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Coniferophyta
- 1. Romeo M. Tubongbanua, Jr. MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY (TAXONOMY) Coniferophyta
- 2. Coniferophyta/Pinophyta • The conifers are assigned to - Division: Pinophyta/Coniferophyta - Class: Pinopsida/Coniferopsida - Order: Pinales/Coniferales • Termed conifers because most members bear their seeds in cones - Cones protect ovule/seed and facilitate pollination and dispersal. • They are the largest and most ecologically & economically important of the gymnosperms
- 3. Coniferae The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. Pinophytes are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs. Typical examples of conifers include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauri, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews. The division contains approximately seven families, 68 genera, and 630 living species.
- 5. Although the total number of species is relatively small, conifers are of immense ecological importance. They are the dominant plants over huge areas of land, most notably the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere , but also in similar cool climates in mountains further south. Boreal conifers have many wintertime adaptations. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward drooping limbs help them shed snow. Many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening". While tropical rainforests have more biodiversity and turnover, the immense conifer forests of the world represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink, i.e. where carbon from atmospheric CO2 is bound as organic compounds.
- 6. Conifer The name ‘conifer’ comes from Latin and means ‘cone bearing’. All conifers bear their male and female reproductive organs in separate cones (strobili) rather than in flowers. Trees usually bear both male and female cones. Male cones produce pollen grains which are transported to the female cones by wind. The seeds subsequently develop within the female cones. In some genera, such as Juniperus and Podocarpus, these may be fleshy. The foliage of conifers is either needle-like (eg Pinus, Abies) or scalelike (eg. Cupressus, Chamaecyparis), and most conifers, with the exception of four genera, are evergreen trees and shrubs. The conifers belong to the group of seed plants known as the gymnosperms. Gymnosperm literally means ‘naked seed’. This is the main characteristic which differentiates them from the more advanced flowering plants (angiosperms) which bear their seeds encased in an ovary that becomes the fruit. Other gymnosperms include ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and cycads.
- 7. Life Cycle 1. To fertilize the ovum, the male cone releases pollen that is carried on the wind to the female cone. (Male and female cones can be found on the same plant) 2. The pollen fertilizes the female gamete (located in the female cone). 3. A fertilized female gamete (called a zygote) develops into an embryo. 4. Along with integument cells surrounding the embryo, a seed develops containing the embryo. This is an evolutionary characteristic of the gymnosperms. 5. Mature seed drops out of cone onto the ground. 6. Seed germinates and seedling grows into a mature plant. 7. When the plant is mature, the adult plant produces cones and the cycle continues.
- 8. Cluster of male (staminate) cones of Pinus kiseya
- 9. Female (ovulate) cones of Pinus kiseya
- 10. • Araucariaceae – Agathis • Pinaceae – Pinus • Podocarpaceae – Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus, Podocarpus, Sundacarpus • Taxaceae – Taxus Families (Present in the Philippines)
- 11. Araucariaceae
- 12. Agathis A. dammara Distribution: Sulawesi, Moluccas, Philippines. Palawan, Samar Conservation Status: Vulnerable www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 13. Agathis A. philippinensis Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas. Babuyan Isls, Luzon to Mindanao Conservation Status: Vulnerable www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 14. Pinaceae
- 17. Needle (Foliage Leaf) https://www.esciencezone.com/2018/11/pinus-external-morphologyinternal.html
- 20. Pinus P. kiseya Distribution: Luzon: Pangasinan prov, Mountain Province, Ifugao, Benguet, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 21. Pinus P. merkusii Distribution: Luzon: Throughout continental SE Asia Conservation Status: Vulnerable www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 22. Podocarpaceae
- 23. Dacrycarpus D. cumingii Distribution: N Sumatra, Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines. Luzon, Panay, Negros, Mindanao.
- 24. Dacrycarpus D. imbricatus Conservation Status: Other Threatened Species var. imbricatus Distribution: N Myanmar and southernmost China, through SE Asia to Malesia var. robustus Distribution: Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines, Moluccas (Morotai, Seram), and throughout New Guinea. www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 25. Dacryidium D. beccarri Distribution: N Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, New Guinea www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 26. Dacryidium D. elatum Distribution: China to W Malesia, Philippines D. pectinatum Distribution: Hainan, Billiton, Borneo, Philippines Conservation Status: Other Threatened Species D. xanthandrum Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, CE Sulawesi, New Guinea, Solomon Isls
- 27. Falcatifolium F. gruezoi Distribution: Moluccas (Obi), Sulawesi (Manado), Philippines. www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 28. Nageia N. wallichiana Distribution: India, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Yunnan, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Banka Is, W Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Borneo, Philippines, N & C Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 29. Phyllocladus P. hypophyllus Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas, New Guinea. Conservation Status: Other Threatened Species www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 30. Podcarpus P. hypophyllus Distribution: From northernmost Philippines to Ryukyu Isls. Conservation Status: Endangered www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 31. Podcarpus P. glaucus Distribution: Solomon Isls, New Guinea, Moluccas, Philippines.. www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 32. Podcarpus P. lophatus Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Conservation Status: Vulnerable www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 33. Podcarpus P. macrocarpus Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Conservation Status: Endangered
- 34. Podcarpus P. neriifolius Distribution: Nepal to Vietnam, Sumatra to Philippines. Conservation Status: Endangered www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 35. Podcarpus P. palawanensis Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Conservation Status: Endangered
- 36. Podcarpus P. pilgeri Distribution: S China, Philippines, C Sulawesi, New Guinea. www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 37. Podcarpus P. polystachyus Distribution: Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Riouw-Lingga & Banka Isls, Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas, New Guinea. Conservation Status: Vulnerable
- 38. Podcarpus P. ramosii Distribution: E Borneo, Philippines. Conservation Status: Endangered www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 39. Podcarpus P. rumphii Distribution: Hainan, Peninsular Malaysia, S C Java, Bawean Is, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea Conservation Status: Vulnerable www.phytoimages.siu.edu
- 40. Sundacarpus S. amarus Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines, C & SW Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, NE coastal Queensland.
- 41. Taxaceae
- 42. Taxus T. phytonii Distribution: Taiwan, Philippines. Conservation Status: Vulnerable www.phytoimages.siu.edu