Alternaria arborescens and A. italica Causing Leaf Blotch on Celtis julianae in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Disease Symptoms and Fungal Isolations
2.2. Pathogenicity Tests
2.3. Multigene Phylogenetic Analyses
2.4. Morphology and Taxonomy
- Alternaria arborescens E.G. Simmons (Figure 4)
- Alternaria italica J.F. Li, Camporesi & K.D. Hyde (Figure 5)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling and Isolation of Fungi
4.2. Pathogenicity Tests
4.3. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification
4.4. Morphological Identification
4.5. Multigene Phylogenetic Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Number of Tissues | Number of Colonies | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nigrospora sp. | Alternaria sp. | Nothophoma sp. | ||
September | 100 | 50 (63%) | 19 (24%) | 10 (13%) |
October | 100 | 47 (54%) | 33 (38%) | 7 (8%) |
Locus | Primers | Primer Sequences (5′-3′) | Advantages and Limitations | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | ITS1 | TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGC | Universal fungal barcode, contains greater sequence variation, evolves faster, intragenomic variation gives the slow homogenization among the various copies | [64] |
ITS4 | TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC | |||
LSU | LROR | ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC | Conserved and variable domain, low rate of molecular evolution reduces the taxonomic resolution at the species-level | [65] |
LR5 | TCCTGAGGGAAACTTCG | |||
SSU | NS1 | GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC | [64] | |
NS4 | CTTCCGTCAATTCCTTTAAG | |||
GAPDH | GPD1 | CAACGGCTTCGGTCGCATTG | Highly effective for heterologous protein expression in microorganisms, the expression level may increase under inducing treatments | [66] |
GPD2 | GCCAAGCAGTTGGTTGTGC | |||
Alt a 1 | Alt-al-for | ATGCAGTTCACCACCATCGC | A gene for the Alternaria major allergen, supports grouping of Alternaria spp. and related taxa | [67] |
Alt-a1-rev | ACGAGGGTGAYGTAGGCGTC | |||
RPB2 | RPB2-5F2 | GGGGWGAYCAGAAGAAGGC | Recover well-supported clades at shallow and deep taxonomic levels and has a better species-resolving power than rDNA markers | [68] |
RPB2-7cR | CCCATRGCT TGT YYRCCCAT | |||
TEF1-α | EF1-728F | CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGG | Recover some deep and ordinal-level relationships but with greater branch support from nucleotides | [69] |
EF1-986R | TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC |
Species | Isolate | Locality, Host/Substrate | Accession Numbers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | LSU | SSU | GAPDH | Alt a 1 | RPB2 | TEF1-α | |||
Alternaria alstroemeriae | CBS 118808 | USA, Alstroemeria sp. | KP124296 | KP124447 | KP124917 | KP124153 | KP123845 | KP124764 | KP125071 |
A. alternantherae | CBS 124392 | China, Solanum melongena | KC584179 | KC584251 | KC584506 | KC584096 | KP123846 | KC584374 | KC584633 |
A. alternata | CBS 916.96 | India, Arachis hypogaea | AF347031 | DQ678082 | KC584507 | AY278808 | AY563301 | KC584375 | KC584634 |
A. alternata | CBS 112249 | -, - | KP124338 | KP124490 | KP124960 | KP124192 | KP123886 | KP124806 | KP125114 |
A. arborescens | CBS 102605 | USA, Solanum lycopersicum | AF347033 | KC584253 | KC584509 | AY278810 | AY563303 | KC584377 | KC584636 |
A. arborescens | B1 = CFCC 59038 * | China, Celtis julianae | OQ691659 | OQ692430 | OQ692438 | OQ710109 | OQ710107 | OQ710111 | OQ710113 |
A. arborescens | B2 = CFCC 59039 * | China, Celtis julianae | OQ691640 | OQ692431 | OQ692439 | OQ710110 | OQ710108 | OQ710112 | OQ710114 |
A. arborescens | B7 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR243734 | OR366490 | OR366484 | OR475216 | OR475232 | OR475224 | OR475210 |
A. arborescens | B8 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR243735 | OR366491 | OR366485 | OR475217 | OR475231 | OR475225 | OR475211 |
A. arborescens | B9 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR243736 | OR366492 | OR366486 | OR475218 | OR475233 | OR475226 | OR475212 |
A. arborescens | CBS 119545 | New Zealand, Senecio skirrhodon | KP124409 | KP124562 | KP125032 | KP124260 | KP123956 | KP124879 | KP125187 |
A. arctoseptata | MFLUCC 21-0139 | Italy, Lathyrus sp. (Fabaceae) | - | MZ621948 | MZ621874 | 0K236608 | OK236755 | OK236655 | OK236702 |
A. avenicola | CBS 121459 | Norway, Avena sp. | KC584183 | KC584256 | KC584512 | KC584100 | - | KC584380 | KC584639 |
A. axiaeriisporifera | CBS 118715 | New Zealand, Gypsophila paniculata | KC584184 | KC584257 | KC584513 | KC584101 | - | KC584381 | KC584640 |
A. baoshanensis | MFLUCC 21-0124 | China, Curcubita moschata | MZ622003 | MZ621952 | MZ621878 | OK236613 | OK236760 | OK236659 | OK236706 |
A. betae-kenyensis | CBS 118810 | Kenya, Beta vulgaris var. cicla | KP124419 | KP124572 | KP125042 | KP124270 | KP123966 | KP124888 | KP125197 |
A. brassicae | CBS 116528 | USA, Brassica oleracea | KC584185 | KC584258 | KC584514 | KC584102 | - | KC584382 | KC584641 |
A. brassicicola | CBS 118699 | USA, Brassica oleracea | JX499031 | KC584259 | KC584515 | KC584103 | - | KC584383 | KC584642 |
A. breviconidiophora | MFLUCC 22-0075 | Italy, Digitalis sp. (Scrophulariaceae) | MZ621997 | MZ621944 | MZ621870 | OK236604 | OK236751 | OK236651 | OK236698 |
A. burnsii | CBS 107.38 | India, Cuminum cyminum | KP124420 | KP124573 | KP125043 | JQ646305 | KP123967 | KP124889 | KP125198 |
A. carotiincultae | CBS 109381 | USA, Daucus carota | KC584188 | KC584262 | KC584518 | KC584106 | - | KC584386 | KC584645 |
A. cinerariae | CBS 116495 | USA, Ligularia sp. | KC584190 | KC584265 | KC584521 | KC584109 | - | KC584389 | KC584648 |
A. conoidea | CBS 132.89 | Saudi Arabia, Ricinus communis | FJ348226 | KC584327 | KC584585 | FJ348227 | FJ348228 | KC584452 | KC584711 |
A. dauci | CBS 117097 | USA, Daucus carota | KC584192 | KC584268 | KC584524 | KC584111 | KJ718678 | KC584392 | KC584651 |
A. doliconidium | KUN-HKAS 100840T | Italy, Rosa canina | NR158361 | NG069551 | NG065142 | - | - | - | - |
A. eichhorniae | CBS 489.92 | India, Eichhornia crassipes | KC146356 | KP124579 | KP125049 | KP124276 | KP123973 | KP124895 | KP125204 |
A. ellipsoidea | CBS 119674 | USA, Dianthus barbatus | KC584196 | KC584272 | KC584528 | KC584115 | - | KC584396 | KC584655 |
A. ellipsoidialis | MFLUCC 21-0132 | Italy, Brassica sp. (Brassicaceae) | MZ621989 | MZ621936 | MZ621862 | OK236596 | OK236743 | OK236643 | OK236690 |
A. eupatoriicola | MFLUCC 21-0122 | Italy, Eupatorium cannabinum (Asteraceae) | MZ621982 | MZ621929 | MZ621855 | OK236589 | OK236736 | OK236636 | OK236683 |
A. falcata | MFLUCC 21-0123 | Italy, Atriplex sp. (Chenopodiaceae) | MZ621992 | MZ62139 | MZ621865 | OK236599 | OK236746 | OK236649 | OK236693 |
A. gaisen | CBS 118488 | Japan, Pyrus pyrifolia | KP124427 | KP124581 | KP125051 | KP124278 | KP123975 | KP124897 | KP125206 |
A. gossypina | CBS 104.32 | Zimbabwe, Gossypium sp. | KP124430 | KP124584 | KP125054 | JQ646312 | JQ646395 | KP124900 | KP125209 |
A. gypsophilae | CBS 107.41 | Netherlands, Gypsophila elegans | KC584199 | KC584277 | KC584533 | KC584118 | KJ718688 | KC584401 | KC584660 |
A. helianthiinficiens | CBS 117370 | UK, Helianthus annuus | KC584200 | KC584278 | KC584534 | KC584119 | - | KC584402 | KC584661 |
A. helianthiinficiens | CBS 208.86 | USA, Helianthus annuus | JX101649 | KC584279 | KC584535 | KC584120 | - | KC584403 | EU130548 |
A. infectoria | CBS 210.86 | UK, Triticum aestivum | DQ323697 | KC584280 | KC584536 | AY278793 | FJ266502 | KC584404 | KC584662 |
A. iridiaustralis | CBS 118486 | Australia, Iris sp. | KP124435 | KP124589 | KP125059 | KP124284 | KP123981 | KP124905 | KP125214 |
A. italica | MFLUCC 14-0421T | Italy, Pleosporaceae | MG764017 | MG818319 | - | - | - | MG859737 | - |
A. italica | B3 = CFCC 59359 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR272062 | OR366487 | OR366480 | OR475213 | OR475227 | OR475220 | OR475207 |
A. italica | B4 = CFCC 59309 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR243731 | OR366526 | OR366481 | OR475219 | OR475228 | OR475221 | OR250485 |
A. italica | B5 = CFCC 59310 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR243732 | OR366488 | OR366482 | OR475214 | OR475229 | OR475222 | OR475208 |
A. italica | B6 = CFCC 59311 * | China, Celtis julianae | OR243733 | OR366489 | OR366483 | OR475215 | OR475230 | OR475223 | OR475209 |
A. jacinthicola | CBS 133751 | Mali, Eichhornia crassipes | KP124438 | KP124592 | KP125062 | KP124287 | KP123984 | KP124908 | KP125217 |
A. juxtiseptata | CBS 119673 | Australia, Gypsophila paniculata | KC584202 | KC584282 | KC584538 | KC584122 | - | KC584406 | KC584664 |
A. lathyri | MFLUCC 21-0140 | Italy, Lathyrus sp. (Fabaceae) | MZ621974 | MZ621921 | MZ621847 | OK236581 | OK236728 | OK236628 | OK236675 |
A. longipes | CBS 540.94 | USA, Nicotiana tabacum | AY278835 | KC584285 | KC584541 | AY278811 | AY563304 | KC584409 | KC584667 |
A. macroconidia | MFLUCC 21-0134 | Italy, Spartium junceum | MZ622001 | MZ621950 | MZ621876 | OK236610 | OK236757 | OK236657 | OK236704 |
A. macrospora | CBS 117228 | USA, Gossypium barbadense | KC584204 | KC584286 | KC584542 | KC584124 | KJ718702 | KC584410 | KC584668 |
A. mimicula | CBS 118696 | USA, Lycopersicon esculentum | FJ266477 | KC584287 | KC584543 | AY562415 | GQ180094 | KC584411 | KC584669 |
A. minimispora | MFLUCC 21-0127 | Thailand, Citrullus lanatus | MZ621980 | MZ621927 | MZ621853 | OK236587 | OK236734 | OK236634 | OK236681 |
A. muriformispora | MFLUCC 22-0073 | Italy, Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae) | MZ621976 | MZ621923 | MZ621849 | OK236583 | OK236730 | OK236630 | OK236677 |
A. nobilis | CBS 116490 | New Zealand, Dianthus caryophyllus | KC584208 | KC584291 | KC584547 | KC584127 | - | KC584415 | KC584673 |
A. oblongoellipsoidea | MFLUCC 22-0074 | Italy, Cichorium intybus | MZ621967 | MZ621914 | MZ621840 | OK236574 | OK236721 | OK236621 | OK236668 |
A. obpyriconidia | MFLUCC 21-0121 | Italy, Vicia faba | MZ621978 | MZ621925 | MZ621851 | OK236585 | OK236732 | OK236633 | OK236680 |
A. orobanches | MFLUCC 21-0137 | Italy, Orobanche sp. | MZ622007 | MZ621956 | MZ621882 | - | OK236763 | - | OK236710 |
A. ovoidea | MFLUCC 14-0427 | Italy, Dactylis glomerata | MZ622005 | MZ621954 | MZ621880 | OK236614 | OK236761 | OK236661 | OK236708 |
A. perpunctulata | CBS 115267 | USA, Alternanthera philoxeroides | KC584210 | KC584294 | KC584550 | KC584129 | JQ905111 | KC584418 | KC584676 |
A. petroselini | CBS 112.41 | –, Petroselinum sativum | KC584211 | KC584295 | KC584551 | KC584130 | - | KC584419 | KC584677 |
A. phragmiticola | MFLUCC 21-0125 | Italy, Phragmites sp. | MZ621994 | MZ621941 | MZ621867 | OK236602 | OK236749 | OK236649 | OK236696 |
A. porri | CBS 116698 | USA, Allium cepa | DQ323700 | KC584297 | KC584553 | KC584132 | KJ718726 | KC584421 | KC584679 |
A. pseudoinfectoria | MFLUCC 21-0126 | Italy, Chenopodium sp. | MZ621984 | MZ621931 | MZ621857 | OK236591 | OK236738 | OK236638 | OK236685 |
A. pseudorostrata | CBS 119411 | USA, Euphorbia pulcherrima | JN383483 | KC584298 | KC584554 | AY562406 | AY563295 | KC584422 | KC584680 |
A. radicina | CBS 245.67 | USA, Daucus carota | KC584213 | KC584299 | KC584555 | KC584133 | FN689405 | KC584423 | KC584681 |
A. rostroconidia | MFLUCC 21-0136 | Italy, Arabis sp. | MZ621969 | MZ621916 | MZ621842 | OK236576 | OK236723 | OK236623 | OK236670 |
A. salicicola | MFLUCC 22-0072 | Russia, Salix alba | MZ621999 | MZ621946 | MZ621872 | OK236606 | OK236753 | OK236653 | OK236700 |
A. saponariae | CBS 116492 | USA, Saponaria officinalis | KC584215 | KC584301 | KC584557 | KC584135 | - | KC584425 | KC584683 |
A. selini | CBS 109382 | Saudi Arabia, Petroselinum crispum | AF229455 | KC584302 | KC584558 | AY278800 | FJ266504 | KC584426 | KC584684 |
A. septorioides | CBS 106.41 | Netherlands, Reseda odorata | KC584216 | KC584303 | KC584559 | KC584136 | - | KC584427 | KC584685 |
A. setosa | YZU 191101 | China, Iris japonica | OP2341770 | - | - | OP352306 | OP352294 | OP352294 | OP374459 |
A. smyrnii | CBS 109380 | UK, Smyrnium olusatrum | AF229456 | KC584305 | KC584561 | KC584138 | - | KC584429 | KC584687 |
A. solani | CBS 116651 | USA, Solanum tuberosum | KC584217 | KC584306 | KC584562 | KC584139 | GQ180097 | KC584430 | KC584688 |
A. solidaccana | CBS 118698 | Bangladesh, Soil | KC584219 | KC584308 | KC584564 | KC584141 | - | KC584432 | KC584690 |
A. sonchi | CBS 119675 | Canada, Sonchus asper | KC584220 | KC584309 | KC584565 | KC584142 | - | KC584433 | KC584691 |
A. tectorum | YZU 161050 | China, Iris tectorum | OP341728 | - | - | OP352303 | OP293714 | OP352291 | OP374456 |
A. tectorum | YZU 161052 | China, Iris tectorum | - | - | OP341817.1 | OP352304.1 | OP293715.1 | OP352292.1 | OP374457.1 |
A. tomato | CBS 103.30 | Unknown, Solanum lycopersicum | KP124445 | KP124599 | KP125069 | KP124294 | KP123991 | KP124915 | KP125224 |
A. torilis | MFLUCC 14-0433 | Italy, Torilis arvensis | MZ621988 | MZ621935 | MZ621861 | OK236594 | OK236741 | OK236641 | OK236688 |
A. vaccariae | CBS 116533 | USA, Vaccaria hispanica | KC584223 | KC584314 | KC584570 | KC584146 | JQ646386 | KC584438 | KC584696 |
A. vaccariicola | CBS 118714 | USA, Vaccaria hispanica | KC584224 | KC584315 | KC584571 | KC584147 | JQ646384 | KC584439 | KC584697 |
A. vitis | MFLUCC 17-1109T | Chile, China, El Salvador, Greece, India, Italy, Romania, Russia, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Pleosporaceae | MG764007 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Liao, Y.-C.-Z.; Cao, Y.-J.; Wan, Y.; Li, H.; Li, D.-W.; Zhu, L.-H. Alternaria arborescens and A. italica Causing Leaf Blotch on Celtis julianae in China. Plants 2023, 12, 3113. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173113
Liao Y-C-Z, Cao Y-J, Wan Y, Li H, Li D-W, Zhu L-H. Alternaria arborescens and A. italica Causing Leaf Blotch on Celtis julianae in China. Plants. 2023; 12(17):3113. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173113
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiao, Yang-Chun-Zi, Yi-Jia Cao, Yu Wan, Hui Li, De-Wei Li, and Li-Hua Zhu. 2023. "Alternaria arborescens and A. italica Causing Leaf Blotch on Celtis julianae in China" Plants 12, no. 17: 3113. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173113