Chukar partridge

Appearance

The chukar is a rotund 32–35 cm long partridge, with a light brown back, grey breast, and buff belly. The shades vary across the various populations. The face is white with a black gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Sexes are similar, the female slightly smaller in size and lacking the spur. The tail has 14 feathers, the third primary is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and sixth primaries.

It is very similar to the rock partridge with which it has been lumped in the past but is browner on the back and has a yellowish tinge to the foreneck. The sharply defined gorget distinguishes this species from the red-legged partridge which has the black collar breaking into dark streaks near the breast. Their song is a noisy "chuck-chuck-chukar-chukar" from which the name is derived. The Barbary partridge has a reddish-brown rather than black collar with a grey throat and face with a chestnut crown.

Other common names of this bird include chukker, Indian chukar and keklik.

Naming

There are fourteen recognized subspecies:
⤷ "A. c. chukar" – nominate – eastern Afghanistan to eastern Nepal
⤷ "A. c. cypriotes" – island chukar – southeastern Bulgaria to southern Syria, Crete, Rhodes and Cyprus
⤷ "A. c. dzungarica" – northwestern Mongolia to Russian Altai and eastern Tibet
⤷ "A. c. falki" – north central Afghanistan to Pamir Mountains and western China
⤷ "A. c. kleini"
⤷ "A. c. koroviakovi" – Persian chukar – eastern Iran to Pakistan
⤷ "A. c. kurdestanica" – Kurdestan chukar – Caucasus Mountains to Iran
⤷ "A. c. pallescens" – northern chukar – northeastern Afghanistan to Ladakh and western Tibet
⤷ "A. c. pallida" – northwestern China
⤷ "A. c. potanini" – western Mongolia
⤷ "A. c. pubescens" – inner Mongolia to northwestern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai
⤷ "A. c. sinaica" – northern Syrian Desert to Sinai Peninsula
⤷ "A. c. subpallida" – Tajikistan
⤷ "A. c. werae" – Iranian chukar – eastern Iraq and southwestern Iran

Distribution

This partridge has its native range in Asia, including Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, along the inner ranges of the western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the red-legged partridge, "Alectoris rufa". It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 m below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 m except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600 m. They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.

It has been introduced widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States, Canada, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Hawaii. Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal. It has also been introduced to New South Wales in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct. A small population exists on Robben Island in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.

Status

This species is relatively unaffected by hunting or loss of habitat. Its numbers are largely affected by weather patterns during the breeding season. The release of captive stock in some parts of southern Europe can threaten native populations of rock partridge and red-legged partridge with which they may hybridize.

British sportsmen in India considered the chukar as good sport although they were not considered to be particularly good in flavour. Their fast flight and ability to fly some distance after being shot made recovery of the birds difficult without retriever dogs. During cold winters, when the higher areas are covered in snow, people in Kashmir have been known to use a technique to tire the birds out to catch them.

Behavior

In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious in their calling and fighting. During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated "chuck" notes and sometimes duetting "chuker" notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted. The most common call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting. In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about 2.6 km2 and travel up to 4.8 km to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.

Habitat

This partridge has its native range in Asia, including Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, along the inner ranges of the western Himalayas to Nepal. Further west in southeastern Europe it is replaced by the red-legged partridge, "Alectoris rufa". It barely ranges into Africa on the Sinai Peninsula. The habitat in the native range is rocky open hillsides with grass or scattered scrub or cultivation. In Israel and Jordan it is found at low altitudes, starting at 400 m below sea level in the Dead Sea area, whereas in the more eastern areas it is mainly found at an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 m except in Pakistan, where it occurs at 600 m. They are not found in areas of high humidity or rainfall.

It has been introduced widely as a game bird, and feral populations have become established in the United States, Canada, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Hawaii. Initial introductions into the US were from the nominate populations collected from Afghanistan and Nepal. It has also been introduced to New South Wales in Australia but breeding populations have not persisted and are probably extinct. A small population exists on Robben Island in South Africa since it was introduced there in 1964.

The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge, and the practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred hybrids has been banned in various countries including the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to wild populations.In the non-breeding season, chukar partridge are found in small coveys of 10 or more birds. In summer, chukars form pairs to breed. During this time, the cocks are very pugnacious in their calling and fighting. During winter they descend into the valleys and feed in fields. They call frequently during the day and especially in the mornings and evenings. The call is loud and includes loud repeated "chuck" notes and sometimes duetting "chuker" notes. Several calls varying with context have been noted. The most common call is a "rallying call" which when played back elicits a response from birds and has been used in surveys, although the method is not very reliable. When disturbed, it prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance often down a slope on rounded wings, calling immediately after alighting. In Utah, birds were found to forage in an area of about 2.6 km2 and travel up to 4.8 km to obtain water during the dry season. The home range was found to be even smaller in Idaho.

Reproduction

The breeding season is summer. Males perform tidbitting displays, a form of courtship feeding where the male pecks at food and a female may visit to peck in response. The males may chase females with head lowered, wing lowered and neck fluffed. The male may also perform a high step stiff walk while making a special call. The female may then crouch in acceptance and the male mounts to copulate, while grasping the nape of the female. Males are monogamous. The nest is a scantily lined ground scrape, though occasionally a compact pad is created with a depression in the centre. Generally, the nests are sheltered by ferns and small bushes, or placed in a dip or rocky hillside under an overhanging rock. About 7 to 14 eggs are laid. The eggs hatch in about 23–25 days. In captivity they can lay an egg each day during the breeding season if eggs are collected daily. Chicks join their parents in foraging and will soon join the chicks of other members of the covey.

As young chukars grow, and before flying for the first time, they utilize wing-assisted incline running as a transition to adult flight. This behaviour is found in several bird species, but has been extensively studied in chukar chicks, as a model to explain the evolution of avian flight.

Food

Chukar will take a wide variety of seeds and some insects as food. It also ingests grit. In Kashmir, the seeds of a species of "Eragrostis" was particularly dominant in their diet while those in the US favoured "Bromus tectorum". Birds feeding on succulent vegetation make up for their water needs but visit open water in summer.

Predators

Chukar are sometimes preyed on by golden eagles.