Article The Technical Quality of the Wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of Diverse Genetic Origin Eliza Konofalska 1, *, Paweł Kozakiewicz 2 , Włodzimierz Buraczyk 3 , Henryk Szeligowski 3 and Hubert Lachowicz 4 1 2 3 4 *



 Citation: Konofalska, E.; Kozakiewicz, P.; Buraczyk, W.; Szeligowski, H.; Lachowicz, H. The Technical Quality of the Wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) of Diverse Genetic Origin. Forests 2021, 12, 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ f12050619 Academic Editor: Angela Lo Monaco Received: 7 April 2021 Accepted: 11 May 2021 Published: 14 May 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Kielce Forest District, Hubalczyków 15, 25-668 Kielce, Poland Department of Wood Science and Wood Preservation, Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; pawel_kozakiewicz@sggw.edu.pl Department of Forest Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; wburaczyk@wp.pl (W.B.); henryk_szeligowski@sggw.edu.pl (H.S.) Department of Forest Utilization, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warszawa, Poland; hubert_lachowicz@sggw.edu.pl Correspondence: konofalskaeliza@gmail.com Abstract: This work contains the preliminary results of research into the technical quality of the wood from Scots pine trees of diverse genetic origin, grown on an experimental plot at the Forest Experimental Station in Rogów. The following are the parent stands, numbered: 5 (the Tucholskie Forest 130 m a.s.l.), 7 (the Napiwodzko–Ramuckie Forest 145 m a.s.l.), 10 (the Piska Forest 145 m a.s.l.), 12 (the Biała Forest 95 m a.s.l.), 13 (the Namysłowsko–Ostrzeszowskie Forest 190 m a.s.l.), 15 (the Knyszyńska Forest 165 m a.s.l.), and 16 (the Nowotarskie Forest 590 m a.s.l.). The tested wood was obtained in 2018 from trees aged 52 years. The research material came from 100 trees in total. After felling, two logs approximately 0.5 m in length were cut from each tree. The height on the tree from which the material was taken ranged from breast height (1.3 m) to approximately 2.5 m. Next, planks were cut from the logs in a north–south direction; these were precisely described and then left to season. The work included the measurement and statistical analysis of one physical property, wood density (kg/m3 ), and of the following mechanical properties: compressive strength along the fibres, Rc12 (MPa); static bending strength, Rg12 (MPa); modulus of elasticity under static bending, Eg12 (MPa); and indices of strength quality of the tested mechanical properties, JRc12 , JRg12 , and JEg12 (km). The origin of the logs was shown to have a significant influence on wood density, compressive strength, static bending strength, and modulus of elasticity under static bending. The highest mean density was found for trees originating from stand 10 (537 kg/m3 ). The highest values of compressive strength were obtained for trees originating from stands 5 (45 MPa), and the highest static bending strength and modulus of elasticity under static bending were obtained for trees originating from stand 12 (102 and 9825 MPa, respectively). Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L.; wood density; mechanical properties; technical quality of wood published maps and institutional affiliations. 1. Introduction Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has a range that covers the whole of Scandinavia, northeastern areas of European Russia, and Siberia, extending eastward as far as the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. In Poland, it is a dominant forest species, covering 66.5% of the total forest area, according to figures for 1 January 2017 [1]. It is found from sea level to mountain peaks up to around 2700 m above sea level in the Caucasus [2]. In Poland, it occurs mainly in lowland areas, reaching elevations of 700 m in the Carpathians, although individual trees are found up to 1100 m above sea level [3]. It is also the most important forest-forming species in Poland with great real and potential for use in the wood industry [4]. Forests 2021, 12, 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050619 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Forests 2021, 12, 619 2 of 10 Pine wood is valued and widely used not only due to its availability but also because of its physical and mechanical properties. Its technical properties depend, among other things, on its geographical origin. Paschalis [5] showed that the properties of pine wood deteriorate in a direction from north to south while on the east–west axis, there is no definite tendency. It is thus generally believed that pine wood from northern parts of Poland is superior, offering greater density and strength [6,7]. The technical quality of wood is affected by a number of factors. It depends mainly on geographical location, habitat type, and the quality of planting material [4,8–11]. The effects of habitat type were studied by Józefaciuk and Laurow [12] and, later, also by Krzysik [13]. Genetics, environment, and human factors can determine the dendrometric features of trees [14], and the properties and structure of the wood [15]. Wood quality may be influenced by genotype. The genome may exhibit phenotypic features and helps determine resistance to internal and external factors. It has been demonstrated, for example, that branch thickness is genetically conditioned [16,17]. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a species with a very wide natural range. Because it grows in different climatic and soil conditions, it exhibits great variation with regard to the morphology, yield, and quality of its timber. The most important method enabling the evaluation of variability between and within populations of forest trees is comparative provenance experiments. The goal of this work was to investigate selected physical and mechanical properties of the wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with seven different genetic origins, grown on an experimental plot at the Forest Experimental Station in Rogów. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Site This work contains the preliminary results of research into the technical quality of the wood from Scots pine trees of diverse genetic origin, grown on an experimental plot at the Forest Experimental Station in Rogów. The studied trees are the offspring of seven parent populations of Scots pine growing in areas of mixed broadleaved forest habitat (FMBF). The following are the parent stands, numbered: 5 (Lipowa, he Tucholskie Forest 130 m a.s.l.), 7 (Dłużek, the Napiwodzko–Ramuckie Forest 145 m a.s.l.), 10 (Ruciane, the Piska Forest 145 m a.s.l.), 12 (Jegiel, the Biała Forest m 95 a.s.l.), 13 (Rychtal, the Namysłowsko– Ostrzeszowskie Forest 190 m a.s.l.), 15 (Supraśl, the Knyszyńska Forest 165 m a.s.l.), and 16 (Nowy Targ, the Nowotarskie Forest 590 m a.s.l.)—Figure 1. The experimental site is located in central Poland at an elevation of 160 m above sea level. The average annual precipitation is 595 mm, and the average annual air temperature is 7.2 ◦ C. All trees from the seven parent populations grow in a fresh mixed forest habitat under identical growing conditions. The planting material was consisted of one-year seedlings. Scots pine seedlings were planting in a 1 m x 1 m spacing cultivation. The area of a single plot was 255 m2 . Each origin was repeated five times (in total: 35 plots), so individual origin was 1275 m2 . 2.2. Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis The tested wood was obtained in 2018 from trees aged 52 years. The research material came from 100 trees in total. After felling, two logs approximately 0.5 m in length were cut from each tree. The height on the tree from which the material was taken ranged from breast height (1.3 m) to approximately 2.5 m. Next, planks were cut from the logs in a north–south direction; these were precisely described and then left to season. Samples were then produced for particular types of tests in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Polish Standard PN-77/D-04227 [18] and International Standard ISO 4471:1982 [19]. Forests 2021, 12, 619 3 of 10 Figure 1. Genetic origin of Scots pine trees (red dots on the map), grown on an experimental plot at the Forest Experimental Station in Rogów (green triangle on the map): 5—Lipowa, in the Tucholskie ż Napiwodzko–Ramuckie Forest 145 m a.s.l.; 10—Ruciane, the Forest 130 m a.s.l.; 7—Dłużek, łthe ł Piska Forest 145 m a.s.l.; 12—Jegiel, the Biała Forest m 95 a.s.l.); 13—Rychtal, the Namysłowsko– ł ś ń Ostrzeszowskie Forest 190 m a.s.l.; 15—Supraśl, the Knyszyńska Forest 165 m a.s.l.; 16—Nowy Targ, the Nowotarskie Forest 590 m a.s.l. 2.3. Determination of Selected Properties The work included the measurement and statistical analysis of one physical property, wood absolute moisture content (MC) (%), according to standards PN-77/D-04100 [20] and ISO 13061-1:2014 [21]; density (ρ) (kg/m3 ) according to standards PN-77/D-04101 [22] and ISO 13061-2:2014 [23]; and the following mechanical properties: compressive strength along the fibres, Rc12 (MPa) according to standards PN-78/D-04102 [24] and ISO/DIS 13061-17:2014 [25]; static bending strength, Rg12 (MOR) (MPa) according to standards PN77/D-04103 [26] and ISO 13061-3:2014 [27]; modulus of elasticity under static bending, Eg12 (MOE) (MPa) according to standards PN-63/D-04117 [28] and ISO 13061-4:2014 [29]; and indices of strength quality of the tested mechanical properties, JRc12 , JRg12 , and JEg12 (km), calculated according to the following formula: R( E) Jρ= × 100 [km] ρ The selected properties were measured at a moisture content of 12%. The compressive strength along the fibres (Rc12 ) was determined using an Instron 3382 machine. The modulus of elasticity under static bending (Eg12 ) and the static bending strength (Rg12 ) were measured using an Instron 3369 instrument. 2.4. Statistical Analyses ( ) The statistical software PAST3.17 used to [km] analyse gathered data and a significance = was × 100 level of 0.05 was assumed. The statistics deal with the basic statistical characteristics of the studied origin: wood density, compressive strength along the fibres, static bending strength, modulus of elasticity under static bending, and indices of strength quality of the tested mechanical properties. All analysed wood properties significantly differed from normal distribution. We used Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Mann–Whitney tests. Forests 2021, 12, 619 4 of 10 3. Results The highest mean density of wood (with an absolute moisture content of 12%) was obtained from trees from stand 10 (537 kg/m3 ), and the lowest was from stand 16 (480 kg/m3 ) (Table 1). The average density of Scots pine wood for all of the studied material at Rogów Forest Experimental Station was 514 kg/m3 . The smallest density calculated for a single sample was 340 kg/m3 (stand 16), and the largest was 783 kg/m3 (stand 10). Table 1. Characteristics of wood density (ρ) (kg/m3 ) of diverse genetic origins (N—Number of groups; M—Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 531 502 537 525 508 507 480 514 537 503 541 534 521 504 480 514 391 342 362 383 364 368 340 340 722 711 783 703 652 757 609 783 70.4 77.5 84.4 82.7 69.4 77.6 67.6 77.4 13.25 15.42 15.70 15.75 13.66 15.31 14.09 15.07 There were statistically significant differences in the characteristics of wood density between seven genetic origins at p < 0.05. Parent stand 16 is statistically different from the others. The highest mean compressive strength (Rc) was obtained from stand 5 (45.45 MPa), and the lowest was from stand 16 (40.14 MPa) (Table 2). For the whole of the studied material, the mean compressive strength along the fibres was 43.72 MPa, with values for individual samples ranging from a minimum of 20.33 MPa (stand 12) to a maximum of 70.21 MPa (stand 15). Table 2. Characteristics of compressive strength Rc (MPa) of diverse genetic origins (N—Number of groups; M—Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 45.45 42.59 44.47 44.94 43.24 44.64 40.14 43.72 47.02 43.99 45.52 45.85 45.90 44.89 40.17 44.73 25.35 23.30 23.94 20.33 22.07 25.03 22.38 20.33 65.51 67.26 62.59 68.66 61.68 70.21 59.33 70.21 10.71 10.61 10.57 12.61 10.68 10.78 9.44 10.89 23.56 24.91 23.76 28.05 24.69 24.16 23.53 24.91 It was found that the analysed populations differ statistically in mean values of compressive strength at p < 0.05. For example, stand 16 is statistically different from the others, apart from stand 7. The highest mean static bending strength (Rg) was found in the wood from stand 12 (102.13 MPa), and the lowest was found in stand 16 (83.53 MPa) (Table 3). The mean for the whole of the studied material was 94.45 MPa. The lowest value for an individual sample was 23.94 MPa (stand 5), and the highest was 169.80 MPa (stand 12). Forests 2021, 12, 619 5 of 10 Table 3. Characteristics of static bending strength Rg12 (MOR) (MPa) of diverse genetic origins (N— Number of groups; M—Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 95.50 93.33 94.32 102.13 95.73 94.11 83.53 94.45 102.00 93.06 96.86 109.00 102.00 96.77 86.30 96.93 23.94 32.48 25.02 39.21 34.89 39.21 23.95 23.94 158.60 150.30 151.60 169.80 151.80 150.00 135.30 169.80 30.95 29.03 28.76 33.17 28.82 28.08 24.60 29.53 32.41 31.11 30.49 32.48 30.10 29.83 29.45 31.26 There were statistically significant differences in the characteristics of static bending strength between diverse genetic origins at p < 0.05. Parent stand 16 is statistically different from the others. The highest mean modulus of elasticity under static bending (Eg) was obtained from wood from stand 12 (9825 MPa), and the lowest was from stand 16 (8433 MPa) (Table 4). For the whole of the studied material, the mean value was 9291 MPa, and for individual samples, the values of this parameter ranged from 3259 MPa to 16,490 MPa, both extreme values occurring in stand 12. There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the modulus of elasticity under static bending between stands. Table 4. Characteristics of modulus of elasticity under static bending Eg12 (MOE) (MPa) of diverse genetic origins (N—Number of groups; M—Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 9534 9227 9191 9825 9353 9268 8433 9291 9829 9448 9089 4014 3378 4349 3259 3815 3653 3525 3259 16,080 15,760 14,830 16,490 14,660 15,080 12,820 16,490 3002 3108 2775 3269 2846 2925 2430 2940 31.48 33.68 30.19 33.27 30.42 31.56 28.82 31.65 9971 9343 8870 9451 The highest mean value of the index of strength quality under compression along the fibres (JRc) was determined from pine wood from stand 15 (8.72 km), and the lowest was from stand 16 (8.28 km) (Table 5). For the whole of the studied material, the mean value of this index was 8.42 km, and values for individual samples ranged from 3.50 km (stand 10) to 10.48 km (stand 15). Table 5. Characteristics of JRc (km) of diverse genetic origins (N—Number of groups; M— Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 8.47 8.41 8.25 8.41 8.42 8.72 8.28 8.42 8.85 8.76 8.50 8.71 8.71 9.06 8.42 8.72 5.57 4.54 3.50 5.10 5.23 4.93 5.93 3.50 10.36 10.35 10.09 10.10 10.47 10.48 10.08 10.48 1.19 1.28 1.32 1.27 1.30 1.15 1.00 1.23 14.00 15.18 15.96 15.14 15.40 13.21 12.06 14.61 Forests 2021, 12, 619 6 of 10 There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of JRc between genetic origins. The highest mean value for the index of strength quality under static bending (JRg) was obtained from wood from stand 12 (19.15 km), and the lowest was from stand 16 (17.20 km) (Table 6). The mean value of this index for the whole of the studied material was 18.23 km, and values for individual samples ranged from a minimum of 3.68 km (stand 10) to a maximum of 38.35 km (stand 5). Table 6. Characteristics of JRg (km) of diverse genetic origins (N—Number of groups; M— Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 17.89 18.37 17.73 19.15 18.69 18.29 17.20 18.23 19.11 19.23 18.49 20.15 19.65 19.01 18.26 19.01 4.65 6.79 3.68 9.86 7.74 8.39 5.74 3.68 38.35 24.29 24.31 27.49 30.59 23.21 22.44 38.35 4.85 3.80 3.97 3.90 4.24 3.63 3.48 4.06 27.13 20.69 22.39 20.36 22.71 19.82 20.24 22.30 It was found that analysed populations differ statistically in mean values of JRg at p < 0.05. Stand 16 is statistically different from the other stands. For the index of strength quality related to the modulus of elasticity under static bending (JEg), the highest mean value was obtained for wood from stand 12 (1838.12 km) and the lowest was from stand 10 (1722.19 km) (Table 7). For the whole of the studied material, the mean value was 1790.40 km. Values of the index for individual samples ranged from 621.63 km (stand 7) to 3920.08 km (stand 5). Table 7. Characteristics of JEg (km) of diverse genetic origins (N—Number of groups; M— Average; Me—Median; Min—Minimum; Max—Maximum; SD—Standard deviation; V—Coefficient of variation). Origin N M Me Min Max SD V 5 7 10 12 13 15 16 ∑/M 101 102 92 89 118 85 72 659 1782.90 1810.59 1722.19 1838.12 1825.90 1796.95 1734.54 1790.40 1875.87 1908.63 1841.93 1949.94 1952.26 1884.71 1808.46 1878.97 666.91 621.63 883.36 819.60 648.75 966.20 931.09 621.63 3920.08 2709.76 2391.65 2537.04 2759.73 2427.12 2162.96 3920.08 460.19 421.72 370.51 384.70 416.17 379.78 323.37 400.45 25.81 23.29 21.51 20.93 22.79 21.13 18.64 22.37 There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of JEg between genetic origins. There was significant influence of origin for most analysed properties (Table 8). Forests 2021, 12, 619 7 of 10 Table 8. Observed significance level of origins for some selected traits. Characteristics HKW (Kruskal–Wallis Test) p ρ Rc Rg Eg JRc JRg JEg 25.94 14.44 15.64 10.20 10.55 17.48 10.93 0.000 0.025 0.016 0.016 0.103 0.008 0.091 4. Discussion Scots pine in Poland plays an important role, both in the formation of forests and in the economy [4]. It is subject to extensive phenotypic variability [30], and multiple varieties, climatypes, and ecotypes have been distinguished as a result. Due to the widespread use of Scots pine timber and the importance of its physical and mechanical properties, it is beneficial to study pines of different origins to identify the most valuable stands. The present study concerned trees of seven different origins grown on an experimental plot at Rogów Forest Experimental Station. The results made it possible to determine the technical quality of pine wood from different parent stands. The seed material originated from areas with different elevations, natural conditions, and lengths of growing season. The experimental stand was located in the same climate and soil conditions and in the same habitat type (FMBF). As part of IUFRO in 1938 and 1939, Poland participated in a new series of experiments. The study included pine forest from different parts of the country, located at the eastern border. The results of these studies have shown that local pines have always grown the best. In the next series of IUFRO experiments in 1982, the provenance of pine was tested including 5 from Poland and 15 from the following countries: Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Latvia, Slovakia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and others. The experimental plots were located in Wyszków and S˛ekocin (central Poland). The trees were researched after 35 years of growth. The trees of Polish origin grew the best, while pine populations from southern Europe grew rather poorly and had low survival rates. Density is one of the most important physical properties of wood and has an impact on its other technical properties [8,11,31]. Statistically significant differences were found in the mean density values between the studied stands. From the geographical variability, it is seen that a stand from southern Poland has a lower wood density than a population from the lowland part of the country. Giertych [32] identified mountain populations of pine that were not suitable for cultivation in lowland Poland. The mean density was calculated to be 490 kg/m3 . The smallest value for an individual sample was 340 kg/m3 (from stand 16), and the highest was 783 kg/m3 (from stand 10). This property was found to be highly variable between samples. Wood density exhibits variation both between trees and within individual trees [33,34]. A high variability was found in the mean values of compressive strength among the seven populations. Wood is stronger when cut in a direction parallel to the fibres, rather than across the fibres. This results from the anisotropic structure of wood [13,35,36]. The mean compressive strength along the fibres measured for Scots pine wood was 43.5 MPa. Reported values for European species range from 30 to 70 MPa [22]. The Nowy Targ population (stand 16) in southern Poland is evaluated as being average [37–39]. In terms of variation in breast height diameter, average height, sum of cross-sectional areas at breast height, and log volume, trees originating from that area achieved the worst results in a study of 23 populations [40]. Significant differences were found between the studied pine populations in the case of static bending strength. This refers to the maximum value of stress attained by a tested wood sample. Typical values of bending strength range from 80 to 100 MPa [13,31,36]. The lowest bending strength of a single sample was 23.94 MPa from stand 5 (130 m a.s.l.), and Forests 2021, 12, 619 8 of 10 the highest was seven times greater, at 169.80 MPa from stand 12. According to Krzysik [13], the average static bending strength of knot-free pine wood is 100 MPa. Wagenführ [41] gives a range for Pinus sylvestris L. from 35 to 206 MPa. The modulus of elasticity denotes a type of stiffness of wood under various loads. Values of the modulus of elasticity ranged from 6900 to 20,100 MPa. A high value of MOE indicates good wood resistance [42]. The mean values of this index have been found at 9015 MPa [43] and 10,080 MPa [44]. The highest stand density MOE mean is increasing [45]. The results given above on the variation in the technical quality of Scots pine wood with seven different origins confirm the existence of differences within this species in Poland. Polish tree populations present differences in the quality of wood [46]. Trees originating from a mountain population were not successful in lowland areas. An analysis of the results obtained in this study shows that the differences between the studied populations are statistically significant. This means that it is possible to select the best areas of origin of Scots pine to achieve optimal technical quality of the wood for specific applications. 5. Conclusions It was shown that the technical quality of the wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in the environmental conditions of central Poland, defined based on the physical and mechanical properties, exhibits significant differences depending on its genetic origin. The origin of the wood was shown to have a significant influence on wood density, compressive strength, static bending strength, and the modulus of elasticity under static bending. The highest mean density was found from trees originating from stand 10 and stand 5. The highest values of compressive strength were obtained from trees originating from stands 5 and 12, and the highest static bending strength and modulus of elasticity under static bending were obtained from trees originating from stand 12. The lowest values of the studied properties were obtained from trees originating from stand 16 (Nowy Targ). The results indicate that it ought to be possible to select the origin of planting material to obtain the highest quality and productivity of future stands. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, P.K., W.B. and H.L.; methodology, P.K. and H.L.; software, P.K., H.L., H.S. and E.K.; validation, H.L.; formal analysis, E.K. and H.L.; investigation, E.K.; resources, E.K.; writing—original draft preparation, H.L.; visualization—E.K. and P.K.; writing—review and editing, H.L. and P.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. 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