<strong>for</strong> microsprays. High volume heads are rated at<br />
60 gph or more.<br />
Irrigation System Installation<br />
If installing an<br />
inground automatic<br />
irrigation system,<br />
follow these guidelines<br />
to optimize the<br />
system’s efficiency:<br />
1. Properly install automatic rain sensor shut-off<br />
device and check regularly to ensure it is<br />
functioning properly.<br />
2. Install a back-flow valve.<br />
3. Separate zones <strong>for</strong> turf and non-turf areas.<br />
4. Match precipitation rates on all heads within<br />
a zone (e.g., rotors and spray heads on<br />
separate zones).<br />
5. Choose each device based on what will most<br />
efficiently water each group of plants.<br />
6. Use pressure-regulated valve heads.<br />
7. Use rotors in turf areas, spaced <strong>for</strong><br />
“head-to-head” coverage.<br />
8. Check valves on rotors and sprays in<br />
low-lying areas.<br />
9. Verify that the system design meets state<br />
specifications <strong>for</strong> landscape irrigation installation<br />
as found in <strong>Florida</strong> Building Code, Appendix F.<br />
10. Schedule appropriate irrigation that supplements<br />
rainfall to no more than 1.5 inches of water per<br />
week <strong>for</strong> turf areas, and less in planting beds, in<br />
the spring. <strong>Water</strong> less during the other seasons.<br />
11. Conduct regular inspection and maintenance to<br />
detect leaks, clean filters and realign or replace<br />
rotors and spray heads, as needed.
Turf areas need rotors or spray heads. These<br />
sprinkler heads should deliver water “head-to-head,”<br />
meaning that heads are properly placed to ensure<br />
uni<strong>for</strong>m application of water, with one head’s spray<br />
reaching the closest neighboring head.<br />
To test <strong>for</strong> distribution uni<strong>for</strong>mity and to<br />
determine how long it takes the irrigation system to<br />
deliver 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch of water — the amount<br />
recommended <strong>for</strong> lawns — use the “can” method.<br />
Place tuna (or similar sized) cans around the yard<br />
and measure the water collected in half an hour. If<br />
some cans have more water than others, distribution<br />
is not even. If you get 1 inch of water, you know you<br />
only need to run that zone <strong>for</strong> 15 minutes to get<br />
half an inch.<br />
• USE A RAIN GAUGE. Keep track of how much rain has<br />
fallen in your yard. Do not adhere to a rigid irrigation<br />
schedule. When it rains, you probably don’t need to<br />
water. During periods of extended rainy weather,<br />
irrigation systems should be turned off.<br />
• IRRIGATE ONLY WHEN PLANTS OR GRASS NEED IT. <strong>Water</strong><br />
plants that begin to show signs of stress. Signs of stress<br />
<strong>for</strong> grass include leaves wilting or grass blades folding<br />
in half, or soil from the root zone feeling dry. Your<br />
lawn needs watering if grass blades start turning a<br />
bluish-gray color or if footprints linger after being<br />
made. Overwatering is often the cause of many<br />
common problems, such as dollar weed and<br />
fungal growth.<br />
Example of shallow<br />
roots and deeper,<br />
healthier roots<br />
15<br />
Microspray<br />
• WATER IF IT HASN’T RAINED. St. Augustine grass only<br />
needs rain or watering once or twice a week in<br />
summer and once every 8–14 days from December<br />
through February. Bahia grass needs water less often.<br />
• HELP GRASS AND PLANTS DEVELOP DEEP ROOT SYSTEMS.<br />
It is better to water your lawn and plants well once a<br />
week than it is to water lightly each day, but apply<br />
water only as quickly as the soil can absorb it.<br />
Thorough watering encourages roots to establish<br />
themselves deeper in the soil, which makes them more<br />
drought-tolerant. Frequent light watering causes roots<br />
to stay too close to the surface, where they are<br />
dependent on regularly recurring precipitation or<br />
irrigation and are more likely to suffer in dry times.<br />
The exception to deep watering is <strong>for</strong> newly installed<br />
plants, where the roots are still closer to the surface.<br />
These plants need light, more-frequent waterings until<br />
they adjust to the new location, generally about 30 to<br />
60 days. Larger plants, shrubs and trees may need<br />
frequent waterings longer to become established.<br />
• WATER EARLY IN THE DAY. To minimize loss of water<br />
through evaporation, water early in the morning,<br />
be<strong>for</strong>e sunrise. When the sun rises, it will dry plants,<br />
reducing the potential <strong>for</strong> fungal growth or diseases.<br />
Leaving plants wet overnight creates conditions <strong>for</strong><br />
fungal growth. <strong>Water</strong>ing in the heat of the day is<br />
prohibited in some areas of <strong>Florida</strong> under rules<br />
established by the water management districts. In<br />
addition, watering in the middle of the day results in<br />
water loss through evaporation.
• OBSERVE WATER RESTRICTIONS IN YOUR AREA. Under<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> law, the water management districts have<br />
established water conservation rules. Where there is a<br />
year-round watering rule, it applies to everyone who<br />
uses water outdoors — homes, businesses, nurseries,<br />
golf courses — regardless of the water source, whether<br />
private well, public utility or surface water. There are<br />
some exceptions to the water restrictions, such as<br />
when reclaimed or reuse water is being used. Any local<br />
water restrictions that are more strict than the water<br />
management districts’ must be followed. Violating<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s water restrictions is punishable with penalties<br />
of up to $500, with additional fees as applicable.<br />
• SWEEP SIDEWALKS OR DRIVEWAYS INSTEAD OF HOSING<br />
THEM DOWN. If your chore requires water, use an<br />
automatic shut-off nozzle at the end of a<br />
hand-held hose.<br />
• INSPECT YOUR IRRIGATION SYSTEM REGULARLY. Check<br />
all hoses, pipes and fittings <strong>for</strong> leaks, which can waste<br />
hundreds or thousands of gallons of water every<br />
week. Repair broken or clogged spray heads and<br />
emitters and adjust them to keep from watering the<br />
pavement. Clean microirrigation filters regularly and<br />
change as needed. Also, use a rain gauge in the yard<br />
to make sure the rain shut-off switch is working.<br />
Mulch helps hold moisture in the soil.<br />
16<br />
6. Use Mulches<br />
If you already use mulches in your yard, you’re<br />
ahead of the game. Placing a layer of mulch directly<br />
around shrubs and trees and on flower beds helps to<br />
conserve water. In fact, mulch<br />
• Helps retain moisture in the soil<br />
• Decomposes slowly, adding nutrients<br />
to the soil<br />
• Provides habitat or cover <strong>for</strong> beneficial<br />
soil organisms<br />
• Shades soil from the baking sun, reducing<br />
the need <strong>for</strong> water<br />
• Protects against soil erosion and<br />
compaction caused by rain<br />
• Reduces weed growth<br />
• Reduces maintenance chores; keeps lawn<br />
mowers and weed trimmers from<br />
damaging trees and other plants<br />
• Looks good in the landscape<br />
Mulch can include bark chips, pine needles or<br />
leaves. Using leaves <strong>for</strong> mulch eliminates having to<br />
burn or bag the leaves <strong>for</strong> landfill disposal. Cypress<br />
mulch, although widely available, is not a good<br />
environmental choice because cypress are slow-<br />
growing native wetland trees that are often taken as<br />
whole, mature trees and chipped into mulch just to<br />
help meet market demand. Cypress are far more<br />
valuable to us in their environment than as mulch in<br />
the landscape. Alternative sources of mulch, such as<br />
melaleuca, eucalyptus, Australian pine and recycled<br />
matter from yard cuttings, are suggested instead.<br />
Some of these environmentally friendly alternatives<br />
are obtained from nonnative pest trees and are<br />
becoming increasingly available.<br />
For best results, spread 2–4 inches of mulch on<br />
plant beds. Keep the mulch several inches away from<br />
the plant stems to protect the stems from rotting.<br />
Gradually increase the thickness of the mulch layer
Seagrapes and cabbage palms<br />
going out from the plant. Add new mulch as needed,<br />
stirring the old mulch to promote air and moisture<br />
circulation to avoid matting.<br />
Don’t use compost or mulch that has diseased<br />
material. Get mulches from a reputable dealer, as<br />
mulches can contain contaminants such as<br />
undesirable seeds or insect pests. Mulching holds<br />
moisture and may attract termites, so should not be<br />
piled up right next to a building’s foundation.<br />
Be aware that inorganic mulch such as gravel or<br />
colored rocks will not hold moisture. Moreover,<br />
white rock reflects heat, which is stressful to plants.<br />
7. Per<strong>for</strong>m Proper Maintenance<br />
An environmentally balanced, low-maintenance<br />
landscape starts with the previous steps of analysis,<br />
planning and selecting the plants suitable <strong>for</strong> the site.<br />
17<br />
A diverse array of plant species will attract a variety<br />
of insects to the area, helping to create a balanced<br />
food chain so that no one species can become<br />
dominant enough to become a major pest problem.<br />
This way, nature works <strong>for</strong> you to make landscaping<br />
and maintenance easy and rewarding.<br />
NATURAL PEST MANAGEMENT<br />
Only a fraction of a percent of all insects known<br />
to humans are considered pests, and these species are<br />
generally herbivores, eating plants we want <strong>for</strong><br />
ourselves — either <strong>for</strong> food or <strong>for</strong> ornamental value.<br />
A food chain always has carnivores looking to eat<br />
herbivores. Predators — including predatory insects<br />
— that eat our “pests” are called “beneficial”<br />
organisms. But it doesn’t stop there. Birds, bats,<br />
lizards and frogs also eat insects. As a part of the<br />
food chain, this diversity of life creates a living<br />
balance and will do so in the landscape if allowed.
If we try to eradicate an organism that is<br />
pestering us, we risk poisoning not only the pest, but<br />
also the beneficial organisms that would decrease the<br />
pest populations. If broad-spectrum pesticides are<br />
applied to the landscape, many beneficial organisms<br />
could be killed.<br />
Integrated pest management (IPM) is a proven<br />
concept <strong>for</strong> controlling pests. IPM is also a good way<br />
to protect water quality.<br />
The basic premise is to use the least toxic method<br />
and to limit any treatments to affected areas, not the<br />
entire yard. Observation, or scouting, is the basis to<br />
understanding what the most effective method will<br />
be. First, determine if there really is a problem.<br />
Consider tolerating some plant damage as part of<br />
nature’s process. For example, caterpillars that<br />
become butterflies can eat the leaves off certain<br />
plants be<strong>for</strong>e <strong>for</strong>ming a chrysalis, only to have the<br />
plant come back later as healthy as be<strong>for</strong>e.<br />
If observation proves there is a problem, learn<br />
about the pest organism’s life cycle so you can<br />
disrupt that cycle. For example, mosquitoes need<br />
18<br />
standing water to lay eggs. During mosquito season,<br />
removal of even the smallest standing pools of water<br />
— in pots, or even in bromeliads — will help<br />
decrease mosquito populations in an area.<br />
When using chemicals, spot-treat the affected<br />
area only, at a time when the pest is most vulnerable.<br />
Rather than routinely applying chemicals to the<br />
entire lawn, spot-treat pests and problem areas<br />
while problem areas are small and localized. This<br />
will minimize pesticide use and avoid killing<br />
beneficial organisms. Contact your local County<br />
Cooperative Extension Service <strong>for</strong> more<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation on lawn pests, their life cycles<br />
and control.<br />
WEEDS<br />
Weeds are often the hardy annuals and perennials<br />
that lead succession. Soil left bare will soon be<br />
growing something. To minimize the growth of<br />
unwanted plants, mulch and/or keep areas planted.<br />
Remove any weeds as they emerge, be<strong>for</strong>e they<br />
develop seed heads or extensive root systems that<br />
compete <strong>for</strong> moisture and nutrients.<br />
COMPOSTING<br />
Plant leaves manufacture sugar from sunlight,<br />
water and carbon dioxide. Other nutrients and<br />
minerals are drawn from the soil where they have<br />
built up from decayed leaves and other material that<br />
falls in natural settings. Frequently, cultivated areas<br />
are stripped clean of these wastes, then petroleum-<br />
based fertilizers are applied to replace the natural<br />
food source.<br />
Compost is the cheapest and most effective<br />
fertilizer available. Leaves and pine needles piled or<br />
left as mulch to decay under plants and trees slowly<br />
return essential elements to the soil, while helping<br />
retain moisture. Mulch and compost help soil<br />
maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms and<br />
other soil builders, such as earthworms.<br />
A helper in the garden, the golden garden spider.
FERTILIZING<br />
Once established, your water-conserving yard<br />
may require only moderate amounts of supplemental<br />
fertilizer. Overfertilizing aggravates pest problems,<br />
stimulates excessive growth and requires frequent<br />
watering. Fertilizers carried by irrigation water or<br />
rain can leach into groundwater and our waterways.<br />
When needed, the best choice <strong>for</strong> plants and the<br />
environment is slow-release fertilizer. The package<br />
label on the fertilizer will say organic, slow-release or<br />
controlled release, water-insoluble nitrogen, sulfur-<br />
coated, IBDU, or resin-coated. Check the label <strong>for</strong><br />
inclusion of trace minerals.<br />
Fertilization should be used when specific nutrient<br />
deficiency symptoms are evident. Natural sources of<br />
these nutrients are available and inexpensive.<br />
Nitrogen — grass clippings, compost, cottonseed meal<br />
Phosphorus — compost, rock phosphate (many<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> soils are already phosphorus-rich)<br />
Potassium — compost, aged manure, fireplace wood<br />
ashes (raises soil pH)<br />
Some plants can make nutrients available in the<br />
soil <strong>for</strong> the benefit of other plants. Clover, <strong>for</strong><br />
example, “fixes” nitrogen (takes in nitrogen from the<br />
air), making it available <strong>for</strong> grass. Thus, leaving<br />
clover mixed in with lawn grasses is actually healthier<br />
than trying to eliminate it.<br />
PRUNING<br />
If a plant is placed in the right location and given<br />
enough room to mature, pruning should be minimal.<br />
Prune to retain the natural shape, or structure, of<br />
trees and shrubs and to promote or maintain strong<br />
structure. Less pruning is usually better because<br />
pruning is stressful to a tree or shrub, which causes it<br />
to require more water. Also, pruning at the wrong<br />
time of the year can stress plants.<br />
Your County Cooperative Extension Service<br />
office has brochures with simple graphics showing<br />
how to make proper pruning cuts.<br />
19<br />
An example of “hat racking,” a pruning practice that<br />
stresses a plant and increases the plant’s water needs.<br />
• Trees — Prune carefully to promote strong<br />
development in the trunk and main branches. Don’t<br />
prune the first year after transplanting. Never cut off<br />
the top of a tree to control height.<br />
• Palms — Only dead and diseased fronds should be<br />
removed. If a palm frond is living and green, it is<br />
producing energy <strong>for</strong> the plant and should not be cut.<br />
• Shrubs — Shearing shrubs results in foliage<br />
<strong>for</strong>ming only at the outer, sheared surface, with no<br />
internal foliage. By selectively thinning branches<br />
following the natural shape of a shrub, you can open<br />
the shrub foliage to permit light penetration while<br />
retaining some control over its size.
A Landscape Example<br />
1. Our drought-tolerant zone next to the driveway<br />
has mulch and low-water shrubs instead of grass.<br />
This zone continues along the length of the house<br />
and eliminates watering, mowing and edging chores<br />
in low-use areas. Notice how the shrubs serve as a<br />
buffer to our northern neighbor and as camouflage<br />
<strong>for</strong> the storage area.<br />
2. Our turf area in the backyard is located in the<br />
landscape’s lowest spot, which is where there is<br />
plenty of naturally occurring moisture. Alternatives<br />
to grass include mulched walkways, a deck or a<br />
screened patio. These additions don’t need water<br />
and reduce landscape maintenance chores.<br />
20<br />
3. More drought-tolerant groundcovers and shrubs<br />
hug the back of our practical turf area. These plants<br />
give privacy to our patio and deck while providing<br />
shade, and they are water-efficient.<br />
4. Native vegetation, including drought-tolerant<br />
shrubbery, is used in the side yard. This further<br />
reduces watering and maintenance.<br />
5. Our practical turf area in the front yard, like that<br />
in the back, is round in shape to reduce its perimeter,<br />
making it easier to irrigate and maintain. Long,<br />
narrow strips of grass are hard to irrigate efficiently.<br />
A brick walkway, border grass and a mulched flower<br />
bed further reduce watering and edging chores and<br />
add colorful accents.
The Plant Lists<br />
The plant lists, a common name/scientific<br />
name plant cross-reference and an index that follow<br />
were put together with the general gardener in mind.<br />
Readers who want more detailed or expanded<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation may refer to one of the references<br />
listed at the end of this guide.<br />
The plants listed in this guide are recommended<br />
by the water management districts because they are<br />
either <strong>Florida</strong> natives or are <strong>Florida</strong>-friendly. The<br />
focus was to list plants that fit the waterwise theme<br />
— those meeting site requirements and needing little<br />
water, fertilizer, maintenance or other special care<br />
once they are established in a landscape. This list<br />
was not intended to be all-inclusive.<br />
While some plants may be found and will survive<br />
in areas other than those indicated in the matrixes<br />
that follow, they require additional care and<br />
maintenance to ensure their survival. The hardiness<br />
zones listed are the areas in which the plant is most<br />
commonly found. The growth rates, soil moisture<br />
and light requirements listed are also the<br />
most common.<br />
Escambia<br />
Santa Rosa<br />
Okaloosa<br />
8a<br />
Walton<br />
Holmes<br />
Washington<br />
21<br />
Bay<br />
Jackson<br />
Calhoun<br />
Gulf<br />
Liberty<br />
Franklin<br />
Gadsden<br />
Leon<br />
Wakulla<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s<br />
Hardiness<br />
Zones<br />
Due to space limitations in this<br />
printed guide, we are unable to show<br />
a photograph of every plant listed.<br />
However, as the districts continue to<br />
gather photographs of these plants, they are<br />
being added to the Web sites, www.sjrwmd.com<br />
and http://www.state.fl.us/nwfwmd/.<br />
Passion flower, incense<br />
Passiflora x ‘Incense’<br />
Jefferson<br />
Madison<br />
Taylor<br />
8b<br />
Lafayette<br />
Dixie<br />
Hamilton<br />
Suwannee<br />
Gilchrist<br />
Pinellas<br />
Columbia<br />
L e v y<br />
Union<br />
Citrus<br />
Sumter Lake<br />
Hernando<br />
Pasco<br />
Baker<br />
Brad<strong>for</strong>d<br />
A l a c h u a<br />
M a r i o n<br />
Hillsborough<br />
Manatee<br />
Sarasota<br />
Clay<br />
Nassau<br />
Duval<br />
Putnam<br />
9a<br />
Hardee<br />
De Soto<br />
P o l k<br />
C h a r l o t t e<br />
Lee<br />
St. Johns<br />
Flagler<br />
O r a n g e<br />
Osceola<br />
Brevard<br />
Highlands<br />
Glades<br />
Collier<br />
Volusia<br />
Seminole<br />
Hendry<br />
9b<br />
Monroe<br />
Indian River<br />
Okeechobee St. Lucie<br />
10a<br />
Palm Beach<br />
Broward<br />
10b<br />
Dade<br />
Martin<br />
11
T R E E S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Acacia, sweet Acacia farnesiana 8b–11 – 15x20<br />
Allspice Pimenta dioica 10b–11 40<br />
Ash, green Fraxinus pennsylvanica 8a–8b – 30x75<br />
Ash, pop Fraxinus caroliniana 8a–10a – 20x40<br />
Atemoya Annona x ‘Atemoya’ 10a–10b – 30<br />
Avocado Persea americana 10a–11 20–60<br />
Banana, Cavendish Musa acuminata ‘Cavendish’ 10b–11 5–7<br />
Bangar nut Sterculia foetida 10a–11 75<br />
Basswood Tilia americana var. caroliniana 8a–9b 35x80<br />
Beech, American Fagus grandifolia 8a–8b 60x90<br />
Big leaf snowbell Styrax grandifolia 8a–9a – 18x10<br />
Birch, river Betula nigra 8a–9a – 25x50<br />
Bird-of-paradise tree Strelitzia nicolai 9a–11 20<br />
Black olive Bucida buceras 10a–11 30x45<br />
Black sapote or Diospyros digyna 10a–11 25<br />
chocolate pudding fruit<br />
Blackgum or swamp tupelo Nyssa biflora 8a–9a – 80<br />
Blolly Guapira discolor 9b–11 30x40<br />
Brad<strong>for</strong>d pear Pyrus calleryana 8a–9a – 20x30<br />
Buckthorn, Carolina Rhamnus caroliniana 8a–9b 20x25<br />
Bulnesia Bulnesia arborea 10b–11 – 20x30<br />
Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus 9b–11 – – 15–25<br />
Carambola Averrhoa carambola 10b–11 25<br />
Catalpa or Indian cigar Catalpa bignonioides 8b–9b 35x40<br />
Cedar, red or southern red Juniperus virginiana (= J. silicicola) 8a–9b – 25x60<br />
Cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 8a–9b 35<br />
Chinquapin Castanea pumila 8a–9a – 15x40<br />
Colville’s glory Colvillea racemosa 10a–11 45<br />
Copperpod Peltophorum pterocarpum 10a–11 – 25x50<br />
Crabapple, southern Malus angustifolia 8a–8b – 20–30<br />
Crabwood Gymnanthes lucida 10a–11 – 20<br />
Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia indica 8a–11 – 15x25<br />
Cuban tamarind Lysiloma sabicu 10b–11 – 25x50<br />
Custard apple Annona reticulata 10a 40x15<br />
Cypress, bald Taxodium distichum 8a–11 – 25x80<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
22<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)**<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Small thorny, bushy tree; fragrant flowers; subject to wind damage, will suffer frost damage; likes sandy to clay soil; evergreen; salt-tolerant; native<br />
Beautiful small tree with exfoliating bark; source of allspice; evergreen; low salt<br />
Deciduous; medium salt; native<br />
Crooked, multi-trunked tree; deciduous; low salt; usually subcanopy or understory; native<br />
Hybrid; likes well-drained, alkaline soil; evergreen; medium salt<br />
Easily cold-damaged; Brogdon is a hardier variety; many varieties available; evergreen; medium salt<br />
Needs heavy mulching; spectacularly large flowers; will die back with freeze; low salt<br />
Stinky flowers; deciduous; low salt<br />
Leaves similar to mulberry without lobes; likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Smooth bark; large, full tree; likes acidic soil; deciduous; wildlife value; native<br />
Deciduous; multi-stemmed shrub or small tree; alternate obovate leaves; showy fragrant white flowers borne in spring; medium salt tolerance; native<br />
Attractive peeling bark; likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Banana-like leaves easily tattered by wind; purple or white flowers; suckers will <strong>for</strong>m large clump; likes acidic soil; low salt<br />
Drops leaves and seeds that can stain surfaces; subject to freeze damage; evergreen; high salt<br />
Can’t tolerate drought; evergreen; low salt<br />
Dark blue fruit in pairs on stalk; likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; wildlife food; native<br />
Drought-tolerant; smooth gray bark, attractive leaves, purple fruit; wildlife food; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
White spring flowers, colorful fall foliage; lives about 30 years; evergreen; high salt<br />
Fleshy red fruit; native<br />
Beautiful flowering tropical tree; pot-bound plants produce weak-rooted trees; evergreen; high salt<br />
Good seaside plant; silver- and green-leaved varieties widely grown; high salt; evergreen; native<br />
Edible orange star-shaped fruits produced year-round; can’t tolerate flooding; evergreen; low salt<br />
Large, velvet, heart-shaped leaves; abundant clusters of slightly fragrant bell-shaped flowers, white with orange stripes and purple spots;<br />
fruit, 6- to 12-inch capsules; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Adaptable; long-lived; planting near hawthorns may cause cedar apple rust disease; dense evergreen foliage; high salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Messy tree, suckers from root; does better in moist, well-drained soil; poisonous to livestock; hardy to 10°F; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Spiny fruit with sweet edible nut; white spiked blooms on males; likes dry, alkaline soil; deciduous; moderate salt; native<br />
Beautiful orange-red late fall flowers; deciduous; low salt<br />
Shallow-rooted large tree, easily blown over; likes well-drained soil; deciduous; high salt<br />
Shrub or small thorny tree; fragrant pink spring flowers; sour fruit; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Small, densely branched; not readily available; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Attractive bark, showy summer flowers; don’t prune branches larger than 1/2-inch diameter; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Deciduous; high salt<br />
Selected varieties available; deciduous; low salt<br />
Branchlets turn brown in fall and winter; knees can emerge aboveground in root zone; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
** Mature size = width x height<br />
23
T R E E S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Cypress, pond Taxodium ascendens 8a–11 – 15x75<br />
Dawn redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides 8a – 20x90<br />
Dogwood, flowering Cornus florida 8a–9a – 20–25<br />
Dogwood, Japanese Cornus kousa 8a 20x25<br />
Dragon tree Dracaena draco 10a – 45<br />
Eggfruit, Canistel Pouteria campechiana 10b–11 20<br />
Elm, American Ulmus americana 8a–9b – 50x90<br />
Elm, Chinese Ulmus parvifolia 8a–10a – 35x65<br />
Elm, winged Ulmus alata 8a–9a – 5x40<br />
Fiddlewood Citharexylum spinosum (= C. fruticosum) 9b–11 – 10x35<br />
Fig, edible Ficus carica 8a–10b 12<br />
Firewheel tree Stenocarpus sinuatus 10a–11 – 25x60<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> soapberry Sapindus marginatus 8a–9b 25x50<br />
Floss-silk tree Chorisia speciosa 10a–11 – 45<br />
Frangipani Plumeria spp. 10b–11 15x25<br />
Fringe tree Chionanthus virginicus 8a–9a – 10x25<br />
or granny graybeard<br />
Geiger tree Cordia sebestena 10b–11 – 15x25<br />
Golden shower Cassia fistula 10a–11 25x50<br />
Grapefruit Citrus x paradisi 9a–11 20<br />
Gumbo limbo Bursera simaruba 10a–11 – 35x60<br />
Hercules’-club Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 8a–10b – 15x45<br />
or toothache tree<br />
Hickory, mockernut Carya alba (= C. tomentosa) 8a–9b – 35x60<br />
Hickory, pignut Carya glabra 8a–9a – 25x75<br />
Hickory, scrub Carya floridana 9a–10a 25<br />
Holly, American Ilex opaca 8a–9b – 15x45<br />
Holly, Carolina or sand Ilex ambigua 8a–9b – 15<br />
Holly, dahoon Ilex cassine 8a–10b – 10x50<br />
Holly, East Palatka Ilex x attenuata ‘East Palatka’ 8a–9b – 10x30<br />
Holly, myrtle-leaved Ilex myrtifolia 8a–9a – 10x25<br />
Holly, weeping yaupon Ilex vomitoria ‘Pendula’ 8a–10b – 20x8<br />
Holly, yaupon Ilex vomitoria 8a–9b – 15x20<br />
Hong Kong orchid tree Bauhinia x blakeana 9b–11 – 15x40<br />
Hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana 8a–9a – 40<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)**<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
24<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Branchlets turn brown in fall and winter; knees can emerge aboveground in root zone; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Evergreen; low salt<br />
Best in rich soils, likes acidic to neutral soils; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Tree-like agave; lance-shaped foliage, red sap; evergreen; high salt<br />
Sweet-tasting yellow fruit; requires minimal care; evergreen; high salt<br />
Vase-shaped; semi-evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Weeping growth habit; cold-hardy, but foliage drops at 25°F; likes fertile, moist conditions; semi-evergreen; low salt<br />
Small with oval crown; interesting corky, winged bark; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Small fragrant flowers, spring through autumn; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Tolerant of widely varying soils; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Attractive glossy leaves; columnar growth habit; evergreen; low salt<br />
Small tree or shrub; tolerates alkalinity; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Spiny green trunk, spectacular flowers; deciduous; high salt<br />
White, yellow or orange sweet-smelling flowers in spring, summer and fall; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy white, wispy flowers; drought-tolerant; likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; wildlife food; native<br />
Round crown, showy orange blossoms; attracts caterpillars; likes sandy soil; evergreen; high salt<br />
Very attractive, showy flower; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Edible fruit; likes acidic soil; needs good mulching; swallowtail butterfly host plant; evergreen; low salt<br />
Large branches will root directly; attractive copper and green peeling bark; easily freeze-damaged; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Round crown, interesting compound leaves, tall clusters of greenish flowers; thorny; deciduous; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Yellow autumn leaves; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Likes sandy and clay soils; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Rarely cultivated; likes sandy soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Very spiny, stiff leaves; gray to white bark; prefers acidic soil; male and female plants; wildlife value, evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Shrubby; bright-red 1/3-inch fruits; male and female plants; tolerant of varying conditions and sites; evergreen; native<br />
Red berries; male and female plants; grows in boggy sites; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Red berries; cross between American and dahoon hollies; male and female plants; prefers acidic soil; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Shrubby; small narrow leaves, 1/4-inch fruits; male and female plants; evergreen; wildlife food; moderate salt; native<br />
Small tree, weeping <strong>for</strong>m; white spring flowers; dark red-black or yellow berries in fall; male and female plants; low salt; native<br />
Small, bushy, with many branches; red fruits, small leaves; male and female plants; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Large attractive flowers; semi-evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Common to woodlands with good drainage; shreddy bark; deciduous; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
** Mature size = width x height<br />
25
T R E E S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Hornbeam, American, Carpinus caroliniana 8a–9a – 15x50<br />
or ironwood or bluebeach<br />
or musclewood<br />
Jaboticaba Myrciaria cauliflora 10b–11 15x25<br />
Jacaranda Jacaranda acutifolia 9b–11 – 40x50<br />
Jamaican dogwood Piscidia piscipula 10b–11 – 25x45<br />
Jerusalem thorn Parkinsonia aculeata 8b–11 15x25<br />
Joewood Jacquinia keyensis 10a–11 6x15<br />
Key lime Citrus aurantifolia 10b–11 10–15<br />
Lancewood Ocotea coriacea 10a–11 – 25<br />
Lemon Citrus limon 9a–11 15<br />
Lignum vitae Guajacum sanctum 10b–11 – 20x30<br />
Loblolly bay Gordonia lasianthus 8a–9b – 15x75<br />
Loquat Eriobotrya japonica 8b–11 – 25–30<br />
Lychee Litchi chinensis 10a–11 35<br />
Madagascar olive Noronhia emarginata 10b–11 15x25<br />
Magnolia, southern Magnolia grandiflora 8a–10a – 35x80<br />
or bullbay<br />
Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni 10a–11 – 35x50<br />
Mango Mangifera indica 10b–11 – 60<br />
Mangrove, black Avicennia germinans 9b–11 25<br />
Mangrove, red Rhizophora mangle 9b–11 15x40<br />
Mangrove, white Laguncularia racemosa 9b–11 30<br />
Maple, <strong>Florida</strong> sugar Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum 8a–9a – 15x30<br />
Maple, red Acer rubrum 8a–10a – 30x60<br />
Mastic Sideroxylon foetidissimum 9b–11 – 25x60<br />
(= Mastichodendron foetidissimum)<br />
May haw Crataegus aestivalis 8a–9a – 15x15<br />
Mimusops Manilkara roxburghiana 10a–11 – 30x20<br />
Mulberry, red Morus rubra 8a–10a 30x70<br />
Oak, bluejack Quercus incana 8a–9b 20x40<br />
Oak, Chapman Quercus chapmanii 9a–10a 20<br />
Oak, diamond leaf Quercus laurifolia 8a–10b – 45x80<br />
Oak, laurel Quercus hemisphaerica 8a–10a – 40x80<br />
Oak, live Quercus virginiana 8a–11 – 40x60<br />
Oak, myrtle Quercus myrtifolia 8a–10a 15x35<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
26<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)**<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Yellow to red fall color; smooth, slate-gray bark; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Large shrub size; attractive bark, delicious fruit; likes moist but well-drained soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Fragrant lavender flowers in spring and summer; young trees damaged at 25°F, older trees slightly more tolerant of cold; prefers loose, sandy soil; deciduous; low salt<br />
Bluish-purple flowers; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Open-growth habit; small, spiny; young trees damaged at 18°F, older trees slightly more cold-tolerant; gets root rot on wet soil; prefers sandy soil; deciduous; high salt<br />
Round, compact; wonderfully fragrant flowers; blue-gray bark; tolerant of dry soil; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Edible but very acidic fruit; swallowtail butterfly host plant; evergreen; medium salt; wildlife value<br />
Small; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Edible but very acidic fruit; swallowtail butterfly host plant; don’t mulch around base; evergreen; medium salt; wildlife value<br />
Drought-tolerant, but responds well to moist conditions; blue flowers, attractive foliage; gnarled, white bark; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Attractive white flower; good <strong>for</strong> wet areas; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Edible orange fruit may become infested with Caribbean fruit fly; evergreen; high salt<br />
Beautiful shade tree with delicious fruit; prefers somewhat acidic soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Excellent small tree <strong>for</strong> coastal areas; evergreen; high salt<br />
Hardy; large glossy leaves, often with fuzzy brown undersides; large showy white flowers, red 4-inch seed cones; drought-tolerant; evergreen;<br />
wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
Mahogany webworm often defoliates tree briefly; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Many varieties available; excellent fruit; butterfly host plant; touching or eating fruit may case allergic reaction; prefers sandy soil; evergreen; medium salt<br />
Grows in warm brackish water; legal restrictions on pruning; evergreen; salt-tolerant; native<br />
Unusual fruit; grows in warm brackish water; stilt-like roots; legal restrictions on pruning; evergreen; salt tolerant; native<br />
Grows in warm brackish water; legal restrictions on pruning; evergreen; salt-tolerant; native<br />
Squarish lobed leaves turn gold in fall; bell-shaped flowers; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Excellent fall color; red to brown male flowers, red to green to brown winged fruit on female; likes moist to wet soil, tolerates acidic soil;<br />
deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Female trees have messy fruit; wildlife food; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Edible fruit; highly disease-resistant; spreading, dense symmetrical crown; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Good <strong>for</strong> coastal landscapes; evergreen; high salt<br />
Edible berries stain; large showy leaves; may be damaged by freezes; deciduous; wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
Grayish leaves; likes sandy soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Shrubby; likes sandy soil; deciduous; moderate salt; native<br />
Fast-growing, well-shaped; messy; semi-evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Round crown; dislikes alkaline soil; small and short-lived; semi-evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Wind-resistant; long-lived; when mature, often wider than tall; hardy to 0°F; evergreen; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Good <strong>for</strong> dry, sandy sites; shrubby; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
** Mature size = width x height<br />
27
T R E E S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Oak, overcup Quercus lyrata 8a–8b – 35x70<br />
Oak, sand live Quercus geminata 8a–10b 20x40<br />
Oak, Shumard Quercus shumardii 8a–9a – 25x80<br />
Oak, swamp chestnut Quercus michauxii 8a–9a 35x80<br />
Oak, turkey Quercus laevis 8a–9b – 20x50<br />
Oak, water Quercus nigra 8a–9a – 50x80<br />
Oak, white Quercus alba 8a–8b 50x70<br />
Oak, willow Quercus phellos 8a–8b – 35x75<br />
Orange, sweet Citrus sinensis 9b–11 15<br />
Osage orange Maclura pomifera 8a–9a 25x50<br />
Paradise tree Simarouba glauca 9b–11 35<br />
Peach Prunus persica 8a–8b 12–20<br />
Pear, Hood Pyrus communis ‘Hood’ 8a–9a – 20<br />
Pecan Carya illinoinensis 8a–9b 50<br />
Persimmon, common Diospyros virginiana 8a–10 – 15x50<br />
Persimmon, Japanese Diospyros kaki 8a–10b 25<br />
Pigeon plum Coccoloba diversifolia 10a–11 – 15x30<br />
Pine, loblolly Pinus taeda 8a–9b – 25x100<br />
Pine, long-leaf Pinus palustris 8a–10a – 35x90<br />
Pine, sand Pinus clausa 8a–10a 25x30<br />
Pine, slash Pinus elliottii 8a–10a – 25x120<br />
Pine, South <strong>Florida</strong> slash Pinus elliottii var. densa 8b–9b – 25x100<br />
Pine, spruce Pinus glabra 8a–8b – 25x75<br />
Pink-and-white shower Cassia javanica 10a–11 25x40<br />
Pitch apple Clusia rosea 10a–11 – 15x25<br />
Plum, Chickasaw Prunus angustifolia 8a–9a 15x25<br />
Plum, flatwoods Prunus umbellata 9a–9b 10x25<br />
Pond-apple Annona glabra 10a–11 – 15x30<br />
Red buckeye Aesculus pavia 8a–9a – 15–25<br />
Red stopper Eugenia rhombea 9b–11 – 10x20<br />
Redbay Persea borbonia 8a–11 – 35x50<br />
Redberry stopper Eugenia confusa 10a–11 – 10x30<br />
Redbud Cercis canadensis 8a–9b – 15x25<br />
Royal poinciana Delonix regia 10a–11 50x50<br />
Sassafras Sassafras albidum 8a–9a 20x45<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
28<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)**<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Likes sandy soil; evergreen; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Handsome lobed leaves turn bright red in fall; does well in sandy or acidic soil; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Can grow to 100 feet; large acorns, 1–1.5 inches; tolerates brief floods; prefers moist woodland soil; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Brilliant scarlet leaves in fall; does well in dry, sandy soil; deciduous; moderate salt; native<br />
Smooth, slightly furrowed bark; straight trunk; prefers moist sites, but can survive dry periods; semi-evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Well-drained acidic soil; bird food; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Willow-like linear leaves; wildlife food; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Needs to be grafted <strong>for</strong> best fruit; swallowtail butterfly host plant; needs fertile soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Nice ornamental with edible fruit; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
New red foliage, attractive compound leaves, yellow spring flowers; wildlife food; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Some varieties available <strong>for</strong> central and north <strong>Florida</strong>; needs cold; poisonous parts; vulnerable to pests; prefers well-drained soil; deciduous; low salt<br />
Needs rich, well-drained soil; prefers pH 5.0 to 7.0; deciduous; low salt<br />
Prefers well-drained soil; deciduous; low salt<br />
Edible fruit; grows best in central and north <strong>Florida</strong>; male and female plants; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Many varieties available; only female produces fruit; deciduous; medium salt<br />
Attractive bark, variable leaf shape and size, edible purple fruit, white spring flowers; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Prefers moist areas; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Slow-growing; long needles, very large cones; prefers sandy, dry sites; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Smaller pine; short needles, small cones; prefers well-drained, sandy sites; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Intolerant of root compaction or grade changes; needs little fertilizing; prefers acidic sandy soil; tolerant of flooding; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Intolerant of grade changes, traffic above root system; needs little or no fertilizing; prefers acidic, sandy soil; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Long, narrow crown; tiny cones, dark gray bark; does poorly in south <strong>Florida</strong>; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Very showy blooms; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Leathery, tough leaves, showy pink and white spring flowers; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Very early bloomer with fragrant white flowers; edible sweet yellow fruit; suckering or thicket-<strong>for</strong>ming; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Dense showy clusters of white flowers bloom be<strong>for</strong>e leaves appear; crooked trunk; edible sour purple fruit; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Dense, upturned branches, apple-shaped fall fruits; prefers wet or swampy sites; deciduous; moderate salt; native<br />
Seeds poisonous; red flowers attract hummingbirds; wildlife value; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Endangered; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Fragrant leaves, good in cooking; lower leaf surface grayish white; prefers sandy, acidic sites; evergreen; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Purple spring flowers, heart-shaped leaves; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Large spreading tree, brilliant flowers; messy; subject to freeze damage; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Different-shaped leaves; bark smells like root beer; popular tea made from leaves; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
** Mature size = width x height<br />
29
T R E E S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Satinleaf Chrysophyllum olivi<strong>for</strong>me 10b–11 – 15x40<br />
Seagrape Coccoloba uvifera 9b–11 – 25x30<br />
Silkbay Persea humilis 9a–9b 30<br />
Sourgum Nyssa sylvatica 8a–9a – 80<br />
Soursop or guanabana Annona muricata 10b–11 15x25<br />
Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 8a–8b – 15x50<br />
Spanish stopper Eugenia foetida 9b–11 – 10x15<br />
Spiny black olive Bucida spinosa 10b–11 – 15x25<br />
Star-apple Chrysophyllum cainito 10a–11 50<br />
Sugarberry or hackberry Celtis laevigata 8a–10b 35x70<br />
Summer haw Crataegus flava 9a–9b 15<br />
Swampbay Persea palustris 8a–10b – 50<br />
Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 8a–9b – 60x90<br />
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 8a–9b – – 80<br />
Sycamore Platanus occidentalis 8a–9a 70x100<br />
Tamarind Tamarindus indica 10a–11 50x65<br />
Tangelo Citrus x tangelo 9a–11 15<br />
Tangerine Citrus reticulata 9b–11 15<br />
Trumpet tree, Caribbean Tabebuia spp. 10a–11 10x25<br />
Tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera 8a–9a 35x90<br />
Tulip tree, African Spathodea campanulata 10b–11 – 50<br />
Tupelo, water Nyssa aquatica 8a–8b – 25x100<br />
Velvet-apple, Mabolo Diospyros discolor 10a–11 40<br />
Viburnum, blackhaw Viburnum rufidulum 8a–9a – 15x20<br />
or rusty blackhaw<br />
White sapote Casimiroa edulis 10a–11 40<br />
Wild dilly Manilkara bahamensis 10a–11 – 25<br />
Wild lime Zanthoxylum fagara 9b–11 – 15x25<br />
Wild tamarind Lysiloma latisiliqua 10b–11 – 25x50<br />
Willow, weeping Salix babylonica 8a–9b – 40x50<br />
Ylang-ylang Cananga odorata 10a–11 25x40<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
Tulip tree<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera<br />
30<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)**<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Sweetbay<br />
Magnolia virginiana<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Dark, glossy green leaves with bronzy fuzz on bottom side; subject to freeze damage; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Edible fruits used <strong>for</strong> jelly; broad, spreading seaside plant; dinner plate-sized leaves; subject to freeze damage; evergreen; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Black bark; leaves rusty and shiny underneath; likes sandy soil; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Grows in warmest parts of <strong>Florida</strong>; spiny edible fruit; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Fragrant white bell-shaped flowers in spring and summer; gray bark has touch of red; good fall color; deciduous; moderate salt; native<br />
Mildly fragrant flowers; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
A small, spiny cousin of the black olive; evergreen; wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
No serious pests; leaves golden underneath; star-shaped edible fruit; evergreen; low salt<br />
Best <strong>for</strong> central and north <strong>Florida</strong>; fruits; wildlife value; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Fragrant flowers; fruits used <strong>for</strong> jams and jellies; deciduous; wildlife value; native<br />
Hairy underleaf; leaves frequently have insect galls which cause no harm; likes moist areas; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Tall cylinder shape; white summer flowers; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Pyramidal shape; attractive fall color; spiny brown seeds, star-shaped leaves; fast-growing; does well in sandy or acidic soil; wildlife value; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Large leaves can be a problem in fall; exfoliating bark; tolerates wet and dry conditions; deciduous; moderate salt; native<br />
Edible fruit; extremely wind-resistant; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Edible fruit; swallowtail butterfly host plant; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Edible fruit; swallowtail butterfly host plant; evergreen; low salt<br />
Asymmetrical growth habit; corky bark, spectacular yellow spring flowers; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Fragrant yellow flowers; oval crown; needs rich soil; long-lived; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Low-maintenance, messy tree; orange and yellow flowers during winter and spring; evergreen; medium salt<br />
Blue to purple fruit on long stalks; likes moist to wet sites; deciduous; wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
Brown, fleshy, edible fruit; no serious pests; evergreen; low salt<br />
Shrub or small tree with irregular crown; white flowers in flat-topped clusters; purple fruits; reddish underleaf and buds; semi-evergreen; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Five palmately arranged leaflets; large edible fruit; prefers acidic soil; evergreen; medium salt<br />
Small tree or shrub; drooping clusters of yellow flowers; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Recurved thorns, lime-scented foliage; larval food plant <strong>for</strong> giant swallowtail butterfly; suffers from freeze damage; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Small weeping tree; deciduous; high salt; native<br />
Aggressive roots — avoid sewer and water lines; drooping branches; deciduous; low salt<br />
Very fragrant flowers used in perfume; open-growth habit; evergreen; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
Maple, <strong>Florida</strong> sugar<br />
Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
** Mature size = width x height<br />
31<br />
Catalpa<br />
Catalpa bignonioides
T R E E S<br />
Dogwood, flowering<br />
Cornus florida<br />
Cypress, pond<br />
Taxodium<br />
ascendens<br />
Oak, live<br />
Quercus virginiana<br />
32<br />
Plum, flatwoods<br />
Prunus umbellata<br />
Jerusalem thorn<br />
Parkinsonia aculeata<br />
Fiddlewood<br />
Citharexylum spinosum
Sweetgum<br />
Liquidambar styraciflua<br />
Cypress, bald<br />
Taxodium distichum<br />
33<br />
Elm, winged<br />
Ulmus alata<br />
Paradise tree<br />
Simarouba glauca
PA L M-LI K E<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Alexandra palm Archontophoenix alexandrae 10b–11 40<br />
Bamboo palm Chamadorea microspadix 8a–10b – 4x3<br />
Bismarck palm Bismarckia nobilis 10a–11 – 60<br />
Bluestem palmetto Sabal minor 8a–10b – 6<br />
Buccaneer palm Pseudophoenix sargentii 10b–11 – 10<br />
Cabbage palm or sabal palm Sabal palmetto 8a–11 – 40<br />
Canary Island date palm Phoenix canariensis 9a–11 – 40<br />
Cardboard palm Zamia furfuracea 10a–11 – 4<br />
Cat palm Chamaedorea cataractarum 10b–11 5<br />
Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis 9a–11 – 25<br />
Cliff date palm Phoenix rupicola 10a–11 – 25<br />
Clustering fishtail palm Caryota mitis 10a–11 – 18<br />
Coconut palm Cocos nucifera 10b–11 – 60<br />
Cycad, Dioon or Mexican sago Dioon edule 8b–11 10<br />
European fan palm Chamaerops humilis 8a–11 – 10<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> royal palm Roystonea regia 10a–11 80<br />
Hurricane palm Dictyosperma album 10b–11 30<br />
Lady palm or rhapis Rhapis excelsa 9a 10<br />
Licuala palm Licuala grandis 10b–11 8<br />
Macarthur palm Ptychosperma macarthurii 10b–11 25<br />
Needle palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix 8a–10b – 10<br />
Paurotis palm Acoelorrhaphe wrightii 9b–11 – 20<br />
Pindo palm or jelly palm Butia capitata 8a–10b – 15<br />
Ponytail palm Nolina recurvata 10a–11 – 10<br />
Queen palm Syagrus romanzoffiana 9a–11 40<br />
Sago, king, or sago-palm Cycas revoluta 8b–11 – 10<br />
Sago, queen Cycas rumphii 9b–11 – 15<br />
Saw palmetto Serenoa repens 8a–11 – 20<br />
Scrub palmetto Sabal etonia 8a–10b 10<br />
Silver palm Coccothrinax argentata 10b–11 – 10<br />
Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia 8a–11 15<br />
Thatch palm, <strong>Florida</strong> Thrinax radiata 10a–11 20<br />
Thatch palm, Key Thrinax morrisii 10a–11 20<br />
Triangle palm Neodypsis decaryi 10b–11 – 25<br />
34<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Also called king palm; new leaves may be bronze; doesn’t transplant well; low salt<br />
Cold-hardy throughout <strong>Florida</strong>; best grown in shade; clump-<strong>for</strong>ming similar to other bamboo palms; low salt<br />
Massive fan palm with large silver-blue leaves; slow to <strong>for</strong>m trunk, moderate growth after trunk development; likes sandy soil; moderate salt<br />
Shade-tolerant; widely adaptable to most soils; underground stem; moderate salt; native<br />
Also called cherry palm; bright red fruit; very slow-growing; endangered; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
State tree; very wind-resistant; fronds removed when transplanted; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Sharp spines; large; overwatering causes fungal disease; if stressed, invaded by palmetto weevil; susceptible to lethal yellowing;<br />
magnesium deficiencies common; heavily damaged at 20°F; moderate salt<br />
Sturdy, slightly fuzzy stiff leaves; red seeds in female plants are poisonous; suffers heavy freeze damage<br />
Moderate drought tolerance in shade; virtually trunkless; clumping palm; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Long leaftip segments droop gracefully; spiny; slightly susceptible to lethal yellowing; potassium deficiencies; survives 20°F with some leaf damage;<br />
other Livistona species available<br />
Graceful, moderately sized palm; bright-green arching pinnate leaves; spiny; moderate salt<br />
Stems die after fruiting, are replaced by suckers; fruit contains irritating crystals; susceptible to lethal yellowing; spider mites are a problem; low salt<br />
“Malayan” and “Maypan” are only lethal-yellowing-resistant varieties; high salt<br />
Sharp, stiff, shiny dark-green leaflets; long-lived; very slow-growing; trunk <strong>for</strong>ms after many years; needs good drainage; low salt<br />
Cold-tolerant to 12°F; spiny; much variation in leaf color; moderate salt<br />
Grows tall; has uni<strong>for</strong>m trunk diameter; tolerant of wet conditions; moderate salt; native<br />
Also called princess palm; moderately susceptible to lethal yellowing; drying winds can burn foliage; likes sandy soil; moderate salt<br />
Palmate leaves yellow in sun; <strong>for</strong>ms dense clusters; manganese deficiency on alkaline soil; moderate salt<br />
Small; unique corrugated, circular leaves need protection from drying winds; likes wet, sandy soils; low salt<br />
A slender, multiple-trunked palm; small leaves and thin trunk; lethal-yellowing-resistant; low salt<br />
Short trunk; fiber-matted crown with sharp needle-like fibers; moderate salt<br />
Spiny, multi-trunked; manganese deficiency in alkaline soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Stiff, blue-green pinnate leaves; cold-hardy to 15°F; does best in central and north <strong>Florida</strong>; moderate salt<br />
Tree-like agave; large swollen base; branching with age; micro-nutrient deficiencies are common; evergreen; low salt<br />
Freezes back but returns in north regions; large, messy fruits; weak-rooted; poor wind resistance; prefers acidic soil or manganese deficiency develops; low salt<br />
Stiff, dark-green foliage; prone to magnesium deficiency; cold-tolerant to 10°F; small, confined root system; needs good drainage; low salt<br />
Upright soft, fern-like leaves; <strong>for</strong>ms visible trunk; cold-tolerant to 28°F; susceptible to scale; needs good drainage; moderate salt<br />
Very adaptable; striking silver-blue <strong>for</strong>m available; berries; excellent drought tolerance; difficult to transplant; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Occurs only on <strong>Florida</strong> peninsula, on dry sandy soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Dark fruit, palmate leaves with striking silver undersides; endangered; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Often planted to deter unwanted foot traffic; sharp-tipped leaves, edible flowers; good drought tolerance; needs good drainage; likes sandy soil; high salt<br />
Tolerant of high alkalinity; does best in full sun; high salt; native<br />
Tolerant of high alkalinity and coastal conditions; slow-growing; leaves silvery underneath; endangered in <strong>Florida</strong>; high salt; native<br />
Blue-green leaves uniquely arranged in three planes; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast * Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
35
PA L M-LI K E<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Washington palm Washingtonia robusta 8b–11 – 80<br />
Wild date palm Phoenix sylvestris 9a–11 40<br />
Windmill palm Trachycarpus <strong>for</strong>tunei 9a–10b 40<br />
Yucca, spineless Yucca elephantipes 9b–11 – 20<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
36<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
European fan palm<br />
Chamaerops humilis<br />
Cardboard palm<br />
Zamia furfuracea<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Saw palmetto<br />
Serenoa repens<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Very tall, slender; spiny leaves damaged at 20°F; overwatering causes root rot; moderate salt<br />
Also called toddy palm or India date palm; variable blue-green cast to leaves; moderate salt<br />
Very cold-hardy palm; does not thrive in hot, tropical conditions; soft, disorganized brown fiber on trunk; moderate salt<br />
Harmless, soft leaftips, variegated <strong>for</strong>ms available; moderate salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
Canary Island date palm<br />
Phoenix canariensis<br />
Sago, king<br />
Cycas revoluta<br />
Thatch palm, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Thrinax radiata<br />
37<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
Cabbage palm<br />
Sabal palmetto
S H R U B S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Adam’s needle Yucca filamentosa 8a–9b 6<br />
American beautyberry Callicarpa americana 8a–11 – 6–9<br />
Angel’s-trumpet Brugmansia x candida 8b–11 14<br />
Anise, <strong>Florida</strong> Illicium floridanum 8a–10a – 15<br />
Anise, yellow Illicium parviflorum 8a–9b 15<br />
Anise-tree Illicium anisatum 8a–10b 20<br />
Apple, seven-year Genipa clusiifolia (= Casasia clusiifolia) 10a–11 – 10<br />
Aralia, lacy-lady Evodia suaveolens var. ridleyi 10b–11 6<br />
Arbor-vitae, Oriental Platycladus orientalis 8a–10b – 30<br />
Arrow-wood Viburnum dentatum 8a–8b 10<br />
Azalea, <strong>Florida</strong> flame Rhododendron austrinum 8a–9b 10<br />
Azalea hybrids Rhododendron spp. 8a–10a 10<br />
Azalea, wild or Pinxter Rhododendron canescens 8a–10a 10<br />
or Piedmont<br />
Bahama coffee Psychotria ligustrifolia 10b–11 4<br />
Barberry, ‘crimson pygmy’ Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurpurea Nana’ 8a–9b 4<br />
Barberry, wintergreen Berberis julianae 8a–9b 5<br />
Bay cedar Suriana maritima 10b–11 10<br />
Beach elder Iva imbricata 9a–10b 7<br />
Black torch Erithalis fruticosa 10a–11 8<br />
Blackberry Rubus cultivar Brazos 8a–9a 4<br />
Blueberry Vaccinium cultivars 8a–10b 8<br />
Blueberry, Darrow’s Vaccinium darrowii 8a–11 2<br />
Blueberry, highbush Vaccinium cormybosum 8a–11 – 10<br />
Blueberry, shiny Vaccinium myrsinites 8a–11 – 2<br />
Bottlebrush, lemon Callistemon citrinus 9a–11 20<br />
Bottlebrush, stiff Callistemon rigidus 9a–11 15<br />
Bougainvillea, paper flower Bougainvillea glabra 9a–11 8<br />
Boxthorn Severinia buxifolia 9a–10b 6<br />
Buckthorn, tough Sideroxylon tenax (= Bumelia tenax) 8b–9b 20<br />
Bush clock vine Thunbergia erecta 8b–11 5<br />
or king’s mantle<br />
Butterfly bush or Buddleja Buddleja spp. 9b–11 10<br />
Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 8a–10a – 15<br />
Buttonwood, silver Conocarpus erectus var. sericeus 10b–11 – 35<br />
Calamondin orange x Citro<strong>for</strong>tunella microcarpa 10b–11 10–25<br />
38<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Spine-tipped leaves with filamentous edges, white spring flowers; prefers sandy soil; evergreen; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Pink spring flowers, stunning purple berries; one variety has white berries; wildlife value; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Showy fragrant flowers; poisonous; perennial throughout state; shrub in south <strong>Florida</strong>; evergreen; low salt<br />
Distinctive red or purple flowers in spring, fragrant foliage; grows on seepage slopes; threatened; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Distinctive yellow spring flowers; fragrant foliage; rare and endangered; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Needs good, moist soil; yellow spring flowers; evergreen; low salt<br />
Fragrant white flowers, large glossy leaves; fruit edible but poor taste; good seaside plant; prefers sandy soil; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Good hedge material; yellow summer flowers; evergreen; low salt<br />
Can be small tree; evergreen; low salt<br />
Good hedge material; showy white flowers in spring and summer, blue-black fruit; tolerates a wide range of soil; deciduous; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Showy yellow or orange flowers appear in spring be<strong>for</strong>e leaves; prefers acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; endangered; native<br />
Showy spring and fall flowers, wide variety of colors; dwarf variety less than 3 feet tall; needs acidic soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Showy fragrant spring flowers appear be<strong>for</strong>e leaves in spring; needs acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
White flowers in spring and summer; wildlife value; evergreen; moderate salt; endangered; native<br />
Showy yellow spring flowers, spiny leaves, green and red foliage; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Spiny; yellow spring flowers; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Good coastal plant; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; fleshy leaves; both male and female flowers on plant; prefers sandy, alkaline soil; high salt; native<br />
Black fruit, white flowers; prefers sandy soil; rounded shape becomes dense in sun; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Sprawling, vining, thorny; white summer flowers; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Edible fruit; likes acidic soil; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Edible fruit, white spring flowers; spreads by runners; needs acidic soil; wildlife value; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Edible fruit in early summer, white spring flowers; likes acidic soil; wildlife value; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Edible fruit, white or pink spring flowers; spreads by runners; needs acidic soil; wildlife value; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Showy red flowers in spring; can become small tree; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy red flowers in spring; can become small tree; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Very drought-tolerant; showy flowers in variety of colors; grows well in sandy soil; needs protection in northern zones;<br />
overwatering and overfertilizing will reduce blooms; evergreen; high salt<br />
Spiny; good hedge material; white spring flowers; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Thorny; white spring flowers; leaves with shiny, rusty hairs beneath; prefers sandy soil; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Can be hedge with pruning; purple or white flowers; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy fragrant flower clusters, variety of colors; spring and winter blooms; leaves white underneath; wildlife value; evergreen; low salt<br />
Survives in standing water; white spring flowers; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Good coastal plant; silver-blue foliage, purple or white flowers; good hedge plant; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Needs well-drained soil; edible sour fruit; evergreen; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast * Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
39
S H R U B S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Camellia, sasanqua Camellia sasanqua 8a–9b – 15<br />
Caper, Jamaican Capparis cynophallophora 10b–11 – 9<br />
Caricature plant Graptophyllum pictum 10b–11 5<br />
Carolina silverbell Halesia carolina 8a–9b 25<br />
Cassia, Bahama Senna mexicana var. chapmanii 10a – 8<br />
Century plant or maguey Agave americana 9a–11 6+<br />
Chaste-tree Vitex agnus-castus 8a–10b 12<br />
Chenille plant or red-hot cattail Acalypha hispida 9b–11 10<br />
Christmas berry Lycium carolinianum 8a–11 7<br />
Cleyera Ternstroemia gymnanthera 10a–11 15<br />
Cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco 10b–11 20<br />
Confederate-rose Hibiscus mutabilis 8a–10a – 5–15<br />
Coontie Zamia floridana (Z. pumila) 8b–11 – 2<br />
Copperleaf Acalypha wilkesiana 10b–11 8<br />
Coral bean or Cherokee bean Erythrina herbacea 8a–11 – 15<br />
Crape jasmine Tabernaemontana divaricata 10b–11 7<br />
Croton Codiaeum variegatum 10a–11 8<br />
Dracaena Dracaena spp. 9a–11 – 2–15 –<br />
Elderberry Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis 8a–11 15<br />
Fetterbush or Leucothoe racemosa 8a–9b 6<br />
swamp doghobble<br />
Fiddlewood Citharexylum spinosum (= C. fruticosum) 10b–11 – 25<br />
Firebush Hamelia patens 8a–11 3–10<br />
Firecracker plant Russelia equiseti<strong>for</strong>mis 9a–11 – 4<br />
Firespike Odontonema cuspidata 8b–11 6<br />
Firethorn, red Pyracantha coccinea 8a–10a 10–15<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> boxwood Schaefferia frutescens 10b–11 25<br />
Gallberry Ilex glabra 8a–10a 8<br />
Gama grass, Eastern, or Tripsacum dactyloides 8a–11 – 8<br />
Fakahatchee grass<br />
Gama grass, <strong>Florida</strong>, or Tripsacum floridanum 10a–11 – 6<br />
dwarf Fakahatchee grass<br />
Garberia Garberia heterophylla 9a–10a 6<br />
Gardenia, Cape jasmine Gardenia augusta 8a–10a 6<br />
Glorybush or tibouchina Tibouchina spp. 8b–10b 10<br />
or princess flower<br />
Glossy abelia Abelia x grandiflora 8a–9b 6<br />
(A. chinensis x A. uniflora)<br />
40<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Not finicky about drainage; showy fragrant flowers in fall; likes acidic soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Rusty leaf undersides; showy pink or white flowers in spring; grows on shellrock; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Showy red flowers in spring, variety of leaf colors and shapes; vulnerable to nematodes; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; low salt<br />
Flowering shrub <strong>for</strong> partial shade; yellow winter flowers; grows on lime areas; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Showy yellow flowers in fall and winter; evergreen; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Spiny succulent; takes years to mature; yellow flower; blooms sporadically; very drought-tolerant; likes sandy soil; evergreen; high salt<br />
Needs mulching and pruning; showy blue flowers in spring; deciduous; moderate salt<br />
Long pendulous spikes, white or red flowers in summer and fall; evergreen; needs protection in northern zones; low salt<br />
Grows in salt marshes; bright red berries, unusual foliage, lavender or white flowers in summer and fall; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Flowering shrub, small tree, or hedge; evergreen; low salt<br />
Good hedge material; coastal plant; “red tip” inland variety not salt-tolerant; dark fruit, small white flowers; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Small tree-like hibiscus relative; 6-inch flowers open pink and fade to white; dies to ground in north <strong>Florida</strong>, retains size in south <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Grows on shell areas; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Good coastal plant; white flowers in spring and fall, edible purple fruit; evergreen; moderate salt; needs protection in northern zones<br />
Colorful fruits, poisonous beans, red spring flowers; thorny; wildlife value; evergreen; freezes back in northern zones; moderate salt; native; tree in south <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Showy fragrant white flowers in spring and fall; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy multicolored leaves; sap is an irritant and stains clothes; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Can be tree, shrub or herbaceous perennial; white, yellow and green flowers in spring; evergreen; low salt<br />
Flowers and fruit edible; white spring flowers; wildlife value; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Likes wet; evergreen; native<br />
Small fragrant white flowers, orange fruit, glossy leaves; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Small tree in southern range; reddish tubular flowers; winter dieback in cold areas; needs protection in northern zones; grows on shell areas; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Showy red flowers; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; high salt<br />
Perennial; large red flower spikes in fall; needs fertile soil; needs protection in northern zones; hummingbird attractor; low salt<br />
Good hedge material; white flowers in spring and summer, showy orange-red berries; thorny; subject to fire blight; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Good hedge material; endangered; likes alkaline soil; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
White spring flowers, black fruit; male and female plants; high drought tolerance; likes acidic soil; evergreen; moderate salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Large bunchgrass; perennial; interesting flowers and fruit; wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
Perennial; threatened; moderate salt; native<br />
Showy pink or purple fall flowers; prefers acidic, sandy soil; evergreen; wildlife value; native; threatened<br />
Very fragrant, showy white flowers in spring; needs rich acid soil with mulch and good drainage; evergreen; low salt<br />
Showy purple flowers in spring and fall; prefers well-drained acid soil of central <strong>Florida</strong>; needs protection in northern zones; small tree in southern range; evergreen; low salt<br />
Variety of flower colors in spring; prefers loamy, well-drained clay soil of northwestern <strong>Florida</strong>; semi-evergreen; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast * Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
41
S H R U B S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Golden dewdrop Duranta evecta (= Duranta repens) 8a–11 – 15<br />
Guava, pineapple Feijoa sellowiana 8b–11 – 14<br />
Hawthorn, Indian Rhaphiolepis indica 8a–11 5<br />
Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 9b–11 7<br />
Hibiscus, red, Hibiscus coccineus 8a–10b – 6–8<br />
or swamp mallow<br />
Holly, Bur<strong>for</strong>d or Chinese Ilex cornuta ‘Bur<strong>for</strong>d’ 8a–8b 5–20<br />
Holly, dwarf yaupon Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’ and ‘Shellings’ 8a–10a – 5<br />
Holly, Japanese Ilex crenata 8a–9b 6<br />
Honeysuckle, Cape Tecoma capensis 9a–11 6<br />
Huckleberry, dwarf Gaylussacia dumosa 8a–10b – 1.5<br />
Hydrangea, French Hydrangea macrophylla 8a–9b 5<br />
Hydrangea, oakleaf Hydrangea quercifolia 8a–9b – 8<br />
Hydrangea, wild Hydrangea arborescens 8a 5<br />
Inkberry Scaevola plumieri 10a–11 4<br />
Ixora Ixora coccinea 10b–11 5<br />
Jasmine, downy Jasminum multiflorum 10b–11 5<br />
Jasmine, primrose or yellow Jasminum mesnyi 8a–10a 8<br />
or Japanese<br />
Juniper, Chinese Juniperus chinensis 8a–10b 50<br />
Juniper, Pftizer Juniperus chinensis ‘Pftizeriana’ 8a–10b – 6<br />
Kumquat Fortunella spp. 10a–11 15<br />
Lady-of-the-night Brunfelsia americana 10b–11 10<br />
Licuala, spiny Licuala spinosa 10b–11 12<br />
Lyonia, rusty Lyonia ferruginea 8a–10b 15<br />
Lyonia, shiny Lyonia lucida 8a–9b – 6<br />
Maidenbush Savia bahamensis 10b–11 9<br />
Marlberry Ardisia escallonioides 10a–11 – 10–20<br />
Mock orange Philadelphus coronarius 8a–9b 12<br />
Myrsine Rapanea punctata 8b–11 15<br />
Natal plum Carissa macrocarpa 10b–11 10<br />
Night-blooming jessamine Cestrum nocturnum 9b–11 10<br />
Oleander Nerium oleander 8a–11 15<br />
Oregon grape-holly or Mahonia spp. 8a–9b 5<br />
Chinese Mahonia<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
42<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Small blue or white flowers in spring and fall, showy golden fruit; poisonous; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt; wildlife value<br />
Can be hedge; white or red spring flowers; petals edible, fruit delicious; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy pinkish-white flowers in spring and winter; high drought tolerance; good hedge material; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy flowers, many varieties; needs very fertile soil; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Perennial; large showy red flowers in spring and summer; needs protection in northern zones; likes wet soil; low salt; native<br />
Shiny leaves with spines; good hedge material; white spring flowers, red berries; male and female plants; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Different cultivars have different heights; white flowers in spring and summer; female plants have berries; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Good hedge material; prefers acidic soil; male and female plants; evergreen; low salt<br />
Needs good drainage; needs frequent pruning to make a shrub; yellow, orange and red flowers in summer and fall; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Elliptic leaves to 1 inch; small clustered, white, bell-shaped flowers in spring; edible fleshy fruit; excellent in dry conditions; tardy deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Needs pruning; hedge material; flowers change color with soil pH; needs fertile soil, likes acidic soil; deciduous; low salt<br />
Large branched clusters of white spring flowers; fruits attractive; fall foliage; prefers acidic soil; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Endangered; low salt; native<br />
Groundcover <strong>for</strong> dunes; can be used <strong>for</strong> low hedge; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Showy flowers in yellow, red or pink; requires well-drained, fertile, acidic soil; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Shrub or vine; white flowers in spring and fall; evergreen; low salt<br />
Showy yellow flowers in spring and winter; requires chilling be<strong>for</strong>e flowering; sprawling shrub <strong>for</strong> central and north <strong>Florida</strong>; evergreen; low salt<br />
Prefers fertile soil; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Conifer; grows best in north <strong>Florida</strong>; looks best on fertile, well-drained soil; likes sandy soil; moderate salt<br />
Edible citrus fruit; thornless or with few spines; resistant to citrus canker; can tolerate colder temperatures than most citrus<br />
Showy white flower in spring and fall; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Spiny palm; evergreen; low salt<br />
Rusty pubescence on leaves; clusters of small urn-shaped white flowers in spring attract insects; likes acidic soil; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Grows in flatwoods and swamps; can sucker; pink urn-shaped flowers in spring; likes acidic soil but tolerates alkaline soil; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Good hedge material; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Fragrant white flowers in spring and fall, black fruits; tolerates alkaline soil; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Fragrant white spring flowers, exfoliating orange to red-brown bark; needs pruning; deciduous; low salt<br />
Can get leggy; small white spring flowers; small fleshy fruits occur along stem; does well in coastal counties; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Spiny hedge plant; tolerates seasides; fragrant white flowers in spring and fall; large fruit, good <strong>for</strong> cooking; evergreen; high salt<br />
Cream flowers in spring and summer, white fruits; poisonous foliage; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
All parts highly poisonous; drought-tolerant; many flower colors; blooms in spring and fall; needs protection in northern zones; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt<br />
Spiny; good hedge material; blue-black fruit, yellow fall flowers; winter foliage turns bronze or purple; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
43
S H R U B S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Pampas grass Cortaderia selloana 8a–11 – 6<br />
Pawpaw Asimina spp. 8b–10a – 3–5<br />
Peregrina Jatropha integerrima 10b–11 8<br />
Philodendron Philodendron selloum 9a – 10<br />
or tree philodendron<br />
Photinia or red-tip Photinia glabra 8a–9b 8<br />
Pipestem Agarista populifolia 8b–9a – 10<br />
Plumbago Plumbago auriculata 8b–11 5<br />
Podocarpus, yew Podocarpus macrophyllus 8a–11 35<br />
Pomegranate Punica granatum 8a–8b 15<br />
Red powderpuff Calliandra haematocephala 10a–11 – 15<br />
Rhododendron, Chapman’s Rhododendron minus var. chapmanii 8a–9a 5<br />
Rose, Cherokee Rosa laevigata 8a–10b 10+<br />
Rose-of-Sharon or Althaea Hibiscus syriacus 8a–9b 10<br />
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis 8a–11 3<br />
Scrub conradina Conradina canescens 8a–9b 4<br />
or wild rosemary<br />
Scrub mint, large-flowered Conradina grandiflora 9b–10a 4<br />
Sea lavender Argusia gnaphalodes 9b–11 6<br />
Seagrape Coccoloba uvifera 9b–11 – 20<br />
Shrimp plant Justicia brandegeana 8b–10b – 4<br />
Silverthorn Elaeagnus pungens 8a 18<br />
Simpson stopper Myrcianthes fragrans 10a–11 25<br />
Snail seed Cocculus laurifolius 9a–10b 13<br />
Snow bush Breynia disticha 10b–11 6<br />
Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia 8a–11 14<br />
Sparkleberry Vaccinium arboreum 8a–9b – 15<br />
Spicewood Calyptranthes pallens 10b–11 15<br />
Spiraea, Chinese or Reeves Spiraea cantoniensis 8a–9a 5<br />
Spiraea, Thunberg Spiraea thunbergii 8a–8b 5<br />
Sweet olive Osmanthus fragrans 8a–9b 20<br />
Sweet pepperbush Clethra alnifolia 8a–9a – 20<br />
Sweet shrub Calycanthus floridus 8a–10a 10<br />
Sweetspire or Virginia-willow Itea virginica 8a–11 – 7<br />
Tallow-wood Ximenia americana 9a–10b 8<br />
Tetrazygia Tetrazygia bicolor 10b–11 10<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
44<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Bunchgrass; likes dry conditions; sharp serrations on leaves; grows in large clumps; tolerates a wide soil range; moderate salt<br />
Multi-stemmed shrub; drought-tolerant; attracts butterflies; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Showy red flowers; poisonous; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Enormous leaves; sap irritant; good in poor soils, tolerant of a wide range of soils; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Good hedge material; white spring flowers; new red growth; prefers rich soil, chilly winters; evergreen; low salt<br />
Showy white flowers in spring; likes acidic soil; can’t be pruned without ruining shape; evergreen; native<br />
Showy, fragrant blue or white flowers in spring and fall; irritant; mineral deficiency on alkaline soil; good hedge plant; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Invasive; gets scales and sooty mold; needs pruning when grown as a hedge; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Does better in low humidity; may sucker; needs well-drained soil, pH 5.5 to 7.0; deciduous; low salt<br />
Red or white flowers in winter; likes sandy soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Endangered; needs acidic soil; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Thorny stems, large fragrant spring flowers in pink or white; climbs; requires moist, well-drained soil, likes sandy soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Many colors; blooms in spring and fall; needs very fertile soil; deciduous; low salt<br />
Aromatic; linear leathery leaves; needs protection in northern zones; high salt<br />
Aromatic foliage; small lavender flowers in spring; excellent drought tolerance; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Very drought-tolerant; blue flowers in spring and fall; needs sandy soil; evergreen; high salt; native; threatened<br />
Good coastal plant; endangered; white flowers in winter and spring, silvery-gray foliage; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Good coastal plant; edible fruit; dinner plate-sized leaves; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; high salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Best grown in clumps; reddish-brown drooping flower clusters resemble shrimp; attracts hummingbirds; moderate salt<br />
Thorny; fragrant brown flowers, edible fruit; good hedge plant; intolerant of alkaline soil; evergreen; high salt<br />
Interesting bark; white flowers; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Hedge or shrub; tiny yellow spring flowers; poisonous leaves; evergreen; low salt<br />
White spring flowers; evergreen; low salt<br />
Spine-tipped leaves; white flowers in spring and fall; excellent drought tolerance; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt<br />
Attractive reddish bark; crooked trunk; seedy, blueberry-like fruit in early fall; in some areas, can be tree; likes acidic soil; semi-evergreen; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Rare south <strong>Florida</strong> plant; threatened; white spring and fall flowers; good hedge material; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Showy flowering shrub; does best in Panhandle; white spring flowers; deciduous; low salt<br />
White winter flowers; requires well-drained, loamy soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Intensely fragrant small white flowers in fall and winter; cultivated <strong>for</strong> fragrance; likes sandy soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Good hedge plant; showy white flowers in spring and summer; likes acidic soil; wildlife value; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Showy fragrant flowers, aromatic leaves; can be weedy; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
Can sucker; fall color; tassels of tiny fragrant white flowers in spring; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Edible fruit but not good tasting; prefers sandy soil; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Good hedge material; white spring flowers, attractive foliage; evergreen; moderate salt; native; threatened<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
45
S H R U B S<br />
Common Name<br />
Texas sage Leucophyllum frutescens 8a–10b 5<br />
Thryallis Galphimia gracilis 8b–11 5<br />
Ti plant Cordyline terminalis 10b–11 5<br />
Titi Cyrilla racemiflora 8a–9a – 20<br />
Torchwood Amyris elemifera 9a–11 – 15<br />
Tropical snowflake Trevesia palmata 10b 15<br />
Turk’s-cap Malvaviscus arboreus 8a–11 7<br />
Two-winged silverbell Halesia diptera 8a–8b 30<br />
Varnish leaf Dodonaea viscosa 9a–11 – 6<br />
Viburnum, sandankwa Viburnum suspensum 8a–10b 6<br />
Viburnum, sweet Viburnum odoratissimum 8a–10b 8<br />
Viburnum, Walter’s Viburnum obovatum 8a–10a – 20<br />
Wax myrtle or Myrica cerifera 8a–11 – 20<br />
southern bayberry<br />
White indigo berry Randia aculeata 10a–11 – 8<br />
Wild coffee Psychotria nervosa 9a–11 5<br />
Wild sage, button sage, Lantana involucrata 9a–11 6<br />
or white sage<br />
Yellow necklace pod Sophora tomentosa var. truncata 9b–11 8<br />
Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow Brunfelsia grandiflora 9a–11 8<br />
or morning-noon-and-night<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
American beautyberry<br />
Callicarpa americana<br />
Scientific Name<br />
46<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Sweet olive<br />
Osmanthus fragrans<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Hedge material; gray-green foliage, lavender spring flowers; will die if over-watered; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy yellow flowers in summer and fall; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Showy fragrant white flowers in fall; shrub or tree; many colorful foliage <strong>for</strong>ms; needs protection in northern zones; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Pendulous white flowers in spring and summer attract insects; likes acidic soil; evergreen; native<br />
White flowers; needs protection in northern zones; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
New leaves resemble snowflakes; white spring flowers; needs fertile, slightly acidic soil; evergreen; low salt<br />
Red flowers in spring and fall; wildlife value; evergreen; low salt<br />
Showy white spring flowers; deciduous; native<br />
Shiny leaves, white spring flowers; showy, winged fruit; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Hedge material; white or pink spring flowers; vulnerable to nematodes; tolerates alkalinity; evergreen; low salt<br />
Hedge material; white spring flowers; evergreen; low salt<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mal hedges, may <strong>for</strong>m thickets; upright and spreading <strong>for</strong>ms; showy white spring flowers; red to black edible berries; tolerates drier conditions; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Good hedge material in full sun; can root-sucker; berries; likes moisture; male and female plants; wildlife value; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Spiny, dense plant; fragrant small white flowers; female has white berries; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Needs moisture; white flowers in spring and summer, small fruits; evergreen; wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
White flowers; needs sandy soil; wildlife value; evergreen; moderate salt; native<br />
Showy yellow flowers; poisonous; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Showy purple flowers with white centers; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
Anise, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Illicium floridanum Plumbago<br />
Plumbago auriculata<br />
47<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference
S H R U B S<br />
Seagrape<br />
Coccoloba uvifera<br />
Simpson stopper<br />
Myrcianthes fragrans<br />
Coral bean<br />
Erythrina herbacea<br />
48<br />
Azalea, <strong>Florida</strong> flame<br />
Rhododendron austrinum<br />
Gallberry<br />
Ilex glabra<br />
Firebush<br />
Hamelia patens
Buttonbush<br />
Cephalanthus occidentalis<br />
Firecracker plant<br />
Russelia equiseti<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
49<br />
Marlberry<br />
Ardisia escallonioides<br />
Confederate-rose<br />
Hibiscus mutabilis
G R O U N D C O V E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Adam’s needle Yucca filamentosa 8a–9b 3<br />
Ajuga or carpet bugleweed Ajuga reptans 8a–9a 6”x6’<br />
Aloe Aloe vera (= A. barbadensis) 10a–11 1.5<br />
Beach morning glory Ipomoea imperati (= I. stolonifera) 8–10b 0.5<br />
Bean, beach Canavalia maritima (= C. rosea) 10b–11 0.5<br />
Blue daze Evolvulus glomerata 8a–10b – 1–2x1<br />
Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus 8a–10a 3–5<br />
or chalky bluestem<br />
Cast-iron plant Aspidistra elatior 9a–11 – 2<br />
False heather Cuphea hyssopifolia 8b–11 – 1.5<br />
Fern, bird’s nest Asplenium nidus 9a–11 2.5<br />
Fern, cinnamon Osmunda cinnamomea 8a–11 – 4<br />
Fern, giant leather Acrostichum danaeifolium 9a–11 – 8<br />
Fern, giant sword Nephrolepis biserrata 9b–11 – 4<br />
Fern, holly Cyrtomium falcatum 9a–11 1.5<br />
Fern, leatherleaf Rumohra adianti<strong>for</strong>mis 10a–11 2<br />
Fern, royal Osmunda regalis 8a–10b 5<br />
Fern, southern shield or woods Thelypteris kunthii 8a–10b – 2.5<br />
Fern, swamp Blechnum serrulatum 9a–11 2<br />
Fig, creeping Ficus pumila 8a–11 – NA<br />
Foxtail-fern Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Myers’ 8b–11 2<br />
Ginger, peacock Kaempferia spp. 10b–11 0.5<br />
Golden creeper Ernodea littoralis 10b–11 2<br />
Gopher apple Licania michauxii 8a–11 1<br />
Grass, Aztec Ophiopogon spp. 8a–11 – 1<br />
Grass, bahia Paspalum notatum 8a–11 – 2<br />
Grass, Bermuda Cynodon dactylon 8a–11 0.5<br />
Grass, bitter panic Panicum amarum 8a–9b 3.5<br />
Grass, broadleaf spike, or Chasmanthium latifolium 8a–9b – 2<br />
broadleaf woodoats<br />
Grass, centipede Eremochloa ophiuroides 8a–9a – 0.5<br />
Grass, lopsided Indian Sorghastrum secundum 8a–11 – 4<br />
Grass, mondo Ophiopogon japonicus 8–10b – 0.5<br />
Grass, muhly Muhlenbergia capillaris 8a–11 – 4<br />
Grass, purple love Eragrostis spectabilis 8a–10b – 2.5<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
50<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Leaf margins fray; large showy white flower spikes every few years; depends on yucca moth <strong>for</strong> pollination; likes sandy soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Perennial; dark green to bronze foliage; blue flower spikes in spring; moderate salt<br />
Succulent, fleshy leaves; yellow winter flowers; sap soothes burns and cuts; looks good in rock gardens; high salt<br />
Showy flowering vine; purple or white flowers; good coastal herbaceous plant; poisonous; good drought tolerance; likes sandy soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Herbaceous perennial; a widespread, vining dune plant; purple flowers; needs sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; deep-green foliage, intense blue flowers; best planted in groups; high drought, heat and salt tolerance; needs protection in northern zones<br />
Bunchgrass; good drought tolerance; grows in moist, acidic to neutral, sandy soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; requires shade; drought-tolerant; likes sandy soil; needs protection in northern zones; moderate salt<br />
White and pink flowers; needs protection in northern zones; winter diebacks in north <strong>Florida</strong>; low salt<br />
Can be epiphytic; likes acidic soil; needs protection in northern zones; low salt<br />
Cinnamon-colored spike bloom; native<br />
Huge leaves; good in wet areas; high salt; native<br />
Can <strong>for</strong>m a dense groundcover in shady, moist areas; low salt; native<br />
Prefers moist, shady area; glossy green foliage; likes acidic soil; moderate salt<br />
Dark green, leathery leaves used <strong>for</strong> cut foliage; moderate salt<br />
Large leaves; likes acidic soil; low salt; native<br />
Grows on rocks and in shade; likes alkaline soil; low salt; native<br />
Likes shady, moist areas and acidic soil; low salt; native<br />
Vine attaches to masonry and climbs trees; sap is irritant; moderate salt<br />
Herbaceous; red berries, spine-tipped leaves; moderate salt<br />
Herbaceous; green to purple leaves, spotted or striped; dies back November–December; white, pink and purple flowers; low salt<br />
Likes sandy soil; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Woody; edible fruits, white flowers; thrives in very well drained soil; high salt; evergreen; native<br />
Low-growing grass-like lily; variegated leaves and white flowers; spreads by stolons<br />
Low-maintenance turf grass; several cultivated <strong>for</strong>ms, sometimes used <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>age<br />
Drought-tolerant turf grass; good <strong>for</strong> sandy soil; many cultivated <strong>for</strong>ms; sometimes used <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>age; wildlife value; high salt<br />
Bluish leaves; good <strong>for</strong> stabilizing dunes; bunchgrass; high salt; native<br />
Bunchgrass; seedheads similar to sea oats; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Turf grass; likes acidic soil; develops iron deficiencies; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Tall bunchgrass; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; moderate salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; damaged by foot traffic; white or purple flowers; avoid alkaline soil; moderate salt<br />
Bunchgrass; mixes well with wildflowers; lovely purple plumes in fall; good in alkaline to neutral soil; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Bunchgrass; purple flowers in spring and fall, purple fall plumes; likes dry areas with high pH; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
51
G R O U N D C O V E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Grass, St. Augustine Stenotaphrum secundatum 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
Grass, salt Distichlis spicata 8–11 – 1.5<br />
Grass, saltmeadow cord Spartina patens 8a–9b – 2<br />
Grass, sand cord or Baker cord Spartina bakeri 8a–11 – 3–6<br />
Grass, smooth cord Spartina alterniflora 8a–11 – 6<br />
Grass, wire Aristida beyrichiana 8a–10a – 2–3<br />
Grass, zebra or eulalia Miscanthus sinensis 8a–9a – 6<br />
Grass, zoysia or Japanese Zoysia japonica 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
Groundcover rose Rosa x ‘Red Carpet’ 8a–10b – 2x2<br />
Hosta Hosta spp. 8a 1x2<br />
Ivy, Algerian Hedera canariensis 8–10b – NA<br />
Jasmine, Asiatic Trachelospermum asiaticum 8a–10b 0.5<br />
Jasmine, Carolina, or Gelsemium sempervirens 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
yellow jessamine<br />
Juniper, blue rug Juniperus horizontalis ‘Blue Rug’ 8a–9a – 0.5<br />
Juniper, Japanese garden Juniperus procumbens 8a–10b – 2<br />
Juniper, Parson Juniperus chinensis ‘Parsonii’ 8–10b – 3<br />
Juniper, shore Juniperus conferta 8a–10a – 2<br />
Lantana, gold mound Lantana camara ‘Gold Mound’ 9b–11 3<br />
Lantana, trailing Lantana montevidensis 9a–11 2<br />
Liriope Liriope spp. 8a–10b – 1<br />
Maidencane Panicum hemitomon 8a–11 – 2<br />
Porterweed, blue Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 9a–11 – 1.5<br />
Powderpuff or Mimosa strigillosa 8a–9b 0.5<br />
mimosa-vine<br />
Purple queen Tradescantia pallida 9a–10a – 1<br />
Quailberry Crossopetalum ilicifolium 10b–11 2<br />
Railroad vine Ipomoea pes-caprae 9a–11 0.5<br />
St. John’s wort, matted Hypericum reductum 8a–9b 1.5<br />
sandweed, or sandwort<br />
Sea oats Uniola paniculata 8a–11 4<br />
Sea purslane Sesuvium portulacastrum 9–10b 1–3<br />
Seashore dropseed Sporobolus virginicus 8a–11 – 1<br />
Seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum 8–11 2<br />
Smooth water-hyssop Bacopa monnieri 8a–11 0.5<br />
Snowberry, pineland Chiococca alba (= C. pinetorum) 9b–11 – 2.5<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
52<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Turf grass; many cultivated <strong>for</strong>ms available; high salt<br />
Warm-season perennial grass; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Spreading grass; likes sandy soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Robust perennial bunchgrass of salt marshes and dunes; high salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; coastal, salt-tolerant spreading grass; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Bunchgrass; flowers following fire; ideal <strong>for</strong> mixing with wildflowers in dry areas; wildlife value; native<br />
Variegated leaves; gets rust but it goes away; silvery gold flowers in spring and fall; likes sandy soil<br />
Grass; high salt<br />
Perennial; glossy dark green leaves; near-continuous dark red flowers; disease-resistant; low salt<br />
Perennial; clump-<strong>for</strong>ming; variety of colors and varigations in leaves; prefers fertile soil; low salt<br />
Vine; can be invasive; sap is irritant; moderate salt<br />
Vine; <strong>for</strong>ms a thick mat; invades surrounding areas; yellow or white flowers; evergreen; moderate salt<br />
Attractive shiny green leaves; showy yellow flowers in very early spring; all parts are poisonous if ingested;<br />
can be trained to grow on trellis or fence; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Blue-toned foliage; extremely low-growing; takes time to fill in; drought-tolerant<br />
Conifer; ‘Nana’ is a slow-growing dwarf cultivar, ‘Variegata’ has yellow and green foliage; good in sandy soil; moderate salt<br />
Low-growing conifer; gray-green foliage; needs well-drained soil conditions; moderate salt<br />
Blue-green conifer; subject to fungal problems in wet areas; high salt<br />
Perennial; gold mound is sterile variety; too much water and fertilizer reduce blooming; foliage damaged at 25°F, freezes to ground at 20°F; does well in sandy, dry sites; high salt; evergreen<br />
Perennial; won’t tolerate foot traffic or mowing; foliage damaged at 25°F, freezes to ground around 20°F; purple flowers; does well in sandy, dry sites; high salt; evergreen<br />
Herbaceous; <strong>for</strong>ms dense clumps; intolerant of foot traffic; foliage yellows in sun, tips may burn from soil salts; many cultivars available; purple, white, pink or blue flowers; moderate salt<br />
Spreading grass; excellent drought tolerance; dune stabilizer and lawn grass; high salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; blue flowers; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; fern-like leaves, sensitive to touch; similar to exotic Schrankia microphylla; pink flowers in spring and summer; native<br />
Herbaceous; sprawling, open growth; invasive; will tolerate poor sites; high salt<br />
Shrub-like, spiny; red fruit, red flowers; evergreen; wildlife value; low salt; native; threatened<br />
Creeping, flowering dune vine; poisonous; purple flowers in spring and fall; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Reclining, bushy-branched flowering shrub; likes sandy soil; small yellow flowers in spring and summer; evergreen; high salt; native<br />
Protected grass species; excellent <strong>for</strong> dunes; flower and seed heads are distinctive; high salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Herbaceous; succulent beach wildflower; pink flowers; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Bunchgrass; coastal plant; wildlife value; high salt; native<br />
Coastal turf grass; dune stabilizer; some varieties are fine-textured; high salt<br />
Herbaceous; flowering groundcover <strong>for</strong> wet areas; white or pink flowers; high salt; native<br />
Vining shrub with attractive white flowers, showy white fruit; leans on other vegetation; grows on shell areas; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
53
G R O U N D C O V E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Spider plant Chlorphytum comosum 9a–10b – 1x1<br />
Sunflower, beach Helianthus debilis 8a–10b – 1.5<br />
Thyme Thymus vulgaris 8a–11 1.5<br />
Vinca Vinca spp. 8a–8b – 3x3<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
Purple queen<br />
Tradescantia pallida<br />
Scientific Name<br />
54<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Powderpuff<br />
Mimosa strigillosa<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Ginger, peacock<br />
Kaempferia species<br />
Sea oats<br />
Uniola paniculata<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Perennial; number of variegated and green <strong>for</strong>ms; best used in clumps; moderate salt<br />
Herbaceous annual or perennial in south <strong>Florida</strong>; showy yellow flowers; very drought-tolerant; good <strong>for</strong> dunes and sunny spots; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Plant in fall, winter or spring and re-plant every 3 or 4 years; low salt<br />
Perennial; mat-<strong>for</strong>ming, dark green foliage; lavender-blue flowers; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
Juniper<br />
Juniperus species<br />
Grass, saltmeadow cord<br />
Spartina patens<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
55<br />
False heather<br />
Cuphea hyssopifolia<br />
Grass, Aztec<br />
Ophiopogon species
V I N E S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Allamanda, yellow Allamanda cathartica 9b–11<br />
Ape-ivy Tetrastigma voinerianum 9a–11<br />
Black-eyed Susan vine Thunbergia alata 8a–11 –<br />
Bleeding heart Clerodendrum thomsoniae 8a–11 –<br />
Bower vine Pandorea jasminoides 10b–11<br />
Brazilian golden vine Stigmaphyllon littorale 9b–11<br />
Bridal bouquet Stephanotis floribunda 10b–11<br />
Confederate jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides 8a–11 –<br />
Cross vine Bignonia carpeolata 8a–11 –<br />
Grape, muscadine or wild Vitis rotundifolia 8a–11 –<br />
Grapes Vitis spp. 8a–11 –<br />
Herald’s-trumpet Beaumontia grandiflora 10a–11<br />
Honeysuckle, coral or trumpet Lonicera sempervirens 8a–10 –<br />
Mandevilla or pink allamanda Mandevilla spp. 9b–11<br />
Monstera or splitleaf Monstera deliciosa 10a–11<br />
philodendron<br />
Morning-glory Ipomoea spp. 9b–11<br />
Passion flower or maypop Passiflora incarnata 8a–10 –<br />
Passion flower, corky-stem Passiflora suberosa 9b–11 –<br />
Passion flower, incense Passiflora x ‘Incense’ 9a–11 –<br />
Passion flower, purple Passiflora edulis 9b–11 –<br />
Passion flower, scarlet Passiflora coccinea 10a–11 –<br />
Queens wreath Petrea volubilis 10a–11<br />
Sky vine Thunbergia grandiflora 8a–11 –<br />
Trumpet vine or cow itch vine Campsis radicans 8a–9 –<br />
Virginia creeper or woodbine Parthenocissus quinquefolia 8a–11 –<br />
White sky vine or Thunbergia fragrans 9b–11<br />
Bengal clock vine<br />
Wisteria, American Wisteria frutescens 8a–9a<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
56<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Mandevilla<br />
Mandevilla species<br />
Honeysuckle, coral<br />
Lonicera sempervirens<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Growth<br />
Rate<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade
Comments<br />
Requires support; can get leggy; poisonous milky sap; large, showy flowers; susceptible to magnesium deficiency; low salt; evergreen<br />
Non-flowering; very bold texture; limited hardiness in north <strong>Florida</strong>; evergreen<br />
Annual flowering vine; orange, yellow or white; may reseed<br />
Named <strong>for</strong> its flowers; susceptible to nematode damage; killed to ground by freezes; low salt; evergreen<br />
White flowers with pink throats; needs protection from wind; prefers rich, fertile soil; medium salt; evergreen<br />
Small flower clusters; requires support to climb; needs little care once established; low salt; evergreen<br />
Fragrant, waxy flowers; low salt; evergreen<br />
Intensely fragrant spring blooms; evergreen; variegated <strong>for</strong>ms available; low salt<br />
Climbs by tendrils and adhesive disks; large, long-throated, reddish flowers; cross sections of stems are cross-shaped; evergreen; low salt; native<br />
Grows slowly at first; many varieties; disease-resistant; self-fertile; purple fruit in August; deciduous; low salt; native<br />
There are many types of grapes well suited to growing in <strong>Florida</strong>. Contact your local County Cooperative Extension Service<br />
Large, heavy vine requires strong support; low salt; evergreen<br />
Reddish tubular flowers attract butterflies and hummingbirds; red fall berries; evergreen; wildlife value; medium salt; native<br />
Trumpet-shaped large, showy pink flowers with darker throats; cold-sensitive; evergreen; medium salt<br />
Edible fruit with pineapple-banana taste; large leaves, variegated varieties available; not frost-tolerant; low salt; evergreen<br />
Beach dune pioneer; can be trained over a trellis; high salt; evergreen; native<br />
Will sucker some distance away; dies back to ground after freeze; showy flowers; large edible fruit that pop when squashed; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Older vines have deeply grooved, corky stems; tiny flowers, small purple fruits; variation in leaf shape; butterfly attractor; evergreen; medium salt; native<br />
Showy flowers are self-sterile; butterfly attractor; evergreen; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Subtropical species; tolerates cool periods and slight frosts <strong>for</strong> short time; many varieties available; butterfly attractor; edible fruit; evergreen; low salt<br />
Exotic, bright scarlet flowers; more tropical than P. edulis; heavily damaged by nematodes; vigorous vine requires strong support; butterfly attractor; evergreen; low salt<br />
Woody vine; persistent showy flower; used in south <strong>Florida</strong> as wisteria substitute; prefers rich, sandy soil; low salt; evergreen<br />
Best in hot, sunny locations; wintering flower, but some color in all <strong>Florida</strong> zones; deciduous in north <strong>Florida</strong>, evergreen in south <strong>Florida</strong>; low salt<br />
Large orange tubular flowers; sap is a mild skin irritant; may become invasive and very weedy; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Five leaflets distinguish it from poison ivy; purple fruit; fall foliage; climbs by adhesive pads which may cause damage; deciduous; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Large white flowers with white throats; vigorously aggressive; evergreen; low salt<br />
Small leaves and flowers; suited to small areas; grows best in north <strong>Florida</strong>; low salt; deciduous; native<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
Confederate jasmine<br />
Trachelospermum jasminoides<br />
Virginia creeper<br />
Parthenocissus quinquefolia<br />
57<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference
F L O W E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Agapanthus Agapanthus africanus 8b–11 – 2<br />
Ageratum or floss flower Ageratum houstonianum 8a–11 – 1<br />
Alder, yellow, or sage rose Turnera ulmifolia 10b–11 3<br />
Amaryllis Hippeastrum hybrids 8a–9b 2<br />
Aster, bushy Aster dumosus 8a–10b – 1x3<br />
Aster, climbing Aster carolinianus 8a–11 – 8<br />
Aster, Stokes’ Stokesia laevis 8a–10a – 1<br />
Balloon flower Platycodon grandiflorus 8a–10b – 1x1<br />
Beardtongue, white, Penstemon multiflorus 8a–11 3<br />
or pineland penstemon<br />
Begonia Begonia spp. 9a–11 – 2<br />
Begonia, wax Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum 8a–11 – 1<br />
Bird-of-paradise Strelitzia reginae 9a–11 4<br />
Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta 8a–11 3<br />
Blanket flower Gaillardia pulchella 8a–11 2<br />
Blazing star Liatris spicata 8a–11 – 3<br />
or dense gayfeather<br />
Blue curls, <strong>for</strong>ked Trichostema dichotomum 8a–11 – 2<br />
Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
or narrowleaf-grass<br />
Butterfly weed or pleurisy root Asclepias tuberosa 8a–9b – 2<br />
Button rattlesnake master Eryngium yuccifolium 8a–11 – 3<br />
or button snakeroot<br />
Canna, garden Canna x generalis 8a–11 – 5<br />
Canna, yellow Canna flaccida 8a–11 – 4<br />
Cardinal flower Lobelia cardinalis 8a–11 – 3<br />
Chrysanthemum, garden Chrysanthemum x morifolium 8a–9b 3<br />
or florist’s<br />
Cigar flower Cuphea spp. 9a–11 – 3<br />
Cockscomb Celosia argentea (= C. cristata) 8a–11 – 2<br />
Coleus Coleus x hybridus 8a–11 2<br />
Common tickseed Coreopsis leavenworthii 8a–11 4<br />
Coreopsis or calliopsis Coreopsis tinctoria 8a–11 – 3<br />
Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus 8a–11 1–5<br />
Cream narcissus Narcissus tazetta 8a–9a 1.5<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
58<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Herbaceous; showy blue and white flowers; short-lived in south <strong>Florida</strong>; needs protection in northern zones; low salt<br />
Not very heat-resistant; cold-tender; problems with aphids, red spiders and leafhoppers; varied spring and summer flowers; requires well-drained soil<br />
Showy yellow flowers; annual in north <strong>Florida</strong>, perennial in central <strong>Florida</strong>; evergreen; high salt<br />
Perennial; varied spring flowers; may require winter rest to flower well; medium salt<br />
Perennial; clump-<strong>for</strong>ming; pale-blue to sky-blue flowers, late summer through winter; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; sprawling; flower color varies; fall blooms; likes sand; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Low-growing perennial; flowers from deep to pale blue and pink in color; spreads by stolons<br />
Perennial; medium green leaves; flower bud resembles an inflated balloon; star-like flowers, 2–3 inches, in blue, pink and white; slow to emerge in spring; low salt<br />
Perennial; basal rosette; snapdragon family; white spring, summer and fall flowers; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; needs good drainage; succulent star-shaped leaves, pink flowers, green and purple foliage; needs protection in northern zones; low salt<br />
Cold-tender; sun-adapted cultivars available; leaves can be green, bronze or mahogany red; damaged by nematodes; does best during cooler months; likes acidic soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; plant in protected locations in central <strong>Florida</strong>; spreads laterally with age; old clumps may be 10 feet across; orange or blue flowers; likes acidic soil; low salt<br />
Annual; not damaged by root-knot nematodes; yellow petals with brown centers; spring, summer and fall flowers; native<br />
Annual or perennial; does well in sand; reseeds readily; bi-color rayed flowers; great color variation; few insect problems; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; dramatic spikes of small, thread-like clusters of purple or white flowers in spring, summer and fall; low salt; native<br />
Annual; blue flowers in summer and fall; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; weak, short-lived perennial; lovely blue or white flowers; native<br />
Perennial; important nectar and larval plant; orange or red spring, summer and fall flowers; likes poor, acidic, well-drained soil; wildlife value; medium salt; native<br />
Perennial; branched stalks of white, button-like flowers from weakly spiny, yucca-like leaves; blooms in spring, summer and fall;<br />
likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; colors can be striped or splashed; dwarf cultivars available; problems with canna leaf roller; frost-sensitive; low salt<br />
Perennial; good all-around groundcover; comes back from freezes; yellow spring and summer flowers; prefers wet sites and sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; stalks of intensely red flowers in spring, summer and fall; wildlife value; low salt; native; threatened<br />
Perennial; hardiness varies with cultivar; divide in spring; pinching increases bushiness and flowering; problems with nematodes, mites, thrips and aphids;<br />
not recommended <strong>for</strong> south <strong>Florida</strong>; fall blooms; low salt<br />
Weak, short-lived perennial; long, tubular, varied-colored flower tipped with black and white; spring and summer blooms; needs protection in<br />
northern zones; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Annual; bright spring flowers; many cultivars available; damaged by root-knot nematodes; cold-tender; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Herbaceous; short-lived perennial; multicolored leaves; not drought-tolerant; likes fertile, well-drained soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; found on disturbed sites; yellow petals with brown centers; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; also called tick-seed; not damaged by root-knot nematode; remove faded flowers to prolong bloom; reseeds; yellow spring and summer flowers;<br />
tolerant of well-drained, poor soil; low salt<br />
Annual; mutliple colors, spring and summer blooms; cold-tender; may need staking; reseeds; prefers dry, infertile soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; cold-hardy; amaryllis family; white or yellow flowers in winter and spring; prefers clay or alkaline soil; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
59
F L O W E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Crinum-lily Crinum spp. 8a–10b – 4<br />
Daisy, African bush Euryops chrysanthemoides 9b–11 3<br />
Daisy, sea oxeye Borrichia frutescens 8b–11 – 3<br />
Daylily Hemerocallis hybrids 8a–10b – 2<br />
Dicerandra Dicerandra linearifolia 8a–9a 1.5x1<br />
Dotted horsemint Monarda punctata 8a–11 – 4<br />
or spotted bee balm<br />
Dusty-miller Senecio cineraria 8a–11 – 1<br />
Fancy-leaved caladium Caladium x hortulanum 8a–11 1.5<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> green eyes Berlandiera subacaulis 8a–11 1.5<br />
Four-o’clock or Mirabilis jalapa 8a–11 – 2<br />
marvel-of-Peru<br />
Gaura or whirling butterflies Guara lindheimeri 8a–9b 2x4<br />
Gerbera daisy Gerbera jamesonii 8b–11 1.5<br />
Ginger, butterfly Hedychium coronarium 8a–11 – 5<br />
Ginger, shell Alpinia zerumbet 9a–11 8<br />
Globe amaranth Gomphrena globosa 8a–11 – 2<br />
Goldenrod, seaside Solidago sempervirens 8a–11 – 5<br />
Heliotrope Heliotropium spp. 9b–11 – 2<br />
Impatiens Impatiens spp. 9a–11 2<br />
Indian paint brush Carphephorus corymbosus 8a–11 4<br />
Iris, African Dietes spp. 9b–10b – 3<br />
Iris, blue flag, anglepod, Iris hexagona 8a–11 3<br />
Dixie or prairie<br />
Iris, walking Neomarica spp. 8b–11 – 1–2<br />
Ironweed Veronia spp. 8a–9b – 6<br />
Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum 8a–10b 1x1<br />
Jacobinia Justicia spp. 9a–10b 2x4<br />
Kalanchoe Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 9b–11 1.5<br />
Lantana, <strong>Florida</strong>, or Lantana depressa 9a–11 – 2<br />
shrub verbena<br />
Lantana, gold mound Lantana camara ‘Gold Mound’ 9b–11 3<br />
Lantana, trailing Lantana montevidensis 9a–11 2<br />
Lizard’s tail Saururus cernuus 8b–11 – 3<br />
Lupine, sky-blue Lupinus diffusus 8a–10b 1.5x1.5<br />
Marigold Tagetes spp. 8a–11 2<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet<br />
60<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Not a true lily; white, pink and red <strong>for</strong>ms, some striped or multi-colored; blooms in spring and summer; problem with chewing insects and caterpillars;<br />
prone to leaf spot in south <strong>Florida</strong>; likes sandy soil; medium salt<br />
Showy yellow flowers; evergreen; low salt<br />
Perennial; <strong>for</strong>ms extensive colonies; silvery foliage, yellow flowers; in southeast <strong>Florida</strong>, Borrichia arborescens—has dark green leaves; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Herbaceous; showy yellow, pink or orange flowers in spring, summer and fall; high salt<br />
Perennial; attractive purple flowers in spring, fall or early winter; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; aromatic foliage; likes sandy soil; high salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Annual; tolerates heat; versatile border plant; silver/gray woolly foliage, yellow spring blooms; must re-plant every few years; does well in dry or sandy soil; low salt<br />
Herbaceous; arrowhead-shaped multicolored leaves, green spring flower; needs protection in northern zones; low salt<br />
Perennial; greenish-yellow flower; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; tunnel-shaped flowers open overnight; often reseeds; blooms in spring, summer and fall; can be weedy; low salt<br />
Perennial; open <strong>for</strong>m; dark green small linear leaves; best if grown in masses; red, pink or white flowers occur on long spikes; drought-tolerant; moderate salt<br />
Perennial; daisy-type flowers; single and double flowers available; can’t be planted too deep—sand in crown rots plant; low salt<br />
Perennial herb; large white spring flowers; needs protection in northern zones; moderate salt<br />
Herbaceous; dark green foliage, white and yellow flowers on canes; blooms in spring and winter; doesn’t bloom when frozen; moderate salt<br />
Annual; showy, clover-like flower heads; cold-tender; blooms in spring and summer; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; doesn’t cause allergies; yellow spring and fall blooms; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; many colors of flowers; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Annual; reseeds in moist areas; not frost-hardy; may require watering during hottest months; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; aster family; flattish heads of tubular rose-colored flowers; fall blooms; prefers acidic soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; spreads by rhizomes; flowers in many colors; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; found in swamps and wet prairies in north and central <strong>Florida</strong>; blue spring flowers; likes acidic or sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
White, blue or yellow iris-like flowers on a grass-like mass of leaves; spreads by plantlets; low salt<br />
Perennial; intense purple-pink flowers in flat-topped clusters in summer and fall; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; palmately compound leaf; bright red berries; colony-<strong>for</strong>ming; prefers alkaline soils; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; used as a background in masses; showy inflorescence in shades of pink, white and yellow; low salt<br />
Perennial; succulent, often invasive; spring and summer scarlet blooms; prefers sandy soil; medium salt<br />
Perennial; excellent drought tolerance; yellow flowers; prefers sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; gold mound is sterile variety; too much water and fertilizer reduce blooming; foliage damaged at 25°F, freezes to ground at 20°F; does well in sandy, dry sites; high salt; evergreen<br />
Perennial; won’t tolerate foot traffic or mowing; foliage damaged at 25°F, freezes to ground around 20°F; purple flowers; does well in sandy, dry sites; high salt; evergreen<br />
Annual; nodding spikes of white flowers; rhizomatous; <strong>for</strong>ms extensive colonies; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; leaves covered with silvery silky hairs; sky-blue flowers mid-winter to spring; low salt; native<br />
Annual; summer heat causes temporary decline in flowering; not damaged by nematodes; yellow or orange flowers in spring, summer and fall; tolerates dry soil; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast<br />
* Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
61
F L O W E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia 9b–11 – 6<br />
Mexican zinnia Tithonia rotundifolia 8a–11 – 3–5<br />
Milkweed, scarlet or Asclepias curassavica 9b–11 – 4<br />
blood flower or tropical<br />
Mistflower Conoclinium coelestinum 8a–11 – 2<br />
Moss-rose or portulaca Portulaca grandiflora 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
Pentas Pentas lanceolata 8a–11 – 4<br />
Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus 8a–11 – 1.5<br />
Petunia Petunia x hybrida 8a–11 1.5<br />
Phlox, garden Phlox drummondii 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
Phlox, moss Phlox subulata 8a–9b – 3<br />
Phlox, woodland Phlox divaricata 8a–9a – 1<br />
Poppy mallow Callirhoe papaver 8a–9a – 1.5x1<br />
Porterweed Stachytarpheta spp. 9a–11 – 1.5<br />
Purple coneflower Echinacea purpurea 8a–11 – 2<br />
Rain-lily Zephyranthes spp. 8a–11 – 1<br />
Sage, lyre-leaved Salvia lyrata 8a–11 – 1.5<br />
Sage, scarlet Salvia splendens 8a–11 2<br />
Sage, tropical Salvia coccinea 8a–11 – 2<br />
Scrub mints Conradina spp. 8a–9a 3x3<br />
Sedum or ice plant Sedum spp. 8a–10b – 2x2<br />
Shrub rose Rosa x ‘Knock Out’ 8a–10b – 3x3.5<br />
Silkgrass Pityopsis graminifolia 8a–11 – 3<br />
Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus 8a–11 2<br />
Society garlic Tulbaghia violacea 8a–11 2<br />
Spider-lily or beach-lily Hymenocallis spp. 9a–11 – 3<br />
Spiderwort, blue Tradescantia ohiensis 8a–11 – 3<br />
Spiral ginger Costus barbatus 8a–11 – 5<br />
String-lily Crinum americanum 8a–11 – 1.5<br />
Sunflower, narrow-leaved Helianthus angustifolius 8a–9b – 6<br />
Sweet William Dianthus barbatus 8a–9b – 1.5<br />
Twinflower Dyschoriste oblongifolia 8b–11 0.5<br />
Verbena, <strong>Florida</strong> native Glandularia spp. 8a–11 – 1.5<br />
or coastal mock<br />
Verbena, moss Glandularia pulchella (Verbena tenusecta) 8a–11 – 0.5<br />
62<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Perennial; can be invasive; roots easily; heat- and drought-resistant; yellow spring and summer flowers smell like honey; likes sandy soil; medium salt; wildlife value<br />
Annual flowering; large orange-to-gold daisy; may reseed; usually dies back in summer; butterfly attractor<br />
Perennial; orange, red or yellow flowers in spring, summer and fall; can become leggy; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Perennial; fluffy blue flowers on stalks; hardy, adaptable; plant in north <strong>Florida</strong> April–May, in central <strong>Florida</strong> March–April and September–October, in south <strong>Florida</strong><br />
November–February; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Annual; excellent groundcover; low-growing, fleshy succulent, often with reddish stems; flowers in many colors, short-lived but prolific; cold-tender; likes sandy soil; medium salt<br />
Perennial; magenta, pink, lilac or white showy flower clusters; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Herbaceous; can be invasive; needs protection in northern zones; variety of flower colors; good in dry sandy or coastal sites; high salt<br />
Popular annual; many <strong>for</strong>ms and colors available; fall, winter and spring flowers; cold-hardy to 20°F, can’t tolerate heat; problems with crown rot, aphids and nematodes; low salt<br />
Annual; clusters of 1-inch flowers of varied colors; used along roadways and large open areas <strong>for</strong> effect; reseeds; cold-hardy; low salt<br />
Perennial; spreading and mat-<strong>for</strong>ming; blue, purple or lavender spring flowers; cold-hardy; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; rich purple-pink flowers in spring; prefers some protection from midday sun<br />
Perennial; slender herb; flowers, 2–3 inches wide, bright purple-pink and poppy-like; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; many different-colored flowers available; needs protection in northern zones; likes sandy soil; attracts butterflies; high salt; S. jamaicensis is native<br />
Perennial; clumping; long-lasting cut flowers; purple flowers in spring and summer; prefers well-drained soil; medium salt; native<br />
Perennial; herbaceous; grass-like foliage; purple, white and pink flowers; blooms after rains during warm weather; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; lyre-shaped red markings on leaves; slender stalks, purple spring flowers; mint family; many species available; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Annual or perennial; red spring and summer blooms; cut back <strong>for</strong> multiple flowering; attracts hummingbirds; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; low salt<br />
Perennial; reseeds profusely; likes sandy soil but tolerates alkalinity; wildlife value; medium salt; native<br />
Small evergreen shrub with aromatic leaves; attractive white-to-pink flowers from spring to fall; moderate salt; native<br />
Perennial; clump-<strong>for</strong>ming; dark green 5-inch leaves; in early autumn, dense clusters of flowers turn deep pink, then copper-red; moderate salt<br />
One of the “care-free” roses; disease- and black spot-resistant; near constant flowering; single, cherry red flowers; low salt<br />
Perennial; grass-like, narrow linear leaves with silvery pubescence; yellow spring, summer and fall flowers; likes acidic soil; low salt; native<br />
Annual; many cultivars available; remove spent flowers <strong>for</strong> re-bloom; damaged by root-knot nematodes; winter and spring flowers<br />
Herbaceous; garlic-scented purple flowers in spring, summer and fall; doesn’t bloom well in shade; moderate salt<br />
Perennial; showy white fragrant flowers that attract hawkmoths; stalks grow from strap-like leaves; native<br />
Perennial; rhizomatous; <strong>for</strong>ms clumps; blue flowers; native<br />
Perennial; also called red torch ginger; showy, waxy red flowers atop tall stalks in spring, summer and fall; large spiral-arranged leaves; sprawling, spreading clump; likes sandy soil; medium salt<br />
Herbaceous; <strong>for</strong>ms solid cover in wet areas; fragrant white spring and summer flowers; poisonous; likes sandy soil; needs protection in northern zones; high salt; native<br />
Perennial; bright-yellow rayed flowers in summer and fall; prefers acidic and sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Annual; hardy, grows in north <strong>Florida</strong> winter; lightly damaged by root-knot nematodes; purple or red flowers in spring, fall and winter; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
Perennial; also called oblongleaf twinflower; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Annual or perennial; reseeding; doesn’t like mulch; variety of flower colors; prefers sandy soil; G. maritima good <strong>for</strong> beach areas; native<br />
Annual; finely divided leaves; prostrate growth habit; drought-tolerant; can sustain itself with infrequent mowing; purple spring, summer and fall flowers; likes sandy soil; low salt<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast * Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
63
F L O W E R S<br />
Common Name<br />
Scientific Name<br />
Verbena, purpletop or roadside Verbena bonariensis 8a–9b 4<br />
Verbena, Tampa Glandularia tampensis (Verbena tampensis) 9b–11 – 2<br />
Violet, <strong>Florida</strong> or common blue Viola spp. 8a–11 0.5<br />
Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis 8a–9a – 3<br />
Wild-petunia Ruellia caroliniensis 8a–11 – 1.5<br />
Wishbone flower or bluewing Torenia fournieri 9a–11 1<br />
Woodland pinkroot Spigelia marilandica 8a–9a 2<br />
or Indian pink<br />
Yarrow Achillea millefolium 8a–9b – 1.5<br />
Yellow buttons Balduina angustifolia 8a–10b – 2x3<br />
Yellowtop Flaveria linearis 8b–11 – 4<br />
Yucca Yucca spp. 8a–11 4–5<br />
64<br />
<strong>Florida</strong><br />
Hardiness<br />
Range<br />
Soil<br />
Moisture<br />
Range*<br />
Light<br />
Range*<br />
Mature<br />
Size<br />
(feet)<br />
SOIL MOISTURE Dry Moist Wet LIGHT Full Sun Partial Sun Shade<br />
Silkgrass<br />
Pityopsis graminifolia<br />
Cigar flower<br />
Cuphea species<br />
Daylily<br />
Hemerocallis hybrids<br />
Mexican sunflower<br />
Tithonia diversifolia<br />
Growth<br />
Rate
Comments<br />
Perennial; upright; attracts butterflies; purple flowers in spring and summer; low salt; wildlife value<br />
Perennial; purple flower clusters atop long stalks; blooms in spring, summer and fall; likes sandy soil; wildlife value; high salt; native; endangered<br />
Perennial; also known as common blue violet; blue spring blooms; likes sandy soil; low salt; native<br />
Perennial; dainty plant with nodding blooms; red or yellow spring flowers; endangered; prefers alkaline soil; low salt; wildlife value; native<br />
Perennial; showy pale-blue spring and summer flowers; good <strong>for</strong> shady areas; freezes to ground in north <strong>Florida</strong>; low salt; native<br />
Annual; escaped cultivation is found on disturbed sites; blooms in spring, fall and winter<br />
Perennial; red and yellow blooms in spring and summer; prefers acidic and sandy soil; wildlife value; low salt; native<br />
Weak, short-lived perennial; white or pink spring flowers; clumping growth habit; cold-hardy; low salt; native<br />
Annual; rounded growth <strong>for</strong>m; yellow aster-like flowers appear in fall and winter; well adapted to sandy soil; moderate salt; native<br />
Perennial; goldenrod relative with showy flat-topped clusters of small yellow flowers; likes sandy soil; high salt; native<br />
Erect succulent plant; many cultivars and species; leaves often have spines at tips<br />
GROWTH RATE Slow Medium Fast * Soil moisture and light listed in order of plant preference<br />
Amaryllis<br />
Hippeastrum hybrids<br />
65
F L O W E R S<br />
Iris, walking<br />
Neomarica species<br />
Verbena, moss<br />
Glandularia pulchella<br />
66<br />
Crinum-lily<br />
Crinum species<br />
Purple coneflower<br />
Echinacea purpurea
Pentas<br />
Pentas lanceolata<br />
67<br />
Dotted horsemint<br />
Monarda punctata<br />
Porterweed<br />
Stachytarpheta species
F L O W E R S<br />
Iris, blue flag<br />
Iris hexagona<br />
Blanket flower<br />
Gaillardia pulchella<br />
68<br />
Mistflower<br />
Conoclinium coelestinum<br />
Sage, tropical<br />
Salvia coccinea
Wild-petunia<br />
Ruellia caroliniensis<br />
Butterfly weed<br />
Asclepias tuberosa<br />
Wild columbine<br />
Aquilegia canadensis<br />
69<br />
Rain-lily<br />
Zephyranthes species<br />
Milkweed, scarlet<br />
Asclepias curassavica
Glossary<br />
acid — A condition which is derived by partial<br />
exchange of replaceable hydrogen; an element that is<br />
sour; on the pH scale, acid conditions are any pH<br />
below 7.0, which is neutral.<br />
alkaline — The condition of water or soil that<br />
contains an amount of alkali substances (various<br />
soluble salts) to raise the pH above 7.0; when<br />
extreme, alkalinity is caustic.<br />
aquifer — A layer of underground rock or sand<br />
which stores and carries water.<br />
brackish — Somewhat salty.<br />
conserve — To use only what is needed.<br />
deciduous — Losing foliage in autumn or winter.<br />
drawdown — Lowered water level.<br />
ecotones — Regions where one ecosystem blends<br />
into another.<br />
epiphyte — A plant that gets its moisture and<br />
nutrients from the air and rain.<br />
groundcover — Small plants that live close to the<br />
ground.<br />
groundwater — <strong>Water</strong> below the earth’s surface.<br />
hammock — Forest of broad-leafed trees and<br />
cabbage palms.<br />
herbaceous — Having the texture, color or<br />
appearance of a leaf, with little or no woody tissue.<br />
humus — Decomposed plant or animal matter; the<br />
organic portion of soil.<br />
hydric — Characterized by abundant moisture.<br />
inorganic — Composed of matter other than plant<br />
or animal.<br />
leach — To pass through by percolation.<br />
marl — A loose earthy deposit containing a<br />
substantial amount of calcium carbonate; used <strong>for</strong><br />
soils deficient in lime.<br />
mesic — Moist conditions; characterized by a<br />
moderate amount of moisture.<br />
70<br />
microclimate — A small-scale site of special<br />
conditions within a larger climate.<br />
plat — A plan or map of a piece of land.<br />
potable — <strong>Water</strong> suitable <strong>for</strong> human consumption.<br />
practical turf area — A place where grass serves a<br />
function, such as a child’s or pet’s play area.<br />
recharge area — A place where water is able to seep<br />
into the ground and replenish an aquifer because no<br />
confining layer is present.<br />
saline — Containing salt.<br />
saltwater intrusion — When salt water moves into<br />
the freshwater zone of an aquifer, making the water<br />
unfit <strong>for</strong> drinking.<br />
shrub strata — The shrub layer of a <strong>for</strong>est community,<br />
under the canopy and understory tree species.<br />
sinkhole — A hole in the ground caused by erosion<br />
of underground limestone.<br />
stormwater runoff — Rainwater that runs off<br />
surfaces into water bodies.<br />
succession — A series of ecosystem changes where<br />
plants compete, succeeding and displacing each other<br />
as they respond to, and so modify, their environment.<br />
topography — Natural features of land.<br />
understory — The vegetative layer under a <strong>for</strong>est<br />
canopy, but above the shrub and groundcover layers.<br />
water resource caution areas — Areas identified by<br />
the water management districts where existing<br />
sources of water may not be adequate to supply<br />
water <strong>for</strong> future human needs while maintaining<br />
water resources and related natural systems.<br />
water table — The upper limit of where groundwater<br />
permeates the ground.<br />
wetlands — Areas containing much soil moisture.<br />
xeric — Characterized by dry conditions; requiring<br />
only a small amount of moisture.
Bibliography<br />
Bailey, Liberty Hyde. Manual of Cultivated Plants. New<br />
York: Macmillan, 1949.<br />
Bell, C. Ritchie, and Bryan J. Taylor. <strong>Florida</strong> Wild<br />
Flowers and Roadside Plants. Chapel Hill, N.C.:<br />
Laurel Hill Press, 1982.<br />
Black, Robert J., and Edward F. Gilman. Your <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Guide to Bedding Plants: Selection, Establishment<br />
and Maintenance. Gainesville: University Press of<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>, 1997.<br />
Brandies, Monica Moran. Herbs and Spices <strong>for</strong> <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Gardens. Wayne, Pa.: B.B. Mackay Books, 1996.<br />
Broschat, Timothy K., and Alan W. Meerow. Betrock’s<br />
Reference Guide to <strong>Florida</strong> Landscape Plants.<br />
Hollywood, Fla.: Betrock In<strong>for</strong>mation Systems, 1996.<br />
Dehgan, Bijan. Landscape Plants <strong>for</strong> Subtropical Climates.<br />
Gainesville: University Press of <strong>Florida</strong>, 1998.<br />
Gilman, Edward F. Betrock’s <strong>Florida</strong> Plant Guide.<br />
Hollywood, Fla.: Betrock In<strong>for</strong>mation Systems, 1996.<br />
———. Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcovers.<br />
2d ed. CD-ROM. Purcellville, Va.: Horticopia, 1998.<br />
———. Horticopia: Perennials and Annuals. 2d ed.<br />
CD-ROM. Purcellville, Va.: Horticopia, 1998.<br />
Gilman, Edward F., and Robert J. Black. Your <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Guide to Shrubs. Gainesville: University Press of<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>, 1999.<br />
Haehle, Robert G., and Joan Brookwell. Native <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Plants. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company,<br />
1999.<br />
Jameson, Michael, and Richard Moyroud, eds. Xeric<br />
Landscaping With <strong>Florida</strong> Native Plants. N.p.<br />
Association of <strong>Florida</strong> Native Nurseries, 1991.<br />
Langeland, K.A., and K. Craddock Burks, eds.<br />
Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>’s Natural Areas. Gainesville: Institute of Food<br />
and Agricultural Sciences Publications, University of<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>, 1999.<br />
Little, Elbert L. National Audubon Society Field Guide to<br />
North American Trees, Eastern Region. New York:<br />
Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.<br />
Mabberley, D.J. The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary<br />
of the Higher Plants. Cambridge, Mass.: University<br />
Press, 1987.<br />
MacCubbin, Tom, and Georgia Tasker. <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Gardener’s Guide. Franklin, Tenn.: Cool Springs<br />
Press, 1997.<br />
71<br />
Maxwell, Lewis S. <strong>Florida</strong> Fruit. Tampa, Fla.: Lewis S.<br />
Maxwell, 1967.<br />
McGeachy, Beth. Handbook of <strong>Florida</strong> Palms.<br />
St. Petersburg, Fla.: Great Outdoors Publishing<br />
Company, 1977.<br />
Meerow, Alan W. Betrock’s Guide to Landscape Palms.<br />
Hollywood, Fla.: Betrock In<strong>for</strong>mation Systems, 1992.<br />
Morton, Julia F. Fruits of Warm Climates. Winterville,<br />
N.C.: Creative Resource Systems, 1987.<br />
Myers, Ronald L., and John J. Ewel, eds. Ecosystems of<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>. Orlando, Fla.: University of Central <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Press, 1991.<br />
Nelson, Gil. The Trees of <strong>Florida</strong>. Sarasota, Fla.:<br />
Pineapple Press, 1994.<br />
———. The Shrubs and Woody Vines of <strong>Florida</strong>.<br />
Sarasota, Fla.: Pineapple Press, 1996.<br />
Ruppert, Kathleen C., and Robert J. Black. <strong>Florida</strong> Lawn<br />
Handbook. Gainesville: University Press of <strong>Florida</strong>,<br />
1998.<br />
Stresau, Frederic. <strong>Florida</strong>, My Eden. Port Salerno, Fla.:<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> Classics Library, 1986.<br />
Suncoast Native Plant Society. The Right Plants <strong>for</strong> Dry<br />
Places: Native Plant Landscaping in Central <strong>Florida</strong>.<br />
St. Petersburg, Fla.: Great Outdoors Publishing<br />
Company, 1997.<br />
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Wildflowers. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing<br />
Company, 1992.<br />
———. <strong>Florida</strong> Wildflowers in Their Natural<br />
Communities. Gainesville: University Press of<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>, 1998.<br />
Wasowski, Sally. Gardening With Native Plants of the<br />
South. Dallas, Texas: Taylor Publishing Company,<br />
1994.<br />
Watkins, John, and Thomas J. Sheehan. <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Landscape Plants. Revised edition. Gainesville:<br />
University Press of <strong>Florida</strong>, 1975.<br />
Wunderlin, Richard. Guide to the Vascular Plants of<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>. Gainesville: University Press of <strong>Florida</strong>,<br />
1998.<br />
Yarlett, Lewis L. Common Grasses of <strong>Florida</strong> and the<br />
Southeast. Spring Hill, Fla.: <strong>Florida</strong> Native Plant<br />
Society, 1996.
Scientific Cross-Reference<br />
Abelia x grandiflora<br />
(A. chinensis x A. uniflora) . . . . . . . . . . . .Glossy abelia<br />
Acacia farnesiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Acacia, sweet<br />
Acalypha hispida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chenille plant<br />
Acalypha wilkesiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Copperleaf<br />
Acer rubrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maple, red<br />
Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum . . . . .Maple, <strong>Florida</strong> sugar<br />
Achillea millefolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yarrow<br />
Acoelorrhaphe wrightii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Paurotis palm<br />
Acrostichum danaeifolium . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, giant leather<br />
Aesculus pavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Red buckeye<br />
Agapanthus africanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Agapanthus<br />
Agarista populifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pipestem<br />
Agave americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Century plant<br />
Ageratum houstonianum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ageratum<br />
Ajuga reptans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ajuga<br />
Allamanda cathartica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Allamanda, yellow<br />
Aloe vera (= A. barbadensis) . . . . . . . . . . .Aloe<br />
Alpinia zerumbet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ginger, shell<br />
Amyris elemifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Torchwood<br />
Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus . . . . . .Broomsedge<br />
Annona glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pond-apple<br />
Annona muricata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Soursop<br />
Annona reticulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Custard apple<br />
Annona x ‘Atemoya’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Atemoya<br />
Antirrhinum majus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Snapdragon<br />
Aquilegia canadensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild columbine<br />
Archontophoenix alexandrae . . . . . . . . . .Alexandra palm<br />
Ardisia escallonioides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marlberry<br />
Argusia gnaphalodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sea lavender<br />
Arisaema triphyllum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jack-in-the-pulpit<br />
Aristida beyrichiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, wire<br />
Asclepias curassavica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Milkweed, scarlet<br />
Asclepias tuberosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Butterfly weed<br />
Asimina spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pawpaw<br />
Asparagus aethiopicus ‘Myers’ . . . . . . . . .Foxtail-fern<br />
Aspidistra elatior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cast-iron plant<br />
Asplenium nidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, bird’s nest<br />
Aster carolinianus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aster, climbing<br />
Aster dumosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aster, bushy<br />
Averrhoa carambola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Carambola<br />
Avicennia germinans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mangrove, black<br />
Bacopa monnieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Smooth water-hyssop<br />
Balduina angustifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yellow buttons<br />
Bauhinia x blakeana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hong Kong orchid tree<br />
Beaumontia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Herald’s-trumpet<br />
Begonia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Begonia<br />
Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum . . . . . .Begonia, wax<br />
Berberis julianae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Barberry, wintergreen<br />
Berberis thunbergii<br />
‘Atropurpurea Nana’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Barberry, ‘crimson<br />
pygmy’<br />
Berlandiera subacaulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<strong>Florida</strong> green eyes<br />
Betula nigra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Birch, river<br />
Bignonia carpeolata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cross vine<br />
Bismarckia nobilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bismarck palm<br />
Blechnum serrulatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, swamp<br />
Borrichia frutescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Daisy, sea oxeye<br />
72<br />
Bougainvillea glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bougainvillea,<br />
paper flower<br />
Breynia disticha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Snow bush<br />
Brugmansia x candida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Angel’s-trumpet<br />
Brunfelsia americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lady-of-the-night<br />
Brunfelsia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yesterday-todayand-tomorrow<br />
Bucida buceras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black olive<br />
Bucida spinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiny black olive<br />
Buddleja spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Butterfly bush<br />
Bulnesia arborea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bulnesia<br />
Bursera simaruba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gumbo limbo<br />
Butia capitata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pindo palm<br />
Caladium x hortulanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fancy-leaved caladium<br />
Calliandra haematocephala . . . . . . . . . . .Red powderpuff<br />
Callicarpa americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .American beautyberry<br />
Callirhoe papaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Poppy mallow<br />
Callistemon citrinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bottlebrush, lemon<br />
Callistemon rigidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bottlebrush, stiff<br />
Calycanthus floridus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweet shrub<br />
Calyptranthes pallens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spicewood<br />
Camellia sasanqua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Camellia, sasanqua<br />
Campsis radicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trumpet vine<br />
Cananga odorata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ylang-ylang<br />
Canavalia maritima (= C. rosea) . . . . . . .Bean, beach<br />
Canna flaccida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Canna, yellow<br />
Canna x generalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Canna, garden<br />
Capparis cynophallophora . . . . . . . . . . . .Caper, Jamaican<br />
Carissa macrocarpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Natal plum<br />
Carphephorus corymbosus . . . . . . . . . . . .Indian paint brush<br />
Carpinus caroliniana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hornbeam, American<br />
Carya alba (= C. tomentosa) . . . . . . . . . .Hickory, mockernut<br />
Carya floridana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hickory, scrub<br />
Carya glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hickory, pignut<br />
Carya illinoinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pecan<br />
Caryota mitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Clustering fishtail palm<br />
Casimiroa edulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White sapote<br />
Cassia fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Golden shower<br />
Cassia javanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pink-and-white shower<br />
Castanea pumila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chinquapin<br />
Catalpa bignonioides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Catalpa<br />
Catharanthus roseus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Periwinkle<br />
Celosia argentea (= C. cristata) . . . . . . . .Cockscomb<br />
Celtis laevigata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sugarberry<br />
Cephalanthus occidentalis . . . . . . . . . . . .Buttonbush<br />
Cercis canadensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redbud<br />
Cestrum nocturnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Night-blooming jessamine<br />
Chamadorea microspadix . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bamboo palm<br />
Chamaedorea cataractarum . . . . . . . . . . .Cat palm<br />
Chamaerops humilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European fan palm<br />
Chasmanthium latifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, broadleaf spike<br />
Chiococca alba (= C. pinetorum) . . . . . . .Snowberry, pineland<br />
Chionanthus virginicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fringe tree<br />
Chlorphytum comosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spider plant<br />
Chorisia speciosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Floss-silk tree<br />
Chrysanthemum x morifolium . . . . . . . . .Chrysanthemum, garden<br />
Chrysobalanus icaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cocoplum<br />
Chrysophyllum cainito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Star-apple
Scientific Cross-Reference<br />
Chrysophyllum olivi<strong>for</strong>me . . . . . . . . . . . . .Satinleaf<br />
Citharexylum spinosum<br />
(= C. fruticosum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fiddlewood<br />
Citrus aurantifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Key lime<br />
Citrus limon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lemon<br />
Citrus reticulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tangerine<br />
Citrus sinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Orange, sweet<br />
Citrus x paradisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grapefruit<br />
Citrus x tangelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tangelo<br />
Clerodendrum thomsoniae . . . . . . . . . . . .Bleeding heart<br />
Clethra alnifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweet pepperbush<br />
Clusia rosea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pitch apple<br />
Coccoloba diversifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pigeon plum<br />
Coccoloba uvifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seagrape<br />
Coccothrinax argentata . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silver palm<br />
Cocculus laurifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Snail seed<br />
Cocos nucifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coconut palm<br />
Codiaeum variegatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Croton<br />
Coleus x hybridus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coleus<br />
Colvillea racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colville’s glory<br />
Conocarpus erectus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Buttonwood<br />
Conocarpus erectus var. sericeus . . . . . . .Buttonwood, silver<br />
Conoclinium coelestinum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mistflower<br />
Conradina canescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scrub conradina<br />
Conradina grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scrub mint,<br />
large-flowered<br />
Conradina spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scrub mints<br />
Cordia sebestena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geiger tree<br />
Cordyline terminalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ti plant<br />
Coreopsis leavenworthii . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Common tickseed<br />
Coreopsis tinctoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coreopsis<br />
Cornus florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dogwood, flowering<br />
Cornus kousa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dogwood, Japanese<br />
Cortaderia selloana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pampas grass<br />
Cosmos bipinnatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cosmos<br />
Costus barbatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiral ginger<br />
Crataegus aestivalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .May haw<br />
Crataegus flava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summer haw<br />
Crinum spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crinum-lily<br />
Crinum americanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .String-lily<br />
Crossopetalum ilicifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quailberry<br />
Cuphea hyssopifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .False heather<br />
Cuphea spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cigar flower<br />
Cycas revoluta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sago, king<br />
Cycas rumphii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sago, queen<br />
Cynodon dactylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, Bermuda<br />
Cyrilla racemiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Titi<br />
Cyrtomium falcatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, holly<br />
Delonix regia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Royal poinciana<br />
Dianthus barbatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweet William<br />
Dicerandra linearifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dicerandra<br />
Dictyosperma album . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hurricane palm<br />
Dietes spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iris, African<br />
Dioon edule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cycad, Dioon<br />
Diospyros digyna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black sapote<br />
Diospyros discolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Velvet-apple, Mabolo<br />
Diospyros kaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Persimmon, Japanese<br />
Diospyros virginiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Persimmon, common<br />
Distichlis spicata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, salt<br />
73<br />
Dodonaea viscosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Varnish leaf<br />
Dracaena draco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dragon tree<br />
Dracaena spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dracaena<br />
Duranta evecta (= Duranta repens) . . . . .Golden dewdrop<br />
Dyschoriste oblongifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Twinflower<br />
Echinacea purpurea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Purple coneflower<br />
Elaeagnus pungens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silverthorn<br />
Eragrostis spectabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, purple love<br />
Eremochloa ophiuroides . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, centipede<br />
Eriobotrya japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Loquat<br />
Erithalis fruticosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black torch<br />
Ernodea littoralis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Golden creeper<br />
Eryngium yuccifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Button rattlesnake master<br />
Erythrina herbacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Coral bean<br />
Eugenia confusa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redberry stopper<br />
Eugenia foetida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spanish stopper<br />
Eugenia rhombea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Red stopper<br />
Euryops chrysanthemoides . . . . . . . . . . . .Daisy, African bush<br />
Evodia suaveolens var. ridleyi . . . . . . . . . .Aralia, lacy-lady<br />
Evolvulus glomerata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blue daze<br />
Fagus grandifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beech, American<br />
Feijoa sellowiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Guava, pineapple<br />
Ficus carica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fig, edible<br />
Ficus pumila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fig, creeping<br />
Flaveria linearis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yellowtop<br />
Fortunella spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kumquat<br />
Fraxinus caroliniana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ash, pop<br />
Fraxinus pennsylvanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ash, green<br />
Gaillardia pulchella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blanket flower<br />
Galphimia gracilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thryallis<br />
Garberia heterophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Garberia<br />
Gardenia augusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gardenia, Cape jasmine<br />
Gaylussacia dumosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Huckleberry, dwarf<br />
Gelsemium sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jasmine, Carolina<br />
Genipa clusiifolia (= Casasia clusiifolia) . . .Apple, seven-year<br />
Gerbera jamesonii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gerbera daisy<br />
Glandularia pulchella<br />
(Verbena tenusecta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Verbena, moss<br />
Glandularia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Verbena, <strong>Florida</strong> native<br />
Glandularia tampensis<br />
(Verbena tampensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Verbena, Tampa<br />
Gomphrena globosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Globe amaranth<br />
Gordonia lasianthus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Loblolly bay<br />
Graptophyllum pictum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Caricature plant<br />
Guajacum sanctum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lignum vitae<br />
Guapira discolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blolly<br />
Guara lindheimeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gaura<br />
Gymnanthes lucida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crabwood<br />
Halesia carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Carolina silverbell<br />
Halesia diptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Two-winged silverbell<br />
Hamelia patens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Firebush<br />
Hedera canariensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ivy, Algerian<br />
Hedychium coronarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ginger, butterfly<br />
Helianthus angustifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sunflower, narrow-leaved<br />
Helianthus debilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sunflower, beach<br />
Heliotropium spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heliotrope<br />
Hemerocallis hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Daylily<br />
Hibiscus coccineus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hibiscus, red<br />
Hibiscus mutabilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Confederate-rose
Scientific Cross-Reference<br />
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hibiscus<br />
Hibiscus syriacus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rose-of-Sharon<br />
Hippeastrum hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Amaryllis<br />
Hosta spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hosta<br />
Hydrangea arborescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hydrangea, wild<br />
Hydrangea macrophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hydrangea, French<br />
Hydrangea quercifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hydrangea, oakleaf<br />
Hymenocallis spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spider-lily<br />
Hypericum reductum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .St. John’s wort<br />
Ilex ambigua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, Carolina<br />
Ilex cassine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, dahoon<br />
Ilex cornuta ‘Bur<strong>for</strong>d’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, Bur<strong>for</strong>d<br />
Ilex crenata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, Japanese<br />
Ilex glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gallberry<br />
Ilex myrtifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, myrtle-leaved<br />
Ilex opaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, American<br />
Ilex vomitoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, yaupon<br />
Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’ and ‘Shellings’ . . . .Holly, dwarf yaupon<br />
Ilex vomitoria ‘Pendula’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Holly, weeping yaupon<br />
Ilex x attenuata ‘East Palatka’ . . . . . . . . .Holly, East Palatka<br />
Illicium anisatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Anise-tree<br />
Illicium floridanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Anise, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Illicium parviflorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Anise, yellow<br />
Impatiens spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Impatiens<br />
Ipomoea imperati (= I. stolonifera) . . . . . .Beach morning glory<br />
Ipomoea pes-caprae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Railroad vine<br />
Ipomoea spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Morning-glory<br />
Iris hexagona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iris, blue flag<br />
Itea virginica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweetspire<br />
Iva imbricata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beach elder<br />
Ixora coccinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ixora<br />
Jacaranda acutifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jacaranda<br />
Jacquinia keyensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Joewood<br />
Jasminum mesnyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jasmine, primrose<br />
Jasminum multiflorum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jasmine, downy<br />
Jatropha integerrima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peregrina<br />
Juniperus chinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper, Chinese<br />
Juniperus chinensis ‘Parsonii’ . . . . . . . . . .Juniper, Parson<br />
Juniperus chinensis ‘Pftizeriana’ . . . . . . . .Juniper, Pftizer<br />
Juniperus conferta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper, shore<br />
Juniperus horizontalis ‘Blue Rug’ . . . . . . .Juniper, blue rug<br />
Juniperus procumbens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Juniper, Japanese garden<br />
Juniperus virginiana (= J. silicicola) . . . . . .Cedar, red<br />
Justicia brandegeana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shrimp plant<br />
Justicia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jacobinia<br />
Kaempferia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ginger, peacock<br />
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kalanchoe<br />
Lagerstroemia indica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crape myrtle<br />
Laguncularia racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mangrove, white<br />
Lantana camara ‘Gold Mound’ . . . . . . .Lantana, gold mound<br />
Lantana depressa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lantana, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Lantana involucrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild sage<br />
Lantana montevidensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lantana, trailing<br />
Lantana montevidensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lantana, trailing<br />
Leucophyllum frutescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Texas sage<br />
Leucothoe racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fetterbush<br />
Liatris spicata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blazing star<br />
Licania michauxii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gopher apple<br />
Licuala grandis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Licuala palm<br />
74<br />
Licuala spinosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Licuala, spiny<br />
Liquidambar styraciflua . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweetgum<br />
Liriodendron tulipifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tulip tree<br />
Liriope spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Liriope<br />
Litchi chinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lychee<br />
Livistona chinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chinese fan palm<br />
Lobelia cardinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cardinal flower<br />
Lonicera sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Honeysuckle, coral<br />
Lupinus diffusus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lupine, sky-blue<br />
Lycium carolinianum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Christmas berry<br />
Lyonia ferruginea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lyonia, rusty<br />
Lyonia lucida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lyonia, shiny<br />
Lysiloma latisiliqua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild tamarind<br />
Lysiloma sabicu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cuban tamarind<br />
Maclura pomifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Osage orange<br />
Magnolia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Magnolia, southern<br />
Magnolia virginiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweetbay<br />
Mahonia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon grape-holly<br />
Malus angustifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crabapple, southern<br />
Malvaviscus arboreus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Turk’s-cap<br />
Mandevilla spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mandevilla<br />
Mangifera indica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mango<br />
Manilkara bahamensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild dilly<br />
Manilkara roxburghiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mimusops<br />
Metasequoia glyptostroboides . . . . . . . . . .Dawn redwood<br />
Mimosa strigillosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Powderpuff<br />
Mirabilis jalapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Four-o’clock<br />
Miscanthus sinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, zebra<br />
Monarda punctata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dotted horsemint<br />
Monstera deliciosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Monstera<br />
Morus rubra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mulberry, red<br />
Muhlenbergia capillaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, muhly<br />
Musa acuminata ‘Cavendish’ . . . . . . . . .Banana, Cavendish<br />
Myrcianthes fragrans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Simpson stopper<br />
Myrciaria cauliflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jaboticaba<br />
Myrica cerifera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wax myrtle<br />
Narcissus tazetta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cream narcissus<br />
Neodypsis decaryi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Triangle palm<br />
Neomarica spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iris, walking<br />
Nephrolepis biserrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, giant sword<br />
Nerium oleander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oleander<br />
Nolina recurvata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ponytail palm<br />
Noronhia emarginata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Madagascar olive<br />
Nyssa aquatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tupelo, water<br />
Nyssa biflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blackgum<br />
Nyssa sylvatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sourgum<br />
Ocotea coriacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lancewood<br />
Odontonema cuspidata . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Firespike<br />
Ophiopogon japonicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, mondo<br />
Ophiopogon spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, Aztec<br />
Osmanthus fragrans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sweet olive<br />
Osmunda cinnamomea . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, cinnamon<br />
Osmunda regalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, royal<br />
Ostrya virginiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hop hornbeam<br />
Oxydendrum arboreum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sourwood<br />
Pandorea jasminoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bower vine<br />
Panicum amarum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, bitter panic<br />
Panicum hemitomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maidencane<br />
Parkinsonia aculeata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jerusalem thorn
Scientific Cross-Reference<br />
Parthenocissus quinquefolia . . . . . . . . . . .Virginia creeper<br />
Paspalum notatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, bahia<br />
Paspalum vaginatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seashore paspalum<br />
Passiflora coccinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passion flower, scarlet<br />
Passiflora edulis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passion flower, purple<br />
Passiflora incarnata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passion flower<br />
Passiflora suberosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passion flower,<br />
corky-stem<br />
Passiflora x ‘Incense’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Passion flower, incense<br />
Peltophorum pterocarpum . . . . . . . . . . . .Copperpod<br />
Penstemon multiflorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Beardtongue, white<br />
Pentas lanceolata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pentas<br />
Persea americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Avocado<br />
Persea borbonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Redbay<br />
Persea humilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silkbay<br />
Persea palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Swampbay<br />
Petrea volubilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Queens wreath<br />
Petunia x hybrida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Petunia<br />
Philadelphus coronarius . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mock orange<br />
Philodendron selloum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Philodendron<br />
Phlox divaricata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Phlox, woodland<br />
Phlox drummondii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Phlox, garden<br />
Phlox subulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Phlox, moss<br />
Phoenix canariensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Canary Island date palm<br />
Phoenix rupicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cliff date palm<br />
Phoenix sylvestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild date palm<br />
Photinia glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Photinia or red-tip<br />
Pimenta dioica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Allspice<br />
Pinus clausa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine, sand<br />
Pinus elliottii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine, slash<br />
Pinus elliottii var. densa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine, South <strong>Florida</strong> slash<br />
Pinus glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine, spruce<br />
Pinus palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine, long-leaf<br />
Pinus taeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pine, loblolly<br />
Piscidia piscipula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jamaican dogwood<br />
Pityopsis graminifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silkgrass<br />
Platanus occidentalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sycamore<br />
Platycladus orientalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arbor-vitae, Oriental<br />
Platycodon grandiflorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Balloon flower<br />
Plumbago auriculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plumbago<br />
Plumeria spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Frangipani<br />
Podocarpus macrophyllus . . . . . . . . . . . . .Podocarpus, yew<br />
Portulaca grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Moss-rose<br />
Pouteria campechiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eggfruit, Canistel<br />
Prunus angustifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plum, Chickasaw<br />
Prunus caroliniana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cherry laurel<br />
Prunus persica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peach<br />
Prunus umbellata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plum, flatwoods<br />
Pseudophoenix sargentii . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Buccaneer palm<br />
Psychotria ligustrifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bahama coffee<br />
Psychotria nervosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild coffee<br />
Ptychosperma macarthurii . . . . . . . . . . . .Macarthur palm<br />
Punica granatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pomegranate<br />
Pyracantha coccinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Firethorn, red<br />
Pyrus calleryana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brad<strong>for</strong>d pear<br />
Pyrus communis ‘Hood’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pear, Hood<br />
Quercus alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, white<br />
Quercus chapmanii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, Chapman<br />
Quercus geminata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, sand live<br />
75<br />
Quercus hemisphaerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, laurel<br />
Quercus incana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, bluejack<br />
Quercus laevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, turkey<br />
Quercus laurifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, diamond leaf<br />
Quercus lyrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, overcup<br />
Quercus michauxii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, swamp chestnut<br />
Quercus myrtifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, myrtle<br />
Quercus nigra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, water<br />
Quercus phellos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, willow<br />
Quercus shumardii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, Shumard<br />
Quercus virginiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oak, live<br />
Randia aculeata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White indigo berry<br />
Rapanea punctata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Myrsine<br />
Rhamnus caroliniana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Buckthorn, Carolina<br />
Rhaphiolepis indica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hawthorn, Indian<br />
Rhapidophyllum hystrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Needle palm<br />
Rhapis excelsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lady palm or rhapis<br />
Rhizophora mangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mangrove, red<br />
Rhododendron austrinum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Azalea, <strong>Florida</strong> flame<br />
Rhododendron canescens . . . . . . . . . . . . .Azalea, wild<br />
Rhododendron minus var. chapmanii . . . .Rhododendron,<br />
Chapman’s<br />
Rhododendron spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Azalea hybrids<br />
Rosa laevigata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rose, Cherokee<br />
Rosa x ‘Knock Out’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shrub rose<br />
Rosa x ‘Red Carpet’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Groundcover rose<br />
Rosmarinus officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rosemary<br />
Roystonea regia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<strong>Florida</strong> royal palm<br />
Rubus cultivar Brazos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blackberry<br />
Rudbeckia hirta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black-eyed Susan<br />
Ruellia caroliniensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild-petunia<br />
Rumohra adianti<strong>for</strong>mis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, leatherleaf<br />
Russelia equiseti<strong>for</strong>mis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Firecracker plant<br />
Sabal etonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scrub palmetto<br />
Sabal minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bluestem palmetto<br />
Sabal palmetto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cabbage palm<br />
Salix babylonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Willow, weeping<br />
Salvia coccinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sage, tropical<br />
Salvia lyrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sage, lyre-leaved<br />
Salvia splendens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sage, scarlet<br />
Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis . . . . .Elderberry<br />
Sapindus marginatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<strong>Florida</strong> soapberry<br />
Sassafras albidum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sassafras<br />
Saururus cernuus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lizard’s tail<br />
Savia bahamensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maidenbush<br />
Scaevola plumieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inkberry<br />
Schaefferia frutescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<strong>Florida</strong> boxwood<br />
Sedum spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sedum<br />
Senecio cineraria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dusty-miller<br />
Senna mexicana var. chapmanii . . . . . . . .Cassia, Bahama<br />
Serenoa repens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Saw palmetto<br />
Sesuvium portulacastrum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sea purslane<br />
Severinia buxifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Boxthorn<br />
Sideroxylon foetidissimum<br />
(= Mastichodendron foetidissimum) . . . .Mastic<br />
Sideroxylon tenax (= Bumelia tenax) . . . .Buckthorn, tough<br />
Simarouba glauca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Paradise tree<br />
Sisyrinchium angustifolium . . . . . . . . . . . .Blue-eyed grass<br />
Solidago sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Goldenrod, seaside
Scientific Cross-Reference<br />
Sophora tomentosa var. truncata . . . . . . .Yellow necklace pod<br />
Sorghastrum secundum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, lopsided Indian<br />
Spartina alterniflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, smooth cord<br />
Spartina bakeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, sand cord<br />
Spartina patens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, saltmeadow cord<br />
Spathodea campanulata . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tulip tree, African<br />
Spigelia marilandica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Woodland pinkroot<br />
Spiraea cantoniensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiraea, Chinese<br />
Spiraea thunbergii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiraea, Thunberg<br />
Sporobolus virginicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Seashore dropseed<br />
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis . . . . . . . . . . .Porterweed, blue<br />
Stachytarpheta spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Porterweed<br />
Stenocarpus sinuatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Firewheel tree<br />
Stenotaphrum secundatum . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, St. Augustine<br />
Stephanotis floribunda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bridal bouquet<br />
Sterculia foetida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bangar nut<br />
Stigmaphyllon littorale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Brazilian golden vine<br />
Stokesia laevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aster, Stokes’<br />
Strelitzia nicolai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bird-of-paradise tree<br />
Strelitzia reginae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bird-of-paradise<br />
Styrax grandifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Big leaf snowbell<br />
Suriana maritima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bay cedar<br />
Swietenia mahagoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mahogany<br />
Syagrus romanzoffiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Queen palm<br />
Tabebuia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trumpet tree, Caribbean<br />
Tabernaemontana divaricata . . . . . . . . . .Crape jasmine<br />
Tagetes spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marigold<br />
Tamarindus indica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tamarind<br />
Taxodium ascendens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cypress, pond<br />
Taxodium distichum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cypress, bald<br />
Tecoma capensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Honeysuckle, Cape<br />
Ternstroemia gymnanthera . . . . . . . . . . . .Cleyera<br />
Tetrastigma voinerianum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ape-ivy<br />
Tetrazygia bicolor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tetrazygia<br />
Thelypteris kunthii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fern, southern shield<br />
Thrinax morrisii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thatch palm, Key<br />
Thrinax radiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thatch palm, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Thunbergia alata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Black-eyed Susan vine<br />
Thunbergia erecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bush clock vine<br />
Thunbergia fragrans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .White sky vine<br />
Thunbergia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sky vine<br />
Thymus vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thyme<br />
Tibouchina spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Glorybush<br />
Tilia americana var. caroliniana . . . . . . . .Basswood<br />
Tithonia diversifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mexican sunflower<br />
Tithonia rotundifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mexican zinnia<br />
Torenia fournieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wishbone flower<br />
Trachelospermum asiaticum . . . . . . . . . . .Jasmine, Asiatic<br />
Trachelospermum jasminoides . . . . . . . . .Confederate jasmine<br />
Trachycarpus <strong>for</strong>tunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Windmill palm<br />
Tradescantia ohiensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spiderwort, blue<br />
Tradescantia pallida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Purple queen<br />
Trevesia palmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tropical snowflake<br />
Trichostema dichotomum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blue curls, <strong>for</strong>ked<br />
Tripsacum dactyloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gama grass, Eastern<br />
Tripsacum floridanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gama grass, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Tulbaghia violacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Society garlic<br />
Turnera ulmifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alder, yellow<br />
Ulmus alata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elm, winged<br />
76<br />
Ulmus americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elm, American<br />
Ulmus parvifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elm, Chinese<br />
Uniola paniculata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sea oats<br />
Vaccinium arboreum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sparkleberry<br />
Vaccinium cormybosum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blueberry, highbush<br />
Vaccinium cultivars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blueberry<br />
Vaccinium darrowii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blueberry, Darrow’s<br />
Vaccinium myrsinites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Blueberry, shiny<br />
Verbena bonariensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Verbena, purpletop<br />
Veronia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ironweed<br />
Viburnum dentatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arrow-wood<br />
Viburnum obovatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Viburnum, Walter’s<br />
Viburnum odoratissimum . . . . . . . . . . . . .Viburnum, sweet<br />
Viburnum rufidulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Viburnum, blackhaw<br />
Viburnum suspensum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Viburnum, sandankwa<br />
Vinca spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vinca<br />
Viola spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Violet, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Vitex agnus-castus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chaste-tree<br />
Vitis rotundifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grape, muscadine<br />
Vitis spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grapes<br />
Washingtonia robusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Washington palm<br />
Wisteria frutescens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisteria, American<br />
x Citro<strong>for</strong>tunella microcarpa . . . . . . . . . . .Calamondin orange<br />
Ximenia americana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tallow-wood<br />
Yucca aloifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spanish bayonet<br />
Yucca elephantipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yucca, spineless<br />
Yucca filamentosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adam’s needle<br />
Yucca spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Yucca<br />
Zamia floridana (Z. pumila) . . . . . . . . . . .Coontie<br />
Zamia furfuracea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cardboard palm<br />
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis . . . . . . . . . . .Hercules’-club<br />
Zanthoxylum fagara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wild lime<br />
Zephyranthes spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rain-lily<br />
Zoysia japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grass, zoysia
Plant Index<br />
Acacia, sweet 22<br />
Adam’s needle 38, 50<br />
Agapanthus 58<br />
Ageratum 58<br />
Ajuga 50<br />
Alder, yellow 58<br />
Alexandra palm 34<br />
Allamanda, yellow 56<br />
Allspice 22<br />
Aloe 50<br />
Althaea. See under Rose-of-Sharon<br />
Amaryllis 58<br />
American beautyberry 38<br />
Angel’s-trumpet 38<br />
Anise, <strong>Florida</strong> 38<br />
yellow 38<br />
Anise-tree 38<br />
Ape-ivy 56<br />
Apple, seven-year 38<br />
Aralia, lacy-lady 38<br />
Arbor-vitae, Oriental 38<br />
Arrow-wood 38<br />
Ash, green 22<br />
pop 22<br />
Aster, bushy 58<br />
climbing 58<br />
Stokes’ 58<br />
Atemoya 22<br />
Avocado 22<br />
Azalea hybrids 38<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> flame 38<br />
Piedmont. See under Azalea, wild<br />
Pinxter. See under Azalea, wild<br />
wild 38<br />
Bahama coffee 38<br />
Balloon flower 58<br />
Bamboo palm 34<br />
Banana, Cavendish 22<br />
Bangar nut 22<br />
Barberry, ‘crimson pygmy’ 38<br />
wintergreen 38<br />
Basswood 22<br />
Bay cedar 38<br />
Beach elder 38<br />
Beach morning glory 50<br />
Beach-lily. See under Spider-lily<br />
Bean, beach 50<br />
Beardtongue, white 58<br />
Beech, American 22<br />
Begonia 58<br />
wax 58<br />
Bengal clock vine. See under<br />
White sky vine<br />
Big leaf snowbell 22<br />
Birch, river 22<br />
Bird-of-paradise 58<br />
Bird-of-paradise tree 22<br />
Bismarck palm 34<br />
Black olive 22<br />
Black sapote 22<br />
Black torch 38<br />
Blackberry 38<br />
Black-eyed Susan 58<br />
Black-eyed Susan vine 56<br />
Blackgum 22<br />
Blanket flower 58<br />
Blazing star 58<br />
Bleeding heart 56<br />
Blolly 22<br />
Blood flower milkweed. See under<br />
Milkweed, scarlet<br />
Blue curls, <strong>for</strong>ked 58<br />
Blue daze 50<br />
Bluebeach. See under Hornbeam,<br />
American<br />
Blueberry 38<br />
Darrow’s 38<br />
highbush 38<br />
shiny 38<br />
Blue-eyed grass 58<br />
Bluestem palmetto 4<br />
Bluewing. See under Wishbone flower<br />
Bottlebrush, lemon 38<br />
stiff 38<br />
Bougainvillea, paper flower 38<br />
Bower vine 56<br />
Boxthorn 38<br />
Brad<strong>for</strong>d pear 22<br />
Brazilian golden vine 56<br />
Bridal bouquet 56<br />
Broadleaf woodoats. See under<br />
Grass, broadleaf spike<br />
Broomsedge 50<br />
Buccaneer palm 34<br />
Buckthorn, Carolina 22<br />
tough 38<br />
Buddleja. See under Butterfly bush<br />
Bulnesia 22<br />
Bush clock vine 38<br />
Butterfly bush 38<br />
Butterfly weed 58<br />
Button rattlesnake master 58<br />
Button sage. See under Wild sage<br />
Button snakeroot. See under Button<br />
rattlesnake master<br />
Buttonbush 38<br />
Buttonwood 22<br />
silver 38<br />
Cabbage palm 34<br />
Calamondin orange 38<br />
Calliopsis. See under Coreopsis<br />
Camellia, sasanqua 40<br />
Canary Island date palm 34<br />
Canistel. See under Eggfruit<br />
Canna, garden 58<br />
yellow 58<br />
Caper, Jamaican 40<br />
Carambola 22<br />
77<br />
Cardboard palm 34<br />
Cardinal flower 58<br />
Caricature plant 40<br />
Carolina silverbell 40<br />
Carpet bugleweed. See under Ajuga<br />
Cassia, Bahama 40<br />
Cast-iron plant 50<br />
Cat palm 34<br />
Catalpa 22<br />
Cedar, red 22<br />
Century plant 40<br />
Chalky bluestem. See under Broomsedge<br />
Chaste-tree 40<br />
Chenille plant 40<br />
Cherokee bean. See under Coral bean<br />
Cherry laurel 22<br />
Chinese fan palm 34<br />
Chinese Mahonia. See under<br />
Oregon grape-holly<br />
Chinquapin 22<br />
Chocolate pudding fruit. See under<br />
Black sapote<br />
Christmas berry 40<br />
Chrysanthemum, florist’s. See under<br />
Chrysanthemum, garden<br />
garden 58<br />
Cigar flower 58<br />
Cleyera 40<br />
Cliff date palm 34<br />
Clustering fishtail palm 34<br />
Cockscomb 58<br />
Coconut palm 34<br />
Cocoplum 40<br />
Coleus 58<br />
Colville’s glory 22<br />
Common tickseed 58<br />
Confederate jasmine 56<br />
Confederate-rose 40<br />
Coontie 40<br />
Copperleaf 40<br />
Copperpod 22<br />
Coral bean 40<br />
Coreopsis 58<br />
Cosmos 58<br />
Cow itch vine. See under Trumpet vine<br />
Crabapple, southern 22<br />
Crabwood 22<br />
Crape jasmine 40<br />
Crape myrtle 22<br />
Cream narcissus 58<br />
Crinum-lily 60<br />
Cross vine 56<br />
Croton 40<br />
Cuban tamarind 22<br />
Custard apple 22<br />
Cycad, Dioon 34<br />
Cypress, bald 22<br />
pond 24
Plant Index<br />
Daisy, African bush 60<br />
sea oxeye 60<br />
Dawn redwood 24<br />
Daylily 60<br />
Dense gayfeather. See under Blazing star<br />
Dicerandra 60<br />
Dogwood, flowering 24<br />
Japanese 24<br />
Dotted horsemint 60<br />
Dracaena 40<br />
Dragon tree 24<br />
Dusty-miller 60<br />
Dwarf Fakahatchee grass. See under<br />
Gama grass, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Eggfruit, Canistel 24<br />
Elderberry 40<br />
Elm, American 24<br />
Chinese 24<br />
winged 24<br />
European fan palm 34<br />
Fakahatchee grass. See under<br />
Gama grass, Eastern<br />
False heather 50<br />
Fancy-leaved caladium 60<br />
Fern, bird’s nest 50<br />
cinnamon 50<br />
giant leather 50<br />
giant sword 50<br />
holly 50<br />
leatherleaf 50<br />
royal 50<br />
southern shield 50<br />
swamp 50<br />
woods. See under Fern, southern shield<br />
Fetterbush 40<br />
Fiddlewood 24, 40<br />
Fig, creeping 50<br />
edible 24<br />
Firebush 40<br />
Firecracker plant 40<br />
Firespike 40<br />
Firethorn, red 40<br />
Firewheel tree 24<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> boxwood 40<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> green eyes 60<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> royal palm 34<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> soapberry 24<br />
Floss flower. See under Ageratum<br />
Floss-silk tree 24<br />
Four-o’clock 60<br />
Foxtail-fern 50<br />
Frangipani 24<br />
Fringe tree 24<br />
Gallberry 40<br />
Gama grass, Eastern 40<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> 40<br />
Garberia 40<br />
Cape jasmine 40<br />
Gaura 60<br />
Geiger tree 24<br />
Gerbera daisy 60<br />
Ginger, butterfly 60<br />
peacock 50<br />
shell 60<br />
Globe amaranth 60<br />
Glorybush 40<br />
Glossy abelia 40<br />
Golden creeper 50<br />
Golden dewdrop 42<br />
Golden shower 24<br />
Goldenrod, seaside 60<br />
Gopher apple 50<br />
Granny graybeard. See under Fringe tree<br />
Grape, muscadine 56<br />
wild. See under Grape, muscadine<br />
Grapefruit 24<br />
Grapes 56<br />
Grass, Aztec 50<br />
bahia 50<br />
Baker cord. See under Grass, sand cord<br />
Bermuda 50<br />
bitter panic 50<br />
broadleaf spike 50<br />
centipede 50<br />
eulalia. See under Grass, zebra<br />
Japanese. See under zoysia<br />
lopsided Indian 50<br />
mondo 50<br />
muhly 50<br />
purple love 50<br />
salt 52<br />
saltmeadow cord 52<br />
sand cord 52<br />
smooth cord 52<br />
St. Augustine 52<br />
wire 52<br />
zebra 52<br />
zoysia 52<br />
Groundcover rose 52<br />
Guanabana. See under Soursop<br />
Guava, pineapple 42<br />
Gumbo limbo 24<br />
Hackberry. See under Sugarberry<br />
Hawthorn, Indian 42<br />
Heliotrope 60<br />
Herald’s-trumpet 56<br />
Hercules’-club 24<br />
Hibiscus 42<br />
red 42<br />
Hickory, mockernut 24<br />
pignut 24<br />
scrub 24<br />
Holly, American 24<br />
Bur<strong>for</strong>d 42<br />
Carolina 24<br />
Chinese. See under Holly, Bur<strong>for</strong>d<br />
dahoon 24<br />
dwarf yaupon 42<br />
78<br />
East Palatka 24<br />
Japanese 42<br />
myrtle-leaved 24<br />
weeping yaupon 24<br />
yaupon 24<br />
Honeysuckle, Cape 42<br />
coral 56<br />
trumpet. See under Honeysuckle, coral<br />
Hong Kong orchid tree 24<br />
Hop hornbeam 24<br />
Hornbeam, American 26<br />
Hosta 52<br />
Huckleberry, dwarf 42<br />
Hurricane palm 34<br />
Hydrangea, French 42<br />
oakleaf 42<br />
wild 42<br />
Ice plant. See under Sedum<br />
Indian cigar. See under Catalpa<br />
Indian paint brush 60<br />
Indian pink. See under Woodland pinkroot<br />
Inkberry 42<br />
Iris, African 60<br />
anglepod. See under Iris, blue flag<br />
blue flag 60<br />
Dixie. See under Iris, blue flag<br />
prairie. See under Iris, blue flag<br />
walking 60<br />
Ironweed 60<br />
Ironwood. See under<br />
Hornbeam, American<br />
Ivy, Algerian 52<br />
Ixora 42<br />
Jaboticaba 26<br />
Jacaranda 26<br />
Jack-in-the-pulpit 60<br />
Jacobinia 60<br />
Jamaican dogwood 26<br />
Jasmine, Asiatic 52<br />
Carolina 52<br />
downy 42<br />
Japanese. See under Jasmine, primrose<br />
primrose 42<br />
yellow. See under Jasmine, primrose<br />
Jelly palm. See under Pindo palm<br />
Jerusalem thorn 26<br />
Joewood 26<br />
Juniper, blue rug 52<br />
Chinese 42<br />
Japanese garden 52<br />
Parson 52<br />
Pftizer 42<br />
shore 52<br />
Kalanchoe 60<br />
Key lime 26<br />
King’s mantle. See under Bush clock vine<br />
Kumquat 42<br />
Lady palm 34<br />
Lady-of-the-night 42
Plant Index<br />
Lancewood 26<br />
Lantana, <strong>Florida</strong> 60<br />
gold mound 52, 60<br />
trailing 52, 60<br />
Lemon 26<br />
Licuala palm 34<br />
spiny 42<br />
Lignum vitae 26<br />
Liriope 52<br />
Lizard’s tail 60<br />
Loblolly bay 26<br />
Loquat 26<br />
Lupine, sky-blue 60<br />
Lychee 26<br />
Lyonia, rusty 42<br />
shiny 42<br />
Macarthur palm 34<br />
Madagascar olive 26<br />
Magnolia, bullbay. See under<br />
Magnolia, southern<br />
southern 26<br />
Maguey. See under Century plant<br />
Mahogany 26<br />
Maidenbush 42<br />
Maidencane 52<br />
Mandevilla 56<br />
Mango 26<br />
Mangrove, black 26<br />
red 26<br />
white 26<br />
Maple, <strong>Florida</strong> sugar 26<br />
red 26<br />
Marigold 60<br />
Marlberry 42<br />
Marvel-of-Peru. See under Four-o’clock<br />
Mastic 26<br />
Matted sandweed. See under<br />
St. John’s wort<br />
May haw 26<br />
Maypop. See under Passion flower<br />
Mexican sago. See under Cycad, Dioon<br />
Mexican sunflower 62<br />
Mexican zinnia 62<br />
Milkweed, scarlet 62<br />
Mimosa-vine. See under Powderpuff-vine<br />
Mimusops 26<br />
Mistflower 62<br />
Mock orange 42<br />
Monstera 56<br />
Morning-glory 56<br />
Morning-noon-and-night. See under<br />
Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow<br />
Moss-rose 62<br />
Mulberry, red 26<br />
Musclewood. See under Hornbeam,<br />
American<br />
Myrsine 42<br />
Narrowleaf-grass. See under<br />
Blue-eyed grass<br />
Natal plum 42<br />
Needle palm 34<br />
Night-blooming jessamine 42<br />
Oak, bluejack 26<br />
Chapman 26<br />
diamond leaf 26<br />
laurel 26<br />
live 26<br />
myrtle 26<br />
overcup 28<br />
sand live 28<br />
Shumard 28<br />
swamp chestnut 28<br />
turkey 28<br />
water 28<br />
white 28<br />
willow 28<br />
Oleander 42<br />
Orange, sweet 28<br />
Oregon grape-holly 42<br />
Osage orange 28<br />
Pampas grass 44<br />
Paradise tree 28<br />
Passion flower 56<br />
corky-stem 56<br />
incense 56<br />
purple 56<br />
scarlet 56<br />
Paurotis palm 34<br />
Pawpaw 44<br />
Peach 28<br />
Pear, Hood 28<br />
Pecan 28<br />
Pentas 62<br />
Peregrina 44<br />
Periwinkle 62<br />
Persimmon, common 28<br />
Japanese 28<br />
Petunia 62<br />
Philodendron 44<br />
Phlox, garden 62<br />
moss 62<br />
woodland 62<br />
Photinia 44<br />
Pigeon plum 28<br />
Pindo palm 34<br />
Pine, loblolly 28<br />
long-leaf 28<br />
sand 28<br />
slash 28<br />
South <strong>Florida</strong> slash 28<br />
spruce 28<br />
Pineland penstemon. See under<br />
Beardtongue, white<br />
Pink allamanda. See under Mandevilla<br />
Pink-and-white shower 28<br />
Pipestem 44<br />
Pitch apple 28<br />
Pleurisy root. See under Butterfly weed<br />
79<br />
Plum, Chickasaw 28<br />
flatwoods 28<br />
Plumbago 44<br />
Podocarpus, yew 44<br />
Pomegranate 44<br />
Pond-apple 28<br />
Ponytail palm 34<br />
Poppy mallow 62<br />
Porterweed 62<br />
blue 52<br />
Portulaca. See under Moss-rose<br />
Powderpuff 52<br />
Princess flower. See under Glorybush<br />
Purple coneflower 62<br />
Purple queen 52<br />
Quailberry 52<br />
Queen palm 34<br />
Queens wreath 56<br />
Railroad vine 52<br />
Rain-lily 62<br />
Red buckeye 28<br />
Red powderpuff 44<br />
Red stopper 28<br />
Redbay 28<br />
Redberry stopper 28<br />
Redbud 28<br />
Red-hot cattail. See under Chenille plant<br />
Red-tip. See under Photinia<br />
Rhapis. See under Lady palm<br />
Rhododendron, Chapman’s 44<br />
Rose, Cherokee 44<br />
Rosemary 44<br />
Rose-of-Sharon 44<br />
Royal poinciana 28<br />
Rusty blackhaw. See under Viburnum,<br />
blackhaw<br />
Sabal palm. See under Cabbage palm<br />
Sage rose. See under Alder, yellow<br />
Sage, lyre-leaved 62<br />
scarlet 62<br />
tropical 62<br />
Sago, king 34<br />
queen 34<br />
Sago-palm. See under Sago, king<br />
Sand holly. See under Holly, Carolina<br />
Sandwort. See under St. John’s wort<br />
Sassafras 28<br />
Satinleaf 30<br />
Saw palmetto 34<br />
Scrub conradina 44<br />
Scrub mint, large-flowered 44<br />
Scrub mints 62<br />
Scrub palmetto 34<br />
Sea lavender 44<br />
Sea oats 52<br />
Sea purslane 52<br />
Seagrape 30, 44<br />
Seashore dropseed 52<br />
Seashore paspalum 52
Plant Index<br />
Sedum 62<br />
Shrimp plant 44<br />
Shrub rose 62<br />
Shrub verbena. See under<br />
Lantana, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
Silkbay 30<br />
Silkgrass 62<br />
Silver palm 34<br />
Silverthorn 44<br />
Simpson stopper 44<br />
Sky vine 56<br />
Smooth water-hyssop 52<br />
Snail seed 44<br />
Snapdragon 62<br />
Snow bush 44<br />
Snowberry, pineland 52<br />
Society garlic 62<br />
Sourgum 30<br />
Soursop 30<br />
Sourwood 30<br />
Southern bayberry. See under Wax myrtle<br />
Southern red cedar. See under Cedar, red<br />
Spanish bayonet 34, 44<br />
Spanish stopper 30<br />
Sparkleberry 44<br />
Spicewood 44<br />
Spider plant 54<br />
Spider-lily 62<br />
Spiderwort, blue 62<br />
Spiny black olive 30<br />
Spiraea, Chinese 44<br />
Reeves. See under Spiraea, Chinese<br />
Thunberg 44<br />
Spiral ginger 62<br />
Splitleaf philodendron. See under<br />
Monstera<br />
Spotted bee balm. See under<br />
Dotted horsemint<br />
St. John’s wort 52<br />
Star-apple 30<br />
String-lily 62<br />
Sugarberry 30<br />
Summer haw 30<br />
Sunflower, beach 54<br />
narrow-leaved 62<br />
Swamp doghobble. See under Fetterbush<br />
Swamp mallow. See under Hibiscus, red<br />
Swamp tupelo. See under Blackgum<br />
Swampbay 30<br />
Sweet olive 44<br />
Sweet pepperbush 44<br />
Sweet shrub 44<br />
Sweet William 62<br />
Sweetbay 30<br />
Sweetgum 30<br />
Sweetspire 44<br />
Sycamore 30<br />
Tallow-wood 44<br />
Tamarind 30<br />
Tangelo 30<br />
Tangerine 30<br />
Tetrazygia 44<br />
Texas sage 46<br />
Thatch palm, <strong>Florida</strong> 34<br />
Key 34<br />
Thryallis 46<br />
Thyme 54<br />
Ti plant 46<br />
Tibouchina. See under Glorybush<br />
Titi 46<br />
Toothache tree. See under Hercules’-club<br />
Torchwood 46<br />
Tree philodendron. See under<br />
Philodendron<br />
Triangle palm 34<br />
Tropical milkweed. See under<br />
Milkweed, scarlet<br />
Tropical snowflake 46<br />
Trumpet tree, Caribbean 30<br />
Trumpet vine 56<br />
Tulip tree 30<br />
African 30<br />
Tupelo, water 30<br />
Turk’s-cap 46<br />
Twinflower 62<br />
Two-winged silverbell 46<br />
Varnish leaf 46<br />
Velvet-apple, Mabolo 30<br />
Verbena, coastal mock. See under<br />
Verbena, <strong>Florida</strong> native<br />
<strong>Florida</strong> native 62<br />
moss 62<br />
purpletop 64<br />
roadside. See under Verbena, purpletop<br />
Tampa 64<br />
Viburnum, blackhaw 30<br />
sandankwa 46<br />
sweet 46<br />
Walter’s 46<br />
Vinca 54<br />
Violet, common blue. See under<br />
Violet, <strong>Florida</strong><br />
<strong>Florida</strong> 64<br />
Virginia creeper 56<br />
Virginia-willow. See under Sweetspire<br />
Washington palm 36<br />
Wax myrtle 46<br />
Whirling butterflies. See under Gaura<br />
White indigo berry 46<br />
White sage. See under Wild sage<br />
White sapote 30<br />
White sky vine 56<br />
Wild coffee 46<br />
Wild columbine 64<br />
Wild date palm 36<br />
Wild dilly 30<br />
Wild lime 30<br />
Wild rosemary. See under Scrub conradina<br />
80<br />
Wild sage 46<br />
Wild tamarind 30<br />
Wild-petunia 64<br />
Willow, weeping 30<br />
Windmill palm 36<br />
Wishbone flower 64<br />
Wisteria, American 56<br />
Woodbine. See under Virginia creeper<br />
Woodland pinkroot 64<br />
Yarrow 64<br />
Yellow buttons 64<br />
Yellow jessamine. See under<br />
Jasmine, Carolina<br />
Yellow necklace pod 46<br />
Yellowtop 64<br />
Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow 46<br />
Ylang-ylang 30<br />
Yucca 64<br />
spineless 35
Printed on recycled paper<br />
St. Johns River <strong>Water</strong><br />
Management District<br />
4049 Reid Street<br />
P.O. Box 1429<br />
Palatka, FL 32178-1429<br />
(800) RALLY-22<br />
<strong>Florida</strong>'s water management districts<br />
Northwest <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
Management District<br />
81 <strong>Water</strong> Management Drive<br />
Havana, FL 32333<br />
(850) 539-5999<br />
South <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
Management District<br />
P.O. Box 24680<br />
West Palm Beach, FL<br />
33416-4680<br />
(800) 432-2045<br />
This guide was produced by <strong>Florida</strong>'s water management districts to in<strong>for</strong>m<br />
the public of landscape methods that support water conservation.<br />
First printing, February 2001. Second printing, December 2001.<br />
Second edition, February 2003. Second Printing, April 2004.<br />
Suwannee River <strong>Water</strong><br />
Management District<br />
9225 County Road 49<br />
Live Oak, FL 32060<br />
(800) 226-1066<br />
Southwest <strong>Florida</strong> <strong>Water</strong><br />
Management District<br />
2379 Broad Street<br />
Brooksville, FL 34604<br />
(800) 423-1476