2021-08-13T04:38:02Z — Contributors to Wikimedia projects Spermatophyte Clade of seed plants Seed plants ‘Temporal range: Famennian-Present zo Hrenomonf Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, amember of the Pinophyta Scientific classification # hitpsion wikipedia orgwikSpermatophyte 19sin6i2024 ‘Spermatophyte - Wikipedia Kingdom: Plantae Clade: ‘Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Divisions Gymilyspdophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Bennettitalest Angiospermae Phanerogamae Phaenogamae ‘The spermatophytes (|it. seed-bearing plants), also known as phanerogams (taxon Phanerogamae) or phaenogams (taxon Phaenogamae), comprise those plants that produce seeds, hence the alternative name seed plants. They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. The term phanerogams or phanerogamae is derived from the Greek pavends, phanerés meaning "visible", in contrast to the cryptogamae from Greek punts kryptés = "hidden" together with the suffix yupio, gameo, "to marry". These terms distinguished those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible sexual organs (phanerogamae). Contents 1 Description tipi wpe RRS GAD DiStOry, 29svts2001 Spematpiyt-Witpeia 3.Relationships and nomenclature 4,References 5 Bibliography Description[edit] ‘The extant spermatophytes form five divisions, the first four of which are traditionally grouped as gymnosperms, plants that have unenclosed, "naked seeds" :|1!"172 Cycadophyta, the cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants, Ginkgophyta, which includes a single living species of tree in the genus Ginkgo, Pinophyta, the conifers, which are cone-bearing trees and shrubs, and Gnetophyta, the gnetophytes, various woody plants in the relict genera Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia. also known as angiosperms or magnoliophytes, the largest and most diverse group of spermatophytes: The fifth extant division is the flowering plan’ Angiosperms, the flowering plants, possess seeds enclosed in a fruit, unlike gymnosperms. In addition to the five living taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many extinct taxa of seed plants, among those: Pteridospermae, the so-called "seed ferns", were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late Paleozoic. Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana during the Permian period. By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous, when the itpsaon vikpedia.orgwikSpermatophy —— 39 ehieiospenns radiated.sin6i2024 ‘Spermatophyte - Wikipedia Evolutionary history[edit] Main article: Evolutionary history of plants § Seeds A whole genome duplication event in the ancestor of seed plants occurred about 319 million years ago.'2) This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of seed plants. Amiddle Devonian (385-million-year-old) precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Runcaria, small and radially symmetrical, is an integumented megasporangium surrounded by a cupule. The megasporangium bears an unopened distal extension protruding above the mutlilobed integument. It is suspected that the extension was involved in anemophilous (wind) pollination. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat anda system to guide the pollen to the seed.!3! Relationships and nomenclature[edit] Further information: Gnetophyta § Classification Seed-bearing plants are a subclade of the vascular plants (tracheophytes) and were traditionally divided into angiosperms, or flowering plants, and gymnosperms, which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms, |“! in However, molecular studies (and particular based on vessel elements. some more recent morphological! *!|“! and fossil”! papers) have generally shown a clade of gymnosperms, with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. For example, one common proposed set of relationships is known as the gne-pine hypothesis and looks like:'5!'2) fo] angiosperms (flowering plants) nipevonwipuiaiaaiutidpemaento| | cycads |) ae rdsin6i2024 ‘Spermatophyte - Wikipedia Ginkgo Pinaceae (the pine family) gnetophytes other conifers However, the relationships between these groups should not be considered settled.(4112! Other classifications group all the seed plants ina single division, with classes for the five groups: Divisignaberniatopinytacads Ginkgoopsida, the ginkgo Pinopsida, the conifers, ("Coniferopsida") Gnetopsida, the gnetophytes Magnoliopsida, the flowering plants, or Angiospermopsida Amore modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the Superdivision Spermatophyta): Cycadophyta, the cycads Ginkgophyta, the ginkgo Pinophyta, the conifers Gnetophyta, the gnetophytes Magnoliophyta, the flowering plants An alternative phylogeny of spermatophytes based on the work by Novikov & BarabaS-Krasni 2015'"*! with plant taxon authors from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007'4! showing the relationship of extinct clades. hitpsion wikipedia orgwikiSpermatophyte 59sin6i2024 htpsion kb ppermatopnytina dia orgiwkiSpermatophyte ‘Spermatophyte - Wikipedia tMoresnetiopsida Doweld 2001 tLyginopteridopsida Novak 1961 emend. Anderson, tPachytestopsida Doweld 2001 +Callistophytales Rothwell 1981 emend, An tPeltasperm +P 200 Acrogymnospermaesin6i2024 ‘Spermatophyte - Wikipedia, a Unassigned spermatophytes: tAvatiaceae Anderson & Anderson 2003 tAxelrodiopsida Anderson & Anderson tAlexiales Anderson & Anderson 2003 tHamshawviales Anderson & Anderson 2003 tHexapterospermales Doweld 2001 tHlatimbiales Anderson & Anderson 2003 tMatatiellales Anderson & Anderson 2003 tPetriellales Taylor et al. 1994, tArberiopsida Doweld 2001 tCzekanowskiales Taylor et al. 2008 tlraniales E, Taylor et al. 2008 tVojnovskyales £. Taylor et al. 2008 tHermanophytales E. Taylor et al. 2008 tDirhopalostachyaceae E. Taylor et al. 2008 References[edit] ‘\ Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach (2 ed.). Sunderland MA, USA: Sinauer Associates Inc. ISBN 0-87893-403-0, ‘Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW (2011) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature A "Science Magazine". Runcaria, a Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011. hitpsion wikipedia orgwikSpermatophyte 79sin6i2024 ponte cppSpamsooints ‘Spermatopnyte - Wikipedia A Jump up to: 22 Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Chase, Mark W. (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1437-1445. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.14.37. PMID 21652302. A James A. Doyle (January 2006). "Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 133 (1): 169-209. doi:10, 3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2 . ISSN 1095-5674. A Coiro, Mario; Chomicki, Guillaume; Doyle, James A. (n.d.). "Experimental signal dissection and method sensitivity analyses reaffirm the potential of fossils and morphology in the resolution of the relationship of angiosperms and Gnetales". Paleobiology. 44 (3): 490-510. doi:10.1017/pab.2018.23. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 91488394. A Zi-Qiang Wang (2004). "A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny". Annals of Botany. 94 (2): 281-288. doi:10.1093/aob/mch138. PMC 4242163. PMID 15229124. ‘A Chaw, Shu-Miaw; Parkinson, Christopher L.; Cheng, Yuchang; Vincent, Thomas M.; Palmer, Jeffrey D. (2000). "Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4086— 4091. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4086C., doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4.086, \ Bowe, L. M.; Michelle, L.; Coat, Gwénaéle; Claude (2000). "Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4092-4097. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4092B. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4.092. PMC 18159. PMID 10760278, ‘A Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Zanis, Michael J. (2002). Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes". American Journal of Botany. 89 (10): 1670-1681. doi:10,3732/ajb.89.10.1670. PMID 21665594. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. ‘\ Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw aw (2007). “Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensissin6i2024 ‘Spermatopnyte - Wikipedia and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plan Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1366-1379. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm059. PMID 17383970. \ Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (August 2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relation: Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology. 55 (4): 610-622. doi:10,1080/10635150600812619, PMID 16969937. \ Novikov & BarabaS-Krasni (2015). Modern plant systematics. Liga-Pres. p. 685. d0i:10.13140/RG.2.1.474 5.6164. ISBN 978-966- 397=276-3. ‘\ Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007). Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology. Strelitzia. 20. SANBI. p. 280. ISBN 978~-1-919976~39-6. Bibliography[edit] Kron, Kathleen A; Chase, Mark W (2005-11-17). Molecular systematics and seed plant phylogeny: a summary of a parsimony analysis of rbcL sequence data. pp. 243-252. ISBN 9780521022897., in Gibbs et al (1995) Gibbs, Adrian J.; Calisher, Charles H.; Garcfa-Arenal, Fernando, eds, (1995). Molecular basis of virus evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521022897. Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P. S.; Zanis, M. J. (1 October 2002). ‘Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes", American Journal of Botany. 89 (10): 1670-1681. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.10.1670. PMID 21665594. S2CID 2444652. Viewed using Just Read hitpsson wikipedia orgwikiSpermatophyto