Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)

Anders Rhodin

We present a review and analysis of the conservation status and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat categories of all 360 currently recognized species of extant and recently extinct turtles and tortoises (Order Testudines). Our analysis is based on the 2018 IUCN Red List status of 251 listed species, augmented by provisional Red List assessments by the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) of 109 currently unlisted species of tortoises and freshwater turtles, as well as re-assessments of several outdated IUCN Red List assessments. Of all recognized species of turtles and tortoises, this combined analysis indicates that 20.0% are Critically Endangered (CR), 35.3% are Critically Endangered or Endangered (CR+EN), and 51.9% are Threatened (CR+EN+Vulnerable). Adjusting for the potential threat levels of Data Deficient (DD) species indicates that 56.3% of all data-sufficient species are Threatened. We calculated percentages of imperiled species and modified Average Threat Levels (ATL; ranging from Least Concern = 1 to Extinct = 8) for various taxonomic and geographic groupings. Proportionally more species in the subfamily Geoemydinae (Asian members of the family Geoemydidae) are imperiled (74.2% CR+EN, 79.0% Threatened, 3.89 ATL) compared to other taxonomic groupings, but the families Podocnemididae, Testudinidae, and Trionychidae and the superfamily Chelonioidea (marine turtles of the families Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) also have high percentages of imperiled species and ATLs (42.9–50.0% CR+EN, 73.8–100.0% Threatened, 3.44–4.06 ATL). The subfamily Rhinoclemmydinae (Neotropical turtles of the family Geoemydidae) and the families Kinosternidae and Pelomedusidae have the lowest percentages of imperiled species and ATLs (0%–7.4% CR+EN, 7.4%–13.3% Threatened, 1.65–1.87 ATL). Turtles from Asia have the highest percentages of imperiled species (75.0% CR+EN, 83.0% Threatened, 3.98 ATL), significantly higher than predicted based on the regional species richness, due to much higher levels of exploitation in that geographic region. The family Testudinidae has the highest ATL (4.06) of all Testudines due to the extinction of several species of giant tortoises from Indian and Pacific Ocean islands since 1500 CE. The family Testudinidae also has an ATL higher than all other larger polytypic families (≥ 5 species) of Reptilia or Amphibia. The order Testudines is, on average, more imperiled than all other larger orders (≥ 20 species) of Reptilia, Amphibia, Mammalia, or Aves, but has percentages of CR+EN and Threatened species and an ATL (2.96) similar to those of Primates and Caudata (salamanders).

Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TURTLES OF THE WORLD Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) TuRTle TaxonoMy WoRking gRoup andeRs g.J. Rhodin, John b. iveRson, RogeR bouR, uWe FRiTz, aRThuR geoRges, h. bRadley shaFFeR, and peTeR paul van diJk Chelonian ReseaRCh MonogRaphs, nuMbeR 7 Published by Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy in association with IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Turtle Conservation Fund, Global Wildlife Conservation, Conservation International, and International Union for Conservation of Nature / Species Survival Commission 1 2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 CHELONIAN RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS Contributions in Turtle and Tortoise Research Series Editor andeRs g.J. Rhodin Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, Massachusetts 01462 USA, and Turtle Conservancy, 49 Bleecker Street, New York, New York 10012 USA [RhodinCRF@aol.com] CHELONIAN RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS (ISSN 1088-7105) is an international peer-reviewed scientific publication series for monograph-length manuscripts, collected proceedings of symposia, edited compilations, and other longer turtle-related research documents. The series accepts contributions dealing with any aspects of chelonian research, with a preference for conservation or biology. Manuscripts or edited compilations dealing with conservation biology, systematic relationships, chelonian diversity, geographic distribution, natural history, ecology, reproduction, morphology and natural variation, population status, husbandry, and human exploitation or conservation management issues are of special interest. Bibliographic and other reference materials are also of interest. Submit proposals for publications directly to A.G.J. Rhodin at the e-mail address above. Instructions for manuscript submission and detailed guidelines for authors are available at the same address.The series is published on an occasional basis, from 1996 to 2016 by Chelonian Research Foundation, and from 2017 on by Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy. Published Issues in Series 1. The Galápagos Tortoises: Nomenclatural and Survival Status. 1996. By Peter C.H. PritCHard. 85 pp. ISBN: 0-96535400-8 (hard cover); 0-9653540-1-6 (soft cover). 2. Asian Turtle Trade: Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Trade of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Asia. 2000. Edited by Peter Paul van dijk, Bryan l. Stuart, and anderS G.j. rHodin. 164 pp. ISBN: 0-9653540-2-4 (hard cover); 0-9653540-3-2 (soft cover). 3. Biology and Conservation of Florida Turtles. 2006. Edited by Peter a. Meylan. 376 pp. ISBN: 0-9653540-4-0 (hard cover); 0-9653540-5-9 (soft cover). 4. Defining Turtle Diversity: Proceedings of a Workshop on Genetics, Ethics, and Taxonomy of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises. 2007. Edited by H. Bradley SHaffer, nanCy n. fitzSiMMonS, artHur GeorGeS, and anderS G.j. rHodin. 200 pp. ISBN 0-9653540-7-5 (hard cover); 0-9653540-8-3 (soft cover). 5. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 2008–2016. Edited by anderS G.j. rHodin, Peter C.H. PritCHard, Peter Paul van dijk, rayMond a. SauMure, kurt a. BuHlMann, joHn B. iverSon, and ruSSell a. MitterMeier. Installments 1–7, 1138 pp. to date. ISBN 0-9653540-9-1 (looseleaf). 6. Turtles on the Brink in Madagascar: Proceedings of Two Workshops on the Status, Conservation, and Biology of Malagasy Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles. 2013. Edited by CHriStina M. CaStellano, anderS G.j. rHodin, MiCHael oGle, ruSSell a. MitterMeier, Herilala randriaMaHazo, riCk HudSon, and riCHard e. lewiS. 184 pp. ISBN: 9780-9910368-0-6 (hardback), 978-0-9910368-1-3 (paperback). 7. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). 2017. turtle taxonoMy workinG GrouP [anderS G.j. rHodin, joHn B. iverSon, roGer Bour, uwe fritz, artHur GeorGeS, H. Bradley SHaffer, and Peter Paul van dijk]. 292 pp. ISBN: 978-1-5323-5026-9 (online). CHELONIAN RESEARCH MONOGRAPHS are available for purchase from Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy. No overall series subscription rate is available, as individual monograph issues are priced separately. Contact either Turtle Conservancy (49 Bleecker St., New York, NY 10012 USA, 212-353-5060, 212-353-5014 [fax], www.turtleconservancy.org) or Chelonian Research Foundation (168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, MA 01462 USA, 978-807-2902, RhodinCRF@aol.com, www.chelonian.org/crm) for prices, titles, and to place orders. Chelonian Research Foundation (founded in 1992) and Turtle Conservancy (founded in 2009) are nonprofit tax-exempt organizations under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Copyright © 2017 by Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TURTLES OF THE WORLD Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) 1 2 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 COVER AND PREFACE ILLUSTRATIONS Front Cover: Left: Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise, Gopherus evgoodei (Testudinidae), from Monte Mojino Reserve, Alamos, Sonora, Mexico; photo by Eric V. Goode. Right: Ploughshare Tortoise, Astrochelys yniphora (Testudinidae), from Baly Bay National Park, Madagascar; photo by Anders G.J. Rhodin. Title Page: Radiated Tortoise, Astrochelys radiata (Testudinidae), from Madagascar; drawing by Stephen D. Nash. Table of Contents: Left: Red-headed Amazon River Turtle, Podocnemis erythrocephala (Podocnemididae), from Rio Jufari, Amazonas, Brazil; photo by Richard C. Vogt. Right: Euphrates Softshell Turtle, Rafetus euphraticus (Trionychidae), from Balarood R., Khuzestan Prov., Iran; photo by Hanyeh Ghaffari. Frontispiece: Left: Wood Turtle, Glyptemys insculpta (Emydidae), from Lunenburg, Worcester Co., Massachusetts, USA; photo by Anders G.J. Rhodin. Right: Black-breasted Leaf Turtle, Geoemyda spengleri (Geoemydidae), from Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam; photo by Flora Ihlow. Back Cover: Top Left: Northern Snake-necked Turtle, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) rugosa (Chelidae), from Morehead R., Western Prov., Papua New Guinea; photo by Arthur Georges. Top Right: Burmese Big-headed Turtle, Platysternon megacephalum peguense (Platysternidae), from Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Prov., Thailand; photo by Peter Paul van Dijk. Bottom Left: Flatback Sea Turtle, Natator depressus (Cheloniidae), from Shoalwater Bay, Queensland, Australia; photo by Carmen Pilcher. Bottom Right: Northern Giant Musk Turtle, Staurotypus triporcatus (Kinosternidae), from Central Farms, Cayo Dist., Belize; photo by John B. Iverson. RECOMMENDED CITATION turtle taxonoMy workinG GrouP [rHodin, a.G.j., iverSon, j.B., Bour, r. fritz, u., GeorGeS, a., SHaffer, H.B., and van dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. CHelonian reSearCH MonoGraPHS. Series Edited by anderS G.j. rHodin. voluMe nuMBer 7. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Published online 2 August 2017. ISSN (monograph series): 1088-7105 ISBN (this volume): 978-1-5323-5026-9 (online) Co-Published by Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy. Copyright © 2017 by Chelonian Research Foundation, Lunenburg, Massachusetts, USA and Turtle Conservancy, New York, New York, USA. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TURTLES OF THE WORLD Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) TuRTle TaxonoMy WoRking gRoup andeRs g.J. Rhodin, John b. iveRson, RogeR bouR, uWe FRiTz, aRThuR geoRges, h. bRadley shaFFeR, and peTeR paul van diJk suppleMenT no. 1 oF Chelonian ReseaRCh MonogRaphs no. 5: Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group ediTed by andeRs g.J. Rhodin1,2, John b. iveRson3, peTeR paul van diJk2,4, RayMond a. sauMuRe5, kuRT a. buhlMann6, peTeR C.h. pRiTChaRd7, and Russell a. MiTTeRMeieR8 1 Chelonian Research Foundation, Lunenburg, Massachusetts, USA; 2Turtle Conservancy, New York, New York, USA; 3 Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, USA; 4Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, Texas, USA; 5 Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA; 6University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, USA; 7 Chelonian Research Institute, Oviedo, Florida, USA; 8Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA Chelonian ReseaRCh MonogRaphs Number 7 2017 Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy 3 4 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TURTLES OF THE WORLD Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) Table oF ConTenTs Abstract ...........................................................9 Introduction ...........................................................9 Methodology .......................................................10 TTWG Guidelines for Taxonomic Changes ....13 Taxonomic Changes ......................................14 Distributions..................................................15 GIS Maps ......................................................16 Conservation Status ......................................18 Results and Discussion ........................................19 Conservation Status ......................................19 Genetic Pollution ..........................................19 Request for Updates ............................................19 Acknowledgments ...............................................20 Photos and Photographers ..................................21 Checklist .........................................................23 Linnaean Classification Content ..........................23 Alternative Phylocode Classification ..................23 Testudines .........................................................24 Cryptodira .........................................................24 Chelydridae ............................................24 Chelydra ....................................24 Macrochelys ................................26 Chelonioidea .................................................27 Cheloniidae.............................................27 Carettinae .........................................27 Caretta ........................................27 Eretmochelys ...............................28 Lepidochelys ...............................29 Cheloniinae ......................................30 Chelonia ......................................30 Natator ........................................32 Dermochelyidae .....................................32 Dermochelys ...............................32 Kinosternoidea ..............................................34 Dermatemydidae ....................................34 Dermatemys ................................34 Kinosternidae .........................................34 Kinosterninae ...................................34 Kinosternon.................................34 Kinosternon or Cryptochelys ......35 Sternotherus ................................45 Staurotypinae or Staurotypidae........47 Claudius ......................................47 Staurotypus .................................48 Testudinoidea ................................................49 Emydidae ................................................49 Deirochelyinae .................................49 Chrysemys ...................................49 Deirochelys .................................51 Graptemys ...................................51 Malaclemys .................................57 Pseudemys...................................59 Trachemys ...................................62 Emydinae .........................................71 Clemmys ......................................71 5 6 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Emys ........................................ 72 Emys or Actinemys .................. 75 Emys or Emydoidea ................ 76 Glyptemys ............................... 77 Terrapene ................................ 77 Platysternidae ..................................... 82 Platysternon ............................ 82 Geoemydidae ...................................... 83 Geoemydinae ............................... 83 Batagur ....................................83 Cuora .......................................86 Cyclemys ..................................93 Geoclemys ................................96 Geoemyda ................................96 Hardella ...................................97 Heosemys .................................98 Leucocephalon .........................99 Malayemys .............................100 Mauremys...............................101 Melanochelys .........................107 Morenia ..................................109 Notochelys..............................109 Orlitia ....................................110 Pangshura ..............................110 Sacalia ...................................113 Siebenrockiella.......................114 Vijayachelys ...........................114 Rhinoclemmydinae .....................115 Rhinoclemmys ........................115 Testudinidae.......................................120 Aldabrachelys ........................120 Astrochelys .............................121 Centrochelys ..........................123 Chelonoidis ............................123 Chersina .................................132 Chersobius .............................132 Cylindraspis ...........................134 Geochelone ............................136 Gopherus................................137 Homopus ................................140 Indotestudo ............................140 Kinixys ...................................141 Malacochersus .......................145 Manouria ...............................145 Psammobates .........................146 Pyxis .......................................149 Stigmochelys ..........................150 Testudo ...................................151 (Testudo) ...........................151 (Agrionemys).....................155 (Chersine) .........................157 Trionychoidea ..........................................158 Carettochelyidae ................................158 Carettochelys .........................158 Trionychidae ......................................158 Cyclanorbinae .............................158 Cyclanorbis ............................158 Cycloderma ............................159 Lissemys .................................160 Trionychinae ...............................162 Amyda ....................................162 Apalone ..................................164 Chitra .....................................168 Dogania .................................169 Nilssonia ................................169 Palea ......................................171 Pelochelys ..............................172 Pelodiscus ..............................173 Rafetus ...................................175 Trionyx ...................................176 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Pleurodira ....................................................177 Chelidae .............................................177 Chelinae ......................................177 Acanthochelys ........................178 Chelus ....................................179 Mesoclemmys .........................180 Phrynops ................................183 Platemys .................................185 Rhinemys ................................186 Hydromedusinae .........................186 Hydromedusa .........................186 Chelodininae ...............................187 Chelodina ...............................187 (Chelodina) .......................187 (Macrochelodina) .............191 (Macrodiremys) .................193 Elseya .....................................193 (Elseya) .............................193 (Hanwarachelys)...............194 (Pelocomastes) ..................195 Elusor .....................................196 Emydura .................................197 Myuchelys ..............................200 Rheodytes ...............................201 Pseudemydurinae ........................202 Pseudemydura........................202 Pelomedusidae ...................................202 Pelomedusa ............................202 Pelusios ..................................206 Podocnemididae ................................214 Erymnochelys .........................214 Peltocephalus .........................214 Podocnemis ............................214 Regional Species Richness Maps .......................218 Annotations ....................................................221 Current 2017 Checklist ...................................221 Previous Checklist Annotations......................234 2007 Annotations .....................................234 2008 Annotations .....................................238 2009 Annotations .....................................239 2010 Annotations .....................................242 2011 Annotations .....................................246 2012 Annotations .....................................247 2014 Annotations .....................................251 Appendix – Distributional Data.........................256 Distribution Updates 2011 ..............................256 Distribution Updates 2012..............................256 Distribution Updates 2014..............................257 Literature Cited...................................................257 CRM 5 and CRM 7 Citations ............................290 TTWG, CBFTT, and TEWG Checklists ........290 CBFTT Species Accounts...............................290 7 8 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: of the World: Checklist and AtlasTurtle (8th Specialist Ed.) – 2017 ATurtles Compilation Project of theAnnotated IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Group A.G.J. Rhodin, J.B. Iverson, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, P.C.H. Pritchard, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 7, doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017 © 2017 by Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy • Published 2 August 2017 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.) TuRTle TaxonoMy WoRking gRoup* *Authorship of this article is by this working group of the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, which for the purposes of this document consisted of the following contributors: andeRs g.J. Rhodin1,2, John b. iveRson3, RogeR bouR4, uWe FRiTz5, aRThuR geoRges6, h. bRadley shaFFeR7, and peTeR paul van diJk2,8 1 Chairman Emeritus, IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich St., Lunenburg, Massachusetts 01462 USA [rhodincrf@aol.com]; 2 Turtle Conservancy, 49 Bleecker St., New York, New York 10012 USA; 3 Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374 USA [johni@earlham.edu]; 4 Laboratoire des Reptiles et Amphibiens, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France [bour.roger@gmail.com]; 5 Museum für Tierkunde, Senckenberg Dresden, A.B. Meyer Building, 01109 Dresden, Germany [uwe.fritz@senckenberg.de]; 6 Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia [georges@aerg.canberra.edu.au]; 7 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA [brad.shaffer@ucla.edu]; 8 Deputy Chair, IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Global Wildlife Conservation, PO Box 129, Austin, Texas 78767 USA [ppvandijk@globalwildlife.org] a bsTRaCT. – This is our 8th edition of an annotated checklist of all recognized and named taxa of the world’s modern chelonian fauna, documenting recent changes and controversies in nomenclature through early 2017, and including all primary synonyms, updated from 7 previous checklists (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2007b, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014; Rhodin et al. 2008). We provide an updated comprehensive listing of taxonomy, names, and conservation status of all turtles and tortoises of the world, including detailed distribution maps. We strive to record the most recent justified taxonomic assignment of taxa in a hierarchical framework, providing annotations, including alternative possible arrangements, for some proposed changes. We provide common English names and detailed distributional data for all taxa, listing occurrence by countries and many smaller political or geographic subunits (states or regions), including indications of native, extirpated, and introduced (modern or prehistoric) populations. We include current published and draft IUCN Red List status assessments for all turtles, as well as CITES listings. The diversity of turtles and tortoises in the world that has existed in modern times (since 1500 AD) and currently generally recognized as distinct and included in this checklist, now consists of 356 species. Of these, 60 are polytypic, representing 122 additional recognized subspecies, or 478 total taxa of modern turtles and tortoises. Of these, 7 species and 3 subspecies, or 10 taxa (2.1%), have gone extinct. As of the current IUCN 2017 Red List, 148 turtle species (60.4% of 245 species listed, 41.6% of all 356 recognized modern species) are officially regarded as globally Threatened (Critically Endangered [CR], Endangered [EN], or Vulnerable [VU]). We record additional draft Red List assessments by the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) of previously “unevaluated” species, and updated draft re-assessments of previously listed species, allowing us to evaluate the overall current threat levels for all turtles and tortoises. Of the 356 total species of turtles and tortoises, 114 (32.0%) are CR or EN, 179 (50.3%) are Threatened (CR, EN, or VU), and 186 (52.2%) are Threatened or Extinct. If we provisionally adjust for predicted threat rates of Data Deficient and Not Evaluated species, then ca. 59% of all extant turtles are Threatened. These numbers and percentages of Threatened species have increased since our last checklist. Turtles are among the most threatened of the major groups of vertebrates, in general more than birds, mammals, cartilaginous or bony fishes, or amphibians. key W oRds. – Reptilia, Testudines, turtle, tortoise, chelonian, taxonomy, nomenclature, genera, species, subspecies, primary synonyms, suprageneric hierarchy, systematics, common names, distribution, maps, introduced species, conservation status, IUCN Red List, CITES, threatened species, extinction 9 10 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 The diversity of all turtles and tortoises (chelonians) in the world that has existed in modern times (since 1500 AD), and currently generally recognized as distinct by specialists in turtle taxonomy and systematics, consists of approximately 356 species, of which 60 are polytypic, with 122 additional recognized subspecies, or 478 total taxa of modern chelonians. Of these, 8 species plus 3 subspecies, or 11 total taxa, of tortoises and freshwater turtles have become extinct since 1500 AD (see Table 1), leaving us currently with 348 species and 119 additional subspecies, or 467 total taxa of living turtles and tortoises. Of all living turtle taxa, 7 species are marine turtles, leaving 341 species and 460 total taxa of modern living freshwater and terrestrial turtles and tortoises. In this checklist we present a full taxonomic listing of all recognized modern turtle and tortoise taxa, including synonymized names and type localities, detailed distribution maps, and annotations concerning recently described new taxa, nomenclatural and taxonomic updates, and significant taxon-related controversies or developments. The 478 modern turtle and tortoise taxa we recognize here are based on a synonymy of 1473 separate named turtle and tortoise species and subspecies, including all primary description names, secondary nomen novum replacement names, undescribed nomen nudum names, and other nomenclaturally unavailable names. These names also include those fossil taxa that have been synonymized with modern taxa. We also recognize 1 order, 2 suborders, 4 superfamilies, 14 families, 13 subfamilies, 94 genera (plus 5 potentially separate genera), and 6 subgenera of modern turtles, for a potential total of 139 supraspecific groupings. These groups are based on 457 valid and synonymized names, for a total listing here of 1930 taxonomic names applied to all modern turtle taxa and groups. As there is always some disagreement among experts as to which taxa are distinct and valid, and at what systematic level or rank (species or subspecies), these numbers are variable depending on the authorities presenting their data or interpretations. For prior discussions and listings of all recognized modern turtle taxa, with extensive annotations regarding areas of recent taxonomic change, instability, or controversy, see the previous publications by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG 2007a,b, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014), Rhodin et al. (2008), and the turtle checklist produced for CITES by Fritz and Havaš (2007). For a listing of all extinct Pleistocene and Holocene turtle and tortoise taxa, see our companion checklist by the Turtle Extinctions Working Group (TEWG 2015). METHODOLOGY The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) functions under the auspices of the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG), which operates under the umbrella of the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and its Species Survival Commission (SSC). We first compiled our checklist of modern turtle taxa in 2007 (TTWG 2007b), and have previously updated it annually to reflect more recent changes, as required by subsequent publications with taxonomic novelties or proposed changes, as well as adding primary synonyms for all recognized taxa, type species and type locality designations, as well as distribution maps (Rhodin et al. 2008; TTWG 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014). This present checklist has taken three years to update and produce because of extensive further expansion in content, and is now the 8th installment in this series. It is current through approximately July 2017. We list all primary and synonymized description names, as well as all nomina nova and nomina nuda names of which we are aware. We added nomen nudum names in the previous checklist. We continue to exclude most obvious ex errore names, especially the profusion of recent egregious misspellings in modern literature (especially in the popular literature and other non-systematic biological sciences). In addition, we do not list variations in spelling of the two alternate patronymic endings (-ii vs. -i), always using the original valid orthography. Our listing of nomen novum names takes a broadly encompassing approach and lists both justified and unjustified subsequent emendations, including substantial name changes caused by early writers’ occasional tendencies to create new or “better” names that they felt were more appropriate or more correct. Many early names were also unjustifiably emended in order to try to comply with perceived rules about word constructions and the use of nonGreek vs. Greek letters, (e.g., c vs. k, as in Cinosternon vs. Kinosternon, Cinixys vs. Kinixys). Occasionally, early authors did not appear to remember what the previously used names were, and simply came up with new spelling variations, with these new names sometimes becoming established in the literature for a while. This was especially true for the many names and spelling emendations created and recorded by John Edward Gray between 1825 and 1874. Prior to the establishment of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1895, and the publication of the first edition of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1905, these kinds of new names and changes were fairly common and we do not consider them to be simple ex errore typographical errors, and therefore, we have instead recorded many of them as nomina nova. We include listings of subsequent new combination names to reflect how taxa have been rearranged into new genera or different specific or subspecific levels. The new combination names are listed in lighter gray text following each associated primary name, arranged more or less chronologically from oldest to most recently created combinations, but without attributing authorship or date of first use of the new combination. We have attempted to list all known subsequent combination names, but these listings may be incomplete. A few older ex errore misspelled names are included in these listings. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Table 1. Modern named freshwater turtles and tortoises that have gone extinct since 1500 AD (7 species, 3 subspecies, 10 taxa), with approximate or known extinction dates. For species that went extinct during Holocene and Pleistocene times prior to 1500 AD, see separate supplementary checklist and review (TEWG 2015) and Fig. 1. Kinosternidae Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Viesca Mud Turtle Mexico (Coahuila); ca. 1970 Testudinidae Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii Daudin’s Giant Tortoise Seychelles (Mahé?); ca. 1850 Chelonoidis abingdonii Pinta Giant Tortoise, Abingdon Island Giant Tortoise Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinta [Abingdon]); 24 June 2012 Chelonoidis niger Floreana Giant Tortoise, Charles Island Giant Tortoise Ecuador (Galápagos: Floreana [Charles]); ca. 1850 Cylindraspis indica Reunion Giant Tortoise Réunion; ca. 1840 Cylindraspis inepta Mauritius Giant Domed Tortoise Mauritius (Mauritius); ca. 1735 Cylindraspis peltastes Rodrigues Domed Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues); ca. 1800 Cylindraspis triserrata Mauritius Giant Flat-shelled Tortoise Mauritius (Mauritius); ca. 1735 Cylindraspis vosmaeri Rodrigues Giant Saddleback Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues); ca. 1800 Pelomedusidae Pelusios castaneus seychellensis Seychelles Mud Turtle Seychelles (Mahé); ca. 1950 Figure 1. While beyond the time-frame of extinctions for modern turtles, it is worth noting the findings of White et al. (2010), who documented the continued existence nearly into modern times of an extraordinary giant tortoise, apparently of the extinct terrestrial horned family Meiolaniidae, on Efate Island, Vanuatu, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The species persisted until as recently as only 3100–2800 ybp (1150–850 BC) with a further calibrated age of 2890–2760 ybp (940–810 BC) [see TEWG 2015]. White et al. named it ?Meiolania damelipi and provided clear evidence of human butchering and consumption of the species, further corroborated and expanded by Hawkins et al. (2016). This exploitation represented the final anthropogenic extinction event for this spectacularly unique and evolutionarily distinct deep lineage of giant terrestrial chelonians. For a more complete analysis of turtle extinctions caused by humans and/or climate change during the Pleistocene and Holocene, see our companion publication by the Turtle Extinctions Working Group (2015). No complete skeletons of ?M. damelipi are known, but the related Meiolania platyceps from Lord Howe Island, Australia, which went extinct in the Late Pleistocene, has been beautifully reconstructed (photo above) by the American Museum of Natural History (Burke et al. 1983). Original and synonymized taxon names (including higher-category names) are listed using their original spelling and genus-species combination as used by the author at the time of first publication of the name. Our synonymies for genus- and species-level taxa follow, to our best efforts, the strict and established nomenclatural rules established by the fourth edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). However, for the higher-level suprageneric categories used in this checklist, we have also provided some synonyms and previously-used names for the same or included groupings whose usage may not necessarily correspond to nomenclatural guidelines under the ICZN. Since the ICZN does not regulate names above the superfamily rank, our listings of these names are intended to document historical use to aid understanding and resolving the difficult questions of what names are most appropriately used for these suprageneric categories and to what author they should be attributed. For example, the names we list under the Order-level name for turtles (Testudines) are not all strict synonyms, as some were proposed at different levels of groupings, from “Family” to Order to various supra-ordinal categories. Many were utilized primarily for including various fossil turtle-like ancestors in an expanded concept of turtles, including some rank-free Phylocode names. The names we list in other infra-ordinal suprageneric categories are not always strict synonyms either, as based on nomenclatural acceptability or availability of the utilized group name, but instead provide a partial historical record for names previously used for the same or similar grouping. Our checklist includes all currently recognized named taxa (species and subspecies) of modern turtles (extant after 1500 AD). By “currently recognized” we mean those taxa that have not been demonstrably refuted or justifiably synonymized in published literature, or whose description or recommended resurrection has yet to receive wide community acceptance. We have attempted to describe all recent published taxonomic recommendations in our annotations, even though we have not included all proposed changes in the checklist. Since there are sometimes also different interpretations for some genera and polytypic species as to which 11 12 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Table 2. The top turtle-rich countries for all turtle species and taxa (species and subspecies) per country, including tortoises, freshwater and terrestrial turtles, and nesting sea turtles. Species 1. USA, 62 2. Mexico, 49 3. Brazil, 36 4. China, 35 Ecuador, 35 6. Indonesia, 34 7. Colombia, 33 India, 33 9. Australia, 32 Vietnam, 32 11. Bangladesh, 30 Myanmar, 30 Thailand, 30 14. Malaysia, 24 15. Venezuela, 23 16. South Africa, 21 17. Congo (DRC), 19 18. Laos, 18 19. Guatemala, 16 Honduras, 16 Mozambique, 16 Nepal, 16 Papua New Guinea, 16 Tanzania, 16 25. Angola, 15 Cameroon, 15 Kenya, 15 Panama, 15 Peru, 15 Taxa (sp. & ssp.) 1. USA, 89 2. Mexico, 65 3. India, 41 4. Indonesia, 38 5. China, 37 6. Australia, 36 Brazil, 36 Vietnam, 36 9. Ecuador, 35 10. Colombia, 34 11. Thailand, 33 12. Myanmar, 31 13. Bangladesh, 30 14. Malaysia, 25 Venezuela, 25 16. South Africa, 23 17. Laos, 19 18. Congo (DRC), 18 Nepal, 18 20. Honduras, 17 Tanzania, 17 22. Guatemala, 16 Mozambique, 16 Panama, 16 Papua New Guinea, 16 Peru, 16 27. Angola, 15 Cameroon, 15 Costa Rica, 15 Nicaragua, 15 names are valid and whether to lump or split the contained taxa, we occasionally list recent alternative name usages as ‘Xxxx or Yyyy’. Our most important criterion for accepting proposed changes is that they be accompanied by adequate data and sound arguments justifying the taxonomic revision. Consequently, some proposed taxonomic changes from lists or publications with unsupported or untested revisions have not been incorporated. We also list and annotate recent systematic papers that do not necessarily commit nomenclatural or taxonomic acts, but that present data on phylogenetic or phylogeographic relationships that either serve to further support currently understood relationships, or are indicators of distinct lineages or potential taxonomic changes to come. Occasionally we also include annotations concerning dates of publication or other bibliographic considerations. Currently recognized modern turtles and tortoises (genera and terminal taxa, including species and subspecies) are listed in bold italics. Original description names and synonymized names are in non-bold italicized text. Higher suprageneric group-level names are listed in bold non-italic text and are presented in an indented phylogenetic hierarchy. For competing alternative generic names, we list them in phylogenetic order from most to least inclusive. All original names include authorship, year, and page number. As of this edition of the checklist, all described genera include type species designations (original and subsequent), and all described species include verbatim original and subsequently restricted type localities. This has been undertaken through a comprehensive reexamination of all original literature rather than relying on secondary sources. As a result, many of these type designations and localities are somewhat different from those previously cited in Fritz and Havaš (2007). Comments on names that have undergone recent taxonomic change or phylogenetic analysis or are associated with instability or uncertainty or other changes are indicated by superscript numbers that refer to annotations at the end of this and earlier checklists. See the section on Annotations at the end of the checklist for all detailed explanations. A summary of all major taxonomic changes in this checklist as compared to our previous one is provided in Table 3; all minor changes are only included in the annotations. Turtle taxa that have gone extinct within modern times (since 1500 AD) are labeled in bold as Extinct, and are also listed in Table 1. As of this checklist, this includes 7 species and 3 subspecies, or 10 taxa (2.1% of all modern turtle taxa) that are extinct. Turtle taxa that were originally described based on Pleistocene or Holocene fossil, subfossil, or archeological material, but subsequently recognized as representing extant taxa or synonymized with modern turtle taxa, are included in the checklist and marked with a cross (†), and include stratigraphic horizon and location data. Fossil taxa synonymized with extant polytypic species are listed under the geographically most appropriate subspecies; however, such synonymizations may not be accurate for some Early Pleistocene or older fossils which could conceivably represent distinct chronospecies or extinct subspecies. For further details on extinct fossil turtle and tortoise taxa from the Pleistocene and Holocene, see TEWG (2015). Those modern species and subspecies for which in-depth informational accounts have been published in this TFTSG monograph series on Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises (CBFTT), are indicated by a CBFTT Account heading, with interactive hyperlinks provided to the online published accounts in dark blue typeface. We will gradually publish CBFTT accounts for all non-marine turtle and tortoise species— accounts also include recognized subspecies within the account, but some subspecies have separate accounts and are so indicated. As of December 2016 we have published 100 CBFTT accounts covering 130 turtle and tortoise taxa; these are all available online as downloadable open-access doi-designated pdf’s on the TFTSG website at www.iucn-tftsg.org/cbftt/. The checklist includes English common names for all taxa. We have tried to provide the most commonly used names, although occasionally we have provided two or more names. We do not support the practice of Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TTWG Guidelines for Taxonomic Changes Taxonomy is both a summary of scientific knowledge and a language for biological communication. As such, it is critical that taxonomic changes be carefully considered and based on strong, comprehensive underlying data to ensure that changes are stable and long-lasting. We fully recognize that taxonomy and the systematics research on which it is based, is a dynamic field and that change is a sign of healthy science. However, we also recognize that taxonomic and nomenclatural stability are of immense value to the wider community of biologists, conservationists, legislative authorities, and the public at large. Pauly et al. (2009) argued that taxonomy should aim for stability and monophyly; in cases where these two objectives are in conflict, well-supported monophyly prevails over stability. Given the dynamic nature of turtle taxonomy, we believe that a series of best practices can and should be followed that should lead to changes that are stable, informative, and long-lasting. We summarize these best practices both to identify many of the key points in our group discussions on newly-proposed name changes, and as a set of considerations for authors who are considering new name changes. We hope the community finds them useful. For additional discussion, see TTWG (2007a), Pauly et al. (2009), and Kaiser et al. (2013). 1. A proposed taxonomic change must meet the ICZN criteria for nomenclatural validity. Published names gain much greater credibility by being published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal or equivalent publication standard. These standards include the 2012 emendations of the Code (ICZN 2012) regarding accepted methods of electronic publication of new names. 2. Taxonomic changes above the species level should preferably be suggested and adopted only when a currently recognized higher taxon is demonstrably non-monophyletic. We share the view of the global systematics community that phylogeny should be reflected in higher taxonomic categories, and that changes should be proposed to “fix” a non-monophyletic grouping. As discussed in 5) below, non-monophyly should be based on multiple lines of statistically well-supported evidence. As pointed out by Pauly et al. (2009), the use of novel levels within a taxonomic hierarchy (subgenera, supergenera, etc.) allows for the recognition of new/ previously known clades while still maintaining taxonomic stability within a group. 3. Taxonomic changes should incur the fewest possible name changes while resulting in a final set of monophyletic taxa. We share the view that taxonomic stability, and therefore the fewest possible nomenclatural changes, is always a desirable outcome. 4. Avoid naming monotypic higher groups when possible. As has been repeatedly stated in the literature, monotypic genera, families, etc. provide only very limited information on group membership, and therefore are less informative than alternative schemes where higher groups have multiple species within them. This may imply merging / lumping, rather than splitting, to resolve issues of non-monophyly. On the other hand, monotypic higher taxa emphasize the unique position of its contained (surviving) taxon. Monotypic higher taxa have been recognized among turtles for over two centuries, and many (though not all) contain additional extinct taxa as well as a single surviving species. We do not advocate eliminating traditionally recognized monotypic, and usually reciprocally monophyletic,higher taxa (since that would lead to taxonomic destabilization), but caution against proliferation of monotypic higher taxa. 5. Taxonomic arrangements that are supported by several independent character sets, provide strong statistical support for each, and report reasonable concordance between different datasets are more compelling than results from a single character set. Independence in evolutionary studies is a complex concept. In systematics, independence means that characters are not constrained to covary. For example, when multiple genetically independent nuclear genes, or nuclear genes and morphological characters, imply the same phylogenetic relationships or species boundaries, they presumably do so because both reflect the evolutionary history of the contained lineages. However, two mitochondrial genes are far less independent, since they are physically linked in the same non- recombining piece of mtDNA, and natural selection, drift, or any other process act simultaneously on that linked set of nucleotides. Single character (e.g., only mtDNA, or only geographic distribution patterns) may reflect the history of the species, or they may reflect the history of that one character. We strongly recommend that individual characters (each nuclear gene, composite set of mtDNA data, morphological, behavioral, and other characters) be analyzed separately to test for concordance among multiple independent data sets. 6. Independent datasets may or may not provide convincing evidence for monophyly, and thus for taxonomic changes. When one dataset conflicts strongly with several other independent ones, there may still be strong support for the hypothesis supported by multiple independent data sets. However, character conflict may often suggest that additional analyses or data are needed before taxonomic changes should be endorsed and accepted. 7. Sampling should be comprehensive at the appropriate level. Broad taxon sampling for species trees, with multiple specimens from across the geographic range of each taxon, can help avoid spuriously high statistical support values for apparent clades (see Spinks et al. 2013 for a recent chelonian example). 8. Species delimitation studies should include broad geographic sampling of all relevant taxa. Comprehensive geographic sampling for each character from individuals across the ranges of all species being considered is often critically important to correctly diagnose new species. We recognize that comprehensive geographic sampling may be difficult for rare species, but every effort should be made to be as comprehensive as possible. 9. Studies that only evaluate a taxonomic or geographic subset of the relevant group, or only make changes to some taxa without evaluating the relevance of these changes to related taxa, are less likely to be convincing and stand the test of time, and therefore are less likely to be widely adopted. For example, a study that elevates a particular subspecies to species rank, without examining variation among the remainder of the species is unlikely to be adopted until further supporting and clarifying information is published. 10. The TTWG primarily reacts to taxonomic changes proposed in the published literature, although we also will take under consideration publications that are under review but not yet published if they add additional information to a proposed change. Any information that the TTWG members have access to can be used to argue for or against adoption of a new taxonomic arrangement proposed in a validly published publication, although in almost all cases we rely on information that is either published or under review in a peer-reviewed journal. The TTWG will not use information from an as-yet unpublished study or manuscript to initiate a taxonomic change. In very rare cases, the TTWG may decide to make a new nomenclatural act, such as creating new nomenclatural combinations. 13 14 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 designating “official” or “standard” common names for species, as that is the domain for scientific names. Instead, common names tend to evolve and vary from area to area and over time, as well as with language and cultural context. However, in the field of conservation, the use of reasonably widely recognized and appropriately descriptive common names is critically important for communication purposes, and so we include English common names here. Though also important for the global conservation community, and officially included in IUCN Red List and CITES documentation, we do not at this time include Spanish or French common names in this checklist. Indigenous vernacular names for certain species are often extensive and imprecise, and in general we do not list such names here, although a few commonly-used ones are listed. We are introducing representative photos of nearly all species in this checklist, with the intention of adding images of all recognized taxa. We have started with many photos previously published in our CBFTT species accounts, as well as photos from our various Chelonian Research Foundation publications: Chelonian Research Monographs (CRM 1–6), our peer-reviewed journal Chelonian Conservation and Biology (CCB), our informal Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter (TTN) and TurtleLog (TL), the Turtle Conservation Fund (2002) (TCF) prospectus we co-published with Conservation International, and the Top 25+ Endangered Turtles publication we coproduced with the Turtle Conservation Coalition (2011) (TCC), all acknowledged as to sources. In addition, we have included many photos from the authorship team as well as many other contributing individuals. Photos are preferentially of wild animals from known recorded localities, but a few are from captivity, and most extinct species are from preserved museum specimens. We invite and urge our colleagues in the international turtle community to consider submitting additional identified quality portrait-style photos of missing taxa from known localities to us for consideration of inclusion in the next edition of this checklist. Taxonomic Changes A prime purpose of this checklist is to record taxonomic changes published in the literature, to evaluate the strength of the data supporting those proposed changes, and to recommend whether the community should adopt or reject the proposed changes. It is important to note that the recommendations we make here as the TTWG regarding the validity or non-validity of any included or excluded taxonomic names or systematic relationships are not prescriptive, nor are they official recommendations by the TFTSG or the IUCN, as such matters are generally best left to specialists working in these areas. However, we have tried to be consistent in our listing of what appear to be valid taxa and relationships, based on criteria of published scientific descriptions and proposed taxonomic changes accompanied by data and sound argumentation (TTWG 2007a). Our hope is that through this process, the TTWG and the TFTSG may help stabilize and guide the fluid state of chelonian systematics and nomenclature, and provide a standard reference source for updated taxonomy, systematic relationships, distributions, and conservation status of all turtles and tortoises. The list should also provide an impetus for ongoing and future work aimed at clarifying and resolving areas of taxonomic disagreement and/or uncertainty, as well as documented distribution patterns. The very first checklist (TTWG 2007b) was compiled on the ‘last published revision’ principle, though reflecting some alternative arrangements through our use of the ‘Xxxx or Yyyy’ arrangement. As the checklist has developed over the years and is increasingly adopted as the taxonomic standard by other groups and entities (IUCN Red List, Reptile Database, and others), and informs nomenclatural deliberations in CITES, ITIS, and other institutions, the TTWG author team has increasingly felt a need to evaluate both the scientific merit and the wider implications of adopting proposed taxonomic novelties. Evaluations have always been on a case-by-case basis, bringing the diverse perspectives of the authorship team to bear on the merits of each proposed change. We have considered drafting criteria for adoption or rejection, but concluded that every case is unique, making it unrealistic and undesirable to rely on a single set of “rules”. Instead, we have formulated guidelines and considerations of what increases (or decreases) the scientific credibility of a proposed taxonomic novelty, and therefore the likelihood of its adoption into (or rejection from) the TTWG turtle checklist (see inset on p. 13). We have previously (TTWG 2007a) presented proactive guidelines for researchers proposing taxonomic novelties; these remain valuable guidance also when we evaluate new published names or arrangements. But updating the checklist has required additional considerations, which we describe here. None of these are allor-nothing decisions; instead, almost every proposed taxonomic novelty, and the underlying supporting data as presented in the publication, falls somewhere on a continuum between ‘adopt unreservedly’ and ‘reject outright’. The collective weight of evidence supporting any proposed change (availability of the name; strength and nature of the supporting evidence; phylogenetic context; agreement with other studies; effect on taxonomic stability) is deliberated by the TTWG team (often very extensively and often with different philosophical views of the value of the underlying evidence). In order to provide a more comprehensive and international approach to TTWG deliberations and decisions, especially as regards issues of phylogenetic analysis, we have recently expanded our previous TTWG authorship team (Rhodin, Iverson, van Dijk, Shaffer, and Bour) to now also include Arthur Georges and Uwe Fritz, and we welcome them aboard. Our deliberations lead to conclusions on whether to: Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 1) adopt fully, reject, or recommend modification of a proposed taxonomic change, 2) include it as an ‘Xxxx or Yyyy’ arrangement, or 3) suspend adoption until additional, independent supporting or alternative data are published. It is important to note that decisions and recommendations within the TTWG are not always unanimous, and our checklist is not necessarily reflective of the individual taxonomic views or conclusions of all team members. In the accompanying text box (see p. 13), we summarize our guidelines and recommendations for making taxonomic changes. Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes often have disruptive effects for legislation and other ‘users’ of checklists. A degree of disruption is inevitable as phylogenetic knowledge accumulates; but we are more likely to adopt proposed changes that have significant ‘disruptive’ effects on widely-used names if such changes are strongly supported by robust data; in contrast, we are inclined to suspend adoption of novel names and arrangements if they are based on weaker data sets or do not greatly improve our overall phylogenetic understanding. As an example, we would be reluctant to adopt a proposal to transfer a single species out of an established genus to form a new, monotypic genus, a move that would involve new names and combinations without significant improvement of our understanding of the overall relationships of the group of species. We repeat our recommendation (TTWG 2007a) that taxonomy should not be driven by politics or opportunism, and that the wider implications of taxonomic and nomenclatural decisions be understood and carefully considered. We have noted for many years that the ICZN (2012) has emended its Code regarding accepted methods of electronic publication of new names. The revision permits electronic publication after 2011 only after the work (not the new name) is first registered in ZooBank (http://zoobank.org/; The Official Registry of Zoological Table 3. Summary of new or resurrected taxa (*) included in this 2017 checklist and major taxonomic changes from TTWG 2014. See the annotations for a full discussion of all these changes; minor changes associated only with overlooked or previously synonymized names or dates of authorship or other primarily nomenclatural changes are not listed here, but only in the annotations. This table does not include added synonymized fossil taxa, nomina nuda, or names not considered valid in the 2014 checklist (i.e., newly added synonyms). TTWG 2014 (335 species, 453 taxa) TTWG 2017 (356 species, 478 taxa) Change Macrochelys temminckii Macrochelys temminckii + Macrochelys suwanniensis * (M. apalachicolae * = M. temminckii) Kinosternon stejnegeri * (+ Kinosternon arizonense †) taxon split, 1 new species described, 1 new species synonymized taxon split, arizonense only fossil, 1 modern species resurrected subspecies elevated to species species changed to subspecies subspecies reassigned subspecies reassigned taxon split, 1 species resurrected taxon synonymized under occidentalis taxon split, 1 new subspecies described taxon split, 1 new species recognized, and 5 subspecies (2 new, 2 resurrected) recognized taxon split, 1 new species described, 1 new species synonymized taxon split, 1 new species described taxon split, 3 previously synonymized species resurrected taxon split, 1 new species described genus split into 2 genera genus divided into 3 subgenera Kinosternon arizonense Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri Trachemys emolli Trachemys ornata callirostris Trachemys venusta panamensis Emys or Actinemys marmorata Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti Cuora aurocapitata Cuora trifasciata Malayemys subtrijuga Chelonoidis porteri Chelonoidis vicina Gopherus morafkai Homopus Testudo Amyda cartilaginea Pelochelys cantorii Chelodininae Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa Elseya Elseya dentata Elseya novaeguineae Flaviemys Flaviemys purvisi Pelomedusa subrufa Kinosternon steindachneri Trachemys grayi emolli Trachemys venusta callirostris Trachemys grayi panamensis E. or A. marmorata + E. or A. pallida * Emys orbicularis occidentalis Cuora aurocapitata aurocapitata + C. a. dabieshani * Cuora trifasciata trifasciata + C. t. luteocephala * + Cuora cyclornata cyclornata * + C. c. meieri * + C. c. annamitica * Malayemys subtrijuga + Malayemys khoratensis * (M. isan * = M. khoratensis *) Chelonoidis porteri + Chelonoidis donfaustoi * Chelonoidis vicina + C. guntheri * + C. microphyes * + C. vandenburghi * Gopherus morafkai + Gopherus evgoodei * Homopus + Chersobius Testudo (Testudo) + Testudo (Agrionemys) + Testudo (Chersine) Amyda cartilaginea + A. cartilaginea cartilaginea, + A. c. maculosa * + Amyda c. or ornata ornata * + A. c. or o. phayrei * [Pelochelys (Ferepelochelys)] + [Pelochelys clivepalmeri] + [Pelochelys telstraorum] Chelodininae + Pseudemydurinae [Chelodina (Supremechelys) expansa brisbaneensis] + [Chelodina (Supremechelys) duboisi] Elseya (Elseya) + Elseya (Hanwarachelys) + Elseya (Pelocomastes) Elseya (Elseya) dentata + E. (E.) flaviventralis * Elseya (Hanwarachelys) novaeguineae + E. (H.) rhodini * Myuchelys Myuchelys purvisi Pelomedusa subrufa + P. barbata * + P. galeata * + P. gehafie * + P. kobe * + P. neumanni * + P. olivacea * + P. schweinfurthi * + P. somalica * + P. variabilis * taxon split, 1 new subspecies described, 1 species resurrected, 1 subspecies resurrected unavailable names subfamily split, 1 subfamily resurrected unavailable names genus divided into 3 subgenera taxon split, 1 new species described taxon split, 1 new species described monotypic genus synonymized generic allocation of taxon revised taxon split, 6 new species described, 3 species resurrected 15 16 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Nomenclature). ZooBank must register the precise electronic archive where the work is to be published, as well as the ISSN or ISBN of the work. In addition, amendments to the Code also clarify that preliminary electronic versions of works due for publication on paper are unavailable, and that abstracts of meetings, presentation texts and posters are unavailable for nomenclatural purposes, and preliminary electronic versions do not bring forward the date of publication, unless the electronic version meets the requirements for availability. Authors intending to publish taxonomic papers in electronic archives are cautioned to read the text of International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2012) carefully, and to follow the guidelines precisely, at risk of having their work inadmissible. Distributions We summarize distributions for all taxa in the checklist, listing all nations and territories in which they occur as native populations (see Table 2 for the top turtle-rich nations). For several larger nations we also list political or geographic subunits (e.g., states, provinces, regions, or larger islands). We attempt to also indicate nations or territories where species have been extirpated or where they occur as non-native introduced or invasive species, or where there are uncertainties as to occurrence. For introductions, we attempt to distinguish between two forms: (1) modern introductions (since ca. 1500 AD) for those species that appear to have relatively well-established or potentially reproducing populations in extra-limital areas primarily as a result of relatively recent trade for food or pets or planned conservation introductions (labeled “introduced” or “modern”), and (2) earlier historic or prehistoric introductions for those species that appear to have native populations, but where population genetics studies find evidence of founder effects suggestive of possible introduction by humans, or other dispersal events, during the last ca. 2000–3000 years (labeled “prehistoric introduction?”). For freshwater and terrestrial turtles and tortoises, we compiled native and introduced distributions and locality records from a combination of multiple published and database sources. For native distributions we used Iverson (1992) and Fritz and Havaš (2007) as starting points, and then added data from other recent literature by numerous authors, data from our extensive database compiled from Iverson’s work by Buhlmann et al. (2009), further data from our published CBFTT species accounts, our TFTSG-organized IUCN Red Listing workshops, and data from Iverson’s continuing intensive compilation of distribution records from the literature. For introduced species, we used Kraus (2009) as a starting point and have added data from other publications and online sources and databases. We have attempted to list introductions that are based on recorded populations rather than just single animals (but not necessarily with evidence of reproduction), but have not been rigorous in this, as it can be difficult to determine what the actual situation may be in each recorded case. Finally, we also solicited and received input from many members of the TFTSG for corrections and additions to all the native distributions and introductions data. Despite this effort, it is likely that we have committed errors of omission or commission, and we request that any corrections or updates be brought to our attention so that they can be included in future editions of this checklist. For sea turtles, we compiled distributions from a combination of IUCN Red List data, CMS (Convention on Migratory Species) listings, and the extensive listings of nesting sites and foraging ranges that the IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) includes in its SWOT mapping application (The State of the World’s Sea Turtles) (http://seaturtlestatus.org/learn/maps/all), generously supplied to us by the MTSG. Based on these data, we list sea turtle distributions in three distributional categories: 1) nesting: native regularly nesting populations, 2) foraging: native permanently foraging or regularly migrating populations (but no evidence yet of regular nesting), and 3) vagrant: temporarily foraging or migrating animals not necessarily considered native. GIS Maps In the previous edition of the checklist, we added simple GIS range distribution maps for all species. All maps in this edition have now been enhanced and updated to also include specific locality points upon which the ranges are based, as well as adding detailed color-coded altitudinal elevations. Nearly all distributional ranges have been revised based on new data and improved geographic analysis, in general restricting the presumed range somewhat tighter around our recorded localities. The locality points have been obtained from a combination of data from Iverson (1992), edited and corrected localities from the EmySystem maps (http://emys.geo.orst.edu/), locality data that Iverson has continued to collect systematically since 1992, CBFTT species accounts, IUCN Red Listing workshops, recent literature (although far from complete) compiled mainly by Iverson and Rhodin, and personal input from members of the TFTSG and other specialists. Maps now also include color-coded ranges for recognized subspecies. Map production began with point locality datasets from Iverson (1992), based on the many museum-held voucher specimens and published records amassed by John Iverson over the years and updated on the EmySystem (http://emys.geo.orst.edu/). These datasets were then supplemented by newer data and converted into shapefiles and edited and corrected and updated for content by Iverson, Ross Kiester, Tom Akre, Kurt Buhlmann, Peter Paul van Dijk, Arthur Georges, Anders Rhodin, Russ Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Figure 2. Global species richness map for all tortoises and freshwater turtles. Composite map of all tortoise and freshwater turtle distribution maps (349 species, 471 taxa) as presented in this checklist and atlas. Distribution shapefiles for all taxa in this map are each shown in red at 80% transparency and stacked; lighest red color = one taxon, darkest red color = > 15 taxa. For enlarged and more detailed regional species richness maps, see pp. 218–220 at the end of the taxonomic checklist. Mittermeier, and Whit Gibbons, and analyzed by Buhlmann et al. (2009). The original maps created this way were based on constructing projected historical geographic ranges. This was done by selecting GIS-defined hydrologic unit compartments (HUCs, at relatively coarse level 6 hydroshed basins) with verified locality points, and then adding HUCs that connected known point localities in the same watershed or physiographic region and that had similar habitats and elevations as the verified HUCs. As such, these first maps represented assumed geographic ranges, but generally somewhat larger than reality, and required further verification and adjustment. These distribution shapefiles were then further revised and formatted by Rhodin using ArcGIS Desktop 10.1 (www.esri.com) as part of the IUCN-associated BioFresh initiative (http://atlas.freshwaterbiodiversity.eu/), using finer geographic scales (hydroshed basins at levels 10 or 12). This allowed elimination of many higher-altitude regions from the projected ranges (notably in areas such as the Himalayan and Andean foothills and other mountainous regions), while keeping lower altitude HUC distributions in the same overall drainage basins, and in general tightening up and reducing many of the projected ranges. The maps have also been further revised through input of data provided by authors of published CBFTT accounts and participants in TFTSG-organized IUCN Red Listing workshops, but still represent projected and assumed historical ranges. For some relatively cryptic, poorly known, or possibly questionable species, the ranges depicted in this checklist are at best general approximations of their potential distributions. Species that fall into this category include Pelodiscus axenaria, P. parviformis, Cuora zhoui, Cyclemys enigmatica, Rafetus swinhoei, Mesoclemmys heliostemma, Chelodina gunaleni, C. kuchlingi, and Emydura tanybaraga. Other apparently widespread species with significant documented phylogeographic differentiation in the form of recognized subspecies or genetically-defined lineages and evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) may eventually warrant recognition as multiple taxa at the species level. Some species that fall into this category include Kinosternon hirtipes, K. integrum, K. scorpioides, Terrapene carolina, Cuora amboinensis, Melanochelys trijuga, Chelonoidis carbonarius, Testudo graeca, and Phrynops geoffroanus. Native populations and recorded specimens are marked with yellow locality spots set in partially transparent distribution range polygons (using HUCs), using red polygons at 50% transparency for species and nominate subspecies, and other colors at 30–50% transparency for other subspecies. Populations that represent possible prehistoric introductions (whether genetically verified or hypothesized as such) or possible prehistoric or more recent natural range extensions are also indicated with yellow spots. A composite species richness map for all tortoise and freshwater turtle taxa is depicted in Fig. 2 17 18 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 and enlarged regional detailed maps are included after the checklist on pp. 218–221. Apparently introduced populations near the native range that are most likely of modern and recent historic origin are generally included, and are indicated by orange spots. Remote introduced populations are not included. Questionable locality records near the native range (possibly misidentified and/or regional trade specimens) are also indicated by orange spots. Extinct taxa (species or subspecies) are designated by red spots. It is critically important to note that the maps published here depict projected and presumed historical geographic ranges (defined as historical area of occupancy, or AOO), as they are based on a combination of older historical museum and literature data (Iverson 1992) and more recent locality data, and do not in general reflect actual current areas of occupancy (AOO) of these species. Most turtle and tortoise species have had their historical ranges decrease considerably as a result of extensive habitat loss and degradation and/or overexploitation. For example, the ranges depicted here for Batagur trivittata and Geochelone platynota from Myanmar, and Psammobates geometricus from South Africa, show their historical ranges, rather than their current ranges, which have all been reduced by >90%. In general, all species assessed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List or TFTSG Draft Red List have had their current AOO ranges greatly decreased from historical extents. Sea turtle maps were generated from GIS data generously supplied to us by the IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) and SWOT (The State of the World’s Sea Turtles), and show documented nesting sites as yellow dots and generalized foraging distributions for each species as shaded oceanic distributional ranges delimited as either regional management units (RMUs) or distinctive population segments (DPSs) (see Seminoff et al. 2015). Conservation Status We include current IUCN Red List conservation status for all species. The status categorizations listed here are current as of the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM, version 2017.1 (www.iucnredlist.org). The TFTSG is the official global IUCN Red List Authority responsible for continuously updating IUCN Red List assessments of all tortoises and freshwater turtles, and this process is handled through multiple consensus-building workshops and consultations. As many species on the Red List need updating, either because their previous evaluations are more than ten years old, or because of recent conservation status or taxonomic changes, we have also included the results of TFTSG Draft Red List assessments (through June 2017) to indicate their current provisional status, which should be released on the official IUCN Red List site in the near future. In addition, many species that were determined by the TFTSG to be Least Concern in 1996 were never formally listed (as per IUCN Red List protocol at the time), but the original determinations as prepared at that time are still available and are indicated here. For a few species from the South African region we have also added draft Red List assessments done in 2010 by the South African Reptile Conservation Assessment (SARCA) committee, subsequently published by Hofmeyr et al. (2014). Finally, we include regulatory status listings on CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendices I, II, or III, current as of the 4 April 2017 listing (http://cites. org/eng/app/appendices.php). As such, this document brings together most important aspects of taxonomy, names, distribution, and conservation status of all turtles and tortoises of the world. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Conservation Status To assess and summarize the current conservation status of turtles and tortoises in the broadest strokes, we provide an update and analysis of the most current IUCN Red List (www.iucnredlist.org), as well as provide provisional conservation status of species still under evaluation. The official determinations of conservation status of turtles are provided to the IUCN Red List by the TFTSG, which is continuously producing draft assessments for previously unevaluated taxa as well as previously evaluated taxa needing updates (necessary every 10 years). Knowing the overall conservation status and percentage of threatened species of turtles is important in understanding how seriously they are endangered, and how they compare with other imperiled organisms. Mittermeier et al. (2015) provided an analysis of global Turtle Hotspots as part of such an evaluation. The current IUCN Red List (version 2017.1) formally lists 251 turtle species, including 7 separate subspecies and 19 regional subpopulations, using a slightly different taxonomy from the one presented in this checklist. Of the 251 species listed, 8 are Extinct (EX) [includes Pelusios seychellensis, considered a subspecies in our checklist], 2 Extinct in the Wild (EW), 40 Critically Endangered (CR), 44 Endangered (EN), 65 Vulnerable (VU), 34 Near Threatened (NT), 1 Conservation Dependent (LR/cd; an old category being phased out), 45 Least Concern (LC), 11 Data Deficient (DD), and 1 Not Assessed (NA). By IUCN Red List protocol, Threatened species are defined as those in the three categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable, meaning that 149 species are officially regarded as Threatened (59.4% of the 251 species listed), with 84 species (33.5% of those listed) considered Critically Endangered or Endangered. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Of the 356 species recognized as distinct (or possibly distinct) in our checklist, 105 are not yet officially listed on the IUCN Red List as species (although some are listed as subspecies). Most of these apparently “unassessed” species have in fact already been evaluated by the TFTSG, first in 1996, when Least Concern (LC) species were not formally listed (as some are now), and then more recently through a series of draft assessments. Of these species, the TFTSG evaluated 53 as Least Concern in 1996 (J.L. Behler and C. Hilton-Taylor, in litt.), and these are marked as such in this checklist. Further status assessments have more recently been accomplished through an ongoing series of regional IUCN Red Listing workshops held by the TFTSG. These workshops have assessed both previously unevaluated species and updated older previously evaluated species. Since 1999 the TFTSG has held Red Listing workshops in or for Asia, Mexico, the Mediterranean, India, Madagascar, Australia, New Guinea, USA, northern South America, southern South America, the Galápagos Islands, Asia a second time, Sub-Saharan Africa, and India a second time. Although not yet official IUCN Red List evaluations, we can use all these draft evaluations to determine overall threat rates to all turtles and tortoises. The current assessments that are based on the findings and results of these workshops, but have not yet been finalized and published on the IUCN Red List, are included in this checklist as ‘TFTSG Draft Red List’ status. Combining the formal IUCN Red List assessments with draft TFTSG status evaluations for previously unlisted species and draft updated assessments for currently listed but outdated assessments, yields the following total current status numbers for all 356 species of turtles and tortoises: 7 Extinct (EX), 1 Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) [CR(PE)], 63 Critically Endangered (CR), 50 Endangered (EN), 65 Vulnerable (VU), 38 Near Threatened (NT), 81 Least Concern (LC), 35 Data Deficient (DD), and 16 Not Evaluated (NE). This yields 114 species (32.0%) that are Critically Endangered or Endangered, and 179 (50.3%) that are Threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable). If we also include Extinct species among the Threatened categories (or more generally, “gone or nearly gone”), then 186 turtle species, or 52.2% of all currently recognized modern turtle and tortoise species, are either already extinct or threatened with extinction. We can provisionally adjust these numbers to account for Data Deficient and Not Evaluated species which may also be Threatened. We follow the calculation method of determining percentage of Threatened species utilized by Hoffmann et al. (2010): the number of Threatened species (179) is divided by the number of data-sufficient species (305), i.e., the total number of species minus those Not Evaluated (NE) and minus those that are Data Deficient (DD). This assumes that DD and NE species will have the same percentage of Threatened species as data-sufficient species. Using this calculation methodology, 58.7% of all assessed data-sufficient turtles and tortoises are Threatened, and 61.0% are Threatened or Extinct. For comparison, using the same methods, Hoffmann et al. (2010) determined that 41% of amphibians, 33% of cartilaginous fishes, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds were Threatened. Turtles were surpassed only by cycads, with 62% of their 300+ species Threatened. No matter how we analyze these various percentages of threatened species, turtles and tortoises, with anywhere from ca. 50–59% of all their modern species Threatened, are among the most endangered of any of the major groups of vertebrate species, more than birds (ca. 13%), mammals (ca. 21–25%), cartilaginous and bony fishes (ca. 17–31%), or amphibians (ca. 30–41%), and paralleled among the larger vertebrate groups only by the primates (ca. 49%) (www.iucnredlist.org, Hoffmann et al. 2010). As part of the process of determining the relative threatened status of the world’s tortoises and freshwater turtles, the Turtle Conservation Coalition (2011) published a consensus listing of “Turtles in Trouble: The World’s 25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles—2011”, which listed the top ca. 50 most endangered species at that time. This document has since become widely cited, especially as a basis for justifying and supporting conservation grant proposals and action plans. As such, continuing to evaluate changes to this Top 25+ list, both in terms of improved status for those species benefitting from conservation efforts, and documenting potentially deteriorating survival prospects for other species, will be critically important for future conservation efforts for these highly threatened species. This continuing process is currently being undertaken by the TFTSG in collaboration with other turtle conservation organizations, notably Turtle Conservancy, Turtle Survival Alliance, Global Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, Conservation International, and Chelonian Research Foundation. Genetic Pollution Aside from overt and highly impactful conservation threats such as overexploitation and habitat destruction, the global turtle fauna is also increasingly facing another insidious threat: genetic pollution caused by human-facilitated hybridization and introgression from introduced and invasive species (Rhymer and Simberloff 1996; Simison et al. 2013; Spencer et al. 2014; García-Díaz et al. 2015; Nori et al. 2017). This is not entirely new, but the current extent is unprecedented. Some taxa have historically already been affected. This is most probably true for Asian softshell turtles of the genus Pelodiscus. These turtles have been farmed and traded for centuries, with the corollary of translocating different species and local genetic lineages, leading to the admixture of different taxa and lineages in farms and in the wild (Fritz et al. 2010b; Suzuki and Hikida 19 20 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 2014). Similarly, the historical introduction of Mauremys reevesii to Japan resulted in massive hybridization with the native M. japonica (Suzuki et al. 2014). Another historical case of human-mediated admixture of genetic lineages is known from European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis). Here, the non-native populations on the Balearic Islands, most probably introduced in Roman times (Valenzuela et al. 2016), are of admixed origin (Lenk et al. 1999). Another population with genetic signatures of an old or ancient introduction of E. o. hellenica was discovered near Rome (Lenk et al. 1999; Vamberger et al. 2015) within the range of another subspecies (E. o. galloitalica). However, unlike in historical times, when only a few turtle species were affected, genetic pollution has become a major issue for nature conservation in recent years, facilitated by the massive pet and food trade and increased human mobility. Today, genetic pollution is also caused by well-meaning augmentation of endangered local turtle populations with genetically mismatched individuals (typically, but not exclusively, from non-coordinated actions by turtle enthusiasts), the release of surplus or abandoned genetically divergent pet turtles, and also by largescale releases of confiscated turtle shipments, especially in Southeast Asia. Examples of restocking with mismatched genetic individuals include endangered populations of E. orbicularis at the northern edge of its range (Fritz et al. 2004; Velo-Antón et al. 2011: genetic evidence for restocking with several different subspecies), and in southern France (Vamberger et al. 2015; Raemy et al. 2017: restocking with non-native E. o. hellenica instead of native E. o. galloitalica), also northern edge populations of Mauremys leprosa in southern France (Palacios et al. 2015: restocking with M. l. saharica and northern African M. l. leprosa instead of European M. l. leprosa), of M. rivulata in Croatia (Vamberger et al. 2014: restocking with Cretan individuals), and of Testudo graeca in Doñana National Park in Spain (Graciá et al. 2017b: restocking with non-native T. g. marokkensis from Morocco instead of T. g. graeca from Spain). Examples of genetic pollution caused by abandoned pet turtles include Chrysemys picta bellii from British Columbia introgressed by non-native subspecies (Jensen et al. 2014b) and Antillean Trachemys introgressed by red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans; Parham et al. 2013). Also some of the above-mentioned cases for European pond turtles refer at least partially to genetic pollution by abandoned pet turtles. Hybridization in the wild from released trade animals has been recorded in Taiwan for Mauremys reevesii and M. sinensis (Fong and Chen 2010). This issue of potentially increasing genetic pollution needs to be kept in mind as conservationists devise management plans designed to reinforce or restore dwindling or extirpated populations of turtles impacted by overexploitation and habitat loss. The need to maintain well-defined and relatively pure non-hybrid genetic lineages, subspecies, and species is important and needs to be kept in focus. Request for Updates Please help the TTWG and the TFTSG keep this Turtles of the World Checklist and Atlas up-to-date by e-mailing any or all of us (addresses noted above) and including pdf’s of any relevant articles about new taxonomic or distributional information and/or revisions that should be included and annotated here in upcoming checklists, whether you are an author on a paper providing updated information, or have become aware of data that you believe should be included. Also please inform us of any errors or discrepancies in any of our data, especially for geographic distributions (native or introduced) in countries or states, and for cited references and names, so that we may update or correct them as necessary. For sea turtle distribution data, please also submit additions and corrections via the SWOT website. We want this checklist and atlas to be as accurate, up-to-date, and comprehensive as possible, and ask for your assistance to help us accomplish this goal. The maps published here all represent work in progress, and will continue to be updated and revised in future checklists as we acquire new and improved locality data. We strongly encourage and welcome our readers and professional colleagues, especially field-based turtle specialists and other enthusiasts, to inform us about proposed corrections and changes to these maps, and to submit specific locality data on the presence or absence of species in various locations for consideration of incorporation into the next checklist. We are especially interested in receiving new point locality data from presumed range areas not well represented by locality points on our maps, especially from gap areas in the presumed range, as well as verified range extensions. Please help us improve and update these maps by submitting any new locality information along with geographic coordinates and the associated citations to Rhodin at rhodincrf@aol.com. aCknoWledgMenTs We extend special thanks to James Parham, a major contributor and co-author on earlier versions of the checklist, and a source of incisive initial input and analytic debate. Specific thanks also for extensive detailed input from Holger Vetter, Peter Uetz, and Scott Thomson. We thank various members of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) as well as many other individuals who have provided pertinent data or references or localities for maps, or helped in various ways with input or review of this and earlier checklists: Rafael Acuña-Mesén, Kraig Adler, Leandro Alcalde, Matthew Aresco, Mark Auliya, Ernst Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Baard, Sherif Baha El Din, Albert Bertolero, John Bickham, Torsten Blanck, Bill Branch, Ronald Brooks, Ortwin Bourquin, James Buskirk, Gisella Caccone, Patrick Campbell, Linda Cayot, Eng Heng Chan, Laurent Chirio, Marcelo de la Fuente, Jeffrey Dawson, Tomas Diagne, Andrew DiMateo, David Emmett, Taylor Edwards, Alejandro Fallabrino, Balazs Farkas, Bruno Ferronato, Oscar Flores-Villela, Eugene Gaffney, Justin Gerlach, Hanyeh Ghaffari, James Gibbs, Scott Gillingwater, Eric Goode, Steve Gotte, Michael Granatosky, Ute Grimm, Cris Hagen, Brian Henen, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Margaretha Hofmeyr, Marinus Hoogmoed, Brian Horne, Flora Ihlow, Sixto Inchaustegui, Djoko Iskandar, Dale Jackson, Fredric Janzen, Robert Jones, Ross Kiester, Kenneth Krysko, Gerald Kuchling, Minh Le, Thomas Leuteritz, Peter Lindeman, Jeffrey Lovich, Luca Luiselli, Roderic Mast, Peter Mikulíček, David Mifsud, Russell Mittermeier, Robert Murphy, Simon Nemtzov, Dario Ottonello, Vivian Páez, Olivier Pauwels, Fabio Petrozzi, Hans-Dieter Philippen, Nicolas Pilcher, Peter Praschag, Awal Riyanto, Jose Vicente Rueda-Almonacid, Raymond Saumure, Chuck Schaffer, Jason Schaffer, Hans-Hermann Schleich, Sabine Schoppe, Norman Scott, Will Selman, Shi Haitao, Franco Souza, Phil Spinks, Bryan Stuart, Travis Thomas, Robert Thomson, Oguz Türkozan, Melita Vamberger, Richard Vogt, Bruce Weissgold, and Reza Yadollahvand. Distributional data on sea turtles from the IUCN/ SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG), SWOT (The State of the World’s Sea Turtles), and Seminoff et al. (2015) were gratefully received from Bryan Wallace, Jeffrey Seminoff, and Kyle Van Houtan. The Panaphil Foundation provided partial funding support for PPvD, and HBS was partially supported by a grant from the NSF (DEB-0817042). TFTSG-organized IUCN Red Listing workshops and other redlisting efforts have been generously supported by the Frankel Family Foundation, Conservation International, Turtle Conservancy, Moore Family Foundation, George Meyer and Maria Semple, Matt Frankel, Turtle Conservation Fund, Chelonian Research Foundation, Galapagos Conservancy, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Andrew Sabin Family Foundation, and Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. Initial map production and GIS-analysis by the TFTSG and Chelonian Research Foundation was supported by the BioFresh Project of the IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, IUCN Species Programme, and Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei. We thank Kevin Smith, Savrina Carrizo, Will Darwall, Ackbar Joolia, Marcelo Tognelli, Adrian Hughes, and Diego Juffe of IUCN and Melita Vamberger for welcome technical assistance and helpful suggestions in our production of maps. We thank Bryan Wallace, Rod Mast, and Ei Fujioka of SWOT and Duke University for help with sea turtle maps. Ongoing support for map production and checklist preparation has come from Chelonian Research Foundation (CRF), the TFTSG, and Turtle Conservancy (TC). Publication costs have been shared by CRF, TC, TFTSG, Turtle Conservation Fund, Global Wildlife Conservation, and Surprise Spring Foundation. phoTos and phoTogRapheRs We also most gratefully acknowledge and very much appreciate the use of the many turtle and tortoise photos by the following photographers that enhance this checklist. We include both previously unpublished and republished photos from previous CRF publications, with each acknowledged and (if republished) identified as to its original source: Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises species accounts (CBFTT), Chelonian Conservation and Biology journal articles (CCB), Chelonian Research Monographs books (CRM 1–6), Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter (TTN), TurtleLog (TL), Turtle Conservation Fund 2002 prospectus (TCF), and the Turtle Conservation Coalition 2011 Top 25+ document (TCC). We strive to use primarily photos from natural native settings and to include locality data when available, although some photos are from captivity or the trade. We include photos of 461 taxa (96.4% of all 478) by 188 contributors, but still lack photos of the following 17 taxa: Kinosternidae: Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes; Emydidae: Trachemys stejnegeri malonei, Trachemys venusta panamensis, Trachemys venusta uhrigi; Geoemydidae: Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera; Testudinidae: Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii, Testudo horsfieldii bogdanovi, Testudo horsfieldii kuznetzovi; Trionychidae: Chitra chitra javanensis, Pelodiscus axenaria; Chelidae: Platemys platycephala melanonota, Chelodina gunaleni, Chelodina mccordi roteensis; Pelomedusidae: Pelomedusa kobe, Pelomedusa schweinfurthi, Pelusios williamsi laurenti, and Pelusios williamsi lutescens. We urge those of you who may have photos of any of these missing taxa to submit them for consideration of inclusion in the next checklist. We are also always looking for better quality photos with locality data for those taxa we have already illustrated; if you have photos that may offer such improvement, please submit them for consideration. Contributing Photographers. — Collette Adams, Bhaba Amatya, Ben Anders, Matthew Aresco (3), Mark Auliya (2), Roy C. Averill-Murray, Dinçer Ayaz, Richard D. Bartlett (5), Chittaranjan Baruah (2), Aaron S. Baxter, Rafael Bernhard, Albert Bertolero (2), S. Bhupathy, Torsten Blanck (16), Roger Bour (9), Richard C. Boycott (2), William R. Branch (5), Elizângela S. Brito, Rafe M. Brown, Kurt A. Buhlmann (2), James R. Buskirk (5), Alejandra Cadavid, Matt Cage, John Cann (7), John L. Carr (3), Vinícius T. de Carvalho (3), Eng Heng Chan, Tien-Hsi Chen (3), Laurent Chirio, B.C. 21 22 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Choudhury, Andrew T. Coleman, Marilyn Connell, Paul Crow (3), Indraneil Das (11), Shekar Dattatri, Tui De Roy/Roving Tortoise Photos (2), Anslem de Silva, V. Deepak (2), David Dennis, Frank Deschandol, Bernard Devaux, Tomas Diagne (7), Larry Ditto, C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr. (2), Johannes Els, David Emmett (2), Kevin Enge, Pablo Feliz, Vincenzo Ferri (5), Darren Fielder, German Forero-Medina (2), Manuel Merchán Fornelino, Alastair Freeman, Uwe Fritz (6), Carlos A. Galvis-Rizo, Maren Gaulke (2), Saurav Gawan, Arthur Georges (8), Justin Gerlach (3), David J. Germano, Hanyeh Ghaffari, Paul M. Gibbons, Scott D. Gillingwater, James C. Godwin (4), Eric V. Goode (4), Robert H. Goodman, Jr., Wulf Haacke, Cris Hagen (2), Adrian Hailey, Norbert Halasz (2), James H. Harding (6), Douglas B. Hendrie (2), Judith Hirt, Kate Hodges, Margaretha D. Hofmeyr, Brian D. Horne, Janet Hostetter, Jennifer G. Howeth, Rick Hudson, Bonggi R. Ibarrondo, Flora Ihlow (8), Alexander A. Inozemtsev, Iriomote Wildlife Conservation Center, John B. Iverson (40), Dale R. Jackson, S. Jayakumar, John Jensen, Carlos Alberto Jimenez, Chris Johnson, Michael T. Jones (3), Robert L. Jones, Nobuhiro Kawazoe, Rod Kennett, Gerald Kuchling (11), Edgar Lehr, Chris Leone (3), Thomas E.J. Leuteritz, Peter V. Lindeman (6), Victor J.T. Loehr (8), Jeffrey E. Lovich (2), Gary Luciano, Luca Luiselli, William E. Magnusson, Kevin Main, Barry Mansell (4), Jérôme Maran (14), Peter May, Tomáš Mazuch (3), William P. McCord, Timothy E.M. McCormack, Suzanne E. McGaugh, Brian Mealey (2), Melvin Mérida, Peter A. Meylan, Joseph C. Mitchell, Russell A. Mittermeier (5), Asghar Mobaraki (2), Edward O. Moll, Jiří Moravec, Robert H. Mount, Rahul Naik, Andreas Nöllert (4), Michael Ogle, Annette Olsson, Vivian P. Páez (2), Charles W. Painter, James F. Parham, Fred Parker (2), Olivier S.G. Pauwels, Miguel Pedrono, John Pemberton, Fabio Petrozzi, Hans-Dieter Philippen, Pino Piccardo, Carmine Pilcher, Nicolas J. Pilcher, Kalyar Platt, Peter Praschag (2), Peter C.H. Pritchard (9), Michael Redmer, Renae Reed, Anders G.J. Rhodin (20), Maurice Rodrigues (3), John Roe, Philip C. Rosen, José Vicente Rueda-Almonacid, Daniel O. Santana, Chuck Schaffer, Jason Schaffer (2), Hermann Schleich (2), Fabian Schmidt, Sabine Schoppe (2), Gabriel H. Segniagbeto, Shi Haitao (4), Shailendra Singh (3), Pavel Široký (2), Sitha Som, Franco L. Souza, Craig B. Stanford, Bev Steveson, James N. Stuart, Yik-Hei Sung, Chris Tabaka, Washington Tapia, Robert C. Thomson, Stanley E. Trauth (2), Claire Treilibs, Apostolis Trichas, Oguz Türkozan, Melita Vamberger, Robert P. Van Dam, Peter Paul van Dijk (13), Carla Van Ness, Sabine Vinke (2), Thomas Vinke (2), Richard C. Vogt (7), Timothy Walsh, Nikhil Whitaker, Dawn Wilson, Win Ko Ko, Blair Witherington (3), Yuichirou Yasukawa (2), Zhou Ting, Cassiano Zaparoli, Brian Zarate, Thomas Ziegler, Anders Zimny, and Stephen M. Zozaya. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 CHECKLIST ModeRn TuRTle and ToRToise Taxa exTanT sinCe 1500 ad Phylogenetic Linnaean Classification of Suprageneric Categories as used in this Checklist TesTudines .................................... 356 spp., 478 taxa • CRypTodiRa.............................. 263 spp., 373 taxa __ChelydRidae ....................... 5 spp., 5 taxa _Chelonioidea ............................. 7 spp., 7 taxa __Cheloniidae........................ 6 spp., 6 taxa ___CaReTTinae .................. 4 spp., 4 taxa ___Cheloniinae ................ 2 spp., 2 taxa __deRMoChelyidae ................ 1 sp., 1 taxon _kinosTeRnoidea ...................... 28 spp., 39 taxa __deRMaTeMydidae ................ 1 sp., 1 taxon __kinosTeRnidae ................ 27 spp., 38 taxa ___kinosTeRninae ......... 24 spp., 35 taxa ___sTauRoTypinae ............. 3 spp., 3 taxa _TesTudinoidea .................... 190 spp., 278 taxa __eMydidae ........................ 53 spp., 91 taxa ___deiRoChelyinae ....... 42 spp., 66 taxa ___eMydinae ................. 11 spp., 25 taxa __plaTysTeRnidae .................... 1 sp., 3 taxa __geoeMydidae .................. 71 spp., 96 taxa ___geoeMydinae ........... 62 spp., 82 taxa ___RhinoCleMMydinae ... 9 spp., 14 taxa __TesTudinidae................... 65 spp., 88 taxa _TRionyChoidea ....................... 33 spp., 44 taxa __CaReTToChelyidae ............. 1 sp., 1 taxon __TRionyChidae.................. 32 spp., 43 taxa ___CyClanoRbinae............ 7 spp., 9 taxa ___TRionyChinae .......... 25 spp., 34 taxa • pleuRodiRa ................................ 93 spp., 105 taxa __Chelidae ......................... 58 spp., 65 taxa ___Chelinae .................. 20 spp., 21 taxa ___hydRoMedusinae ......... 2 spp., 2 taxa ___Chelodininae .......... 35 spp., 41 taxa ___pseudeMyduRinae ........ 1 sp., 1 taxon __peloMedusidae ............... 27 spp., 32 taxa __podoCneMididae ................. 8 spp., 8 taxa * * * * * * Alternative Phylogenetic Hierarchical Phylocode Classification (1) TesTudines • pleuRodiRa _peloMedusoides __peloMedusidae __podoCneMididae _Chelidae • CRypTodiRa _duRoCRypTodiRa __TesTudinoidea ___eMysTeRnia ____eMydidae ____plaTysTeRnidae ___TesTuguRia ____geoeMydidae ____TesTudinidae __aMeRiChelydia ___ChelydRoidea ____kinosTeRnoidea _____kinosTeRnidae _____deRMaTeMydidae ____ChelydRidae ___Chelonioidea ____Cheloniidae ____deRMoChelyidae _TRionyChia __TRionyChidae __CaReTToChelyidae While the TTWG continues to prefer and adhere to the Linnaean classification presented here to the left (a system fundamental to, and compliant with, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), we recognize that alternative, nonCode-compliant chelonian classification arrangements have also been proposed, and include the above Phylocode classification scheme presented by Crawford et al. (2015) as a recent example that has found adoption by some systematists. 23 24 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 TesTudines Batsch 1788 (07:1, 10:4, 12:6) (1) Testudinata Klein 1751:96 (invalid pre-Linnaean name) Testudines Linnaeus 1758:194 (vernacular) Testudinata Klein in Behn 1760:tab.gen. Testudines Batsch 1788:437 Testudinea Batsch 1796:179 Cheloniens Brongniart 1800a:196 (vernacular) Chelonii Latreille 1800:xi Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802:tab.iii Cataphractae Link 1807:51 Testudinata Oppel 1811:3 Perostia Rafinesque 1814:66 Cataphracta Hemprich 1820:101 Chelonea Fleming 1822:268 Fornicata Haworth 1825:373 Chelynae Wagler 1828:861 Sterrichrotes Ritgen 1828:269 Chelonites Burmeister 1837:730 Chelonides Swainson 1839:112 Tylopoda Mayer 1849:197 Testudina Fry 1850:21 Chersemydes Strauch 1862:16 Rhynchochelones Dollo 1886:79 Cheloniae Hoffmann 1890:372 Testudoformes Chang 1957:50 Chelonomorpha Kuhn 1960:30 Casichelydia Gaffney 1975:4 Testudinomorpha Laurin and Reisz 1995:197 Pantestudines Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004:996 CRypTodiRa Cope 1868b 1758], by original monotypy. Devisia Ogilby 1905:11 Type species: Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905 [= subjective synonym of Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Chelydra acutirostris Peters 1862 South American Snapping Turtle Vivian P. Páez / Colombia [Cali Zoo] (08:20) Cryptodères Duméril and Bibron 1834:354 Cryptodera Lichtenstein 1856:1 (08:20) Cryptodira Cope 1868b:282 ChelydRidae Gray 1831d (09:3) Chelydrae Gray 1831d:4 Chelydridae Swainson 1839:113 Chelydradae Gray 1869a:178 Chelydra Schweigger 1812 (07:2) Chelydra Schweigger 1812:292 Type species: Chelydra serpentina Schweigger [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Cheliurus Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen nudum) Chelonura Fleming 1822:270 (senior homonym, not = Chelonura Rafinesque 1832) Colombia (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, Quindio, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (South America regional) (2011) Chelydra serpentina acutirostris Peters 1862:627, Chelydra acutirostris Type locality: “Guayaquil” [Ecuador]. Chelydra rossignonii (Bocourt 1868) Central American Snapping Turtle Type species: Chelonura serpentina [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Ophichelone Jarocki 1822:21 Type species: Ophichelone serpentina [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Rapara Gray 1825:210 Type species: Rapara serpentina Gray [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Saurochelys Latreille 1825:92 Type species: Saurochelys “Tortue à longue queue” [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Cheliurus Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Cheliurus serpentina [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Emysaurus Duméril and Bibron 1835:348 Type species: Emysaura serpentina [= Testudo serpentina Linnaeus Richard C. Vogt / Laguna Oaxaca, Rio Lacantun, Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2d (2007) Emysaurus rossignonii Bocourt 1868:121, Chelydra rossignonii, Chelydra serpentina rossignonii Type locality: “marais de Pansos, près le Rio Polochic (Guatémala).” Chelydra serpentina mexicanae Cope in Gray 1870c:64 (nomen nudum) Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus 1758) (08:5) North American Snapping Turtle, Common Snapping Turtle Matthew Aresco / CRM 3 / Leon Co., Florida (orange dots = introduced) Canada (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Introduced: China, Japan (mainland), Taiwan, USA (Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2012); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA) Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758:199, Chelydra serpentina, Emys serpentina, Chelonura serpentina, Ophichelone serpentina, Rapara serpentina, Saurochelys serpentina, Chelidra serpentina, Cheliurus serpentina, Emysaurus serpentina, Emysaura serpentina, Hydraspis (Chelydra) serpentina, Emysaurus serpentinus, Chelydra serpentina serpentina Type locality: “Calidis regionibus.” Restricted to “Algiriae, Chinae aquis dulcibus” by Linnaeus (1766:354); to “New Orleans, La.” [Louisiana, USA] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:358, 1950b:21); and to “vicinity of New York City” [New York, USA] by Schmidt (1953:86). Testudo serpentaria Wiedemann 1802:191 (nomen novum) Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812:293 (senior homonym, not = Gypochelys lacertina Agassiz 1857a), Chelydra serpentina lacertina Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of New York City” [New York, USA] by Schmidt (1953:86). Testudo serrata Pennant in Gray 1830e:14 (nomen nudum and junior synonym, not = Testudo serrata Daudin 1801 or Testudo serrata Shaw 1802) Testudo longicauda Shaw in Gray 1831d:36 (nomen nudum) Chelydra emarginata Agassiz 1857a:417 Type locality: “Mobile and New Orleans.” Restricted to “Mobile” [Alabama, USA] by Schmidt (1953:86). Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905:11 Type locality: “Fly River, British New Guinea” [Papua New Guinea] [in error]. Chelydra laticarinata † Hay 1916a:72 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1986) [Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Chelydra sculpta † Hay 1916a:73 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1986) [Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Chelydra osceola Stejneger 1918:89 (08:5) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1986), Chelydra serpentina osceola Type locality: “Clearwater, Pinellas County, Florida” [USA]. 25 26 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Macrochelys Gray 1856a (07:3) (2) Macrochelys Gray 1856a:200 Macrochelys temminckii (Troost in Harlan 1835) (09:4, 14:1) (2) Western Alligator Snapping Turtle Type species: Macrochelys temminckii [= Chelonura temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835], by original monotypy. Macroclemys Gray 1856b:48 (nomen novum) Gypochelys Agassiz 1857a:248, 413 Type species: Gypochelys lacertina Agassiz 1857a [= subjective synonym of Chelonura temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835], by original monotypy. Macroclemmys Strauch 1862:35 (nomen novum) Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone, Enge, and Roman 2014 (2) Suwannee Alligator Snapping Turtle James C. Godwin / CCB / lower Tallapoosa R., Elmore Co., Alabama / juvenile Kevin Enge / White Springs, Suwannee R., Florida USA (Florida, Georgia) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated CITES: Appendix III (USA) Macrochelys maxhoseri Hoser 2013:56 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (14:1) (3, 4) Macrochelys suwanniensis Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone, Enge, and Roman 2014:150 Type locality: “Santa Fe River and State Road 235, Alachua County, Florida (29.87872ºN, 82.33619ºW...elev. 23 m)” [USA]. USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix III (USA) Testudo planitia Gmelin 1789:1045 (junior homonym, not = Testudo planitia Meuschen 1778; nomen suppressum, ICZN 1963), Chersine planitia Type locality: “Surinami” [Suriname] [in error]. Chelonura temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835:158 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963), Emysaurus temminckii, Macrochelys temminckii, Macroclemys temminckii, Chelydra temminckii, Gypochelys temminckii, Macrochelys temminckii temminckii Type locality: “a tributary stream of the Mississippi, which enters that river above Memphis, in west Tennessee.” Emended to “Wolf River, Shelby County, Tennessee, USA” by Bour (1987b:343). Gypochelys lacertina Agassiz 1857a:414 (junior homonym, not = Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812), Macrochelys lacertina, Macroclemys lacertina Macrochelys temminckii muscati Hoser 2013:55 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (14:1) (3, 4) Macrochelys apalachicolae Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone, Enge, and Roman 2014:151(2) Type locality: “Apalachicola River, Gadsden County, Florida” [USA]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelonioidea Oppel 1811 Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 Chlonopteria Rafinesque 1814:66 Cheloniae Schmid 1819:14 Edigitata Haworth 1825:373 Oiacopodae Wagler 1828:861 Chelonidae Bonaparte 1831:64 Oeacopodes Burmeister 1837:731 Pterodactyli Mayer 1849:199 Chelonioidea Baur 1893b:673 Cheloniidae Oppel 1811 (09:5, 12:7, 12:8, 12:9) Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 (partim) Cheloniadae Gray 1825:212 Carettidae Gray 1825:212 Mydae Ritgen 1828:269 Chelonina Bonaparte 1831:64 Cheloniidae Cope 1868b:282 Cheloniadi Portis 1890:23 CaReTTinae Gray 1825 (12:7) Carettidae Gray 1825:212 Carettinae Deraniyagala 1952:57 Caretta Rafinesque 1814 (12:8) Caretta Rafinesque 1814:66 Type species: Caretta nasuta Rafinesque 1814 [= subjective synonym of Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Thalassochelys Fitzinger 1835:121 Type species: Thalassochelys caouana Fitzinger [= Testudo caouana Lacepède 1788 (nomen suppressum) = Testudo caouana Bonnaterre 1789 = subjective synonym of Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:30). Caouana Cocteau and Bibron 1838:31 Type species: Chelonia (Caouana) cephalo [= Testudo cephalo Schneider 1783 = subjective synonym of Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Halichelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Type species: Thalassochelys (Halichelys) atra Fitzinger [= Caretta atra Merrem 1820 = subjective synonym of Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758], by original designation. Eremonia Gray 1873i:408 Type species: Eremonia elongata Gray [= Caouana elongata Gray 1844 = subjective synonym of Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758], by original designation. Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758) (10:5, 14:2) (5) Loggerhead, Loggerhead Sea Turtle Blair Witherington / CRM 3 / Atlantic Ocean off the Florida Keys, USA (lines delimit Regional Management Units) Nesting: Aruba, Australia (Queensland, Western Australia), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe), Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Libya, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mexico, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen Foraging: Albania, Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Croatia, Djibouti, Dominica, Eritrea, Fiji, French Guiana, Gambia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Saba, St. Eustatius), Nicaragua, North Korea, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Réunion, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, USA (California, Hawaii, Oregon), Vietnam, Western Sahara Vagrant: Angola, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Great Britain, Guinea, Iraq, Ireland, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Maldives, New Zealand, Nigeria, Thailand, Togo, Tuvalu IUCN Red List: Global: Vulnerable A2b (2015); Previously: Endangered (1996); Subpopulations: Mediterranean: Least Concern (2015); North East Atlantic: Endangered B2ab(iii) (2015); North East Indian Ocean: Critically Endangered D (2015); North Pacific: Least Concern (2015); North West Atlantic: Least Concern (2015); North West Indian Ocean: Critically Endangered A4b (2015); South East Indian Ocean: Near Threatened (2015); South Pacific: Critically Endangered A2b (2015); South West Atlantic: Least Concern (2015); South West Indian Ocean: Near Threatened (2015) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758:197, Chelone caretta, Chelonia caretta, Thalassochelys caretta, Talassochelys caretta, Caouana caretta, Caretta caretta, Caretta caretta caretta Type locality: “insulas Americanas.” Restricted to “Mari Mediterraneo, Atlantico” by Schoepff (1793:70); to “Bermuda Islands” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315, 195b:16); and to “Bimini, British 27 28 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Bahamas” by Schmidt (1953:107). Testudo marina Garsault 1764:pl.675 (10:5) Testudo cephalo Schneider 1783:303, Caretta cephalo, Chelonia cephalo, Thalassochelys cephalo Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus 1766) (07:5, 09:9, 12:9, 14:4) (6) Hawksbill Turtle, Hawksbill Sea Turtle Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:360). Testudo caouana Lacepède 1788:95, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “les contrées chaudes du nouveau Continent.” Testudo nasicornis Lacepède 1788:103, synopsis[table] (09:7) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a), Testudo caretta nasicornis, Caretta nasicornis Type locality: “mers du nouveau Continent, voisines de l’équateur.” Restricted to “Ascension Island” by Smith and Smith (1980:302). Testudo caouana Bonnaterre 1789:20, Chelonia caouana, Caretta caouana, Thalassochelys caouana Testudo lauanna Meyer 1790:82 (09:8) (nomen novum et oblitum) Testudo gigas Walbaum in Donndorff 1798:35 Robert P. Van Dam / CCB / Mona Island, Puerto Rico Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Westindischen Meere” by Bechstein (1800:273). Caretta nasuta Rafinesque 1814:66 Type locality: “Sicil.” [Sicily, Italy]. Caretta atra Merrem 1820:17, Chelonia (Thalassochelys) atra, Thalassochelys atra, Thalassochelys (Halichelys) atra, Halichelys atra Type locality: “mari ad Insulam Adscensionis” [Ascension]. Testudo corianna Gray 1831d:53 (nomen novum) Chelonia pelasgorum Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:planches, pl.6 (14:2) Type locality: “sur la plage sablonneuse entre Arcadia et l’embouchure de la Neda” [Greece]. Chelonia pelasgica Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:64 (nomen novum) (14:2) Caouana elongata Gray 1844:53, Thalassochelys elongata, Eremonia elongata Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Ascension Island” by Smith and Smith (1980:303). Thalassochelys corticata Girard 1858:431 Type locality: “Madeira” [Canary Islands]. Restricted to “Funchal, Madeira (Portugal)” by Cochran (1961:235). Caretta gigas Deraniyagala 1933:66, Caretta caretta gigas Type locality: “Ceylon” [Sri Lanka]. Restricted to “Gulf of Mannar... Ceylon” [Sri Lanka] by Deraniyagala (1939:164). Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843 (09:5, 12:7, 12:8, 14:3) Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Type species: Chelonia (Eretmochelys) imbricata Cuvier [= Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766], by original designation. Herpysmostes Gistel 1868:145 Type species: Herpysmostes imbricatus [= Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766], by original monotypy. Onychochelys Gray 1873i:397 Type species: Onychochelys kraussi Gray 1873i [= subjective synonym of Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766], by original monotypy. (lines delimit Regional Management Units) Nesting: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, China, Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Fiji, French Guiana, French Southern Territories, Gabon, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Martinique, Mexico (Campeche, Yucatán), Micronesia, Montserrat, Mozambique, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius), Nicaragua, Oman, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, USA (Florida, Hawaii), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam Foraging: American Samoa, Argentina, Ascension, Bahrain, Benin, Bermuda, Brunei, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, French Polynesia, Gambia, Ghana, Guam, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Myanmar, Nigeria, Northern Mariana Islands, Pakistan, Peru, Réunion, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Society Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, Wallis and Futuna, Yemen Vagrant: Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Congo (DRC), Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Morocco, Namibia, Nauru, New Caledonia, North Korea, Pitcairn Island, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Uruguay IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bd (2008); Previously: Critically Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766:350, Chelone imbricata, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelonia imbricata, Caretta imbricata, Eretmochelys imbricata, Herpysmostes imbricatus, Herpysmostes imbricata, Chelonius imbricatus, Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata Lepidochelys kempii (Garman 1880) Kemp’s Ridley, Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle, Atlantic Ridley Type locality: “Mari Americano, Asiatico.” Restricted to “Bermuda Islands” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315, 1950b:17), and to “Belize, British Honduras” by Schmidt (1953:106). Testudo nasicornis Bonnaterre 1789:21 (09:7) Chelonia radiata Cuvier 1829:14 Type locality: Not designated. Chelonia pseudomydas Lesson 1831b:299 Type locality: “l’Océan atlantique.” Restricted to “Bermuda Islands” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315). Chelonia pseudocaretta Lesson 1831b:302 Type locality: “l’Océan atlantique.” Restricted to “Bermuda Islands” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315). Caretta bissa Rüppell 1835:4 (07:5, 09:9), Eretmochelys imbricata bissa Blair Witherington / CRM 3 / Florida Bay, Monroe Co., Florida Type locality: “im rothen Meere...Abyssinien” [Red Sea...Ethiopia]. Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz 1857a:382, Caretta squamata, Eretmochelys imbricata squamata Type locality: “Singapore and Bengal, India.” Restricted to “Singapore, Straits Settlements” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315, 1950b:17). Caretta squamosa Girard 1858:442 (nomen novum), Eretmochelys squamosa, Eretmochelys imbricata squamosa Caretta rostrata Girard 1858:446 Type locality: “Feejee Islands” [Fiji]. Onychochelys kraussi Gray 1873i:398 Type locality: “Ocean, French Guiana.” Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843 (12:8) Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Type species: Thalassochelys (Lepidochelys) olivacea Eschscholtz 1829a [= Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz 1829a], by original designation. Cephalochelys Gray 1873i:408 Type species: Cephalochelys oceanica Gray 1873i [= subjective synonym of Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz 1829a], by original monotypy. Colpochelys Garman 1880:124 Type species: Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempii Garman 1880, by original monotypy. Nesting: Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz), USA (Texas) Foraging: USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia) Vagrant: Algeria, Anguilla, Bahamas, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cuba, France, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1ab (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo viridisquamosa Lacepède 1788:92, synopsis[table] (09:6) (partim, nomen dubium et suppressum, ICZN 1963) Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 (partim, nomen dubium) Testudo bomarii Meyer 1790:82 (09:8) (partim, nomen dubium et novum et oblitum) Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 (partim, nomen dubium et suppressum, ICZN 1963) Type locality: “Amazonen-Flusse..[&]..Südsee..[&]..Cap Blanco in Mexico.” Restricted to “the island of Blanquilla...West Indies” [Venezuela] by Brongersma (1961:27). Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempii Garman 1880:123 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963), Lepidochelys kempii, Colpochelys kempii, Caretta kempii, Lepidochelys olivacea kempii Type locality: “Gulf of Mexico.” Restricted to “Key West, Monroe Co., Florida” [USA] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:358, 1950b:15). 29 30 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz 1829a) (7) Olive Ridley, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Pacific Ridley ICZN 1963) Type locality: Not designated. Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz 1829a:15 (7), Chelonia caretta olivacea, Caretta olivacea, Thalassochelys (Lepidochelys) olivacea, Caouana olivacea, Lepidochelys olivacea, Caretta caretta olivacea, Lepidochelys olivacea olivacea, Caretta olivacea olivacea Type locality: “Bai von Manilla” [Philippines]. Chelonia dussumierii Duméril and Bibron 1835:557 (nomen novum), Lepidochelys dussumierii Caouana ruppellii Gray 1844:53 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “India?” Chelonia subcarinata Rüppell in Gray 1844:53 (nomen nudum) Chelonia polyaspis Bleeker 1857b:239 (nomen nudum) Nicolas J. Pilcher / Red Sea, nr. Assab, Eritrea Type locality: “Batavia...Java” [Indonesia]. Chelonia dubia Bleeker in Gray 1864a:13 (nomen nudum) Type locality: Not designated. Cephalochelys oceanica Gray 1873i:408 Type locality: “West Coast of America – Mexico?” Thalassiochelys tarapacona Philippi 1887:85, Thalassochelys tarapacona Type locality: “Iquique...Chile.” Thalassochelys controversa Philippi 1899:731 Type locality: “Quinteros...Chile.” Caretta remivaga Hay 1908a:194, Lepidochelys olivacea remivaga (lines delimit Regional Management Units) Nesting: Angola, Australia (Northern Territory), Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Sergipe), Brunei, Cameroon, Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia (Java, Papua), Iran, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa), Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Vanuatu, Vietnam Foraging: Bahrain, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Comoros, Congo (DRC), Djibouti, Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Israel (Southern), Kuwait, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, United Arab Emirates, USA (Hawaii), Venezuela, Yemen Vagrant: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Japan, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Micronesia, Morocco, Namibia, New Zealand, North Korea, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Uruguay, US Virgin Islands IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2bd (2008); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 (partim, nomen dubium et suppressum, ICZN 1963) Type locality: “Amazonen-Flusse..[&]..Südsee..[&]..Cap Blanco in Mexico.” Restricted to “the island of Blanquilla...West Indies” [Venezuela] by Brongersma (1961:27). Chelonia multiscutata Kuhl 1820:78 (nomen suppressum, Type locality: “Ventosa Bay, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico.” Cheloniinae Oppel 1811 (12:7) Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 (partim) Cheloniadae Gray 1825:212 Mydae Ritgen 1828:269 Cheloniidae Cope 1868b:282 Chelonia Brongniart 1800 (09:5, 12:8) Chelonia Brongniart 1800b:89 Type species: Chelonia mydas [= Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Bell (1828c:516). Chelone Brongniart 1805:610 (nomen novum) Chelona Fleming 1828:149 (nomen novum) Mydas Cocteau and Bibron 1838:22 Type species: Chelonia (Mydas) viridis [= Testudo viridis Schneider 1783 = subjective synonym of Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758], by tautonymy. Mydasea Gervais 1843:457 Type species: Chelonia (Mydasea) mydas [= Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758], by tautonymy. Euchelonia Tschudi 1846:22 Type species: Chelonia (Euchelonia) midas Schweigger [= Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Megemys Gistel 1848:8 (nomen novum) Euchelys Girard 1858:447 Type species: Euchelys macropus Girard [= Testudo macropus Walbaum 1782 = subjective synonym of Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Midas Herrera 1901:68 (nomen novum et suppressum, ICZN 1922) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758) (07:4, 09:5, 12:9, 12:10) (8) Green Turtle, Green Sea Turtle Mariana Islands, Morocco, Nauru, New Zealand, Portugal, Saint Helena, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Tokelau, Tuamotu, Tunisia, Tuvalu IUCN Red List: Global: Endangered A2bd (2004); Previously: Endangered (1996); Subpopulations: Hawaiian: Least Concern (2012) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758:197, Chelonia mydas, Chelone mydas, Caretta mydas, Mydas mydas, Mydasea mydas, Chelonia (Euchelonia) midas, Euchelonia mydas, Megemys mydas, Chelonia mydas mydas Type locality: “insulas Pelagi: insulam Adscensionis.” Restricted to “Insel Ascension” by Mertens and Müller (1928:23). Blair Witherington / CRM 3 / Atlantic Ocean off Florida Keys, Florida, USA Testudo macropus Walbaum 1782:112 (unavailable name), Euchelys macropus, Chelone macropus Testudo viridis Schneider 1783:299, Chelonia viridis, Chelone viridis, Chelonia (Mydas) viridis, Mydas viridis, Chelonia mydas viridis Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:360). Testudo japonica Thunberg 1787:178, Chelonia japonica, Chelonia mydas japonica Type locality: “Japan.” Testudo marina vulgaris Lacepède 1788:54, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “contrées équatoriales.” (lines delimit Distinctive Population Segments) Nesting: American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ascension, Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern Territories, Gambia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Martinique, Mauritania, Mayotte, Mexico (Baja California, Campeche, Michoacán, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Micronesia, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius), Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, USA (Florida, Hawaii), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen Foraging: Argentina, Bahrain, Benin, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Christmas Island, Congo (DRC), Cook Islands, Djibouti, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Namibia, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Qatar, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Wallis and Futuna, Western Sahara Vagrant: Algeria, Canada, Italy, Kiribati, Malta, Northern Testudo viridisquamosa Lacepède 1788:92, synopsis[table] (09:6) (partim, nomen dubium et suppressum, ICZN 1963) Type locality: “la mer du Sud, auprès du cap Blanco, de la nouvelle Espagne.” Restricted to “Bocas del Toro, Panama, Golf von Mexico” by Wermuth (1956:405); and to “the island of Blanquilla... West Indies” [Venezuela] by Brongersma (1961:27). Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 (partim, nomen dubium) Testudo macropus Gmelin 1789:1038 Type locality: Not designated. Testudo bomarii Meyer 1790:82 (09:8) (partim, nomen dubium et novum et oblitum) Testudo chloronotus Bechstein 1800:107 Testudo rugosa Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801:37 (senior homonym, not = Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802) Type locality: “la mer des Indes...près de la ligne à environ trois dégrés des îles Maldives.” Testudo cepediana Daudin 1801:50 Type locality: Not designated. Chelonia virgata Schweigger 1812:291, Caretta virgata, Chelonia (Mydas) virgata, Mydas virgata, Chelone virgata Type locality: “mari sub zona torrida.” Restricted to “Bermuda Islands” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315). Caretta cepedii Merrem 1820:18 (nomen novum) Caretta esculenta Merrem 1820:18, Chelonia esculenta Type locality: “Oceano Atlantico.” Caretta thunbergii Merrem 1820:19 (nomen novum) Type locality: “Japonia” [Japan]. Chelonia castanea Eschscholtz 1829a:11 (14:5) (7) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “karaibischen Meere; küste von Surinam.” Chelonia grisea Eschscholtz 1829a:13 (14:4) (7), Chelonia griseam Type locality: “kaspische Meer” [Caspian Sea] [in error]. Chelonia maculosa Cuvier 1829:13, Chelone maculosa Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Ascension Island” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315). Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier 1829:13 Type locality: Not designated. Chelonia midas Wagler 1830b:133 (nomen novum) 31 32 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelonia bicarinata Lesson 1831b:301 Type locality: “l’Océan atlantique.” Chelonia marmorata Duméril and Bibron 1835:546, Chelone marmorata Type locality: “l’île de l’Ascension.” Chelonia formosa Girard 1858:456 Type locality: “Feejee Islands” [Fiji]. Chelonia tenuis Girard 1858:459 Type locality: “Honden Island, Paumotu Group; Tahiti and Eimo; Rosa Island.” Rosa Island identified by Hirth (1980:1) as Rose Atoll, American Samoa. Chelonia albiventer Nardo 1864:1420 Type locality: “Adriatico...prossimata del porto di Malamocco” [Italy]. Chelonia agassizii Bocourt 1868:122 (07:4), Chelonia mydas agassizii Type locality: “embouchure du Nagualate...Pacifique (Guatémala)” [mouth of Rio Nagualate, Pacific coast of Guatemala]. Chelonia lata Philippi 1887:84 Type locality: “Valparaiso..[&]..Insel Chiloe” [Chile]. Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell 1962:4 Type locality: “waters adjacent to Isla Angel de la Guarda, Bahia de Los Angeles, central Gulf of California, Mexico.” Testudo nigrita Tamayo 1962:358 (nomen nudum) Natator McCulloch 1908 (12:8) Natator McCulloch 1908:127 Type species: Natator tessellatus McCulloch 1908 [= subjective synonym of Chelonia depressa Garman 1880], by original monotypy. Natator depressus (Garman 1880) Flatback, Flatback Sea Turtle “North Australia” by Loveridge (1934:261). Natator tessellatus McCulloch 1908:127 Type locality: “near Port Darwin, North Australia.” deRMoChelyidae Fitzinger 1843 (12:9) Sphargidae Gray 1825:212 Sphargidina Bonaparte 1831:64 Dermatochelydae Fitzinger 1843:30 Athecae Cope 1871:235 Athecata Lydekker 1889:223 Dermochelyidae Lydekker 1889:223 Dermochelys Blainville 1816 Chelonias Rafinesque 1814:66 (nomen oblitum) Chelyra Rafinesque 1815:74 (nomen nudum) Dermochelys Blainville 1816:119 [“111”] Type species: Dermochelys coriacea [= Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761], by subsequent monotypy by Boulenger (1889:10), in accordance with ICZN Article 67.2.2. Sphargis Merrem 1820:19 Type species: Sphargis mercurialis Merrem 1820 [= subjective synonym of Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761], by original monotypy. Coriudo Fleming 1822:271 Type species: Coriudo coriacea [= Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761], by original monotypy. Scytina Wagler 1828:861 (nomen novum) Dermochelis Cuvier 1829:14 (nomen novum) Dermatochelys Wagler 1830b:133 (nomen novum) (9) Chelyra Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Chelyra coriacea [= Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761], by original designation. Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli 1761) (12:9, 14:6, 14:7) (10) Leatherback, Leatherback Sea Turtle Carmen Pilcher / Shoalwater Bay, Queensland Chris Johnson / CRM 3 / Juno Beach, Palm Beach Co., Florida, USA (line delimits Regional Management Units) Nesting: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia) Foraging: Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Vagrant: Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sundas), Timor-Leste IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Chelonia depressa Garman 1880:124, Chelonia depressus, Natator depressus, Natator depressa Type locality: “East Indies and North Australia.” Restricted to (lines delimit Regional Management Units) Nesting: Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia (Northern Territory), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cameroon, Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia (Java, Papua), Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Malaysia, Martinique, Mexico (Baja California Sur, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca), Mozambique, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius), Nicaragua, Panama, Papua New Guinea (Northern), Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, USA (Florida), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam Foraging: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belize, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia), Chile, China, Comoros, Congo (DRC), Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Fiji, France, Gambia, Great Britain, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Kiribati, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Montenegro, Monaco, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Korea, Palau, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, Tuvalu, Uruguay, USA (Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Washington) Vagrant: Bahrain, Denmark, Djibouti, Eritrea, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Maldives, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, Yemen IUCN Red List: Global: Vulnerable A2bd (2013); Subpopulations: East Pacific Ocean: Critically Endangered A2bd+4bd (2013); Northeast Indian Ocean: Data Deficient (2013); Northwest Atlantic Ocean: Least Concern (2013); Southeast Atlantic Ocean: Data Deficient (2013); Southwest Atlantic Ocean: Critically Endangered D (2013); Southwest Indian Ocean: Critically Endangered C2a(ii) (2013); West Pacific Ocean: Critically Endangered A2bd+4bd (2013) CITES: Appendix I Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761:1 (senior homonym), Chelone coriacea, Chelonia coriacea, Dermochelys coriacea, Coriudo coriacea, Scytina coriacea, Sphargis coriacea, Dermatochelys coriacea, Dermochelys coriacea coriacea, Chelyra coriacea Type locality: “maris Tyrrheni oram in agro Laurentiano” [Italy]. Restricted to “Palermo, Sicily” [Italy] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315, 1950b:13); to “la côte romaine (Italie), Mer Tyrrhénienne, Méditerranée occidentale” [Italy] by Fretey and Bour (1980:198); and to “Laurentum, between Lido di Ostia and Tor Paterno, shore of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy” by Bour and Dubois (1984:359). Testudo coriacea Linnaeus 1766:350 (junior homonym) Type locality: “Mari mediterraneo, Adriatico.” Restricted to “Palermo, Sicily” [Italy] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:315, 1950b:13). Testudo arcuata Catesby 1771:40 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Küsten-Gebiete von Carolina und Florida” [USA] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:386). Testudo lyra Lacepède 1788:111, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “Méditerranée.” Testudo lyra Bonnaterre 1789:22, Chelonia lyra Testudo tuberculata Pennant in Schoepff 1801:123, Sphargis tuberculata, Dermochelydis tuberculata Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Palermo, Sicily” [Italy] by Smith and Smith (1980:244). Chelonias lutaria Rafinesque 1814:66 Type locality: “Sicil.” [Sicily, Italy]. Sphargis mercurialis Merrem 1820:19 (nomen novum et suppressum, ICZN 1956) Type locality: “Mari mediterraneo et Oceano atlantico.” Dermochelis atlantica LeSueur in Cuvier 1829:14 (nomen nudum), Dermochelys atlantica, Dermatochelys atlantica Dermatochelys porcata Wagler 1830c:explicatio tabularum (nomen novum) (14:6) (9) Testudo coriacea marina Ranzani 1832:3 (14:7) Sphargis coriacea schlegelii Garman 1884:303, Dermochelys schlegelii, Dermochelys coriacea schlegelii, Sphargis schlegelii Type locality: “Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.” Restricted to “Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:344, 1950b:13). Sphargis angusta Philippi 1899:730, Dermatochelys angusta Type locality: “cerca de Tocopilla” [Chile]. 33 34 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 kinosTeRnoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004:1003 deRMaTeMydidae Gray 1870e Dermatemydae Gray 1870e:714 Dermatemydidae Baur 1888b:595 Dermatemys Gray 1847 Dermatemys Gray 1847:55 Type species: Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847, by original monotypy. Chloremys Gray 1870c:50 Type species: Chloremys abnormis [= Dermatemys abnormis Cope 1868a = subjective synonym of Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847], by original monotypy. Limnochelone Werner 1901b:297 Type species: Limnochelone micrura Werner 1901b [= subjective synonym of Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847], by original monotypy. Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847 (14:8) Central American River Turtle abnormis Type locality: “Belize River, Yucatan” [Belize]. Restricted to “Belize [city], British Honduras” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:316, 1950b:19); restriction reversed by Dunn and Stuart (1951:59). Dermatemys salvinii Gray 1870c:50 Type locality: “Guatemala.” Limnochelone micrura Werner 1901b:298 Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:316, 1950b:19). Dermatemys mawei Neill and Allen 1959:28 (nomen novum) kinosTeRnidae Agassiz 1857a (14:9) Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857a:249 Kinosterna Gray 1869a:180 Kinosternidae Hay 1892:560 kinosTeRninae Agassiz 1857a (14:9) Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857a:249 Kinosternina Gray 1869a:180 Kinosterninae Lindholm 1929:277 Kinosternon Spix 1824 (14:9) (11) Monoclida Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen nudum) Uronyx Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen nudum) Kinosternon Spix 1824:17 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989) Type species: Kinosternon longicaudatum Spix 1824 [= subjective synonym of Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766], by subsequent designation by Bell (1828c:515). Kinosternum Bonaparte 1830:166 (nomen novum) Cinosternon Wagler 1830b:137 (nomen novum) Monoclida Rafinesque 1832:64 Melvin Mérida / CBFTT / TCC / Laguna el Tigre Reserve, Peten, Guatemala Type species: Monoclida retziana Rafinesque 1832 [= subjective synonym of Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766], by original monotypy. Uronyx Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Uronyx scorpioides [= Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766], by original monotypy. Cinosternum Burmeister 1837:731 (nomen novum) Swanka Gray 1844:32 Type species: Swanka scorpiodes Gray [= Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766], by original monotypy. Thyrosternum Agassiz 1857a:418, 427 Type species: Thyrosternum pensilvanica [= Testudo pensilvanica Gmelin 1789 = subjective synonym of Testudo subrubra Bonnaterre 1789], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:277). Platythyra Agassiz 1857a:420, 429 (orange dots = introduced or trade) Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) CBFTT Account: Vogt, Polisar, Moll, and Gonzalez-Porter (2011) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2abd+4d (2006); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix II Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847:55, Emys mawii, Dermatemys mavei Type locality: “South America.” Restricted to “Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:346). Emys berardii Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:11, Ptychemys berardii, Clemmys berardii, Dermatemys berardii Type locality: “l’Amérique mérid., ...environs de Vera-Cruz” [Veracruz, Mexico]. Dermatemys abnormis Cope 1868a:120, Chloremys Type species: Platythyra flavescens Agassiz 1857a, by original monotypy. Cinosternos Herrera 1901:35 (nomen novum et suppressum, ICZN 1922) Cryptochelys Iverson, Le, and Ingram 2013:933 (partim) (14:9) (10) Type species: Cryptochelys leucostomum [= Cinosternon leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851], by original designation. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 35 Kinosternon abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925 (14:10) or Kinosternon scorpioides abaxillare Central Chiapas Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Río Cintalapa, Chiapas, Mexico Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz) CBFTT Account: Iverson and Vogt (2011) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) Kinosternon scorpioides acuta Gray 1831d:34, Kinosternon acutum, Cryptochelys acuta Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “C. America” [Central America] by Gray (1844:33); to “British Honduras” [Belize] by Schmidt (1941:476); and to “Cosamaloapan, Veracruz, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347, 1950b:23). Cinosternum berendtianum Cope 1865:189, Cinosternon berendtianum, Kinosternon berendtianum Type locality: “Tabasco” [Mexico]. Cinosternon effeldtii Peters 1873:603, Cinosternum effeldtii Type locality: “angeblich aus Mexico (Veracruz).” Restricted to “Cosamaloapan, Veracruz, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347). Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Kinosternon abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925:462, Kinosternon scorpioides abaxillare, Kinosternon cruentatum abaxillare Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 Alamos Mud Turtle Type locality: “Tuxtla, Chiapas, Mexico”. Kinosternon acutum Gray 1831d (14:9) or Cryptochelys acuta Tabasco Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Sonora, Mexico John B. Iverson / CBFTT / Belize Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (2007); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) 36 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Kinosternon alamose Pritchard 1979:556 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1985c) Kinosternon baurii Garman 1891 Striped Mud Turtle Type locality: “vicinity of Alamos, Sonora, and the lower Rio Yaqui” [Mexico]. Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980:1 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985c) Type locality: “Rancho Carrizal, 7.2 km north and 11.5 km west of Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (27º 05' N, 109º 03' W).” Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965 (14:9) or Cryptochelys angustipons Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle Dawn Wilson / CRM 3 / Hillsborough Co., Florida Renae Reed / Boca Tapada, Costa Rica USA (Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Cinosternum baurii Garman 1891:141, Kinosternon baurii, Kinosternon baurii baurii Type locality: “the island Key West...Florida..[&]..Cuba.” Restricted to “Key West, Monroe County, Florida” [USA] by Uzzell and Schwartz (1955:33). Kinosternon bauri palmarum Stejneger 1925:463, Kinosternon baurii palmarum Type locality: “Royal Palm State Park, Dade County, Florida” [USA]. Restricted to “Paradise Key, Dade County, Florida” [USA] by Uzzell and Schwartz (1955:34). Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson in Rogner 1996 (07:7, 14:11) Jalisco Mud Turtle Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965:617, Cryptochelys angustipons Type locality: “Los Diamantes, Limón Province, Costa Rica.” John B. Iverson / Rio Purificación, Jalisco, Mexico Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947 (14:9) or Cryptochelys dunni Dunn’s Mud Turtle Mexico (Colima, Jalisco) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2007) Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson in Rogner 1996:23 Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson 1997:331 German Forero-Medina / CBFTT / Rio Atrato, Chocó, Colombia Type locality: “30 m southeast of Mexico Highway 80, 1.9 km northeast of Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, Mexico (19º 15' N, 104º 43' S).” Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934 (14:9) or Cryptochelys creaseri Creaser’s Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / nr. Felipe Carillo Puerto, Quintana Roo, Mexico Colombia (Chocó, Valle del Cauca [?]) CBFTT Account: Iverson, Carr, Castaño-Mora, Galvis-Rizo, Rentería-Moreno, and Forero-Medina (2012) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947:109, Cryptochelys dunni Type locality: “Pizarro, Choco, Colombia.” Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2007) Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934:1, Cryptochelys creaseri Type locality: “one mile south of the Hacienda, Chichen Itza, Yucatan” [Mexico]. 37 38 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Kinosternon durangoense Iverson 1979b (07:6) Durango Mud Turtle Veracruz?), USA (Arizona, Arkansas?, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Platythyra flavescens Agassiz 1857a:430, Cinosternon flavescens, Cinosternum flavescens, Kinosternum flavescens, Kinosternon flavescens, Kinosternon flavescens flavescens Type locality: “Texas, near San Antonio;...lower Rio Grande;... Red River, Arkansas;...Camp Yuma;...Gila River” [USA]. Restricted to “Waco, McLennan County, Texas, USA” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:362, 1950b:24), but rejected by Maslin (1959:22); and to “Rio Blanco, near San Antonio, Texas” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:89) and by lectotype designation by Iverson (1978:478). John B. Iverson / Pedriceña, Durango, Mexico Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith 1951:195, Kinosternon spooneri Type locality: “Henderson County State Forest, 7 miles north of Oquawka, Illinois” [USA]. Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925 (14:9) or Cryptochelys herrerai Herrera’s Mud Turtle Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (2007) Kinosternon flavescens durangoense Iverson 1979b:219, Kinosternon durangoense Type locality: “8 km from Ceballos, in Lago de los Palomas, Durango, Mexico.” John B. Iverson / nr. Gutiérrez Zamora, Veracruz, Mexico Kinosternon flavescens Agassiz 1857a (07:6) Yellow Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Canadian R., Beaver Co., Oklahoma Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2007); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925:462, Cryptochelys herrerai Type locality: “Xochimilco, Valley of Mexico” [in error]. Restricted to “La Laja, Veracruz, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:349, 1950b:24); and to “vicinity of Tampico” [Tamaulipas, Mexico] by Smith and Brandon (1968:54). Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Kinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830c (09:11) (9) Rough-footed Mud Turtle Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense Iverson 1981 Lake Chapala Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Lago Zapotlan, Jalisco, Mexico Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán) Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense Iverson in Pritchard 1979:557 (nomen nudum) Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense Iverson 1981:51 Type locality: “Lake Chapala, 0.25 mile off Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico [20º 18' N, 103º 12' W].” Kinosternon hirtipes magdalense Iverson 1981 San Juanico Mud Turtle (subspecies: hirtipes = red, chapalaense = purple, magdalense = orange, megacephalum = pink, murrayi = brown, tarascense = green) Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Zacatecas), USA (Texas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2007); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes Wagler 1830c (09:11) (9) Valley of Mexico Mud Turtle Mexico (Distrito Federal, México, Morelos) Cinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830b:137 (nomen nudum) (9) Cinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830c:explicatio tabularum, pl.V, figs.29-30 (09:11) (9), Clemmys (Cinosternon) hirtipes, Kinosternum hirtipes, Kinosternon hirtipes, Cinosternum hirtipes, Thyrosternum hirtipes, Ozotheca hirtipes, Kinosternon hirtipes hirtipes John B. Iverson / Presa San Juanico, Michoacán, Mexico Mexico (Michoacán) Kinosternon hirtipes magdalense Iverson 1981:53 Type locality: “along the face of the dam at Presa San Juanico, Michoacán [ca. 19º 50' N, 102º 40' W]” [Mexico]. Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Iverson 1981 (Extinct, ca. 1970) Viesca Mud Turtle Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Mexico” by Wagler (1833:unpaginated); to “Mazatlán, Sinaloa” [Mexico] [in error] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:343, 1950b:25); and to “lakes near Mexico City” [Mexico] by Schmidt (1953:89). John B. Iverson / 3.2 km SE Viesca, Coahuila, Mexico Mexico (Coahuila [extinct]) Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Iverson 1981:52, Kinosternon hirtipes megalocephala, Kinosternon megacephalum Type locality: “3.2 km SE Viesca [25º 21' N, 102º 48' W], Coahuila” [Mexico]. 39 40 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951 Mexican Plateau Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / north of Durango, Durango, Mexico Kinosternon integrum Le Conte 1854 Mexican Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Alamos, Sonora, Mexico Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Zacatecas), USA (Texas) Kinosternon murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951:50, Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Type locality: “Harper Ranch, 37 miles south of Marfa, Presidio County, Texas” [USA]. Kinosternon hirtipes tarascense Iverson 1981 Pátzcuaro Mud Turtle Judith Hirt / Ichupio, Lago de Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico Mexico (Michoacán) Kinosternon hirtipes tarascense Iverson 1981:52 Type locality: “Lago de Pátzcuaro, adjacent to city of Pátzcuaro [19º 32' N, 101º 36' W]” [Michoacán, Mexico]. Mexico (Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2007); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Kinosternum integrum Le Conte 1854:183, Cinosternum integrum, Thyrosternum integrum, Thyrosternon integrum, Cinosternon integrum, Kinosternon integrum, Swanka integra, Cinosternum scorpioides integrum, Kinosternon scorpioides integrum Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:331, 1950b:25). Cinosternon rostellum Bocourt 1876a:391, Cinosternum rostellum Type locality: “Guanajuato” [Mexico]. Cinosternon guanajuatense Dugès 1888:107 (nomen nudum) Cinosternum scorpioides integrum mexicana Siebenrock 1907:579 (unavailable name) Type locality: “Mexiko.” Restricted to “Mazatlan” [Mexico] by Smith and Smith (1980:115). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Kinosternon leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851 (14:9) or Cryptochelys leucostoma White-lipped Mud Turtle and Duméril 1851:17, Kinosternum leucostomum, Kinosternon leucostomum, Cinosternum leucostomum, Thyrosternum leucostomum, Swanka leucostoma, Kinosternon leucostomum leucostomum, Cryptochelys leucostoma Type locality: “N.-Orléans; Mexique; Rio-Sumasinta (Amér. centr.).” Restricted to “Rio Usumacinta, El Peten, Guatemala” by Schmidt (1941:488); and to “Cosamaloapam, Veracruz, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:347, 1950b:26). Swanka maculata Gray 1869a:182 Type locality: “Mexico...Papalco Apoia; Vera Paz” [Mexico; Guatemala]. Restricted to “Cosamaloapam, Veracruz, Mexico” by Stejneger (1941:457). Cinosternum brevigulare Günther 1885:17 (senior homonym, not = Cinosternum brevigulare Cope 1885) Type locality: “Mexico, Playa Vicente” [Veracruz]. Cinosternum cobanum Günther 1885:18, Cinosternon cobanum Type locality: “Guatemala, Coban; Cahabon.” Restricted to “Cobán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:317, 1950b:25). Kinosternon mopanum Neill 1965:117 Type locality: “Waha Leaf Creek, southern Stann Creek District, British Honduras” [Belize]. Kinosternon leucostomum postinguinale Cope 1887 Southern White-lipped Mud Turtle (subspecies: leucostomum = red, postinguinale = purple) Belize, Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila [?], Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán [?]), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Tumbes) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (South America regional) (2011) Kinosternon leucostomum leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851 Northern White-lipped Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Turbo, Antioquia, Colombia Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Huila [?], Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Tumbes) Cinosternum brevigulare Cope 1885:389 (junior homonym, not = Cinosternum brevigulare Günther 1885), Cinosternon brevigulare Type locality: “Tierra Caliente of Costa Rica at Sipurio, on the east coast.” Cinosternum postinguinale Cope 1887:23 (nomen novum), Kinosternon postinguinale, Kinosternon leucostomum postinguinale Type locality: “E. coast Costa Rica.” Cinosternum spurrelli Boulenger 1913:1030, Kinosternon spurrelli, Kinosternon leucostomum spurrelli Type locality: “Choco, Colombia...Peña Lisa, Condoto, altitude 300 feet.” John B. Iverson / Belize Distr., Belize Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán [?]), Nicaragua Cinosternon leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril 41 42 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Kinosternon oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980 Oaxaca Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico (subspecies: scorpioides = red, albogulare = purple, cruentatum = orange) Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (2007); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) Kinosternon oaxacae Pritchard 1979:557 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1985c) Type locality: “vicinity of Pochutla, Oaxaca” [Mexico]. Kinosternon oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980:313 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985c) Type locality: “11.6 km N. of Pochutla (San Pedro Pochutla), along Mexican Hwy. 175 (ca. 235 m), Oaxaca, Mexico (15º46' N, 96º28' W).” Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus 1766) Scorpion Mud Turtle Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Belize, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, San Andrés, Sucre, Vaupés, Vichada), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia) CBFTT Account: Berry and Iverson (2011) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (South America regional) (2011) Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (Linnaeus 1766) (07:8) Scorpion Mud Turtle Frank Deschandol / French Guiana Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Sucre, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia) Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766:352, Emys scorpioides, Chersine scorpioides, Terrapene scorpioidea, Cinosternon scorpioidea, Kinosternon scorpioides, Uronyx scorpioides, Terrapene scorpioides, Cinosternon scorpioides, Clemmys (Cinosternon) scorpioidea, Kinosternum scorpioides, Cinosternum scorpioides, Thyrosternum scorpioides, Swanka scorpiodes, Swanka scorpioides, Cinosternum scorpioides scorpioides, Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides Type locality: “Surinami” [Surinam]. Testudo tricarinata Retzius in Schoepff 1792:9 (senior homonym, not = Testudo tricarinata Bory de Saint-Vincent 1804), Terrapene tricarinata, Clemmys tricarinata Catalina [prehistoric or modern introduction?]), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama CBFTT Account: Forero-Medina and Castaño-Mora (2011) Cinosternon albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870:24, Cinosternum albogulare, Kinosternon cruentatum albogulare, Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare Type locality: “S. Jose (Costa Rica).” Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851 Red-cheeked Mud Turtle Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Surinam” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:256). Testudo retzii Daudin 1801:174 (nomen novum), Emys retzii, Terrapene retzii Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Surinam” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:256). Kinosternon longicaudatum Spix 1824:17 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989), Cinosternon longicaudatum, Kinosternum longicaudatum, Cinosternum longicaudatum, Thyrosternum longicaudatum, Swanka longicaudata Type locality: “Brasiliam...ad campis aquosis” [Brazil]. Kinosternon brevicaudatum Spix 1824:18, Cinosternon brevicaudatum, Kinosternum brevicaudatum, Cinosternum brevicaudatum Type locality: “Brasiliam...ad ripam fluminis Solimöens” [Brazil]. Kinosternon shavianum Bell 1825a:302, Cinosternon shavianum, Cinosternum shavianum, Thyrosternum shavianum Type locality: Not known. Monoclida retziana Rafinesque 1832:64 (nomen novum), Testudo retziana Cinosternon shawianum Bocourt 1876a:387 (nomen novum) Cinosternum scorpioides integrum brasiliana Siebenrock 1907:579 (unavailable name) Type locality: “Südamerika” [Brazil]. Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum Müller and Hellmich 1936:100 Type locality: “Bolivien...Chaco...Villa Montes” [Bolivia]. Kinosternon scorpioides seriei Freiberg 1936:169 (07:8) Type locality: “El Tabacal (Salta)” [Argentina]. Kinosternon panamensis Schmidt 1946:5 Type locality: “Panama Railroad, Canal Zone” [Panama]. Kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis Cunha 1970:1 (07:8) Type locality: “compartimento da serra dos Carajás (serra Norte) Pará” [Brazil]. John B. Iverson / CBFTT / Manuel, Tamaulipas, Mexico Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán) Cinosternon cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:16, Kinosternum cruentatum, Kinosternon cruentatum, Cinosternum cruentatum, Swanka cruentata, Thyrosternum cruentatum, Kinosternon cruentatum cruentatum, Kinosternon scorpioides cruentatum Type locality: “Amér. septentr.” Restricted to “San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:339, 1950b:23). Kinosternum mexicanum Le Conte 1854:182, Cinosternum mexicanum, Cinosternon mexicanum, Kinosternon mexicanum, Swanka mexicana Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:339, 1950b:23). Kinosternum triliratum Le Conte 1860:6, Cinosternon triliratum, Swanka trilirata, Cinosternum triliratum Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “San Mateo del Mar, Oaxaca, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:339, 1950b:23). Kinosternon cruentatum consors Stejneger 1941:458 Type locality: “Cozumel Island, Yucatan, Mexico.” Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte 1854 Sonora Mud Turtle Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870 White-throated Mud Turtle (subspecies: sonoriense = red, longifemorale = purple) John B. Iverson / CBFTT / Rio Corobizi, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Colombia (Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California [extirpated], New Mexico) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2013); Previously: Least 43 44 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Kinosternon sonoriense sonoriense Le Conte 1854 Sonora Mud Turtle Jeffrey E. Lovich / Montezuma Well, Yavapai Co., Arizona Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California [extirpated], New Mexico) Kinosternum sonoriense Le Conte 1854:184, Kinosternon sonoriense, Cinosternum sonoriense, Thyrosternum sonoriense, Cinosternon sonoriense, Kinosternon sonoriense sonoriense Type locality: “Tucson...province of Sonora” [Mexico; now Arizona, USA]. Kinosternum henrici Le Conte 1860:4, Thyrosternum henrici, Cinosternon henrici, Cinosternum henrici, Swanka henrici USA (Florida) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013), as part of Kinosternon subrubrum Cinosternum steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b:727, Kinosternon steindachneri, Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri Type locality: “Orlando in Florida” [USA]. Kinosternon stejnegeri (Hartweg 1938) (07:6, 09:10) (13) [previously listed as Kinosternon arizonense] (07:6, 09:10) Arizona Mud Turtle Type locality: “New Mexico” [USA]. Data with holotype is “Gila River, New Mexico”; incorrectly restricted to “vicinity of Las Cruces” [New Mexico, USA] by Schmidt (1953:91). Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson 1981 Sonoyta Mud Turtle John B. Iverson / nr. Sells, Pima Co., Arizona John B. Iverson / Quitobaquito Springs, Organ Pipe National Monument, Arizona Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2016) Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson 1981:43 Type locality: “artificial pond fed by springs, Sonoyta, Sonora, Mexico (31˚51' N, 112˚50' W).” Kinosternon steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b (12:11, 14:12) (12) Florida Mud Turtle Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2007), as Kinosternon arizonense Kinosternon flavescens stejnegeri Hartweg 1938:1 (12), Kinosternon stejnegeri Type locality: “Llano, Sonora...approximately midway between Nogales and Hermosillo” [Mexico]. Previously listed as K. arizonense (now considered distinct and extinct): Kinosternon arizonense † Gilmore 1923:2 (07:6, 09:10) (12) [Pliocene–Pleistocene, USA (Arizona)], Kinosternon flavescens arizonense John B. Iverson / CRM 3 / CBFTT / Monroe Co., Florida Type locality: “Benson Locality Quarry, two miles south of Benson, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Cochise County, Arizona” [USA]. Kinosternon subrubrum (Bonnaterre 1789) (09:6, 14:12) Eastern Mud Turtle, Common Mud Turtle Kinosternon pennsylvanicum Bell 1825a:304 (nomen novum), Emys (Kinosternon) pennsylvanica, Kinosternum pennsylvanicum, Cinosternon pennsylvanicum, Cinosternum pennsylvanicum, Cistudo pennsylvanica, Terrapene pennsylvanica, Thyrosternum pennsylvanicum Kinosternon (Kinosternon) doubledayii Gray 1844:33, Kinosternon doubledayii, Kinosternum doubledayii, Cinosternum doubledayii, Cinosternon doubledayii Type locality: “California” [in error]. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:90). Kinosternon (Kinosternon) oblongum Gray 1844:33, Kinosternon oblongum, Cinosternum oblongum Type locality: “America.” Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:90). Kinosternon punctatum Gray 1856a:198, Cinosternum punctatum Type locality: “North America.” Restricted to “East Florida” [USA] by Gray (1856b:46). (subspecies: subrubrum = red, hippocrepis = purple; overlap = intergrades; orange dot = possibly introduced) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Swanka fasciata Gray 1869a:183 Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:90). Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray 1856a (14) Mississippi Mud Turtle Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum (Bonnaterre 1789) (09:6) Eastern Mud Turtle Richard D. Bartlett / Mississippi or Louisiana USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) Kinosternon hippocrepis Gray 1856a:198 (13), Cinosternum hippocrepis, Cinosternon hippocrepis, Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Richard D. Bartlett / Apalachicola National Forest, Florida USA (Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) Testudo subrubra Lacepède 1788:132, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “Pensylvanie” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:90). Testudo subrubra Bonnaterre 1789:27, Kinosternon subrubrum, Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum Testudo pensilvanica Gmelin 1789:1042, Emydes pensilvanica, Kinosternon pensilvanicum, Cinosternum pensilvanicum Type locality: “Pensilvaniae aquis stagnantibus” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:90). Emys pensylvanica Schweigger 1812:282 (nomen novum), Terrapene pensylvanica, Cistuda pensylvanica, Sternotherus pensylvanica, Kinosternum pensylvanicum, Cinosternon pensylvanicum, Clemmys (Cinosternon) pensylvanica, Kinosternon pensylvanicum, Cinosternum pensylvanicum Type locality: “North America; New Orleans” [Louisiana, USA]. Kinosternon louisianae Baur 1893c:676, Cinosternum louisianae Type locality: “New Orleans, La.” [Louisiana, USA]. Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825 (07:9) (10) Sternothaerus Bell 1825a:305 (partim, nomen suppressum, ICZN 1989) Type species: Sternothaerus leachianus Bell 1825a [= subjective synonym of Emys castanea Schweigger 1812 = Pelusios castaneus], by subsequent designation by Bell (1828c:515); not Sternothaerus odoratus Bell [= Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801], by subsequent incorrect designation by Fitzinger (1843:290). Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825:211 [Bell 1825b] (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989) Type species: Sternotherus odoratus [= Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801], by subsequent designation by Stejneger (1902:237). Aromochelys Gray 1856a:199 Type species: Aromochelys odorata [= Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801], by subsequent designation by Strauch (1862:38). Ozotheca Agassiz 1857a:251,424 Type species: Ozotheca odorata [= Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801], by subsequent designation by Lindholm 45 46 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 (1929:277). Goniochelys Agassiz 1857a:420,423 Type species: Goniochelys triquetra Agassiz 1857a [= subjective synonym of Aromochelys carinata Gray 1856a], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:277). Sternotherus carinatus (Gray 1856a) Razor-backed Musk Turtle Robert C. Thomson / CBFTT / Pascagoula R., Mississippi USA (Alabama) CBFTT Account: Dodd (2008) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bce+4bce (2013); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955:53, Sternothaerus depressus, Sternotherus minor depressus, Kinosternon depressum, Kinosternon depressus Type locality: “Mulberry Fork of the Black Warrior River, 9 miles east of Jasper, Walker County, Alabama, near the bridge crossing of U.S. highway 78” [USA]. Sternotherus minor (Agassiz 1857a) Loggerhead Musk Turtle USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas) CBFTT Account: Lindeman (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Aromochelys carinata Gray 1856a:199, Aromochelys carinatum, Aromochelys carinatus, Goniochelys carinata, Cinosternum carinata, Kinosternon carinatum, Sternotherus carinata, Sternotherus carinata carinata, Kinosternon carinata Type locality: “North America, Louisiana” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of New Orleans” [Louisiana, USA] by Schmidt (1953:87). Goniochelys triquetra Agassiz 1857a:420,423 Type locality: “Lake Concordia, in Louisiana” [USA]. Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 (07:10) (15) Flattened Musk Turtle (subspecies: minor = red, peltifer = purple; overlap = intergrades; orange dot = introduced) USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Sternotherus minor minor (Agassiz 1857a) Loggerhead Musk Turtle Timothy Walsh / CRM 3 / Marion Co., Florida C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr. / CBFTT / TCC / Gurley Creek, Alabama Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) Goniochelys minor Agassiz 1857a:424, Aromochelys minor, Sternotherus minor, Sternotherus carinatus minor, Sternotherus minor minor, Sternothaerus minor minor, Kinosternon minor, Kinosternon minor minor Type locality: “neighborhood of Mobile;...Columbus, Georgia;...and New Orleans” [USA]. Restricted to “Columbus, Georgia” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:88). Sternotherus minor peltifer Smith and Glass 1947 (16) Stripe-necked Musk Turtle Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2011); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:122 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989), Emys odorata, Terrapene odorata, Cistuda odorata, Sternotherus odorata, Sternothaerus odoratus, Kinosternum odoratum, Emys (Kinosternon) odoratum, Kinosternon odoratum, Didicla odorata, Staurotypus odoratus, Clemmys (Sternothaerus) odorata, Cistudo odorata, Sternotherus odoratus, Aromochelys odorata, Aromochelys odoratum, Cinosternum odoratum, Ozotheca odorata Type locality: “les eaux dormantes de la Caroline” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:87). Testudo glutinata Daudin 1801:194, Emys glutinata, Clemmys glutinata Type locality: “les Etats-Unis d’Amérique” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Lancaster, Pennsylvania” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:87). Terrapene boscii Merrem 1820:27, Sternothaerus boscii C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr. / Buttahatchie R., Marion Co., Alabama USA (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia) Sternotherus peltifer Smith and Glass 1947:22, Sternotherus carinatus peltifer, Sternotherus minor peltifer, Sternothaerus minor peltifer, Kinosternon minor peltifer Type locality: “Bassfield, Jefferson Davis County, 30 miles west of Hattiesburg, Miss.” [Mississippi, USA]. Sternotherus odoratus (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) Musk Turtle, Stinkpot, Common Musk Turtle Type locality: “America septentrionali.” Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:87). Kinosternum guttatum Le Conte 1854:185, Cinosternum guttatum, Aromochelys guttata Type locality: “Pennsylvania” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia“ [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:87). Ozotheca tristycha Agassiz 1857a:392,425, Aromochelys tristycha Type locality: “Osage River, in Missouri, and in Williamson County, in Texas...near San Antonio,...Medina River, in Texas” [USA]. Restricted to “San Antonio” [Texas, USA] by Schmidt (1953:87). Testudo glutinosa Agassiz 1857a:425 (nomen novum), Emys glutinosa sTauRoTypinae Gray 1869a (14:13) or sTauRoTypidae Staurotypina Gray 1869a:180 Staurotypinae Siebenrock 1907:531 Staurotypidae Bickham and Carr 1983:925 Claudius Cope 1865 Peter May / CRM 3 / Volusia Co., Florida Claudius Cope 1865:187 Type species: Claudius angustatus Cope 1865, by original monotypy. Staurosternon Duméril in Bocourt 1868:122 Type species: Claudius megalocephalus Bocourt 1868 [= subjective synonym of Claudius angustatus Cope 1865], by original monotypy. Claudius angustatus Cope 1865 Narrow-bridged Musk Turtle Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, John B. Iverson / Hattieville, Belize Dist., Belize 47 48 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) Staurotypus (Stauremys) salvinii Gray 1864c:127, Stauremys salvinii, Staurotypus salvinii Type locality: “Haumanchal, Guatemala” [= Huamúchil, Oaxaca, Mexico]. Staurotypus marmoratus Fischer 1872:265 Type locality: “Mexico, Tejas.” Restricted to “Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:339, 1950b:27). Claudius severus Cope 1872:24, Staurotypus (Claudius) severus Type locality: “Santa Efigenia, on the western side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico.” Staurotypus biporcatus Gadow 1905:209 (nomen nudum) Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) Claudius angustatus Cope 1865:187, Claudius angustatum Staurotypus triporcatus (Wiegmann 1828) Northern Giant Musk Turtle Type locality: “Tabasco, Mexico.” Claudius megalocephalus Bocourt 1868:122 Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “Tabasco, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:345). Claudius macrocephalus Gray 1873d:69 (nomen novum) Claudius megacephalus Boulenger 1889:33 (nomen novum) Claudius agassizii Smith and Taylor 1950a:345 (nomen nudum) Staurotypus Wagler 1830b Staurotypus Wagler 1830b:137 John B. Iverson / nr. Central Farms, Cayo Dist., Belize Type species: Staurotypus triporcata [= Terrapene triporcata Wiegmann 1828], by original monotypy. Stauremys Gray 1864c:127 Type species: Staurotypus (Stauremys) salvinii Gray 1864c, by original monotypy. Staurotypus salvinii Gray 1864c Pacific Coast Giant Musk Turtle John B. Iverson / Puerto Arista, Chiapas, Mexico Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) Terrapene triporcata Wiegmann 1828:364, Staurotypus triporcata, Staurotypus triporcatus, Staurotypus (Staurotypus) triporcatus, Emys (Kinosternon) triporcata, Kinosternon triporcatum, Clemmys (Staurotypus) triporcata Type locality: “Rio Alvarado” [Veracruz, Mexico]. Claudius pictus Cope 1872:26 Type locality: “Vera Paz” [Guatemala]. Emended to “Alta Verapaz” [Guatemala] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:317, 1950b:27); and to “a tributary of the Rio Polochic...Alta Verapaz, Guatemala” by Dunn and Stuart (1951:59). El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Introduced: USA (Florida) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TesTudinoidea Fitzinger 1826 Testudinoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 eMydidae Rafinesque 1815 (09:12) (17) Chrysemys picta (Schneider 1783) (07:11, 10:6, 12:13) (18) Painted Turtle Emidania Rafinesque 1815:75 Emydes Schmid 1819:11 Emydidae Bell 1825a:302 Emydae Swainson 1839:113 Emididi Portis 1890:12 deiRoChelyinae Agassiz 1857a (09:12) (17) Deirochelyoidae Agassiz 1857a:355 Deirochelyinae Gaffney and Meylan 1988:201 Chrysemys Gray 1844 (12:12) Hydrochelys Wagler 1821:12 (12:12) (nomen oblitum) Type species: Hydrochelys picta [= Testudo picta Schneider 1783], by original monotypy. Chrysemys Gray 1844:27 Type species: Emys (Chrysemys) picta Schweigger [= Testudo picta Schneider 1783], by subsequent designation by Brown (1908:114). Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz 1857a (07:11, 10:6) (18) or Chrysemys picta dorsalis Southern Painted Turtle (subspecies: picta = red, bellii = purple, marginata = orange; overlap = intergrades) James H. Harding / Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) Introduced: USA (Florida) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013), as Chrysemys picta dorsalis Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz 1857a:439,440 (07:11, 10:6), Clemmys picta dorsalis, Chrysemys cinerea dorsalis, Chrysemys marginata dorsalis, Chrysemys bellii dorsalis, Chrysemys picta dorsalis Type locality: “Mississippi and Louisiana...Lake Concordia” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of New Orleans” [Louisiana, USA] by Schmidt (1953:100), but see Ernst (1967:133). Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan), Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Introduced: Germany, Indonesia, Philippines, Spain, USA (California) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) 49 50 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider 1783) (07:11, 12:13) Eastern Painted Turtle Columbia River” [Oregon, USA]. Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz 1857a:451 (nomen nudum) Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz 1857b:642 (nomen novum) Type locality: “Minesota and westward to the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri” [Minnesota, USA]. Chrysemys pulchra Gray 1873a:147 Type locality: “North America, Mississippi” [USA]. Restricted to “upper Mississippi River” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:100). Chrysemys timida Hay † 1908b:345 [Pleistocene, USA (Nebraska)] Type locality: “Equus beds of Sheridan County, Nebraska, not far from the Niobrara River” [USA]. Chrysemys treleasei Hurter 1911:235 Type locality: “east side of the Mississippi River, in Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties, Ill.” [Illinois, USA]. Anders G.J. Rhodin / Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Mt. Desert Island, Maine Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Québec), USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia) Testudo picta Schneider 1783:348, Emys picta, Clemmys picta, Terrapene picta, Emys (Chrysemys) picta, Chrysemys picta, Chrysemys picta picta, Pseudemys picta Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz 1857a Midland Painted Turtle Type locality: “England” [in error]. Restricted to “Lancaster, Pennsylvania” [USA] by Mittleman (1945:171); and to “vicinity of New York City” [New York, USA] by Schmidt (1953:99) [in error according to Smith and Smith (1980:424)]. Testudo cinerea Bonnaterre 1789:25, Emys cinerea, Chrysemys cinerea, Chrysemys cinerea cinerea Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:99). Chrysemys picta bellii (Gray 1830e) (10:7) (18) Western Painted Turtle Scott D. Gillingwater / Long Point, Norfolk Co., Ontario, Canada Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia) Chrysemys marginata Agassiz 1857a:262,439, Clemmys marginata, Chrysemys marginata marginata, Chrysemys bellii marginata, Chrysemys picta marginata Type locality: “Racine, Wisconsin...Milwaukee, Wisconsin...Flint, Michigan...Ann-Arbor, Michigan...Delphi, Indiana...Burlington, Iowa” [USA]. Restricted to “northern Indiana” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:99). John B. Iverson / Oshkosh, Garden Co., Nebraska Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan), Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Emys bellii Gray 1830e:12 (10:7), Clemmys (Clemmys) bellii, Emys (Chrysemys) bellii, Chrysemys bellii, Emys bellii, Chrysemys cinerea bellii, Chrysemys marginata bellii, Chrysemys bellii bellii, Chrysemys picta bellii Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “West coast of North America; British Columbia” by Gray (1873a:147); to “Manhattan, Kans.” [Kansas, USA] by Smith and Taylor (1950b:34); and to “Puget Sound, Washington” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:100). Emys oregoniensis Harlan 1837:382, Chrysemys oregoniensis, Clemmys oregoniensis, Chrysemys oregonensis Type locality: “fresh water ponds in the vicinity of the Oregon or Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Deirochelys Agassiz 1857a 51 Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz 1956a Florida Chicken Turtle Deirochelys Agassiz 1857a:252,441 Type species: Deirochelys reticulata Schweigger [= Testudo reticulata Daudin 1801 = objective synonym of Testudo reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801], by original monotypy. Hirochelys Beyer 1900:21 (nomen novum) Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) Chicken Turtle Barry Mansell / CRM 3 / Glades Co., Florida USA (Florida) Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz 1956a:476 Type locality: “5.8 miles east of Monroe Station, Collier County, Florida” [USA]. Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz 1956a Western Chicken Turtle (subspecies: reticularia = red, chrysea = purple, miaria = orange) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia) CBFTT Account: Buhlmann, Gibbons, and Jackson (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Deirochelys reticularia reticularia (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) Eastern Chicken Turtle John L. Carr / Ouachita Parish, Louisiana USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz 1956a:486 Type locality: “College Station, Brazos County, Texas” [USA]. Graptemys Agassiz 1857a (12:14, 14:14) (19) Graptemys Agassiz 1857a:252,436 Type species: Graptemys geographica [= Testudo geographica LeSueur 1817], by subsequent designation by Stejneger and Barbour (1917:117). Kurt A. Buhlmann / Virginia USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) Testudo reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:124, Emys reticularia, Clemmys reticularia, Deirochelys reticularia, Deirochelys reticularia reticularia Neoclemmys Baur in Lindeman 2013:20 (nomen nudum) Megaloclemmys Baur in Lindeman 2013:20 (nomen nudum) Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942 (19, 21) Barbour’s Map Turtle Type locality: “Caroline” [USA]. Restricted to “Charleston” [South Carolina, USA] by Harper (1940:711); to “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:104); and to “9 miles northwest of Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina” [USA] by neotype designation by Schwartz (1956a:466). Testudo reticulata Daudin 1801:144 (nomen novum), Emys reticulata, Clemmys (Clemmys) reticulata, Deirochelys reticulata, Hirochelys reticulata, Chrysemys reticulata, Chrysemys reticulatus Type locality: “Caroline” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:104). David Dennis / CRM 3 / Florida 52 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992 (19, 21) Escambia Map Turtle James C. Godwin / CBFTT / Yellow R., Covington Co., Alabama USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2bcde (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942:98, Malaclemys barbouri Type locality: “Chipola River north of Marianna, Jackson County, Florida” [USA]. Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown 1974 (19, 20) Cagle’s Map Turtle USA (Alabama, Florida) CBFTT Account: Lovich, Godwin, and McCoy (2011) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992:300, Graptemys pulchra ernsti Type locality: “Conecuh River, 1 mile upstream from County Road 4 Bridge, 14 km east of East Brewton, Escambia County, Alabama, USA.” John B. Iverson / Texas USA (Texas) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2c+4c; B2ab(iii) (2013); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown 1974:143 Type locality: “Guadalupe River, 8 km NW Cuero, DeWitt Co., Texas” [USA]. Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954 (14:15) (19) Yellow-blotched Map Turtle, Yellow-blotched Sawback Peter V. Lindeman / Merrill, Mississippi Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Testudo geographica LeSueur 1817:86, Emys geographica, Terrapene geographica, Clemmys (Clemmys) geographica, Clemmys geographica, Graptemys geographica, Malacoclemmys geographica, Malacoclemmys geographicus, Malaclemys geographica, Malaclemys geographicus, Malaclemmys geographicus, Graptemys geographicus Type locality: “marsh, on the borders of Lake Erie” [USA]. Restricted to “peninsula of Presque Isle and adjacent Presque Isle Bay in Erie County, Pennsylvania” [USA] by Lindeman (2009:97). Emys lesueurii Gray 1830e:12 (08:18, 10:7), Graptemys lesueurii, Malacoclemmys lesueurii, Malaclemys lesueurii, Malaclemys lesueurii lesueurii Type locality: “North America.” USA (Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Selman and Jones (2011) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2bce+4ce (2013); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954:167, Graptemys oculifera flavimaculata, Malaclemys flavimaculata Emys megacephala Holbrook 1836:51 Type locality: “Cumberland river...[&]...in the neighbourhood of Nashville, Tennessee” [USA]. Emys macrocephala Agassiz 1857a:436 (nomen novum) Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992 (10:8) (19) Pascagoula Map Turtle Type locality: “Pascagoula River, 13 miles S.W. of Lucedale, George Co., Mississippi” [USA]. Emended to “Pascagoula River at Old Benndale Crossing (T3S, R8W, Sec. 1), George County” [Mississippi, USA] by Cliburn (1971:17). Graptemys geographica (LeSueur 1817) (08:18, 12:14) (19) Northern Map Turtle, Common Map Turtle Jeffrey E. Lovich / CBFTT / Chickasawhay R., nr. Leakesville, Mississippi John B. Iverson / Dewart Lake, Kosciusko Co., Indiana USA (Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Lovich, Selman, and McCoy (2009) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2bce+4ce (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992:302, Graptemys pulchra gibbonsi Type locality: “Chickasawhay River, Leakesville, Greene Co., Mississippi, USA.” Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. 53 54 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954 (19, 22) Black-knobbed Map Turtle, Black-knobbed Sawback James C. Godwin / CBFTT / Alabama USA (Louisiana, Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Jones and Selman (2009) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (2013); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Malacoclemmys oculifera Baur 1890a:262, Graptemys oculifera, Malaclemys lesueurii oculifera, Graptemys pseudogeographica oculifera, Graptemys oculifera oculifera, Malaclemys oculifera Type locality: “Mandeville, La.” [Louisiana, USA]. Emended to “Pearl River, 26 miles east of Mandeville” [Louisiana, USA] by Cagle (1953b:138). USA (Alabama, Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Blankenship, Butterfield, and Godwin (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954:173 (22), Graptemys oculifera nigrinoda, Graptemys nigrinoda nigrinoda, Malaclemys nigrinoda Graptemys ouachitensis Cagle 1953a (12:14, 12:15, 14:16) (19) or Graptemys ouachitensis ouachitensis Ouachita Map Turtle Type locality: “Black Warrior River, above Lock 9, 17.5 miles SSW of Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama” [USA]. Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount 1969:677 (22) Type locality: “Hubbard’s Landing on Tensaw Lake, 2.6 air miles SW of Latham, Baldwin County, Alabama” [USA]. Graptemys oculifera (Baur 1890a) (19) Ringed Map Turtle, Ringed Sawback Peter V. Lindeman / Paris Landing State Park, Henry Co., Tennessee Robert L. Jones / CCB / Pearl R., Madison Co., Mississippi USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia (?), Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Graptemys pseudogeographica ouachitensis Cagle 1953a:10, Malaclemys pseudogeographica ouachitensis, Graptemys ouachitensis, Graptemys ouachitensis ouachitensis Type locality: “Ouachita River, four miles northeast of Harrisonburg, Louisiana” [USA]. Graptemys pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, and Qualls 2010 (10:8) (19) Pearl River Map Turtle Cris Hagen / CCB / Pearl River, Mississippi USA (Louisiana, Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Ennen, Lovich, and Jones (2016) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1bcde+A4bcde (2013) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, and Qualls 2010:104 55 Texas, Wisconsin) Introduced: USA (Florida, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica (Gray 1831d) (08:19) False Map Turtle James H. Harding / Indiana USA (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Wisconsin) Introduced: USA (Florida, Virginia) Emys pseudogeographica Gray 1831d:31, Clemmys pseudogeographica, Graptemys pseudogeographica, Malacoclemmys pseudogeographicus, Malaclemys pseudogeographica, Malaclemys pseudogeographicus, Graptemys pseudogeographicus, Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica, Malaclemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Etats-Unis, Indiana, rivière Wabash, entre MontVernon et Chaumetown (= Shawneetown)...près du confluent de la Wabash et de l’Ohio” [USA] by Bour and Dubois (1983:45). Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii (Baur 1890a) Mississippi Map Turtle Type locality: “Mississippi, Copiah County, Pearl River at State Highway 28, near Georgetown” [USA]. Graptemys pseudogeographica (Gray 1831d) (12:14, 12:15) (19, 23) False Map Turtle Stanley E. Trauth / Strawberry R., Lawrence Co., Arkansas (subspecies: pseudogeographica = red, kohnii = purple; overlap = intergrades) USA (Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, USA (Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) Malacoclemmys kohnii Baur 1890a:263, Graptemys kohnii, Malaclemys lesueurii kohnii, Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii, Malaclemys kohnii 56 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Type locality: “Bayou Lafourche, La.; Bayou Teche, St. Martinsville, La.” [Louisiana, USA]. Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893c (14:17) (19) Alabama Map Turtle James C. Godwin / CBFTT / Tallapoosa R., Elmore Co., Alabama USA (Louisiana, Texas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013), as part of Graptemys ouachitensis CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Malacoclemmys intermedia Baur in Beyer 1900:21 (14:19) (nomen nudum), Graptemys intermedia Graptemys pseudogeographica sabinensis Cagle 1953a:2, Malaclemys pseudogeographica sabinensis, Graptemys ouachitensis sabinensis, Graptemys sabinensis Type locality: “Sabine River, eight miles southwest of Negreet, Louisiana” [USA]. Graptemys versa Stejneger 1925 (19) Texas Map Turtle USA (Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Lovich, Godwin, and McCoy (2014) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2013); Previously: Least Concern (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893c:675, Malacoclemmys pulchra, Malaclemys lesueurii pulchra, Malaclemys pulchra, Graptemys pulchra pulchra Type locality: “Montgomery, Alabama” [USA]. Graptemys alabamensis Baur in Lindeman 2013:20 (14:17) (nomen nudum) Graptemys grandis Baur in Lindeman 2013:20 (14:17) (nomen nudum) Peter V. Lindeman / CBFTT / Live Oak Creek, Gillespie Co., Texas Graptemys sabinensis Cagle 1953a (07:12, 12:15, 14:18) (19) or Graptemys ouachitensis sabinensis Sabine Map Turtle Peter V. Lindeman / CCB / nr. Estherwood, Acadia Parish, Louisiana USA (Texas) CBFTT Account: Lindeman, Stuart, and Killebrew (2016) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys pseudogeographica versa Stejneger 1925:463, Graptemys versa, Malaclemys versa Type locality: “Austin, Texas” [USA]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Malaclemys Gray 1844 Malaclemys Gray 1844:28 Type species: Malaclemys concentrica [= Testudo concentrica Shaw 1802 = subjective synonym of Testudo terrapin Schoepff 1793], by original monotypy. Malacoclemmys Agassiz 1857a:392,437 (nomen novum) Euchyloclemmys Sclater 1858:292 (nomen novum) Euchyloclemys Sclater in Gray 1863c:181 (nomen novum) Malaclemmys Gray 1870c:41 (nomen novum) Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff 1793) (11:5) (24) Diamondback Terrapin USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Rhode Island, Virginia) Testudo terrapin Schoepff 1793:64, Emys terrapin, Clemmys terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin, Malacoclemmys terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin terrapin Type locality: “America septentrionali...in foris Philadelphiae...et... aquis subdulcibus Insulae Longae” [USA]. Restricted to “probably Delaware Bay” [Delaware and New Jersey, USA] by Hay (1905:16); and to “coastal waters of Long Island” [New York, USA] by Schmidt (1953:95). Testudo concentrica Shaw 1802:43, Emys concentrica, Malaclemys concentrica, Malaclemmys concentrica, Malaclemmys centrata concentrica, Malaclemys centrata concentrica, Malaclemys terrapin concentrica Type locality: “North America...sold in the markets at Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA]. Restricted to “probably Delaware Bay” [Delaware or New Jersey, USA] by Hay (1905:16). Testudo ocellata Link 1807:52 Type locality: “Nord-Amerika.” Restricted to “Philadelphia markets” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:96). Emys concentrica polita Gray 1830e:11 (10:7) Type locality: Not designated. Testudo palustris Le Conte 1830:113 (nomen novum and junior homonym, not = Testudo palustris Gmelin 1789), Emys palustris, Malacoclemmys palustris Type locality: “New-York to Florida, and even in the West Indies, in salt water” [USA]. Emys macrocephalus Gray 1844:26 (junior homonym, not = Emys macrocephala Spix 1824), Emys macrocephala Type locality: “America?” Restricted to “Philadelphia markets” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:96). Malaclemys terrapin centrata (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) (11:5) Carolina Diamondback Terrapin (subspecies: terrapin = red, centrata = purple, littoralis = orange, macrospilota = pink, pileata = brown, rhizophorarum = green, tequesta = gray; orange dot = trade) Bermuda, USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II Malaclemys terrapin terrapin (Schoepff 1793) Northern Diamondback Terrapin Carla Van Ness / CRM 3 / Duval Co., Florida Bermuda, USA (Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina) Testudo centrata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:145, Emys centrata, Clemmys (Clemmys) centrata, Malaclemmys centrata, Malaclemys centrata, Malaclemys centrata centrata, Malaclemmys terrapin centrata, Malaclemys terrapin centrata Type locality: “les grands marais de la Caroline” [USA]. Restricted to “neighborhood of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Hay (1905:14). Emys concentrica livida Gray 1831d:27, Emys livida Joseph C. Mitchell / Fisherman Island, Northampton Co., Virginia Type locality: “America Boreali.” Restricted to “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:96). 57 58 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Malaclemys terrapin littoralis Hay 1905 Texas Diamondback Terrapin Aaron S. Baxter / Nueces Bay, Nueces Co., Texas USA (Texas) Malaclemmys littoralis Hay 1905:18, Malaclemys centrata littoralis, Malaclemys pileata littoralis, Malaclemys terrapin littoralis Type locality: “Rockport, Texas” [USA]. Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota Hay 1905 Ornate Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler 1906 Mangrove Diamondback Terrapin Brian Mealey / CRM 3 / Monroe Co., Florida USA (Florida) Malaclemys tuberculifera Gray 1844:29 (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “California” [in error]. Restricted to “Philadelphia market” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:96) [in error]; shown to be from the Florida Keys [Florida, USA] by Ernst and Hartsell (2000:887), but they did not formally restrict the type locality. Malaclemmys littoralis rhizophorarum Fowler 1906:112, Malaclemmys terrapin rhizophorarum, Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Type locality: “Boca Grande Key, Florida” [USA]. Malaclemys terrapin fordorum Wood 1994:1 (nomen nudum) Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz 1955 Eastern Florida Diamondback Terrapin Brian Mealey / CRM 3 / Monroe Co., Florida USA (Florida) Malaclemmys macrospilota Hay 1905:16, Malaclemys centrata macrospilota, Malaclemys pileata macrospilota, Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota Type locality: “Charlotte Harbor, Florida” [USA]. Malaclemys terrapin pileata (Wied 1865) Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin Richard D. Bartlett / CRM 3 / Martin Co., Florida USA (Florida) Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz 1955:158 Type locality: “Miami Beach, Dade County, Florida” [USA]. Andrew T. Coleman / CCB / Bayou Caddy, Hancock Co., Mississippi USA (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas) Emys pileata Wied 1865:17, Malaclemmys pileata, Malaclemys centrata pileata, Malaclemys pileata pileata, Malaclemys terrapin pileata Type locality: “Sümpfen mit salzigem Wasser an der Mündung des Mississippi bei New-Orleans” [Louisiana, USA]. Emended to “New Orleans, Louisiana” [USA] by Hay (1905:17). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Pseudemys Gray 1856a (09:13, 12:16, 14:20) Pseudemys Gray 1856a:197 Type species: Pseudemys concinna [= Testudo concinna LeConte 1830], by subsequent designation by Baur (1893a:221). Ptychemys Agassiz 1857a:252,431 Type species: Ptychemys concinna [= Testudo concinna LeConte 1830], by subsequent designation by Brown (1908:114). Nectemys Agassiz 1857b:642 (nomen novum) Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893a Alabama Red-bellied Cooter Robert H. Mount / CCB / CBFTT / Alabama (orange dots = waifs on offshore islands) USA (Alabama, Mississippi) CBFTT Account: Leary, Dobie, Mann, Floyd, and Nelson (2008) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893a:224, Pseudemys rubriventris alabamensis, Chrysemys (Pseudemys) alabamensis, Chrysemys rubriventris alabamensis Type locality: “Mobile bay, Ala.” [Alabama, USA]. Pseudemys alabamiensis Beyer 1900:20 (nomen nudum) Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte 1830) (09:13) (25) River Cooter (subspecies: concinna = red, suwanniensis = purple; orange dot = introduced suwanniensis) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) CBFTT Account: Ward and Jackson (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Pseudemys concinna concinna (Le Conte 1830) (07:13, 09:13, 10:9) (25) Eastern River Cooter Peter A. Meylan / CBFTT / CRM 3 / Spring Creek, Decatur Co., Georgia USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) Testudo concinna Le Conte 1830:106 (junior homonym, not = Emys concinna Guérin 1829 [nomen oblitum]) (25), Emys (Testudo) concinna, Terrapene concinna, Clemmys (Clemmys) concinna, Pseudemys concinna, Ptychemys concinna, Chrysemys concinna, Pseudemys floridana concinna, Pseudemys concinna concinna, Chrysemys concinna concinna Type locality: “rivers of Georgia and Carolina, where the beds are rocky...never...below Augusta on the Savannah, or Columbia on the Congaree” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Columbia, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:101). Emys annulifera Gray 1830e:12 (10:7), Trachemys annulifera Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Columbia, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:101). Emys hieroglyphica Holbrook 1836:47, Pseudemys hieroglyphica, Ptychemys hieroglyphica, Clemmys hieroglyphica, Chrysemys hieroglyphica, Pseudemys floridana hieroglyphica, Pseudemys concinna hieroglyphica, Chrysemys concinna hieroglyphica Type locality: “Cumberland river” [probably Tennessee, USA]. Emys mobilensis Holbrook 1838a:53, Ptychemys mobilensis, Clemmys mobilensis, Pseudemys mobilensis, Chrysemys mobilensis, Pseudemys floridana mobilensis, Pseudemys concinna mobilensis, Chrysemys concinna mobilensis Type locality: “Alabama...in the neighbourhood of Mobile” [USA]. Emys labyrinthica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:13, Clemmys labyrinthica, Pseudemys labyrinthica, Chrysemys labyrinthica Type locality: “Wabash-River (États-Unis)” [Indiana, USA]. Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz 1857a:433, Pseudemys concinna hoyi, Pseudemys floridana hoyi, Chrysemys floridana hoyi Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “vicinity of Springfield, Missouri” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:101). Emys orthonyx Wied 1865:23 Type locality: “südlichen Gewässern bei New-Orleans” [Louisiana, USA]. Pseudemys vioscana Brimley 1928:66 59 60 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Type locality: “Lake Des Allemands, La.” [Louisiana, USA]. Pseudemys elonae Brimley 1928:67 Type locality: “a pond in Guilford County, North Carolina, not far from Elon College, in the Cape Fear drainage” [USA]. Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward 1984:34 Type locality: “Old Fort Cobb, Caddo County, Oklahoma” [USA]. Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis Carr 1937 (07:15, 09:13) Suwannee Cooter floridana; Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Testudo floridana Le Conte 1830:100, Terrapene floridana, Emys floridana, Clemmys (Clemmys) floridana, Pseudemys floridana, Chrysemys floridana, Pseudemys floridana floridana, Chrysemys floridana floridana, Pseudemys concinna floridana Type locality: “St. John’s river of East Florida” [USA]. Emended to “lower reaches of the St. John’s River (Duval County), Florida” [USA] by Bour (2003:540). Pseudemys gorzugi Ward 1984 (07:16, 12:16, 14:19) Rio Grande Cooter Dale R. Jackson / CBFTT / CRM 3 / Wakulla River, Wakulla Co., Florida USA (Florida, Georgia) Pseudemys floridana suwanniensis Carr 1937:4, Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis, Chrysemys concinna suwanniensis, Pseudemys suwanniensis Type locality: “Suwannee River at Manatee Springs, Levy-Dixie County line, Florida” [USA]. Charles W. Painter / CBFTT / Black River, Eddy Co., New Mexico Pseudemys floridana (Le Conte 1830) (07:14, 09:13, 10:9) or Pseudemys concinna floridana or Pseudemys floridana floridana Coastal Plain Cooter (orange dots = introduced or misidentified) John Jensen / CRM 3 / Okaloosa Co., Florida Mexico (Chihuahua [?], Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (New Mexico, Texas) CBFTT Account: Pierce, Stuart, Ward, and Painter (2016) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) Pseudemys concinna gorzugi Ward 1984:29, Pseudemys gorzugi Type locality: “3 1/2 mi. W Jimenez, Río San Diego, Coahuila, México, 850 feet altitude.” (orange dots = possibly introduced) USA (Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013), as Pseudemys concinna Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 61 Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938a (09:13) Florida Red-bellied Cooter (orange dot = introduced) Gary Luciano / CBFTT / Big Cypress National Preserve, Collier Co., Florida USA (Florida) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013), as Pseudemys peninsularis Pseudemys floridana persimilis † Hay 1916a:71 (nomen dubium et oblitum) [Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Type locality: “Vero, St. Lucie County, Florida” [USA]. Pseudemys floridana peninsularis Carr 1938b:105, Chrysemys floridana peninsularis, Pseudemys peninsularis Type locality: “Crystal Springs, Pasco County, Florida” [USA]. Pseudemys rubriventris (Le Conte 1830) Northern Red-bellied Cooter (orange dot = possibly introduced) USA (Florida, Georgia) Introduced: British Virgin Islands (Tortola), USA (Texas) CBFTT Account: Jackson (2010) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Deirochelys floridana † Hay 1908b:346 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Type locality: “Hillsboro County, Florida...Peace Creek beds” [USA]. Trachemys jarmani † Hay 1908b:351 (nomen dubium) [Late Pleistocene, USA (Florida)], Pseudemys jarmani Type locality: “Hillsboro County, Florida...Peace Creek beds” [USA]. James H. Harding / Virginia Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938a:307, Pseudemys rubriventris nelsoni, Chrysemys (Pseudemys) nelsoni, Chrysemys rubriventris nelsoni Type locality: “Fellsmere, Indian River County, Florida” [USA]. Pseudemys peninsularis Carr 1938b (07:17, 09:13, 10:9) or Pseudemys floridana peninsularis Peninsula Cooter (orange dot = possible occurrence) Richard D. Bartlett / CRM 3 / Lee Co., Florida USA (Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) Introduced: South Korea IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) Testudo rubriventris Le Conte 1830:101, Terrapene rubriventris, Emys rubriventris, Clemmys (Clemmys) rubriventris, Chrysemys rubriventris, Pseudemys rubriventris, Pseudemys rubiventris, Pseudemys rubriventris rubriventris, 62 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chrysemys rubriventris rubriventris Type locality: “rivers from New-Jersey to Virginia, chiefly...in such as are rocky; in the Delaware, near Trenton” [USA]. Restricted to “in the Delaware, near Trenton” [New Jersey, USA] by Baur (1893a:224). Emys irrigata Bell in Duméril and Bibron 1835:276, Emys irrigita Type locality: “la partie septentrionale du Nouveau-Monde.” Restricted to “vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:103). Emys rivulata Gray 1844:22 (junior homonym, not = Emys rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833) Type locality: “N. America.” Restricted to “vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:103). Pseudemys extincta † Hay 1908b:356 (nomen dubium) [Early Pleistocene, Blancan, USA (Florida)] and Smith 1980:434). Rhodin and Carr (2009:14) demonstrated that Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 was synonymous with Rhinoclemmys punctularia [= Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801] and declared T. scabra a nomen oblitum, validating Lindholm’s designation. Callichelys Gray 1863c:179,181 Type species: Callichelys ornata [= Emys ornata Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830], by original designation. Redamia Gray 1870c:35 Type species: Redamia olivacea [= Emys olivacea Gray 1856b = subjective synonym of Pseudemys stejnegeri Schmidt 1928], by original monotypy. Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini 1995 (11:6) (27) or Trachemys dorbigni adiutrix Maranhao Slider Type locality: “Hillsboro County, Florida...probably the Peace Creek formation” [USA]. Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Babcock 1937:293, Chrysemys rubriventris bangsi, Pseudemys bangsi Type locality: “Boot Pond, Plymouth, Massachusetts” [USA]. Corrected to “Gunner’s Exchange Pond, Plymouth, Massachusetts” [USA] by Graham (1991:1). Pseudemys texana Baur 1893a (12:16) Texas Cooter Jérôme Maran / Santo Amaro, Maranhão, Brazil James H. Harding / Texas Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini 1995:111, Trachemys dorbigni adiutrix Type locality: “Brasil: Maranhão: Santo Amaro, 02º33' S, 43º14' W” [Brazil] Trachemys callirostris (Gray 1856b) (11:6) (26) or Trachemys venusta callirostris Colombian Slider USA (Texas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Pseudemys texana Baur 1893a:223, Chrysemys texana, Pseudemys floridana texana, Pseudemys concinna texana, Chrysemys concinna texana Type locality: “San Antonio, Texas” [USA]. Trachemys Agassiz 1857a (07:18, 09:14, 11:6, 14:21, 14:22, 14:23) (26) Trachemys Agassiz 1857a:252,434 Type species: Trachemys scabra [= Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Brown (1908:114), but its uncertain identity led Lindholm (1929:280) to designate Trachemys troosti [= Emys troosti Holbrook 1836] as the type species (see also Smith Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 (subspecies: callirostris = red, chichiriviche = purple; orange dot = trade or introduced) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre), Venezuela (Carabobo, Falcón, Yaracuy, Zulia) CBFTT Account: Bock, Páez, and Daza (2010) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Trachemys decorata (Barbour and Carr 1940) (14:21) Hispaniolan Slider Trachemys callirostris callirostris (Gray 1856b) (07:19, 11:6) (26) or Trachemys venusta callirostris Colombian Slider Pablo Feliz / Cabral, Barahona, Dominican Republic / male Vivian P. Páez / CBFTT / Colombia Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre), Venezuela (Zulia) Emys callirostris Gray 1856b:25, Callichelys callirostris, Pseudemys callirostris, Chrysemys ornata callirostris, Pseudemys scripta callirostris, Pseudemys ornata callirostris, Chrysemys callirostris, Chrysemys scripta callirostris, Trachemys scripta callirostris, Trachemys callirostris, Trachemys ornata callirostris, Trachemys dorbigni callirostris, Trachemys callirostris callirostris Type locality: “America.” Restricted to “Unterlauf des Rio Magdalena” [Colombia] by Müller (1940:109). Trachemys callirostris chichiriviche (Pritchard and Trebbau 1984) (07:19, 11:6) (26) or Trachemys venusta chichiriviche Venezuelan Slider Dominican Republic, Haiti IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Pseudemys decorata Barbour and Carr 1940:409, Pseudemys terrapen decorata, Chrysemys (Trachemys) decorata, Chrysemys terrapen decorata, Trachemys decorata, Trachemys stejnegeri decorata Type locality: “Fond Parisien, Haiti.” Trachemys decussata (Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830) (14:22) Cuban Slider Peter C.H. Pritchard / CBFTT / central coastal Venezuela Venezuela (Carabobo, Falcón, Yaracuy) Pseudemys scripta chichiriviche Pritchard and Trebbau 1984:191, Trachemys scripta chichiriviche, Trachemys ornata chichiriviche, Trachemys callirostris chichiriviche Type locality: “Lago de Tacarigua, Edo. Falcón, Venezuela (68º15' W, 11º4' N).” (subspecies: decussata = red, angusta = purple; orange dots = introduced angusta) Cayman Islands [historic introduction?], Cuba, Jamaica [prehistoric introduction?] IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) 63 64 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Trachemys decussata decussata (Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830) (08:17, 14:22) Trachemys decussata angusta (Barbour and Carr 1940) (14:22) Western Cuban Slider Eastern Cuban Slider Vincenzo Ferri / Cuba [captivity] Cuba, Jamaica [prehistoric introduction?] Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802:28 (partim, nomen dubium and junior homonym, not = Testudo rugosa Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801), Emys rugosa, Trachemys rugosa, Clemmys rugosa, Pseudemys rugosa, Pseudemys rugosa rugosa, Pseudemys terrapen rugosa, Chrysemys terrapen rugosa, Trachemys terrapen rugosa Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Rio Jobabo drainage in eastern Cuba” by Mittleman (1947:176). Emys decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:76 (08:17), Ptychemys decussata, Clemmys decussata, Pseudemys decussata, Pseudemys decussata decussata, Pseudemys rugosa decussata, Pseudemys terrapen decussata, Chrysemys (Trachemys) decussata, Chrysemys decussata decussata, Chrysemys terrapen decussata, Trachemys decussata, Trachemys decussata decussata Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “North America” by Gray (1830e:11); to “America Boreali” by Gray (1831d:28); to “Cuba, exclusive of the drainage systems of the Rio Jobabo and the Caribbean slope of Pinar del Rio Province” by Mittleman (1947:176); and to “Westindien” by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:366). James H. Harding / Grand Cayman Island Cayman Islands [historic introduction?], Cuba Pseudemys decussata angusta Barbour and Carr 1940:402, Pseudemys rugosa angusta, Pseudemys terrapen angusta, Chrysemys terrapen angusta, Trachemys decussata angusta, Trachemys decorata angusta Type locality: “Taco River, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.” Pseudemys granti Barbour and Carr 1941:59, Pseudemys terrapen granti, Pseudemys decussata granti, Pseudemys stejnegeri granti, Chrysemys terrapen granti, Chrysemys decussata granti, Trachemys decussata granti, Trachemys granti, Trachemys stejnegeri granti Type locality: “Grand Cayman” [Cayman Islands]. Trachemys dorbigni (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (07:20, 11:6) (27) or Trachemys dorbigni dorbigni D’Orbigny’s Slider Emys vermiculata Gray 1844:25 Type locality: “Tropical America.” Restricted to “Westindien” by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:366). Emys jamao Duméril 1861b:435 (nomen nudum) Emys jamao Vilaró 1867a:121 Type locality: Not designated. [Cuba]. Emys gnatho Vilaró 1867b:204 Type locality: Not designated. [Cuba]. Jérôme Maran / Brazil Pseudemys decussata plana Barbour and Carr 1940:405, Pseudemys terrapen plana, Chrysemys terrapen plana, Trachemys decussata plana Type locality: “Rio Jobabo, Western Oriente, Cuba.” (orange dots = introduced) Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes, Entre Rios), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Uruguay Introduced: Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Emys dorbigni Duméril and Bibron 1835:272, Clemmys dorbigni, Pseudemys dorbigni, Chrysemys (Trachemys) dorbigni, Pseudemys scripta dorbigni, Pseudemys dorbigni dorbigni, Chrysemys dorbigni dorbigni, Chrysemys scripta dorbigni, Trachemys scripta dorbigni, Trachemys dorbigni, Trachemys dorbigni dorbigni Type locality: “Buenos-Ayres” [Argentina]. Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) orbignyi Fitzinger 1835:124 (nomen novum), Emys orbignyi Clemmys dorbignyi Boulenger 1886b:424 (nomen novum), Chrysemys dorbignyi, Emys dorbignyi, Pseudemys dorbignyi, Pseudemys dorbignyi dorbignyi, Pseudemys scripta dorbignyi, Chrysemys scripta dorbignyi, Trachemys scripta dorbignyi, Trachemys dorbignyi, Trachemys dorbignyi dorbignyi Pseudemys dorbignyi brasiliensis Freiberg 1969:301 (07:20), Pseudemys dorbigni brasiliensis, Pseudemys scripta brasiliensis, Chrysemys dorbigni brasiliensis, Chrysemys scripta brasiliensis, Trachemys scripta brasiliensis, Trachemys dorbigni brasiliensis, Trachemys dorbignyi brasiliensis Type locality: “río Guaíba, Porto Alegre, Brasil.” Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg 1939) Big Bend Slider 65 Trachemys nebulosa gaigeae, Trachemys scripta gaigeae, Trachemys gaigeae, Trachemys ornata gaigeae, Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae Type locality: “Boquillas, Rio Grande River, Brewster County, Texas” [USA]. Trachemys gaigeae hartwegi (Legler 1990) (07:18) Nazas Slider John B. Iverson / CBFTT / Río Nazas, Preza Francisco Zarco, Durango, Mexico Mexico (Coahuila, Durango) Pseudemys scripta hartwegi Legler 1990:89, Chrysemys scripta hartwegi, Trachemys scripta hartwegi, Trachemys ornata hartwegi, Trachemys nebulosa hartwegi, Trachemys gaigeae hartwegi Type locality: “Río Nazas, 1.2 km east of Presa Lázaro Cardenas, Durango, Mexico.” Trachemys grayi (Bocourt 1868) (07:18, 10:10, 12:6) (26, 28) Western Meso-American Slider (subspecies: gaigeae = red, hartwegi = purple) Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango), USA (New Mexico, Texas) CBFTT Account: Stuart and Ward (2009) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2ce+4ce (2013); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae (Hartweg 1939) (07:18) Big Bend Slider (orange dots = possible misidentified) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca), Nicaragua, Panama IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Trachemys grayi grayi (Bocourt 1868) (07:18, 10:10, 12:6) (26, 28) Gray’s Slider, Tehuantepec Slider James N. Stuart / CBFTT / Socorro Co., New Mexico Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila), USA (New Mexico, Texas) Pseudemys scripta gaigeae Hartweg 1939:1, Pseudemys gaigeae, Chrysemys scripta gaigeae, Chrysemys gaigeae, Shi Haitao / Mexico [captivity] El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) 66 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Emys grayi Bocourt 1868:121 (senior homonym, not = Emys grayi Günther 1869), Callichelys grayi, Chrysemys grayi, Pseudemys grayi, Pseudemys ornata grayi, Pseudemys scripta grayi, Chrysemys scripta grayi, Trachemys scripta grayi, Trachemys grayi, Trachemys ornata grayi, Trachemys venusta grayi; Trachemys grayi grayi Mexico (Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Trachemys nebulosa nebulosa (Van Denburgh 1895) (07:18) Baja California Slider Type locality: “l’embouchure du Nagualate, dans le Pacifique (Guatémala).” Callichelys concinna Gray 1873a:148 (28) Type locality: “San Mateo, Tehuantepec” [Oaxaca, Mexico]. Emys umbra Bocourt 1876b:26 (nomen novum), Pseudemys umbra, Clemmys umbra, Chrysemys umbra, Pseudemys scripta umbra Trachemys grayi emolli (Legler 1990) (07:18, 11:6, 14:23) (26) Nicaraguan Slider James R. Buskirk / Cadeje, Baja California Sur, Mexico Mexico (Baja California Sur) Chrysemys nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895:84, Chrysemys ornata nebulosa, Pseudemys ornata nebulosa, Pseudemys nebulosa, Pseudemys scripta nebulosa, Chrysemys scripta nebulosa, Trachemys scripta nebulosa, Trachemys dorbigni nebulosa, Trachemys ornata nebulosa, Trachemys nebulosa, Trachemys nebulosa nebulosa Type locality: “Mainland abreast of San José Island, Lower California...Los Dolores, L.C.” [Baja California Sur, Mexico]. Shi Haitao / No data [captivity] Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua Pseudemys scripta emolli Legler 1990:91, Trachemys scripta emolli, Trachemys ornata emolli, Trachemys emolli, Trachemys venusta emolli, Trachemys grayi emolli Trachemys nebulosa hiltoni (Carr 1942) (07:18) Fuerte Slider Type locality: “Río Tepetate, 2.5 km northeast of Granada, Granada Province, Nicaragua.” Trachemys grayi panamensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010 (10:10, 11:6) (26) Panamanian Slider Costa Rica, Panama Trachemys venusta panamensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010:46, Trachemys grayi panamensis Type locality: “Chiva-Chiva Road (trail), 1 km from Gaillané (Gaillard) Highway (Fort Clayton entrance), north of Miraflores Lake, Pacific-side Panama Canal Zone, Panamá Province, Panama.” Trachemys nebulosa (Van Denburgh 1895) (07:18) Baja California Slider Philip C. Rosen / San Miguel Zapotitlán, Rio Fuerte, Sinaloa, Mexico Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) Pseudemys scripta hiltoni Carr 1942:1, Pseudemys concinna hiltoni, Chrysemys scripta hiltoni, Chrysemys gaigeae hiltoni, Trachemys scripta hiltoni, Trachemys ornata hiltoni, Trachemys nebulosa hiltoni Type locality: “Guirocoba about 28 miles southeast of Alamos, Sonora, Mexico, at an elevation of approximately 1,485 feet.” (subspecies: nebulosa = red, hiltoni = purple) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Trachemys ornata (Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830) (07:18, 07:19, 10:10, 11:6) (26) Ornate Slider Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) Introduced: Multiple global locations, most apparently Trachemys scripta elegans (see below) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) Trachemys scripta scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff 1792) (09:15) Yellow-bellied Slider James R. Buskirk / Presidios, Sinaloa, Mexico Kurt A. Buhlmann / Savannah River Site, Aiken Co., South Carolina (orange dots = possibly introduced) Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) Possibly Introduced: Mexico (Guerrero?, Michoacán?) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (2007) Emys ornata Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:76 [Gray 1830c], Clemmys (Clemmys) ornata, Callichelys ornata, Pseudemys ornata, Chrysemys ornata, Chrysemys ornata ornata, Pseudemys ornata ornata, Pseudemys scripta ornata, Chrysemys scripta ornata, Trachemys scripta ornata, Trachemys ornata, Trachemys ornata ornata Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “South America” by Gray (1830e:12); and to “America Meridionali...Mazetland” [Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico] by Gray (1831d:30). Trachemys scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff 1792) (09:15) Pond Slider, Common Slider USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) Introduced: South Korea, USA (Florida) Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792:16 (09:15) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985b), Emys scripta, Trachemys scripta, Chrysemys scripta, Pseudemys scripta, Chrysemys scripta scripta, Chrysemys palustris scripta, Pseudemys scripta scripta, Trachemys scripta scripta Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:102). Testudo serrata Daudin 1801:148 (senior homonym, not = Testudo serrata Shaw 1802), Emys serrata, Terrapene serrata, Clemmys (Clemmys) serrata, Pseudemys serrata Type locality: “la Caroline” [South Carolina, USA]. Emys occipitatis Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:75 [Gray 1830c] Type locality: Not designated. Emys vittata Gray 1830e:11 (10:7) Type locality: “North America?” Emys euglypha † Leidy 1889:97 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, uSa (Florida)], Trachemys euglypha, Pseudemys euglypha Type locality: “Florida...Arcadia, on Peace Creek” [USA]. Trachemys sculpta † Hay 1908b:351 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, uSa (Florida)], Pseudemys sculpta Type locality: “Hillsboro County, Florida...probably the Peace Creek beds” [USA]. Trachemys delicata † Hay 1916a:66 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, uSa (Florida)], Pseudemys delicata Type locality: “Near Labelle, Lee County, Florida” [USA]. (subspecies: scripta = red, elegans = purple, troostii = orange; overlap = intergrades; orange dots = introduced elegans) Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, 67 68 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Trachemys scripta elegans (Wied 1839) (25) Red-eared Slider Pseudemys scripta petrolei, Trachemys scripta petrolei Type locality: “Harden Co., Texas” [USA]. Trachemys lineata Gray 1873a:147 Type locality: “North America.” Restricted to “New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:103). Pseudemys bisornatus † Cope 1878:228 [Pleistocene, USA (Texas)], Pseudemys bisornata, Chrysemys scripta bisornata, Pseudemys scripta bisornata, Trachemys scripta bisornata, Trachemys bisornata Type locality: “South-western Texas” [USA]. Restricted to “Atascosa County, Texas” [USA] by Hay (1908b:354). Trachemys trulla † Hay 1908b:355 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, uSa (Texas)], Pseudemys trulla Type locality: “Hardin County, Texas” [USA]. Matthew Aresco / CRM 3 / Leon Co., Florida Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico [eastern], Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia) Introduced: Argentina, Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria), Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belgium, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cambodia, Canada (Ontario), Cayman Islands, Chile, China (Hong Kong), Colombia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Papua, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Iran (Mazandaran, Tehran), Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan (mainland, Ryukyu Archipelago), Latvia, Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Martinique, Mexico, Micronesia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Northern Mariana Islands [Saipan], Palau, Panama, Philippines (Cebu, Luzon, Mindanao), Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles (Mahé), Singapore, Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain (Balearic Islands, Continental), Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad, Turkey, USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexico [western], New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington), US Virgin Islands, Vietnam Emys concinna Guérin 1829:pl.1,f.3 (nomen oblitum and senior homonym, not = Emys concinna Le Conte 1830) (25) Trachemys scripta troostii (Holbrook 1836) Cumberland Slider James H. Harding / Tennessee USA (Tennessee, Virginia) Introduced: Latvia Emys troostii Holbrook 1836:55, Trachemys troostii, Clemmys troostii, Pseudemys troostii, Chrysemys troostii, Pseudemys scripta troostii, Pseudemys troostii troostii, Chrysemys scripta troostii, Trachemys scripta troostii Type locality: “Cumberland river” [Tennessee, USA]. Emys cumberlandensis Holbrook 1840:55 Type locality: “Tennessee...Cumberland river” [USA]. Trachemys stejnegeri (Schmidt 1928) (14:22) Central Antillean Slider Type locality: Not designated. Emys elegans Wied 1839:176,213, Trachemys elegans, Clemmys elegans, Pseudemys elegans, Chrysemys elegans, Chrysemys scripta elegans, Chrysemys palustris elegans, Pseudemys troostii elegans, Pseudemys scripta elegans, Trachemys scripta elegans Type locality: “Gegend von Harmony...in dem Wabasch und Fox-River” [Indiana, USA]. Emended to “in Fox Rivers bei NewHarmony aus einem nebenflusse des Wabasch” [Indiana, USA] by Wied (1865:41). Emys holbrookii Gray 1844:23, Trachemys holbrookii Type locality: “N. America. Louisiana” [USA]. Emys sanguinolenta Gray 1856b:26,pl.15,f.1 Type locality: Not designated. Emys petrolei † Leidy 1868:176 [Late Pleistocene, Rancholabrean, USA (Texas)], Pseudemys petrolei, Chrysemys petrolei, Chrysemys scripta petrolei, Trachemys petrolei, (subspecies: stejnegeri = red, malonei = purple, vicina = orange) Bahamas (Inagua), Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico Introduced: Dominica, Guadeloupe IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri (Schmidt 1928) Puerto Rican Slider 69 Trachemys taylori (Legler 1960) (07:18, 12:17) Cuatro Cienegas Slider James R. Buskirk / Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico Anders G.J. Rhodin / Fajardo, Puerto Rico USA (Puerto Rico) Emys olivacea Gray 1856b:30 (junior homonym, not = Emys olivacea Schweigger 1812), Clemmys olivacea, Redamia olivacea, Chrysemys olivacea Type locality: “N. America?” Pseudemys stejnegeri Schmidt 1928:147, Pseudemys palustris stejnegeri, Pseudemys stejnegeri stejnegeri, Pseudemys terrapen stejnegeri, Pseudemys decussata stejnegeri, Chrysemys decussata stejnegeri, Chrysemys stejnegeri, Chrysemys terrapen stejnegeri, Trachemys stejnegeri, Trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri Type locality: “San Juan, Porto Rico” [Puerto Rico, USA]. Trachemys stejnegeri malonei (Barbour and Carr 1938) Inagua Slider Bahamas (Inagua) Pseudemys malonei Barbour and Carr 1938:76, Pseudemys palustris malonei, Pseudemys terrapen malonei, Chrysemys malonei, Chrysemys terrapen malonei, Trachemys stejnegeri malonei, Trachemys malonei Type locality: “ponds near Northwest Point, Great Inagua Island, B.W.I.” [Bahamas]. Mexico (Coahuila) IUCN Red List: Endangered A4e, B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) (2007) Pseudemys scripta taylori Legler 1960:75, Chrysemys scripta taylori, Chrysemys gaigeae taylori, Chrysemys taylori, Trachemys scripta taylori, Trachemys nebulosa taylori, Trachemys ornata taylori, Trachemys taylori Type locality: “16 km. S Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, México.” Trachemys terrapen (Bonnaterre 1789) (09:6, 14:22) Jamaican Slider Trachemys stejnegeri vicina (Barbour and Carr 1940) Dominican Slider Uwe Fritz / Montego Bay, Jamaica Peter Paul van Dijk / Vuelta Larga, Dominican Republic Dominican Republic, Haiti Pseudemys stejnegeri vicina Barbour and Carr 1940:408, Pseudemys terrapen vicina, Pseudemys decussata vicina, Chrysemys decussata vicina, Chrysemys stejnegeri vicina, Chrysemys terrapen vicina, Trachemys stejnegeri vicina Type locality: “Sanchez, San Domingo” [Dominican Republic]. 70 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Bahamas (Cat Island, Eleuthera [prehistoric introduction?]), Jamaica IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Testudo terrapen Lacepède 1788:129, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Trachemys venusta venusta (Gray 1856b) (07:18, 10:10, 11:6, 12:18, 14:23) (26) Meso-American Slider Type locality: “aux Antilles, & particulièrement à la Jamaïque” [Jamaica]. Testudo terrapen Bonnaterre 1789:30, Pseudemys terrapen, Pseudemys terrapen terrapen, Chrysemys (Trachemys) terrapen, Chrysemys terrapen, Chrysemys terrapen terrapen, Trachemys terrapen, Trachemys terrapen terrapen Type locality: “la Jamaïque” [Jamaica]. Testudo palustris Gmelin 1789:1041 (senior homonym, not = Testudo palustris Le Conte 1830), Trachemys palustris, Pseudemys palustris, Chrysemys scripta palustris, Pseudemys palustris palustris Type locality: “Jamaicae aquis stagnantibus” [Jamaica]. Testudo fasciata Suckow 1798:40 (senior homonym, not = Testudo fasciata Daudin 1801) Type locality: “Amboina, und besonders in Nordamerika zu Carolina” [in error]. Restricted to “Jamaica” by Seidel (1988:23). Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802:28 (partim, nomen dubium and junior homonym, not = Testudo rugosa Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801), Emys rugosa, Clemmys rugosa, Chrysemys scripta rugosa, Pseudemys rugosa Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Rio Jobabo drainage in eastern Cuba” by Mittleman (1947:176). Emys rugosa livida Gray 1831d:30 Type locality: “America septentrionali?” Pseudemys felis Barbour 1935:205, Pseudemys palustris felis, Pseudemys terrapen felis, Chrysemys decussata felis, Chrysemys felis, Chrysemys terrapen felis, Trachemys terrapen felis, Trachemys felis Vincenzo Ferri / Mexico [captivity] Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Emys venusta Gray 1856b:24 (12:18), Callichelys venusta, Pseudemys scripta venusta, Chrysemys scripta venusta, Trachemys scripta venusta, Trachemys ornata venusta, Trachemys venusta, Trachemys venusta venusta Type locality: “Southern States of America; Honduras.” Restricted to “Honduras” by lectotype designation by Smith and Smith (1980:495). Emys valida Le Conte 1860:7, Clemmys valida Type locality: “Honduras.” Emys (Clemmys) salvini Günther 1885:4, Pseudemys salvini Type locality: “Guatemala.” Trachemys venusta cataspila (Günther 1885) (07:18, 10:10, 11:6) (26) Huastecan Slider Type locality: “Tea Bay, Cat Island, Bahamas.” Trachemys venusta (Gray 1856b) (07:18, 10:6, 10:10, 11:6, 12:18, 14:23) (26) Eastern Meso-American Slider James R. Buskirk / Aldama, Tamaulipas, Mexico Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Emys ventricosa Gray 1856b:28 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1985b), Pseudemys ventricosa Type locality: Not known. (subspecies: venusta = red, cataspila = purple, iversoni = blue, uhrigi = brown; orange dots = introduced) Belize, Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Nicaragua, Panama IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (South America regional) (2011) Emys (Clemmys) cataspila Günther 1885:4 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985b), Pseudemys cataspila, Chrysemys ornata cataspila, Pseudemys scripta cataspila, Pseudemys ornata cataspila, Chrysemys scripta cataspila, Trachemys scripta cataspila, Trachemys ornata cataspila, Trachemys venusta cataspila Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico” [in error] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:346, 1950b:32); and to “Tampico, Tamaulipas” [Mexico] by Smith and Smith (1980:486). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Trachemys venusta iversoni McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010 (10:10, 11:6) (26) Yucatan Slider Trachemys scripta yaquia, Trachemys dorbigni yaquia, Trachemys ornata yaquia, Trachemys yaquia Type locality: “Río Mayo, Conicarit, Sonora, México (27º14' N, 109º06' W).” eMydinae Rafinesque 1815 (17) Emidania Rafinesque 1815:75 Emydidae Bell 1825a:302 Emydinae Cope 1870b:123 Clemmys Ritgen 1828 Chelopus Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen nudum) Clemmys Ritgen 1828:270 John B. Iverson / Cobá, Quintana Roo, Mexico Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatán) Trachemys venusta iversoni McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010:45 Type locality: “Cenote on the north side of the highway, 13.8 km east of Buctzotz, Yucatán, Mexico.” Trachemys venusta uhrigi McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010 (10:10, 11:6, 14:23) (26) Uhrig’s Slider Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó), Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Testudo panama Perry 1810:[unpaginated], pl.33 (12:18) (nomen oblitum et dubium) Type locality: “countries of South America, adjoining to the Isthmus of Panama.” Type species: Clemmys punctata [= Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792 = subjective synonym of Testudo guttata Schneider 1792], by subsequent designation by Baur (1892:43). Chelopus Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Chelopus punctatus [= Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792 = subjective synonym of Testudo guttata Schneider 1792], by original monotypy. Nanemys Agassiz 1857a:252,442 Type species: Nanemys guttata [= Testudo guttata Schneider 1792], by original monotypy. Melanemys Shufeldt 1919:157 Type species: Melanemys guttatus [= Testudo guttata Schneider 1792], by subsequent designation by Dunn (1920:8). Clemmys guttata (Schneider 1792) (29) Spotted Turtle Trachemys venusta uhrigi McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010:43 Type locality: “Río Chamelecón drainage 3 km south of San Pedro Sula, northwestern Caribbean coastal Honduras.” Trachemys yaquia (Legler and Webb 1970) (07:18) Yaqui Slider Barry Mansell / CRM 3 / Seminole Co., Florida James R. Buskirk / Rio Mayo, below Presa Mocuzari, Sonora, Mexico Mexico (Sonora) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (2007) Pseudemys scripta yaquia Legler and Webb 1970:158, Chrysemys scripta yaquia, Pseudemys ornata yaquia, Canada (Ontario), USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2cde+4ce (2013); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) CITES: Appendix II 71 72 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Testudo guttata Schneider 1792:264, Emys guttata, Geoclemys guttata, Nanemys guttata, Clemmys guttata, Geoclemmys guttata, Chelopus guttatus, Melanemys guttatus Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Philadelphia, Pennsylvania” [USA] by Mittleman (1945:171); and to “vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:91). Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792:25 (junior homonym, not = Testudo punctata Lacepède 1788 or Testudo punctata Bonnaterre 1789), Emys punctata, Clemmys punctata, Terrapene punctata, Chelopus punctatus Type locality: “in paludosis Americae septentrionalis... Philadelphiam” [Pennsylvania, USA]. Testudo anonyma Schneider in Schoepff 1792:25 (nomen nudum) Geoclemmys sebae Gray 1869a:188 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:91). Emys Duméril 1805 (07:21, 09:16, 10:11, 10:12, 11:7, 14:24) Emydes Brongniart 1805:27 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1995b) Emys Duméril 1805:76 (10:11) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1995b) Type species: Emys europaea Schweigger [= Testudo europaea Schneider 1783 = subjective synonym of Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Hydrone Rafinesque 1814:66 Type species: Hydrone orbicularis [= Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Loveridge and Williams (1957:201). Emyda Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen novum and senior homonym, not = Emyda Gray 1830e) Lutremys Gray 1844:31 Type species: Cistudo (Lutremys) europaea [= Testudo europaea Schneider 1783 = subjective synonym of Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758) European Pond Turtle (subspecies: orbicularis = red, eiselti = purple, galloitalica = blue, hellenica = brown, ingauna = pink, occidentalis = green, persica = tourmaline; unassigned E. orbicularis sensu lato = gray (Algeria, Tunisia, southern Turkey); overlap = intergrades; orange dots = introduced; red dots = extirpated) Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium (extirpated), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic (extirpated, reintroduced), Denmark (extirpated, reintroduced), Estonia (extirpated), France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduction?]), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric introduction]), Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg (extirpated), Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands (extirpated), Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Continental), Switzerland (extirpated, reintroduced), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine Introduced: Spain (Balearic Islands) IUCN Red List: Global: Near Threatened (1996); Regional: Europe: Near Threatened (2004); European Union: Vulnerable A2bcde (2004) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Emys orbicularis orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758) (09:17) (30, 31) European Pond Turtle Type locality: “Gräfve af Brågarps pastorat...Skåne..[&]..Götha kanal, Östergöthland...vid Nordskogsvägen nära intill Svartjordshålan” [Gräfve in Brågarp’s Parish...Scania..[&]..Göta Canal, East Götaland...along Nordskogs Road near Svartjordshålan] [Sweden]. Restricted to “Schonen, Südschweden” [Scania (Skåne), Sweden] by Fritz (1992:67). Testudo (Emys) canstadiensis † Plieninger 1847:208 (31) [Pleistocene, Germany] Type locality: “Württemberg...Cannstadt” [Germany]. Cistudo anhaltina † Giebel 1866a:1 [Holocene, subfossil, Germany], Emys anhaltina Uwe Fritz / Dnieper R. Delta, Ukraine Austria, Belarus, Belgium (extirpated), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic (extirpated, reintroduced), Denmark (extirpated, reintroduced), Estonia (extirpated), France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg (extirpated), Moldova, Netherlands (extirpated), Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland (extirpated), Turkey, Ukraine Introduced: Spain (Balearic Islands) Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758:198 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1995b), Hydrone orbicularis, Emys orbicularis, Emys orbicularis orbicularis Type locality: “meridionalibus Europae.” Restricted to “Mecklenburgisch-Pommersche Seenplatte” [Germany] by Fritz (1992:67), and by neotype designation by Fritz (1994:65). Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758:198, Emydes lutaria, Hydrone lutaria, Emys lutaria, Clemmys (Clemmys) lutaria, Cistudo lutaria Type locality: “Italia, Oriente.” Restricted to “MecklenburgischPommersche Seenplatte” [Germany] by Fritz (1992:67). Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764:pl.675 (10:13) (nomen oblitum and senior homonym, not = Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765 or Testudo terrestris Forskål 1775) Type locality: Not designated. Type locality: “Latdorf...Nord-deutschland” [Germany]. Emended to “Lattorf vid Bernberg a. d. Saale” [Germany] by Kurck (1917:23); and to “Latdorf bei Bernburg an der Saale, Deutschland” [Germany] by Fritz (1995:227). Emys lutaria taurica Mehnert 1890:537 Type locality: “Ufer des Dnjepr, einige Meilen von seiner Ausmündung” [Ukraine]. Emys europaea sparsa Dürigen 1897:14 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Ungarn” [Hungary] by Fritz (1992:67). Emys europaea punctata Dürigen 1897:15 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Mecklenburg” [Germany] by Fritz (1992:67). Emys europaea concolor Dürigen 1897:15 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Mark Brandenburg” [Germany] by Fritz (1992:67). Emys orbicularis aralensis Nikolsky 1915:24 Type locality: “Lac. Aral” [Kazakhstan]. Emys orbicularis luteofusca Fritz 1989:145 (09:17) Type locality: “See-Ebene westlich von Ereğli, Provinz Konya, Türkei” [Turkey]. Emys orbicularis colchica Fritz 1994:61 (09:17) Type locality: “Batumi (Batum)” [Georgia]. Emys orbicularis eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and Amthauer 1998 Eiselt’s Pond Turtle, Turkish Pond Turtle Testudo europaea Schneider 1783:323, Emys europaea, Terrapene europaea, Cistuda europaea, Cistudo europaea, Cistudo (Lutremys) europaea, Lutremys europaea Type locality: “meisten Ländern von Europa bis in Preussen” [Germany]. Restricted to “Frankfurt an der Oder” [Germany] by Fritz (1992:67). Testudo pulchella Schoepff 1801:113 (senior homonym, not = Emys pulchella sensu Schweigger 1812), Emys pulchella Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Mecklenburgisch-Pommersche Seenplatte” by Fritz (1992:67). Terrapene europea Bell 1825a:308 (nomen novum) Emys turfa † Meyer 1835:67 [Holocene, subfossil, Germany], Cistudo lutaria turfa Type locality: “Enkheim unweit Frankfurt” [Germany]. Clemmys schlotheimii † Fitzinger 1835:127 (30) (nomen nudum) [Pleistocene, Germany] Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Burgtonna” [Thuringia, Germany] by lectotype designation by Karl and Paust (2014:156). Trionyx schlotheimii † Fitzinger 1835:128 (30) (nomen nudum) [Pleistocene, Germany] Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Burgtonna” [Thuringia, Germany] by lectotype designation by Karl and Paust (2014:156). Emys fossilis † Nilsson 1841:206 (nomen nudum), Emys lutaria fossilis Emys lutaria borealis † Nilsson 1841:208 [Holocene, Boreal (Atlantic), subfossil, Sweden] Dinçer Ayaz / Samandağ Distr., Antakya, Turkey Syria, Turkey Emys orbicularis eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and Amthauer 1998b:113 Type locality: “14 km NE of Fevzipaşa (about 450 m above sea level), Vilayet Gaziantep” [Turkey]. 73 74 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Emys orbicularis galloitalica Fritz 1995 (10:14) Franco-Italian Pond Turtle Type locality: “Dalmatien und Cephallonia” [Croatia and Greece]. Emys europaea maculosa Dürigen 1897:15 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Dalmatien” [Croatia] by Fritz (1992:68). Emys orbicularis ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, Lamagni, Ortale, and Genta 2004 (10:14) Ligurian Pond Turtle Uwe Fritz / Plaine des Maures, France France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduction?]), Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric introduction]), Spain (Continental) Introduced: Spain (Balearic Islands) Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) capolongoi Fritz 1995:204 (10:14) , Emys orbicularis capolongoi Type locality: “Olbia (Sardinien)” [Italy]. Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) lanzai Fritz 1995:211 (10:14), Emys orbicularis lanzai Type locality: “Conca-Mündung bei Fontea, unweit Santa Lucia di Porto-Vecchio (Korsika)” [France]. Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) galloitalica Fritz 1995:217, Emys orbicularis galloitalica Type locality: “5 km östlich Collobrières, Département Var, Südfrankreich” [France]. Pino Piccardo / Albenga, Italy Italy (Continental) Emys orbicularis ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, Lamagni, Ortale, and Genta 2004:139, Emys (Emys) orbicularis ingauna Type locality: “Peagna (Comune di Ceriale), Provincia di Savona (Regione Liguria, Italia)” [Italy]. Emys orbicularis occidentalis Fritz 1993 (32) Western Pond Turtle, Spanish Pond Turtle, Magreb Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis hellenica Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833 (12:19, 14:25) Hellenic Pond Turtle Uwe Fritz / Ifrane, Morocco Uwe Fritz / Kefalinia, Greece / male Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia Emys hellenica Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:planches, pl.8 (14:25), Cistuda hellenica, Emys orbicularis hellenica Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “plaine de Nisi que baigne le Pamisus au coeur de la Messénie” [Peloponnes, Greece] by Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833:61). Emys iberica Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:planches, pl.9 (14:25) Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Morée, où l’embouchure de l’Eurotas en est remplie, ainsi que le principal ruisseau de l’île de Tine” [Greece] by Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833:61). Emys antiquorum Bory de Saint-Vincent 1835:Atlas, pl.9 [corrigenda] (14:25) (nomen novum et nomen nudum) Type locality: Not designated. Emys (Emys) hofmanni Fitzinger 1835:123 (12:19) (nomen novum), Emys orbicularis hoffmanni, Cistudo hoffmanni Emys orbicularis atra Werner 1897:15 Morocco, Portugal, Spain Emys orbicularis occidentalis Fritz 1993:136 (32) Type locality: “Lagune von Medhiya unweit Kenitra, Marokko” [Morocco]. Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993:132 (09:18) (32) Type locality: “Castellón de la Plana, Spanien” [Spain]. Emys orbicularis hispanica Fritz, Keller, and Budde 1996:132 (09:18) Type locality: “Doñana, Huelva” [Spain]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Emys orbicularis persica Eichwald 1831 (07:23, 07:24, 09:19) (33) Eastern Pond Turtle, Persian Pond Turtle James F. Parham / CRM 4 / Shahrbijar, Gilan Prov., Iran Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran (Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran), Russia (Dagestan), Turkmenistan Introduced: Iran (Alborz, Teheran) Emys europaea persica Eichwald 1831:196 (33), Emys europaea persicae, Emys orbicularis persica Type locality: “provincia Masanderan” [Mazandaran Province, Caspian Sea, Iran]. Emys europaea iberica Eichwald 1831:196 (09:19) (33), Emys europaea ibericae, Emys orbicularis iberica Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “in Iberiae convallibus paludosis et fluviis, Cyrum amnem petentibus” [in marshy Iberian valleys and rivers, Kura River creeks] [Georgia and Azerbaijan] by Eichwald (1840:47). Emys orbicularis orientalis Fritz 1994:72 Type locality: “Bandar-e-Anzali (Enzeli), Prov. Gilan, Iran.” Emys orbicularis kurae Fritz 1994:78 (09:19) Type locality: “Bank (Bank Promisl) an der Kura-Mündung, Aserbaidshan” [Azerbaijan]. Italy (Sicily) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (2009) Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, Joger, and Wink 2005a:364 Type locality: “Lago Gian Fenaro, below the pass of Pizzo Laminaria approximately 1400 m above sea level, Monte Nebrodi, Sicily” [Italy]. Emended to “Laghetto Gianferraro...14.497241 E, 37.951625 N; Elevation: 1007 m a.s.l.” by Marrone et al. (2016:60). Emys Duméril 1805 or Actinemys Agassiz 1857a (07:22, 09:16, 10:12, 11:7, 14:24) (35) Actinemys Agassiz 1857a:252,444 Type species: Actinemys marmorata [= Emys marmorata Baird and Girard 1852], by original designation. Emys marmorata (Baird and Girard 1852) (07:22, 10:15) (35) or Actinemys marmorata Northern Pacific Pond Turtle, Northern Western Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis ssp. indet. (14:26) Testudo purgotii † Ceselli 1846:24 (nomen oblitum) [Late Pleistocene, Italy] Type locality: “Viterbo...Viterbesi...acque Caje” [Italy]. Emys maior † Portis 1890:16 (14:26) (nomen dubium) [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Villafranchian, Italy] Type locality: “Poderaccio sotto Persignano nella Valle Superiore dell’Arno” [Italy]. Emys latens † Portis 1890:16 (14:26) (nomen dubium) [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Villafranchian, Italy] Type locality: “Colombajolo presso S. Giovanni” [Italy]. David J. Germano / CBFTT / Fresno, San Joaquin Valley, California Emys tigris Salvator 1897:280 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Mercadal, Insel Menorca” [Balearic Islands, Spain]. Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, Joger, and Wink 2005 (34) Sicilian Pond Turtle Melita Vamberger / Laghetto Gorgo, Sicily, Italy Canada (?) (British Columbia), USA (California, Nevada, 75 76 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Oregon, Washington) Introduced: Australia (New South Wales) CBFTT Account: Bury and Germano (2008) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Emys marmorata Baird and Girard 1852:177, Actinemys marmorata, Clemmys marmorata, Geoclemmys marmorata, Chelopus marmoratus, Melanemys marmorata, Clemmys marmorata marmorata, Actinemys marmorata marmorata, Emys marmorata, Emys marmorata marmorata marmorata pallida, Emys marmorata pallida, Emys pallida, Actinemys pallida Type locality: “Lower Coyote Creek, near Alamitos, Orange County, California” [USA]. Emys Duméril 1805 or Emydoidea Gray 1870c (07:21, 09:16, 10:12, 11:7, 14:24) (36) Emydoidea Gray 1870c:19 Type species: Emydoidea blandingii [= Cistuda blandingii Holbrook 1838b], by original monotypy. Neoemys Lindholm 1929:282 (nomen novum) Type locality: “Puget Sound” [Washington, USA]. Emys nigra Hallowell 1854:91 (senior homonym, not = Emys nigra Blyth 1856) Type locality: “Posa Creek, Lower California” [Kern County, California, USA]. Emys blandingii (Holbrook 1838b) (36) or Emydoidea blandingii Blanding’s Turtle Clemmys wosnessenskyi Strauch 1862:114, Geoclemmys wosnessenskyi Type locality: “Rio Sacramento in Californien” [USA]. Clemmys hesperia † Hay 1903:238 [Pliocene, USA (Oregon)] Type locality: “Rattlesnake beds, Rattlesnake Creek, Oregon” [USA]. Emys pallida (Seeliger 1945) (07:22, 10:15) (35) or Actinemys pallida Southern Pacific Pond Turtle, Southern Western Pond Turtle Janet Hostetter / CBFTT / Weaver Dunes, Minnesota Robert H. Goodman, Jr. / Camp Pendleton, San Diego Co., California Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec), USA (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin) CBFTT Account: Congdon, Graham, Herman, Lang, Pappas, and Brecke (2008) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2cde+4ce (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II Testudo flava Lacepède 1788:135, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1963) Type locality: “Amérique..[&]..l’isle de l’Ascension.” Restricted to “Amerika” by Wermuth (1956:407). Testudo flava Bonnaterre 1789:26 (nomen oblitum) Mexico (Baja California), USA (California) CBFTT Account: Bury and Germano (2008) [as part of A. marmorata] IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (1996), as part of A. marmorata TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011), as part of A. marmorata Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger 1945:158, Actinemys Type locality: “Amérique, l’ile de l’Ascension.” Testudo meleagris Shaw 1793:147 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1963), Lutremys meleagris, Emys meleagris Type locality: “America” [USA]. Cistuda blandingii Holbrook 1838b:35 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963), Cistudo blandingii, Emys blandingii, Emydoidea blandingii, Neoemys blandingii Type locality: “Fox river, a tributary of the Illinois” [Illinois, USA]. Emys twentei † Taylor 1943:250 [Pleistocene, USA (Kansas)] Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “north side of the Cimarron river, 13 miles southwest of Meade, Meade County, Kansas (Loc. No. 7, XI Ranch)” [USA]. Glyptemys muhlenbergii (Schoepff 1801) Bog Turtle Glyptemys Agassiz 1857a (07:21) Calemys Agassiz 1857a:252,443 Type species: Calemys muhlenbergii [= Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801], by original designation. Glyptemys Agassiz 1857a:252,443 Type species: Glyptemys inculpta [= Testudo insculpta Le Conte 1830], by original designation. Glyptemys insculpta (Le Conte 1830) Wood Turtle Brian Zarate / TCC / Sussex Co., New Jersey Anders G.J. Rhodin / Lunenburg, Worcester Co., Massachusettts Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec), USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2cd+4c (2013); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) CITES: Appendix II Emys pulchella sensu Schweigger 1812:303 (junior homonym, not = Testudo pulchella Schoepff 1801 [= Emys pulchella]), Geoclemys pulchella, Glyptemys pulchella Testudo insculpta Le Conte 1830:112, Clemmys (Clemmys) insculpta, Clemmys insculpta, Emys insculpta, Glyptemys insculpta, Chelopus insculptus, Calemys insculpta Type locality: “the northern states” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of New York City” [New York, USA] by Schmidt (1953:92). Emys speciosa Gray 1830e:10 (10:7) Type locality: “North America?” Restricted to “America Boreali, New Jersey” [USA] by Gray (1831d:26). Emys inscripta Gray 1831d:26 (nomen novum) Emys speciosa levigata Gray 1831d:26 Type locality: “America Boreali, New Jersey” [USA]. USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2cd+4ce (2013); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801:132, Emys muhlenbergii, Emys mühlenbergii, Chersine muhlenbergii, Terrapene muhlenbergii, Clemmys (Clemmys) muhlenbergii, Clemmys muhlenbergii, Geoclemys muhlenbergii, Calemys mühlenbergii, Calemys muhlenbergii, Geoclemmys muhlenbergii, Chelopus muhlenbergii, Melanemys muhlenbergii, Glyptemys muhlenbergii Type locality: “Pensylvaniae rivulis” [USA]. Restricted to “Lancaster, Pennsylvania” [USA] by Stejneger and Barbour (1917:114). Emys biguttata Say 1825:212 (10:16) Type locality: “United States.” Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:92). Emys bipunctata Say in Gray 1830e:10 (nomen novum) Emys fusca LeSueur in Gray 1831d:25 (nomen nudum) Clemmys nuchalis Dunn 1917:624 Type locality: “side of Yonahlossee Road, about 3 miles from Linville, North Carolina...altitude, 4200 feet” [USA]. Terrapene Merrem 1820 (14:27) Didicla Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen nudum) Terrapene Merrem 1820:27 Type species: Terrapene clausa [= Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789 = subjective synonym of Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Bell (1828c:514). Cistuda Fleming 1822:270 Type species: “Box tortoise”, by original designation. Didicla Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Didicla clausa [= Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789 = 77 78 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 subjective synonym of Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758], by original designation. Cistudo Duméril and Bibron 1835:207 (nomen novum) (10:17) Pyxidemys Fitzinger 1835:123 Type species: Pyxidemys clausa [= Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789 = subjective synonym of Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2bcde+4bcde (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus 1758) (11:8, 14:27) (37, 38) Eastern Box Turtle, Woodland Box Turtle Emyoides Gray 1844:27 Type species: Emys (Emyoides) kinosternoides [= Emys kinosternoides Gray 1830e = subjective synonym of Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758], by original monotypy. Onychotria Gray 1849:17 Type species: Cistudo (Onychotria) mexicana Gray 1849, by original monotypy. Pariemys Cope 1895:757 Type species: Pariemys bauri [= Terrapene bauri Taylor 1895], by original monotypy. Toxaspis Cope 1895:757 Type species: Toxaspis major [= Cistudo major Agassiz 1857a], by original monotypy. Cistudos Herrera 1901:36 (nomen novum et suppressum, ICZN 1922) Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus 1758) (11:8, 14:27) (37) Eastern Box Turtle, Common Box Turtle Peter Paul van Dijk / CBFTT / Colesville, Montgomery Co., Maryland Canada (Ontario [extirpated]), USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia) Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym, not = Testudo carolina Le Conte 1830), Terrapene carolina, Testudo carolinina, Terrapene carolinensis, Emys (Cistuda) carolinae, Terrapene carolinae, Cistuda carolina, Cistudo carolina, Cistudo carolinensis, Terrapene carolina carolina Type locality: “Carolina” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:93). Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758:198, Terrapene carinata, Cistudo carinata Type locality: “Calidis regionibus.” Restricted to “vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:93). Testudo brevicaudata Lacepède 1788:169, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a), Testudo brevicauda Type locality: “Caroline” [USA]. Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre 1789:29 Type locality: “Philadelphie...L’Amérique septentrionale” [Pennsylvania, USA]. Testudo incarceratostriata Bonnaterre 1789:29 Type locality: “L’Amérique septentrionale.” Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:93). Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789:1042, Emydes clausa, Emys clausa, Didicla clausa, Terrapene clausa, Cistudo clausa, Cinosternon clausum, Emys (Pyxidemys) clausa, Pyxidemys clausa, Cinosternum clausum (subspecies: carolina = red, bauri = purple, major = blue, mexicana = pink, triunguis = brown, yucatana = green; overlap = intergrades, red dots = extirpated) Canada (Ontario [extirpated]), Mexico (Campeche, Nuevo León, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) CBFTT Account: Kiester and Willey (2015) Type locality: “America septentrionali.” Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Testudo virgulata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:100, Emys virgulata, Terrapene virgulata Type locality: “les grands bois de la Caroline” [USA]. Restricted to “Charleston, South Carolina” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Emys schneideri Schweigger 1812:317, Emys (Pyxidemys) schneideri Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Monoclida kentukensis Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1984) Type locality: “United States...Kentucky.” Didicla erythrops Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen nudum) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “United States.” Terrapene maculata Bell 1825a:309, Terrapene carolina maculata Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Terrapene nebulosa Bell 1825a:310, Terrapene carolina nebulosa 79 (Florida)] Type locality: “Two miles west of Melbourne, Brevard County, Fla.” [Florida, USA]. Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz 1857a) (11:8, 14:27) (37) Gulf Coast Box Turtle Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Testudo irregulata Daudin in Gray 1830e:7 (10:7) (nomen nudum) Emys (Cistuda) carolinae fusca Gray 1830e:7 (10:7), Emys carolinae fusca, Cistuda carolinae fusca Type locality: “North America.” Emys kinosternoides Gray 1830e:12 (10:7), Emys (Emyoides) kinosternoides, Terrapene kinosternoides Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Philadelphia” [Pennsylvania, USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Emys cinosternoides Duméril and Bibron 1835:303 (nomen novum), Cistudo carolina cinosternoides, Cistudo cinosternoides, Terrapene cinosternoides Cistudo pickeringi Duméril 1855:199 (nomen nudum) Cistudo virginea Agassiz 1857a:260,445 Type locality: “New England, and westward as far as Michigan, and southward as far as the Carolinas” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Cistudo eurypygia † Cope 1870b:124 [Pleistocene, USA (Maryland)], Terrapene eurypygia Type locality: “Oxford Neck in Talbot Co., Maryland” [USA]. Toxaspis anguillulatus † Cope 1899:196 [Pleistocene, USA (Pennsylvania)], Terrapene anguillulatus Type locality: “Port Kennedy, Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania” [USA]. Testudo munda † Hay 1920:86 [Pleistocene, USA (Tennessee)] Type locality: “Whitesburg, Hamblen County, Tennessee” [USA]. Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor 1895 (11:8, 14:27) (37) or Terrapene bauri Florida Box Turtle Richard D. Bartlett / CRM 3 / Liberty Co., Florida USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas) Cistudo major Agassiz 1857a:445, Cistudo carolina major, Terrapene major, Toxaspis major, Terrapene carolina major Type locality: “Mobile..[&]..Florida. Restricted to “Mobile” [Alabama, USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Cistudo marnochii † Cope 1878:229 [Pliocene–Pleistocene, USA (Texas)], Terrapene marnochii Type locality: “South-western Texas” [USA]. Restricted to “the Equus beds of Atascosa County, Texas” [USA] by Hay (1908b:362). Terrapene putnami † Hay 1906:30 (11:8, 14:28) [Pliocene? to Late Pleistocene?, USA (Florida)], Terrapene carolina putnami Type locality: “Alifia River, Florida, about a mile from its mouth... into Tampa Bay” [USA]. Terrapene canaliculata † Hay 1907:850 [Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, USA (Georgia)] Type locality: “Whitemarsh Island or Skedaway Island, Georgia... southeast of Savannah” [USA]. Terrapene formosa † Hay 1916a:57 [Late Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Type locality: “Ocala, Florida” [USA]. Terrapene antipex † Hay 1916a:58 [Late Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Type locality: “Vero, St. Lucie County, Florida” [USA]. Terrapene carolina mexicana (Gray 1849) (07:25, 14:27) (37) or Terrapene mexicana mexicana or Terrapene mexicana Mexican Box Turtle Michael T. Jones / CBFTT / peninsular Florida USA (Florida) Terrapene bauri Taylor 1895:576, Pariemys bauri, Cistudo bauri, Terrapene carolina bauri Type locality: “Florida” [USA]. Restricted to “Orlando, Florida” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Terrapene innoxia † Hay 1916a:61 [Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Type locality: “Vero, St. Lucie County, Florida” [USA]. Trachemys nuchocarinata † Hay 1916a:70 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, uSa (Florida)] Type locality: “Florida Coast Line Canal, 20 miles north of St. Augustine” [Florida, USA]. Terrapene singletoni † Gilmore 1927:1 [Pleistocene, USA Collette Adams / CBFTT / Mexico Mexico (Nuevo León, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Cistudo (Onychotria) mexicana Gray 1849:17, Onychotria mexicana, Cistudo mexicana, Cistudo carolina mexicana, 80 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelopus mexicanus, Terrapene mexicana, Terrapene mexicana mexicana, Terrapene carolina mexicana Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “Tampico, Tamaulipas” [Mexico] by Müller (1936:112). Terrapene goldmani Stejneger 1933:119 Type locality: “Chijol or Chijoles, southeastern corner of San Louis Potosi, Mexico.” Terrapene carolina triunguis (Agassiz 1857a) (11:8, 14:27) (37) or Terrapene mexicana triunguis or Terrapene triunguis Three-toed Box Turtle Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) Cistudo yucatana Boulenger 1895b:330, Terrapene yucatana, Terrapene mexicana yucatana, Terrapene carolina yucatana Type locality: “Mexico...North Yucatan.” Restricted to “Chichen Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:351, 1950b:35). Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944 (14:27) Coahuilan Box Turtle Jennifer G. Howeth / CBFTT / TCC / Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico Michael T. Jones / CBFTT / Missouri USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) Cistudo triunguis Agassiz 1857a:279,445, Cistudo carolina triunguis, Terrapene triunguis, Onychotria triunguis, Terrapene carolina triunguis, Terrapene mexicana triunguis Type locality: “Louisiana...Mississippi...New Orleans...Osage River...Georgia” [USA]. Restricted to “New Orleans, Louisiana” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:94). Terrapene whitneyi † Hay 1916b:8 [Pleistocene, USA (Texas)] Type locality: “Austin, Texas” [USA]. Terrapene bulverda † Hay 1920:133 [Pleistocene, USA (Texas)] Type locality: “near Bulverde, Bexar County, Texas” [USA]. Terrapene impressa † Hay 1924:245 [Pleistocene, USA (Texas)] Type locality: “Munson’s Shoals, 2 or 3 miles below Pittbridge... Texas” [USA]. Terrapene llanensis † Oelrich 1953:35 [Late Pleistocene, Sangamonian, USA (Kansas)] Type locality: “tributary of Shorts Creek...Lone Tree Arroyo, Meade County, Kansas” [USA]. Mexico (Coahuila) CBFTT Account: Howeth and Brown (2011) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2c+4c, B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2b(i,ii, iii,iv,v) (2007); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944:101, Terrapene ornata coahuila, Terrapene coahuilae Type locality: “Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila” [Mexico]. Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925 (14:27) Spotted Box Turtle Terrapene carolina yucatana (Boulenger 1895b) (07:25, 14:27) (37) or Terrapene mexicana yucatana or Terrapene yucatana Yucatan Box Turtle (subspecies: nelsoni = red, klauberi = purple) Michael T. Jones / CBFTT / Yucatán, Mexico Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora) CBFTT Account: Buskirk and Ponce-Campos (2011) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Terrapene nelsoni nelsoni Stejneger 1925 Southern Spotted Box Turtle 81 Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2013); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Terrapene ornata ornata (Agassiz 1857a) (12:20, 14:27) Ornate Box Turtle, Western Box Turtle John B. Iverson / CBFTT / Nayarit, Mexico Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925:463, Terrapene nelsoni nelsoni Type locality: “Pedro Pablo, Tepic, Mexico; 2500 feet altitude.” Jeffrey E. Dawson / Barton Co., Kansas Terrapene nelsoni klauberi Bogert 1943 Northern Spotted Box Turtle USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Cistudo ornata Agassiz 1857a:392,445, Terrapene ornata, Terrapene ornata ornata, Terrapene carolina ornata Type locality: “Upper Missouri...and...Iowa” [USA]. Restricted to “Council Bluffs, Pottawatomie County, Iowa, USA” [in error] by Smith and Taylor (1950a:358, 1950b:36); and to “junction of the Platte and Missouri River” [Nebraska, USA] [in error] by Schmidt (1953:95); and corrected to “Burlington, Des Moines County, Iowa” [USA] by lectotype designation by Smith and Smith (1980:587). Terrapene ornata cimarronensis Cragin 1894:37 Type locality: “Red beds country of the Cimarron Basin” [Kansas, USA]. Matt Cage / CBFTT / nr. Yecora, Sonora, Mexico Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora) Terrapene klauberi Bogert 1943:2, Terrapene nelsoni klauberi Type locality: “Rancho Guirocoba, approximately eighteen miles southeast of Alamos, Sonora, Mexico.” Terrapene longinsulae † Hay 1908c:166 (12:20) [Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene to possibly Pleistocene, USA (Kansas)], Terrapene ornata longinsulae Type locality: “Long Island, Phillips County, Kansas” [USA]. Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952 (14:27) Desert Box Turtle Terrapene ornata (Agassiz 1857a) (12:20, 14:27) Ornate Box Turtle, Western Box Turtle Peter Paul van Dijk / Portal, Arizona Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora), USA (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas) Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952:45 Type locality: “17 miles south of Van Horn, Culberson County, Texas” [USA]. (subspecies: ornata = red, luteola = purple; overlap = intergrades) 82 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 plaTysTeRnidae Gray 1869a (07:26) Platysternidae Gray 1869a:208 Platysternon megacephalum peguense Gray 1870c (39) Burmese Big-headed Turtle Platysternon Gray 1831c Platysternon Gray 1831c:106 Type species: Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831c, by original monotypy. Platysternum Agassiz 1846:297 (nomen novum) Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831c (39) Big-headed Turtle Peter Paul van Dijk / CRM 2 / TCF / CCB / Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Prov., Thailand Cambodia, China (Hainan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Platysternon peguense Gray 1870c:70, Platysternon megacephalum peguense Type locality: “Pegu” [Myanmar]. Platysternon megacephalum vogeli Wermuth 1969:374 Type locality: “Provinz Chiang Mai, Nordwest-Thailand” Platysternon megacephalum tristernalis Schleich and Gruber 1984:68 (39) Type locality: “zwischen Mung Lun und Simao, Ostufer des Mekongflusses, südliches Yünnan (VR China).” [Menglun, Lancang Jiang, Yunnan]. (subspecies: megacephalum = red, peguense = purple, shiui = blue; overlap = intergrades; orange dots = probable trade or introduced) Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejian), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I, as Platysternidae spp. Platysternon megacephalum shiui Ernst and McCord 1987 (39) Vietnamese Big-headed Turtle Platysternon megacephalum megacephalum Gray 1831c (07:27) (39) Chinese Big-headed Turtle Torsten Blanck / Vietnam [captivity] China (?) (Guangxi, Hainan), Vietnam Platysternon megacephalum shiui Ernst and McCord 1987:626 Type locality: “vicinity of Langson, Langson Province, Vietnam (26°50' N, 106°45' E).” GPS coordinates in error, corrected here to 21°50' N, 106°45' E. Yik-Hei Sung / Hong Kong, China China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejian), Vietnam Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831c:107, Emys megacephala, Platysternon megacephalus, Platysternon megacephalum megacephalum Type locality: “Chinâ.” Restricted to “S. China” by Boulenger (1889:48). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 geoeMydidae Theobald 1868a (07:29, 09:20, 12:21) Geoemydidae Theobald 1868a:vi Batagurina Gray 1869a:185 Bataguridae Gray 1870c:17 Batagur affinis (Cantor 1847) (08:9) Southern River Terrapin geoeMydinae Theobald 1868a (12:21) Geoemydidae Theobald 1868a:vi Batagurina Gray 1869a:185 Bataguridae Gray 1870c:17 Batagur Gray 1856b (07:30, 08:9) Trionyx (Tetraonyx) Gray 1830e:19 (10:7) (junior homonym, not = Tetraonyx Latreille 1809 [= Coleoptera]) Type species: Trionyx (Tetraonyx) cuvieri Gray 1830e [= subjective synonym of Emys baska Gray 1830d], by original monotypy. Tetronyx Lesson 1832:pl.7 (nomen novum et oblitum) Type species: Tetronyx longicollis [= Tetraonyx longicollis Lesson 1831b = subjective synonym of Emys baska Gray 1830d], by original monotypy. Batagur Gray 1856b:35 Type species: Batagur baska [= Emys baska Gray 1830d], by subsequent designation by Smith (1931:134). Batagur (Kachuga) Gray 1856b:35 Type species: Batagur (Kachuga) lineata [= Emys kachuga Gray 1831a], by tautonymy. Not Kachuga trilineata Gray 1869a [= subjective synonym of Emys trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835], by subsequent erroneous designation by Smith (1931:124). Kachuga (Batagurella) Gray 1869a:200 Type species: Kachuga (Batagurella) peguensis Gray 1869a [= subjective synonym of Emys trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835], by original monotypy. Dongoka Gray 1869a:202 Type species: Dongoka hardwickii [= Kachuga (Dongoka) hardwickii Gray 1869a = subjective synonym of Emys dhongoka Gray 1832b], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:278). (subspecies: affinis = red, edwardmolli = purple) Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular), Singapore (extirpated, reintroduced), Thailand, Vietnam (extirpated) CBFTT Account: Moll, Platt, Chan, Horne, Platt, Praschag, Chen, and van Dijk (2015) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bcd+4bcd (2016); Previously: Critically Endangered, as part of Batagur baska (2000). CITES: Appendix I Batagur affinis affinis (Cantor 1847) (08:9, 09:21) Western Malay River Terrapin Dhongoka Gray 1870c:57 (nomen novum) Type species: Dhongoka hardwickii [= Kachuga (Dongoka) hardwickii Gray 1869a = subjective synonym of Emys dhongoka Gray 1832b], by subsequent monotypy. Callagur Gray 1870c:53 Type species: Callagur picta [= Batagur picta Gray 1862b = subjective synonym of Emys borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845], by original monotypy. Cantorella Gray 1870c:58 Type species: Cantorella affinis [= Tetraonyx affinis Cantor 1847], by original monotypy. Dhougoka Gray 1873j:52 (nomen novum) Cachuga Lydekker 1889:123 (nomen novum) Edward O. Moll / CBFTT / Perak R., Malaysia / female Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular), Singapore (extirpated, reintroduced), Thailand Tetraonyx affinis Cantor 1847:6, Batagur affinis, Kachuga affinis, Kachuga (Dongoka) affinis, Cantorella affinis, Batagur affinis affinis Type locality: “sea off Pinang…along the sea-shore of Pinang..[&].. estuaries and rivers on the Peninsula” [Malaysia]. Batagur siebenrocki † Jaekel 1911:76 [Pleistocene, Pithecanthropus Trinil Beds, Indonesia (Java)] Type locality: “Pithecanthropus-schichten...Java...Trinil” [Indonesia]. 83 84 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Batagur affinis edwardmolli Praschag, Holloway, Georges, Päckert, Hundsdörfer, and Fritz 2009 (09:21) Eastern Malay River Terrapin baska, Tetronyx baska, Batagur (Batagur) baska, Batagur baska, Tetraonyx baska, Batagur baska baska Type locality: “India.” Emys batagur Gray 1830e:9 (10:7), Clemmys (Clemmys) batagur, Tetraonyx batagur, Batagur batagur, Batagur batagur batagur Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “India” by Gray (1831d:24). Trionyx (Tetraonyx) cuvieri Gray 1830e:19 (10:7), Trionyx cuvierii Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “l’Irrawady, fleuve du royaume de Pégu” [Myanmar] by Temminck and Schlegel (1834:43). Tetraonyx longicollis Lesson 1831b:297, Clemmys longicollis, Tetronyx longicollis Type locality: “le fleuve de l’Irravaddy au Pégou” [Myanmar]. Eng Heng Chan / CBFTT / TCC / Setiu R., Terengganu, Malaysia / male in breeding color Cambodia, Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand (extirpated), Vietnam (extirpated) Batagur affinis edwardmolli Praschag, Holloway, Georges, Päckert, Hundsdörfer, and Fritz 2009a:64 (09:21) Type locality: “Sre Ambel River system, Koh Kong Province, Cambodia.” Batagur baska (Gray 1830d) (07:31, 08:9) Northern River Terrapin Peter Praschag / Satkhira Distr., Sundarbans Bangladesh / male in breeding color Bangladesh, India (Odisha, West Bengal), Myanmar, Thailand (extirpated?) CBFTT Account: Moll, Platt, Platt, Praschag, and van Dijk (2009) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1cd (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I Emys baska Gray 1830d:pl.75, Testudo baska, Emys batagur Emys tetraonyx Temminck and Schlegel 1834:43 (10:18) (nomen novum) Tetraonyx lessonii Duméril and Bibron 1835:338 (nomen novum), Hydraspis (Tetronyx) lessonii Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979:181 (07:31), Batagur ranongensis, Batagur batagur ranongensis Type locality: “mouth of rivers in Ranong Province” [Thailand]. Batagur borneoensis (Schlegel and Müller 1845) (07:30) Painted Terrapin Douglas B. Hendrie / TCC / Perak, Malaysia / male in breeding color Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Thailand IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1bcd (2000); Previously: Critically Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Emys borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845:30, Clemmys borneoensis, Callagur borneoensis, Batagur borneoensis Type locality: “Borneo” [East Malaysia or Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Batagur picta Gray 1862b:204, Callagur picta, Tetraonyx pictus, Callagur pictus Type locality: “Borneo, Sarawak” [East Malaysia]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Clemmys grayi Strauch 1865:88 (nomen novum) Kachuga major Gray 1873c:300 Type locality: “India?” Emended to “India” by Gray (1873j:51). Batagur kachuga (Gray 1831a) (07:30) Red-crowned Roofed Turtle Kachuga brookei Bartlett 1895a:29 Type locality: “Borneo” [East Malaysia or Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Batagur dhongoka (Gray 1832b) (07:30) Three-striped Roofed Turtle Saurav Gawan / Chambal R., Uttar Pradesh, India / male in breeding color Indraneil Das / Bihar, India (orange dot = trade) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Emys dhongoka Gray 1832b:pl.60, Batagur (Kachuga) dhongoka, Batagur dhongoka, Clemmys dhongoka, Kachuga dhongoka Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “N. India” by Smith (1931:130). Emys duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:334, Batagur duvaucelii Type locality: “Bengale” [Bangladesh or India]. Kachuga (Dongoka) hardwickii Gray 1869a:202, Kachuga hardwickii, Dhongoka hardwickii, Dhougoka hardwickii Type locality: “Nepal.” Batagur durandi † Lydekker 1885:192 [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)] Type locality: “Siwalik Hills” [Punjab, India]. Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1cd (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Emys lineata Gray 1830e:9 (10:7) (nomen oblitum), Clemmys (Clemmys) lineata, Batagur (Kachuga) lineata, Batagur lineatus, Kachuga lineata Type locality: “India.” Emys kachuga Gray 1831a:pl.74, Batagur kachuga, Kachuga kachuga Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “N. India” by Smith (1931:131). Batagur ellioti Gray 1862b:264, Batagur elliotti, Clemmys ellioti Type locality: “Southern India, River Kistna” [Krishna River, Andhra Pradesh, India] [in error]. Kachuga fusca Gray 1870c:56 (partim) Type locality: “India.” Batagur bakeri † Lydekker 1885:190 [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)] Type locality: “Siwalik Hills” [Punjab, India]. 85 86 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Batagur trivittata (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (07:30) Burmese Roofed Turtle trifasciatus Bell 1825a], by original monotypy. Cuora amboinensis (Riche in Daudin 1801) (12:23) (41) Southeast Asian Box Turtle Rick Hudson / CRM 5 / TCC / Myanmar [Yadanabon Zoo, Mandalay] / male in breeding color (subspecies: amboinensis = red, couro = purple, kamaroma = orange, lineata = pink, overlap = intergrades (Palawan); orange dot = introduced or trade) Myanmar IUCN Red List: Endangered A1c (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Emys trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835:331, Batagur trivittata, Kachuga trivittata Type locality: “Bengale.” [India or Bangladesh] Kachuga (Batagurella) peguensis Gray 1869a:200, Kachuga peguensis Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Myanmar, Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar, Sulu Archipelago), Thailand, Timor-Leste (?), Vietnam CBFTT Account: Schoppe and Das (2011) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora amboinensis amboinensis (Riche in Daudin 1801) (12:23) East Indian Box Turtle Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Pegu” [Myanmar] by Gray (1873j:50). Kachuga trilineata Gray 1869a:200, Kachuga (Kachuga) trilineata Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Pegu” [Myanmar] by Boulenger (1889:56). Kachuga fusca Gray 1870c:56 (partim) Type locality: “India.” Batagur iravadica Anderson 1879:736, Batagur iravadicus, Clemmys iravadica Type locality: “Pegu..[&]..Bhamô in Upper Burma..[&].. throughout the Irawady” [Myanmar]. Cuora Gray 1856a (07:32, 12:22) (40) Cuora Gray 1856a:198 Type species: Cuora amboinensis [= Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801], by subsequent designation by Stejneger (1907:503). Cistoclemmys Gray 1863e:175 Type species: Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863e, by original monotypy. Pyxidea Gray 1863e:175 Type species: Pyxidea mouhotii [= Cyclemys mouhotii Gray 1862a], by original monotypy. Cuora (Pyxiclemmys) Gray 1863e:176 Type species: Cuora (Pyxiclemmys) trifasciata [= Sternothaerus Sabine Schoppe / CBFTT / Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi), Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar) Testudo melanocephala Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801:128 (nomen oblitum), Emys melanocephala, Clemmys (Clemmys) melanocephala Type locality: “une des îles Moluques ou Philippines” [Moluccas, Indonesia, or Philippines]. Restricted to “Moluccas” [Indonesia] by Fritz and Havaš (2007:214). Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801:309, Emys amboinensis, Terrapene amboinensis, Kinosternon amboinense, Cistuda amboinensis, Cuora amboinensis, Cistudo Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 amboinensis, Cyclemys amboinensis, Cuora amboinensis amboinensis Type locality: “Amboine” [Ambon, Moluccas, Indonesia]. Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord and Philippen 1998 Burmese Box Turtle Emys melanogaster Bleeker in Gray 1864a:12 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Batchian and Boero” [Bacan and Buru, Moluccas, Indonesia]. Restricted to “Borneo” [in error] by Gray (1873j:21). Emys hypselonotus Bleeker in Gray 1864a:12 (nomen nudum), Emys hypsilonotus Type locality: “Batchian and Boero” [Bacan and Buru, Moluccas, Indonesia]. Restricted to “Borneo” [in error] by Gray (1873j:22). Emys gastrotaenia Bleeker in Gray 1873j:21 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Borneo.” Locality likely in error, probably “Batchian and Boero” [Bacan and Buru, Moluccas, Indonesia]. Cuora amboinensis couro (Lechenault in Schweigger 1812) Indonesian Box Turtle Hans-Dieter Philippen / CBFTT / Myanmar Myanmar Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord and Philippen 1998:54 Type locality: “Myitkyina, Kachin Province, Myanmar (Burma).” Cuora aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988 (12:22) (42) Yellow-headed Box Turtle Torsten Blanck / nr. Jakarta, Java, Indonesia Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sundas, Sumatra, Timor), Timor-Leste (?) Emys couro Lechenault in Schweigger 1812:315, Terrapene couro, Cuora amboinensis couro Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia]. Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826:485 Type locality: “Americâ septentrionali” [in error]. Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana Gray 1830e:7 (10:7), Cistuda amboinensis leveriana Type locality: “Java and Penang” [Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia]. Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler and Fritz 1991 (12:23) Malayan Box Turtle (subspecies: aurocapitata = red, dabieshani = purple; orange dots = probable trade) China (Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Zhejiang) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora aurocapitata aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988 (12:22) (42) Eastern Yellow-headed Box Turtle Indraneil Das / Malaysia (East) [Borneo] Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Laos, Myanmar (?), Philippines (Palawan [?], Sulu Archipelago [?]), Thailand, Vietnam Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler and Fritz 1991:39 Type locality: “circa 50 km nördlich von Bangkok, Thailand.” Torsten Blanck / Jing County, Anhui, China China (Anhui, Zhejiang) Cuora aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988:13, Cuora pani aurocapitata, Pyxiclemmys aurocapitata, Pyxiclemmys pani aurocapitata, Cuora aurocapitata aurocapitata Type locality: “Nanling County, Anhui” [China]. 87 88 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Cuora aurocapitata dabieshani Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, and Tiedemann 2017 (42) Western Yellow-headed Box Turtle Cuora cyclornata Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006a:133 (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) (40, 42) Vietnamese Three-striped Box Turtle Torsten Blanck / Anhui, China [captivity] China (Anhui, Henan, Hubei) Cuora aurocapitata dabieshani Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, and Tiedemann 2017:16 Type locality: “Anhui province, China.” Cuora bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994 (07:35, 09:22, 12:22) Bourret’s Box Turtle (subspecies: cyclornata = red, annamitica = purple, meieri = orange; orange dot = trade) China (Guangxi), Laos, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) (as part of Cuora trifasciata); Previously: Endangered (1996) (as part of C. trifasciata) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2016) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora cyclornata cyclornata Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006a:133 (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) (40, 42) Southern Vietnamese Three-striped Box Turtle Torsten Blanck / TCC / Vietnam Torsten Blanck / Vietnam [captivity] Laos, Vietnam Cuora cyclornata cyclornata Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006a:133 (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) Type locality: “Phong Nha Ke Bang Nat. Res., Quang Binh Province, central Vietnam.” Laos, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bd+4bd (2016); Previously: Critically Endangered, as part of Cuora galbinifrons (2000) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992b:434 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Cuora galbinifrons bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994:135, Cistoclemmys galbinifrons bourreti, Cuora bourreti, Cistoclemmys bourreti Cuora cyclornata annamitica Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, and Tiedemann 2017 (42) Central Vietnamese Three-striped Box Turtle Type locality: “Linh-Cam (heute Ha-Tinh), in Mittel-Vietnam”. Emended to “Bach Ma, Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam” by Fritz et al. (2002:71). Torsten Blanck / Vietnam [captivity] Laos (?), Vietnam Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Cuora cyclornata annamitica Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, and Tiedemann 2017:12 Type locality: “Vietnam, Nghe An Province, Tan Ky district, near Ky Son Village.” Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata (Gray 1863e) Yellow-margined Box Turtle Cuora cyclornata meieri Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006a:142 (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) (40, 42) Northern Vietnamese Three-striped Box Turtle Tien-Hsi Chen / CBFTT / Nantou, Taiwan Torsten Blanck / Vietnam [captivity] China (Guangxi), Vietnam Cuora cyclornata meieri Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006a:142 (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) Type locality: “Tam Dao, Provinz Vinh Phuc, Nord-Vietnam.” Cuora flavomarginata (Gray 1863e) (08:21, 11:9, 12:22) (43) Yellow-margined Box Turtle China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Taiwan Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863e:175, Cuora flavomarginata, Terrapene flavomarginata, Cyclemys flavomarginata, Cyclemys flavomarginata flavomarginata, Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata, Geoemyda flavomarginata, Cistoclemmys flavomarginatus, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata flavomarginata Type locality: “China; Formosa...district of Tamsuy, N.W. Formosa” [Taiwan]. Restricted to “Tamsui, Formosa” [Taiwan] by Stejneger (1907:503). Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis Hsü 1930:3 (07:34, 08:21), Cuora flavomarginata sinensis, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata sinensis Type locality: “Künshan Island, Tungting Lake, Central China.” [Junshan Dao, Dongting Lake, Hunan, China]. Terrapene culturalia † Yeh 1961:59 [Holocene, Neolithic, subfossil, Lung-shan Period (Ying Dynasty), China (Shandong)], Emydoidea culturalia Type locality: “Dawenkou, Taian, Shantung” [Shandong, China]. Cuora flavomarginata evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 (08:21, 11:9) Ryukyu Yellow-margined Box Turtle Iriomote Wildlife Conservation Center / CBFTT / Iriomotejima, Japan Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) Cuora evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990:31, Cuora flavomarginata evelynae, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata evelynae Type locality: “Ishigaki Shima, Ryukyu Islands, Japan.” (subspecies: flavomarginata = red, evelynae = purple; orange dots = introduced or trade) China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago), Taiwan CBFTT Account: Ota, Yasukawa, Fu, and Chen (2009) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. 89 90 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1940 (07:35, 09:22, 12:22, 12:24) Indochinese Box Turtle Douglas B. Hendrie / TCF / TCC / Vietnam Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988 (12:22) McCord’s Box Turtle Torsten Blanck / TCC / Guangxi, China [captivity] (red = possible range; orange dots = trade) China (Guangxi, Hainan), Laos, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bd+4bd (2016); Previously: Critically Endangered (2000), Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1940:11, Cistoclemmys galbinifrons, Cuora galbinifrons galbinifrons, Cistoclemmys galbinifrons galbinifrons Type locality: “Tam-Dao..[&]..Bach-Ma (Annam)..[&]..Linh-Cam (Ha-Tinh, Nord Annam)” [Tonkin..[&]..Annam..[&]..Ha-Tinh] [Vietnam]. Restricted to “Tam-Dao, Nord-Vietnam” by Obst and Reimann (1994:136). Cyclemus flavomarginata hainanensis Li 1958:234, Cuora hainanensis, Cyclemys flavomarginata hainanensis, Cistoclemmys hainanensis, Cuora flavomarginata hainanensis, Cistoclemmys flavomarginata hainanensis, Cuora galbinifrons hainanensis, Cyclemys flavomarginatus hainanensis, Cistoclemmys galbinifrons hainanensis China (Guangxi) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988:466, Cistoclemmys mccordi Type locality: “highland near Paise, Guangxi Province, China (23º54'N, 106º37'E)” [in error]. Restricted to “Yunnan Province, west of Paise, Guangxi Province, China” by McCord and Iverson (1991:414). Cuora mouhotii (Gray 1862a) (07:32, 12:22) Keeled Box Turtle Type locality: In Chinese [“Dali village, Mt. Diaoluo, Linshui County, Hainan Island, China”]. Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992b:434 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “100 km east of Tungfang at Tainhfien in central Hainan Island, China.” (subspecies: mouhotii = red, obsti = purple; overlap = intergrades; orange dots = trade) Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (?), Vietnam Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 CBFTT Account: Das, McCormack, van Dijk, Hoang, and Struijk (2016) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. 91 Cuora pani Song 1984 (12:22) Pan’s Box Turtle Cuora mouhotii mouhotii (Gray 1862a) Northern Keeled Box Turtle Torsten Blanck / TCC / China [captivity] Indraneil Das / CBFTT / China [captivity] Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (?), Vietnam Cyclemys mouhotii Gray 1862a:157, Pyxidea mouhotii, Cyclemys mohouti, Pyxidea mouboti, Emys mouhotii, Geoemyda mouhotii, Pyxidea mouhotii mouhotii, Cuora mouhotii, Cuora mouhotii mouhotii Type locality: “Lao Mountains, in Siam.” Restricted to “Luang Prabang, Laos (19º54' N, 102º8' O)” by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (1998:40). Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992b:434 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “100 km east of Tungfang at Tainhfien in central Hainan Island, China.” Cuora mouhotii obsti (Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998) Southern Keeled Box Turtle (orange dots = trade) China (Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora pani Song 1984:330, Cuora pani pani, Pyxiclemmys pani pani Type locality: “Xujiaba (alt. 420 m) of Pingli County in Shaanxi Province” [China]. Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst and McCord 1987:624 Type locality: “Ta Lau Shan, Yunnan Province, China (23º30' N, 102º25' E).” Cuora picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998 (07:35, 09:22, 12:22) Southern Vietnam Box Turtle Torsten Blanck / Phu Yen Prov., Vietnam / male Laos, Vietnam Pyxidea mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998a:35, Cuora mouhotii obsti Type locality: “Umgebung von Phú Lôc, Annam (Vietnam), 16º16' N, 107º56' O).” Torsten Blanck / TCC / Vietnam 92 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong) Sternothaerus trifasciatus Bell 1825a:305, Emys (Cistuda) trifasciata, Emys trifasciata, Cistuda trifasciata, Cistudo trifasciata, Cuora trifasciata, Pyxidemys trifasciata, Terrapene trifasciata, Cyclemys trifasciata, Cuora (Pyxiclemmys) trifasciata, Pyxiclemmys trifasciata, Cuora trifasciata trifasciata Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Luofo Shan Mountains, Guangdong, China” by Blanck et al. (2006:40). Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991:140 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “People’s Republic of China: Fujian Province: vicinity of Nanping (26º38' N, 118º10' E).” Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (14:29) (partim, hybrid) Vietnam IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bd+4bd (2016); Previously: Critically Endangered, as part of Cuora galbinifrons (2000) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora galbinifrons picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998:7, Cistoclemmys galbinifrons picturata, Cuora picturata, Cistoclemmys picturata Type locality: “Nanning, Guangxi” [China]. Cuora trifasciata luteocephala Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, and Tiedemann 2017 (42) Hainan Three-striped Box Turtle Type locality: “südliches Annam (Vietnam).” Cuora trifasciata (Bell 1825a) (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) (40, 42) Chinese Three-striped Box Turtle, Golden Coin Turtle Torsten Blanck / Hainan, China [captivity] China (Hainan) Sacalia pseudocellata Iverson and McCord 1992a:426 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “between Tungfang [19º03' N, 108º56' E] and Kancheng [18º51' N, 108º37' E; ca. 48 km from Tungfang], western Hainan Island, China.” Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992:13 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) (subspecies: trifasciata = red, luteocephala = purple; orange dots = trade) China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora trifasciata trifasciata (Bell 1825a) (07:36, 09:23, 12:22) (40, 42) Chinese Three-striped Box Turtle Type locality: “near Kancheng [18º51' N, 108º37' E; = 48 km from Tungfang (19º03' N, 108º56' E)], western Hainan Island, China.” Cuora trifasciata luteocephala Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, and Tiedemann 2017:14 Type locality: “China, Hainan Province, Dan County, 300m elevation.” Cuora yunnanensis (Boulenger 1906) (07:37, 12:22) Yunnan Box Turtle Zhou Ting, William P. McCord, Torsten Blanck / TCC / Yunnan, China [captivity] Paul Crow / TCF / TCC / Hong Kong, China Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 93 Cyclemys Bell 1834 (07:38, 08:6, 09:24) Cyclemys Bell 1834:17 Type species: Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834 [= subjective synonym of Emys dentata Gray 1831d], by original designation. Cyclemis Tirant 1884:156 (nomen novum) Cyclemys atripons Iverson and McCord 1997 (44) Western Black-bridged Leaf Turtle (red = possible range; dots = possible native or trade) China (Sichuan, Yunnan) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v), D (2010); Previously: Extinct (2000), Data Deficient (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cyclemys yunnanensis Boulenger 1906a:567, Cuora yunnanensis, Pyxiclemmys yunnanensis Type locality: “Yunnan fu..[&].. Tongchuan fu” [Kunming Shi.. [&].. Dongchuan Shi, Yunnan, China]; restricted to “vicinity of Zhongping (Huize) City (26°42'N, 103°30'E) in Huize County, northeastern Yunnan Province, China (= Tongchuan Fu)” by Blanck et al. (2006b:31). Flora Ihlow / Trat, Cambodia Cuora zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990 (12:22) Zhou’s Box Turtle (orange dots = uncertain identification or possible hybrids) Torsten Blanck / TCC / Guangxi, China? [captivity] Cambodia, Thailand IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Cyclemys atripons Iverson and McCord 1997:632, Cyclemys atripons atripons, Cyclemys pulchristriata atripons Type locality: “Thailand, Krat [= Trat], Kao [= Mt.] Kuap (= Khao Kuap).” Cyclemys dentata (Gray 1831d) (08:7) Asian Leaf Turtle (red = possible range; yellow dot = possible native; orange dots = trade) China (Guangxi?, Yunnan?), Vietnam IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990:213, Pyxiclemmys zhoui Type locality: “market at Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region” [China]. Cuora pallidicephala McCord and Iverson 1991:414 Type locality: “Wuting [= Wuding: 25º26'N, 102º21'W] or Yuanmow [25º41'N, 101º54'W], Yunnan Province, China.” Maren Gaulke / Kota Pinang, Sumatra, Indonesia 94 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Philippines (Palawan, Sulu Archipelago), Singapore, Thailand IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Emys hasseltii Boie in Fitzinger 1826:45 (nomen nudum), Clemmys (Clemmys) hasseltii Type locality: “Asia, Insula Java” [Indonesia]. Emys dhor Gray 1830e:8 dhor (10:7) (nomen oblitum), Cyclemys Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Singapore, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Thailand IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008b:381 Type locality: “Padang, Sumatra” [Indonesia]. Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 (08:6) Myanmar Brown Leaf Turtle Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Bengal..[and]..Java” by Gray (1831d:20); and to “Java” [Indonesia] by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (1997:188). Emys dentata Gray 1831d:errata[btw 78-79] (nomen novum), Cistudo (Cyclemys) dentata, Cistudo dentata, Cyclemys dentata, Cyclemys dentata dentata Type locality: “Bengal..[and]..Java.” Restricted to “Java” [Indonesia] by Smith (1931:80), and by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (1997:188). Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834:17, Emys orbiculata, Emys (Cyclemys) orbiculata, Cistudo orbiculata Type locality: “Indiâ.” Restricted to “Java” [Indonesia] by neotype designation by Fritz et al. (1997:188). Cistudo diardii Duméril and Bibron 1835:227 (nomen novum), Emys diardii Peter Paul van Dijk / Myanmar [trade] Type locality: “Bengale et l’ile de Java.” Cyclemys ovata Gray 1863e:178 Type locality: “Sarawak” [East Malaysia]. Cyclemys bellii Gray 1863e:179 Type locality: Not known. Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 (08:6) Enigmatic Leaf Turtle India (Nagaland, Manipur), Myanmar IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008b:383 Type locality: “Kachin State, Myanmar.” Maren Gaulke / Rantau Prapat, Sumatra, Indonesia Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 95 Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 (08:6) Assam Leaf Turtle Peter Praschag / Dimapur, Nagaland, India Cambodia, China (?) (Yunnan [?]), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Cyclemys oldhamii Gray 1863e:178, Cyclemis oldhami Type locality: “Mergui..[&]..Siam.” Restricted to “Mergui” [Myanmar] by Smith (1931:81) and by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (1997:196). Cyclemys dhor shanensis Annandale 1918:67, Cyclemys shanensis, Cyclemys shanensis shanensis Type locality: “Fort Stedman on the Inlé Lake, altitude 3,000 feet.. [&]..He-Ho plain 800 feet higher” [Myanmar]. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh), Myanmar, Nepal IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008b:384 Type locality: “street from Tezpur to Arunachal Pradesh, 5 km to border of Arunachal Pradesh, Jia Bhoroli River Region, Assam, India.” Geoemyda tcheponensis Bourret 1939:7, Cyclemys tcheponensis, Cyclemys dentata tcheponensis, Cyclemys shanensis tcheponensis Type locality: “Haute Sé-Bang-Hien, (centre de la Chaîne annamitique)” [Laos]. Cyclemys tiannanensis Kou 1989:193 Type locality: “Nanliang, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, alt. 620 m” [China]. Probable market specimen according to Fritz et al. (1997:209). Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997 (45) Eastern Black-bridged Leaf Turtle Cyclemys oldhamii Gray 1863e (08:8) (44) Southeast Asian Leaf Turtle Edgar Lehr / Vietnam [trade] Thomas Ziegler / NW of Ky Thuong, Vietnam Cambodia, Vietnam 96 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclemys spp. Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997:203, Cyclemys atripons pulchristriata Type locality: “Phuc-Son, Annam” [Vietnam]. Geoclemys Gray 1856b Geoclemys Gray 1856b:17 Type species: Geoclemys hamiltonii [= Emys hamiltonii Gray 1830e], by subsequent designation by Stejneger (1907:496). Geoclemmys Cope 1865:186 (nomen novum) Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1830e) (10:7) Spotted Pond Turtle, Black Pond Turtle Sind” [Pakistan]. Clemmys palaeindica † Lydekker 1885:178 (nomen novum) [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Damonia palaeindica Type locality: “Siwalik Hills” [Punjab, India]. Geoclemys sivalensis † Tewari and Badam 1969:555 [Lower Pleistocene, Upper Siwaliks, India (Haryana)] Type locality: “Upper Siwaliks...1 km south-east of Quranwalla...6 km northeast of Chandigarh Lake...Panjore, India.” [Haryana, India]. Geoemyda Gray 1834b (07:39) Geoemyda Gray 1834b:100 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985a) Type species: Geoemyda spengleri [= Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789], by original designation. Geoemys Bonaparte 1836:6 (nomen novum) Geomyda Blyth 1856:714 (nomen novum) Nicoria Gray 1856b:17 Type species: Nicoria spengleri [= Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789], by original monotypy. Geoemyda japonica Fan 1931 Ryukyu Black-breasted Leaf Turtle Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India Yuichirou Yasukawa / CBFTT / Okinawajima, Japan Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Jammu, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan CBFTT Account: Das and Bhupathy (2010) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I Emys hamiltonii Gray 1830e:9 (10:7), Clemmys (Clemmys) hamiltonii, Clemmys hamiltonii, Geoclemys hamiltonii, Damonia hamiltonii, Geoclemmys hamiltonii, Geoclemys hamoltoni Type locality: “India.” Emys guttata Gray 1831b:pl.76 Type locality: “India.” Emys piquotii Lesson 1831a:120 Type locality: “le Gange” [India]. Emys picquotii Lesson in Duméril and Bibron 1835:316 (nomen novum) Emys hamiltonoides † Falconer and Cautley in Lydekker 1880:21 (nomen nudum) [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Damonia hamiltonoides Melanochelys pictus Murray 1884:107 Type locality: “in the Sind "Doro," in the Kushmore Talooka, Upper (orange dots = introduced) Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) CBFTT Account: Yasukawa and Ota (2008) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1ce, B1+2c (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix II Geoemyda spengleri japonica Fan 1931:148, Geoemyda japonica, Geoemyda japonicus Type locality: “Japan and other Pacific Islands.” Restricted to “Nawa (?Naha), Okinawajima Is., Japan” by Yasukawa et al. (1992:149). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Geoemyda spengleri (Gmelin 1789) (09:25) Black-breasted Leaf Turtle Hardella Gray 1870c Hardella Gray 1870c:58 Type species: Hardella thurjii [= Emys thurjii Gray 1831d], by subsequent designation as Hardella thurgi by Günther (1871:70). Hardella thurjii (Gray 1831d) (07:40) Crowned River Turtle Flora Ihlow / Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam Indraneil Das / CBFTT / National Chambal Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan [?], Jiangxi), Laos, Vietnam CBFTT Account: Yasukawa and Ota (2010) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789:1043 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985a), Emys spengleri, Geoemyda spengleri, Clemmys (Clemmys) spengleri, Clemmys spengleri, Nicoria spengleri, Geoemyda spengleri spengleri Type locality: Not designated. Originally indicated as coming from “vermuthlich...Ostindien” by Walbaum (1785:129); and restricted to “probably...from the East Indies” by Pope (1935:36). Testudo serrata Shaw 1802:51 (junior homonym, not = Testudo serrata Daudin 1801) Type locality: Not designated. Testudo tricarinata Bory de Saint-Vincent 1804:308 (junior homonym, not = Testudo tricarinata Retzius in Schoepff 1792) Type locality: “Bourbon...mare d’Arzule” [Réunion] [in error]. Geoemyda spengleri sinensis Fan 1931:146 Type locality: “Loshiang and Kutchen” [Luoxiang and Guchen, Guangxi, China]. Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan CBFTT Account: Das and Bhupathy (2009a) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys thuryi Gray 1830e:8 (10:7) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “Bengal” [Bangladesh or India]. Emys thurjii Gray 1831d:22 (nomen novum), Testudo thurjii, Hardella thurjii, Hardella thurjii thurjii Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Ganges and Brahmaputra systems” [India] as Hardella thurgii by McDowell (1964:255). Emys flavonigra Lesson 1831a:120 Type locality: “le Gange” [India]. Clemmys (Clemmys) thurgii Fitzinger 1835:123 (nomen novum), Clemmys thurgii, Testudo thurgii, Emys thurgii, Emys thurgi, Batagur thurgii, Hardella thurgii, Batagur (Hardella) thurgii Kachuga oldhami Gray 1869a:200, Kachuga (Kachuga) oldhami Type locality: “India.” Hardella indi Gray 1870c:58 (07:40), Hardella thurjii indi Type locality: “Indus River” [Pakistan]. Batagur falconeri † Lydekker 1885:187 [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Hardella falconeri Type locality: “Siwalik Hills” [Punjab, India]. Batagur cautleyi † Lydekker 1885:194 [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Type locality: “Siwalik Hills” [Punjab, India]. Clemmys watsoni † Lydekker 1886:541 [Late Pliocene to Early 97 98 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Pleistocene, Siwaliks, India (Gujarat)] Type locality: “Siwaliks of Perim Island, Gulf of Cambay, India” [Gujarat, India]. Heosemys depressa (Anderson 1875) Arakan Forest Turtle Geoemyda pilgrimi † Prasad and Satsangi 1967 [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Siwaliks, Haritalyanagar, India (Himachal Pradesh)] Type locality: “Tatrot beds east of Chakrana in Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh, India.” Heosemys Stejneger 1902 Heosemys Stejneger 1902:238 Type species: Heosemys spinosa [= Emys spinosa Gray 1831d], by original designation. Brian D. Horne / TCC / Myanmar Hieremys Smith 1916:50 Type species: Hieremys annandalii [= Cyclemys annandalii Boulenger 1903a], by original monotypy. Heosemys annandalii (Boulenger 1903a) (07:41) Yellow-headed Temple Turtle Sitha Som / TL / Tonle Sap, Cambodia Bangladesh, Myanmar IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2cd, B1+2c (2000); Previously: Critically Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered or Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Geoëmyda depressa Anderson 1875:284, Geoemyda depressa, Heosemys depressa Type locality: “Arakan” [Myanmar]. Restricted to “Akyab, near Arakan” [Myanmar] by Smith (1931:95). Geomyda arakana Theobald 1876:vii, Geoemyda arakana Type locality: “Akyab” [Myanmar]. Heosemys grandis (Gray 1860d) Giant Asian Pond Turtle Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2d (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered or Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Cyclemys annandalii Boulenger 1903a:142 (07:41), Hieremys annandalii, Heosemys annandalii Type locality: “Kampong Jalor” [= Yala, Yala Prov., Thailand]. Hieremys annandalei Smith 1916:50 (nomen novum), Cyclemys annandalei Jérôme Maran / Vietnam Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Emys spinosa Gray 1830e:8 (nomen novum), Geoemyda spinosa, Geomyda spinosa, Clemmys (Clemmys) spinosa, Clemmys spinosa, Heosemys spinosa Type locality: “Penang” [Peninsular Malaysia]. Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaffer 2000 Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaffer 2000:21 Type species: Leucocephalon yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995, by original designation. Leucocephalon yuwonoi (McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995) (07:42) Sulawesi Forest Turtle Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1d+2cd (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys siamensis Gray in Günther 1860:114 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Siam” [Thailand]. Geoemyda grandis Gray 1860d:218, Geomyda grandis, Clemmys grandis, Heosemys grandis Cris Hagen / CBFTT / TCC / Sulawesi, Indonesia / male Type locality: “Cambojia” [Cambodia]. Heosemys spinosa (Bell in Gray 1830a) (12:25) Spiny Turtle (orange dots = trade) Peter Paul van Dijk / Perlis State Park, Perlis, Malaysia Indonesia (Sulawesi) CBFTT Account: Hagen, Platt, and Innis (2009) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd, C1 (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Geoemyda yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995:311, Heosemys yuwonoi, Leucocephalon yuwonoi Type locality: “near Gorontalo [0º33' N, 123º05' E] on the Minahassa Peninsula, northern Sulawesi [Celebes], Indonesia.” Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Myanmar, Philippines (Sulu Archipelago [TawiTawi]), Singapore, Thailand IUCN Red List: Endangered A1bcd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys spinosae Bell in Gray 1830a:pl.77 (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “Penang” [Peninsular Malaysia]. 99 100 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Malayemys Lindholm 1931 (46) Damonia Gray 1869a:193 (junior homonym, not = Damonia Robineau-Desvoidy 1847 [= Diptera]) Malayemys macrocephala (Gray 1859) (07:43) (46) Malayan Snail-eating Turtle Type species: Damonia macrocephala [= Geoclemmys macrocephala Gray 1859], by subsequent designation by Stejneger (1907:496). Malayemys Lindholm 1931:30 (nomen novum) Type species: Malayemys macrocephala [= Geoclemmys macrocephala Gray 1859], in accordance with ICZN Article 67.8, not Malayemys subtrijuga [= Emys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845], as by original designation by Lindholm (1931:30). Malayemys khoratensis Ihlow, Vamberger, Flecks, Hartmann, Cota, Makchai, Meewattana, Dawson, Kheng, Rödder, and Fritz 2016 (46, 47) Khorat Snail-eating Turtle Flora Ihlow / Tap Than, Thailand Flora Ihlow / Sikhio, Thailand (orange dots = possible trade or introduced) Laos, Thailand IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Not Evaluated Malayemys khoratensis Ihlow, Vamberger, Flecks, Hartmann, Cota, Makchai, Meewattana, Dawson, Kheng, Rödder, and Fritz 2016:16 (46, 47) Type locality: “Udon Thani, Udon Thani Province, Thailand (17.36555°N, 102.81427°E)” Malayemys isan Sumontha, Brophy, Kunya, Wiboonatthapol, and Pauwels 2016:2 (46, 47) Type locality: “Ban Na Klang (17°14'48.728"N, 102°12'32.479"E), Na Klang Sub-district, Na Klang District, Nong Bua Lamphu Province, northeastern Thailand.” Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand Possibly Introduced or Native: Indonesia (Sumatra) (prehistoric or historic?) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996), as part of Malayemys subtrijuga CITES: Appendix II Geoclemmys macrocephala Gray 1859:479, Clemmys macrocephala, Emys macrocephala, Damonia macrocephala, Geoclemys macrocephala, Malayemys macrocephala Type locality: “Siam” [Thailand]. Restricted to “Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand (Chao Phraya River Basin; approx. 50 km NNE of Bangkok; 14.017 N, 100.733 E)” by Brophy (2004:75). Emys megacephala Gray 1870c:44 (nomen nudum), Damonia megacephala Malayemys subtrijuga (Schlegel and Müller 1845) (46) Mekong Snail-eating Turtle Flora Ihlow / Prek Toal, Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chinemys Smith 1931:116 Type species: Chinemys reevesi [= Emys reevesii Gray 1831d)], by original monotypy. Annamemys Bourret 1940:15 Type species: Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1940 [= subjective synonym of Cyclemys annamensis Siebenrock 1903a], by original monotypy. Mauremys annamensis (Siebenrock 1903a) (07:44, 14:29) (49) Vietnamese Pond Turtle, Annam Pond Turtle (orange dots = possibly native or introduced or trade) Cambodia, Laos, Thailand (?), Vietnam Possibly Introduced or Native: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra?) (prehistoric or historic?) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys herrmanni Schweigger 1812:311 (nomen dubium), Clemmys (Clemmys) hermanni Jeffrey E. Dawson / CBFTT / Vietnam [captivity] Type locality: Not known. Emys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 (46), Damonia subtrijuga, Geoclemys subtrijuga, Malayemys subtrijuga Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia]. Possibly introduced, but perhaps native (46). Cistudo gibbosa Bleeker 1857b:239 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Batavia...Java” [Indonesia]. Emys nuchalis Blyth 1863:82, Bellia nuchalis Type locality: “Java?” [Indonesia]. Damonia crassiceps Gray 1870c:43 (48) Type locality: “China.” Damonia oblonga Gray 1871c:367 Type locality: “Batavia” [Java, Indonesia]. Mauremys Gray 1869b (07:44, 09:26) Mauremys Gray 1869b:500 Type species: Mauremys fuliginosa [= Emys fuliginosus Gray 1860c = subjective synonym of Emys leprosa Schoepff in Schweigger 1812], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:281). Ocadia Gray 1870c:35 Type species: Ocadia sinensis [= Emys sinensis Gray 1834a], by original monotypy. Emmenia Gray 1870c:38 Type species: Emmenia grayi [= Emys grayi Günther 1869 = subjective synonym of Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Fritz and Wischuf 1997 = subjective synonym of Testudo caspica Gmelin 1774], by original monotypy. Eryma Gray 1870c:44 (junior homonym, not = Eryma Meyer 1840 [= Crustacea †] or Eryma Albers 1854 [= Gastropoda] or Eryma Förster 1868 [= Hymenoptera]) Type species: Eryma laticeps [= Emys laticeps Gray 1854a = subjective synonym of Emys leprosa Schoepff in Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Cathaiemys Lindholm 1931:29 Type species: Cathaiemys mutica [= Emys mutica Cantor 1842b], by original designation. Pseudocadia Lindholm 1931:30 Type species: Pseudocadia anyangensis [= Testudo anyangensis † Ping 1930], by original designation. Vietnam CBFTT Account: McCormack, Dawson, Hendrie, Ewert, Iverson, Hatcher, and Goode (2014) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Cyclemys annamensis Siebenrock 1903a:341, Cuora (Cyclemys) annamensis, Cuora annamensis, Annamemys annamensis, Mauremys annamensis, Cathaiemys annamensis Type locality: “Annam (Phuc-Son)” [Vietnam]. Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1940:15 Type locality: “Annam...Fai-Fo” [Vietnam] Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (14:29) (partim, hybrid), Mauremys guangxiensis Type locality: “Nanning, Guangxi” [China]. [in error?] Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994:53 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “near the Vietnam border southwest of Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.” [in error?] 101 102 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Mauremys caspica (Gmelin 1774) (09:27, 12:26) (50) Caspian Turtle, Caspian Terrapin Mauremys japonica (Temminck and Schlegel 1838) (10:18, 14:30) Japanese Pond Turtle Asghar Mobaraki / Maharloo Lake, Shiraz, Fars, Iran Yuichirou Yasukawa / CBFTT / Shiga, Honshu, Japan Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iran (Ardabil, Bushehr, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, East Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Khuzestan, Kordestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, West Azarbaijan), Iraq, Russia (Dagestan), Saudi Arabia (Eastern), Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Testudo caspica Gmelin 1774:59,pl.10, Emys caspica, Clemmys caspica, Clemmys (Clemmys) caspica, Terrapene caspica, Clemmys caspica caspica, Mauremys caspica, Mauremys caspica caspica Type locality: “Schamachie...bei Bach Pusahat” [Pirsagat, Shemakha, Azerbaijan]. Emended to “Hircaniae aquis dulcibus” by Gmelin (1789:1042); and to “les bords de la mer Caspienne...dans les eaux douces de l’Hircanie” [Azerbaijan] by Daudin (1801:124). Testudo ecaudata Daudin 1801:125 (nomen novum and senior homonym, not = Testudo ecaudata Pallas 1814) Type locality: “les bords de la mer Caspienne...dans les eaux douces de l’Hircanie” [Azerbaijan]. Emys caspia Rüppell in Gray 1830e:9 (nomen novum), Testudo caspia, Clemmys caspia, Clemmys caspia caspia Type locality: “Caspian Sea.” Emys grayi Günther 1869:504 (junior homonym, not = Emys grayi Bocourt 1868), Emmenia grayi Type locality: “Bussora” [Basrah, Iraq]. Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Wischuf in Maran 1996:17 (nomen nudum) Mauremys caspica schiras Wischuf in Maran 1996:17 (nomen nudum) Mauremys caspica ventrimaculata Wischuf and Fritz 1996:114 Type locality: “Tang-e Karam (Tang-i-Kerim), 70 Meilen östlich von Schiraz, Iran (29º 03' N, 53º 38' E).” Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Fritz and Wischuf 1997:240 Type locality: “Kerbela, Irak” [Iraq]. Japan (Honshu, Kyoshu, Shikoku) CBFTT Account: Yasukawa, Yabe, and Ota (2008) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II Emys palustris var. Japon Temminck and Schlegel 1834:pls.8-9 (14:30) (invalid vernacular name) Emys vulgaris var. japonaise Temminck and Schlegel 1834:54 (14:30) (invalid vernacular name) Emys vulgaris japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1838:139 (10:18, 14:30) , Emys japonica, Emys caspica japonica, Clemmys japonica, Mauremys japonica, Ocadia japonica Type locality: “Japon” [Japan]. Testudo margaritifera Schlegel in Gray 1856b:11 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Japon” [Japan]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Mauremys leprosa (Schoepff in Schweigger 1812) (51) Mediterranean Pond Turtle, Spanish Terrapin 103 Emys marmorea Spix 1824:13, Clemmys marmorea Type locality: “Brasil” [in error]. Restricted to “southern Spain” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:230). Clemmys sigriz Michahelles 1829:1296, Terrapene sigriz, Emys sigriz, Clemmys caspica sigriz Type locality: “paludibus Hispaniae meridionalis” [marshes of southern Spain]. Emys vulgaris Gray 1830e:9 (10:7) Type locality: “South of Europe...Spain.” Validated by lectotype designation by Fritz and Wischuf (1997:249). Emys sigritzii Michahelles in Gray 1831d:24 (nomen novum) Emys laticeps Gray 1854a:134, Clemmys laticeps, Eryma laticeps Type locality: “West Africa, River Gambia” [Gambia]; possibly in error. Emended to “Tétouan, Morocco” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:230) without explanation. Emys fuliginosus Gray 1860c:232, Emys fuliginosa, Clemmys fuliginosa, Mauremys fuliginosa Type locality: “Egypt?...North Africa?” Emended to “southern Spain” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:230) without explanation. Mauremys laniaria Gray 1869b:499 Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “southern Spain” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:230). Emys flavipes Gray 1869c:643 Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “southern Spain” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:230). Emys fraseri Gray 1869c:643 (partim, nomen dubium) Type locality: “North Africa.” Restricted to “Lake Tetzara, Algiers” [Algeria] by Gray (1873a:146). Mauremys leprosa atlantica Schleich 1996a:32 (07:45) (subspecies: leprosa = red, saharica = purple, overlap = intergrades; orange dots = possibly introduced) Algeria, France, Libya, Mauritania (prehistoric introduction?), Mali (prehistoric introduction?), Morocco, Niger (prehistoric introduction?), Portugal, Spain (Continental), Tunisia IUCN Red List: Global: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996); Regional: Europe: Vulnerable A2ac+3c (2004) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Mauremys leprosa leprosa (Schoepff in Schweigger 1812) (07:45) Mediterranean Pond Turtle Type locality: “Larache, Nord-Marokko” [Morocco]. Mauremys leprosa erhardi Schleich 1996a:36 (07:45) Type locality: “NNE Taza, N 35º 25' 32.8, W 02º 52' 11.5, Nordost Marokko” [Morocco]. Mauremys leprosa marokkensis Schleich 1996a:40 (07:45) Type locality: “ca. 2 km NE Tahanaoute / Kreuzung S 501, wenige km vor Aguelmouss; S-Marrakech, N 31º 24' 54.0, W 7º 49' 44.4, Zentral-Morokko” [Morocco]. Mauremys leprosa wernerkaestlei Schleich 1996a:44 (07:45) Type locality: “Wasserlauf im Schnittpunkt von Oued Serou, Oued Oum de Oumbia. Oued Oum er Rbia, S-Khenifra, N 32º 44' 55.1, W 5º 41' 10.7, ca. 90 m NN, Zentral-Morokko” [Morocco]. Mauremys leprosa saharica Schleich 1996 (07:45) Saharan Pond Turtle Albert Bertolero / Flix, Catalonia, Spain Algeria, France, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (Continental) Emys leprosa Schoepff in Schweigger 1812:298, Clemmys (Clemmys) leprosa, Clemmys leprosa, Emys caspica leprosa, Clemmys caspica leprosa, Mauremys caspica leprosa, Mauremys leprosa, Mauremys leprosa leprosa Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Südspanien” [Spain] by Mertens and Müller (1928:22). Emys lutescens Schweigger 1812:302, Clemmys (Clemmys) lutescens, Clemmys lutescens Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “southern Spain” by Fritz and Havaš (2007:230). Andreas Nöllert / Bou-Jerif, Morocco Algeria, Libya, Mauritania (prehistoric introduction?), Mali (prehistoric introduction?), Morocco, Niger (prehistoric introduction?), Tunisia Emys fraseri Gray 1869c:643 (partim, nomen dubium) Type locality: “North Africa.” Restricted to “Lake Tetzara, Algiers” [Algeria] by Gray (1873a:146). Mauremys leprosa saharica Schleich 1996a:45 (07:45) Type locality: “Fort Bou Jerif, Goulmime, Südwest-Marokko” [Morocco]. Mauremys leprosa zizi Schleich 1996a:48 (07:45) 104 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Type locality: “Oued Ziz, Meski bis Erfoud, Süd-Marokko” [Morocco]. Mauremys leprosa vanmeerhaeghei Bour and Maran 1999:42 (07:45) Type locality: “Mare amont dans l’oasis de Sidi El Mehdaoui (29º30 N, 8º00 W)...Province de Tata (ca. 30 km de Tata), Maroc... affluent de...l’oued Draa” [Morocco]. Mauremys mutica (Cantor 1842b) (49) Yellow Pond Turtle Vietnam Emys muticus Cantor 1842b:482, Emys mutica, Clemmys mutica, Damonia mutica, Geoclemys mutica, Cathaiemys mutica, Mauremys mutica, Mauremys mutica mutica, Cathaiemys mutica mutica Type locality: “Chusan...Island” [Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang, China]. Cited as “Canton” [in error] by many authors, corrected by Iverson and McCord (1989:23). Clemmys schmackeri Boettger 1894:129 Type locality: “China, wahrscheinlich Hainan.” Annamemys grochovskiae Dao 1957:1214, Mauremys grochovskiae Type locality: In Russian [“forest near Vinh-Linh, Quang Tri Province, central Vietnam”]. Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991:140 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “People’s Republic of China: Fujian Province: vicinity of Nanping (26º38' N, 118º10' E).” Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (14:29) (partim, hybrid), Mauremys guangxiensis Type locality: “Nanning, Guangxi” [China]. Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997:555 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “Lashio, Myanmar (97º14' E, 22º56' N).” Mauremys mutica kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson 1996 Ryukyu Yellow Pond Turtle John B. Iverson / Ryukyus, Japan (subspecies: mutica = red; kami = purple) China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago), Taiwan, Vietnam Introduced: Japan (mainland) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) Mauremys mutica kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson 1996:311, Cathaiemys mutica kami Type locality: “Okawa, Ishigakijima Is., the Yaeyama Group, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan.” Mauremys nigricans (Gray 1834a) Chinese Red-necked Turtle, Red-necked Pond Turtle Mauremys mutica mutica (Cantor 1842b) Yellow Pond Turtle Ben Anders / CBFTT / China [trade] Tien-Hsi Chen / Taiwan China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 China (Fujian [?], Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [?]), Vietnam (?) CBFTT Account: Anders and Iverson (2012) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys nigricans Gray 1834a:53, Emys nigracans, Clemmys nigricans, Damonia nigricans, Chinemys nigricans, Mauremys nigricans Type locality: “Chinâ prope Canton” [Gangzhou, Guangdong]. Geoclemys kwangtungensis Pope 1934:1, Clemmys kuangtungensis, Chinemys kwangtungensis Type locality: “Lofaoshan, Kwangtung, 300–400 m. altitude” [Mt. Luofu, Guangdong, China]. Geoclemys palaeannamitica † Bourret 1941a:10 [Holocene, Neolithic, subfossil, Vietnam], Geoclemmys palaeannamitica, Chinemys palaeannamitica Type locality: “la grotte de Dong-Giao, appelée ‘Thung Gianh’... à moins de 1 km de la voie ferrée, vers le N.W., au S.W. de la station de Dong-Giao, tout près de la frontière entre Annam et Tonkin” [Vietnam]. (native populations = red, introduced populations = gray; orange dots = introduced and probable trade) China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shangdong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan (prehistoric introduction), North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan (prehistoric introduction) Introduced: Indonesia (Timor), Japan, Palau, Philippines, Taiwan, Timor-Leste CBFTT Account: Lovich, Yasukawa, and Ota (2011) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2bcd+4bcd (2011); Previously: Endangered (2000), Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (China) Emys reevesii Gray 1831d:73, Clemmys (Clemmys) reevesii, Clemmys reevesii, Geoclemys reevesii, Geoclemmys reevesii, Damonia reevesii, Geoclemys reevesii reevesii, Chinemys reevesi, Chinemys reevesii, Mauremys reevesii Type locality: “China.” Emys vulgaris picta Schlegel 1844:127 Type locality: “Japan.” Mauremys reevesii (Gray1831d) (07:46) (52) Reeves’ Turtle, Chinese Three-keeled Pond Turtle Emys japonica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:8 (nomen novum) Type locality: “Japon” [Japan]. Damonia unicolor Gray 1873e:78, Clemmys unicolor, Damonia reevesii unicolor, Geoclemys reevesii unicolor Type locality: “China...Shanghai.” Geoclemys grangeri Schmidt 1925:1, Geoclemys reevesii grangeri, Chinemys grangeri Type locality: “Yenchingkao, Wanhsien, Szechwan, 1500 feet altitude” [Yanjinggou, Sichuan, China]. Geoclemys paracaretta Chang 1929:1, Geoclemys papacaretta Nobuhiro Kawazoe / CBFTT / Honshu, Japan Type locality: “Fuchow” [Fuzhou Shi, Fujian, China]. Chinemys megalocephala Fang 1934:158, Mauremys megalocephala, Chinemys megacephala Type locality: “hill-sides of the vicinity of Nanking city” [Nanjing Shi, Jiangsu, China]. Chinemys macrocephala Bourret 1941c:140 (nomen novum) Chinemys pani † Tao 1985:45 [Pleistocene, Chi-Ting, Taiwan] Type locality: “Tsochen, Tsai-liao-chi, Tainan, Taiwan.” Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997:555 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “Lashio, Myanmar (97º14' E, 22º56' N).” 105 106 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Mauremys rivulata (Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833) (14:25) (50, 53) Western Caspian Turtle, Balkan Terrapin di Cattaro, Süd-Dalmatien” [Croatia] by Wermuth and Mertens (1961:60). Clemmys caspica cretica Mertens 1946:115, Mauremys caspica cretica, Mauremys rivulata cretica Type locality: “Rapaniana, Kreta” [Crete, Greece]. Mauremys sinensis (Gray 1834a) (07:44) Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle Apostolis Trichas / CBFTT / Crete, Greece John B. Iverson / No data [trade] Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Kosovo (?), Lebanon, Macedonia, Montenegro, Palestine (West Bank), Syria, Turkey Introduced: Latvia CBFTT Account: Mantziou and Rifai (2014) IUCN Red List: Global: Not Evaluated; Regional: Europe: Least Concern (2004) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Emys pannonica Michahelles in Bonaparte 1831:87 (nomen nudum) Emys rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:planches,pl.9 (14:25) (senior homonym, not = Emys rivulata Gray 1844), Clemmys caspica rivulata, Mauremys caspica rivulata, Mauremys rivulata, Mauremys rivulata rivulata, Emmenia rivulata Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Morée...Modon” [Greece] by Bory de Saint-Vincent (1836:110), and emended to “Umgebung von Modon, Morea, Griechenland” [Greece] by Mertens and Müller (1928:22). Emys tristrami Gray 1869a:190, Emys tristram, Mauremys rivulata tristrami Type locality: “Holy Land” [Israel or Jordan]. Restricted to “Jabook River” [Zarqa River, Jordan] by Gray (1873j:35); and to “Yarmuk River” [Israel or Jordan] by Boulenger (1889:104). Emys caspica arabica Gray 1870c:36, Emys arabica Type locality: “Arabia Petraea?” Restricted to “Mt. Carmel” [Israel] by Gray (1873j:34). Emys pannonica Gray 1870c:36 Type locality: “Xantos” [Xanthos, Greece]. Clemmys caspica orientalis Bedriaga 1881:335 Type locality: “Umgebung von Athen und von Nauplia, ferner auf den Inseln Milo, Mykonos, Syra, Tinos, Siphnos und Seriphos” [Greece]. Clemmys caspica obsoleta Schreiber 1912:946 Type locality: “südlichen Dalmatien...Bocche di Cattaro..[&].. Halbinsel Sabbioncello..[&]..Menge” [Croatia]. Restricted to “Bocche China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Vietnam Introduced: South Korea, USA (Florida) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix III (China) Emys sinensis Gray 1834a:53, Graptemys sinensis, Clemmys sinensis, Ocadia sinensis, Ocadia sinensis sinensis, Mauremys sinensis Type locality: “Chinâ.” Restricted to “China; Canton” [Gangzhou, Guangdong] by Gray (1856b:21). Emys bennettii Gray 1844:21, Clemmys bennettii Type locality: “North America?” [in error]. Restricted to “China?” by Gray (1856b:22). Testudo anyangensis † Ping 1930:217 [Holocene, Neolithic, subfossil, China (Henan)], Ocadia anyangensis, Pseudocadia anyangensis, Mauremys anyangensis Type locality: “ancient ruins in Annyang Hsien, Honan Province” [Anyang Shi, Henan, China]. Ocadia sinensis changwui † Tao 1988:233 [Late Pleistocene, Taiwan] Type locality: “Penghu Channel in the Taiwan Strait” [Taiwan]. Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992:13 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “near Kancheng [18º51'N, 108º37'E; = 48 km from Tungfang (19º03'N, 108º56'E)], western Hainan Island, China.” [in error?] Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994:53 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “near the Vietnam border southwest of Nanning, Guangxi Province, China.” [in error?] Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger 1812) Indian Black Turtle Melanochelys Gray 1869a Melanochelys Gray 1869a:187 Type species: Melanochelys trijuga [= Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Geomyda (Chaibassia) Theobald 1876:6 Type species: Geomyda (Chaibassia) tricarinata [= Geomyda tricarinata Blyth 1856], by original monotypy. Melanochelys tricarinata (Blyth 1856) Tricarinate Hill Turtle, Three-keeled Land Turtle Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India (subspecies: trijuga = red, coronata = purple, edeniana = orange, indopeninsularis = pink, parkeri = brown, thermalis = green; overlap = intergrades; orange dots = introduced or trade) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal CBFTT Account: Das (2009) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2c (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix I Geomyda tricarinata Blyth 1856:714, Geomyda (Chaibassia) tricarinata, Geoemyda tricarinata, Chaibassia tricarinata, Nicoria tricarinata, Melanochleys tricarinata Bangladesh, China (?) (Yunnan), India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan (?), Sri Lanka Introduced: British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago), Maldives CBFTT Account: Das and Bhupathy (2009b) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix II Melanochelys trijuga trijuga (Schweigger 1812) Indian Black Turtle Type locality: “Central India (Chaibása).” Restricted to “Chybassa, in the District of Singhbhum, Chota Nagpur, Bengal” [Jharkhand, India] by Anderson (1879:717). Geoemyda carinata Blyth in Jerdon 1870:69 (nomen novum) Chaibassia theobaldi Anderson 1879:718 Type locality: “Bishnath Plain, near Tezpur, in Assam, close to the Brahmaputra” [Assam, India]. Nicoria tricarinata sivalensis † Lydekker 1889:100 [Late Pliocene (Pinjor) to Early Pleistocene (Tatrot), Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Nicoria sivalensis Type locality: “Siwalik Hills” [Punjab, India]. S. Jayakumar / CBFTT / Anaikatti Hills, Coimbatore, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan (?) Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812:310, Clemmys (Clemmys) trijuga, Clemmys trijuga, Melanochelys trijuga, Nicoria trijuga, Geoemyda trijuga, Geoemyda trijuga trijuga, Melanochelys trijuga trijuga Type locality: “insula Java” [in error]. 107 108 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Emys belangeri Lesson 1831b:291 Type locality: “Bengale..[&]..Carnate” [India]. Restricted to “Bengal” [India] by Smith (1931:97). Melanochelys trijuga indopeninsularis (Annandale 1913) Bengal Black Turtle Emys trijuga maderaspatana Anderson 1879:729, Emys trijuga madraspatana Type locality: “Madras” [Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India]. Geoemyda trijuga plumbea Annandale 1915a:192 Type locality: “Coorg on the east side of the Western Ghats considerably east and a little south of the Madras district” [Karnataka, India]. Melanochelys trijuga coronata (Anderson 1879) Cochin Black Turtle Bhaba Amatya / CBFTT / Rupa Lake, Pokhara, Nepal Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal Bellia sivalensis † Theobald 1877:44 (nomen dubium) [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Clemmys sivalensis Type locality: “Siwaliks in the Punjab...half a mile south of Jaba (a village 6 miles south-west from Jhand)” [Himachal Pradesh, India]. S. Bhupathy / CBFTT / Kumarakom, Kerala, India India (Kerala) Emys trijuga coronata Anderson 1879:729, Nicoria trijuga coronata, Geoemyda trijuga coronata, Melanochelys trijuga coronata Type locality: “Southern India...Travancore” [Kerala, India]. Melanochelys trijuga edeniana Theobald 1876 (07:47) Burmese Black Turtle Clemmys hydaspica † Lydekker 1885:172 (nomen dubium) [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Siwaliks, India (Punjab)] Type locality: “Siwaliks of the Jhelam district in the Punjab” [Uttarakhand, India]. Clemmys theobaldi † Lydekker 1885:173 (nomen dubium) [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Bellia theobaldi, Mauremys theobaldi Type locality: “Siwaliks of Jhand in the Punjab” [Himachal Pradesh, India]. Clemmys punjabiensis † Lydekker 1885:175 (nomen dubium) [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Siwaliks, India (Punjab)] Type locality: “Siwaliks of the Punjab” [Punjab, India]. Geoemyda indopeninsularis Annandale 1913:71, Geoemyda trijuga indopeninsularis, Melanochelys trijuga indopeninsularis, Melanochelys edeniana indopeninsularis Type locality: “Singhbhum district of Chota Nagpur..[&]..Dharwar district in...Bombay Presidency...at Devikop, 26 miles south of... Dharwar” [India]. Restricted to “Singhbhum District, Chota Nagpur” [Jharkhand, India] by Smith (1931:99). Melanochelys trijuga parkeri Deraniyagala 1939 (54) Parker’s Black Turtle Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Myanmar China (?) (Yunnan), Myanmar Melanochelys edeniana Theobald 1876:12, Nicoria trijuga edeniana, Geoemyda trijuga edeniana, Melanochelys trijuga edeniana, Emys trijuga edeniana, Melanochelys edeniana edeniana Type locality: “Arakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim..[&]..near Tounghu” [Myanmar]. Emys trijuga burmana Anderson 1879:723 Type locality: “Bhamô..[&]..Moulmein..[&]..Khyouk-Phyoo in Arracan” [Myanmar]. Restricted to “Bhamo, Burma” [Myanmar] by Smith (1931:98). Geoemyda trijuga wiroti Reimann in Nutaphand 1979:177, Melanochelys trijuga wiroti, Melanochelys edeniana wiroti Type locality: “Thai-Burmese border area (Tak and Mae Hong Son Provinces)” [Thailand]. Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Melanochelys trijuga parkeri Deraniyagala 1939:269, Geoemyda trijuga parkeri Type locality: “Polonnaruva, N.-C.P., ...Ceylon” [Sri Lanka]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Melanochelys trijuga thermalis (Lesson 1830) Sri Lanka Black Turtle Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix I Emys ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835:329, Batagur (Kachuga) ocellata, Batagur ocellata, Clemmys ocellata, Morenia ocellata Type locality: “Bengale” [India or Bangladesh] [in error]. Restricted to “Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) river delta, Myanmar” by lectotype designation by Bour (2009:41). Emys berdmorei Blyth 1859:281, Emys berdmorii, Batagur berdmorii, Batagur berdmorei, Kachuga berdmorei, Kachuga berdmoorei, Kachuga (Dongoka) berdmoorei, Morenia berdmorei Type locality: “Arakan or Tenasserim” [Myanmar]. Peter Paul van Dijk / CBFTT / nr. Bentota, Sri Lanka India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka Emys thermalis Lesson 1830:86, Clemmys thermalis, Nicoria trijuga thermalis, Geoemyda trijuga thermalis, Melanochelys trijuga thermalis Morenia petersi Anderson 1879 Indian Eyed Turtle Type locality: “eaux thermales de Cannia, près Trinquemalé à Ceylan,” [Sri Lanka]. Emys sebae Gray 1831d:75, Emys seba, Geoclemys seba, Geoclemys sebae, Melanochelys sebae, Emys trijuga sebae Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Ceylon” [Sri Lanka] by Gray (1844:19). Shailendra Singh / CBFTT / Ganga R., Uttar Pradesh, India Morenia Gray 1870c Morenia Gray 1870c:62 Type species: Morenia berdmorei [= Emys berdmorei Blyth 1859 = subjective synonym of Emys ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:279). Morenia ocellata (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Burmese Eyed Turtle Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Yangon, Myanmar Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal CBFTT Account: Das and Sengupta (2010) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2d (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II Batagur (Morenia) petersi Anderson 1879:761, Batagur petersi, Morenia petersi Type locality: “Huzurapur in the Jessore District..[&]..Furreedpore.. [&]..Dacca” [Uttar Pradesh, India..[&]..Bangladesh]. Notochelys Gray 1863e Notochelys Gray 1863e:177 (senior homonym, not = Notochelys Owen 1882 [= Testudines: Protostegidae †]) Type species: Notochelys platynota [= Emys platynota Gray 1834a], by original monotypy. China (?) (Yunnan), Myanmar CBFTT Account: Das (2010) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Near 109 110 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Notochelys platynota (Gray 1834a) Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b (12:27) Malaysian Giant Turtle Jérôme Maran / Kalimantan, Indonesia [Borneo] Sabine Schoppe / No data [trade] (orange dots = probable trade or misidentified) Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys platynota Gray 1834a:54, Emys platynotha, Cyclemys platynota, Notochelys platynota Type locality: “Indiâ Orientali.” Restricted to “Sumatra” [Indonesia] by Gray (1835:pl.57). Cistudo bankanensis Bleeker in Gray 1864a:12 Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Cistudo borneënsis Bleeker 1857a:473 (nomen nudum), Cistudo borneensis Type locality: “Sintang aan de Kapoeas...Borneo” [Sintang, Kapuas River, Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b:157, Bellia borneensis Type locality: “Borneo” [Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera Peters 1875:622, Clemmys gibbera, Heteroclemmys gibbera Type locality: “Pulo Matjan (Borneo)” [Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Type locality: “Banka Island” [Sumatra, Indonesia]. Hardella baileyi Bartlett 1895b:83, Brookeia baileyi Type locality: “Borneo” [Kalimantan, Indonesia]. Adelochelys crassa Baur 1896:319 Cyclemys giebelii Hubrecht 1881:45 Orlitia Gray 1873b Orlitia Gray 1873b:156 Type species: Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b, by original monotypy. Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) Peters 1875:622 Type species: Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera Peters 1875 [= subjective synonym of Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b], by original monotypy. Brookeia Bartlett 1896:113 Type species: Brookeia baileyi [= Hardella baileyi Bartlett 1895b = subjective synonym of Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b], by original monotypy. Adelochelys Baur 1896:319 Type species: Adelochelys crassa Baur 1896 [= subjective synonym of Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b], by original monotypy. Liemys Boulenger 1897a:468 Type species: Liemys inornata Boulenger 1897a [= subjective synonym of Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b], by original monotypy. Type locality: “Batang Lupar” [Sarawak, East Malaysia]. Type locality: Not known. Liemys inornata Boulenger 1897a:469 Type locality: “Lobuk Antu district, Borneo” [Sarawak, East Malaysia]. Batagur signatus † Jaekel 1911:77 [Pleistocene, Pithecanthropus Trinil Beds, Indonesia (Java)] Type locality: “Pithecanthropus-schichten...Java...Trinil” [Indonesia]. Pangshura Gray 1856b (07:48) Batagur (Pangshura) Gray 1856b:36 Type species: Kachuga (Pangshura) tecta [= Emys tectum Gray 1830b], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:278). Cuchoa Gray 1870c:61 Type species: Cuchoa tentoria [= Emys tentoria Gray 1834a], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:278). Jerdonella Gray 1870c:61 Type species: Jerdonella sylhetensis [= Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870], by original monotypy. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Emia Gray 1870c:61 Type species: Emia smithii [= Batagur smithii Gray 1863g], by original monotypy. 111 Pangshura smithii pallidipes (Moll 1987) Pale-footed Roofed Turtle Pangshura smithii (Gray 1863g) Brown Roofed Turtle Paul Crow / India [trade] India (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal Kachuga smithii pallidipes Moll 1987:8, Pangshura smithii pallidipes Type locality: “Gandak River, Bherihari Wildlife Sanctuary, Bettiah (West Champaran) District, Bihar” [India]. (subspecies: smithii = red, pallidipes = purple; overlap = intergrades) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern or Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 Assam Roofed Turtle, Sylhet Roofed Turtle Pangshura smithii smithii (Gray 1863g) Brown Roofed Turtle Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Kulsi River, Kamrup District, Assam, India Hermann Schleich / Koshi R., Nepal Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan Batagur smithii Gray 1863g:253, Pangshura smithii, Clemmys smithii, Emia smithii, Kachuga smithii, Kachuga smithii smithii, Pangshura smithii smithii Type locality: “North-western India: Punjab; River Chenab” [Punjab, India, or Pakistan]. Bangladesh, Bhutan (?), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), Myanmar (?) CBFTT Account: Das, Sengupta, and Praschag (2010) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2c (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870:69, Jerdonella sylhetensis, Kachuga sylhetensis Type locality: “the stream that runs from the Terria Ghat at the foot of the Khasi Hills” [India; now Bangladesh]. Emended to “Sylhet, a stream at the foot of the Khasi Hills” [originally Assam, India; now Sylhet, Bangladesh] by Boulenger (1889:58). 112 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Pangshura tecta (Gray 1830b) Indian Roofed Turtle Pangshura tentoria (Gray 1834a) Indian Tent Turtle Paul Crow / Bangladesh [trade] (subspecies: tentoria = red, circumdata = purple, flaviventer = blue; unassigned P. tentoria sensu lato = gray; overlap = intergrades; orange dot = possibly erroneous tentoria restricted type locality) Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix I Emys tectum Gray 1830b:pl.72, Emys tecta, Clemmys (Clemmys) tecta, Clemmys tecta, Batagur (Pangshura) tecta, Batagur tecta, Clemmys tectum, Pangshura tecta, Pangshura tectum, Kachuga tectum, Kachuga (Pangshura) tecta, Kachuga tectum tectum, Kachuga tecta, Kachuga tecta tecta Type locality: “India.” Testudo dura Hamilton in Gray 1831d:23 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “India.” Testudo katuya Hamilton in Gray 1831d:23 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “India.” Testudo pangshure Hamilton in Gray 1831d:23 (nomen nudum), Testudo pangshura Type locality: “India.” Testudo khagraskata Hamilton in Gray 1831d:23 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “India.” Emys trigibbosa Lesson 1831a:121 Type locality: “le Gange” [India]. Emys namadicus † Theobald 1860:295 (nomen nudum) [Tertiary, Nerbudda, India], Emys nomadicus, Emys namadica Type locality: “near Moar Domur...Nerbudda Valley” [Madhya Pradesh, India]. Pangshura dura Gray 1869a:205 Type locality: Not designated. Pangshura ventricosa Gray 1870c:60 Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Assam” [India] by Boulenger (1889:59). Pangshura tentoria tentoria (Gray 1834a) (07:49) Indian Tent Turtle Peter Paul van Dijk / India [captivity, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust] India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha) Emys tentoria Gray 1834a:54, Batagur (Pangshura) tentoria, Batagur tentoria, Clemmys tentoria, Pangshura tentoria, Pangshura tentori, Cuchoa tentoria, Kachuga tectum tentoria, Kachuga tecta tentoria, Kachuga tentoria tentoria, Pangshura tentoria tentoria Type locality: “Indiae Orientalis regione Dukhun” [India]. Emended to “Deccan” [India] by Boulenger (1889:59); and restricted to “Dhond, Poona Dist.” [Daund, Pune Dist., Maharashtra, India; in error?] by Smith (1931:128). Pangshura tentorium Gray 1869a:205 (nomen novum) Emys (Pangshura) tectum intermedia Blanford 1870:339, Kachuga intermedia, Kachuga tectum intermedia Type locality: “Chappa and Korba in Biláspúr, on the Hasdo River, a tributary of the upper Mahanaddi...above Sambhalpúr” [Chhattisgarh, India]. Pangshura leithii Gray 1870c:60 Type locality: “River Poonah” [Maharashtra, India; in error, trade?]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 113 Pangshura tentoria circumdata (Mertens 1969) Pink-ringed Tent Turtle Nikhil Whitaker / Uttar Pradesh, India India (Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Nepal Kachuga tecta circumdata Mertens 1969a:24, Kachuga tentoria circumdata, Pangshura tentoria circumdata Type locality: “Meerut, Indien” [Uttar Pradesh, India]. Pangshura tentoria flaviventer Günther 1864 (07:49) Yellow-bellied Tent Turtle China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangxi) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Cistuda bealei Gray 1831d:71, Emys (Pyxidemys) bealei, Emys bealei, Clemmys bealei, Cistudo bealei, Sacalia bealei, Mauremys bealei, Sacalia bealei bealei Type locality: “China.” Emys bealii Gray 1834a:54 (nomen novum), Clemmys bealii, Sacalia bealii, Cistudo bealii, Clemmys bealii bealii Sacalia quadriocellata (Siebenrock 1903a) (08:24) Four-eyed Turtle Hermann Schleich / Koshi R., Nepal Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal Pangshura flaviventer Günther 1864:35, Kachuga tecta flaviventer, Pangshura flaviventus, Kachuga tentoria flaviventer, Pangshura tentoria flaviventer Type locality: “Bengal” [India]. Emended to “India” by Boulenger (1889:59). Cuchoa flaviventris Gray 1870c:61 (nomen novum) John B. Iverson / No data [trade] Sacalia Gray 1870c Sacalia Gray 1870c:35 Type species: Sacalia bealii [= Emys bealii Gray 1834a = Cistuda bealei Gray 1831d], by original monotypy. Sacalia bealei (Gray 1831d) Beale’s Eyed Turtle John B. Iverson / No data [trade] China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), Laos, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Endangered A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Siebenrock 1903a:336 (senior homonym), Clemmys quadriocellata, Clemmys quadriocellata, Clemmys bealei quadriocellata, Sacalia quadriocellata, Sacalia bealei quadriocellata, Sacalia quadriocellata quadriocellata 114 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Type locality: “Annam” [Vietnam]. Restricted to “Annam, PhucSon” [Vietnam] by Siebenrock (1909a:482). Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Li 1958:235 (junior homonym) Type locality: “small stream of Dali village of Mt. Diaoluo, Lingshui Co., Hainan Island, China” [in Chinese]. Clemmys beali insulensis Adler 1962:135 (nomen novum) (08:24) Sacalia pseudocellata Iverson and McCord 1992a:426 (07:33) (partim, hybrid) Type locality: “between Tungfang [19º03'N, 108º56'E] and Kancheng [18º51'N, 108º37'E; ca. 48 km from Tungfang], western Hainan Island, China.” [in error?] Sacalia quadriocellata insularis Artner 2003:xviii (nomen novum) Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929 Bellia Gray 1869a:197 (junior homonym, not = Bellia MilneEdwards 1848 [= Crustacea] or Bellia Bate 1851 [= Crustacea] or Bellia Tutt 1902 [= Lepidoptera]) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys crassicollis Gray 1830e:8 (10:7), Clemmys (Clemmys) crassicollis, Clemmys crassicollis, Bellia crassicollis, Orlitia crassicollis, Siebenrockiella crassicollis Type locality: “Sumatra” [Indonesia]. Emys nigra Blyth 1856:713 (junior homonym, not = Emys nigra Hallowell 1854) Type locality: “valley of the Tenasserim” [Myanmar]. Emys crassilabris Gray in Theobald 1876:10 (nomen novum), Bellia crassilabris Pangshura cochinchinensis Tirant 1884:159, Kachuga cochinchinensis Type locality: “Cochinchine” [Vietnam]. Siebenrockiella leytensis (Taylor 1920) (07:50) Palawan Forest Turtle, Philippine Forest Turtle Type species: Bellia crassicollis [= Emys crassicollis Gray 1830e], by original monotypy. Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929:280 (nomen novum) Type species: Siebenrockiella crassicollis [= Emys crassicollis Gray 1830e], by original designation. Siebenrockiella (Panyaenemys) Diesmos, Parham, Stuart, and Brown 2005:38 Type species: Siebenrockiella (Panyaenemys) leytensis [= Heosemys leytensis Taylor 1920], by original designation. Siebenrockiella crassicollis (Gray 1830e) (10:7) Black Marsh Turtle Rafe M. Brown / TCC / Palawan, Philippines Jérôme Maran / No data [captivity] (orange dot = erroneous type locality) Philippines (Palawan [not Leyte]) CBFTT Account: Diesmos, Buskirk, Schoppe, Diesmos, Sy, and Brown (2012) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2d, B1+2c (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2015) CITES: Appendix II Heosemys leytensis Taylor 1920:131, Geoemyda leytensis, Siebenrockiella leytensis, Siebenrockiella (Panyaenemys) leytensis Type locality: “Cabalian, southern Leyte, P. I.” [Philippines] [in error]. Restricted to “northern Palawan in the Province of Palawan, Philippines” by Diesmos et al. (2012:3). Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular, East [?]), Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel, and Fritz 2006 (07:51) Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel, and Fritz 2006:156 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type species: Vijayachelys silvatica [= Geoemyda silvatica Henderson 1912], by original designation. Rhinoclemmys annulata (Gray 1860b) Brown Wood Turtle Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson 1912) Cochin Forest Cane Turtle John L. Carr / Isla Palma, Valle del Cauca, Colombia V. Deepak / CBFTT / Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) CBFTT Account: Deepak, Praschag, and Vasudevan (2014) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2c (2000); Previously: Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Geoemyda silvatica Henderson 1912:217, Heosemys silvatica, Vijayachelys silvatica Type locality: “South India...near Kavalai in the Cochin State Forests...an elevation of about 1500 feet” [Kerala, India]. RhinoCleMMydinae Gray 1873j (12:21) Rhinoclemmyina Gray 1873j:27 Rhinoclemminae Le and McCord 2008:763 Rhinoclemmydinae Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2012:274 Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835 (09:20, 12:21, 14:31) Chemelys Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen nudum) Chemelys Rafinesque 1832:64 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1985a) Type species: Chemelys verrucosa [= Testudo verrucosa Suckow 1798 = subjective synonym of Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801], by original monotypy. Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) Fitzinger 1835:115 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1985a) Type species: Geoemyda (Rhinoclemmys) dorsata [= Testudo dorsata Schoepff 1801 = subjective synonym of Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801], by subsequent designation as Emys dorsata sensu Schweigger 1812 by Lindholm (1929:283). Rhinoclemys Gray 1863c:182 (nomen novum) Rhinoclemys (Callopsis) Gray 1863c:183 Type species: Rhinoclemys (Callopsis) annulata [= Geoclemmys annulata Gray 1860b], by original monotypy. (orange dot = possible trade) Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (South America regional) (2011) Geoclemmys annulata Gray 1860b:231, Clemmys annulata, Rhinoclemys annulata, Rhinoclemys (Callopsis) annulata, Chelopus annulatus, Rhinoclemmys annulata, Nicoria annulata, Geoemyda annulata, Callopsis annulata Type locality: “Esmeraldas, ...western coast of Ecuador.” Chelopus gabbii Cope 1876:153, Emys gabbii, Nicoria gabbii, Geoemyda gabbii, Rhinoclemmys gabbii Type locality: “Costa Rica.” Restricted to “Sipurio, Costa Rica” by Dunn (1930:32). Testudo mercatoria Vaillant 1911:47 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Amérique centrale.” 115 116 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Rhinoclemmys areolata (Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851) Furrowed Wood Turtle John B. Iverson / CBFTT / nr. Paamul, Quintana Roo, Mexico Colombia (Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo, Zulia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Geoemyda punctularia diademata Mertens 1954:4, Callopsis punctularia diademata, Rhinoclemmys punctularia diademata, Rhinoclemmys diademata Type locality: “Maracay, Venezuela.” Considered in error by Pritchard (1979:182); and considered in error for “Maracaibo” [Venezuela] by Pritchard and Trebbau (1984:172). Rhinoclemmys funerea (Cope 1876) Black Wood Turtle Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán) CBFTT Account: Vogt, Platt, and Rainwater (2009) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2007); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Emys areolata Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:10, Malaclemmys concentrica areolata, Clemmys areolata, Malaclemys concentrica areolata, Chelopus areolatus, Nicoria punctularia areolata, Geoemyda punctularia areolata, Geoemyda areolata, Rhinoclemmys areolata, Callopsis areolata Manuel Merchán Fornelino / Costa Rica Type locality: “Province du Petén (Amér. centr.).” Restricted to “La Libertad, El Petén, Guatemala” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:318; 1950b:30); and to “Flores...El Petén, La Libertad...Guatemala” by Dunn and Stuart (1951:60). Rhinoclemmys diademata (Mertens 1954) Maracaibo Wood Turtle (orange dot = possible trade) Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) Chelopus funereus Cope 1876:154, Emys funerea, Geoemyda funerea, Geoemyda punctularia funerea, Rhinoclemmys funerea, Callopsis funerea Type locality: “Costa Rica...Limon.” Carlos A. Galvis-Rizo / Colombia [captivity] Geoemyda costaricensis Kanberg 1930:162 Type locality: “Costa Rica.” Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Gray 1861b) (14:31) Colombian Wood Turtle Uwe Fritz / El Silencio, Antioquia, Colombia Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador CBFTT Account: Carr and Giraldo (2009) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Nicoria nasuta Boulenger 1902a:53, Geoemyda nasuta, Geoemyda punctularia nasuta, Callopsis punctularia nasuta, Rhinoclemmys punctularia nasuta, Callopsis nasuta, Rhinoclemmys nasuta Type locality: “North-western Ecuador...Bulún, 160 feet, and from the Rio Durango, 350 feet.” Emended to “San Francisco de Pulún, Río Bogota” [Colombia] by Carr and Almendariz (1990:92). Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Gray 1856b) Painted Wood Turtle Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Panama IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Geoclemmys melanosterna Gray 1861b:205, Clemmys melanosterna, Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, Rhinoclemys melanosterna, Nicoria punctularia melanosternum, Geoemyda punctularia melanosternum, Geoemyda punctularia melanosterna, Callopsis punctularia melanosterna, Rhinoclemmys punctularia melanosterna Type locality: “Gulf of Darien: Cherunha” [Colombia]. Restricted to “River Buonaventura..[and]..Chirambira, Gulf of Darien” [Colombia] by Boulenger (1889:124); to “Chirambira bei Buenaventura, Columbien” [Colombia] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955: 352), and to “Punta Chirambira en el Delta del Río San Juan...al norte de Buenaventura en la Costa del Pacífico, Chocó” [Colombia] by Medem (1958:21). Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Boulenger 1902a) Large-nosed Wood Turtle (subspecies: pulcherrima = red, incisa = purple, manni = orange, rogerbarbouri = pink) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora), Nicaragua IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) José Vicente Rueda-Almonacid / CBFTT / Isla Palma, Valle del Cauca, Colombia 117 118 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima pulcherrima (Gray 1856b) Guerrero Wood Turtle Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni (Dunn 1930) Central American Wood Turtle John B. Iverson / nr. Canas, Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica John L. Carr / Mexico [captivity] Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) Emys pulcherrimus Gray 1856b:25, Clemmys pulcherrima, Callichelys pulcherrima, Emys pulcherrima, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima, Chelopus pulcherrima, Pseudemys pulcherrima, Chelopus pulcherrimus, Nicoria punctularia pulcherrima, Geoemyda punctularia pulcherrima, Geoemyda pulcherrima pulcherrima, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima pulcherrima, Callopsis pulcherrima pulcherrima Costa Rica, Nicaragua Geoemyda manni Dunn 1930:33, Geoemyda pulcherrima manni, Geoemyda punctularia manni, Callopsis pulcherrima manni, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni Type locality: “San Jose, Costa Rica.” Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima rogerbarbouri (Ernst 1978) Western Mexican Wood Turtle Type locality: “Mexico.” Restricted to “Presidio de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:343, 1950b:30); and to “vicinity of San Marcos, Guerrero, Mexico” by Ernst (1978:125). Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima incisa (Bocourt 1868) Incised Wood Turtle John B. Iverson / nr. Colima, Colima, Mexico Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora) Callopsis pulcherrima rogerbarbouri Ernst 1978:127, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima rogerbarbouri Type locality: “Guirocoba, Sonora, Mexico.” John B. Iverson / Honduras Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin 1801) (08:12, 09:28) Spot-legged Turtle El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Emys incisa Bocourt 1868:121, Chelopus incisa, Chelopus incisus, Glyptemys incisa, Nicoria punctularia incisa, Clemmys incisa, Chrysemys incisa, Geoemyda punctularia incisa, Rhinoclemmys incisa, Geoemyda pulcherrima incisa, Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima incisa, Callopsis pulcherrima incisa Type locality: “l’Union, un des ports du Salvador” [El Salvador]. Restricted to “la Union, un des ports du Salvador sur le Pacifique; elle a été trouvée sur la montagne de Conchavoua” [El Salvador] by Duméril and Bocourt (1870:12). Rhinoclemmys frontalis Gray 1873a:144 Type locality: “Tropical America.” Rhinoclemmys bocourti Gray 1873f:111 Type locality: “Central America.” (subspecies: punctularia = red, flammigera = purple) Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Pará, Piauí, Roraima, Tocantins), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Introduced: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia (Daudin 1801) (08:12, 09:28) Eastern Spot-legged Turtle 119 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Dutch Guiana” [Suriname] by Boulenger (1889:124). Rhinoclemmys ventricosa Gray 1873a:145, Rhinoclemys ventricosa Type locality: “Tropical America.” Restricted to “Dutch Guiana” [Suriname] by Boulenger (1889:124). Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera Paolillo 1985 (08:25, 09:28) Upper Orinoco Spot-legged Turtle Venezuela (Amazonas) Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera Paolillo 1985:294, Rhinoclemmys flammigera Type locality: “Caño Maica, 10 km SE of Carmelitas, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela (4º4' N, 66º31' W).” Rhinoclemmys rubida (Cope 1870a) Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle Jérôme Maran / French Guiana Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará, Piauí, Roraima, Tocantins), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Introduced: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758:198 (nomen oblitum and senior homonym, not = Testudo scabra Retzius in Schoepff 1792 or Testudo scabra Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) (08:12), Emys scabra, Rhinoclemmys scabra , Rhinoclemys scabra Type locality: “Indiis” [West Indies]. Restricted to “India orientali, Carolina” [in error] by Linnaeus (1766:351); and to “Cayenne, French Guiana” by Rhodin and Carr (2009:11). Testudo verrucosa Walbaum 1782:116 (unavailable name) Type locality: Not designated. Testudo verrucosa Suckow 1798:40 (junior homonym, not = Testudo (ferox) verrucosa Schoepff 1795), Chemelys verrucosa Type locality: Not known. Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801:249[“349”] (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963), Emys punctularia, Chersine punctularia, Clemmys (Clemmys) punctularia, Clemmys punctularia, Chelopus punctularius, Nicoria punctularia, Geoemyda punctularia, Geoemyda punctularia punctularia, Rhinoclemmys punctularia, Rhinoclemmys punctularia punctularia, Callopsis punctularia punctularia (subspecies: rubida = red, perixantha = purple) Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Oaxaca) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2007); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) Rhinoclemmys rubida rubida (Cope 1870a) Oaxaca Wood Turtle Type locality: “Amérique méridionale...sur-tout...la Guiane..[&].. Cayenne” [French Guiana]. Testudo dorsata Schoepff 1801:136 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1963), Emys dorsata, Clemmys dorsata Type locality: Not known. Testudo alacacca Stedman in Schweigger 1812:429 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Surinam.” Emys dorsualis Spix 1824:11, Emys dorsalis Type locality: “juxta flumen Solimoens” [Amazonas, Brazil]. Rhinoclemys bellii Gray 1863c:183, Rhinoclemmys bellii, Rhinoclemmys scabra bellii Type locality: “Tropical America.” Geoclemys callocephalus Gray 1863h:254, Clemmys callocephala, Geoclemmys callocephala, Geoclemmys callocephalus, Rhinoclemmys callocephala, Rhinoclemys callocephala Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “S. America” by Boulenger (1889:124). Rhinoclemmys lunata Gray 1873a:144, Geoemyda punctularia lunata, Callopsis punctularia lunata, Rhinoclemys lunata, Rhinoclemmys punctularia lunata Michael Redmer / Mexico [captivity] Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Chelopus rubidus Cope 1870a:148, Geoclemmys rubida, Emys rubida, Nicoria rubida, Clemmys rubida, Geoemyda rubida, Geoemyda rubida rubida, Rhinoclemmys rubida, Rhinoclemmys rubida rubida, Callopsis rubida, Callopsis rubida rubida, Chelopus rubidus rubidus Type locality: “Tuchitan Tehuantepec, Mexico” [Juchitán, Oaxaca]. Rhinoclemmys mexicana Gray 1870b:659, Chelopus mexicana, Chelopus mexicanus, Emys mexicana Type locality: “Mexico; San Juan del Rio” [Oaxaca]. 120 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Rhinoclemmys rubida perixantha (Mosimann and Rabb 1953) Colima Wood Turtle Aldabrachelys gigantea (Schweigger 1812) (07:54, 07:55, 08:13, 09:29, 09:30, 11:10, 12:28, 14:32) (56) Aldabra Giant Tortoise John B. Iverson / nr. Colima, Colima, Mexico Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán) Geoemyda rubida perixantha Mosimann and Rabb 1953:1, Rhinoclemmys rubida perixantha, Callopsis rubida perixantha, Chelopus rubidus perixanthus Type locality: “8 kilometers south of Tecoman, Colima, Mexico.” TesTudinidae Batsch 1788 Testudines Batsch 1788:437 Testudia Rafinesque 1814:66 Tortudines Schmid 1819:10 Testudinidae Gray 1825:210 Tylopodae Wagler 1828:861 Dysmydae Ritgen 1828:270 Tylopodes Burmeister 1837:732 Baenodactyli Mayer 1849:198 Testudinina Agassiz 1857a:356 Testudinidi Portis 1890:12 (subspecies: gigantea = yellow dot, daudinii = red dot, arnoldi and hololissa = orange dots [probable]) Seychelles (Aldabra, Granitic Islands) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D2 (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Aldabrachelys gigantea gigantea (Schweigger 1812) (07:54, 08:13, 09:29, 09:30, 11:10) (57) Aldabra Giant Tortoise Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957 (07:52, 07:53, 08:13, 09:29, 09:30, 12:28, 14:32) (55) Testudo (Megalochelys) Fitzinger 1843:29 (junior homonym, not = Megalochelys Falconer and Cautley 1837 [= Testudinidae †]) Type species: Testudo (Megalochelys) gigantea [= Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812], by original designation. Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) Loveridge and Williams 1957:225 Type species: Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea [= Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812], by original designation. Dipsochelys Bour 1982a:117 Type species: Dipsochelys elephantina [= Testudo elephantina Duméril and Bibron 1835 = subjective synonym of Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812], by original designation. Bernard Devaux / Aldabra, Seychelles Seychelles (Aldabra) Introduced: Mauritius (Aigrettes, Rodrigues, Round), Seychelles (Assomption, Alphonse, Astove, Cerf, Cosmolédo, Cousin, Cousine, Curieuse, D’Arros, Desroches, Farquhar, Frégate, Grande Soeur, Moyenne, North, Rémire, Silhouette), Tanzania (Zanzibar [Changuu]) Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812:327 (08:13, 09:29, 14:32) (partim, misidentified type) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 2013b), Geochelone (Chelonoidis) gigantea, Geochelone gigantea, Testudo gigantea gigantea, Geochelone gigantea gigantea, Aldabrachelys gigantea, Megalochelys gigantea, Megalochelys gigantea gigantea, Dipsochelys gigantea, Aldabrachelys gigantea gigantea, Dipsochelys giganteus Type locality: “Brasilia” [Brazil]. Restricted to “Dune Patates, South Island, Aldabra Atoll, Republic of Seychelles” by neotype designation by Frazier (2006:278). Testudo dussumieri Schlegel in Gray 1830e:3 (nomen nudum) Testudo dussumieri Gray 1831d:9 (09:29, 14:32) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2013b), Dipsochelys dussumieri, Geochelone dussumieri, Aldabrachelys dussumieri, Dipsochelys dussumieri dussumieri Type locality: “Insula Mauritiana, Insula Aldebra” [Mauritius and Aldabra, Seychelles]. Restricted to “Aldabra (N.W. of Madagascar)” by Hubrecht (1881:44); and to “Insula Aldebra” [Aldabra, Seychelles] by Bour (1985:291). Testudo elephantina Duméril and Bibron 1835:110, Testudo Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 gigantea elephantina, Geochelone elephantina, Geochelone gigantea elephantina, Dipsochelys elephantina, Aldabrachelys elephantina, Dipsochelys elephantina elephantina 121 Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (09:30) (Extinct, ca. 1850) Daudin’s Giant Tortoise Type locality: “la plupart des îles qui sont situées dans le Canal de Mosambique, telle que Anjouan, Aldebra, les Comores, d’où on l’apporte fréquemment à Bourbon et à Maurice.” Restricted to “Aldabra” [Seychelles] by Boulenger (1889:168); to “North Aldabra” by Rothschild (1915:418); and to “Ile Malabar, Aldabra Atoll, Republic of Seychelles” by Bour (1985:291). Testudo ponderosa Günther 1877:35, Aldabrachelys ponderosa Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Aldabra” [Seychelles] by Bour (1985:292). Testudo sumeirei Sauzier 1892:398, Geochelone sumeirei, Dipsochelys sumeirei, Megalochelys sumeirei, Dipsochelys elephantina sumeirei, Aldabrachelys sumeirei, Dipsochelys dussumieri sumeirei Type locality: “probable...de Maurice..[&]..la Réunion..[&]..des Séchelles.” Restricted to “Seychelles” by Rothschild (1899:360); to “Seychelles Islands?” by Auffenberg (1974:144), and to “central Seychelles” by Bour (1985:292). Testudo goufféi Rothschild 1906:753, Testudo gouffei, Geochelone gouffei, Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gouffei, Geochelone (Aldabrachelys) gigantea gouffei, Geochelone gigantea gouffei, Megalochelys gouffei, Aldabrachelys gouffei Roger Bour / Seychelles [MNHN, Paris] Seychelles (Mahé? [extinct]) Testudo daudinii Duméril and Bibron 1835:123, Testudo gigantea daudinii, Geochelone gigantea daudinii, Dipsochelys daudinii, Geochelone daudinii, Aldabrachelys daudinii, Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii, Dipsochelys dussumieri daudinii Type locality: “Indes orientales.” Restricted to “les îles Seychelles granitiques” by Bour (1985:58). Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa (Günther 1877) (09:30, 11:10) Seychelles Giant Tortoise Type locality: “Therese Island, St. Anne’s Channel, Seychelles Islands.” Emended to “more likely...from Juan de Novo or Farquhar Island” [Seychelles] by Rothschild (1915:427). Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi (Bour 1982a) (07:54, 09:30, 11:10) Arnold’s Giant Tortoise Justin Gerlach / CBFTT / Seychelles John Pemberton / CBFTT / Seychelles Seychelles (Mahé?, North? [all extirpated]) Introduced: Seychelles (North, Cousine, Frégate, Silhouette) CBFTT Account: Gerlach (2009) Dipsochelys arnoldi Bour 1982a:121, Testudo arnoldi, Aldabrachelys arnoldi, Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi, Dipsochelys dussumieri arnoldi Type locality: “Seychelles...probablement...les îles granitiques.” Seychelles (Cerf?, Cousine?, Frégate?, Mahé?, Praslin?, Round?, Silhouette? [all extirpated]) Introduced: Seychelles (Cerf, Cousine, Round) CBFTT Account: Gerlach (2011) Testudo hololissa Günther 1877:39, Dipsochelys hololissa, Geochelone hololissa, Aldabrachelys hololissa, Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa, Dipsochelys dussumieri hololissa Type locality: “Seychelle Islands...[probably] originally imported from the Aldabra group.” Restricted to “des îles Seychelles” by Sauzier (1899:142). Dipsochelys resurrecta Gerlach and Canning 1996:133 (nomen nudum) Astrochelys Gray 1873j (07:52) Testudo (Astrochelys) Gray 1873j:4 Type species: Testudo (Astrochelys) radiata [= Testudo radiata Shaw 1802], by original monotypy. Asterochelys Gray 1874:724 (nomen novum) Angonoka Le, Raxworthy, McCord, and Mertz 2006:528 (09:31) Type species: Angonoka yniphora [= Testudo yniphora Vaillant 1885a], by original designation. 122 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Astrochelys radiata (Shaw 1802) Radiated Tortoise, Sokake Astrochelys yniphora (Vaillant 1885a) (07:56, 09:31) Ploughshare Tortoise, Angonoka Anders G.J. Rhodin / TCC / CRM 6 / Cap Sainte Marie Special Reserve, Madagascar Anders G.J. Rhodin / CCB / Baly Bay National Park, Madagascar Madagascar Introduced: Mauritius (Rodrigues, Round), Réunion IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A4d, E (2008); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) CITES: Appendix I Testudo coui Daudin 1801:271 (nomen oblitum) Type locality: Not known. Testudo radiata Shaw 1802:22, Psammobates radiatus, Asterochelys radiata, Testudo radiata radiata, Geochelone radiata, Astrochelys radiata Type locality: “Madagascar.” Restricted to “Soalara (Baie de SaintAugustin), sud-ouest de Madagascar” by Bour (1979:152). Testudo madagascariensis Schweigger 1812:457 (nomen nudum) Type locality: “Madagascar.” Testudo desertorum Grandidier 1869:257 Type locality: “Madagascar.” Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941b:9 Type locality: “provenant d’un Chinois de Cholon qui l’avait... achetée au marché...il n’est pas certain qu’elle ait été trouvée en Cochinchine” [Vietnam] [in error, trade specimen]. Restricted to “Cholon?...Indochina” by Wermuth and Mertens (1961:213) [in error]. Shown to be identical to Testudo radiata from Madagascar by Auffenberg (1963:465); type locality restricted to “durch den Tierhandel...von Madagascar nach Indochina” by Wermuth (1965:285). (orange dot = trade) Madagascar Introduced: Mauritius (Rodrigues) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A4ad, B2ab(v), C1, E (2008); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I Testudo yniphora Vaillant 1885a:441, Testudo radiata yniphora, Asterochelys yniphora, Geochelone yniphora, Geochelone (Asterochelys) yniphora, Astrochelys yniphora, Angonoka yniphora Type locality: “un îlot situé au nord-nord-est de...grande Comore...d’une localité située vers Aldabra” [in error]. Restricted to “cap d’Amparafaka (Baie de Baly), nord-ouest de Madagascar” by Bour (1979:152). Testudo hyniphora Vaillant in Vaillant and Grandidier 1910:40 (nomen novum) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Centrochelys Gray 1872c (07:52) Peltastes (Centrochelys) Gray 1872c:5 Type species: Peltastes (Centrochelys) sulcatus [= Testudo sulcata Miller 1779], by original monotypy. Centrochelys sulcata (Miller 1779) (12:29) African Spurred Tortoise 1854b = unidentified taxon of Chelonoidis nigra species complex], by original monotypy. Testudo (Pampatestudo) Lindholm 1929:285 (nomen novum) Type species: Testudo (Pampatestudo) chilensis [= Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray 1870a], by original monotypy. Testudo (Monachelys) Williams 1952:547 Type species: Testudo (Monachelys) monensis † Williams 1952, by original designation. Darwintestudo Antenbrink-Vetter and Vetter 1998:4 Type species: Darwintestudo hoodensis [= Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907], by original designation. Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix 1824) (10:19, 10:20, 14:33) (58) Red-footed Tortoise Luca Luiselli and Fabio Petrozzi / Arly, Burkina Faso Cassiano Zaparoli / Fazenda Caiman, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil (orange dots = probable trade) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti (?), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia (?), Senegal, Somalia (?), Sudan, Yemen (?) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo sulcata Miller 1779:pl.26,p.54, Geochelone (Geochelone) sulcata, Geochelone sulcata, Peltastes sulcatus, Centrochelys sulcatus, Centrochelys sulcata Type locality: “India occidentali” [in error]. Restricted to “West Indies” [in error] by Miller (1796:54). Testudo calcarata Schneider 1784:317 (nomen novum), Chersine calcarata Type locality: “Westindien.” [in error]. Testudo radiata senegalensis Gray 1831d:11, Geochelone senegalensis, Geochelone sulcata senegalensis Type locality: “Senegal.” Geochelone sulcata sudanensis Ballasina, Vandepitte, Mochi, and Fenwick 2006:111 (nomen nudum) Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835 (07:52) (58) Geochelone (Chelonoidis) Fitzinger 1835:112 Type species: Testudo (Chelonoidis) boiei [= Testudo boiei Wagler 1830a = subjective synonym of Testudo carbonaria Spix 1824], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Testudo (Gopher) Gray 1870a:190 Type species: Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray 1870a, by original monotypy. Elephantopus Gray 1874:724 (junior homonym, not = Elephantopus Agassiz 1846 [= Siphonophora]) Type species: Elephantopus planiceps [= Testudo planiceps Gray (orange dots = introduced or trade) Argentina (Formosa), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima, Sergipe), Colombia (Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Guainía, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Vichada), French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela (Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Mérida, Miranda, Portuguesa, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia) Introduced (modern or prehistoric?): Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Barbados, Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), British Virgin Islands, Colombia (Providencia), Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua (Maíz Grande), Saint-Barthélemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad, US Virgin Islands, Venezuela (Isla Margarita, Los Tostigos) 123 124 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo carbonaria Spix 1824:22, Testudo tabulata carbonaria, Geochelone carbonaria, Chelonoidis carbonaria, Geochelone carbonaria carbonaria, Chelonoidis carbonaria carbonaria, Chelonoidis carbonarius petersi Type locality: “Kishka, La Banda, Santiago del Estero” [Argentina]. Chelonoidis denticulatus (Linnaeus 1766) (10:19) (58) Yellow-footed Tortoise Type locality: “flumen Amazonum” [Pará, Brazil]. Testudo boiei Wagler 1830a:pl.XIII (14:33), Geochelone (Chelonoidis) boiei, Geochelone boiei, Chelonoidis boiei Type locality: Not known. Testudo hercules truncata Gray 1830e:3 (10:7, 10:20) Type locality: “South America.” Chelonoidis chilensis (Gray 1870a) (07:57, 10:21, 12:30) (59) Chaco Tortoise, Pampas Tortoise Carlos Alberto Jimenez / Madre de Dios, Peru Maurice Rodrigues / TTN / Monte Desert, nr. Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina (red dots = possibe extirpated or trade; orange dots = probable introduced or trade) Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Córdoba, Formosa, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija), Paraguay IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray 1870a:190, Testudo chilensis, Geochelone chilensis, Geochelone chilensis chilensis, Chelonoidis chilensis, Chelonoidis chilensis chilensis Type locality: “Chili” [Chile; in error], see Sclater (1870:470). Emended to “Chili...N. Patagonia...Mendoza and the Pampas.. [&]..Monte Video and Buenos Ayres” by Gray (1870d:707); and restricted to “Mendoza” [Argentina] by Boulenger (1889:159). Testudo argentina Sclater 1870:471 (nomen novum) Geochelone donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973:83 (12:30), Geochelone chilensis donosobarrosi, Chelonoidis chilensis donosobarrosi, Chelonoidis donosobarrosi Type locality: “San Antonio, Rio Negro” [Argentina]. Geochelone petersi Freiberg 1973:86 (12:30), Chelonoidis chilensis petersi, Chelonoidis petersi, Geochelone chilensis Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia [?, extirpated?], Espírito Santo [?, extirpated?], Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rio de Janeiro [?, extirpated?], Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Cusco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Introduced: Guadeloupe IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo denticulata Linnaeus 1766:352, Chersine denticulata, Geochelone (Geochelone) denticulata, Geochelone denticulata, Chelonoidis denticulata, Chelonoidis denticulatus Type locality: “Virginia” [USA] [in error]. Testudo tabulata Walbaum 1782:122 (unavailable name) Type locality: Not designated. Testudo tessellata Stobaeus in Schneider 1792:262, Chersine tessellata Testudo stobaeana Gmelin in Schoepff 1793:48 (nomen nudum) Testudo tabulata Walbaum in Schoepff 1793:56, Chersine tabulata, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) tabulata, Geochelone tabulata, Chelonoidis tabulata Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “Africa australi?” [in error]. Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812:327 (08:13, 09:29) (partim, misidentified type) Type locality: “Brasilia” [Brazil]. Restricted to “Dune Patates, South Island, Aldabra Atoll, Republic of Seychelles” by neotype designation by Frazier (2006:278). Chelonoidis abingdonii (Günther 1877) (09:34, 12:31) (Extinct, 2012) Pinta Giant Tortoise, Abingdon Island Giant Tortoise Testudo terrestris brasiliensis Seba in Schweigger 1812:445 (nomen nudum), Testudo brasiliensis Type locality: Not designated. [Brazil]. Testudo terrestris americana Stobaeus in Schweigger 1812:445 Type locality: Not designated. Testudo tabulata cayennensis Schweigger 1812:445 (nomen nudum), Testudo terrestris cayennensis Type locality: Not designated. [French Guiana]. Testudo terrestris surinamensis Stedman in Schweigger 1812:445 (nomen nudum) Type locality: Not designated. [Suriname]. Testudo hercules Spix 1824:20 Type locality: “sylvis ad flumen Solimoens” [Amazonas, Brazil]. Testudo sculpta Spix 1824:21 Type locality: “sylvis juxta flumen Amazonum” [Pará, Brazil]. Testudo cagado Spix 1824:23 Type locality: “campis et nemoribus campestribus Bahiae” [Bahia, Brazil]. Anders G.J. Rhodin / TCC / Pinta [Lonesome George, CDRS, Santa Cruz] Testudo planata Gmelin in Gray 1831d:9 (nomen nudum) Testudo foveolata Schinz 1833:40 (nomen nudum) Chelonoidis niger species complex (09:32, 12:31) (58, 60) Galapagos Giant Tortoises Ecuador (Galápagos: Española [Hood]; Fernandina [Narborough] [possibly extinct]; Floreana [Charles] [extinct]; Isabela [Albemarle]; Pinta [Abingdon] [extinct]; Pinzón [Duncan]; San Cristóbal [Chatham]; Santa Cruz [Indefatigable]; Santiago [San Salvador] [James] Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinta [Abingdon] [extinct]) Introduced: Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) (hybrids with C. becki) IUCN Red List: Extinct (2016); Previously: Extinct in the Wild (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo ephippium Günther 1874:422 (partim, nomen nudum) Type locality: “Charles Island” [Floreana, Galápagos, Ecuador] [in error]. Testudo ephippium Günther 1875a:271 (partim, misidentified type) Type locality: “Charles Island” [Floreana, Galápagos, Ecuador] [in error]. Restricted to “Duncan” [Pinzón, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Van Denburgh (1914:259) [in error]. Testudo abingdonii Günther 1877:85, Testudo elephantopus abingdonii, Geochelone abingdonii, Geochelone elephantopus abingdonii, Chelonoidis abingdonii, Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdonii, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra abingdonii, Geochelone nigra abingdonii, Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii, Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdonii Type locality: “Abingdon Island” [Pinta, Galápagos, Ecuador]. 125 126 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelonoidis becki (Rothschild 1901) (12:31) (60) Volcán Wolf Giant Tortoise, Wolf Volcano Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis chathamensis (Van Denburgh 1907) (07:59, 12:31) (61) San Cristóbal Giant Tortoise, Chatham Island Giant Tortoise Washington Tapia / San Cristóbal Paul M. Gibbons / Volcán Wolf, Isabela / non-hybrid Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) Invasives: Hybrids with Chelonoidis abingdonii and C. niger IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra becki TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2012) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo becki Rothschild 1901:372, Geochelone becki, Geochelone elephantopus becki, Chelonoidis becki, Chelonoidis elephantopus becki, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra becki, Geochelone nigra becki, Chelonoidis nigra becki Type locality: “Cape Berkeley, northern point of Albemarle Island, Galapagos Archipelago” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Restricted to “Bank’s Bay, Albemarle” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Van Denburgh (1914:259). Ecuador (Galápagos: San Cristóbal [Chatham]) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2017) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907:4, Testudo elephantopus chathamensis, Geochelone chathamensis, Geochelone elephantopus chathamensis, Chelonoidis chathamensis, Chelonoidis elephantopus chathamensis, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra chathamensis, Geochelone nigra chathamensis, Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis Type locality: “Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago” [San Cristóbal, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelonoidis darwini (Van Denburgh 1907) (12:31) (60) Santiago Giant Tortoise, James Island Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis donfaustoi Poulakakis, Edwards, and Caccone in Poulakakis, Edwards, Chiari, Garrick, Russello, Benavides, Watkins-Colwell, Glaberman, Tapia, Gibbs, Cayot, and Caccone 2015 (61) Eastern Santa Cruz Giant Tortoise, Cerro Fatal Giant Tortoise, Don Fausto’s Giant Tortoise Tui De Roy/Roving Tortoise Photos / Santiago Peter Paul van Dijk / Cerro Fatal, Santa Cruz Ecuador (Galápagos: Santiago [San Salvador] [James]) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1bde (2016); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo schweiggeri Fitzinger 1826:44 (nomen nudum) Geochelone (Geochelone) schweiggeri Fitzinger 1835:122 (nomen dubium et oblitum; junior homonym, not = Testudo schweiggeri Gray in Duméril and Bibron 1835 [= Testudo schweigeri Gray 1830e]), Geochelone schweiggeri Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “America: Insel St. Jacob der Gallopagen” [= Santiago, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Fitzinger (1853:110). Testudo darwini Van Denburgh 1907:4, Testudo elephantopus darwini, Geochelone darwini, Geochelone elephantopus darwini, Chelonoidis darwini, Chelonoidis elephantopus darwini, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra darwini, Geochelone nigra darwini, Chelonoidis nigra darwini Type locality: “James Island, Galapagos Archipelago” [Santiago, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Ecuador (Galápagos: Santa Cruz [Indefatigable]) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2015) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Chelonoidis donfaustoi Poulakakis, Edwards, and Caccone in Poulakakis, Edwards, Chiari, Garrick, Russello, Benavides, Watkins-Colwell, Glaberman, Tapia, Gibbs, Cayot, and Caccone 2015:12, Chelonoidis nigra donfaustoi Type locality: “Cerro Fatal in Santa Cruz” [Galápagos, Ecuador]. 127 128 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelonoidis duncanensis (Pritchard 1996) (07:60, 12:31) Pinzón Giant Tortoise, Duncan Island Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis guntheri (Baur 1889) (07:64, 08:14, 09:36, 12:31) (60) Sierra Negra Giant Tortoise Tui De Roy/Roving Tortoise Photos / Sierra Negra, Isabela [captivity] Peter C.H. Pritchard / CRM 1 / Pinzón [Onan] Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) IUCN Red List: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra guentheri TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2012) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo güntheri Baur 1889:1044 (07:64, 09:36) (invalid diacritic requiring emendation), Geochelone elephantopus güntheri, Geochelone güntheri, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra güntheri, Geochelone nigra güntheri, Chelonoidis elephantopus güntheri Type locality: “Galapagos.” Restricted to “Vilamil, Albemarle” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Van Denburgh (1914:259). (orange dot = introduced) Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinzón [Duncan]) Introduced: Ecuador (Galápagos: Santa Cruz [Indefatigable]) IUCN Red List: Extinct in the Wild (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2012) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo ephippium Günther 1874:422 (partim, nomen nudum) Testudo ephippium Günther 1875a:271 (partim, misidentified type), Testudo elephantopus ephippium, Geochelone elephantopus ephippium, Geochelone ephippium, Chelonoidis ephippium, Chelonoidis nigra ephippium, Chelonoidis elephantopus ephippium, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra ephippium, Geochelone nigra ephippium Type locality: “Charles Island” [Floreana, Galápagos, Ecuador] [in error]. Restricted to “Duncan” [Pinzón, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Van Denburgh (1914:259) [in error]. Testudo duncanensis Garman 1917:269 (nomen nudum) Geochelone nigra duncanensis Pritchard 1996:47, Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis, Chelonoidis duncanensis Type locality: “Duncan Island” [Pinzón, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902:619 (12:31), Testudo elephantopus wallacei, Geochelone elephantopus wallacei, Geochelone wallacei, Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei, Chelonoidis nigra wallacei, Geochelone nigra wallacei Type locality: “Chatham Island” [San Cristóbal, Galápagos, Ecuador] by supposition. Restricted to “Jervis” [Rábida, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Van Denburgh (1914:259). Geochelone elephantopus guntheri Baur in Pritchard 1971a:26 (07:64, 09:36) (nomen novum, justified emendation), Geochelone elephantopus guntheri, Geochelone guntheri, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra guntheri, Geochelone nigra guntheri, Chelonoidis elephantopus guntheri Geochelone elephantopus guentheri Baur in Pritchard 1971b:50 (07:64, 09:36) (nomen novum, unjustified emendation), Testudo guentheri, Geochelone guentheri, Chelonoidis guentheri, Chelonoidis elephantopus guentheri, Geochelone nigra guentheri, Chelonoidis nigra guentheri Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelonoidis hoodensis (Van Denburgh 1907) (12:31) Española Giant Tortoise, Hood Island Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis microphyes (Günther 1875a) (07:64, 08:14, 09:36, 12:31) Volcán Darwin Giant Tortoise, Darwin Volcano Giant Tortoise, Tagus Cove Giant Tortoise Anders G.J. Rhodin / Volcán Darwin, nr. Tagus Cove, Isabela Peter C.H. Pritchard / TCC / Española [CDRS, Santa Cruz] (orange dot = introduced) Ecuador (Galápagos: Española [Hood]) Introduced: Ecuador (Galápagos: Santa Fé [Barrington]) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered D (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2015) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907:3, Testudo elephantopus hoodensis, Geochelone elephantopus hoodensis, Geochelone hoodensis, Chelonoidis hoodensis, Chelonoidis elephantopus hoodensis, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra hoodensis, Geochelone nigra hoodensis, Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis, Darwintestudo hoodensis Type locality: “Hood Island, Galapagos Archipelago” [Española, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra microphyes TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2012) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo microphyes Günther 1874:422 (nomen nudum) Type locality: ““Hood’s Island” [Española, Galápagos, Ecuador] [in error]. Testudo microphyes Günther 1875a:275 (08:14) Geochelone elephantopus microphyes, Geochelone microphyes, Chelonoidis microphyes, Chelonoidis elephantopus microphyes, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra microphyes, Geochelone nigra microphyes, Chelonoidis nigra microphyes Type locality: “Hood’s Island” [Española, Galápagos, Ecuador] by supposition [in error]. Emended to “Tagus Cove, about 4 miles inland...northern Albemarle Island” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Günther (1877:78). Testudo macrophyes Garman 1917:273 Type locality: “Santa Isabela Island (Albemarle) near Tagus Cove” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador]. 129 130 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelonoidis niger (Quoy and Gaimard 1824b) (07:58, 09:33, 12:31) (58, 62) (Extinct, ca. 1850) Floreana Giant Tortoise, Charles Island Giant Tortoise Chelonoidis phantasticus (Van Denburgh 1907) (07:62, 12:31) (58, 63) Fernandina Giant Tortoise, Narborough Island Giant Tortoise Peter C.H. Pritchard / CRM 1 / Fernandina [CAS, San Francisco] Peter C.H. Pritchard / CRM 1 / Floreana [BMNH, London] Ecuador (Galápagos: Floreana [Charles] [extinct]) Introduced: Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) (hybrids with C. becki) IUCN Red List: Extinct (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra nigra TFTSG Draft Red List: Extinct (2012) CITES: Appendix I Testudo californiana Quoy and Gaimard 1824a:90 (62) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “La Californie...donnée vivante aux îles Sandwich” [California, USA; in error]. Erroneously given with “Sandwich Islands” [Hawaii, USA] by Wermuth and Mertens (1961, 1977). Testudo nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824b:174 (62) (nomen novum), Chelonoidis nigra, Geochelone nigra, Geochelone nigra nigra, Chelonoidis nigra nigra, Geochelone elephantopus nigra, Chelonoidis niger Type locality: “la Californie...donnée vivante, aux îles Sandwich” [California, USA; in error]. Restricted arbitrarily to “Cerro Azul d’Isabela” [Galápagos, Ecuador] by Bour in David (1994:83); and to “Charles Island (Santa María or Floreana)” [Galápagos, Ecuador] by Pritchard (1996:49). Testudo galapagoensis Baur 1889:1044, Testudo elephantopus galapagoensis, Geochelone elephantopus galapagoensis, Chelonoidis galapagoensis, Chelonoidis elephantopus galapagoensis, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra galapagoensis, Geochelone nigra galapagoensis, Chelonoidis nigra galapagoensis Type locality: “Charles Island” [Floreana, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Ecuador (Galápagos: Fernandina [Narborough] [possibly extinct]) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) (2016); Previous Draft: Extinct (63) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh 1907:4, Testudo phantastica, Testudo elephantopus phantastica, Geochelone elephantopus phantastica, Geochelone phantastica, Chelonoidis phantastica, Geochelone phantasticus, Chelonoidis elephantopus phantastica, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra phantastica, Geochelone nigra phantastica, Chelonoidis nigra phantastica, Chelonoidis phantasticus Type locality: “Narborough Island, Galapagos Archipelago” [Fernandina, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelonoidis porteri (Rothschild 1903) (07:63, 09:35, 12:31) (62) Western Santa Cruz Giant Tortoise, Indefatigable Island Giant Tortoise Anders G.J. Rhodin / Caseta, Santa Cruz Ecuador (Galápagos: Santa Cruz [Indefatigable]) IUCN Red List: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra porteri TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2016) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo nigrita Duméril and Bibron 1835:80 (62) (nomen dubium), Testudo elephantopus nigrita, Geochelone nigrita, Chelonoidis nigrita, Geochelone elephantopus nigrita, Chelonoidis elephantopus nigrita, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra nigrita, Geochelone nigra nigrita, Chelonoidis nigra nigrita Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Insel Indefatigable” [Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:376). Testudo porteri Rothschild 1903:119, Geochelone elephantopus porteri, Geochelone porteri, Geochelone nigra porteri, Chelonoidis elephantopus porteri, Chelonoidis nigra porteri, Chelonoidis porteri Type locality: “Indefatigable Island, Galapagos group” [Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador]. Chelonoidis vandenburghi (DeSola 1930) (07:64, 08:14, 09:36, 12:31) (60) Volcán Alcedo Giant Tortoise, Alcedo Volcano Giant Tortoise Peter C.H. Pritchard / CRM 1 / TCF / Volcán Alcedo, Isabela Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2012) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo vandenburghi DeSola 1930:79, Geochelone vandenburghi, Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi, Chelonoidis vandenburghi, Chelonoidis elephantopus vandenburghi, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra vandenburghi, Geochelone nigra vandenburghi, Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi Type locality: “forty miles from Villamil...at the coast on the southern border of Perry Isthmus...mid-Albemarle Island...Cowley Mountain nearly north...to the south...Villamil Mountain” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador], emended to “Cowley Mountain...the first mountain north of Villamil Mountain” [Volcán Alcedo, Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Iverson (1992:250). 131 132 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelonoidis vicina (Günther 1875a) (07:64, 08:14, 09:36, 12:31) (60) Cerro Azul Giant Tortoise, Iguana Cove Giant Tortoise Type locality: “Galapagos” [Galápagos, Ecuador]. Chersina Gray 1830e (10:7) Testudo (Chersina) Gray 1830e:5 (10:7) Type species: Testudo (Chersina) angulata Duméril in Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Testudo (Goniochersus) Lindholm 1929:285 Type species: Testudo (Goniochersus) angulata [= Testudo angulata Schweigger 1812], by original designation. Neotestudo Hewitt 1931:504 Type species: Neotestudo angulata [= Testudo angulata Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Vincenzo Ferri / Cerro Azul, Isabela [captivity] Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) IUCN Red List: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra vicina TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2017) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo vicina Günther 1874:422 (nomen nudum) Chersina angulata (Duméril in Schweigger 1812) (09:37) Angulate Tortoise, South African Bowsprit Tortoise Margaretha D. Hofmeyr / CBFTT / West Coast National Park, South Africa Type locality: “Galapagos” [Galápagos, Ecuador] without precise locality. Testudo vicina Günther 1875a:277, Geochelone vicina, Geochelone (Chelonoidis) nigra vicina, Geochelone nigra vicina, Geochelone elephantopus vicina, Chelonoidis elephantopus vicina, Chelonoidis nigra vicina, Chelonoidis vicina Type locality: “Galapagos.” Restricted to “South Albemarle” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Günther (1877:73); and to “Iguana Cove, Albemarle” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Van Denburgh (1914:259). Chelonoidis, sp. indet. Testudo elephantopus Harlan 1827:284 (09:33) (nomen dubium), Testudo elephantopus elephantopus, Geochelone elephantopus, Geochelone elephantopus elephantopus, Chelonoidis elephantopus, Chelonoidis elephantopus elephantopus, Geochelone nigra elephantopus Type locality: “Gallapagos Islands” [Galápagos, Ecuador]. Restricted to “South Albemarle” [Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador] by Pritchard (1967:168); restricted to “Charles Island (Floreana, Santa Maria), Galapagos” [Ecuador] by Olson and Humphrey (2017:114). Testudo planiceps Gray 1854b:12 (nomen dubium and junior homonym, not = Testudo planiceps Schneider 1792), Geochelone planiceps, Chelonoidis planiceps Type locality: “Galapagos Islands” [Galápagos, Ecuador]. Testudo clivosa Garman 1917:283 (nomen dubium), Geochelone clivosa, Chelonoidis clivosa Type locality: “Mascarenes” by supposition [in error]. Testudo typica Garman 1917:285 (nomen dubium), Geochelone typica, Chelonoidis typica (orange dots = probable trade) Namibia, South Africa CBFTT Account: Hofmeyr (2009) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2017); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo angulata Duméril in Schweigger 1812:321, Testudo (Chersina) angulata, Chersina angulata, Testudo (Goniochersus) angulata, Goniochersus angulata, Goniochersus angulatus, Neotestudo angulata, Chersine angulata Type locality: Not known. Testudo bellii Gray 1828:2 Type locality: “Cape of Good Hope” [South Africa]. Chersina angulata pallida Gray 1831d:69 Type locality: Not known. Testudo flavofusca Gray 1844:11 (nomen nudum) Testudo sculpta Brandt in Gray 1856b:12 (nomen nudum) Chersobius Fitzinger 1835 (07:67, 10:23) (64) Testudo (Chersobius) Fitzinger 1835:112 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 133 Type species: Testudo (Chersobius) signatus Walbaum [= Testudo signata Gmelin 1789], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:284). Pseudomopus Hewitt 1931:496 Type species: Pseudomopus signatus Walbaum [= Testudo signata Gmelin 1789], by original designation. Chersobius boulengeri (Duerden 1906) (64) Karoo Dwarf Tortoise, Karoo Padloper South Africa IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2acd (2017), as Homopus signatus; Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo signata Walbaum 1782:120 (unavailable name) Type locality: Not known. Victor J.T. Loehr / Western Cape, South Africa Testudo signata Gmelin 1789:1043, Chersine signata, Homopus signatus, Pseudomopus signatus, Pseudomopus signatus signatus, Chersobius signatus, Homopus signata, Homopus signatus signatus Type locality: “Virginia” [USA, in error]. Restricted to “vicinity of Springbok, Cape Province, South Africa” by Bour (1988:3). Testudo cafra Daudin 1801:291 (10:24), Homopus signatus cafra, Homopus signatus cafer Type locality: “Afrique...la Cafrerie” [South Africa]. Restricted to “Drainage of the Olifants River, Cape Province, South Africa” by Bour (1988:3). Testudo juvencella Daudin 1802:380 (10:25) Type locality: “Afrique.” South Africa IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2017), as Homopus boulengeri; Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Homopus boulengeri Duerden 1906:406, Pseudomopus boulengeri, Chersobius signatus Pseudomopus signatus peersi Hewitt 1935:345, Homopus signatus peersi, Chersobius peersi Type locality: “Klaver District, C.P. [Cape Province], near Van Rhynsdorp” [South Africa]. Chersobius solus Branch 2007 (07:67) (64) Nama Tortoise, Nama Padloper Type locality: “South Africa—Districts of Willowmore, Aberdeen, and Beaufort West.” Chersobius signatus (Gmelin 1789) (10:24) (64) Speckled Tortoise, Speckled Padloper Maurice Rodrigues / TCC / Namibia Victor J.T. Loehr / Clanwilliam, Western Cape, South Africa 134 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 IUCN Red List: Extinct (1996) Testudo indica Schneider 1783:355, Chelonura indica, Cylindrapis indica, Megalochelys indica, Geochelone indica, Cylindraspis indica Type locality: “Ostindien”. Restricted to “Réunion” by Austin and Arnold (2001:2517). Testudo tabulata africana Schweigger 1812:322 (09:38) Type locality: “Africa” by inference. Chersine retusa Merrem 1820:29 (nomen novum), Testudo retusa Type locality: “India orientali.” Testudo perraultii Duméril and Bibron 1835:126 (nomen novum), Geochelone (Cylindraspis) perraultii, Testudo indica perraultii Namibia IUCN Red List: Vulnerable C2a (1996), originally listed as Homopus bergeri TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906:348 (partim) Type locality: “nach Gibeon in Deutsch-Südwestafrika...möglicherweise weiter im Innern Südafrikas” [Namibia or South Africa]. Homopus solos Devaux 2003:40 (nomen nudum) Homopus solus Branch 2007:11, Chersobius solus Type locality: “vicinity of Aus, Luderitz District, Namibia.” Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835 (55) Type locality: “Indes Orientales.” Testudo graii Duméril and Bibron 1835:135 (nomen novum), Geochelone graii, Cylindraspis graii Type locality: “Afrique?” Chersina grayi Strauch 1865:36 (nomen novum), Geochelone grayi, Geochelone (Cylindraspis) grayi Type locality: “Afrika.” Cylindraspis borbonica Bour 1978:492 Type locality: “Réunion.” Cylindraspis inepta (Günther 1873) (Extinct, ca. 1735) Mauritius Giant Domed Tortoise Chelonura Rafinesque 1815:74 (nomen nudum) Chelonura Rafinesque 1832:64 (junior homonym, not = Chelonura Fleming 1822) Type species: Chelonura indica [= Testudo indica Schneider 1783], by original designation. Geochelone (Cylindraspis) Fitzinger 1835:112 Type species: Chersina (Cylindraspis) vosmaeri [= Testudo indica vosmaeri Suckow 1798], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Cylindraspis indica (Schneider 1783) (07:65) (Extinct, ca. 1840) Reunion Giant Tortoise Roger Bour / Mare aux Songes, Mauritius [BMNH, London] Roger Bour / Réunion [MNHN, Paris] Mauritius (Mauritius [extinct]) IUCN Red List: Extinct (1996) Testudo neraudii Gray 1831d:14 (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “Isle of France” [Mauritius]. Restricted to “Quatre Cocos, Flacq, Maurice” [Mauritius] by Bour (1985:37). Testudo inepta Günther 1873:397, Geochelone inepta, Cylindraspis inepta Type locality: “Mauritius.” Restricted to “La Mare aux Songes... near Mahe’bourg...Mauritius” by Günther (1875b:297). Testudo boutonii Günther 1875b:297 Type locality: “La Mare aux Songes...near Mahe’bourg... Mauritius.” Réunion [extinct] Testudo sauzieri Gadow 1894:315, Geochelone sauzieri Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “Mare aux Songes, in Mauritius.” Cylindraspis peltastes (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (Extinct, ca. 1800) Rodrigues Domed Tortoise Roger Bour / Rodrigues [MNHN, Paris] Mauritius (Rodrigues [extinct]) IUCN Red List: Extinct (1996) Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:107 (partim, nomen dubium), Chersine rotunda, Geochelone (Geochelone) rotunda Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Mascarenes...Rodrigues” by Bour (2005:25). Testudo peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835:138, Geochelone peltastes, Geochelone (Cylindraspis) peltastes, Cylindraspis peltastes Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Rodriguez” [Rodrigues] by Günther (1877:53). Cylindraspis triserrata (Günther 1873) (Extinct, ca. 1735) Mauritius Giant Flat-shelled Tortoise Roger Bour / plates from Boulenger (1889:pls.2-3) / Mauritius [BMNH, London] Mauritius (Mauritius [extinct]) IUCN Red List: Extinct (1996) Testudo schweigeri Gray 1830e:3 (10:7) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Mauritius” by Austin and Arnold (2001:2517). Testudo schweiggeri Gray in Duméril and Bibron 1835:108 (nomen novum et oblitum; senior homonym, not = Geochelone (Geochelone) schweiggeri Fitzinger 1835) Testudo triserrata Günther 1873:397, Geochelone triserrata, Cylindraspis triserrata Type locality: “Mauritius.” Restricted to “La Mare aux Songes... near Mahe’bourg...Mauritius” by Günther (1875b:297). Testudo leptocnemis Günther 1875b:297, Geochelone leptocnemis, Cylindraspis leptocnemis Type locality: “district of Flacq..[&]..La Mare aux Songes...near Mahe’bourg...Mauritius.” Restricted to “District of Flacq” [Mauritius] by Günther (1877:14). Testudo microtympanum Boulenger 1891:4, Geochelone microtympanum Type locality: “Mauritius” by supposition. Testudo guentheri Gadow 1894:320 (senior homonym) Type locality: “Mare aux Songes...Mauritius.” Testudo güntheri Gadow in Van Denburgh 1914:257 (nomen novum, invalid name, junior homonym), Testudo guntheri Testudo gadowi Van Denburgh 1914:257 (nomen novum), Geochelone (Megalochelys) gadowi, Geochelone (Cylindraspis) gadowi 135 136 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Cylindraspis vosmaeri (Suckow 1798) (07:66) (Extinct, ca. 1800) Rodrigues Giant Saddleback Tortoise Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 (07:52) Geochelone Fitzinger 1835:112 Type species: Geochelone stellata [= Testudo stellata Schweigger 1812 = objective synonym of Testudo elegans Schoepff 1795], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Geochelone elegans (Schoepff 1795) (65) Indian Star Tortoise Roger Bour / Rodrigues [Ste. Geneviève] Peter Paul van Dijk / CRM 2 / northeast Tamil Nadu, India Mauritius (Rodrigues [extinct]) IUCN Red List: Extinct (1996) Testudo indica vosmaeri Suckow 1798:57, Testudo vosmaeri, Geochelone (Cylindraspis) vosmaeri, Chersina (Cylindraspis) vosmaeri, Geochelone vosmaeri, Cylindraspis vosmaeri Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Rodriguez” [Rodrigues] by Günther (1877:53). Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:107 (partim, nomen dubium), Chersine rotunda, Geochelone (Geochelone) rotunda Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Mascarenes...Rodrigues” by Bour (2005:25). Testudo rodericensis Günther 1873:397 Type locality: “Rodriguez” [Rodrigues]. Testudo commersoni Vaillant 1898:138, Geochelone commersoni, Cylindraspis commersoni Type locality: “Rodrigue” [Rodrigues]. (orange dots = trade) India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan, Sri Lanka IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A4cd (2016); Previously: Least Concern (2000), Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo elegans Schoepff 1795:111 (65), Chersine elegans, Peltastes stellatus elegans, Geochelone elegans, Geochelone elegans elegans Type locality: “India orientali.” Testudo stellata Schweigger 1812:325 (65) (nomen novum), Geochelone (Geochelone) stellata, Geochelone stellata, Peltastes stellatus Type locality: “India orientali.” Testudo actinodes Bell 1828a:419 Type locality: “Africâ” [in error]. Testudo actinoides Bell in Gray 1844:7 (nomen novum), Peltastes stellatus actinoides Testudo megalopus Blyth 1854:640 (66) Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Calcutta” [India] by Das et al. (1998:127). Peltastes stellatus maura Gray 1870c:8 Type locality: Not known. Peltastes stellatus seba Gray 1870c:8 Type locality: Not known. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Geochelone platynota (Blyth 1863) Burmese Star Tortoise Kalyar Platt / CBFTT / Lawkanandar Wildlife Sanctury, Bagan, Myanmar (orange dots = trade) Myanmar CBFTT Account: Platt, Thanda Swe, Win Ko Ko, Platt, Khin Myo Myo, Rainwater, and Emmett (2011) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd, C2a (2000); Previously: Critically Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I Testudo platynotus Blyth 1863:83, Peltastes platynotus, Testudo platynota, Geochelone platynota, Geochelone elegans platynota Type locality: “Lower Pegu..[&]..Valley of the Irawadi” [Myanmar]. Restricted to “Irrawaddy Valley” [Myanmar] by Smith (1931:140). Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 (67) Gopherus Rafinesque 1815:74 (nomen nudum) Gopherus Rafinesque 1832:64 137 Gopherus agassizii (Cooper 1861) (10:22, 11:11) Mojave Desert Tortoise, Mohave Desert Tortoise, Agassiz’s Desert Tortoise Bev Steveson / CCB / Mojave Desert, California USA (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1acde+2cde, E (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Xerobates agassizii Cooper 1861:120 (10:22), Testudo agassizii, Gopherus agassizii, Gopherus polyphemus agassizii, Geochelone agassizii, Scaptochelys agassizii Type locality: “mountains of California, near Fort Mojave” [USA]. Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velázquez Solis 1989:497 (11:11) Type locality: “western base of the Sierra San Vicente, approximately 1 km N of the Buena Mujer Dam, Baja California Sur, Mexico” [in error or introduced]. Gopherus berlandieri (Agassiz 1857a) (14:34) Texas Tortoise, Berlandier’s Tortoise Type species: Gopherus polyphemus [= Testudo polyphemus Daudin 1801], by original designation. Xerobates Agassiz 1857a:252,446 Type species: Xerobates berlandieri Agassiz 1857a, by subsequent designation by Brown (1908:115). Bysmachelys Johnston 1937:439 Type species: Bysmachelys canyonensis † Johnston 1937 [= subjective synonym of Testudo pertenuis † Cope 1892 (see TEWG 2015)], by original monotypy. Scaptochelys Bramble 1982:852 Type species: Scaptochelys agassizii [= Xerobates agassizii Cooper 1861], by original designation. Larry Ditto / CCB / Texas 138 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 (orange dots = introduced) Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas), USA (Texas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo tuberculatu Berlandier 1850:287 (14:34) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “Tamaulipas” [Mexico]. Testudo bicolor Berlandier 1850:287 (14:34) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “Tamaulipas” [Mexico]. Xerobates berlandieri Agassiz 1857a:392,447, Testudo berlandieri, Xerobates gopher berlandieri, Gopherus berlandieri, Gopherus polyphemus berlandieri, Scaptochelys berlandieri Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2016) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez Torres, and Murphy 2016:140 Type locality: “Alamos (approximate location 27°02' N, 108°55' W, elevation 433 m), Sonora, Mexico.” Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959 (12:32) Bolson Tortoise Type locality: “southern Texas [USA] and Mexico.” Restricted to “Lower Rio Grande, Texas” [USA] by Stejneger and Barbour (1917:121); and to “Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, USA” by Smith and Taylor (1950a:361). Testudo tuberculata Berlandier in True 1882:441 (14:34) (nomen novum et nudum) Gopherus auffenbergi † Mooser 1972:61 [Late Pleistocene, Mexico (Aguascalientes)], Xerobates auffenbergi Type locality: “Cedazo Ravine; 3 1/2 km. NE of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.” Eric V. Goode / TCC / Bolson de Mapimí, Durango, Mexico Gopherus evgoodei Edwards, Karl, Vaughn, Rosen, Meléndez Torres, and Murphy 2016 (68) Goode’s Thornscrub Tortoise, Sinaloan Thornscrub Tortoise Eric V. Goode / Monte Mojino Reserve, Alamos, Sonora, Mexico Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango) Introduced: USA (New Mexico) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (2007); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2017) CITES: Appendix I Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959:337, Gopherus polyphemus flavomarginatus, Gopherus flavomarginata Type locality: “30 to 40 miles from Lerdo, Durango, Mexico.” Gopherus huecoensis † Strain 1966:24 [Early Pleistocene, Blancan, USA (Texas)] Type locality: “Madden Arroyo...Hudspeth County, Texas” [USA]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop, and Riedle 2011 (11:11) Sonoran Desert Tortoise, Morafka’s Desert Tortoise Roy C. Averill-Murray / CCB / Maricopa Co., Arizona USA (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1acde (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo polyphaemus Bartram 1791:18 (nomen nudum) Testudo polyphemus Daudin 1801:256, Emys polyphemus, Gopherus polyphemus, Xerobates polyphemus, Gopherus polyphemus polyphemus Type locality: “l’Amérique septentrionale, principalement sur les bords de la rivière Savannah et près de l’Alatamaha” [USA]. Restricted to “vicinity of Savannah, Georgia” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:104). Testudo depressa Guérin 1829:pl.1,f.1 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “vicinity of Savannah, Georgia” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:105). (orange dots = introduced or trade) Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora), USA (Arizona) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop, and Riedle 2011:53 (11:11), Xerobates morafkai Type locality: “Tucson (approximate location 32°7' N, 110°56' W, elevation 948 m), Pima County, Arizona, U.S.A.” Gopherus polyphemus (Daudin 1801) Gopher Tortoise (12:33) Testudo carolina Le Conte 1830:97 (nomen novum and junior homonym, not = Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758), Xerobates carolinus, Gopherus carolinus Type locality: “pine forests of Georgia and Florida, ...never found north of Savannah river” [USA]. Testudo gopher Bartram in Gray 1844:4, Xerobates gopher Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “vicinity of Savannah, Georgia” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:105). Testudo atascosae † Hay 1902:383 (nomen dubium) [Pleistocene, USA (Texas)], Gopherus atascosae Type locality: “Atascosa county, Texas” [USA]. Gopherus praecedens † Hay 1916a:55 [Late Pleistocene, USA (Florida)] Type locality: “Florida...Vero, St. Lucie county” [USA]. Gopherus, sp. indet. Testudo australis Girard 1858:470 (12:34) (nomen dubium et oblitum), Gopherus australis Type locality: “Bay of Islands, New Zealand” [in error, based on a trade specimen]. Kevin Main / CCB / Lake Wales Ridge, Florida 139 140 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834 (07:67, 10:23) (64) Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834:357 (10:23) Homopus femoralis Boulenger 1888a (64) Greater Dwarf Tortoise, Greater Padloper Type species: Homopus areolatus [Tortue Aréolée Schoepff = Testudo areolata Thunberg 1787], by subsequent designation by Duméril and Bibron (1835:7). Homopus areolatus (Thunberg 1787) (64) Parrot-beaked Tortoise, Common Padloper Victor J.T. Loehr / Karoo, Northern Cape, South Africa Gerald Kuchling / Elandsberg, South Africa South Africa IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2017); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Homopus femoralis Boulenger 1888a:251, Testudo femoralis South Africa IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2017); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo areolata Thunberg 1787:180, Chersine areolata, Homopus areolatus, Homopus areolata Type locality: “Indien” [India] [in error]. Testudo minuta Thunberg 1788:206 (nomen nudum) Testudo miniata Lacepède 1788:166, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “South Africa...Cradock.” Indotestudo Lindholm 1929 Testudo (Indotestudo) Lindholm 1929:285 Type species: Testudo (Indotestudo) elongata [= Testudo elongata Blyth 1854], by original designation. Indotestudo elongata (Blyth 1854) (66) Elongated Tortoise, Yellow-headed Tortoise Type locality: “Cap de Bonne-espérance” [South Africa]. Testudo fasciata Daudin 1801:294 (junior homonym, not = Testudo fasciata Suckow 1798), Chersine fasciata Type locality: “l’île de Ceilan” [Sri Lanka] [in error]. Testudo africana Hermann 1804:218 Type locality: “Africa” by inference. Chersine tetradactyla Merrem 1820:32 Type locality: “India orientali” [in error]. Testudo areolata pallida Gray 1831d:13 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Süd-Afrika” [South Africa] by Wermuth and Mertens (1961:175). Flora Ihlow / CBFTT / Doi Phu Nang National Park, Phayao Prov., Thailand Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo forstenii Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 (69), Peltastes forstenii, Geochelone forstenii, Indotestudo forstenii, Indotestudo elongata forstenii, Geochelone elongata forstenii Type locality: “Gilolo...Indischen Archipel” [Halmahera, Moluccas, Indonesia] [probably in error]; restricted here to “near Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia” by TTWG (69). Indotestudo travancorica (Boulenger 1907) (07:68) Travancore Tortoise Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China (?) (Guangxi, Yunnan), India (Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam CBFTT Account: Ihlow, Dawson, Hartmann, and Som (2016) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo elongata Blyth 1854:639 (66), Peltastes elongatus, Indotestudo elongata, Geochelone elongata, Indotestudo elongata elongata, Geochelone elongata elongata V. Deepak / CBFTT / Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India Type locality: “Arakan” [Myanmar]. Testudo parallelus Annandale 1913:76 Type locality: “Chaibassa (Singhbhum) district, Chota Nagpur” [India]. Indotestudo forstenii (Schlegel and Müller 1845) (69) Forsten’s Tortoise, Sulawesi Tortoise India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) CBFTT Account: Deepak, Ramesh, Bhupathy, and Vasudevan (2011) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd (2000) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo travancorica Boulenger 1907:560, Geochelone travancorica, Indotestudo travancorica, Indotestudo elongata travancorica, Geochelone elongata travancorica Jérôme Maran / Sulawesi, Indonesia Type locality: “near Trivandrum..[&]..Travancore hills between 500 and 1,000 feet altitude” [India]. Kinixys Bell 1827 (12:35) Kinixys Bell 1827:398 Type species: Kinixys homeana Bell 1827, by subsequent designation by Bell (1828c:514). Kinyxis Gray 1830e:6 (nomen novum) Cinixys Wagler 1830b:138 (nomen novum) Cinixys (Cinothorax) Fitzinger 1835:108 Type species: Cinixys (Cinothorax) bellianus [= Testudo (Kinyxis) belliana Gray 1830e], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). (orange dot = erroneous original type locality) Indonesia (Sulawesi) Kinixis Hallowell 1839:161 (nomen novum) Cinyxis Peters 1866:887 (nomen novum) Kinothorax Gray 1873j:16 (nomen novum) Madakinixys Vuillemin 1972b:169 141 142 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Type species: Madakinixys domerguei Vuillemin 1972b, by original monotypy. Kinixys belliana Gray 1830e (07:69, 08:11, 10:7, 12:35) Bell’s Hinge-back Tortoise Vincenzo Ferri / Entebbe, Uganda Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda CBFTT Account: Luiselli and Diagne (2014) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo erosa Schweigger 1812:321, Kinixys erosa, Cinixys erosa, Kinixis erosa, Kinixys belliana erosa Type locality: “America septentrionali” [North America] [in error]. Testudo schoepfii Fitzinger 1826:44 (nomen nudum) Kinixys castanea Bell 1827:398, Cinixys (Cinixys) castanea, Cinixys castanea, Kinixis castanea Type locality: “Africa”. Kinixis denticulata Hallowell 1839:161, Kinixys denticulata Type locality: “Liberia...banks of the St. Paul and Mesurado rivers.” Angola, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) SARCA Draft: Least Concern (regional) (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo (Kinyxis) belliana Gray 1830e:6 (10:7), Kinixys belliana, Cinixys (Cinothorax) belliana, Cinixys belliana, Cinothorax bellianus, Kinixys belliana belliana Kinixys homeana Bell 1827 (12:35) Home’s Hinge-back Tortoise Type locality: Not known. Kinixys schoensis Rüppell 1845:226, Kinixys belliana schoensis Type locality: “Schoa, südlich von Abyssinien” [Ethiopia]. Kinixys belliana mertensi Laurent 1956:27 Tomas Diagne / CBFTT / Cameroon Type locality: “Dika, Uele...le nord du Congo” [Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)]. Kinixys erosa (Schweigger 1812) (12:35) Forest Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise Tomas Diagne / Oyo State, Nigeria Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (DRC) (?), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (?), Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo CBFTT Account: Luiselli and Diagne (2013) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 143 IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2cd (2006); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Kinixys homeana Bell 1827:400, Cinixys homeana, Cinixys (Cinothorax) homeana, Testudo (Kinyxis) homeana, Kinixys belliana homeana Type locality: “Africâ occidentali” [West Africa]. Kinixys lobatsiana Power 1927 (12:35) Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) SARCA Draft: Least Concern (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935:353, Kinixys belliana natalensis Type locality: “Jameson Drift, Tugela River, and...Dimane stream, near Jameson Drift” [Natal] [South Africa]. Flora Ihlow / Lapalala Reserve, Limpopo, South Africa Kinixys nogueyi (Lataste 1886) (08:11, 09:39, 12:35) Western Hinge-back Tortoise Tomas Diagne / Dene, Senegal (orange dots = introduced) Botswana, South Africa IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2017) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2017) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Cinixys lobatsiana Power 1927:410, Kinixys lobatsiana, Kinixys belliana lobatsiana Type locality: “Lobatsi [Bechuanaland Protectorate]” [Botswana]. Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935 (12:35) Natal Hinge-back Tortoise, KwaZulu-Natal Hinge-back Tortoise Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, GuineaBissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania (?), Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Homopus nogueyi Lataste 1886:286, Cinixys nogueyi, Cinixys belliana nogueyi, Kinixys nogueyi, Kinixys belliana nogueyi Type locality: “Médine (Haut-Sénégal)” [Senegal]. Victor J.T. Loehr / KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Cinixys dorri Lataste 1888:164 Type locality: “Haut-Sénégal” [Senegal]. Restricted to “Bakel, 144 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Haut-Sénégal” [Senegal] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:372). Kinixys spekii Gray 1863d (12:35) Speke’s Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys zombensis Hewitt 1931 (12:35) Southeastern Hinge-back Tortoise Victor J.T. Loehr / nr. Lephalale, Limpopo, South Africa (subspecies: zombensis = red, domerguei = orange dots) Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated SARCA Draft: Least Concern (regional) (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi), South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated SARCA Draft: Least Concern (regional) (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Kinixys spekii Gray 1863d:381, Cinixys spekii, Kinixys belliana spekii Kinixys zombensis zombensis Hewitt 1931 (12:35) Southeastern Hinge-back Tortoise Type locality: “Central Africa”. Restricted to “Tanganyika Territory east of the lakes” [Tanzania] by Loveridge (1936:218). Homopus darlingi Boulenger 1902b:15, Kinixys darlingi, Kinixys belliana darlingi Type locality: “Mashonaland...Rhodesia...district about Salisbury... at Mazoë and between Umtali and Marandellas”. Restricted to “Mashonaland” [Zimbabwe] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:372) and to “Salisbury District, Mashonaland, Southern Rhodesia” [Zimbabwe] by Fritz and Havaš (2007:286). Testudo procterae Loveridge 1923:928, Malacochersus procterae Type locality: “Ikikuyu, Dodoma Dist., Tanganyika Territory” [Tanzania]. Restricted to “Ikikuyu, south of Gulwe, Tanganyika Territory” [Tanzania] by Fritz and Havaš (2007:286). Kinixys australis Hewitt 1931:477, Kinixys australis australis, Kinixys belliana australis Type locality: “White River, Eastern Transvaal” [South Africa]. Kinixys jordani Hewitt 1931:482 Type locality: “Isoka, N. Rhodesia” [Zambia]. Kinixys youngi Hewitt 1931:486 Type locality: “Nyasaland...near Livingstonia, on the shore of the lake” [Malawi]. Kinixys australis mababiensis FitzSimons 1932:37, Kinixys belliana mababiensis Type locality: “Tsotsoroga Pan, Mababe Flats” [South Africa]. Flora Ihlow / Bonamanzi Game Reserve, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania Kinixys belliana zombensis Hewitt 1931:469, Kinixys zombensis, Kinixys zombensis zombensis Type locality: “Zomba, Nyassaland” [Malawi]. Kinixys belliana zuluensis Hewitt 1931:471, Kinixys zuluensis Type locality: “Richards Bay, Zululand” [South Africa]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Kinixys zombensis domerguei (Vuillemin 1972b) (12:35) Madagascan Hinge-back Tortoise [Tanzania] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:374). Testudo loveridgii Boulenger 1920:263, Malacochersus loveridgii Type locality: “Afrique orientale à Dodoma, entre Kilossa et Tabora” [Tanzania]. Restricted to “Dodoma, Ugogo, Tanganyika Territory” [Tanzania] by Fritz and Havaš (2007:287). Manouria Gray 1854a Manouria Gray 1854a:133 Type species: Manouria fusca Gray 1854a [= subjective synonym of Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840], by original monotypy. Teleopus Le Conte 1854:187 Type species: Teleopus luxatus Le Conte 1854 [= subjective synonym of Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840], by monotypy. Thomas E.J. Leuteritz / CRM 6 / Nosy Faly, Madagascar Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?) Madakinixys domerguei Vuillemin 1972b:169, Kinixys belliana domerguei, Kinixys zombensis domerguei Type locality: “Madagascar”. Restricted to “canton d’Antsakoamanondro, N.W. de Madagascar” by Bour (1985:60). Scapia Gray 1869a:167 Type species: Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869 [= subjective synonym of Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840 or Testudo phayrei Blyth 1854], by monotypy. Manouria emys (Schlegel and Müller 1840) Asian Giant Tortoise Malacochersus Lindholm 1929 Testudo (Malacochersus) Lindholm 1929:285 Type species: Testudo (Malacochersus) tornieri [= Testudo tornieri Siebenrock 1903b], by original designation. Malacochersus tornieri (Siebenrock 1903b) Pancake Tortoise Fabian Schmidt / Ruaha National Park, Tanzania (subspecies: emys = red, phayrei = purple) (orange dots = possible trade) Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1bd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo tornieri Siebenrock 1903b:443, Testudo (Malacochersus) tornieri, Malacochersus tornieri Type locality: “Bussisia am Viktoria Nyanza” [Tanzania]. Restricted to “Bussisia, Süden des Victoria-Sees, Tanganyika-Territorium” Bangladesh, Brunei, India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Myanmar, Singapore (extirpated), Thailand CBFTT Account: Stanford, Wanchai, Schaffer, Schaffer, and Thirakhupt (2015) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. 145 146 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Manouria emys emys (Schlegel and Müller 1840) Asian Brown Giant Tortoise Manouria impressa (Günther 1882) Impressed Tortoise Chuck Schaffer / CBFTT / Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (East) Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Singapore (extirpated), Thailand Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840:pl.4, Manouria emys, Manouria emys emys, Geochelone emys, Geochelone emys emys, Testudo emys emys David Emmett / TL / Cardamom Mts., Cambodia Type locality: “Sumatra” [Indonesia]. Testudo emydoides Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:4 (nomen novum), Manouria emydoides Manouria fusca Gray 1854a:134 Type locality: “Singapore.” Teleopus luxatus Le Conte 1854:187, Manouria luxata Type locality: “Java” [Indonesia] (in error). Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a:169 (partim, nomen dubium), Testudo falconeri, Scapia falconeri Type locality: “India?” Manouria emys phayrei (Blyth 1854) (65) Burmese Black Giant Tortoise (orange dots = probable trade) Cambodia, China (Yunnan), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1acd, B1+2acd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Geoemyda impressa Günther 1882:343, Testudo impressa, Geochelone impressa, Manouria impressa Type locality: “Siam” [Thailand]. Geoemyda latinuchalis Vaillant 1894:68, Testudo latinuchalis Type locality: “la rivière Noire, Tonkin” [Vietnam]. Testudo pseudemys Boulenger 1903a:144 Craig B. Stanford / CBFTT / Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand Bangladesh, India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), Myanmar, Thailand Testudo phayrei Blyth 1854:639 (65), Scapia phayrei, Manouria emys phayrei Type locality: “Arakan; Tenasserim Provinces...Burma” [Myanmar]. Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a:169 (partim, nomen dubium), Testudo falconeri, Scapia falconeri Type locality: “India?” Testudo nutapundi Reimann and Nutaphand in Nutaphand 1979:193, Geochelone nutapundi, Manouria emys nutapundi, Geochelone emys nutapundi, Manouria nutapundi Type locality: “Northern Thailand (Tak Province) and western Central Region (Kanchanaburi Province); Assam, Burma”. Restricted to “Nord-Thailand, Tak-Provinz” by Obst (1983:253). Type locality: “Batang Padang district, South Perak (1,000 feet to 2,000 feet)” [Malaysia]. Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 Psammobates Fitzinger 1835:113 Type species: Psammobates geometricus Fitzinger [= Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Peltastes (Chersinella) Gray 1870c:8 Type species: Chersinella geometrica [= Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758], by subsequent designation by Hewitt (1933:259). Lindholm (1929:286) previously designated Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 as type species, but it was not originally included in Chersinella by Gray (1870c), so therefore has no validity as type. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Psammobates geometricus (Linnaeus 1758) Geometric Tortoise (orange dots = trade or possible misidentified) Eric V. Goode / South African Geometric Tortoise Preserve, South Africa Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) SARCA Draft: Least Concern (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo oculifera Kuhl 1820:77, Emys oculifera, Clemmys oculifera, Chersinella oculifera, Psammobates oculifera, Psammobates oculifer, Psammobates oculiferus Type locality: “Cap” [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa] [in error]. Emys occilifera Kuhl in Gray 1830e:9 (nomen novum) Emys kuhlii Gray 1831d:73 (nomen dubium) Type locality: Not known. Testudo semiserrata Smith 1839a:Reptilia, pl.6, Peltastes semiserratus South Africa IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2acde+4acde (2015); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758:199, Chersine geometrica, Hydrone geometrica, Psammobates geometricus, Peltastes geometricus, Peltastes geometrica, Peltastes (Chersinella) geometrica, Chersinella geometrica, Psammobates geometrica, Geochelone geometrica Type locality: “districts between Latakoo and the Tropic of Capricorn” [South Africa]. Psammobates tentorius (Bell 1828a) (61) Tent Tortoise Type locality: “Asia.” Restricted to “southwestern Cape Province, South Africa” by Baard (1991:9). Testudo luteola Daudin 1801:277 Type locality: Not known. Peltastes geographicus Gray 1869a:173 (nomen novum), Testudo geographica Testudo strauchi Lidth de Jeude 1893:312, Chersinella strauchi Type locality: “Cape of Good Hope” [South Africa]. Psammobates oculifer (Kuhl 1820) Serrated Tent Tortoise, Kalahari Tent Tortoise William R. Branch / Botswana (subspecies: tentorius = red, trimeni = purple, verroxii = green; overlap = intergrades; orange dots = possible trade or misidentified) Namibia, South Africa IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2017); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. 147 148 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Psammobates tentorius tentorius (Bell 1828a) Southern Tent Tortoise, Common Tent Tortoise Psammobates tentorius trimeni (Boulenger 1886a) Western Tent Tortoise William R. Branch / Groenrivier, South Africa / male Victor J.T. Loehr / nr. Prince Albert, Western Cape, South Africa South Africa Testudo tentoria Bell 1828a:420, Testudo geometrica tentoria, Peltastes tentorius, Peltastes (Chersinella) tentoria, Chersinella tentoria, Chersinella tentoria tentoria, Psammobates tentoria, Psammobates tentoria tentoria, Psammobates tentorius, Psammobates tentorius tentorius, Testudo tentoria tentoria Type locality: “Africâ?” Namibia (?), South Africa TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2013) Testudo trimeni Boulenger 1886a:541, Chersinella trimeni, Psammobates trimeni, Psammobates tentorius trimeni, Testudo tentoria trimeni, Psammobates tentoria trimeni Type locality: “Mouth of the Orange River” [Little Namaqualand, South Africa]. Psammobates tentorius verroxii (Smith 1839) Northern Tent Tortoise Testudo geometrica nigriventris Gray 1856b:8 Type locality: “South Africa.” Chersinella tentoria albanica Hewitt 1933b:266, Psammobates tentoria albanica Type locality: “neighbourhood of farm Mayfair, Albany District” [South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria tentorioides Hewitt 1933b:268, Psammobates tentoria tentorioides Type locality: “Bowden Hall, Middelburg district, C.P.” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria piscatella Hewitt 1933b:269, Psammobates tentoria piscatella Type locality: “Little Fish River, Somerset East district” [South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria subsulcata Hewitt 1933b:270 Type locality: “farm “Brighton” near Steytlerville” [South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria karuica Hewitt 1933b:272, Psammobates tentoria karuica Type locality: “farm “Drogekloof” near Klaarstroom, Prince Albert district” [South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria duerdeni Hewitt 1933b:279, Psammobates tentoria duerdeni Type locality: “Graaff Reinet, C.P.” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria lativittata Hewitt 1933b:281 Type locality: “Willowmore” [South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria karuella Hewitt 1933b:283 Type locality: “Uniondale, C.P.” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella tentoria hexensis Hewitt 1933b:286 Type locality: “Hex River, Worcester district” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Victor J.T. Loehr / nr. Beaufort West, Northern Cape, South Africa Namibia, South Africa Testudo verroxii Smith 1839b:Reptilia,pl.8, Peltastes verroxii, Chersinella verroxii, Chersinella verroxii verroxii, Psammobates tentorius verroxii, Testudo tentoria verroxii, Psammobates tentoria verroxii, Testudo tentorius verroxii Type locality: “South Africa, near the sources of the Garriep or Orange River.” Restricted to “somewhere north of Aliwal North, between the Orange and Caledon Rivers...roughly 260 miles east of Niekirk’s Hope” [South Africa] by Power (1932:466). Peltastes verreauxii Gray 1870b:656 (nomen novum), Testudo verreauxii, Psammobates verreauxii Testudo fiski Boulenger 1886a:542, Testudo tentoria fiski, Chersinella fiski, Chersinella fiski fiski, Psammobates fiski, Psammobates fiski fiski Type locality: “De Aar, not far from Hopetown” [South Africa]. Testudo smithi Boulenger 1886a:542, Chersinella verroxii smithi, Testudo smithi smithi, Testudo verroxii smithi Type locality: “S. Africa” [South Africa]. Testudo seimundi Boulenger 1903b:216, Chersinella fiski seimundi Type locality: “3 miles east of Deelfontein” [Richmond District, Cape Province, South Africa]. Testudo boettgeri Siebenrock 1904a:194 (junior homonym, not = Testudo graeca boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889), Chersinella verroxii boettgeri, Chersinella boettgeri Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “Groß-Namaland in Südwestafrika” [Great Namaqualand, Namibia]. Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906:348 (partim), Testudo bergeri, Chersinella verroxii bergeri, Testudo smithi bergeri, Testudo verroxii bergeri 149 Pyxis arachnoides arachnoides Bell 1827 (07:70) Spider Tortoise, Common Spider Tortoise Type locality: “nach Gibeon in Deutsch-Südwestafrika...möglicherweise weiter im Innern Südafrikas” [Namibia or South Africa]. Testudo oscarboettgeri Lindholm 1929:295 (nomen novum) Chersinella schonlandi Hewitt 1934:303 Type locality: “Namaqualand, C.P.” [Little Namaqualand, Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella fiski cronwrighti Hewitt 1934:317, Psammobates fiski cronwrighti Type locality: “Hanover, C.P.” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella fiski orangensis Hewitt 1934:319 Type locality: “between Philipstown and Petrusville district” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella fiski colesbergensis Hewitt 1934:321, Psammobates fiski colesbergensis Type locality: “Colesberg” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella fiski grica Hewitt 1934:323 Type locality: “Marydale, situated about midway between Prieska and Kenhardt” [Prieska District, Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella fiski gricoides Hewitt 1934:326 Type locality: “Niekerks Hope, about midway between Griquatown and Prieska, C.P.” [Niekerkshoop, Hay District, Cape Province, South Africa]. Chersinella fiski amasensis Hewitt 1934:333 Type locality: “Ukamas district” [Cape Province, South Africa]. Psammobates depressa FitzSimons 1938:154 Michael Ogle / Anakao, Madagascar Madagascar Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827:395, Testudo (Pyxis) arachnoides, Testudo arachnoides, Pyxis arachnoidea, Bellemys arachnoides, Pyxis arachnoides arachnoides Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Soalara (Baie de SaintAugustin), sud-ouest de Madagascar” by Bour (1979:153). Testudo (Pyxis) aranoides Gray 1830e:6 (nomen novum), Pyxis aranoides Pyxis madagascariensis Lesson 1831a:120 Type locality: “Madagascar.” Pyxis arachnoides brygooi (Vuillemin and Domergue 1972) Northern Spider Tortoise Type locality: “8 miles west of Aus, Great Namaqualand” [Namibia]. Pyxis Bell 1827 Pyxis Bell 1827:395 Type species: Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827, by original monotypy. Acinixys Siebenrock 1902b:12 Type species: Acinixys planicauda [= Testudo planicauda Grandidier 1867], by original monotypy. Bellemys Williams 1950:512 (nomen novum) Pyxoides Vuillemin and Domergue 1972:193 Type species: Pyxoides brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972, by original monotypy. Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827 Spider Tortoise Roger Bour / Salary, nr. Forêt des Mikea, Madagascar Madagascar Pyxoides brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972:193, Pyxis arachnoides brygooi Type locality: “la côte Sud-Ouest, entre Morombe et Tuléar, aux alentours du lac Ihotry, dans la forêt des Mikea” [Madagascar]. Restricted to “Ampanonga (N.-W. Lac Ihotry), sud-ouest de Madagascar” by Bour (1979:153). Pyxis arachnoides oblonga Gray 1869a Southern Spider Tortoise (subspecies: arachnoides = red, brygooi = purple, oblonga = orange) Madagascar IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A4cd, E (2008); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) CITES: Appendix I Anders G.J. Rhodin / TCC / CRM 6 / Berenty, Madagascar Madagascar 150 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Pyxis arachnoidea oblonga Gray 1869a:173, Pyxis arachnoides oblonga Stigmochelys pardalis (Bell 1828a) (07:71, 10:27) Leopard Tortoise Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Asia” by Gray (1873j:14); to “Madagascar; Mauritius” by Boulenger (1889:145); and to “Cap Sainte-Marie, province de Tuléar (Toliara), sud du Madagascar” by Bour (1982b:30). Pyxis arachnoides matzi Bour 1979:143 Type locality: “Cap Sainte-Marie (Province de Tuléar), extrême sud du Madagascar.” Pyxis planicauda (Grandidier 1867) Flat-tailed Tortoise, Flat-shelled Spider Tortoise Victor J.T. Loehr / nr. Beaufort West, Northern Cape, South Africa Miguel Pedrono / CRM 6 / Kirindy Forest, Madagascar Madagascar IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A4acd (2008); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I Testudo planicauda Grandidier 1867:223, Acinixys planicauda, Pyxis (Acinixys) planicauda, Pyxis planicauda Type locality: “Mouroundava...cote sud-ouest de Madagascar” [Morondava]. Testudo morondavaensis Vuillemin 1972a:127 Type locality: “Morondava (côte sud-ouest de Madagascar).” Stigmochelys Gray 1873j (07:52, 10:26) Testudo (Stigmochelys) Gray 1873j:5 Type species: Testudo (Stigmochelys) pardalis Bell 1828a, by original monotypy. Megachersine Hewitt 1933b:257 Type species: Megachersine pardalis [= Testudo pardalis Bell 1828a], by original designation. (orange dots = introduced or questionable) Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2015); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo pardalis Bell 1828a:420, Geochelone (Geochelone) pardalis, Geochelone pardalis, Testudo (Stigmochelys) pardalis, Megachersine pardalis, Testudo pardalis pardalis, Geochelone pardalis pardalis, Stigmochelys pardalis, Centrochelys pardalis, Centrochelys pardalis pardalis, Stigmochelys pardalis pardalis, Psammobates pardalis Type locality: “Promont. Bonae Spei” [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa]. Testudo biguttata Cuvier 1829:10 (nomen nudum) Testudo armata Boie in Gray 1830e:4 (nomen nudum) Testudo bipunctata Gray 1830e:4 (nomen nudum) Testudo pardalis babcocki Loveridge 1935:4 (10:27), Geochelone pardalis babcocki, Geochelone babcocki, Stigmochelys pardalis babcocki Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “western slopes of Mount Debasien, Karamoja, Uganda at 5,500 feet.” Testudo Linnaeus 1758 (07:72) (56, 70) Testudo Linnaeus 1758:197 Type species: Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 [= subjective synonym of Testudo ibera Pallas 1814], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29) and Lindholm (1929:284); not Testudo graeca Auct. [= subjective synonym of Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789] by earlier designation by Bell (1828c:514). Chersine Merrem 1820:29 (09:40) 151 kleinmanni Lortet 1883], by original designation. Protestudo Chkhikvadze 1970:245 Type species: Protestudo bessarabica [= Testudo bessarabica † Riabinin 1918], by original designation. Furculachelys Highfield 1990:1 Type species: Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990 [= Testudo graeca nabeulensis], by subsequent designation by Fritz and Havaš (2007:295). Testudo (Testudo) graeca Linnaeus 1758 (07:73, 11:12, 12:36, 14:35) (71, 72) Spur-thighed Tortoise, Greek Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise Type species: “T. graeca »L.« auct. = T. hermanni Gmelin” [= Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:286). Chersini Merrem in Gray 1825:210 (nomen novum) Chersus Wagler 1830b:138 Type species: Chersus marginatus [Testudo marginata Schoepff 1793], by monotypy. Cherseus Gray 1856b:10 (nomen novum) Peltastes Gray 1869a:167,171 (junior homonym, not = Peltastes Illiger 1807 [= Hymenoptera] or Peltastes Agassiz 1838 [= Echinodermata] or Peltastes Fischer-Waldheim 1839 [= Orthoptera]) Type species: Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 [= Peltastes graecus sensu Gray 1869] [= subjective synonym of Testudo ibera Pallas 1814], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:286). 1 Peltonia Gray 1872c:4 (nomen novum) Testudo (Medaestia) Wussow 1916:170 (09:40) Type species: Medaestia graeca sensu Wussow 1916 [= subjective synonym of Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789] by subsequent designation by Mertens (1949:232). Testudo (Pseudotestudo) Loveridge and Williams 1957:166, 276 Type species: Testudo (Pseudotestudo) kleinmanni [= Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883], by original designation. Protestudo Chkhikvadze 1970:245 Type species: Protestudo bessarabica [= Testudo bessarabica † Riabinin 1918], by original designation. Furculachelys Highfield 1990:1 Type species: Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990 [= Testudo graeca nabeulensis], by subsequent designation by Fritz and Havaš (2007:295). 2 Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham, and Perälä 2006a:803 Type species: Eurotestudo hermanni [= Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789], by original designation. Testudo (Testudo) Linnaeus 1758 (07:72) (70) Testudo Linnaeus 1758:197 Type species: Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 [= subjective synonym of Testudo ibera Pallas 1814], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29) and Lindholm (1929:284); not Testudo graeca Auct. [= subjective synonym of Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789] by earlier designation by Bell (1828c:514). Chersus Wagler 1830b:138 Type species: Chersus marginatus [Testudo marginata Schoepff 1793], by monotypy. Cherseus Gray 1856b:10 (nomen novum) Peltastes Gray 1869a:167,171 (junior homonym, not = Peltastes Illiger 1807 [= Hymenoptera] or Peltastes Agassiz 1838 [= Echinodermata] or Peltastes Fischer-Waldheim 1839 [= Orthoptera]) Type species: Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 [= Peltastes graecus sensu Gray 1869] [= subjective synonym of Testudo ibera Pallas 1814], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:286). Peltonia Gray 1872c:4 (nomen novum) Testudo (Pseudotestudo) Loveridge and Williams 1957:166, 276 Type species: Testudo (Pseudotestudo) kleinmanni [= Testudo 3 (subspecies [map #]: graeca = red [1], armeniaca = purple [3], buxtoni = orange [3], cyrenaica = pink [2], ibera = brown [2,3], marokkensis = green [1], nabeulensis = gray [1], soussensis = tourmaline [1], terrestris = olive [2,3], zarudnyi = blue [3]; overlap = intergrades [2,3]; orange dots = uncertain, possible or probable trade, or introduced) Afghanistan (?), Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran (Alborz, Ardabil, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, East Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khorasan Razavi, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Qazvin, Qom, Sistan Va Baluchestan, 152 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 South Khorasan, Tehran, West Azarbaijan, Yazd, Zanjan), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Morocco, Pakistan (?), Palestine (West Bank), Romania, Russia (Chechnya [?], Dagestan, Krasnodarskiy), Serbia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey (Asian, European), Turkmenistan (?) Introduced: Egypt, France, Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric], Sicily), Malta (?), Spain (Continental, Balearic Islands) IUCN Red List: Global: Vulnerable A1cd (1996); Regional: Europe: Vulnerable A2bcde+4bcde (2004) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo (Testudo) graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 1991 (11:12) Araxes Tortoise Testudo (Testudo) graeca graeca Linnaeus 1758 (09:41) Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise Pavel Široký / Kuzeh Rash, West Azarbaijan Prov., Iran Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran (Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan), Russia (Dagestan), Turkey Testudo graeca pallasi Chkhikvadze 1989:67 (nomen nudum) Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze 1989:67 (nomen nudum) Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 1991:60, Testudo armeniaca, Testudo terrestris armeniaca Type locality: “Мегри, ЮВ Армянской ССР” [Megri, SE Armenian SSR] [Armenia]. Testudo graeca pallasi Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 2002:276, Testudo pallasi, Testudo marginata pallasi Chris Leone / Morocco [captivity] Algeria, Morocco, Spain Introduced: Spain (Balearic Islands) Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758:198, Testudo graeca graeca, Peltastes graecus Type locality: “Africa.” Restricted to “Santa Cruz in Barbarie” [Algeria] by Leven (1764:56), emended to “Santa-Cruz (alte spanische Festung bei Oran in der Algérie)” by Strauch (1862:67). Testudo pusilla Linnaeus 1758:199 (senior homonym, not = Testudo pusilla † Bergounioux 1936), Chersine pusilla Type locality: “Дагестан, окрестности села Гиляры-Даг” [Dagestan, near the village of Gilyary-Dag]. Emended here to “Gilyar, near Gilyary-Dag mountain, Magaramkent District, Dagestan, Russia (41.558499 N, 48.257204 E).” Testudo dagestanica Chkhikvadze, Mazanaeva, and Shammakov 2011:337 (11:12), Testudo graeca dagestanica Type locality: “Папас (Южный Дагестан)” [Papas (Southern Dagestan)] [Russia]. Testudo (Testudo) graeca buxtoni Boulenger 1921 (10:28) Buxton’s Tortoise Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Santa-Cruz (alte spanische Festung bei Oran in der Algérie)” by Strauch (1862:67). Testudo mauritanica Duméril and Bibron 1835:44, Testudo graeca mauritanica, Chersus mauritanicus, Peltastes mauritanicus, Testudo ibera mauritanica Type locality: “Mauritanie..[&]..les côtes occidentales de la mer Caspienne..[&]..les environs d’Alger.” Restricted to “Umgebung von Algier” [Algeria] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:378). Testudo whitei Bennett in White 1836:361 (09:41), Peltastes marginatus whitei, Testudo marginata whitei, Furculachelys whitei, Testudo graeca whitei Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Algiers and its environs, Algeria” by Highfield and Martin (1989a:21). Pavel Široký / Dehlili, Kermanshah Prov., Iran Iran (Alborz, Ardabil, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, East Azarbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Qazvin, Tehran, West Azarbaijan, Zanjan), Turkey Testudo ecaudata Pallas 1814:19 (10:28) (nomen dubium and junior homonym, not = Testudo ecaudata Daudin 1801) Type locality: “nemorosis Persiae mari caspio conterminis” [forests of Persia along the Caspian Sea] [Iran]. Testudo buxtoni Boulenger 1921:251, Testudo terrestris buxtoni, Testudo ibera buxtoni, Testudo graeca buxtoni Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “Manjil, between Resht and Kasuin, South Coast of the Caspian Sea, on a hill-side about 7,000–7,500 feet...northern Persia” [Iran]. Testudo perses Perälä 2002c:81, Testudo graeca perses, Testudo ibera perses Type locality: “vicinity of Lalabad village, some 25 mi NW Kermānshāh, Kermānshāhān province, W Iran...34°27'N 46°50'E.” Testudo (Testudo) graeca cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002 Cyrenaican Spur-thighed Tortoise 153 [Taurus Mts., Cilicia, Turkey]. Testudo ibera racovitzai Calinescu 1931:169 Type locality: “Turtucaia (jud. Durostor)” [Romania] [now Tutrakan, Silistra, Bulgaria]. Testudo graeca nikolskii Chkhikvadze and Tuniyev 1986:618, Testudo ibera nikolskii, Testudo terrestris nikolskii, Testudo nikolskii Type locality: “Поселок Небуг Туапсинского района (Краснодарский край)” [Nebug Settlement, Tuapse Co., Krasnodar District] [Russia]. Testudo graeca pontica Khosatzky 1987:58 (nomen nudum) Testudo (Testudo) graeca marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004 (09:42) Morocco Tortoise Chris Leone / Libya [captivity] Libya Testudo graeca cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002:8, Testudo cyrenaica Type locality: “Derna 32°46'N, 22°39'E (= Darnah, Cyrenaika Ostlibyen” [Libya]. Testudo (Testudo) graeca ibera Pallas 1814 (11:12) Asia Minor Tortoise Chris Leone / Fez, Morocco [captivity] Morocco Introduced: Spain Testudo graeca marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004:22 (09:42) Type locality: “Tarmilete (33°23'N 6°04'W)” [Morocco]. Testudo graeca lamberti Pieh and Perälä 2004:33 (09:42) Type locality: “22 km nördlich von Tetuan (= Tetouan; Tétuan 35°34'N 5°22'W)” [Morocco]. Testudo (Testudo) graeca nabeulensis (Highfield 1990) Nabeul Tortoise Alexander A. Inozemtsev / CCB / TCF / nr. Novorossiysk, Krasnodarskiy, Russia Albania (?), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Russia (Krasnodarskiy), Serbia, Turkey IUCN Red List: The currently synonymized taxon Testudo graeca nikolskii listed as Critically Endangered A1abcde+2bcde (1996) Testudo ibera Pallas 1814:18, Chersus iberus, Cherseus iberus, Medaestia ibera, Testudo graeca ibera, Testudo ibera ibera, Testudo terrestris ibera Type locality: “Caucasi meridionalibus..&..convallibus orae meridionalis montosae Chersonesi tauricae” [southern Caucasus ..&.. steep mountainous southern coast of Crimea]. Restricted to “Iberia, haud pro cul a Tiflisio” [Tbilisi, Georgia] by Eichwald (1831:196); to “das Gebiet des mittleren Kura-Tales im Kaukasus” [Georgia] by Mertens (1946:113); and to “Tbilissi (Tiflis), Géorgie, URSS” [Georgia] by Bour (1987a:112). Testudo georgicana Güldenstedt in Pallas 1814:18 (nomen nudum) Testudo iberia Blyth 1854:642 (64) (nomen novum) Testudo ibera bicaudalis Venzmer 1920:289 Type locality: “cilicischen Taurus in der kleinasiatischen Türkei” Norbert Halasz / Nabeul, Tunisia [captivity] Libya, Tunisia Introduced: Italy (Sardinia, Sicily) Testudo flavominimaralis Highfield and Martin 1989b:[9] (nomen dubium), Testudo graeca flavominimaralis Type locality: “North Africa.” Restricted to “Libya” by Highfield (1990:41). Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990:32, Testudo nabeulensis, Testudo graeca nabeulensis Type locality: “forested area in the region of Nabeul, Tunisia.” Restricted to “Waldgebiet 7–8 km nordwestlich von Nabeul Richtung Grombalia (Tunesien)” [Tunisia] by Pieh and Perälä (2004:42). Testudo graeca sarda Ballasina 1995:166 (nomen nudum) Testudo graeca sardinia van der Kuyl, Ballasina, Dekker, Maas, Willemsen, and Goudsmit 2002:180 (nomen nudum) 154 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Testudo (Testudo) graeca soussensis Pieh 2001 Souss Valley Tortoise Andreas Nöllert / east of Taroudannt, Morocco Morocco Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh 2001:211, Testudo soussensis Type locality: “Umgebung von Agadir 30°28'N, 9°55'W, Sousstal, Südwest-Marokko” [Morocco]. Testudo (Testudo) graeca terrestris Forskål 1775 (10:29) (72) Mesopotamian Tortoise Testudo (Testudo) graeca zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896 Iranian Tortoise Asghar Mobaraki / Saravan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Iran [captivity] Afghanistan (?), Iran (Esfahan, Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Yazd), Pakistan (?), Turkmenistan (?) Testudo zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896:369, Testudo graeca zarudnyi, Testudo ibera zarudnyi, Testudo terrestris zarudnyi Type locality: “Persia orientali” [Iran]. Restricted to “montibus provinciae Birdschan in Persiae orientali” [Iran] by Nikolsky (1897:308); and to “Birjand in Khorāsan province, NE Iran (32º53' N 59º03' E)” by lectotype designation by Perälä (2002c:84). Testudo (Testudo) kleinmanni Lortet 1883 (07:74) (73) Egyptian Tortoise Norbert Halasz / Aleppo, Syria [captivity] Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine (West Bank), Syria, Turkey Testudo terrestris Forskål 1775:viii,12 (junior homonym, not = Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764 or Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765; nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963), Testudo graeca terrestris, Testudo terrestris terrestris, Testudo ibera terrestris Eric V. Goode / TCC / Egypt or Libya [captivity] Type locality: “Lohajae..&..Kahirae..&..Aleppo..&..Libanon” [Al Luhayyah..&..Cairo..&..Aleppo..&..Mount Lebanon]. Restricted to “Arabien” [Saudi Arabia] by Wermuth (1956:402); to “Libanon-Gebirge, Israel” by Wermuth (1958:152); and to “Aleppo (Alep, Halab; 36°12' N, 37°09' E), Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)” by neotype designation by Perälä and Bour (2004:117). Testudo zolhafa Forsskål in Gray 1830e:5 (nomen nudum) Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935:197 (72), Testudo graeca floweri, Testudo terrestris floweri, Testudo ibera floweri Type locality: “the Negeb...Palestine” [Israel]. Restricted to “Negev, Palestine (environs de Gaza, Israël)” [Israel] by Bour (1989:14). Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger 1987:14, Testudo ibera anamurensis, Testudo terrestris anamurensis, Testudo anamurensis Type locality: “Strand von Anamurum, 7 km westlich von Anamur, SW–Küste der Türkei” [Turkey]. Testudo antakyensis Perälä 1996:16, Testudo graeca antakyensis, Testudo terrestris antakyensis, Testudo ibera antakyensis Type locality: “mountains to the east of Antakya in southern Turkey.” (orange dots = probable trade or extirpated) Egypt, Israel, Libya, Palestine? (Gaza? [extirpated]) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2abcd+3d (2003); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix I Testudo leithii Günther 1869:502 (junior homonym, not = Testudo leithii † Carter 1852), Peltastes leithii, Medaestia leithii Type locality: “Sindh” [Pakistan] [in error]. Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883:188, Pseudotestudo kleinmanni, Testudo kleinmanni kleinmanni Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “la basse Égypte, surtout dans les environs d’Alexandrie” [Egypt]. Testudo werneri Perälä 2001:570 (07:74), Testudo kleinmanni werneri Type locality: “Northern Negev desert, Israel (14 km south of Be’er Sheva).” Testudo (Testudo) marginata Schoepff 1793 (07:75, 11:12, 11:13) Marginated Tortoise Rethymnon” [Greece]. Testudo marginata sarda Mayer 1992:95 Type locality: “Olbia...Sardinia” [Italy]. Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996:30, Testudo marginata weissingeri Type locality: “Kardamili, Messénie, Grèce” [Greece]. Testudo (Agrionemys) Khosatzky and Mlynarski 1966 (07:72, 09:40) (70) Testudinella Gray 1870c:12 (junior homonym, not = Testudinella Bory de Saint-Vincent 1822 [= Rotatoria]) Type species: Testudinella horsfieldii [= Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844], by original monotypy. Agrionemys Khosatzky and Mlynarski 1966:123 (nomen novum) Type species: Agrionemys horsfieldi [= Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844], by original designation. Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii Gray 1844 (07:77, 08:15, 09:43, 10:30, 14:38) Central Asian Tortoise, Steppe Tortoise, Horsfield’s Tortoise Andreas Nöllert / Marathea, Peloponnese, Greece Albania, Greece Introduced: Cyprus, Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric]) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2004); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo tabulata campanulata Walbaum 1782:124 (unavailable name) Testudo marginata Schoepff 1793:52, Chersine marginata, Chersus marginatus, Peltastes marginatus, Peltastes marginata, Testudo marginata marginata Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Morea oggi Pelopponneso, Grecia” [Greece] by Bruno (1986:238), and “Greece, probably province of Attica, Stereá Eláda” by Bour (1987a:111). Testudo graja Hermann in Schoepff 1793:52 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Griechenland” [Greece] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:380). Testudo campanulata Walbaum in Gray 1830e:4 (nomen nudum) Testudo graji Gray 1830e:4 (nomen novum) Testudo campanulata Walbaum in Strauch 1862:65 Type locality: “Griechenland” [Greece]. Peltastes marginatus melas Gray 1870c:10 Type locality: “Greece.” Testudo nemoralis Schreiber 1875:557 Type locality: “Griechenland und Süditalien” [Greece and Italy]. Restricted to “Griechenland” [Greece] by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:380). Testudo marginata cretensis † Bachmayer, Brinkerink, and Symeonidis 1975:111 [Pleistocene, Greece (Crete)] Type locality: “Nordküste der Insel Kreta in der Nähe von (subspecies: horsfieldii = red, bogdanovi = purple, kazachstanica = green, kuznetzovi = brown, rustamovi = blue; orange dots = uncertain, possible trade, or introduced) Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang), Iran (Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Semnan, South Khorasan), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Introduced: Latvia IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A2d (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii horsfieldii Gray 1844 (10:30) Central Asian Tortoise, Steppe Tortoise, Horsfield’s Tortoise Afghanistan, Pakistan Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844:7, Testudinella horsfieldii, Homopus horsfieldii, Testudo (Homopus) horsfieldii, Medaestia horsfieldii, Agrionemys horsfieldii, Testudo horsfieldi, Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii, Agrionemys horsfieldii horsfieldii Type locality: “India, Affghanistan [p.7]...Cabul [p.vi].” Restricted to “Afghanistan” by Günther (1864:7). Homopus burnesii Blyth 1854:642 (65) Type locality: “Afghanistan.” Testudo baluchiorum Annandale 1906:75 (10:28), Agrionemys horsfieldii baluchiorum Type locality: “Baluchistan” [Pakistan]. Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii bogdanovi Chkhikvadze in Chkhikvadze, Brushko, and Kubykin 2008 (10:30) Fergana Valley Steppe Tortoise Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 155 156 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Agrionemys bogdanovi Chkhikvadze in Chkhikvadze, Brushko, and Kubykin 2008:100, Testudo horsfieldii bogdanovi, Agrionemys horsfieldii bogdanovi Type locality: “Узбекистан (Окрестности городов Бухара, Самарканд, Карши), Восточный Туркменистан (окрестности Чарджоу) и Киргизстан (Чуйская долина и окрестности города Ош)” [Uzbekistan (vicinity of the cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Karshy), East Turkmenistan (near Chardzhou) and Kyrgyzstan (Chuy valley and vicinity of Osh)]. Restricted to “Ферганская долина” [Ferghana Valley] [Uzbekistan] by Chkhikvadze et al. (2009:49). Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990 (09:43, 10:30) Kopet-Dag Steppe Tortoise Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1988 (09:43, 10:30, 14:38) Kazakhstan Steppe Tortoise Andreas Nöllert / Kara-Kum Desert, N. of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Afghanistan, Iran (Golestan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Semnan), Turkmenistan Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990:73, Agrionemys horsfieldii rustamovi, Testudo horsfieldii rustamovi, Agrionemys rustamovi Type locality: “село Мадау (Кизыл-Атрекский район), ЮгоЗападный Туркменистан” [Madau Village, Kizyl Atrek Region, south-western Turkmenistan]. Shi Haitao / Huocheng Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Agrionemys horsfieldi kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1988:110, Testudo horsfieldii kazachstanica, Agrionemys horsfieldii kazachstanica, Agrionemys kazachstanica Type locality: “Южное Прибалхашье, поселок Каратал” [southern Pribalkhashye (= Balkash), Karatal village]” [Kazakhstan]. Agrionemys kazachstanica terbishi Chkhikvadze 2009:60 (10:30, 14:38) , Testudo horsfieldii terbishi, Agrionemys horsfieldii terbishi Type locality: “Монголия, г. Кобдо” [Mongolia, g. Kobdo] [probable trade specimen]. Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov, and Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Ataev, and Shammakov 2009 (10:30) Turkmenistan Steppe Tortoise Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Agrionemys kazachstanica kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov, and Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Ataev, and Shammakov 2009:52, Testudo horsfieldii kuznetzovi, Agrionemys horsfieldii kuznetzovi Type locality: “впадины Акчакая (Северный Туркменистан, к западу от г. Дашогуз – бывш. Ташауз)” [Akchakai depression (North Turkmenistan, west of the city of Dashoguz – prev. Tashauz)]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Testudo (Chersine) Merrem 1820 (07:72, 09:40) (70) Chersine Merrem 1820:29 (09:40) 157 Testudo (Chersine) hermanni hermanni Gmelin 1789 (07:76, 14:36) Western Hermann’s Tortoise Type species: “T. graeca »L.« auct. = T. hermanni Gmelin” [= Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:286). Chersini Merrem in Gray 1825:210 (nomen novum) Testudo (Medaestia) Wussow 1916:170 (09:40) Type species: Medaestia graeca sensu Wussow 1916 [= subjective synonym of Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789] by subsequent designation by Mertens (1949:232). Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham, and Perälä 2006a:803 Type species: Eurotestudo hermanni [= Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789], by original designation. Testudo (Chersine) hermanni Gmelin 1789 (14:36) (74) Hermann’s Tortoise Albert Bertolero / CBFTT / Albera, Catalonia, Spain France (Continental, Corsica), Italy (Continental, Sicily), Spain (Continental) Introduced: Italy (Sardinia [prehistoric introduction]), Spain (Balearic Islands) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2abcde (1996) Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789:1041, Testudo hermanni hermanni, Protestudo hermanni, Agrionemys hermanni, Eurotestudo hermanni, Chersine hermanni, Chersine hermanni hermanni Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Collobrières, massif de Maures, Var, France” by Bour (1987a:116). Testudo graeca bettai Lataste 1881:396 Type locality: Not known. Testudo globosa † Portis 1890:3 (14:37) [Early Pleistocene, Villafranchian, Italy (mainland)] Type locality: “le Ville...Valdarno Superiore...Toscana” [Italy]. Testudo oriens † Portis 1890:9 (14:37) [Early Pleistocene, Villafranchian, Italy (mainland)] Type locality: “le Mignaie...Valdarno Superiore...Toscana” [Italy]. Testudo seminota † Portis 1890:10 (14:37) [Early Pleistocene, Villafranchian, Italy (mainland)] Type locality: “il Tasso...Valdarno Superiore...Toscana” [Italy]. Testudo hermanni robertmertensi Wermuth 1952:162 Type locality: “Gebirge nördlich von Arta, Mallorca, Balearen” [mountains north of Arta, Mallorca, Balearic Islands] [Spain]. (subspecies: hermanni = red, boettgeri = purple; orange dots = probable introduced or trade) Testudo (Chersine) hermanni boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889 Eastern Hermann’s Tortoise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, France (Continental, Corsica), Greece, Italy (Continental, Kosovo, Sardinia [prehistoric introduction], Sicily), Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain (Continental, Balearic Islands [prehistoric introduction]), Turkey (European) Introduced: Malta (?), Spain (Balearic Islands) CBFTT Account: Bertolero, Cheylan, Hailey, Livoreil, and Willemsen (2011) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2004); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Adrian Hailey / CBFTT / Greece Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy (?) (Continental), Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey (European) Testudo graeca boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889:242 (senior homonym, not = Testudo boettgeri Siebenrock 1904a), Testudo 158 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 hermanni boettgeri, Testudo boettgeri, Testudo boettgeri boettgeri, Eurotestudo boettgeri, Chersine hermanni boettgeri Type locality: “Orsova...Cernathal...Süd-Ungarn” [Romania]. Restricted to “Orsova, Banat” [Romania] by Boettger (1893:11). Testudo graeca hercegovinensis Werner 1899:818, Testudo hercegovinensis, Testudo boettgeri hercegovinensis, Testudo hermanni hercegovinensis, Eurotestudo hercegovinensis Type locality: “Trebinje...Hercegovina” [Bosnia and Herzegovina]. Testudo enriquesi Parenzan 1932:1160 Type locality: “Conca di Elbassan, nella vallata dello Skumbi, in Albania Centrale.” TRionyChoidea Gray 1825 Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 Trionychia Hummel 1929:362 CaReTToChelyidae Boulenger 1887a Carettochelydidae Boulenger 1887a:171 Carettochelydes Baur 1891a:190 Carettochelyidae Baur 1891c:637 Carettochelys Ramsay 1886 Carettochelys Ramsay 1886:158 Type species: Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886, by original monotypy. Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886 (07:78, 08:10) Pig-Nosed Turtle, Fly River Turtle IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1bd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Carettocchelys insculptus Ramsay 1886:158, Carettochelys insculptus, Carettochelys insculpta, Carettochelys insculpta insculpta Type locality: “Fly River, New Guinea.” Restricted to “Strickland River...upper right hand branch of the Fly River” by Waite (1905:110); and to “Turtle Camp, Strickland River [Papua New Guinea] [6º25'30" S, 142º04'30" W]” by Mackay (2003:39). Carettochelys insculpta canni Wells 2002a:1 (07:78, 08:10, 10:43) (unavailable name), Carettochelys canni Type locality: “near Ooloo Crossing, Daly River, Northern Territory [Australia]” TRionyChidae Gray 1825 Amydae Oppel 1811:9 (partim) Trionyces Schmid 1819:18 Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 Trionychidae Bell 1828c:515 Trionycidae Bonaparte 1831:63 Trionychidi Portis 1890:22 CyClanoRbinae Lydekker 1889 Cyclanosteina Gray 1864b:94 Cyclanorbinae Lydekker 1889:x Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a Cryptopus Duméril and Bibron 1835:499 (junior homonym, not = Cryptopus Latreille 1829 [= Crustacea]) Type species: Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835, by subsequent designation by Bour et al. (1995:82). Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a:135 Type species: Cyclanorbis petersii Gray 1854a [= subjective synonym of Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835], by original monotypy. Cryptopodus Duméril 1856:374 (nomen novum) Cyclanosteus Gray 1856a:201 Type species: Cyclanosteus senegalensis [= Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835], by subsequent designation by Günther (1865:108). Tetrathyra Gray 1865a:205 John Cann / CBFTT / Daly R., Northern Territory, Australia Type species: Tetrathyra baikii Gray 1865a [= subjective synonym of Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835], by original monotypy. Baikiea Gray 1869a:215 Type species: Baikiea elegans Gray 1869a, by original monotypy. (orange dot = introduced or trade) Australia (Northern Territory), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) CBFTT Account: Georges, Doody, Eisemberg, Alacs, and Rose (2008) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Cyclanorbis elegans (Gray 1869a) Nubian Flapshell Turtle Maurice Rodrigues / CBFTT / Africa [captivity] Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea (?), Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania (extirpated?), Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2016) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclanorbis spp. Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron 1835:504, Emyda senegalensis, Cyclanosteus senegalensis, Cyclanorbis senegalensis Type locality: “Sénégal.” Cyclanorbis petersii Gray 1854a:135, Cyclanosteus petersii, Cycloderma petersii Type locality: “West Africa, River Gambia” [The Gambia]. Benin (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia (?), Ghana, Nigeria, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo CBFTT Account: Baker, Diagne, and Luiselli (2015) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2016) CITES: Appendix II, as Cyclanorbis spp. Baikiea elegans Gray 1869a:222, Cyclanorbis elegans, Cyclanosteus elegans Type locality: “Africa.” Restricted to “West Africa” by Gray (1873j:86); and to “Niger River drainage in west Africa” by lectotype designation by Webb (1975:349). Cyclanorbis oligotylus Siebenrock 1902c:810 Type locality: “Nubien...oberen Nil” [Nubia...upper Nile] [Sudan]. Cyclanorbis senegalensis (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (75) Senegal Flapshell Turtle, Sahelian Flapshell Turtle Cycloderma senegalense Duméril 1861a:168 (justified emendation) Tetrathyra baikii Gray 1865a:205 Type locality: “West Africa, River Niger?” Restricted to “Niger River drainage in west Africa” by lectotype designation by Webb (1975:350). Cyclanosteus senegalensis equilifera Gray 1865b:425 Type locality: “the Niger” [Niger River, West Africa]. Cyclanosteus senegalensis normalis Gray 1865b:425 Type locality: “the Niger” [Niger River, West Africa]. Cyclanosteus senegalensis callosa Gray 1865b:425 Type locality: “the Niger” [Niger River, West Africa]. Tetrathyra vaillantii Rochebrune 1884:36 Type locality: “Sénégambie” [Senegal and The Gambia]. Cycloderma Peters 1854 Cycloderma Peters 1854:216 Type species: Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854, by original monotypy. Heptathyra Cope 1860:294 Type species: Heptathyra aubryi [= Cryptopodus aubryi Duméril 1856], by original monotypy. Aspidochelys Gray 1860a:6 Type species: Aspidochelys livingstonii Gray 1860a [= subjective synonym of Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854], by original monotypy. William R. Branch / Northern Prov., Sierra Leone 159 160 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Cycloderma aubryi (Duméril 1856) (10:31) Aubry’s Flapshell Turtle Olivier S.G. Pauwels / Gamba, Ogooué-Maritime Prov., Gabon Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe CBFTT Account: Broadley and Sachsse (2011) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2016) CITES: Appendix II, as Cycloderma spp. Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854:216, Cyclanosteus frenatus, Heptathyra frenata Type locality: “In fluminibus Zambeze et Licuare..[&]..Tette et Sena..[&]..terra Boror” [Mozambique]. Restricted to “Sambesi bei Tete” [Mozambique] by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (1994:169). Aspidochelys livingstonii Gray 1860a:6, Heptathyra livingstonii Type locality: “Mozambique in tributaries of River Zambesi?” Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon IUCN Red List: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2016) CITES: Appendix II, as Cycloderma spp. Cryptopodus aubryi Duméril 1856:374 (10:31), Cryptopus aubryi, Cycloderma aubryi, Heptathyra aubryi Type locality: “Gabon.” Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854 Zambezi Flapshell Turtle Lissemys Smith 1931 (11:14) Emyda Gray 1830e:19 (10:7) (junior homonym, not = Emyda Rafinesque 1815) Type species: Emyda punctata [= Testudo punctata Lacepède 1788] [= Testudo punctata Bonnaterre 1789], by original monotypy. Lissemys Smith 1931:xxviii, 154 (nomen novum) Type species: Lissemys punctata [= Testudo punctata Lacepède 1788] [= Testudo punctata Bonnaterre 1789], by original designation. Lissemys ceylonensis (Gray 1856a) (11:14) Sri Lankan Flapshell Turtle Wulf Haacke / CBFTT / Lake Malawi, Malawi Anslem de Silva / Udawalawe National Park, Sri Lanka Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Lissemys punctata punctata (Bonnaterre 1789) (11:14) Southern Indian Flapshell Turtle Indraneil Das / CBFTT / Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Lanka IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated CITES: Appendix II [as part of Lissemys punctata] Emyda ceylonensis Gray 1856a:201, Emyda granosa ceylonensis, Lissemys ceylonensis, Lissemys punctata ceylonensis Type locality: “Ceylon” [Sri Lanka]. Lissemys punctata sinhaleyus † Deraniyagala 1953:5 [Late Pleistocene, Ratnapura Beds, Sri Lanka] Type locality: “near Ratnapura...Ceylon” [Sri Lanka]. Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre 1789) (09:44, 11:14) Indian Flapshell Turtle India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Testudo punctata Lacepède 1788:171, synopsis[table] (09:6) (senior homonym, not = Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792); nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “les grandes Indes” [India]. Restricted to “Pondicherry, South Arcot (district), Tamil Nadu (state), India” by Webb (1980a:552). Testudo punctata Bonnaterre 1789:30 (senior homonym, not = Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792), Trionyx (Emyda) punctatus, Trionyx punctatus, Emyda punctata, Trionyx punctata, Lissemys punctata, Lissemys punctata punctata, Trionyx punctatus punctatus Type locality: “les grandes Indes” [India]. Restricted to “Pondicherry, South Arcot (district), Tamil Nadu (state), India” by Webb (1980a:552). Testudo sonnerati Meyer 1790:83 (09:8) (nomen novum et oblitum) Testudo granulosa Suckow 1798:48 (nomen novum) Testudo scabra Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801:164 (nomen novum and junior homonym, not = Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758) Testudo granosa Schoepff 1801:127, Trionyx granosus, Cryptopus granosus, Emyda granosa, Emyda granosa granosa, Lissemys punctata granosa, Trionyx punctatus granosus Type locality: “Coromandeliae” [India]. (subspecies: punctata = red, andersoni = purple, vittata = orange; overlap = intergrades; orange dot = introduced) Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Introduced: India (Andaman Islands) CBFTT Account: Bhupathy, Webb, and Praschag (2014) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix II Testudo granulata Daudin 1801:81 (nomen novum) Trionyx coromandelicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:16 (nomen novum) Emyda dura Buchanan-Hamilton in Anderson 1876:514 (nomen nudum) Lissemys punctata andersoni Webb 1980a (11:14) Spotted Northern Indian Flapshell Turtle Shailendra Singh / CBFTT / Ghaghra R., Uttar Pradesh, India Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan 161 162 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Introduced: India (Andaman Islands) Lissemys punctata andersoni Webb 1980a:554, Lissemys andersoni Type locality: “Belbari, Terai, southeastern Nepal, elevation 210 m.” Lissemys punctata vittata (Peters 1854) (11:14) Central Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys scutata Type locality: “Pegú” [Myanmar]. Emyda fuscomaculata Gray 1873c:308 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Asia, Pegu?” [Myanmar] by Gray (1873j:89). TRionyChinae Gray 1825 Amydae Oppel 1811:9 (partim) Trionyces Schmid 1819:18 Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 Trionychinae Lydekker 1889:4 Amyda Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a Amyda Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 Shailendra Singh / CBFTT / Mahanadi River, Odisha, India India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh?, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan) Emyda vittata Peters 1854:216, Emyda granosa vittata, Lissemys punctata vittata Type locality: “India orientalis, Goa.” Emyda granosa intermedia Annandale 1912a:171 Type locality: “Near Purulia, Manbhum Dist.” [India]. Lissemys scutata (Peters 1868) (11:14) Burmese Flapshell Turtle Type species: Amyda javanica Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a [= subjective synonym of Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770], by original monotypy. Amida Duméril and Bibron 1834:416 (nomen novum) Potamochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Type species: Aspidonectes (Potamochelys) javanica Wagler [= Amyda javanica Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a] [= subjective synonym of Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770], by original monotypy. Aspilus Gray 1864b:83 (junior homonym, not = Aspilus Schaum 1848 [= Coleoptera]) Type species: Aspilus cariniferus [= Trionyx cariniferus Gray 1856b] [= subjective synonym of Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770], by original designation. Ida Gray 1873h:55 (junior homonym, not = Ida Gray 1838 [= Sauria] or Ida Gray 1840 [= Gastropoda] or Ida RobineauDesvoidy 1863 [= Diptera]) Type species: Ida ornata [ = Trionyx ornatus Gray 1861a] [= subjective synonym of Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770], by original monotypy. Amyda cartilaginea (Boddaert 1770) (76) Malayan Softshell Turtle, Asiatic Softshell Turtle Gerald Kuchling / CRM 2 / Myanmar [trade: Ruili, Yunnan, China] (subspecies: cartilaginea = red, maculosa = purple, unassigned A. cartilaginea sensu lato = gray; orange dots = probable trade) (orange dot = trade) Myanmar IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (2000); Previously: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emyda scutata Peters 1868:449, Emyda granosa scutata, Lissemys punctata scutata, Trionyx punctatus scutatus, Brunei, Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Singapore, Thailand (?) Introduced or Trade: Indonesia (Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Sulawesi) CBFTT Account: Auliya, van Dijk, Moll, and Meylan (2016) [includes Amyda ornata] IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Amyda cartilaginea cartilaginea (Boddaert 1770) (76) South Sundas Softshell Turtle Mark Auliya / Java, Indonesia [trade] Indonesia (Bali, Java, Kalimantan), Malaysia (East) Introduced or Trade: Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Lombok]), Moluccas [Ambon, Seram]), Sulawesi) Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770:1, Gymnopus cartilaginea, Trionyx cartilagineus, Aspidonectes cartilagineus, Potamochelys cartilagineus, Amyda cartilaginea, Amyda cartilaginea cartilaginea Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Java” [Indonesia] by Baur (1893a:220). Testudo membranacea Blumenbach 1779:257 (nomen dubium) Testudo boddaerti Schneider 1787:12 (nomen novum), Trionyx boddaerti, Testudo boddarti Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen novum) Amyda javanica Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 (senior homonym, not = Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e), Trionyx javanicus, Trionyx iavanicus, Tyrse javanica, Aspidonectes javanicus, Trionyx stellatus javanica, Aspilus javanicus, Potamochelys javanicus Amyda cartilaginea maculosa Fritz, Gemel, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, and Praschag 2014a (76) North Sundas Softshell Turtle Mark Auliya / CBFTT / Anjungan, West Kalimantan, Indonesia Brunei (?), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (East, Peninsular?), Thailand (?) Amyda cartilaginea maculosa Fritz, Gemel, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, and Praschag 2014a:240 Type locality: “Nanga Badau, Kalimantan, Indonesia (“Nanga Bandang, Borneo”).” Amyda cartilaginea (Boddaert 1770) (76) or Amyda ornata (Gray 1861a) Southeast Asian Softshell Turtle Type locality: “Java et les îles voisines” [Indonesia]. Trionyx stellatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 (nomen novum), Potamochelys stellatus Trionyx cariniferus Gray 1856b:67, Aspilus cariniferus, Trionyx carinifera Type locality: “Moluccas” [Indonesia]. Aspilus punctulatus Gray 1864b:84 Type locality: “Amboina or Ceram” [Indonesia]. Trionyx jeudi Gray 1869a:217 Type locality: “Java?” [Indonesia]. Trionyx trinilensis † Jaekel 1911:78 [Pleistocene, Pithecanthropus Trinil Beds, Indonesia (Java)] Type locality: “Pithecanthropus-schichten...Java...Trinil” [Indonesia]. (subspecies: ornata = red, phayrei = purple; unassigned A. ornata sensu lato = gray) Bangladesh, Cambodia, India (Mizoram), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Introduced: Indonesia (Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi) CBFTT Account: Auliya, van Dijk, Moll, and Meylan (2016) [as part of Amyda cartilaginea] IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000), as part of Amyda cartilaginea; Previously: Vulnerable (1996), as part of A. cartilaginea TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2015) CITES: Appendix II, as part of A. cartilaginea 163 164 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Amyda cartilaginea ornata (Gray 1861) (76) or Amyda ornata ornata (Gray 1861) Indochinese Softshell Turtle Mesodeca Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Mesodeca bartrami [= Testudo bartrami Daudin 1801] [= subjective synonym of Testudo ferox Schneider 1783], by original monotypy. Trionyx (Platypeltis) Fitzinger 1835:109 Type species: Platypeltis ferox Fitzinger [= Testudo ferox Schneider 1783], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:30). Callinia Gray 1869a:221 Type species: Callinia spinifera [= Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827], by subsequent designation by Stejneger (1907:514). Euamyda Stejneger 1944:7 Type species: Euamyda mutica [= Trionyx muticus LeSueur 1827], by original monotypy. Apalone ferox (Schneider 1783) Florida Softshell Turtle David Emmett / CBFTT / Cardamom Mountains region, Cambodia Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Trionyx ornatus Gray 1861a:41, Aspilus ornatus, Ida ornata, Amyda ornata, Amyda ornata ornata, Amyda cartilaginea ornata Type locality: “Camboja” [Cambodia]. Amyda cartilaginea phayrei (Theobald 1868b) (76) or Amyda ornata phayrei (Theobald 1868b) Burmese Softshell Turtle Matthew Aresco / CRM 3 / Leon Co., Florida Gerald Kuchling / Dokhtawady R., Myanmar Bangladesh (?), India (?) (Mizoram), Malaysia (Peninsular), Myanmar, Thailand Trionyx phayrei Theobald 1868b:18, Aspidonectes phayrei, Amyda ornata phayrei, Amyda cartilaginea ornata Type locality: “montium Arakanensium, prope Bassein” [Arakan Hills, Bassein, Myanmar]. Trionyx ephippium Theobald 1875:177 Type locality: “Tenasserim” [Myanmar]. Trionyx phayrii Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum), Amyda phayrii Trionyx nakornsrithammarajensis Nutaphand 1979:8, Amyda nakornsrithammarajensis Type locality: “Nakorn Sri Thammaraj Province... Thailand.” Trionyx cartilageneus nakorn Nutaphand 1990:[8] (nomen novum), Trionyx cartilagineus nakorn Apalone Rafinesque 1832 Aplaxia Rafinesque 1817:166 (nomen oblitum) Type species: Aplaxia nasica Rafinesque 1817 (nomen nudum) [= Trionyx nasica Rafinesque 1822 (nomen suppressum] [= subjective synonym of Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827], by original monotypy. Apalone Rafinesque 1832:64 Type species: Apalone hudsonica Rafinesque 1832 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827], by original monotypy. (orange dot = introduced) USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2010); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA) Testudo ferox Schneider 1783:330, Emydes ferox, Trionyx ferox, Amyda ferox, Aspidonectes ferox, Platypeltis ferox, Amyda ferox ferox, Trionyx ferox ferox, Apalone ferox Type locality: “Savannach und Alatama..&..Ost-Florida” [USA]. Restricted to “Savannah River (at Savannah), Georgia” [USA] by Schwartz (1956b:8). Testudo mollis Lacepède 1788:137, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “sud de la Caroline, rivières de Savannah & d’Alatamaha..&..la Floride orientale” [USA]. Testudo mollis Bonnaterre 1789:25 Type locality: “rivières de Savannah, d’Alatamaha, de la Floride, & de la Caroline méridionale” [USA]. Testudo (ferox) verrucosa Schoepff 1795:90 (senior homonym, not = Testudo verrucosa Suckow 1798) Type locality: “Floridae Orientalis” [USA]. Restricted to “Halfway Pond...between...Palatka and Gainesville, Fla...somewhere in southwestern Putnam County” [Florida, USA] by Harper (1940:717) by restriction of nomen novum replacement name Testudo bartrami Daudin 1801. Testudo bartrami Daudin 1801:74 (nomen novum), Chelys Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 bartrami, Trionyx bartrami, Mesodeca bartrami Type locality: “la Floride orientale” [Florida, USA]. Restricted to “Halfway Pond...between...Palatka and Gainesville, Fla...somewhere in southwestern Putnam County” [Florida, USA] by Harper (1940:717). Trionyx georgianus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:367 (nomen novum) Trionyx carinatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:14, Aspidonectes carinatus Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Savannah River, Georgia” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:108). Trionyx georgicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:17 (nomen novum) Trionyx brongniarti Schweigger 1812:288 (nomen novum), Testudo brongniarti, Platypeltis brongniarti Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Savannah River, Georgia” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:109). Trionyx harlani Bell in Harlan 1835:159 Type locality: “East Florida” [USA]. Pennsylvania [extirpated], South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Trionyx pusilla Rafinesque 1822:3 (nomen dubium et suppressum, ICZN 1984) Type locality: “United States” [USA]. Trionyx muticus LeSueur 1827:263, Aspidonectes muticus, Gymnopus muticus, Amyda mutica, Euamyda mutica, Trionyx muticus, Trionyx muticus muticus, Apalone mutica, Apalone muticus, Apalone mutica mutica Type locality: “Newharmony, sur le Wabash, à peu de distance de son embouchure dans l’Ohio...l’Etat de l’Indiana” [USA]. Potamochelys microcephalus Gray 1864b:87, Callinia microcephala, Potamochelys microcephala Type locality: “Sarawak” [Malaysia] [in error]. Emended to “___?” [not known] by Boulenger (1889:262); restricted to “New Harmony, Indiana” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:110). Apalone mutica calvata (Webb 1959) (77) Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell Turtle Apalone mutica (LeSueur 1827) Smooth Softshell Turtle Barry Mansell / CRM 3 / Escambia Co., Florida USA (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi) Trionyx muticus calvatus Webb 1959:519, Apalone mutica calvata, Apalone calvata Type locality: “Pearl River, Roses Bluff, 14 miles northeast Jackson, Rankin County, Mississippi” [USA]. (subspecies: mutica = red, calvata = purple) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [extirpated], South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2010); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA) Apalone mutica mutica (LeSueur 1827) Midland Smooth Softshell Turtle Peter V. Lindeman / Scioto R., Pike Co., Ohio USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, 165 166 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Apalone spinifera (LeSueur 1827) (12:37) Spiny Softshell Turtle Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Aplaxia nasica Rafinesque 1817:166 (nomen nudum) Trionyx nasica Rafinesque 1822:3 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1984) Type locality: “western streams...United States” [USA]. Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827:258, Gymnopus spiniferus, Gymnopodus spiniferus, Aspidonectes spinifer, Gymnopus spinifer, Trionyx spinifer, Callinia spicifera, Callinia spinifera, Platypeltis spinifer, Tyrse spinifera, Amyda spinifera, Platypeltis spinifera, Amyda spinifer, Amyda spinifera spinifera, Trionyx spinifera, Trionyx spinifera spinifera, Amyda ferox spinifera, Trionyx ferox spinifera, Trionyx spinifer spinifer, Trionyx spiniferus spiniferus, Apalone spinifera, Apalone spiniferus, Apalone spinifera spinifera Type locality: “Newharmony, sur le Wabash, à peu de distance de son embouchure dans l’Ohio...l’Etat de l’Indiana” [USA]. Trionyx ocellatus LeSueur 1827:261 (senior homonym, not = Trionyx ocellatus Gray 1832a) Type locality: “Newharmony, sur le Wabash, à peu de distance de son embouchure dans l’Ohio...l’Etat de l’Indiana” [USA]. Apalone hudsonica Rafinesque 1832:64 Type locality: “River Hudson between the falls of Hadley, Glen and Baker, and further up to the source” [USA]. Restricted to “Hudson River, near Baker’s Falls, Saratoga County, New York” [USA] by Webb (1962:491). (subspecies: spinifera = red, aspera = purple, atra = orange, emoryi = pink, guadalupensis = brown, pallida = green; overlap = intergrades; orange dots = introduced) Canada (Ontario, Québec), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Introduced: USA (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, New Jersey, Utah, Virginia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2010); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) CITES: Appendix III (USA) Apalone spinifera spinifera (LeSueur 1827) (08:22) Northern Spiny Softshell Turtle Trionyx annulifer Wied 1839:140 (nomen novum) Tyrse argus Gray 1844:48, Trionyx argus Type locality: “West Africa, Sierra Leone?” [in error]. Emended to “___?” [not known] by Boulenger (1889:260); restricted to “New Harmony, Indiana” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:110). Trionyx annulatus Gray 1856b:69 (nomen novum) Aspidonectes nuchalis Agassiz 1857a:402,406, Platypeltis nuchalis Type locality: “Cumberland River..[&]..head waters of the Tennessee River” [USA]. Restricted to “Cumberland River near Nashville, Tennessee” [USA] by Schmidt (1953:110). Gymnopus olivaceus Wied 1865:55 (nomen novum) Amyda spinifera hartwegi Conant and Goin 1948:1 (08:22), Amyda ferox hartwegi, Trionyx ferox hartwegi, Trionyx spinifer hartwegi, Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi, Apalone spinifera hartwegi Type locality: “Wichita, Sedgwick County, Kansas” [USA]. Apalone spinifera aspera (Agassiz 1857a) Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell Turtle Barry Mansell / CRM 3 / Santa Rosa Co., Florida John B. Iverson / Muscatine, Muscatine Co., Nebraska / female Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee) Aspidonectes asper Agassiz 1857a:402,405, Platypeltis asper, Amyda spinifera aspera, Amyda ferox aspera, Trionyx ferox aspera, Trionyx spinifer asper, Trionyx spiniferus Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 asper, Trionyx spiniferus asperus, Apalone spinifera asper, Apalone spinifera aspera spinifera emoryi, Trionyx spiniferus emoryi, Apalone spinifera emoryi Type locality: “Mississippi” [USA]. Restricted to “Lake Concordia, La.” [Louisiana, USA] by Baur (1893:220) and Schmidt (1953:109); and to “Pearl River at Columbus, Marion County, Mississippi” [USA] by lectotype designation by Webb (1960:7). Type locality: “lower Rio Grande of Texas, near Brownsville” [USA]. Platypeltis agassizii Baur 1888c:1122, Trionyx agassizii, Pelodiscus agassizii, Aspidonectes agassizii, Trionyx spiniferus agassizii, Amyda agassizii, Amyda ferox agassizii, Trionyx ferox agassizii Aspidonectes emyda Gray 1870c:95 (nomen novum) Aspidonectes georgii Gray 1870c:109 (nomen novum) Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (Webb 1962) Guadalupe Spiny Softshell Turtle Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “Savannah, Savannah River” [Georgia, USA] by Schwartz (1956b:17). Apalone spinifera atra (Webb and Legler 1960) (07:79, 08:23, 12:37) Black Spiny Softshell Turtle, Cuatro Cienegas Softshell Peter V. Lindeman / Palmetto State Park, San Marcos R., Gonzales Co., Texas USA (Texas) Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis Webb 1962:517, Trionyx spiniferus guadalupensis, Apalone spinifera guadalupensis Type locality: “15 miles northeast Tilden, McMullen County, Texas” [USA]. Suzanne E. McGaugh / CBFTT / Tío Cándido, Cuatrociénegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico Apalone spinifera pallida (Webb 1962) Pallid Spiny Softshell Turtle Mexico (Coahuila) CBFTT Account: Cerdá-Ardura, Soberón-Mobarak, McGaugh, and Vogt (2008) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1ace+2c (1996), originally listed as Apalone ater CITES: Appendix I Trionyx ater Webb and Legler 1960:21, Trionyx spinifer ater, Trionyx spiniferus ater, Apalone spinifera ater, Apalone ater, Apalone spiniferus ater, Apalone spinifera atra, Apalone (Apalone) atra, Apalone atra Type locality: “16 kilometers south of Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila... Mexico.” Emended to “Poza del Tío Cándido, 16 km southwest of Cuatrociénegas de Carranza, central Coahuila, México” by CerdáArdura et al. (2008:2). Apalone spinifera emoryi (Agassiz 1857a) (12:37) Texas Spiny Softshell Turtle Vincenzo Ferri / Texas [captivity] Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Texas) Aspidonectes emoryi Agassiz 1857a:392,407, Trionyx emoryi, Platypeltis emoryi, Amyda emoryi, Amyda ferox emoryi, Trionyx ferox emoryi, Trionyx spinifer emoryi, Trionyx Stanley E. Trauth / nr. Horatio, Sevier Co., Arkansas USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) Trionyx spinifer pallidus Webb 1962:522, Trionyx pallidus, Trionyx spiniferus pallidus, Apalone spinifera pallida, Apalone spinifera pallidus Type locality: “Lake Caddo, Caddo Parish, Louisiana” [USA]. 167 168 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Indonesia (Java)] Chitra Gray 1844 Chitra Gray 1844:49 Type species: Chitra indica [= Trionyx indicus Gray 1830e], by original monotypy. Chitra chitra Nutaphand 1986 Asian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Type locality: “Pithecanthropus-schichten...Java...Trinil” [Indonesia]. Chitra chitra javanensis McCord and Pritchard 2003:41, Chitra chitra javanica Type locality: “Pasuruan River drainage, near Pasuruan, Probolinggo District, East Java, Indonesia.” Emended to “Bengawan (= river) Solo, between Kalitidu and Padangan, Bojonegoro District, East Java” [Indonesia] by Iskandar (2004:129). Chitra indica (Gray 1830e) (10:7) Indian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Shekar Dattatri / CBFTT / Chambal R., Rajasthan, India (subspecies: chitra = red, javanensis = purple) Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1cd, B1+2c (2000); Previously: Critically Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I Chitra chitra chitra Nutaphand 1986 Siamese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan CBFTT Account: Das and Singh (2009) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp. Trionyx indicus Gray 1830e:18 (10:7), Trionyx egyptiacus indicus, Trionyx aegyptiacus indica, Chitra indica, Gymnopus indicus, Trionyx aegyptianus indicus, Aspidonectes indicus Chris Tabaka / TCC / Thailand [captivity] Malaysia (Peninsular), Thailand Chitra chitra Nutaphand 1986:64 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 2005b), Chitra chitra chitra Type locality: “Khwae Noi and Khwae Yai rivers of Kanchanaburi Province and in the Mae Klong river of Ratburi Province” [Thailand]. Restricted to “[Mae Klong in Ratburi and Khwae River in Kanchanaburi]” by Nutaphand (1990:113); and to “Kanburi (= Kanchanaburi), where the Khwae Noi and the Khwae Yai Rivers join to form the Mae Klong River in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand” by McCord and Pritchard (2003:18). Chitra chitra javanensis McCord and Pritchard 2003 Javanese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Indonesia (Java, Sumatra) Chitra selenkae † Jaekel 1911:80 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005b) [Pleistocene, Pithecanthropus Trinil Beds, Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Fatehgahr, Ganges” [India] by Smith (1931:162). Testudo chitra Buchanan-Hamilton in Gray 1831d:47 (nomen nudum) Gymnopus lineatus Duméril and Bibron 1835:491, Trionyx lineatus Type locality: “le Gange” [India]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 Burmese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Win Ko Ko / CBFTT / TCC / Chindwin R., Myanmar Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Myanmar, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan), Singapore, Thailand IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix II Trionyx subplanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:11, Gymnopus subplanus, Amyda subplana, Dogania subplana, Dogania subplanus Type locality: Not known. Trionyx frenatus Gray 1856b:67, Potamochelys frenatus, Sarbieria frenata Type locality: “Singapore.” Myanmar CBFTT Account: Platt, Platt, Win Ko Ko, and Rainwater (2014) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I Chitra burmanica Jaruthanin 2002:40 (nomen nudum) Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003:39 Type locality: “Khayansat Kone Village (23°16.30'N; 95°58.99'E) on the Ayeyarwaddy River...Myanmar.” Gymnopus javanicus Bibron in Gray 1856b:67 (nomen nudum) Dogania guentheri Gray 1862c:265, Trionyx guentheri, Trionyx güntheri, Dogania güntheri Type locality: “India.” Trionyx dillwynii Gray 1873c:306 Type locality: “Borneo” [Malaysia or Indonesia]. Trionyx vertebralis Strauch 1890:113 Type locality: “Flusse Gabon im aequatorialen West-Afrika” [in error]. Restricted to “Süd-Asien” by Wermuth and Mertens (1961:255). Trionyx pecki Bartlett 1895a:30 Dogania Gray 1844 Type locality: “Borneo” [Sarawak, Malaysia]. Dogania Gray 1844:49 Type species: Dogania subplana [= Trionyx subplanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b], by original monotypy. Sarbieria Gray 1869a:211 Type species: Sarbieria frenata [= Trionyx frenatus Gray 1856b] [= subjective synonym of Trionyx subplanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b], by original monotypy. Dogania subplana (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b) Malayan Softshell Turtle Nilssonia Gray 1872a (07:80, 11:15) (78) Nilssonia Gray 1872a:332 Type species: Nilssonia formosa [= Trionyx formosus Gray 1869a], by original monotopy. Isola Gray 1873h:51 Type species: Isola peguensis [= Trionyx peguensis Gray 1870c] [= subjective synonym of Trionyx formosus Gray 1869a], by original monotypy. Aspideretes Hay 1904:274 Type species: Aspideretes gangeticus [= Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1825], by original designation. Peter Paul van Dijk / CRM 2 / Khao Luang, Thailand 169 170 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Nilssonia formosa (Gray 1869a) Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle Peter Paul van Dijk / TCC / Myanmar [captivity] Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes gangeticus Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1825:186,203, Aspidonectes gangeticus, Tyrse gangetica, Isola gangetica, Aspideretes gangeticus, Trionyx gangeticus, Amyda gangetica, Nilssonia gangetica Type locality: “du Gange” [India]. Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e:19 (10:7) (partim, junior homonym, not = Amyda javanica Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a), Tyrse javanica Type locality: “Java and India.” (orange dot = probably introduced) China (?) (Yunnan [?]), Myanmar IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2d, B1+2c (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Trionyx formosus Gray 1869a:217, Nilssonia formosa, Aspidonectes formosus, Isola formosa, Trionyx formosa, Amyda formosus, Amyda formosa Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:487 (partim, nomen novum) Trionyx gangeticus mahanaddicus Annandale 1912b:262 Type locality: “Sambalpur and Cuttack, Orissa” [India]. Restricted to “Cuttack, Orissa” [India] by Smith (1931:167). Nilssonia hurum (Gray 1830e) (10:7) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle Type locality: “Pegu” [Myanmar]. Trionyx peguensis Gray 1870c:99, Isola peguensis Type locality: “Pegu” [Myanmar]. Trionyx grayii Theobald 1875:176 Type locality: “neighbourhood of Thayet-myo...Irawadi valley” [Myanmar]. Nilssonia gangetica (Cuvier 1825) (12:38) Indian Softshell Turtle Chittaranjan Baruah / CBFTT / Brahmaputra R., India B.C. Choudhury / CRM 2 / India Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan CBFTT Account: Das, Basu, and Singh (2010) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2d (2000); Previously: Least Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes hurum Trionyx occellatus Gray 1830d:pl.78 (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Barrackpore, India” by Webb (1980b:71). Trionyx hurum Gray 1830e:18 (10:7), Isola hurum, Aspideretes hurum, Aspidonectes hurum, Tyrse hurum, Amyda hurum, Nilssonia hurum Type locality: “India.” Restricted to “Barrackpore, India” by Webb (1980b:71). Testudo chim Buchanan-Hamilton in Gray 1831d:47 (nomen nudum) Trionyx ocellatus Gray 1832a:directions (nomen novum and junior homonym, not = Trionyx ocellatus LeSueur 1827), Testudo ocellata, Gymnopus ocellatus Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:487 (partim, nomen novum) Trionyx sewaare Gray 1872a:336 Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e:19 (10:7) (partim, junior homonym, not = Amyda javanica Schweigger in Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a), Tyrse javanica Type locality: “Java and India.” Testudo gotaghol Buchanan-Hamilton in Gray 1831d:48 (nomen nudum) Trionyx leithii Gray 1872a:334, Isola leithii, Aspideretes leithii, Amyda leithii, Nilssonia leithii Type locality: “Poonah” [India]. Aspilus gataghol Gray 1872a:339, Trionyx gataghol, Trionyx gatajhal Type locality: “India.” Trionyx sulcifrons Annandale 1915b:341 Type locality: “Nagpur,...Central Provinces of India.” Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson 1875) (07:81) (78) Black Softshell Turtle, Bostami Softshell Type locality: “Bengal” [India or Bangladesh]. Trionyx bellii Gray 1872a:337 Type locality: “Asia.” Trionyx buchanani Theobald 1874:78 Type locality: “Bengal” [India or Bangladesh]. Trionyx hurum sivalensis † Lydekker 1889:9 [Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, Siwaliks, India (Punjab)], Trionyx sivalensis Type locality: “India...Siwalik Hills.” Nilssonia leithii (Gray 1872a) Leith’s Softshell Turtle Chittaranjan Baruah / TCC / Madhab Temple, Hajo, Assam, India Rahul Naik / CBFTT / Godavari R. nr. Nashik, Maharashtra, India (orange dots = temple ponds) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Tripura, West Bengal) IUCN Red List: Extinct in the Wild (2002); Previously: Critically Endangered (2000), Critically Endangered (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes nigricans Trionyx nigricans Anderson 1875:284, Amyda nigricans, Aspideretes nigricans, Nilssonia nigricans Type locality: “Chittagong, Bengal” [Bangladesh]. Palea Meylan 1987 Palea Meylan 1987:77 India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu) CBFTT Account: Das, Sirsi, Vasudevan, and Murthy (2014) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1c (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Type species: Palea steindachneri [= Trionyx steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a], by original designation. 171 172 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Pelochelys Gray 1864b Palea steindachneri (Siebenrock 1906a) Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle Pelochelys Gray 1864b:89 Type species: Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864b, by subsequent designation by Günther (1865:108). Pelochelys (Ferepelochelys) Hoser 2014a:62 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 79) Pelochelys bibroni (Owen 1853) New Guinea Giant Softshell Turtle Torsten Blanck / Hong Kong, China Anders G.J. Rhodin / TCF / CCB / Lake Murray, Western Prov., Papua New Guinea (orange dots = trade or introduced) China (Guangdong, Guizhou, Yunnan), Vietnam Introduced: China (Hong Kong), Mauritius, USA (Hawaii [Kauai]) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Aspidonectes californiana Rivers 1889:233 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1982), Pelodiscus californianus Type locality: “Sacramento River, near the city of Sacramento... California” [USA] [in error, trade specimen]. Trionyx steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a:579 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1982), Amyda steindachneri, Palea steindachneri, Pelodiscus steindachneri Type locality: “Kau-Kongriver...Insel Hainan” [China]. Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. Trionyx (Gymnopus) bibroni Owen 1853:185, Trionyx bibroni, Pelochelys bibroni, Pelochelys (Ferepelochelys) bibroni, Ferepelochelys bibroni Type locality: “Australian.” Restricted to “Laloki River, Astrolabe Range, 40 miles [ca. 65 km] from its entry into Redscar Bay (9°20'S 147°14'E), Central District, Papua New Guinea” by neotype designation by Webb (1995a:302). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864b (79) Asian Giant Softshell Turtle, Cantor’s Giant Softshell Turtle Pelochelys signifera Webb 2003 Northern New Guinea Softshell Turtle Anders G.J. Rhodin / CCB / Maprik, East Sepik Prov., Papua New Guinea Annette Olsson / CBFTT / TCC / nr. Kratie, Mekong R., Cambodia Bangladesh, Brunei (?), Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Zhejiang), India (Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Myanmar, Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan), Singapore (extirpated), Thailand, Vietnam CBFTT Account: Das (2008) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864b:90 Type locality: “Malacca” [Malaysia]. Pelochelys cumingii Gray 1864b:90, Chitra indica cumingii Type locality: “Philippines.” Pelochelys cantoris Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum) Pelochelys poljakowii Strauch 1890:118 Type locality: “Fu-tschau” [China]. Emended to “Fu-tschau [Fuzhou Shi], Fujian Province, China” by Fritz and Havaš (2008:317). Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Northern) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. Pelochelys signifera Webb 2003:100, Pelochelys (Ferepelochelys) signifera, Ferepelochelys signifera Type locality: “Wanggar River, Weyland Range, Geelvinck Bay, N. New Guinea (Papua Province, Indonesia).” Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835 (07:82, 10:32, 11:16) Trionyx (Pelodiscus) Fitzinger 1835:110 Type species: Aspidonectes (Pelodiscus) sinensis [= Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:30). Landemania Gray 1869a:211 Type species: Landemania irrorata Gray 1869a [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original designation. Psilognathus Heude 1880:24 Type species: Psilognathus laevis Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Chitra minor † Jaekel 1911:80 [Pleistocene, Pithecanthropus Trinil Beds, Indonesia (Java)] Temnognathus Heude 1880:25 Pelochelys clivepalmeri Hoser 2014a:62 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 79) Pelochelys telstraorum Hoser 2014a:62 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 79) Gomphopelta Heude 1880:27 Type locality: “Pithecanthropus-schichten...Java...Trinil” [Indonesia]. Type species: Temnognathus mordax Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Type species: Gomphopelta officinae Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Coelognathus Heude 1880 :29 Type species: Coelognathus novemcostatus Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Tortisternum Heude 1880:31 Type species: Tortisternum novemcostatum Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. 173 174 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Ceramopelta Heude 1880:33 Type species: Ceramopelta latirostris Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Coptopelta Heude 1880:34 Type species: Coptopelta septemcostata Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Cinctisternum Heude 1880:36 Type species: Cinctisternum bicinctum Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834], by original monotypy. Pelodiscus axenaria (Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991) (10:32, 11:16) Hunan Softshell Turtle China (Guangxi, Hunan) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II Trionyx axenaria Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991:382, Pelodiscus axenaria, Pelodiscus axenarius (orange dots = possibly native or historic introduction) China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggu), North Korea, Russia (Amurskaya, Khabarovskiy, Primorskiy, Yevreyskaya), Japan (historic introduction?), South Korea Introduced: USA (Hawaii [Oahu]) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II Trionyx maackii Brandt 1857:110, Amyda maackii, Pelodiscus maackii Type locality: “in fluminibus australioribus lateralibus Amuris, nominatim in fluviis Sungari et Ussuri, nec non in ipsius fluminis Amuris parte inter fluvios modo dictos obvia” [in the more southern rivers next to the Amur, namely the Sungari and Ussuri rivers, and also in the part of the Amur river between these rivers] [Russia]. Restricted to “Southern Amur R. and Ussuri R.” [Russia] by Stejneger (1907:529). Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997 (10:32, 11:16) Vietnamese Softshell Turtle Type locality: “Taoyuan, Pingjiang, Rucheng, Lingling, Shaoyang Counties, Hunan Province, China” [in Chinese]. Pelodiscus maackii (Brandt 1857) (10:32, 11:16) (80) Northern Chinese Softshell Turtle Peter Paul van Dijk / Vietnam [trade; Cuc Phuong Turtle Conservation Center] Shi Haitao / nr. Nagoya, Japan [captivity] China (Guangxi, Hunan), Vietnam IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) CITES: Appendix II Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997:13 Type locality: “Quanzhou, Xing’an, Guanyang, Ziyuan, Lingchuan counties of Guangxi Auto. Region; Dong’an, Qiyang, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Daoxian counties of Hunan Province” [China]. Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann 1834) (10:32, 11:16, 14:30) (80, 81) Chinese Softshell Turtle Trionyx tuberculatus Cantor 1842a:16 (82) (nomen nudum) Trionyx tuberculatus Cantor 1842b:482 (82), Potamochelys tuberculatus, Amyda tuberculata, Trionyx sinensis tuberculatus, Amyda sinensis tuberculata, Pelodiscus sinensis tuberculatus Type locality: “Chusan...Island” [Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang, China]. Tyrse perocellata Gray 1844:48, Trionyx perocellatus, Potamochelys perocellatus, Landemania perocellata, Gymnopus perocellatus Type locality: “Canton, China” [Guangzhou Shi, Guandong, China]. Trionyx schlegelii Brandt 1857:111, Amyda schlegelii Type locality: “China borealis...Pekingo” [Beijing, China]. Landemania irrorata Gray 1869a:216 Type locality: “Shanghai” [China]. Tien-Hsi Chen / Keelung R., nr. Taipei, Taiwan Trionyx peroculatus Günther in Gray 1869a:216 (nomen nudum) Gymnopus simonii David 1875:214 (nomen nudum) Psilognathus laevis Heude 1880:24 Type locality: “la région montagneuse au sud de la ville de Ningkouo fou” [Ningguo Co., Anhui, China]. Temnognathus mordax Heude 1880:26 Type locality: “environs de Chang-hai” [Shanghai, China]. Gomphopelta officinae Heude 1880:27 Type locality: “la Houai, vers l’endroit où cette rivière sort de la province du Ho-nan” [Huai River, Henan, China]. Coelognathus novemcostatus Heude 1880:29 Type locality: “l’extrémité orientale du lac Tch’ao” [Lake Chao, Anhui, China]. Tortisternum novemcostatum Heude 1880:31 China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan Introduced: Brazil (Pará), Guam, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Timor), Iran, Japan (Bonin Islands, Honshu, Kyoshu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular, East), Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Latvia, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay), Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, Timor-Leste, USA (Hawaii [Oahu]), Vietnam IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable or Endangered (2011) Testudo rostrata Thunberg 1787:179 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1991), Emydes rostrata Type locality: Not known. Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen novum) Testudo semimembranacea Hermann 1804:219 (nomen suppressum, ICZN 1963) Type locality: “Japania” [Japan]. Trionyx stellatus var. Japon Temminck and Schlegel 1834:pls.5,7 (10:18, 14:30) (invalid vernacular name) Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1834:189 (81) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963, 1991), Trionyx sinensis, Pelodiscus sinensis, Tyrse sinensis, Amyda sinensis, Trionyx sinensis sinensis, Amyda sinensis sinensis, Pelodiscus sinensis sinensis Type locality: “kleinen Insel im Tigerflusse, dicht bei Macao” [China]. Trionyx japonica Temminck and Schlegel 1838:139 (14:30), Amyda japonica, Pelodiscus sinensis japonicus Type locality: “Japon” [Japan]. Type locality: “lac Tch’ao, département de Lu-tcheou” [Lake Chao, Anhui, China]. Ceramopelta latirostris Heude 1880:33 Type locality: “environs de Ngan-k’ing fou” [Anqing Shi, Anhui, China]. Coptopelta septemcostata Heude 1880:35 Type locality: “lacs de Tong-lieou (Ngan-houé)” [Dongliu, Anhui, China]. Cinctisternum bicinctum Heude 1880:37 Type locality: “marais de Ngan-K’ing” [Anqing Shi, Anhui, China]. Trionyx cartilagineus newtoni Ferreira 1897:114, Trionyx sinensis newtoni Type locality: “Timor” [Timor-Leste] [in error, trade specimen] Amyda schlegelii haseri Pavlov 1932:27 Type locality: ”Tzu ya ho, the river of Sien hien (central Chili)” [Ziya He, Xian Co., Hebei, China]. Amyda schlegelii licenti Pavlov 1932:28 Type locality: “Tientsin” [Tianjin, China]. Amyda schlegelii laoshanica Pavlov 1933:3 Type locality: “Chantong, Laoshan, near Tsingtao” [Qingdao Shi, Shandong, China]. Rafetus Gray 1864b Rafetus Gray 1864b:81 Type species: Rafetus euphraticus [= Testudo euphratica Olivier in Daudin 1801], by original monotypy. Oscaria Gray 1873g:157 Type species: Oscaria swinhoei Gray 1873g, by original monotypy. Yuen Heude 1880:18 Type species: Yuen leprosus Heude 1880 [= subjective synonym of Oscaria swinhoei Gray 1873g], by subsequent designation by Stejneger (1907:514). 175 176 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Rafetus euphraticus (Olivier in Daudin 1801) (83, 84) Euphrates Softshell Turtle Hanyeh Ghaffari / CBFTT / Balarood R., Khuzestan Prov., Iran China (Anhui? [extirpated], Jiangsu? [extirpated], Yunnan, Zhejiang? [extirpated]), Vietnam IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Oscaria swinhoei Gray 1873g:157, Pelodiscus swinhoei, Trionyx swinhoei, Amyda swinhoei, Rafetus swinhoei Type locality: “neighbourhood of Shanghai” [China]. Yuen leprosus Heude 1880:20 Type locality: “le Houang-p’ou, à Chang-hai” [Huangpu Jiang, Shanghai, China]. Yuen maculatus Heude 1880:22, Pelochelys maculatus Iran (Ilam, Khuzestan, Lorestan), Iraq, Syria, Turkey CBFTT Account: Taskavak, Atatür, Ghaffari, and Meylan (2016) IUCN Red List: Endangered A1ac+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Rafetus spp. Testudo euphratica Olivier in Daudin 1801:305 (83), Trionyx euphraticus, Gymnopus euphraticus, Rafetus euphraticus, Pelodiscus euphraticus, Amyda euphratica, Tyrse euphratica Type locality: “le Houang-p’ou” [Huangpu Jiang, Shanghai, China]. Yuen elegans Heude 1880:23 Type locality: “Houang-p’ou” [Huangpu Jiang, Shanghai, China]. Yuen viridis Heude 1880:23 Type locality: “Grand Lac, à Sou-tcheou” [Tai Hu, Suzhou Shi, Jiangsu, China]. Yuen pallens Heude 1880:23 Type locality: “Grand Lac, près de Sou-tcheou” [Tai Hu, Suzhou Shi, Jiangsu, China]. Type locality: “le Tigre et l’Euphrate” [Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Iraq]. Restricted to “Euphrates (Al Firat), vicinity of Anah, Al-Anbar, Iraq” by Bour et al. (1995:85). Trionyx swinhonis Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum) Pelochelys taihuensis † Zhang 1984:71 [Holocene, Neolithic, subfossil, China (Zhejiang)] Type locality: “le Tigre..[&]..l’Euphrate” [Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Iraq]. Trionyx liupani † Tao 1986:23 [Late Pleistocene, Taiwan] Testudo rafcht Olivier 1807:328 Testudo rascht Gray 1830e:19 (nomen novum) Tyrse rafeht Gray 1844:49 (nomen novum), Trionyx rafeht, Testudo rafeht Rafetus swinhoei (Gray 1873g) (07:83, 10:33, 11:17) (85) Red River Giant Softshell Turtle, Yangtze Giant Softshell Turtle, Swinhoe’s Softshell Turtle Type locality: “Luojiajiao Relics, Tongxiang County, Zhejiang” [China]. Type locality: “Penghu Channel in the Taiwan Strait” [Taiwan, China]. Rafetus hoankiemensis Ha 1995:4 (nomen nudum) Rafetus hoguomensis Ha 1995:4 (nomen nudum) Rafetus leloii Ha 2000:104 (11:17) Type locality: “Hoan Kiem Lake, Ha Noi” [Vietnam]. Rafetus vietnamensis Le, Le, Tran, Phan, Phan, Tran, Pham, Nguyen, Nong, Phan, Dinh, Truong, and Ha 2010:950 (10:33, 11:17) Type locality: Not known; holotype from “Hung Ky Pagoda, Hanoi” [Vietnam]. Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:363 Type species: Trionyx “tortue du Nil” [= Trionyx egyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a] [= subjective synonym of Testudo triunguis Forskål 1775], by subsequent designation by Bory de SaintVincent (1828:77). Aspidonectes Wagler 1830b:134 Timothy E.M. McCormack / TCC / nr. Hanoi, Vietnam Type species: Aspidonectes aegyptiacus [= Trionyx aegyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b] [= subjective synonym of Testudo triunguis Forsskål 1775), by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:30). Gymnopus Duméril and Bibron 1835:472 (nomen novum) Tyrse Gray 1844:47 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type species: Tyrse aegyptiacus [= Trionyx aegyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b] [= subjective synonym of Testudo triunguis Forskål 1775], by original designation. Fordia Gray 1869a:219 Type species: Fordia africana Gray 1869a [= subjective synonym of Testudo triunguis Forskål 1775], by original monotypy. Trionyx triunguis (Forskål 1775) (10:29, 11:18) African Softshell Turtle, Nile Softshell Turtle Subpopulations: Mediterranean: Critically Endangered C2a (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2013) CITES: Appendix II, as Trionyx spp. Testudo triunguis Forskål 1775:ix (10:29), Amyda triunguis, Trionyx triunguis, Pelodiscus triunguis, Aspidonectes triunguis, Tyrse triunguis, Amyda triunguis triunguis Type locality: “Nilo” [Nile River, Egypt]. Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen novum) Trionyx egyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:366 Type locality: “l’Egypte” [Egypt]. Restricted to “the lower Nile River drainage” [Egypt] by Bour et al. (1995:77). Trionyx aegyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:12 (nomen novum), Aspidonectes aegyptiacus, Gymnopodus aegyptiacus, Gymnopus aegyptiacus Trionyx niloticus Gray 1831d:46 (nomen novum), Tyrse nilotica, Aspidonectes niloticus Trionyx labiatus Bell 1835:unnumbered, Trionyx (Pelodiscus) labiatus Type locality: “Africâ occidentali...Sierra Leone.” Trionyx mortoni Hallowell 1844:120 Oguz Türkozan / Dalaman, Turkey Type locality: “Africa.” Aspidonectes aspilus Cope 1860:295, Gymnopus aspilus Type locality: “Rembo and Ovenga rivers, tributaries of the Fernando Vas, Equatorial West Africa” [Gabon]. Fordia africana Gray 1869a:219 Type locality: “Upper Nile, Chartoum” [Sudan]. Trionyx triunguis rudolfianus Deraniyagala 1948:30, Amyda triunguis rudolfianus Type locality: “Ferguson’s Gulf, Lake Rudolf, Africa” [Kenya]. pleuRodiRa Cope 1864 (08:20) Pleurodères Duméril and Bibron 1834:354 Pleurodera Lichtenstein 1856:2 (08:20) Pleurodera Cope 1864:181 Pleurodira Cope 1865:186 Chelidae Gray 1825 (12:39) (86) (orange dots = introduced, trade, or uncertain) Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Togo, Turkey, Uganda Introduced: Israel (inland) Mediterranean subpopulation: Egypt (extirpated), Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey IUCN Red List: Global: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996); Chelides Cuvier 1816:14 Chelydes Schmid 1819:17 Chelidina Gray 1825:211 Chelydoidea Fitzinger 1826:7 Chelydae Gray 1831d:7 Chelydidae Gray 1831d:37 Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Chelina Bonaparte 1836:4 Hydraspididae Agassiz 1857a:249 Chelydidi Portis 1890:17 Chelyidae Baur 1893a:211 Chelodinidae Baur 1893a:211 Hydromedusidae Baur 1893a:211 Rhinemydidae Baur 1893a:212 Chelidae Lindholm 1929:289 Cheluidae Storr 1978:303 (86) Chelinae Gray 1825 (12:39) Chelides Cuvier 1816:14 Chelydes Schmid 1819:17 Chelidina Gray 1825:211 Chelina Bonaparte 1831:63 Chelidinae Georges, Birrell, Saint, McCord, and Donnellan 1998:235 Chelinae Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2012:289 177 178 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Acanthochelys Gray 1873c (14:39) Acanthochelys Gray 1873c:305 Type species: Acanthochelys spixii [= Platemys spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835], by original monotypy. Acanthochelys macrocephala (Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris 1984) (07:84) Pantanal Swamp Turtle, Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle (orange dot = introduced) Thomas and Sabine Vinke / CBFTT / nr. Filadelfia, Chaco, Paraguay Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Santa Fe), Bolivia (Tarija), Paraguay Introduced: Argentina (Mendoza) CBFTT Account: Vinke, Vinke, Richard, Cabrera, Paszko, Marano, and Métrailler (2011) IUCN Red List: Endangered A2cde+3cde+4cde; C1+2a(i) (2016); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) Platemys pallidipectoris Freiberg 1945:19, Acanthochelys pallidipectoris Type locality: “Pcia. [Presidencia] Roque Sáenz Peña, Chaco” [Argentina]. Acanthochelys radiolata (Mikan 1820) (14:39) (87) Brazilian Radiolated Swamp Turtle (orange dot = probable trade) Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Paraguay CBFTT Account: Rhodin, Métrailler, Vinke, Vinke, Artner, and Mittermeier (2009) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened or Least Concern (2012) Phrynops schoepffii Fitzinger in Siebenrock 1904b:27 (nomen nudum, partim) Platemys macrocephala Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris 1984a:38, Acanthochelys macrocephala Russell A. Mittermeier / Alagoas, Brazil Type locality: “Caiçara, Rio Paraguai, Mato Grosso, Brazil (16°03' S 57°43' W).” Phrynops chacoensis Fritz and Pauler 1992:299 (07:84), Acanthochelys chacoensis, Mesoclemmys chacoensis Type locality: “Paraguayanischer Chaco, 22°30'3" S, 59°44'30" W” [Paraguay]. Acanthochelys pallidipectoris (Freiberg 1945) Chaco Side-necked Turtle (orange dots = misidentified or uncertain) Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Emys radiolata Mikan 1820:[unpaginated], Chelodina radiolata, Rhinemys radiolata, Chelys (Hydraspis) radiolata, Chelys radiolata, Hydraspis radiolata, Platemys radiolata, Platemys radiolata radiolata, Acanthochelys radiolata Thomas and Sabine Vinke / CBFTT / Boquerón, Paraguay Type locality: “Sebastianopoli...Brasilia” [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Platemys gaudichaudii Duméril and Bibron 1835:427, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Hydraspis gaudichaudii Type locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]. Platemys werneri Schnee 1900:463 Type locality: “Umgebung von São Paulo” [Brazil]. Chelus fimbriata (Schneider 1783) (88) Matamata Turtle Platemys radiolata quadrisquamosa Luederwaldt 1926:437, Platemys quadrisquamosa Type locality: “Rio Doce (Est. do Espirito Santo)..[&] Belmonte (Bahia)” [Brazil]. Acanthochelys spixii (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Black Spiny-necked Turtle, Spix’s Sideneck Turtle Rafael Bernhard / Cachoeira do Caldeirão, Rio Madeira, Amazonas, Brazil Russell A. Mittermeier / São Paulo, Brazil (orange dots = probable introduced or trade) Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Uruguay IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Emys depressa Spix 1824:4 (junior homonym, not = Emys depressa Merrem 1820) Type locality: “provinciarum Rio de Janeiro et fluminis Sti Francisci” [Brazil]. Restricted to “Rio São Francisco, near Rio dos Pandeiros, Minas Gerais, Brazil” by Rhodin et al. (1984b:783) by restriction of nomen novum replacement name Platemys spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835. Emys aspera Cuvier in Gray 1830e:16 (10:7) (nomen oblitum) Type locality: “America.” Restricted to “Brésil” [Brazil] by Bour and Pauler (1987:14). Platemys spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835:409 (nomen novum), Hydraspis spixii, Acanthochelys spixii, Platemys radiolata spixii Type locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]. Restricted to “Rio São Francisco, near Rio dos Pandeiros, Minas Gerais, Brazil” by Rhodin et al. (1984b:783). Chelus Duméril 1805 (10:11) Chelus Duméril 1805:76 (10:11) Type species: Chelus fimbriata [= Testudo fimbriata Schneider 1783], by original monotypy. Chelys Oppel 1811:6 (nomen novum) Chelyda Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen novum) Matamata Merrem 1820:21 (nomen novum) Bolivia (Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Loreto, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Sucre, Zulia) CBFTT Account: Pritchard (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765:51 (junior homonym, not = Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764 or Testudo terrestris Forskål 1775; nomen suppressum, ICZN 1963) Type locality: “Surinam.” Testudo fimbriata Schneider 1783:349 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1963), Chelus fimbriata, Chelys fimbriata, Matamata fimbriata, Chelus fimbriatus Type locality: “Surinam...von Aprouague..[&]..Remire.” Testudo fimbria Gmelin 1789:1043 (nomen novum), Chelys fimbria Testudo matamata Bruguière 1792:257, Emydes matamata, Chelus matamata, Chelys matamata Type locality: “Cayenne” [French Guiana]. Testudo bispinosa Ruiz de Xelva in Daudin 1801:94, Chelys bispinosa, Matamata bispinosa Type locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]. Testudo rapara Gray 1831d:44 (nomen nudum) Testudo raparara Gray 1844:44 (nomen nudum) Chelys boulengerii Baur 1890b:968 Type locality: “Orinoco” [Venezuela]. 179 180 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c (07:100) Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c:305 Mesoclemmys gibba (Schweigger 1812) Gibba Turtle Type species: Mesoclemmys gibba [= Emys gibba Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Batrachemys Stejneger 1909:126 Type species: Batrachemys nasuta [= Emys nasuta Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Bufocephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001:732 Type species: Bufocephala vanderhaegei [= Phrynops tuberculatus vanderhaegei Bour 1973], by original designation. Ranacephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001:732 Type species: Ranacephala hogei [= Phrynops hogei Mertens 1967], by original designation. Mesoclemmys dahli (Zangerl and Medem 1958) (12:40) Dahl’s Toad-headed Turtle Anders G.J. Rhodin / Maipuco, Rio Maranon, Peru German Forero-Medina / CBFTT / Colombia Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Magdalena, Sucre) CBFTT Account: Forero-Medina, Castaño-Mora, CárdenasArevalo, and Medina-Rangel (2013) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) Phrynops (Batrachemys) dahli Zangerl and Medem 1958:376, Phrynops dahli, Batrachemys dahli, Phrynops nasutus dahli, Mesoclemmys dahli Type locality: “Vicinity of Sincelejo, Bolivar, Colombia.” Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Emys gibba Schweigger 1812:299, Rhinemys gibba, Hydraspis cayennensis gibba, Platemys gibba, Hydraspis (Podocnemis) gibba, Hydraspis gibba, Phrynops gibbus, Mesoclemmys gibba, Phrynops (Mesoclemmys) gibba, Mesoclemmys gibbus Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Amérique méridional” by Duméril and Duméril (1851:20); and to “environs de Cayenne, Guyane française” [French Guiana] by Bour and Pauler (1987:7). Emys stenops Spix 1824:12, Hydraspis stenops Type locality: “fluminis Solimoëns” [Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil]. Restricted to “l’Amazone entre Tefé et Tabatinga au Brésil (Amazonas)” [Brazil] by Bour and Pauler (1987:7). Platemys miliusii Duméril and Bibron 1835:431, Phrynops miliusii, Hydraspis miliusii Type locality: “Cayenne” [French Guiana]. Hydraspis gordoni Gray 1868:563 Type locality: “Trinidad, near the mountain of Tamana.” Hydraspis bicolor Gray 1873c:304 Type locality: “Demerara Falls” [Guyana]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 181 Mesoclemmys heliostemma (McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001) (07:101, 12:41) Yellow-crowned Toad-headed Turtle (orange dot = probable erroneous type locality) Jiří Moravec / nr. Anguilla, Rio Nanay, Loreto, Peru Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo?) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2bcd+4bcd (2016); Previously: Endangered (1996) Phrynops hogei Mertens 1967:73, Mesoclemmys hogei, Ranacephala hogei Type locality: “Rio Pequena, südwestlich von São Paulo, Brasilien” [Brazil] [in error]. Emended to “Rio Pequeno, southeast of São Paulo” [Brazil] [in error?] by Rhodin et al. (1982:179). Mesoclemmys nasuta (Schweigger 1812) Guyanan Toad-headed Turtle (orange dot = trade) Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo, Vaupés), Ecuador, Peru (Loreto), Venezuela (Amazonas) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Batrachemys heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar 2001:734, Mesoclemmys heliostemma Type locality: “base of Pico da Neblina (situated on the Venezuela/ Brazil border) on the left bank of Río Baria (= Río Mawarinuma) [4º95'N, 66º10'W], a tributary of the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Venezuela.” GPS coordinates incorrect, emended here to 0º50'N, 66º10'W. Jérôme Maran / French Guiana Mesoclemmys hogei (Mertens 1967) Hoge’s Side-necked Turtle Russell A. Mittermeier / TCF / TCC / Espírito Santo, Brazil Brazil (Amapá), French Guiana, Suriname IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Emys nasuta Schweigger 1812:298, Rhinemys nasuta, Hydraspis (Rhinemys) nasuta, Hydraspis nasuta, Platemys nasuta, Batrachemys nasuta, Phrynops (Batrachemys) nasuta, Phrynops nasuta, Phrynops nasutus, Phrynops nasutus nasutus, Phrynops nasuta nasuta, Batrachemys nasutus, Mesoclemmys nasuta Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Amérique méridionale” by Duméril and Bibron (1835:437); to “Guyanes et au nord-est de l’Amazonie” by Lescure and Fretey (1976:1318); and to “rivières Ouaqui et Inini, bassin du Maroni en amont de Maripasoula, 182 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Guyane française” [French Guiana] by Bour and Pauler (1987:6). Emys barbatula Gravenhorst 1829:15, Hydraspis barbatula Type locality: Not known. Platemys schweiggerii Duméril and Bibron 1835:435 (nomen novum) Phrynops walbaumi Fitzinger in Siebenrock 1904b:20 (nomen nudum) Mesoclemmys perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005 Cerrado Side-necked Turtle Vinicius T. de Carvalho / Piauí, Brazil Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo, Vaupés), Ecuador, Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Hydraspis raniceps Gray 1856b:55, Platemys raniceps, Phrynops raniceps, Batrachemys raniceps, Batrachemys raniceps raniceps, Mesoclemmys raniceps Type locality: “Brazils; Para” [Pará, Brazil]. Hydraspis maculata Gray 1873c:305 (88) Type locality: “Tropical America.” Restricted to “S. America” by Gray (1873j:65); and to “Venezuela” by Boulenger (1889:219) and Pritchard and Trebbau (1984:127) [in error, see Rivas et al. (2015)]. Phrynops wermuthi Mertens 1969b:132, Phrynops tuberculatus wermuthi, Phrynops (Batrachemys) nasutus wermuthi, Phrynops nasutus wermuthi, Phrynops nasuta wermuthi, Batrachemys raniceps wermuthi Type locality: “Peru...zweifellos der amazonische Teil des Landes.” Restricted to “Iquitos (3°50' S 73°15' W), Loreto, Peru” by Bour and Pauler (1987:8). Brazil (Ceará, Goiás, Piauí) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Mesoclemmys perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005:298 Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt 1926) Tuberculate Toad-headed Turtle Type locality: “the regions called “Olho d’Água da Santa” and “Baixão do Fausto”, southern part of the Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, State of Piauí, Brasil” [Brazil]. Mesoclemmys raniceps (Gray 1856b) (12:41) (89) Amazon Toad-headed Turtle Daniel O. Santana / CBFTT / Areia Branca, Sergipe, Brazil Richard C. Vogt / Iquitos, Peru [captivity] Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 CBFTT Account: Santana, Marques, Vieira, Moura, Faria, and Mesquita (2016) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Rhinemys tuberculata Luederwaldt 1926:428, Batrachemys tuberculata, Phrynops (Batrachemys) tuberculata, Phrynops tuberculata, Phrynops (Batrachemys) tuberculatus, Phrynops tuberculatus, Phrynops tuberculatus tuberculatus, Mesoclemmys tuberculata Mesoclemmys zuliae (Pritchard and Trebbau 1984) (12:40) Zulia Toad-headed Turtle Type locality: “Brasil: Estado da Bahia e Pará” [Brazil]. Restricted to “Villa Nova, Bahia” by Mertens and Wermuth (1955:400); and to “Fortaleza, Ceará” [Brazil] by lectotype designation by Bour and Pauler (1987:9). Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour 1973) Vanderhaege’s Toad-headed Turtle Peter C.H. Pritchard / nr. Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela Elizângela S. Brito / CBFTT / Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil Colombia (?) (Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Zulia) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Phrynops (Batrachemys) zuliae Pritchard and Trebbau 1984:135, Phrynops zuliae, Batrachemys zuliae, Mesoclemmys zuliae Type locality: “Caño Madre Vieja near El Guayabo, Distrito Colón, Edo. Zulia, Venezuela (8°53' N, 72°30' W).” Phrynops Wagler 1830b (07:100) Phrynops Wagler 1830b:135 Argentina (Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones), Bolivia, Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, Tocantins), Paraguay CBFTT Account: Marques, Böhm, Brito, Cabrera, and Verdade (2014) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient or Near Threatened (2012) Phrynops schöpfii Fitzinger in Diesing 1839:237 (nomen nudum) Phrynops schoepffii Fitzinger in Siebenrock 1904b:22 (nomen nudum, partim) Phrynops paraguayensis Vanzolini in Donoso-Barros 1965:13 (nomen nudum) Phrynops tuberculatus vanderhaegei Bour 1973:175, Phrynops (Batrachemys) vanderhaegei, Phrynops vanderhaegei, Batrachemys vanderhaegei, Bufocephala vanderhaegei, Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei Type locality: “environs d’Asunción au Paraguay.” Restricted to “Tobati (25º15' S, 57º04' W), La Cordillera, Paraguay” by Bour and Pauler (1987:10). Type species: Phrynops geoffroanus [= Emys geoffroana Schweigger 1812], by original monotypy. Spatulemys Gray 1872b:463 Type species: Spatulemys lasalae [= subjective synonym of Platemys hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835], by original monotypy. Parahydraspis Wieland 1923:2 Type species: Parahydraspis paranaensis † Wieland 1923, by original monotypy. 183 184 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger 1812) (10:44, 14:40) (90) Geoffroy’s Side-necked Turtle Platemys waglerii Duméril and Bibron 1835:422, Hydraspis waglerii, Phrynops waglerii Type locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]. Platemys neuwiedii Duméril and Bibron 1835:425 (nomen novum) Hydraspis boulengeri Bohls 1895:53 Type locality: “nördlichen Theile Paraguays...im Aquidaban, Tagatiya und anderen linken Nebenflüssen des Paraguaystromes” [Paraguay]. Restricted to “Departmento Concepción: Río Saladillo, 23ºS” [Paraguay] by Cacciali et al. (2016:45). Hydraspis lutzi Ihering in Luederwaldt 1926:441, Phrynops lutzi Type locality: “Mogy-guassù (Est. de S. Paulo)” [Brazil]. Vinícius T. de Carvalho / Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil Phrynops hilarii (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Saint-Hilaire’s Side-necked Turtle Russell A. Mittermeier / Rio Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (orange dot = probable trade) Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Bolivia (Beni), Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru (Cusco, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco), Venezuela (Amazonas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Emys geoffroana Schweigger 1812:302, Chelodina geoffroana, Phrynops geoffroanus, Platemys geoffroana, Hydraspis (Phrynops) geoffroana, Hydraspis geoffroana, Phrynops geoffroana, Rhinemys geoffroana, Phrynops geoffroana geoffroana, Phrynops geoffroanus geoffroanus Type locality: “Brasilia” [Brazil]. Emys depressa Merrem 1820:22 (senior homonym, not = Emys depressa Spix 1824), Chelys (Hydraspis) depressa, Chelys depressa, Hydraspis depressa, Platemys depressa Type locality: “Brasilia” [Brazil]. Emys viridis Spix 1824:3, Chelys (Hydraspis) viridis, Chelys viridis, Hydraspis viridis Type locality: “fluminis Carinhanhae, confluentis Sti Francisci” [Rio Carinhanha, tributary of Rio São Francisco, Brazil]. Emys tritentaculata Saint-Hilaire in Cuvier 1829:11 (nomen nudum et dubium) Emys geoffroyana Gray 1830e:16 (nomen novum), Phrynops geoffroyana, Hydraspis geoffroyana, Platemys geoffroyana Platemys geoffreana Duméril and Bibron 1835:418 (nomen novum) (14:40) (orange dots = probably introduced) Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, La Rioja (?), Mendoza (?), Misiones, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Platemys hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835:428, Hydraspis hilarii, Hydraspis geoffroyana hilarii, Phrynops hilarii, Phrynops geoffroana hilarii, Phrynops geoffroanus hilarii Type locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]. Hydraspis hilairii Gray 1844:40 (nomen novum), Platemys hilairii, Phrynops (Phrynops) geoffroanus hilairii, Phrynops geoffroanus hilairii Spatulemys lasalae Gray 1872b:463 Type locality: “Rio Parana, Corrientes” [Argentina]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Phrynops tuberosus (Peters 1870) (10:44) (90) Guianan Shield Side-necked Turtle Argentina (Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones), Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Phrynops williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983:58 Type locality: “Rio Cadea, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.” Platemys Wagler 1830b (14:39) Platemys Wagler 1830b:135 Type species: Platemys planiceps [= Testudo planiceps Schneider 1792] [= objective synonym of Testudo platycephala Schneider 1792], by original monotypy. Peter C.H. Pritchard / Canaima National Park, Rio Caroni, Bolivar, Venezuela Brazil (Roraima), Guyana, Venezuela (Bolívar) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Platemys tuberosa Peters 1870:311, Hydraspis tuberosa, Phrynops tuberosa, Phrynops geoffroana tuberosa, Phrynops geoffroanus tuberosus, Phrynops (Phrynops) tuberosus, Phrynops tuberosus Type locality: “Cotingaflusse am Roraimagebirge in British-Guyana” [Guyana]. Emended to “Amazon drainage, the Río Cotingo... Brazil...state of Roraima” by Bour (2008:38). Phrynops williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983 Williams’ Side-necked Turtle Platemys platycephala (Schneider 1792) (14:41) (91) Twist-necked Turtle (subspecies: platycephala = red, melanonota = purple) Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), Brazil (Acre, Amapá [?], Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), Suriname, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Platemys platycephala platycephala (Schneider 1792) Eastern Twist-necked Turtle, Common Twist-necked Turtle Vinícius T. de Carvalho / Picada Café, rio Cadeia, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Russell A. Mittermeier / nr. Leticia, Colombia Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), Brazil (Acre, Amapá?, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), Suriname, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Testudo platycephala Schneider 1792:261, Platemys platycephala, Platemys platycephala platycephala 185 186 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Type locality: “Ost-indien.” Restricted to “Cayenne, French Guiana” by Ernst (1984:350). Testudo planiceps Schneider 1792:pl.7 (nomen novum and senior homonym, not = Testudo planiceps Gray 1854b), Emys planiceps, Hydraspis planiceps, Clemmys planiceps, Platemys planiceps, Chelys (Hydraspis) planiceps, Chelys planiceps Testudo martinella Daudin 1802:377, Platemys martinella Type locality: “Cayenne et dans l’intérieur de la Guiane” [French Guiana]. Emys discolor Thunberg in Schweigger 1812:302, Hydraspis (Phrynops) discolor, Hydraspis discolor Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Cayenne, French Guiana” by Ernst (1984:350). Emys canaliculata Spix 1824:10, Hydraspis canaliculata, Platemys canaliculata Type locality: “fluminis Solimoens” [Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil]. Emys carunculata Saint-Hilaire in Cuvier 1829:11 (14:41) (nomen nudum et dubium) Emys constricta Cuvier in Gray 1830e:17 (nomen nudum) Hydraspis pachyura Boie in Gray 1830e:17 (nomen nudum), Emys pachyura Hydraspis constricta Gray 1831d:43 Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Belem, Brazil” by Ernst (1984:350). Platemys platycephala melanonota Ernst 1984 Black-backed Twist-necked Turtle Ecuador, Peru (Amazonas, Loreto) Platemys platycephala melanonota Ernst 1984:352 (91) Type locality: “vicinity of Galilea, on the Río Santiago, Amazonas, Perú (4°1' S, 77°47' W).” Rhinemys Wagler 1830b (07:100) Rhinemys Wagler 1830b:134 Type species: Rhinemys rufipes [= Emys rufipes Spix 1824], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Rhinemys rufipes (Spix 1824) Red Side-necked Turtle, Red-footed Sideneck Turtle (orange dots = trade and uncertain) Brazil (Amazonas, Pará), Colombia (Amazonas, Guainía, Vaupés), Venezuela (?) (Amazonas) CBFTT Account: Magnusson and Vogt (2014) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Emys rufipes Spix 1824:7, Hydraspis rufipes, Rhinemys rufipes, Chelys (Hydraspis) rufipes, Chelys rufipes, Platemys rufipes, Phrynops rufipes Type locality: “fluminis Solimoëns” [Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil]. hydRoMedusinae Baur 1893a (12:39) Hydromedusidae Baur 1893a:211 Hydromedusinae Georges, Birrell, Saint, McCord, and Donnellan 1998:235 Hydromedusa Wagler 1830b Hydromedusa Wagler 1830b:135 Type species: Hydromedusa maximiliani [= Emys maximiliani Mikan 1825], by original monotypy. Hydromedusa (Chelomedusa) Gray 1873c:303 Type species: Hydromedusa (Chelomedusa) depressa [= Hydromedusa depressa Gray 1856b] [= subjective synonym of Emys maximiliani Mikan 1825], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:289). Hydromedusa maximiliani (Mikan 1825) Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle, Maximilian’s Snake-necked Turtle William E. Magnusson / CBFTT / Presidente Figuero, Amazonas, Brazil Franco L. Souza / CBFTT / Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo, Brazil Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Paraguay, Uruguay IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1870a:147 Type locality: “tributaries of the Parana or Uraguay rivers, either in the Argentine Confederation or the Banda Oriental” [Argentina or Uruguay]. Hydromedusa platanensis Gray 1873c:302, Hydromedusa platensis Type locality: “Rio de la Plata” [Argentina or Uruguay]. Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) CBFTT Account: Souza and Martins (2009) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2cd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Emys maximiliani Mikan 1825:[unpaginated], Chelodina maximiliani, Hydromedusa maximiliani, Hydraspis maximiliani Type locality: “Brasiliam...Capitania St. Paulo” [São Paulo, Brazil]. Platemys antiqua † Ameghino 1882:41 (nomen nudum) [Pleistocene or Holocene, Argentina (Buenos Aires)] Platemys fossilis † Ameghino 1882:41 (nomen nudum) [Pleistocene or Holocene, Argentina (Buenos Aires)] Platemys laevis † Ameghino 1882:41 (nomen nudum) [Pleistocene or Holocene, Argentina (Buenos Aires)] Platemys robusta † Ameghino 1882:41 (nomen nudum) [Pleistocene or Holocene, Argentina (Buenos Aires)] Hydromedusa wagleri Günther 1884:423 Type locality: “Buenos Ayres” [Argentina]. Emys maximiliana Gray 1830e:17 (nomen novum), Hydromedusa maximiliana Chelodina flavilabris Duméril and Bibron 1835:446, Hydromedusa flavilabris, Chelomedusa flavilabris Chelodininae Baur 1893a (12:39) Hydromedusa subdepressa Gray 1854a:134 Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 (07:85, 08:2, 10:34) Type locality: “Brésil” [Brazil]. Type locality: “Brazils” [Brazil]. Hydromedusa depressa Gray 1856b:60 (nomen novum), Chelomedusa depressa Hydromedusa bankae Giebel 1866b:19 Type locality: “Insel Banka” [Bangka Island, Sumatra, Indonesia] [in error]. Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1870a South American Snake-necked Turtle Chelodinidae Baur 1893a:211 Chelodininae Georges, Birrell, Saint, McCord, and Donnellan 1998:235 Chelodina Fitzinger 1826:6 Type species: Chelodina longicollis [= Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794], by original designation. Hydraspis Bell 1828b:512 Type species: Hydraspis longicollis [= Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794], by original designation. Chelyodina Agassiz 1846:79 (nomen novum) Hesperochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum) Macrochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985:9 Type species: Macrochelodina oblonga [= Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841], by original designation. Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:57 Type species: Macrodiremys oblonga [= Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841], by original designation. Chelodina (Supremechelys) Hoser 2014b:8 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 92) Chelodina (Chelodina) Fitzinger 1826 (10:34) Chelodina Fitzinger 1826:6 Peter C.H. Pritchard / Brazil [captivity] Type species: Chelodina longicollis [= Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794], by original designation. Hydraspis Bell 1828b:512 Type species: Hydraspis longicollis [= Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794], by original designation. Chelyodina Agassiz 1846:79 (nomen novum) Hesperochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum) Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre 187 188 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelodina (Chelodina) canni McCord and Thomson 2002 (07:86) Cann’s Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina (Chelodina) gunaleni Type locality: “Uta River basin, Mimika District, Central Papua Province (Irian Jaya), Indonesia.” Chelodina (Chelodina) longicollis (Shaw 1794) (92) Eastern Snake-necked Turtle, Common Snake-necked Turtle John Roe / CBFTT / Booderee National Park, Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia John Cann / Kalala Station, Roper R. drainage, Northern Territory, Australia Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Chelodina rankini Wells and Wellington 1985:8 (nomen nudum) Chelodina canni McCord and Thomson 2002:256, Chelodina (Chelodina) canni, Chelodina novaeguineae canni Type locality: “Malogie Waterhole, near Scarlet Hill on Kalala Station (16º08' S, 133º36' E), Northern Territory, Australia.” Chelodina rankini Wells 2007a:2 (07:86, 10:43) (unavailable name) Type locality: “north-eastern Australia...Burdekin River, Queensland.” Chelodina (Chelodina) gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a (10:35) Gunalen’s Snake-necked Turtle (orange dots = introduced) Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria) Introduced: Australia (Tasmania) CBFTT Account: Kennett, Roe, Hodges, and Georges (2009) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794:19, Emys longicollis, Chelodina longicollis, Hydraspis longicollis, Chelys (Chelodina) longicollis, Chelys longicollis, Chelodina longicollis longicollis, Chelodina (Chelodina) longicollis Type locality: “The vast island or rather continent of Australia, Australasia, or New Holland.” Chelodina novaehollandiae Duméril and Bibron 1835:443 (nomen novum) Chelodina sulcata Gray 1856a:201, Chelodina longicollis sulcata Type locality: “Australia.” Chelodina sulcifera Gray 1856b:59 (nomen novum), Chelodina longicollis sulcifera Indonesia (Papua) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Chelodina gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a:48, Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi Rhodin 1994b (10:36) Roti Snake-necked Turtle (subspecies: mccordi [western Roti] and roteensis [eastern Roti] = red, timorensis = purple) Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]), Timor-Leste CBFTT Account: Rhodin, Ibarrondo, and Kuchling (2008) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1d, B1+2e (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi mccordi Rhodin 1994b (10:36) Western Roti Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007a (07:89, 10:36) Timor Snake-necked Turtle Bonggi R. Ibarrondo / CCB / Lospalos, Lautém Dist., Timor-Leste Timor-Leste Chelodina timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007a:54, Chelodina mccordi timorensis, Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi timorensis Type locality: “Lake Ira Lalaro, Lautem District (regency), Tutuala Subdistrict, eastern East Timor (= Timor-Leste; = Timor Lorosa’E).” Chelodina mccordi timorlestensis Kuchling, Rhodin, Ibarrondo, and Trainor 2007:213 Type locality: “plain of Lake Iralalaro (= Lagoa Ira Lalaro) (ca. 08º28' S; 127º07' E, elev. ca. 334 m), east of Lospalos, Lautém District, Timor-Leste.” Chelodina (Chelodina) novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b New Guinea Snake-necked Turtle Anders G.J. Rhodin / TCF / CBFTT / nr. Busalangga, Roti, Indonesia Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]) Chelodina rottiensis Brongersma in Rhodin 1994b:3 (nomen nudum) Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994b:4, Chelodina mccordi mccordi, Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi, Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi mccordi Type locality: “Danau Naloek, near Busalangga, ca. 11 km northeast of Tudameda and ca. 8 km southwest of Ba’a, elevation ca. 115 m, southwestem Roti Island (10°48' S, 123°00' E), East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.” Fred Parker / Abam, Western Prov., Papua New Guinea Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007b (07:87, 10:36) Eastern Roti Snake-necked Turtle Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]) Chelodina mccordi roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen 2007b:59, Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi roteensis Type locality: “Lake Enduy, eastern Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.” Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Chelodina novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b:450, Chelodina novaeguineae novaeguineae, Chelodina (Chelodina) 189 190 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 novaeguineae Type locality: “Katow, S. E. New Guinea” [Papua New Guinea]. Emended to “Mawatta, Binaturi River, Western Province, Papua New Guinea” by Rhodin (1994a:9). Chelodina (Chelodina) pritchardi Rhodin 1994a Pritchard’s Snake-necked Turtle Anders G.J. Rhodin / CRM 2 / Bore, Kemp Welch R., Central Prov., Papua New Guinea Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Chelodina reimanni Philippen and Grossman 1990:95, Chelodina novaeguineae reimanni, Chelodina (Chelodina) reimanni Type locality: “Merauke-River, West-Irian, Neuguinea” [Papua, Indonesia]. Chelodina (Chelodina) steindachneri Siebenrock 1914 (07:85) Steindachner’s Snake-necked Turtle Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2e (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) Chelodina pritchardi Rhodin 1994a:4, Chelodina (Chelodina) pritchardi Gerald Kuchling / Borodale R., Western Australia, Australia Type locality: “Bore, Kemp Welch River, 13 km southeast of Kwikila, Central Province, Papua New Guinea (9°53' S, 147°46' E).” Chelodina (Chelodina) reimanni Philippen and Grossmann 1990 Reimann’s Snake-necked Turtle Australia (Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Chelodina steindachneri Siebenrock 1914:386, Hesperochelodina steindachneri, Chelodina (Chelodina) steindachneri Anders G.J. Rhodin / nr. Merauke, Papua, Indonesia [captivity] Type locality: “Marloo Station am Grey River in Westaustralien” [Australia]. Chelodina millymillyensis Glauert 1923:54 Type locality: “Milly Milly, Murchison River, W.A.” [Australia]. Emended to “Milly Milly Creek, Milly Milly Station, Murchison River, W.A.” [Australia] by lectotype designation by Cogger et al. (1983:62). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelodina (Macrochelodina) Wells and Wellington 1985 (07:85, 08:2, 10:34) Macrochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985:9 Type species: Macrochelodina oblonga [= Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841], by original designation. Chelodina (Supremechelys) Hoser 2014b:8 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 92) Chelodina (Macrochelodina) burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000 Arnhem Snake-necked Turtle, Sandstone Snake-necked Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria) CBFTT Account: Bower and Hodges (2014) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Chelodina expansa Gray 1857:370, Chelodina oblonga expansa, Macrochelodina expansa, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa, Chelodina (Supremechelys) expansa Type locality: “Australia.” Restricted to “nördliches Australien” [Australia] by Wermuth and Mertens (1977:122). Rod Kennett / Koolpin Gorge, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia Chelodina (Supremechelys) expansa brisbaneensis Hoser 2014b:9 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 93) Chelodina (Supremechelys) duboisi Hoser 2014b:9 (unavailable name pending ICZN decision; Rhodin et al. 2015) (4, 93) Chelodina (Macrochelodina) kuchlingi Cann 1997d (07:90, 10:37, 14:42) (94) Kuchling’s Snake-necked Turtle Australia (Northern Territory) CBFTT Account: Thomson, Kennett, Tucker, FitzSimmons, Featherston, Alacs, and Georges (2011) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000:676, Macrochelodina burrungandjii, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) burrungandjii Gerald Kuchling / Parry Creek, Western Australia, Australia [Western Australia Museum] Type locality: “Koolpin Gorge, South Alligator River (13º28' S, 132º38' E)... Arnhem Land Plateau, Northern Territory, Australia.” Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa Gray 1857 (93) Broad-shelled Snake-necked Turtle Claire Treilibs / CBFTT / Paringa, South Australia, Australia Australia (Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Chelodina kuchlingi Cann 1997d:41 (07:90, 10:37, 14:42), Macrochelodina kuchlingi, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) kuchlingi Type locality: “Kalumburu, N. W. Australia, (14°18' S x 126°28' E).” 191 192 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelodina (Macrochelodina) oblonga Gray 1841(14:43) (94) [formerly C. (M.) rugosa Ogilby 1890] (07:91, 10:37) Northern Snake-necked Turtle Arthur Georges / CBFTT / Morehead R., Western Prov., Papua New Guinea Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) CBFTT Account: Kennett, Fordham, Alacs, Corey, and Georges (2014) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 (14:43) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 2013a), Chelodina (Macrochelodina) oblonga Type locality: “Western Australia.” Emended to “Northern Territory...possibly...Port Essington” [Australia] by Thomson (2000:747). Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890:56 (14:43), Chelodina oblonga rugosa, Macrochelodina rugosa, Macrochelodina rugosa rugosa, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) rugosa Chelodina (Macrochelodina) parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976 Parker’s Snake-necked Turtle Fred Parker / Balimo, Western Prov., Papua New Guinea Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D2 (2000); Previously: Vulnerable (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Chelodina parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976:465, Macrochelodina parkeri, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) parkeri Type locality: “Mawa, Lake Murray, Western District, Papua New Guinea.” Chelodina (Macrochelodina) walloyarrina McCord and JosephOuni 2007b (08:4, 10:38) (94) Kimberley Snake-necked Turtle Type locality: “Cape York, Q.” [Queensland, Australia]. Chelodina siebenrocki Werner 1901a:602 (07:91), Chelodina oblonga siebenrocki, Macrochelodina siebenrocki, Macrochelodina rugosa siebenrocki Type locality: “Deutsch Neu-Guinea” [northern Papua New Guinea] [in error]. Emended to “New Guinea’s south coast” [southern Papua New Guinea] by Rhodin and Mittermeier (1976:474). Chelodina intergularis Fry 1915:88 Type locality: “Australia.” Macrochelodina billabong Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum), Chelodina billabong John Cann / TCF / Kimberleys, Western Australia, Australia Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Chelodina (Macrodiremys) oblonga Type locality: “Western Australia.” Emended to “Northern Territory...possibly...Port Essington” [Australia] by Thomson (2000:747). Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a:200, Macrodiremys colliei, Chelodina (Macrodiremys) colliei Type locality: “Swan River” [Western Australia, Australia]. Elseya Gray 1867 (07:92, 14:45) (95) Elseya Gray 1867:44 Type species: Elseya dentata [= Chelymys dentata Gray 1863a], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:291). Pelocomastes De Vis 1897:6 Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Macrochelodina walloyarrina McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:59, Chelodina (Macrochelodina) walloyarrina Type locality: “The Fitzroy River at Fitzroy River Crossing, Western Australia, Australia, 18°10.834' S and 125°35.849' E.” Chelodina (Macrodiremys) McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b (10:34, 10:39, 14:44) Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:57 (08:3, 10:39) Type species: Macrodiremys oblonga sensu Burbidge et al. 1974 [= Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 sensu Burbidge et al. 1974 = subjective synonym of Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a], by original designation. Type species: Pelocomastes ampla † De Vis 1897 [= subjective synonym of Chelymys uberrima † De Vis 1897], by original monotypy. Elseya (Hanwarachelys) Thomson, Amepou, Anamiato, and Georges 2015:65 Type species: Elseya (Hanwarachelys) novaeguineae [= Platemys novaeguineae Meyer 1874], by original designation. Elseya (Elseya) Gray 1867 (95) Elseya Gray 1867:44 Type species: Elseya dentata [= Chelymys dentata Gray 1863a], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:291). Elseya (Elseya) branderhorsti (Ouwens 1914) (07:93) White-bellied Snapping Turtle, Branderhorst’s Snapping Turtle Chelodina (Macrodiremys) colliei Gray 1856a (07:88, 08:3, 10:39, 14:44 [formerly C. (M.) oblonga Gray 1841] (14:43) Southwestern Snake-necked Turtle Arthur Georges / Bensbach R., Western Prov., Papua New Guinea Gerald Kuchling / Moore River Nature Reserve, Western Australia, Australia Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable B1+2e (2000) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Emydura branderhorsti Ouwens 1914:31, Elseya branderhorsti, Elseya (Elseya) branderhorsti Australia (Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 (14:43) (in error, misidentified type, ICZN 2013a), Macrodiremys oblonga, Type locality: “Sth. Nw. Guinea” [Southern New Guinea = Papua, Indonesia]. Restricted to “southeastern Papua, Indonesia, between the Lorentz River and Merauke” by Thomson et al. (2015:65); and to “Bensbach River of the Trans-Fly region of Papua New Guinea (8°50'58.6896" S., 141°14'52.944" E.) by neotype designation by Thomson et al. (2015:63). 193 194 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Elseya (Elseya) dentata (Gray 1863a) Northern Snapping Turtle Gerald Kuchling / Carson R., Western Australia, Australia Australia (Northern Territory) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Not Evaluated Elseya flaviventralis Georges, Doody, Young, and Cann 2000:7 (nomen nudum) Elseya jukesi Wells 2002b:7 (nomen nudum) Elseya jukesi Wells 2007b:5 (07:94, 10:43) (unavailable name) Elseya (Elseya) flaviventralis Thomson and Georges 2016:20 Type locality: “Pine Creek Crossing, South Alligator River Drainage, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia, 13°30' S 132°28' E”. Elseya (Hanwarachelys) Thomson, Amepou, Anamiato, and Georges 2015 (95) Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Chelymys dentata Gray 1863a:98, Podocnemis dentata, Elseya dentata, Emydura dentata, Elseya dentata dentata, Elseya (Elseya) dentata Elseya (Hanwarachelys) Thomson, Amepou, Anamiato, and Georges 2015:65 Type species: Elseya (Hanwarachelys) novaeguineae [= Platemys novaeguineae Meyer 1874], by original designation. Elseya (Hanwarachelys) novaeguineae (Meyer 1874) (10:40, 14:45) (97) Western New Guinea Stream Turtle, New Guinea Snapping Turtle Type locality: “N. Australia; Upper Victoria, in Beagle’s Valley.” [Northern Territory, Australia]. Emended to “Beagles Valley, Victoria River, Northern Territory...(15°34' S, 130°54' E)” by lectotype designation by Thomson et al. (2015:62). Chelymys elseyi Gray 1864d:132 (nomen nudum) Chelymys elseya Gray 1870c:76 (nomen nudum) Elseya intermedia Gray 1872c:23 Type locality: “North Australia, upper part of Victoria” [Northern Territory, Australia]. Elseya (Elseya) flaviventralis Thomson and Georges 2016 (96) Yellow-bellied Snapping Turtle Anders G.J. Rhodin / Bintuni, West Papua, Indonesia [captivity] Arthur Georges / South Alligator R., Northern Territory, Australia Indonesia (Misool, Papua, Waigeo) Introduced: Palau (Babeldaob) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2015) Platemys novaeguineae Meyer 1874:128, Emydura novaeguineae, Elseya novaeguineae, Elseya latisternum novaeguineae, Elseya dentata novaeguineae, Elseya novaeguineae novaeguineae, Myuchelys novaeguineae, Elseya (Hanwarachelys) novaeguineae Elseya (Hanwarachelys) schultzei (Vogt 1911) (07:95, 10:40, 14:45) Northern New Guinea Stream Turtle, Schultze’s Snapping Turtle Type locality: “Neu-Guinea” [Papua, Indonesia]. Restricted to “Passim (Nordwest Neu Guinea)” [Papua, Indonesia] by Meyer (1887:4); to “southwestern shore of Cenderawasih Bay on the southeastern Vogelkop” [Papua, Indonesia] by Rhodin and Genorupa (2000:132); and to “Passim, Barbussi River, ca. 3 km N. Sieb, 1 km S. Tandjung Sjeri (= Syeri), west shore Geelvink Bay (= Cenderawasih Bay), Papua, Indonesia (1°41' S, 134°05' E)” by Thomson et al. (2015:67). Elseya (Hanwarachelys) rhodini Thomson, Amepou, Anamiato, and Georges 2015 (97) Southern New Guinea Stream Turtle; Rhodin’s Stream Turtle John Cann / Josaker, Eilanden R., Papua, Indonesia Anders G.J. Rhodin / nr. Aiome, Ramu R., Madang Prov., Papua New Guinea Indonesia (Papua); Papua New Guinea (Northern) Introduced: Solomon Islands (?) (Malaita) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2015) Emydura schultzei Vogt 1911:410, Elseya schultzei, Elseya novaeguineae schultzei, Elseya (Hanwarachelys) schultzei Type locality: “Fluss westlich der Tamimündung...HolländischNeu-Guinea” [Papua, Indonesia]. Restricted to “near Sae village, Seko coast, near Skosai, ca 5 km W. mouth of Tami River, Papua, Indonesia (2°37' S, 140°54' E)” by Thomson et al. (2015:68). Elseya (Pelocomastes) De Vis 1897 (95) Pelocomastes De Vis 1897:6 Indonesia (Aru Islands, Papua); Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2015) Elseya (Hanwarachelys) rhodini Thomson, Amepou, Anamiato, and Georges 2015:69, Elseya rhodini Type species: Pelocomastes ampla † De Vis 1897 [= subjective synonym of Chelymys uberrima † De Vis 1897], by original monotypy. Elseya (Pelocomastes) albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus 2006 White-throated Snapping Turtle, Southern Snapping Turtle Type locality: “Rue Creek (tributary of Wau Creek), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea (07°11'67.3" S, 144°37'13.8" E)”; GPS coordinates emended here to 07°11.673' S, 144°37.138' E. John Cann / CCB / Burnett R., Queensland, Australia 195 196 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Elseya (Pelocomastes) lavarackorum (White and Archer 1994) Riversleigh Snapping Turtle, Gulf Snapping Turtle Australia (Queensland) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011); Australia: Critically Endangered (2014) Elseya albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus 2006:75, Elseya dentata albagula, Elseya (Pelocomastes) albagula John Cann / CBFTT / Riversleigh Station, Gregory R., Queensland, Australia Type locality: “Ned Churchwood Weir, Burnett River, Queensland, Australia (25º03' S, 152º05' E).” Elseya (Pelocomastes) irwini Cann 1997c Irwin’s Snapping Turtle Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) CBFTT Account: Freeman, Thomson, and Cann (2014) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Emydura lavarackorum † White and Archer 1994:159 [Pleistocene, Australia (Queensland)], Elseya lavarackorum, Elseya dentata lavarackorum, Elseya (Pelocomastes) lavarackorum Anders Zimny / Broken R., Queensland, Australia Type locality: “Gregory River, Riversleigh Station, northwestern Queensland, approximately 200 km northwest of Mount Isa” [Australia]. Elusor Cann and Legler 1994 Elusor Cann and Legler 1994:83 Type species: Elusor macrurus Cann and Legler 1994, by original monotypy. Elusor macrurus Cann and Legler 1994 Mary River Turtle Australia (Queensland) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Elseya stirlingi Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum), Elseya sterlingi Elseya irwini Cann 1997c:36, Elseya dentata irwini, Elseya (Pelocomastes) irwini Type locality: “Burdekin River, Queensland, 19°42' S, 147°18' E, approximately 18 km upstream from Ayr” [Australia]. Elseya stirlingi Wells 2007b:4 (07:96, 10:43) (unavailable name) Marilyn Connell / Mary R., Queensland, Australia / male Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 (subspecies: macquarii = red, emmotti = purple, krefftii = blue, nigra = green; overlap = intergrades) Australia (Queensland) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) Elusor macrurus Cann and Legler 1994:83 Type locality: “Mary River. 45.5 km S and 21.0 km W Maryborough, Queensland, Australia, elevation approximately 30 m (25°58' S, 152°30' E).” Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Emydura macquarii macquarii (Gray 1830e) (07:98, 10:7, 10:41, 10:42) Macquarie River Turtle Emydura Bonaparte 1836 Emydura Bonaparte 1836:7 Type species: Emydura macquaria [= Emys macquaria Cuvier 1829] [= Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e], by original monotypy. Chelymys Gray 1844:42 Type species: Chelymys macquaria [= Emys macquaria Cuvier 1829] [= Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e], by original monotypy. Euchelymys Gray 1871a:118 Type species: Euchelymys sulcifera [= subjective synonym of Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e], by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:290). Tropicochelymys Wells and Wellington 1985:9 Type species: Tropicochelymys victoriae [= Hydraspis victoriae Gray 1842], by original designation. Emydura macquarii (Gray 1830e) (10:7) (98) Eastern Short-necked Turtle, Southern River Turtle Arthur Georges / Brisbane R., Queensland, Australia Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria) Emys macquaria Cuvier 1829:11 (nomen nudum) Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e:15 (10:7), Chelys macquarii, Emys macquarii, Emydura macquarii, Chelymys macquarii, Emydura macquarii macquarii Type locality: “New Holland” [Australia]. Restricted to “Novâ Hollandiâ, Macquarrie River” [New South Wales, Australia] by Gray (1831d:40), and to “Upper Macquarie River, in the vicinity of Bathurst [NSW]” [Australia] by Cann (1998:101). Hydraspis macquarrii Gray 1831d:40 (nomen novum), Emydura macquarrii, Emydura macquarrii macquarrii Platemys macquaria Duméril and Bibron 1835:438 (nomen novum), Hydraspis macquaria, Chelymys macquaria Hydraspis australis Gray 1841:445 (10:41) (nomen dubium), Chelymys australis, Emydura australis, Emydura australis australis Type locality: “Western Australia?” Restricted to “Australia, Macquarie River” by Gray (1872d:506). Euchelymys sulcifera Gray 1871a:118 Type locality: “North Australia.” Emydura macquariae Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum) Emydura signata Ahl 1932:127 (10:42), Emydura macquarrii signata, Chelymys signata, Emydura macquarii signata Type locality: “Umgebung von Brisbane, Australien” [Queensland, Australia]. Emydura canni Worrell 1970:pl.6 (nomen nudum) Chelymys cooki Wells and Wellington 1985:8 (nomen 197 198 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 nudum), Emydura cooki Chelymys johncanni Wells and Wellington 1985:8 (nomen nudum) Emydura macquarii binjing Cann 1998:116 (10:42) Type locality: “Clarence River and its tributaries in eastern New South Wales...29°45'S, 152°15'E” [Australia]. Emydura macquarii dharra Cann 1998:120 (10:42) Type locality: “Macleay River and its tributaries in eastern New South Wales...30°54'S, 152°10'E” [Australia]. Emydura macquarii gunabarra Cann 1998:123 (10:42) Type locality: “Hunter River and its tributaries in eastern New South Wales...32°09'S, 150°58'E” [Australia]. Type locality: “Burnett’s River” [Queensland, Australia]. Chelymys victoriae marmorata Gray 1872d:506 Type locality: “east coast of Queensland, Burnett River” [Australia]. Chelymys victoriae sulcata Gray 1872d:506 Type locality: “east coast of Queensland, Burnett River” [Australia]. Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 (98) Fraser Island Short-necked Turtle Emydura macquarii dharuk Cann 1998:126 (10:42) Type locality: “Norton’s Basin, Nepean River, 0.5 km upstream from the junction of the Warragamba and Nepean Rivers at 33°52'S, 150°37'E...Sydney Basin in eastern New South Wales” [Australia]. Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord, and Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 (98) Cooper Creek Turtle Arthur Georges / Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia Australia (Queensland) Tropicochelymys insularis Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum), Emydura insularis Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003:59, Emydura nigra Type locality: “Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia (25°27' S, 153°04' E).” Emydura subglobosa (Krefft 1876) Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle Kate Hodges / Stonehenge, Thomson R., Queensland, Australia / megacephalic female Australia (Queensland, South Australia) Chelymys windorah Wells and Wellington 1985:8 (nomen nudum), Emydura windorah Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord, and Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003:60, Emydura emmotti Type locality: “Waterloo Station, shearing-shed waterhole, southwestern Queensland, Australia (24°13' S, 143°17' E).” Emydura macquarii krefftii (Gray 1871b) (98) Krefft’s River Turtle (subspecies: subglobosa = red, worrelli = purple; orange dots = trade) Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Introduced: Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Northern) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (2000); Previously: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Arthur Georges / Grays Waterhole, Burnett R., Queensland, Australia Australia (Queensland) Chelymys krefftii Gray 1871b:366, Emydura krefftii, Emydura australis krefftii, Emydura macquarrii krefftii, Tropicochelymys krefftii, Emydura macquarii krefftii Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Emydura subglobosa subglobosa (Krefft 1876) New Guinea Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle Arthur Georges / Suki-Aramba Swamps, Fly R., Western Prov., Papua New Guinea Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Introduced: Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Northern) Euchelymys subglobosa Krefft 1876:390, Emydura subglobosa, Emydura australis subglobosa, Emydura macquarrii subglobosa, Chelymys subglobosa, Tropicochelymys subglobosa, Emydura subglobosa subglobosa Emydura tanybaraga Cann 1997b Northern Yellow-faced Turtle Jason Schaffer / nr. Coen, Archer River, Queensland, Australia Type locality: “Amama River S. E. New Guinea” [Papua New Guinea]. Restricted to “Naiabui S. E. New Guinea” [Papua New Guinea] by Boulenger (1888b:450). Emydura albertisii Boulenger 1888b:449, Emydura australis albertisii Type locality: “Katow, S. E. New Guinea” [= Mawatta, Binaturi River (9°08' S, 142°55' E), Papua New Guinea]. Tropicochelymys goodei Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum), Emydura goodei Emydura subglobosa worrelli (Wells and Wellington 1985) (07:99) Worrell’s Short-necked Turtle, Diamond-head Turtle Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2011) Emydura tanybaraga Cann 1997b:24, Emydura subglobosa tanybaraga Type locality: “near Policeman Crossing, Daly River, Northern Territory (13º46' S x 130°43' E)” [Australia]. Emydura victoriae (Gray 1842) Northern Red-faced Turtle Jason Schaffer / Dugald R., Flinders basin, Queensland, Australia Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) Tropicochelymys leichhardti Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen nudum) Tropicochelymys worrelli Wells and Wellington 1985:9, Emydura worrelli, Emydura subglobosa worrelli Type locality: “Caranbirini Waterhole, ca. 21 km north of MacArthur River, Northern Territory (16º16' S x 136º05' E)” [Australia]. Gerald Kuchling / Barnett R., Western Australia, Australia 199 200 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) Phrynops bellii Gray 1844:41, Hydraspis bellii, Elseya bellii, Wollumbinia bellii, Wollumbinia bellii bellii, Elseya latisternum bellii, Myuchelys bellii Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “the upper reaches of both the Namoi-MacDonald and Gwydir Rivers, above the New England escarpment, in New South Wales” [Australia] by Cann (1998:211). Elseya dorriani Wells 2002b:16 (07:97) (nomen nudum), Wollumbinia bellii dorriani Myuchelys georgesi (Cann 1997a) Bellinger River Sawshelled Turtle Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Hydraspis victoriae Gray 1842:55, Chelymys victoriae, Emydura victoriae, Tropicochelymys victoriae Type locality: “Victoria River, North-west coast of New Holland” [Northern Territory, Australia]. Myuchelys Thomson and Georges 2009 (09:45, 10:43) (99) Wollumbinia Wells 2007c:1 (07:97, 10:43) (unavailable name) Myuchelys Thomson and Georges 2009:33 (09:45) Type species: Myuchelys latisternum [= Elseya latisternum Gray 1867], by original designation. John Cann / CBFTT / Bellinger River, New South Wales, Australia Flaviemys Le, Reid, McCord, Naro-Maciel, Raxworthy, Amato, and Georges 2013:257 (99) Type species: Flaviemys purvisi [= Elseya purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985], by original designation. Myuchelys bellii (Gray 1844) (07:97) Bell’s Sawshelled Turtle, Western Sawshelled Turtle Darren Fielder / CBFTT / Bald Rock Creek, Queensland, Australia Australia (New South Wales) CBFTT Account: Cann, Spencer, Welsh, and Georges (2015) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2015) Elseya georgesi Cann 1997a:18, Wollumbinia georgesi, Elseya latisternum georgesi, Myuchelys georgesi Type locality: “Bellinger River 30°25' S, 152º46' E” [New South Wales, Australia]. Myuchelys latisternum (Gray 1867) (09:47) Sawshelled Turtle, Common Sawshelled Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) CBFTT Account: Fielder, Chessman, and Georges (2015) IUCN Red List: Endangered B1+2c (1996) Alastair Freeman / CBFTT / Chillagoe Creek, Queensland, Australia Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type locality: “a river 15 km S., 32.3 km E. of Nowendoc, New South Wales (31º39' S x 152º04' E. elevation 183 m)” [Australia]. Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980 Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980:2 Type species: Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann 1980, by original designation. Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann 1980 Fitzroy River Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland) CBFTT Account: Freeman and Cann (2014) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2011) Elseya latisternum Gray 1867:44, Emydura latisternum, Elseya latisternum latisternum, Wollumbinia latisternum, Myuchelys latisternum Type locality: “North Australia.” Euchelymys spinosa Gray 1871a:118 (09:47) Type locality: “North Australia.” Stephen M. Zozaya / Connors R., upper Fitzroy R., Queensland, Australia Elseya latisternon Gray 1871b:292 (nomen novum) Wollumbinia dorsii Wells 2009:2 (09:46, 10:43) (unavailable name) Myuchelys purvisi (Wells and Wellington 1985) (14:46) (99) Manning River Sawshelled Turtle Australia (Queensland) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1c+2c, D2 (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann 1980:2, Elseya leukops Arthur Georges / Barnard R., New South Wales, Australia Australia (New South Wales) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2011) Elseya purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985:8, Wollumbinia purvisi, Elseya latisternum purvisi, Myuchelys purvisi, Flaviemys purvisi Type locality: “Fitzroy River, 63 km N and 25 km E of Duaringa, Queensland, Australia, elevation 40 m (23°09' S 149°55' E).” 201 202 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 pseudeMyduRinae Gaffney 1977 (100) Pseudemydurinae Gaffney 1977:24 Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901 (100) Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901:248 Type species: Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901, by original monotypy. Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901 (100) Western Swamp Turtle peloMedusidae Cope 1868a (11:19) Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Pelomedusidae Cope 1868a:119 Pelomedusa Wagler 1830b (11:19) (101) Pelomedusa Wagler 1830b:136 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989) Type species: Pelomedusa galeata [= Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792], by original monotypy. Pentonyx Duméril and Bibron 1835:389 Type species: Pentonyx galeata [= Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792], by original designation. Pelomedusa subrufa (sensu lato) species complex (101) African Helmeted Turtles, African Helmeted Terrapins Gerald Kuchling / TCC / Ellen Brook Nature Reserve, nr. Perth, Western Australia, Australia (yellow dots and red distributions = assigned Pelomedusa spp. – see below; gray dots and gray distributions = unassigned Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato; orange dots = introduced or trade or questionable) Australia (Western Australia) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A1c, B1+2c, C1+2b, D (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix I Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901:249 Type locality: “Australien” [Australia]. Emydura inspectata Glauert 1954:125 Type locality: “Warbrook, about 24 miles north of Perth...Swan River District” [Western Australia, Australia]. Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, GuineaBissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Pelomedusa barbata Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014 (101) Arabian Helmeted Turtle Johannes Els / Taif, Saudi Arabia Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 203 ICZN 1989), Emys galeata, Pelomedusa galeata, Pentonyx galeata, Hydraspis (Pelomedusa) galeata, Hydraspis galeata, Pelomedusa galeata galeata Type locality: “India orientali.” Restricted to “near Cape Town” [South Africa] by Hewitt (1935:326). Pentonyx capensis Duméril and Bibron 1835:390 Type locality: “au cap de Bonne-Espérance, dans l’Ile de Madagascar.” Restricted to “Kap der Guten Hoffnung” [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa] by Mertens (1937:139) [invalid designation]; and to “Cape of Good Hope” [South Africa] by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (2014b:510). Pelomedusa nigra Gray 1863b:99, Pelomedusa galeata nigra, Pelomedusa subrufa nigra (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato; orange dot = introduced or trade) Saudi Arabia (Asir, Jizan), Yemen CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2016) Pelomedusa barbata Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014:530 Type locality: “Zinjibar, Abyan, Yemen, N13°7.75 E45°22.81.” Type locality: “Natal” [South Africa]; with lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (2014b:514). Pelomedusa galeata orangensis Hewitt 1935:332, Pelomedusa subrufa orangensis Type locality: “presumably from the Kimberley neighbourhood” [South Africa]. Pelomedusa galeata devilliersi Hewitt 1935:337 Type locality: “Besondermeid, Steinkopf, Namaqualand, C.P.” [South Africa]. Pelomedusa gehafie (Rüppell 1835) (101) Eritrean Helmeted Turtle Pelomedusa galeata (Schoepff 1792) (101) South African Helmeted Turtle Tomáš Mazuch / Ghinda, Eritrea William R. Branch / Port Elizabeth, South Africa (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato; orange dot = questionable record) (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Botswana (?), Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia (?), South Africa, Swaziland CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Testudo scabra Retzius in Schoepff 1792:12 (nomen nudum and junior homonym, not = Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758) Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792:12 (nomen conservandum, Eritrea, Sudan CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Pentonyx gehafie Rüppell 1835:2, Pelomedusa galeata gehafie, Pelomedusa subrufa gehafie, Pelomedusa gehafie Type locality: “östlichen Abhange der abyssinischen Küstengebirge” [eastern slope of Abyssinian coastal mountains] [Eritrea]. Restricted to “Massaua” [Masawa, Eritrea] by lectotype designation by Mertens (1937:140) [invalid designation] see Fritz et al. 2014b:511). Pelomedusa gehafiae Gray 1844:38 (nomen novum) Pelomedusa galeata disjuncta Vaillant and Grandidier 204 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 1910:56 Type locality: Not designated. Restricted to “shore of Lake Abaya, Sidamo, Ethiopia” by Loveridge (1941:480) [invalid designation]; and to “Abyssinia...the eastern slope of the coastal mountains in present-day Eritrea,” by lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (2014b:515). Pelomedusa kobe Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014 (101) Tanzanian Helmeted Turtle (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Pelomedusa neumanni Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014:537 Type locality: “Kakamega, Kenya, N0°17.04 E34°44.52.” (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Pelomedusa olivacea (Schweigger 1812) (101) Sahelian Helmeted Turtle Tanzania CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Pelomedusa kobe Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014:535 Type locality: “Naberera, Manyara, Tanzania, S4°11.66 E36°55.74.” Pelomedusa neumanni Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014 (101) Neumann’s Helmeted Turtle Tomáš Mazuch / nr. Turmi, Omo Region, Ethiopia Laurent Chirio / Maradi, Niger (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Emys olivacea Schweigger 1812:307 (senior homonym, not = Emys olivacea Gray 1856b), Hydraspis (Pelomedusa) olivacea, Hydraspis olivacea, Pelomedusa subrufa olivacea, Pelomedusa olivacea Type locality: “sabulosis Nigritiae” [Senegal]. Pelomedusa gasconi Rochebrune 1884:25 Type locality: “Dagana, Saidé, lac de N’Guer, marigot des Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Maringouins” [Senegal]. Restricted to “Dagana, Senegal” by Loveridge (1941:480) [invalid designation]; and to “Dakar” [Senegal] by neotype designation by Fritz et al. (2014b:514). Pelomedusa schweinfurthi Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014 (101) Schweinfurth’s Helmeted Turtle Ethiopia, Somalia CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Pelomedusa somalica Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014:540 Type locality: “Borama district, Awdal, Somaliland/Somalia, N9°55 E43°10, 4500 ft.” Pelomedusa subrufa (sensu stricto) (Bonnaterre 1789) (10:45, 11:19) (101) Helmeted Turtle, African Helmeted Terrapin (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), South Sudan CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Pelomedusa schweinfurthi Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014:539 Anders G.J. Rhodin / CBFTT / Tsihombe, Cap Sainte Marie, Madagascar Type locality: “Liria, Central Equatoria, South Sudan, N4°38.66 E32°4.83.” Pelomedusa somalica Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014 (101) Somalian Helmeted Turtle (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Angola, Botswana, Congo (DRC), Kenya, Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Tanzania (?), Zambia, Zimbabwe CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Testudo planitia Meuschen 1778:11 (nomen dubium and senior homonym, not = Testudo planitia Gmelin 1789), Hydraspis (Pelomedusa) planitia, Hydraspis planitia Tomáš Mazuch / Daarbuduq, Somaliland Type locality: Not designated. Testudo subrufa Lacepède 1788:173, synopsis[table] (07:102, 09:6) (nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: “l’Inde” [India] [in error]. Restricted to “Kap der Guten Hoffnung” [Cape of Good Hope, South Africa] by Mertens (1937:139); and to “Taolañaro (Fort-Dauphin), République Malagasy (Madagascar)” by Bour (1982c:535). Testudo subrufa Bonnaterre 1789:28, Emys subrufa, Pelomedusa subrufa, Chelys (Hydraspis) subrufa, Chelys subrufa, Hydraspis subrufa, Pelomedusa galeata subrufa, Pelomedusa subrufa subrufa Type locality: “l’Inde” [India] [in error]. Restricted to “Taolañaro, Madagascar” by Fritz et al. (2014b:507), following Bour (1982c:535). (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Testudo rubra Meyer 1790:83 (09:8) (nomen novum, dubium et oblitum) 205 206 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Testudo badia Donndorff 1798:34 (nomen novum) Testudo rubicunda Suckow 1798:49 (nomen novum) Pentonix americana Cornalia 1849:13 (105) (nomen dubium), Pentonyx americana Type locality: “Flum. prope Novaeboracum” [= Novum Eboracum = New York, USA] [in error]. Pelomedusa mossambicensis Peters in Lichtenstein 1856:2 (nomen nudum) Pelomedusa mozambica Peters in Gray 1856b:53 (nomen nudum) Pelomedusa galeata damarensis Hewitt 1935:338, Pelomedusa subrufa damarensis Type locality: “Quickborn, near Okahandja, South West Africa” [Namibia]; with lectotype designation by Fritz et al. (2014b:515). Pelomedusa subrufa wettsteini Mertens 1937:141 Type locality: “Majunga, West-Madagaskar” [Mahajanga, Madagascar]. Pelomedusa variabilis Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014 (101) West African Helmeted Turtle Tomas Diagne / Afram Arm, Ghana (gray dots = unassigned Pelomedusa spp. = P. subrufa sensu lato) Burkina Faso (?), Ghana, Ivory Coast CBFTT Account: Boycott and Bourquin (2008) [as part of Pelomedusa subrufa sensu lato] IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated Pelomedusa variabilis Petzold, Vargas-Ramírez, Kehlmaier, Vamberger, Branch, Du Preez, Hofmeyr, Meyer, Schleicher, Široký, and Fritz 2014:543 Type locality: “Gold Coast, Ghana.” Pelusios Wagler 1830b (11:19) (102) Sternothaerus Bell 1825a:305 (partim, nomen suppressum, ICZN 1989) Type species: Sternothaerus leachianus Bell 1825a [= subjective synonym of Emys castanea Schweigger 1812 = Pelusios castaneus], by subsequent designation by Bell (1828c:515); not Sternothaerus odoratus Bell [= Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801], by incorrect designation by Fitzinger (1843:290). Pelusios Wagler 1830b:137 (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989) Type species: Pelusios subniger Wagler [= Testudo subnigra Lacepède 1788 (nomen suppressum) = Testudo subnigra Bonnaterre 1789], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Sternothaerus (Tanoa) Gray 1863f:193 Type species: Sternothaerus (Tanoa) sinuatus (Smith 1838), by subsequent designation by Lindholm (1929:288). Sternothaerus (Notoa) Gray 1863f:195 Type species: Type species (by monotypy): Sternothaerus (Notoa) subniger (Lacepède 1788) [= Sternothaerus (Notoa) subniger (Bonnaterre 1789)], by original monotypy. Sternothaerus (Anota) Gray 1863f:196 (junior homonym, not = Anota Hallowell 1852 [= Sauria]) Type species: Sternothaerus (Anota) niger (Duméril and Bibron 1835), by original monotypy. Pelusios adansonii (Schweigger 1812) Adanson’s Mud Turtle Roger Bour / CBFTT / Lac de Guiers, Senegal (orange dot = probable trade) Benin (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan CBFTT Account: Bour (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Emys adansonii Schweigger 1812:308, Hydraspis adansonii, Pelomedusa adansonii, Sternotherus adansonii, Sternothaerus adansonii, Pentonyx andansonii, Pentonyx adansonii, Pelusios adansonii, Pelusios adansonii adansonii Type locality: “Nigritia” [Senegal]. Restricted to “cap Vert” [Senegal] by Duméril and Bibron (1835:395). Chelys (Hydraspis) adamsonii Gray 1830e:15 (nomen novum) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 207 Pelusios bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932 Okavango Mud Turtle William R. Branch / Moremi National Park, Botswana Ethiopia (?), Kenya IUCN Red List: Vulnerable D2 (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2013) Pelusios broadleyi Bour 1986:31 Type locality: “Loiengalani [= Loyengalanij] (2°43' N, 36°43' E), Marsabit district, Kenya.” Pelusios carinatus Laurent 1956 (102) African Keeled Mud Turtle Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pelusios bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932:37, Pelusios castaneus bechuanicus, Pelusios bechuanicus bechuanicus Type locality: “Thamalakane River at Maun, Ngamiland” [Botswana]. Tomas Diagne / Congo (DRC) [captivity] Pelusios broadleyi Bour 1986 Turkana Mud Turtle (orange dot = uncertain identification) Tomas Diagne / Lake Turkana, Kenya Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pelusios carinatus Laurent 1956:39 Type locality: “Eala, Equateur” [Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)]. 208 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Pelusios castaneus (Schweigger 1812) (14:47) (102) African Mud Turtle Leone, Togo Emys castanea Schweigger 1812:314, Pelusios castaneus, Chelys (Sternotherus) castaneus, Chelys castaneus, Sternotherus castaneus, Clemmys (Pelusios) castanea, Clemmys castanea, Sternothaerus castaneus, Sternothaerus nigricans castaneus, Sternothaerus nigricans castanea, Pelusios nigricans castaneus, Pelusios subniger castaneus, Pelusios castaneus, Pelusios castaneus castaneus Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “vicinity of Koutchatcha (7°20' N, 1°18' E)...close to the Amou River (ca. 30 km East of Gléï), Ogou Prefecture, Plateaux Region, Togo” by neotype designation by Bour (2008:37). Sternothaerus leachianus Bell 1825a:306, Sternotherus leachianus Type locality: Not known. (orange dot = introduced or trade, red dot = extirpated) Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea (?), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali (?), Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe (probable historic introduction), Senegal, Seychelles (extirpated; possible historic introduction), Sierra Leone, Togo Introduced: Guadeloupe CBFTT Account: Bour, Luiselli, Petrozzi, Segniagbeto, and Chirio (2016) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Sternotherus derbianus Gray 1844:37, Sternothaerus derbianus, Sternothaerus (Tanoa) derbianus, Pelusios derbianus, Pelusios castaneus derbianus Type locality: “W. Africa, Sierra Leone ? Gambia.” Restricted to “Gambia” by Loveridge (1941:491). Pelusios castaneus seychellensis (Siebenrock 1906c) (07:103, 14:47) (103) (Extinct, ca. 1950) Seychelles Mud Turtle Pelusios castaneus castaneus (Schweigger 1812) (14:47) West African Mud Turtle, Swamp Terrapin Roger Bour / CBFTT / Mahé, Seychelles [NMW, Vienna] Gabriel H. Segniagbeto / CBFTT / Togoville, Togo (orange dot = introduced or trade) Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea (?), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali (?), Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe (probable historic introduction), Senegal, Sierra Seychelles (Mahé [extinct]; possible historic introduction) CBFTT Accounts: Bour and Gerlach 2008; Bour, Luiselli, Petrozzi, Segniagbeto, and Chirio 2016 IUCN Red List: Extinct (2003) Sternothaerus nigricans seychellensis Siebenrock 1906c:38, Pelusios subniger seychellensis, Sternothaerus castaneus seychellensis, Pelusios castaneus seychellensis, Pelusios seychellensis Type locality: “Seychellen” [Seychelles]. Restricted to “Seychellen, Insel Gloriosa?” [Seychelles] by Siebenrock (1909a:559), and to “Insel Mahé” [Seychelles] by Siebenrock (1909b:362). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 209 Pelusios castanoides Hewitt 1931 (11:19, 12:42) Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Seychelles (Cerf, Fregate, La Digue, Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette) (prehistoric introduction?) CBFTT Account: Gerlach (2008a) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2c, B2ab (2003) Pelusios castanoides intergularis Bour 1983:355 Kenya, Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles (prehistoric introduction?), South Africa, Tanzania IUCN Red List: Least Concern (1996) SARCA Draft: Least Concern (regional) (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Type locality: “La Digue Island, Seychelles.” Pelusios chapini Laurent 1965 (11:19) (102) Central African Mud Turtle Pelusios castanoides castanoides Hewitt 1931 (11:19, 12:42) East African Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Jérôme Maran / Mandji, Gabon Gerald Kuchling / Madagascar Kenya, Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania Pelusios nigricans castanoides Hewitt 1931:463, Pelusios subniger castanoides, Pelusios castaneus castanoides, Pelusios castanoides, Pelusios castanoides castanoides Type locality: “Richards Bay, Zululand” [South Africa]. Restricted to “Lake St. Lucia estuary, KwaZulu” [South Africa] by Broadley (1981:673). Pelusios castaneus kapika Bour 1979:149, Pelusios castanoides kapika Type locality: “Delta du Sambirano (Province de Diégo-Suarez), nord de Madagascar.” Pelusios castanoides intergularis Bour 1983 (11:19, 12:42) Seychelles Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Justin Gerlach / CBFTT / Seychelles Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon, South Sudan, Uganda IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pelusios castaneus chapini Laurent 1965:21, Pelusios chapini Type locality: “Kasenyi, Lake Albert, Bunia Terr., Ituri, Congo” [Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)] 210 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pentonyx gabonensis Duméril 1856:373, Pelomedusa gabonensis, Sternothaerus gabonensis, Pelusios gabonensis Pelusios cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003 Ivory Coast Mud Turtle Type locality: “Gabon.” Pentonyx gaboonensis Gray 1863f:194 (nomen novum) Pelomedusa gabonica Peters 1864:644 (nomen novum) Sternothaerus steindachneri Siebenrock 1902a:6 Type locality: “Madagascar” [in error]. Pelusios marani Bour 2000 Gabon Mud Turtle Jérôme Maran / San Pédro, Ivory Coast Jérôme Maran / Fouganou, Gabon Benin, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pelusios cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003:28 Type locality: “environs de San Pédro, Côte d’Ivoire, précisément entre San Pédro (10 km W) et Grand-Bérébi (20 km E) (4°50' N, 6°47' W).” [Ivory Coast]. Pelusios gabonensis (Duméril 1856) (102) African Forest Turtle Congo (ROC), Gabon IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2013) Pelusios marani Bour 2000:3 Type locality: “Yombi (01º26' S, 10º37' E), province de N’Gounié, Gabon; environ 30 km SSE de Fougamou, entre Lambaréné et Mouïla.” Pelusios nanus Laurent 1956 (102) African Dwarf Mud Turtle Jérôme Maran / Gabon William R. Branch / northwest Zambia (orange dots = uncertain, trade, or possibly misidentified) Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Pelusios rhodesianus Hewitt 1927 (11:19) (102) Variable Mud Turtle, Mashona Hinged Terrapin Angola, Congo (DRC), Zambia IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2013) Pelusios nanus Laurent 1956:31, Pelusios adansonii nanus Richard C. Boycott / CBFTT / nr. Lake St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Type locality: “Dilolo, Haut Lualaba” [Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)]. Pelusios niger (Duméril and Bibron 1835) West African Black Mud Turtle Gerald Kuchling / Kribi, Cameroon Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe CBFTT Account: Broadley and Boycott (2008) IUCN Red List: Least Concern (1996) SARCA Draft: Vulnerable (regional) (2010) Pelusios nigricans rhodesianus Hewitt 1927:375, Pelusios subniger rhodesianus, Pelusios rhodesianus, Pelusios castaneus rhodesianus, Pelusios rhodesianus rhodesianus Type locality: “Mpika district, N.E. Rhodesia” [Zambia]. Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838) (11:19) Serrated Hinged Terrapin Benin, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Togo IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Near Threatened (2013) Sternotherus niger Duméril and Bibron 1835:397, Sternothaerus niger, Sternothaerus (Anota) niger, Pelusios niger Type locality: “probablement...originaire de l’île de Madagascar” [in error]. Sternothaerus oxyrhinus Boulenger 1897b:919 Type locality: “unknown...but probably...from some part of Tropical Africa.” Sternothaerus heinrothi Kanberg 1924:195 Type locality: “Kamerun” [Cameroon]. Richard C. Boycott / CBFTT / Ndumu Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 211 212 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 (prehistoric introduction?), South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Introduced: British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago), Glorioso Islands, Mauritius IUCN Red List: Least Concern (1996) SARCA Draft: Least Concern (regional) (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pelusios subniger subniger (Bonnaterre 1789) (12:43) East African Black Mud Turtle Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe CBFTT Account: Broadley and Boycott (2009) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) SARCA Draft: Least Concern (regional) (2010) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Sternotherus sinuatus Smith 1838:Reptilia,pl.1, Sternothaerus (Tanoa) sinuatus, Sternothaerus sinuatus, Pelusios sinuatus, Pelusios sinuatus sinuatus Type locality: “rivers to the north of 25° south latitude” [South Africa]. Restricted to “the Crocodile/Marico Confluence, N. Transvaal” [South Africa] by Broadley (1981:675). Sternotherus dentatus Peters 1848:494 (nomen nudum), Sternothaerus dentatus Sternothaerus bottegi Boulenger 1895a:9 Type locality: “Bardera...Giuba e dei suoi affluenti” [Italian Somaliland] [Somalia]. Pelusios sinuatus zuluensis Hewitt 1927:371 Type locality: “near the Umsinene River, Zululand” [South Africa]. Pelusios sinuatus leptus Hewitt 1933a:45 Type locality: “Isoka, North-East Rhodesia” [Zambia]. Sternothaerus rudolphi † Arambourg 1947:461 [Pleistocene, Ethiopia (Lake Turkana)], Pelusios rudolphi Type locality: “basin du Lac Rodolphe et de la basse vallée de l’Omo” [Ethiopia]. Emended to “Shungura Formation...Omo River Basin...Ethiopia” by Lapparent de Broin (2000b:59). Jérôme Maran / Tamatave (Toamasina), Madagascar Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Testudo subnigra Lacepède 1788:175, synopsis[table] (09:6) (nomen conservandum, ICZN 1989; nomen suppressum, ICZN 2005a) Type locality: Not known. Restricted to “Tamatave, est de Madagascar” by Bour (1979:152). Testudo subnigra Bonnaterre 1789:30, Emys subnigra, Pelusios subniger, Sternotherus subniger, Clemmys (Pelusios) subnigra, Clemmys subnigra, Sternothaerus subniger, Sternothaerus (Notoa) subniger, Pelusios subniger, Pelusios subniger subniger Type locality: Not known. Testudo nigricans Donndorff 1798:34, Terrapene nigricans, Kinosternon nigricans, Sternotherus nigricans, Sternothaerus nigricans, Sternothaerus nigricans nigricans, Pelusios nigricans, Pelusios nigricans nigricans Type locality: Not known. Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983 (12:43) Seychelles Black Mud Turtle Pelusios subniger (Bonnaterre 1789) (12:43) East African Black Mud Turtle Justin Gerlach / CBFTT / Seychelles (orange dots = introduced) Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Pelusios williamsi Laurent 1965 Williams’ Mud Turtle Seychelles (Cerf, Cousin [extirpated], Fregate, La Digue, Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, St. Anne [extirpated]) (prehistoric introduction?) CBFTT Account: Gerlach (2008b) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2c, B2ab(ii,iii) (2003) Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983:359 Type locality: “La Digue Island, Seychelles.” Pelusios upembae Broadley 1981 Upemba Mud Turtle (subspecies: williamsi = red, laurenti = purple, lutescens = orange; orange dots = possible trade) Congo (DRC), Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Least Concern (2013) Pelusios williamsi williamsi Laurent 1965 Lake Victoria Mud Turtle Tomas Diagne / Congo (DRC) [captivity] Jérôme Maran / Lake Victoria, Uganda [captivity] Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Pelusios williamsi Laurent 1965:12, Pelusios williamsi williamsi, Pelusios castaneus williamsi Type locality: “Kakamega, Kaimosi, Kenya.” Pelusios williamsi laurenti Bour 1984a Ukerewe Island Mud Turtle Tanzania Pelusios williamsi laurenti Bour 1984a:29 Type locality: “Ukerewe Island (Lake Victoria), Tanzania, altitude 1150 m.” Congo (DRC) IUCN Red List: Data Deficient (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Data Deficient (2013) Pelusios bechuanicus upembae Broadley 1981:667, Pelusios upembae Type locality: “Kanonga River, tributary of the right bank of the Fungwe River (695 m), Upemba National Park, Shaba Province, Zaire” [Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)]. Pelusios williamsi lutescens Laurent 1965 Albert Nile Mud Turtle Congo (DRC), Uganda Pelusios williamsi lutescens Laurent 1965:16, Pelusios castaneus lutescens Type locality: “Semliki River, 1 km below the Lake Edward” [Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)]. 213 214 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 podoCneMididae Cope 1868b (07:104, 09:48, 11:20) Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Podocnemididae Cope 1868b:282 Peltocephalidae Gray 1870f:718 by original monotypy. Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger 1812) Big-headed Sideneck Turtle Erymnochelys Baur 1888a Dumerilia Grandidier 1867:232 (junior homonym, not = Dumerilia Leach 1824 [= Coleoptera] or Dumerilia Robineau-Desvoidy 1835 [= Diptera] or Dumerilia Bocage 1866 [= Sauria]) Type species: Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867, by original monotypy. Erymnochelys Baur 1888a:421 (nomen novum) Type species: Erymnochelys madagascariensis [= Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867], by application of ICZN Article 67.8. Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Grandidier 1867) Madagascan Big-headed Turtle, Rere Richard C. Vogt / Rio Negro drainage, Amazonas, Brazil Anders G.J. Rhodin / TCC / CRM 6 / Madagascar [CCBC, Ampijoroa] Madagascar IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A4d (2008); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix II Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867:232, Podocnemis madagascariensis, Erymnochelys madagascariensis, Dumerilia madagascarensis, Erymnochelys madagascarensis, Podocnemis madagascarensis Type locality: “Mouroundava Tsidsibonque flumina in occidentali insulae Madagascar littore” [Morondava and Tsiribihina rivers on the western coast of Madagascar Island]. Restricted to “Morondava River...Madagascar” by Bour (2006a:37). Podocnemis madagascariensis bifilaris Boettger 1893:14 Type locality: “Mojanga, West-Madagaskar” [Madagascar]. Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835 Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835:377 Type species: Peltocephalus tracaxa [= Emys tracaxa Spix 1824] [= subjective synonym of Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812], (orange dot = probable trade) Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru (Loreto), Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812:300, Podocnemis dumeriliana, Hydraspis dumeriliana, Peltocephalus dumerilianus, Chelonemys dumeriliana, Peltocephalus dumeriliana Type locality: “America meridionali.” Restricted to “French Guiana” by neotype designation by Bour (2006a:29). Emys macrocephala Spix 1824:5 (senior homonym, not = Emys macrocephalus Gray 1844), Peltocephalus macrocephala Type locality: “Airon ad ripam fluminis Yau, confluentis Rio Negro” [Airão, Rio Jáu, Amazonas, Brazil]. Emys tracaxa Spix 1824:6, Hydraspis tracaxa, Podocnemis tracaxa, Peltocephalus tracaxa, Peltocephalus tracaxus Type locality: “fluminis Solimoëns” [Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil]. Chelys (Hydraspis) dumerilliana Gray 1830e:17 (nomen novum) Emys icterocephala Spix in Gray 1830e:17 (nomen nudum) Peltocephalus tracaya Troschel 1848:646 (nomen novum) Podocnemis Wagler 1830b Podocnemis Wagler 1830b:135 Type species: Podocnemis expansa [= Emys expansa Schweigger 1812], by subsequent designation by Fitzinger (1843:29). Chelonemys Gray 1864d:134 (junior homonyn) Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Type species: Chelonemys dumeriliana sensu Gray 1864 (non Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812) [= subjective synonym of Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848], by original monotypy. Bartlettia Gray 1870f:720 (junior homonym, not = Bartlettia Adams 1867 [= Mollusca]) Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger 1812) Giant South American River Turtle, Giant Amazon River Turtle, Arrau Type species: Bartlettia pitipii Gray 1870 [= subjective synonym of Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia 1849], by original monotypy. Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix 1824) (10:46) (104) Red-headed Amazon River Turtle Richard C. Vogt / Rio Trombetas, Pará, Brazil Richard C. Vogt / CBFTT / Rio Jufari, Amazonas, Brazil Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Guainía, Guaviare [?], Vaupés, Vichada), Venezuela (Amazonas) CBFTT Account: Mittermeier, Vogt, Bernhard, and Ferrara (2015) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1bd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812:298 (10:48, 14:50) (partim, misidentified type, provisional nomen suppressum), Chelys (Hydraspis) cayennensis, Chelys cayennensis, Hydraspis cayennensis, Podocnemis cayennensis Type locality: “Cayenna” [Cayenne, French Guiana]. Emys erythrocephala Spix 1824:9, Podocnemis erythrocephala, Hydraspis expansa erythrocephala, Chelys (Hydraspis) erythrocephala, Chelys erythrocephala Type locality: “aquis ripariis fluminis Solimoens” [Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil]. Emys bitentaculata Cuvier in Gray 1830e:17 (nomen nudum et dubium) Hydraspis bitentaculata Gray 1831d:42 (14:48) (nomen oblitum et dubium) (14:48) Type locality: “Brasilia” [Brazil]. Podocnemis agassizii Coutinho in Göldi 1886:277 (10:46) Type locality: “Rio Negro” [Amazonas, Brazil]. Podocnemis coutinhii Göldi 1886:279 (nomen novum) Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, Guyana, Peru (Loreto, Ucayali), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas) IUCN Red List: Lower Risk/conservation dependent (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Critically Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Emys expansa Schweigger 1812:299, Podocnemis expansa, Chelys (Hydraspis) expansa, Chelys expansa, Hydraspis expansa Type locality: “America meridionali.” Restricted to “French Guiana” by lectotype designation by Bour (2006a:35). Testudo arrau Humboldt 1819a:243 (14:49), Emys arrau Type locality: “entre le confluent de l’Orénoque avec l’Apure et les grandes cataractes ou Raudales...entre Cabruta et la mission d’Aturès...les trois pêches de l’Encaramada ou Boca del Cabullare, de Cucuruparu ou Boca de la Tortuga, et de Pararuma, un peu au-dessous de Carichana” [Venezuela]. Restricted to “zwischen dem Zusammenfluss des Apure mit dem Orinoko und den grossen Wasserfällen” [Venezuela] by Wermuth and Mertens (1961:296). Emys amazonica Spix 1824:1 Type locality: “fluvio Solimoens et confluentibus Javary, Rio Branco” [Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brazil]. 215 216 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852 (12:44) Magdalena River Turtle Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia 1849 (10:47) (105) Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle, Pitiu Richard C. Vogt / Paraná Floresta, Roraima, Brazil Alejandra Cadavid / CBFTT / TCC / Río Chicagua, Bolivar, Colombia (orange dots = probable trade) (orange dot = introduced or trade) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Caldas, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre, Tolima) Introduced: Venezuela (Zulia) CBFTT Account: Páez, Restrepo, Vargas-Ramirez, and Bock (2009) IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered A2acd+4acd (2016); Previously: Endangered (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852:242 Type locality: “Santa Fé de Bogota...et...la République de Venezuella” [Colombia and Venezuela]. Restricted to “Bogotá, Colombia” by holotype [= lectotype] designation by Williams (1954:281). Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putomayo, Vaupés), Ecuador (?), Peru (Loreto) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia 1849:13 (105) Type locality: “Fl. Amazonum” [Rio Amazonas, Brazil]. Podocnemis pitiu Coutinho 1868:150 (10:47) Type locality: “l’Amazone” [Amazonas, Brazil]. Bartlettia pitipii Gray 1870f:720, Bartlettia pitipiti Type locality: “Lakes of the Upper Amazons” [Brazil]. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848 (07:105, 08:16, 09:49, 10:48, 10:49, 14:50) Yellow-spotted River Turtle, Yellow-spotted Sideneck Turtle, Tracaja Richard C. Vogt / Amazonas, Brazil / female Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Huanuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Suriname, Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas) IUCN Red List: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Endangered (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812:298 (10:48, 14:50)(partim, misidentified type, provisional nomen suppressum), Chelys (Hydraspis) cayennensis, Chelys cayennensis, Hydraspis cayennensis, Podocnemis cayennensis Type locality: “Cayenna” [Cayenne, French Guiana]. Testudo terekay Humboldt 1819a:243 (14:49) (nomen oblitum), Emys terekay Type locality: “Haut-Orénoque...l’Apure, l’Uritucu, la Guarico et...les Llanos de Caracas” [= Upper Orinoco, Apure, Uritucu, Guarico, and the Llanos of Caracas, Venezuela]. Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e:17 (08:16, 10:7) (nomen oblitum), Chelys lata, Hydraspis lata Type locality: “Demerara” [Guyana]. Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848:647 Type locality: “Britisch-Guiana...Rupununi und Takutu” [Guyana]. Podocnemis tracaya Coutinho 1868:149 (10:49) Type locality: “l’Amazone” [Amazonas, Brazil]. Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935 Savanna Sideneck Turtle, Llanos Sideneck Turtle Anders G.J. Rhodin / Hato El Cedral, Mantecal, Apure, Venezuela (orange dots = probable introduced or trade) Colombia (Arauca, Casanare, Guaviare, Meta, Vichada), Venezuela (Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Portuguesa) Introduced: Venezuela (Zulia) IUCN Red List: Least Concern [Not Listed] (1996) TFTSG Draft Red List: Vulnerable (2011) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935:104 Type locality: “Barinas (Staat Zamora), Venezuela.” [= Barinas Prov.]. 217 218 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Regional Species Richness Maps Distribution shapefiles for all taxa in these maps are each shown in red at 80% transparency and stacked; lighest red color = one taxon, darkest red color = > 15 taxa. For composite global species richness map, see p. 17. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 219 220 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 ANNOTATIONS Comments on taxonomic change or other annotations in this checklist and previous checklists are indicated by superscripts. New annotations in each new checklist are simple bold numbers in separate parentheses, e.g.,(35). Earlier annotations from any of the previous checklists are indicated in subsequent checklists by two-part non-bold superscripts in separate parentheses that indicate the year of publication and the annotation number from that year, e.g.,(07:105, 08:25, 14:50). All annotations from previous checklists are now listed at the end of this section in order to facilitate access to these commentaries, and all checklists are available as open-access publications online at www. iucn-tftsg.org/checklist/. CURRENT CHECKLIST 1. Phylocode Classification: Crawford et al. (2015) performed a genome-scale analysis of turtle phylogeny, sequencing 2381 ultraconserved element loci representing a total of 1,718,154 bp of aligned DNA sequences in 32 turtle taxa representing 14 turtle families. Their recovered phylogeny corresponded to well-supported clades that they concluded were consistent with the temporal appearance of clades and paleobiogeography. They recommended the alternative hierarchical Phylocode classification of turtles presented at the beginning of our Checklist. We continue to use our ICZN-compliant Linnaean classification as outlined on the same page. In addition, Pereira et al. (2017) recently used publicly available databases for nucleotide sequences and composed a dataset comprising 13 loci for 294 living species of Testudines, accounting for all living genera and 83% of extant species diversity (as recognized in our checklist); they constructed a Phylocode-based classification scheme somewhat at variance with both Crawford et al. (2015) and our checklist. 2. Macrochelys: Previous molecular studies have demonstrated significant diversity within the long-recognized widespread species Macrochelys temminckii: mtDNA data supported the distinction of three geographic clades, and microsatellite data suggested that six genetic clusters were recognizable (Roman et al. 1999; Echelle et al. 2010). Based on additional mtDNA data, a morphometric (osteological) analysis, and an examination of all available fossil material for the genus, Thomas et al. (2014) demonstrated the existence of three distinct, Recent, geographically separated populations: M. suwanniensis (Suwannee River drainage), M. apalachicolae (Apalachicola River and nearby lesser drainages), and a restricted M. temminckii (Yellow-Conecuh to Mobile Bay to Mississippi to Neches River basins). Independently, Murray et al. (2014) examined morphometric variation in the skull of Macrochelys across most of its range. Their results demonstrated distinct drainage-specific differences in skull morphology, supported the distinction of the Suwannee River turtles, and suggested that “further splitting may eventually be warranted” among the basins west of the Suwannee. Subsequently, Folt and Guyer (2015) reconsidered the published data, critiqued the methods of Thomas et al. (2014), and concluded that the evidence to date supported the distinction of M. suwanniensis, but that M. apalachicolae was not adequately distinguished from M. temminckii (sensu stricto), and thus recommended their synonymization, with which we concur. 3. Macrochelys: Two names for Alligator Snapping Turtles used by Hoser (2013) (Macrochelys temminckii muscati and Macrochelys maxhoseri) in his attempt to name some of these lineages, have been noted by Thomas et al. (2014) to be unavailable for nomenclatural purposes due to technical errors in the descriptions. 4. Names coined by Hoser: Raymond Hoser (2013, 2014a,b, and several other papers) has circumvented conventional standards of scientific analysis and peer-review in his broadly sweeping and extensive new taxonomies and nomenclatures. We regard his actions as confusing and unwarranted acts of nomenclatural disruption under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), and we do not regard the documents circulated under the name Australasian Journal of Herpetology as scientific publications nor as available publications for the purposes of nomenclature (Kaiser et al. 2013; Kaiser 2014; Rhodin et al. 2015). In collaboration with a wide leadership group representing the global herpetological and zoological communities, we have petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to declare and treat Hoser’s works in his self-produced Australasian Journal of Herpetology as nomenclaturally unavailable (Rhodin et al. 2015), and have noted that all new names created therein are nomenclaturally unavailable pending a ruling by the Commission. Hoser’s production has heretofore focused primarily on snakes, but recently he has proposed names for purportedly distinct new taxa of turtles, including American Macrochelys, Australasian Pelochelys, and Australian Chelodina. We consider all these names to be unavailable unless the ICZN rules them to be available. 5. Caretta caretta: Continued examination of intraspecific genetic structure within this species by Shamblin et al. (2014) using mitochondrial gene sequences from samples from 42 nesting rookeries identified 59 different haplotypes. However, the authors made no taxonomic recommendations, and we agree. 6. Eretmochelys imbricata: Gaos et al. (2016) examined mtDNA haplotype diversity among nesting populations of Hawksbills along the eastern Pacific Ocean. Despite the low genetic diversity across their samples, their phylogenetic analysis suggested that Eastern Pacific Hawksbills are more closely related to those from the Indo-Pacific rather than to those in the Atlantic, despite the recent closure of the Panamanian Portal. In addition, despite the low haplotype diversity overall, differences among the four major eastern Pacific rookeries (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Ecuador) led the authors to recommend that these four rookeries should be considered separate management units for conservation purposes. 7. Lepidochelys olivacea: This species was described by Eschscholtz in 1829 in two separate publications (Eschscholtz 1829a, 1829b), the earlier of them in general overlooked until recently (Flores-Villela et al. 2016). Historically, and in our previous checklists, the Zoologischer Atlas (Eschscholtz 1829b) has always been credited as the source for the name Chelonia olivacea, and although we previously listed his other publication from the journal Die Quatember (Eschscholtz 1829a) as the source for two other new names (Chelonia castanea and Chelonia grisea) (TTWG 2014), we assumed that his Zoologischer Atlas had been published first and had nomenclatural priority. However, Flores-Villela et al. (2016) have now shown that the Quatember article was published earlier (January 1829) than the Atlas (after May 1829), and is therefore the original source for the name olivacea. In addition, the relatively overlooked name Chelonia grisea, previously synonymized by others and us under Eretmochelys imbricata, has been shown by Flores-Villela et al. (2016) to more likely represent an anomalous Chelonia mydas, and we follow their suggestion to reassign it as such. 8. Chelonia mydas: Okamoto and Kamezaki (2014) examined plastral coloration and head and shell morphometrics for Chelonia 221 222 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 captured in the Western Pacific off Japan. Their data demonstrated the presence of two distinct phenotypes (“yellow” and “black”) and they argued that the black form represented C. agassizii, and should be recognized as a full species. However, given previous studies (see annotation 07:4), we continue to consider C. agassizii to be a synonym of C. mydas, unless integrated range-wide analyses of morphology, coloration, and genetics conclusively demonstrate significant lineage divergence. Naro-Maciel et al. (2014) examined 15 microsatellite markers across 19 green turtle rookeries across the Atlantic Ocean. These data revealed a strong barrier to dispersal between the northern and southern Atlantic, but not a degree meriting taxonomic changes. 9. Wagler 1830b and 1830c: Gutsche and McCranie (2016) stated that Wagler’s 1830 publication Natürliches System der Amphibien was issued as two separate parts: first the text (Wagler 1830b), and then the plates (Wagler 1830c), although dates for the publication of each were not provided. We and others had always treated these two parts as a single publication, but it appears that they appeared as separate issues. As a result, the name Dermatochelys was established in Wagler 1830b, but the species Dermatochelys porcata first appeared in Wagler 1830c. Similarly, the name Cinosternon hirtipes was only a nomen nudum in Wagler 1830b, but described by association with the figures in Wagler 1830c, as we previously noted in our annotation 09:11. These changes do not affect any taxonomic or nomenclatural considerations. We also note in passing that the description of Testudo boiei Wagler 1830a (= Chelonoidis carbonarius) appears to have preceded these others. 10. Dermochelys coriacea: Using mtDNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite markers, Molfetti et al. (2013) and Dutton et al. (2013) demonstrated considerable genetic structure within Dermochelys coriacea in the Atlantic Ocean basin. Although they advised the recognition of their units for conservation purposes, they made no taxonomic recommendations. 11. Kinosternon: Iverson et al. (2013) sequenced three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers for all recognized species of kinosternid turtles, and their analysis revealed strong support for a monophyletic clade of Sternotherus, a second monophyletic clade of primarily Meso-American taxa that they named Cryptochelys, and a third restricted monophyletic clade of the remaining species formerly included in Kinosternon. However, their support for the non-monophyly of the traditional inclusive genus Kinosternon was weak. Subsequently, Spinks et al. (2014b) sequenced 14 additional nuclear loci for most (but not all) recognized species, and their analysis of the nuclear data alone supported the reciprocal monophyly of Sternotherus and the traditional Kinosternon (sensu lato), but did not support a monophyletic Cryptochelys. Because two independent data sets have produced different conclusions, we retain the alternative generic arrangement from our last edition until new data emerge or new analyses are performed to settle this complicated issue. 12. Kinosternon steindachneri: Bourque (2016) treated this taxon as a distinct species based on morphology, and argued that no morphological or genetic data have been presented to support its continued recognition as a subspecies of K. subrubrum (Iverson 1998; Bourque 2012a, b; Iverson et al. 2013; Spinks et al. 2014; Bourque and Schubert 2015). We concur, and therefore now list K. steindachneri as a distinct species. 13. Kinosternon stejnegeri: Iverson (1979a) synonymized extant K. flavescens stejnegeri Hartweg 1938 with the Pliocene– Pleistocene fossil taxon, K. arizonense Gilmore 1923, based on similar morphology. Considered a subspecies, K. f. arizonense, by Iverson (1979b), it was subsequently recognized as a distinct species based on genetic analysis by Serb et al. (2001). Recently, McCord (2016) examined all available Pliocene material of K. arizonense and compared it with extant specimens, and concluded that the fossil material differs significantly from the extant material and is actually more similar morphologically to K. flavescens (sensu stricto). As a consequence, he restricted the name arizonense to the Pliocene fossils and resurrected the old name stejnegeri for the extant species. This conclusion was also tentatively accepted by Joyce and Bourque (2016), and we follow these recommendations here, accepting the resurrected name K. stejnegeri for the extant species previously known as K. arizonense. 14. Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis: Bourque (2016) elevated this taxon to a full species based on morphological data from living and fossil forms; however, without a range-wide analysis of morphometric and/or molecular data supporting that change, we continue to recognize hippocrepis as a subspecies of K. subrubrum. 15. Sternotherus depressus: Scott and Rissler (2015) reported a 32–56% decline in the historical range of S. depressus, as well as significant unidirectional mtDNA introgression from S. minor peltifer. This hybridization is changing the morphology of S. depressus and severely threatens its continued distinction. 16. Sternotherus minor peltifer: Bourque (2016) argued that this taxon should be recognized as a full species based on previous published phylogenetic analyses using molecular (Iverson et al. 2013) and morphological data (Bourque and Schubert 2015). In addition, Guyer et al. (2016), based on color differences and the mitochondrial DNA study by Walker et al. (1995), also recommended elevating S. m. peltifer to species status. However, Walker et al. (1995) sampled part of only one mitochondrial gene and included no samples from the previously hypothesized area of intergradation along the Gulf Coast (Iverson 1977). Because animals that appear to be morphological intergrades have been described (Iverson 1977), we consider these recommendations premature and continue to recognize peltifer as a subspecies of S. minor. 17. Emydidae: Seidel and Ernst (2017) provided an extensive review of the history and taxonomic status of the phylogeographic relationships of the family and its two subfamilies, but recommended no significant taxonomic changes. 18. Chrysemys picta: Jensen et al. (2014a) examined genetic variation among populations of C. picta at the northwestern range limit in British Columbia (C. p. bellii). Although they documented very little variation in regional mitochondrial sequences, they found two unique mitochondrial haplotypes when compared to previously published range-wide data. In contrast, based on nine microsatellite loci, they identified six distinct local population clusters. They urged that these six geographic units be managed separately, but made no taxonomic recommendations; however, their data did support the continued recognition of C. dorsalis and C. picta as separate species. In addition, Jensen et al. (2015a) examined variation in one mitochondrial and one nuclear gene across the range of the genus. The nuclear gene provided no resolution, but the mitochondrial data demonstrated the reciprocal monophyly of C. dorsalis versus C. picta (sensu stricto), but no clear pattern among the subspecies of the latter. Because the available evidence for the recognition of C. dorsalis as a species vs. subspecies is primarily mitochondrial (see TTWG annotations 07:11 and 10:16), we continue to list two alternatives for its classification. 19. Graptemys: Praschag et al. (2017) examined over 3200 bp of mtDNA sequence data and 7800 bp of nuclear DNA (across 12 loci) for 89 specimens of all recognized taxa of the genus Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 Graptemys. The mtDNA data supported the distinctiveness of G. geographica (sister to all other Graptemys), and the divergence of the broad-headed clade from the narrow-headed clade. Most species in the broad-headed clade were resolved as reciprocally monophyletic, but in the narrow-headed clade only G. caglei and G. versa were well supported as monophyletic. Principal component analyses using coded phased nuclear DNA sequences revealed eight clusters: 1) G. geographica; 2) G. barbouri; 3) G. caglei; 4) G. versa; 5) G. sabinensis; 6) G. ernsti, G. gibbonsi, G. pearlensis, and G. pulchra; 7) G. flavimaculata, G. nigrinoda, and G. oculifera; and 8) G. ouachitensis and G. pseudogeographica. The authors concluded that species recognitions of G. geographica, G. barbouri, G. caglei, G. versa, and G. sabinensis were all well supported, but that the remaining taxa were oversplit. They suggested 1) that G. flavimaculata and G. nigrinoda should be relegated to subspecies of G. oculifera (see also Mertens and Wermuth 1955); 2) that G. ernsti, G. gibbonsi, G. pearlensis, and G. pulchra are conspecific; and 3) that G. ouachitensis should be relegated to a subspecies of G. pseudogeographica. Their results supported the earlier view by Walker and Avise (1998) that Graptemys is taxonomically oversplit, and they made some suggestions for possible changes, but they presented no explicit taxonomic revisions, and we await further clarification before changing the checklist. 20. Graptemys caglei: Ward et al. (2013) examined microsatellite variation across the range of Graptemys caglei in the Guadalupe and San Marcos Rivers of Texas. They found weak but identifiable divergence between populations in the Upper Guadalupe Rive versus those in the Middle Guadalupe and San Marcos Rivers. They made no taxonomic recommendations, but noted that turtles in these two regions also differed in life history, morphology, and coloration. 21. Graptemys ernsti and G. barbouri: Godwin et al. (2014) confirmed the previously unrecognized presence of both Graptemys ernsti and G. barbouri in the Choctawhatchee River basin, and demonstrated hybridization between those two species in that basin. Based on the available evidence they concluded that both species were likely present in that basin prior to human intervention. In a follow-up study, Ennen et al. (2016) examined morphometric, colorimetric, microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA variation in G. ernsti, across the three inhabited basins. They demonstrated no morphometric differences between turtles in two of the basins (no data for the Pea River, a tributary of the Choctawhatchee), weak colorimetric differences between turtles from the Yellow vs. Conecuh/Pea basins, and both microsatellite and mtDNA evidence for the distinction of turtles from the Yellow River vs. those from the other basins. They declined to recognize those populations taxonomically, and hesitated to even recommend their recognition as Evolutionarily Significant Units, and we concur with these conclusions. Although it is now clear that both G. ernsti and G. barbouri are established in the Choctawhatchee River basin, whether either of them is native to that system is still an open question (Godwin et al. 2014; Ennen et al. 2016). 22. Graptemys nigrinoda: Ennen et al. (2014) examined morphometric and colorimetric characters, as well as sequence variation in a single mitochondrial gene, across the range of Graptemys nigrinoda. Morphological variation was primarily clinal, and mitochondrial haplotypes differed by less than 0.3% and were not related to geography. They recommended the synonymy of G. n. delticola with the nominate form, and we have followed their recommendation. 23. Graptemys pseudogeographica: Lindeman et al. (2015) demonstrated that False Map Turtles from the Calcasieu River basin in southwestern Louisiana differ from those in all other basins in having a unique eye color and a variable chin pattern. They made no taxonomic recommendations, but encouraged further range-wide morphological and genetic study of this species in light of these findings. 24. Malaclemys terrapin: Hart et al. (2014) examined 12 nuclear microsatellite loci from 21 populations of Malaclemys terrapin from across the species’ range, and identified four genetic clusters that did not correspond to currently accepted, morphology-based subspecies descriptions. Despite gaps in their coastal sampling along the east coast of Florida and Georgia, and the Gulf Coast of Florida, their recommended management units were Massachusetts (part of the range of M. t. terrapin), New York to South Carolina (most of the range of M. t. terrapin, and part of the range of M. t. centrata), the Florida Keys to Tampa Bay (the range of M. t. rhizophorarum and part of that of M. t. macrospilota), and Louisiana and Texas (the combined ranges of M. t. pileata and M. t. littoralis). In addition, based on 16 microsatellite loci (12 shared by Hart et al. 2014), Drabeck et al. (2014) also found low diversity and an absence of structure among populations of M. terrapin along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas. Both studies questioned the current subspecies designations, but made no explicit taxonomic recommendations, and we agree. More studies with better geographic sampling are clearly needed. 25. Pseudemys concinna: In a generally overlooked publication, Guérin (1829) provided an illustration as indication of a species that he named Emys concinna, preceding the description of Testudo concinna by Le Conte (1830). However, the species figured appears to represent what is now considered Trachemys scripta elegans, described by Wied (1839). Whereas Emys concinna Guérin 1829 is technically a senior homonym of Testudo concinna Le Conte 1830 (later placed in the genus Emys) and precedes the description of Emys elegans Wied 1839, it is also a name and attribution that has never been used since its appearance and we therefore declare it a nomen oblitum, not requiring any change in status or usage of the two subsequently published widely-used and accepted names. 26. Central American Trachemys: The taxonomy of MesoAmerican Trachemys sliders has been a quagmire for decades. Because of the level of disagreement among recent authors concerning this group, with no clear resolution in sight, our last checklist listed as many as three taxonomic options for some taxa. However, in an attempt to settle the confusion, Parham et al. (2015) examined variation in one mitochondrial and one nuclear gene across every named Trachemys taxon from Mexico. Their analysis revealed that the samples of “ornata” from Acapulco used by Fritz et al. (2012) clustered with turtles from the Caribbean versant, and not with confirmed ornata from near its type locality. Hence, the species name ornata should be restricted to the western versant of Mexico, and the name venusta should be restricted to the eastern drainages of Mexico and Central America. Furthermore, they confirmed the finding of Fritz et al. (2012) that grayi is not closely related to venusta, but the sister taxon of emolli. We agree with these insights (although we remain equivocal regarding whether emolli is a distinct species or a subspecies of grayi) and have modified our checklist accordingly. Additionally, Fritz et al. (2012) showed that panamensis is very closely related to grayi, and should be considered a subspecies of that taxon, rather than of venusta, further corroborating the split between western and Caribbean versant taxa; we have now made that change in our checklist. Also, as a consequence of the recognition that ornata is a western versant taxon, callirostris is now considered either a 223 224 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 distinct species or a subspecies of venusta, rather than of ornata, as it was designated in our previous checklist. 27. Trachemys adiutrix or T. dorbigni adiutrix: Using a niche modelling approach, Rodrigues et al. (2016) supported the subspecies status of the Maranhao slider. The invasive potential of the nominotypical subspecies was better explained when the different climatic niches of both taxa were combined, reflecting the common pattern of lack of niche conservatism between subspecies. 28. Trachemys grayi: The species Callichelys concinna Gray 1873a, described from San Mateo, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, has unfortunately been overlooked in all previous checklists, including our own (Siebenrock 1909a; Wermuth and Mertens 1961, 1977; Fritz and Havaš 2007; TTWG 2014). However, Gray (1873f) and Boulenger (1889) synonymized it with T. grayi, and Harfush-Meléndez and Buskirk (2008) noted it in their analysis of the distribution of T. grayi, and we now include it in our checklist. 29. Clemmys guttata: Davy and Murphy (2014) examined variation in 11 nuclear microsatellite loci across Canadian populations of Clemmys guttata. They identified significant genetic structure, with a minimum of six distinct subpopulations, with the most distinctive population being in Hastings County, Ontario. They made no taxonomic recommendations, but strongly urged management and protection of the latter population, which numbers less than 50. An expansion of this study across the entire range of C. guttata would be invaluable. 30. Emys orbicularis orbicularis: The identity of the Pleistocene fossil names Clemmys schlotheimii † Fitzinger 1835 and Trionyx schlotheimii † Fitzinger 1835 has previously been uncertain, and we did not even include T. schlotheimii in our previous checklists. However, Karl and Paust (2014) examined the original fossil material, designated lectotypes of both taxa, and confirmed that both are synonyms of Emys orbicularis. 31. Emys orbicularis orbicularis: The Pleistocene fossil taxon Testudo (Emys) canstadiensis † Plieninger 1847 was included under the synonymy of Testudo hermanni in our previous checklist (TTWG 2014), based on presumed synonymy suggested by Auffenberg (1974); however, the specimen is actually an Emys orbicularis, based on synonymization by Karl and Tichy (2002), and we corrected it in our fossil checklist (TEWG 2015), and herein. 32. Emys orbicularis occidentalis: Based on both mitochondrial DNA sequences and 15 nuclear microsatellite markers, Stuckas et al. (2014) identified two distinct genetic units within Emys orbicularis in North Africa, one from Morocco (identified as E. o. occidentalis) and the other from eastern Algeria and Tunisia (undescribed). The former was found to be very similar to Iberian specimens (identified as E. o. fritzjuergenobsti). The authors declined to name the new taxon for want of morphological data, but synonymized E. o. fritzjuergenobsti under E. o. occidentalis, and we reflect that change here. 33. Emys orbicularis persica: We spell the name of this taxon as Emys orbicularis persica, following Fritz (1998). However, Eichwald (1831:196) recognized three varieties (“var.”) of Emys europaea Schneider 1783: the nominotypical, not named, α by inference, and β and γ, with names given as “ibericae var. β” and “minoris var. γ persicae.” One might therefore assume that the valid names should be Emys europaea persicae and Emys europaea ibericae. However, the names ibericae and persicae are adjectives, referring to the countries of Iberia and Persia, respectively, and as a result, ICZN Article 11.9.2 applies: “An adjectival species-group name proposed in Latin text but written otherwise than in the nominative singular because of the requirements of Latin grammar is available provided that it meets the other requirements of availability, but it is to be corrected to the nominative singular if necessary.” Therefore, persica and iberica are the valid names, and these were subsequently used by Eichwald (1840:47). 34. Emys trinacris: Vamberger et al. (2015) examined mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellite variation (15 markers) in Emys from southern Italy. Their results revealed negligent gene flow between E. orbicularis and E. trinacris, with intergradation evident between E. o. galloitalica and E. o. hellenica. Their data support the continued recognition of E. trinacris as a species, and galloitalica and hellenica as subspecies of E. orbicularis. 35. Emys or Actinemys pallida: Spinks et al. (2014a) examined 89 nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a mitochondrial gene sequence from range-wide samples of Emys or Actinemys marmorata, and compared those results with earlier work (Spinks et al. 2010) using nuclear gene sequence data. The mitochondrial data resolved four poorly supported clades, whereas the previous nuclear sequence data revealed only two main groups with considerable admixture between them. However, the SNP analysis demonstrated strong support for two geographic clusters: a northern group from the southern San Joaquin valley to Washington, and a southern group from the Central Coastal Range of California and southern California to Baja California. These results are remarkably (though not perfectly) consistent with Seeliger’s (1945) morphological work, who described the subspecies pallida for the southern populations. Furthermore, secondary analyses by Spinks et al. (2014a) of the molecular data within each of these two groups recognized two subgroups in the southern cluster, one from the coastal range and southern California, and the other from Baja California. Although populations from Baja were also recognized as morphologically distinct (though undescribed) by Seeliger (1945), Spinks et al. only noted that species recognition may emerge from future studies. Hence, they recommended that the two California lineages be recognized as separate species (rather than subspecies as defined by Seeliger 1945), and we follow that recommendation here. 36. Emys or Emydoidea blandingii: Based on variation across 12 microsatellite loci, Davy et al. (2014) identified four distinct genetic units among populations of Emydoidea blandingii in Ontario, Canada, and suggested that they should be managed separately. Similarly, based on eight microsatellites, Sethuraman et al. (2014) identified moderate but significant differentiation among Midwestern USA populations, with four or five unique genetic clusters, but were unable to explain the close genetic relationship between a population in western Nebraska to those in eastern Illinois, rather than with intervening populations in Iowa. McCluskey et al. (2016) examined variation in seven microsatellites in this species in New York, and identified two or possibly three genetic units there. None of these studies made taxonomic recommendations. Range-wide genetic studies of E. blandingii are clearly needed, as is careful population management of this genetically diverse species. 37. Terrapene carolina complex: These North American box turtles remain the center of considerable taxonomic controversy (see TTWG 2014, annotation 7:27). Based primarily on mtDNA data, Martin et al. (2013) recommended the recognition of the western forms (triunguis, mexicana, and yucatana) as a polytypic species (T. mexicana being the oldest name) separate from the eastern forms (under T. carolina). However, in a brief summary of the turtle taxonomy issues, Fritz and Havas (2013) declined to accept this major change for the genus Terrapene, primarily because of evidence for introgression between the Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 proposed species. Martin et al. (2014) responded with evidence of interspecific hybridization between other well-accepted species pairs, and reaffirmed their conclusion that T. mexicana was a distinct species by the phylogenetic species concept. Fritz and Havas (2014) replied with three lines of evidence as to why they considered it to be premature to recognize T. mexicana as distinct from T. carolina. First, intergradation is common where they are sympatric, and indeed, Butler et al. (2011) demonstrated panmixia (rather than occasional hybridization) in those areas. Second, mexicana was resolved as monophyletic by Martin et al. (2013) with relatively weak support based on mtDNA, and no support when based on a single nuclear gene. Third, previous study of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data (Spinks et al. 2009; seven nuclear loci) did not resolve triunguis as reciprocally monophyletic relative to eastern forms of T. carolina. A recent analysis of 30 nuclear and one mitochondrial loci (Spinks et al. 2016) indicated that while triunguis appears to be monophyletic and distinct, it is nested within a paraphyletic carolina; given the phylogenetic uncertainty surrounding much of this complex and the demonstrated hybridization among taxa, these authors also recommended that the traditional carolina taxonomy (all taxa as subspecies of carolina) be retained pending a comprehensive, genomic-level analysis of all contained taxa. Unfortunately, some authors (e.g., Guyer et al. 2015; Powell et al. 2016) have chosen to recognize the western populations as T. triunguis (rather than T. mexicana), without justification. Since the taxonomic issues here appear relatively unresolved, we continue to recognize the competing alternative taxonomies, pending additional sampling of the nuclear genome. 38. Terrapene carolina carolina: In a nearly range-wide study of variation across eleven microsatellite loci for the subspecies T. c. carolina, Kimble et al. (2014) found surprisingly little genetic structure, except that the Appalachian Mountains represented a modest barrier to gene flow among populations. 39. Platysternon megacephalum: In the present checklist we reallocate the placement of Platysternon megacephalum tristernalis Schleich and Gruber 1984 by moving it from the synonymy of P. m. megacephalum into the synonymy of P. m. peguense. Ernst and Laemmerzahl (2002) originally placed P. m. tristernalis in the synonymy of the nominotypical subspecies, which was followed by Fritz and Havaš (2007) and all previous editions of our checklist. However, Vetter and van Dijk (2006) identified the holotype of tristernalis from southwestern Yunnan as representing peguense, the taxon occurring in adjacent northwestern Laos, and Zheng et al. (2013) identified animals apparently from the tristernalis-topotypic area of southwestern Yunnan as peguense, both morphologically and genetically, and we agree with these assessments. In addition, Ernst and Laemmerzahl (2002) noted that the populations on Hainan appear to be intergrades between P. m. peguense and P. m. shiui, as also reflected on our current map. Using the duplicate control region sequences of the mitochondrial genome of 20 P. megacephalum representing all three subspecies, Zheng et al. (2013) found these morphologically defined taxa to also be genetically distinct, with P. m. megacephalum and P. m. shiui identified as sister taxa. More comprehensive geographic surveys and the application of additional genetic markers to samples from across the species’ entire range should hopefully refine current taxonomy and provide a better understanding of the geographic ranges of the individual taxa. 40. Cuora: Tiedemann et al. (2014) sampled 16 nuclear microsatellite markers across all members of the Cuora trifasciata complex (C. aurocapitata, C. pani, C. zhoui, C. trifasciata, and the controversial Vietnamese C. cyclornata) (see previous annotations on the status of cyclornata Blanck et al. 2006a: TTWG 2007b, 07:36; TTWG 2009, 09:23; TTWG 2012, 12:22). The analyses by Tiedemann et al. (2014) confirmed the genetic distinction of each of these five taxa, and they recommended their recognition at the species level. In addition, their data corroborated the genetic distinction of the two morphotypes within cyclornata that were previously described as C. c. cyclornata and C. c. meieri (Blanck et al. 2006a). Finally, they also corroborated the genetic distinction of two morphotypes within the restricted C. trifasciata, one from the Chinese mainland (C. t. trifasciata according to the authors) and the other an undescribed subspecies from Hainan Island. Independently, Li et al. (2015) sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome of nine species of Cuora; their phylogenetic analysis revealed that C. trifasciata (sensu lato) is polyphyletic, and that Chinese (trifasciata) and Vietnamese (cyclornata) populations are distinctly different. They also recommended the species recognition of C. cyclornata. Given that morphology and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data each support the recognition of C. cyclornata as a species distinct from C. trifasciata, with the former comprising two genetic lineages, we now follow Blanck et al. (2006a) in recognizing C. cyclornata with two subspecies, C. c. cyclornata and C. c. meieri. 41. Cuora amboinensis: In a morphological and colorimetric study of populations of Cuora amboinensis, Ernst et al. (2016) recommended the synonymy of C. a. lineata with C. a. kamaroma, and of C. a. couro with C. a. amboinensis (suggesting that C. a. couro was an intergrade between C. a. kamaroma and C. a. amboinensis). However, their samples of lineata and couro were small, their analyses and conclusions were based primarily on color patterns, and they did not discuss the size of the inguinal scute (apparently diagnostic for at least lineata), nor did they present statistical or graphical results of their morphometric analyses (i.e., separately from color data). Subsequently, Protiva et al. (2016) analyzed shell shape and mitochondrial DNA from C. amboinensis from primarily Borneo, Sumatra, and Seram. They disagreed with the findings of Ernst et al. (2016), and documented morphologic and genetic differentiation between Bornean vs. Sumatran populations, affirming the distinctiveness of C. a. couro from Sumatra and C. a. kamaroma from Borneo. Additionally, they identified a deeply divergent lineage from Seram that they indicated might require taxonomic recognition based on further work and improved sampling. Based on this, we consider the synonymizations by Ernst et al. (2016) to be premature, and await comprehensive genetic studies of C. amboinensis before altering the taxonomy. 42. Cuora aurocapitata, C. cyclornata, and C. trifasciata: Blanck et al. (2017) analyzed variation in these three Cuora species from across their range, using morphometric principal components analysis (PCA) and microsatellite data, comparing their results with previous genetic work by Tiedemann et al. (2014) and Li et al. (2015). They concluded that all three species are polytypic and described a new subspecies within each: C. aurocapitata dabieshani, C. cyclornata annamitica, and C. trifasciata luteocephala. We tentatively accept these named taxa as new subspecies pending further analysis, but note that the described lineages are not completely distinctive and that the mixing of individuals across the clades suggests that this may be too fine an application of the lineage approach to defining taxa. 43. Cuora flavomarginata: The map for this species has been updated and revised extensively by re-evaluating most previously recorded localities. We have also added many localities provided 225 226 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 by T. Blanck based on compilations of Chinese survey literature and field data. 44. Cyclemys atripons and C. oldhamii: Vamberger et al. (2017b) examined a recently discovered Cyclemys population from Phnom Kulen National Park in northwestern Cambodia using external morphology, 17 unlinked microsatellite loci, and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Morphologically, the turtles resemble C. oldhamii, but have mitochondrial haplotypes of C. atripons, while having microsatellite loci distinct from C. atripons. The authors concluded that this population represents either a natural hybrid swarm of C. atripons and C. oldhamii or a distinct undescribed species with introgressed mitochondria of C. atripons, without drawing taxonomic consequences. This underscores that genetic differentiation in Cyclemys is complex and still incompletely understood. 45. Cyclemys pulchristriata: Using a turtle kept in Shanghai Zoo, Li et al. (2017) published a complete mitochondrial genome (mt genome) assigned to Cyclemys pulchristriata and calculated a phylogenetic tree using complete mt genomes of other geoemydid species from GenBank. The topology of their tree conflicted with the trees published by Fritz et al. (2008) and Stuart and Fritz (2008) using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. When the cytochrome b sequences of the mt genomes used by Li et al. (2017) are compared to the data set of Fritz et al. (2008), it turns out that the sequences of ‘C. atripons’ and ‘C. pulchristriata’ used by Li et al. match the C. pulchristriata from the data set of Fritz et al., while the sequence of ‘C. dentata’ used by Li et al. match the C. atripons from the data set of Fritz et al. (Fritz, pers. comm.). The data of Fritz et al. (2008) are considered taxonomically reliable. This underlines the pitfalls of sequencing animals with unclear identification and using uncritical taxonomic identifications of GenBank data. 46. Malayemys species: Brophy (2004) examined morphometric variation in Malayemys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845 (sensu lato) across its known range and concluded that turtles from the Mekong River basin (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam) differed (primarily in color pattern) from those in the Chao Phrya River basin (Thailand), and resurrected the name macrocephala (Gray 1859) for Malayemys from the latter basin. Despite the facts 1) that Schlegel and Müller (1845) reported the type locality of subtrijuga as “Java”, 2) that at least three syntypes are known (RMNH 6082, 6084–6085: Hubrecht 1881; although two others [BMNH 1947.3.4.53 (specimen “m” listed in Boulenger 1889) and MNHN 7964 may also be among the original type series]; King and Burke 1989; Iverson 1992), 3) that field data associated with the RMNH syntypes indicate collection “most probably in the most western province of Bantam [=Bantan]” (Hubrecht 1881), 4) that numerous specimens of this taxon from “Java” were available in the 1800s (in at least eight European Museums; see Specimens Examined in Brophy 2004), 5) that this species has been recorded from at least six localities on Java (Brophy 2002); and 6) that Brophy’s own morphometric analysis (2002: Figs. 30–31; 2004: Figs. 6–7) demonstrated that Javan specimens were distinct from specimens from both the Chao Phrya and Mekong basins (with the latter two samples actually overlapping in morphometric hyperspace), Brophy (2004) argued a) that the type locality of subtrijuga (“Java”) was in error, b) that Malayemys does not occur nor has it occurred on Java, and c) that the holotype must have originated from the Mekong basin. Hence, Brophy (2004) assigned the name subtrijuga to the population of Malayemys inhabiting the Mekong basin (but refrained from restricting the type locality of subtrijuga, citing uncertainty about whether the Javan specimens might be native), and the name macrocephala to the population in the Chao Phrya basin. Furthermore, Brophy (2004) distinguished these two populations primarily on color patterns of the head. More recently, Sumontha et al. (2016) and Ihlow et al (2016) observed that the head pattern in Malayemys from the Mekong tributaries of the Khorat Plateau (northeastern Thailand) and adjacent Laos, differed from that of specimens from elsewhere in the Mekong basin. Based solely on color differences, Sumontha et al. (2016) described a population from the northern Khorat Plateau as Malayemys isan. Nearly simultaneously (but see below), Ihlow et al. (2016) examined color pattern and some morphometrics, as well as mtDNA and nuclear microsatellite variation across three Southeast Asian mainland regions of Malayemys distribution (Chao Phraya basin, Mekong basin, and Khorat Plateau), and concluded that each of these regions has its own distinctive species, based on each of their data sets, and therefore described the form that they recorded from three locations on the Khorat Plateau as M. khoratensis. Two of those locations of M. khoratensis are effectively sympatric with the M. isan population, and color patterns in the two taxa are very similar, suggesting that the two taxa are subjectively synonymous. Although the description of M. isan by Sumontha et al. appeared online first, their paper did not comply with ICZN standards for digital publication, whereas that by Ihlow et al. did (see below); therefore, we conclude that M. isan is a junior subjective synonym of M. khoratensis. Unfortunately, neither of these papers mentioned the possibility of taxonomically recognizing the Javan population as a fourth, distinctive taxon, whose continued occurrence is confirmed by ongoing exports for commercial trade (UNEP-WCMC 2017). If further phylogenetic research demonstrates the Javan population to be taxonomically distinct, the name Emys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845 would apply to that population, as would its later synonyms Cistuda gibbosa Bleeker 1857b, Emys nuchalis Blyth 1863, and Damonia oblonga Gray 1871. Furthermore, Gray 1870c also described Damonia crassiceps from “China”, the locality probably erroneous but possibly representing the Mekong River basin population. Finally, none of these papers have addressed Schweigger’s 1812 name Emys herrmanni, which is considered by most authors a nomen dubium, synonymous with M. subtrijuga. It is problematic that none of these type specimens have been included in any morphometric or genetic analysis to date. For example, if a Javan population does or did exist, and it was found to be distinctive (as Brophy’s morphometric analyses suggested), then the name subtrijuga should be applied there, and the Mekong population might be identifiable as crassiceps. In conclusion, until a more comprehensive analysis of coloration and pattern, morphometrics, and both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA variation among all populations (including Java) is undertaken, with the inclusion of all of the type specimens mentioned above, we cannot be certain which name applies precisely to which population of Malayemys. Finally, the TTWG is not unanimous in its support for the recognition of macrocephala or khoratensis as full species, and whether or not isan is synonymous with or distinct from khoratensis. However, to minimize taxonomic changes as we await further data, we here recognize three species in the genus Malayemys: subtrijuga, macrocephala, and khoratensis. 47. Malayemys khoratensis: In early 2016 a distinctive clade of Snail-eating turtles (Malayemys) from the Khorat Plateau of eastern Thailand was described as a new species with two different names in two separate articles (Ihlow et al. 2016; Sumontha et al. 2016). The name M. khoratensis Ihlow et al. 2016 was published on 6 April 2016, the date when the electronic Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 version of the article, published in the journal PLoS One, met the ICZN Code for nomenclatural availability of electronic articles under article 8.5.3 (ICZN 2012). The name M. isan Sumontha et al. 2016 was published electronically on 26 March 2016 in the journal Taprobanica; however, the Zoobank registration of this article failed to meet the requirements of ICZN article 8.5.3.1, rendering the electronic version unavailable for the purposes of nomenclature. It must instead be considered as published when it first met the requirements of ICZN article 8.4.1, i.e., when numerous identical hard copies printed on paper became available. There is no evidence of the journal Taprobanica 8(1) having been printed prior to 13 April 2016, when copies were requested and were simultaneously sent to the archiving libraries as listed on the journal’s website (Thomson and Lambertz, in press). Therefore, the date of publication of the journal Taprobanica 8(1) and the contained article by Sumontha et al. (2016) is to be corrected to 13 April under ICZN article 21.4, the first date for which there is evidence of its physical existence. As a result, the name Malayemys khoratensis has nomenclatural priority, and Malayemys isan becomes a junior subjective synonym (see above annotation). 48. Damonia crassiceps Gray 1870c: This taxon has been listed under the synonymy of Malayemys subtrijuga by most authors since Smith (1931). However, Sumontha et al. (2016) questioned its identification as representing either this species or genus, based on the description of the drawing of the species as lacking facial stripes, but did not suggest an alternative taxonomy. 49. Mauremys annamensis and M. mutica: Zhao et al. (2016a) sequenced the entire mitochondrial genomes of three specimens of Mauremys mutica without published locality data, but purported to originate from Taiwan, China, and Vietnam or Hainan. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the latter genome was more similar to that of M. annamensis than to the other more northerly mutica genomes, rendering M. mutica paraphyletic. Zhao et al. (2016b) examined variation in the mitochondrial barcode gene COI among larger sample sizes of M. annamensis and M. mutica. They identified reciprocally monophyletic northern (including Taiwan) and southern (Vietnam, Hainan and M. annamensis) clades, but the latter showed no monophyly among the constitutent populations. They speculated that M. annamensis might be of hybrid origin. Furthermore, Zhou et al. (2015) compared the entire mitochondrial genome of samples of eight species of Mauremys, and their results also nested annamensis within mutica, sister to mutica from southern China (near Vietnam). Unfortunately, they included no material from Vietnam, and most of their samples were purchased from the pet trade or food markets. More extensive geographic sampling (including M. m. kami from the Ryukyus) and nuclear analysis will be necessary before any taxonomic changes are warranted. Independently, Somerová et al. (2015) examined variation in a mitochondrial gene and a nuclear intron in European zoo specimens of M. annamensis, and also resolved M. mutica as paraphyletic with respect to annamensis. In addition, their analysis also revealed two distinct, reciprocally monophyletic mitochondrial clades within annamensis, which they recommended be maintained separately in captive breeding operations. Unfortunately, the natural geographic provenance of these two clades was unknown. 50. Mauremys caspica and Mauremys rivulata: Using microsatellite loci and nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences, Vamberger et al. (2017a) showed that the two species hybridize only rarely along their contact zone in Turkey. However, there is evidence for introgression between both species. In addition, they found hybrid evidence on Cyprus and, unexpectedly, terrapin populations in Israel and Jordan turned out to be a hybrid swarm of the two species, morphologically resembling M. rivulata. Ecological paleomodeling suggested that the two species formerly had temporary contact across what is now the Syrian Desert during more humid climatic episodes. 51. Mauremys leprosa: An analysis of variation in two mitochondrial markers and one nuclear gene across the range of Mauremys leprosa by Veríssimo et al. (2016) confirmed two distinct genetic lineages that generally correspond to the two currently recognized subspecies. One is distributed from southern France through Iberia to Morocco, north of the Atlas Mountains (M. leprosa leprosa); the other occurs from northern Libya and Tunisia westward to Morocco, both north and south of the Atlas mountains (M. leprosa saharica); in northern Morocco there is secondary contact between these subspecies. In northeastern Iberia and southern France, some native populations have been genetically impacted by introduced M. l. saharica (Palacios et al. 2015). 52. Mauremys reevesii: The historic native distribution of this species has been difficult to determine accurately, as the species has been traded extensively in China for several thousand years, and has apparently been introduced to Taiwan and Japan in historic times (see the genetic analysis by Suzuki et al. 2011). The populations in Korea may also have been introduced prehistorically, but could represent natural distribution during an interglacial warming period. Our previous distribution map in the last checklist was based on Iverson (1992) and the EmySystem database plus input from the CBFTT account by Lovich et al. (2011). We have now updated and revised this map extensively by re-evaluating most localities and restricting the distribution to areas below approximately 600 m elevation. We have also added more localities provided by T. Blanck (based on compilations of Chinese survey literature and field data) and D. Gaillard. While generally a lowland species, some populations (e.g., in Anhui) appear to occur up to elevations of ca. 500 m in hill regions, but in more southern regions (e.g., Hunan and Jiangxi) the species appears to be limited to lowland areas below 300 m (T. Blanck, unpubl. data). Most northern Chinese localities for M. reevesii appear to be trade specimens from ports and market centers (as also concluded by Pope 1935:46). Many southern and eastern coastal specimens are also trade specimens from coastal ports and markets or possibly locally invasive from markets. However, ancient Chinese writings seem to indicate that this species apparently occurred along the south coast, at least in Guangdong (T. Blanck, unpubl. data). Native wild populations do occur in the Chengdu basin of the upper Yangtze in Sichuan and all along the central Yangtze lowland basin, notably in Anhui, Guizhao, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi. There also appears to be a native population in the Wei Valley of Shaanxi. Other scattered records north of the Yangtze may or may not represent native populations. Further genetic studies of Korean and southern and eastern coastal specimens with comparisons to specimens from the central Yangtze and Sichuan portions of the range are clearly needed. Oh et al. (2017) examined geographic variation in mitochondrial cyt b sequences across the range of M. reevesii. Their results were complicated by the translocation of this species by humans since prehistoric times. They suggested that the two main natural populations in China and Korea were weakly but distinctly divergent genetically; however, introgression as a result of translocations is diluting that difference, precluding any taxonomic recognition. 53. Mauremys rivulata: Vamberger et al. (2014) examined variation in a mitochondrial gene fragment and across 13 227 228 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 microsatellite loci for samples from throughout the range of Mauremys rivulata. The mitochondrial sequence data showed no evident structuring. However, the microsatellite data revealed a distinct genetic break in southern Turkey, separating eastern and western populations. This break is likely to be caused by introgressed alleles from M. caspica in the eastern portion of the distribution range of M. rivulata (Vamberger et al 2017a). Vamberger et al. (2014) attributed the lack of clear substructure among the western populations of M. rivulata to trans-Mediterranean dispersal. 54. Melanochelys trijuga parkeri: This taxon was described as a large-bodied, low-shelled subspecies endemic to Sri Lanka, but recent surveys at all historically recorded localities have encountered mainly the more common and widespread smaller Sri Lankan subspecies M. t. thermalis (A. de Silva, unpubl. data). These two taxa need genetic evaluation to determine if and how they may be distinct, and if distinct, whether they are undergoing introgression and intergradation. 55. Aldabrachelys and Cylindraspis: Based on contemporary Indian Ocean currents, and historic fluctuations in sea levels, Wilmé et al. (2017) proposed that insular Indian Ocean populations of tortoises were the result of introductions by humans approximately 4000 ybp. However, given that previous work dates the colonization of these islands by tortoises at 9.5–22 mybp, and fossils of Aldabrachelys have been dated to at least 138,000 ybp (Cheke and Hume 2008; Gerlach and Paquette 2014; Cheke et al. 2017; Hansen et al. 2017; Hawlitschek et al. 2017), this hypothesis is untenable. 56. Aldabrachelys gigantea and Testudo: Besnard et al. (2016) used shotgun sequencing to elucidate the entire mitochondrial genome of Aldabrachelys gigantea. Phylogenetic analysis of the aligned sequence of this tortoise with the available mitochondrial genomes of twelve other tortoise species generally supported the results of Le et al. (2006), except for the placement of Malacochersus and Testudo horsfieldii. However, the analysis by Besnard et al. suggested a paraphyletic genus Testudo, although with reduced bootstrap support (77–78%). Synthesis of these data with nuclear markers is needed before any taxonomic changes are warranted. 57. Aldabrachelys gigantea: Turnbull et al. (2015) examined variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism among four subpopulations of Aldabra tortoises. They speculated that these differences might have a genetic basis, and recommended population genetic studies. 58. Chelonoidis: The gender of the tortoise genus name Chelonoidis Fitzinger (1835) has long been assumed to be feminine (e.g., Agassiz 1857) because its root is the feminine Greek noun Chelone (not Chelonos as assumed by Olson and David [2014]), and the Latinized suffix -oides (from the Greek -eides, meaning form or shape [or “like” in English]). However, according to the ICZN (Article 30.1.4.4) genus names ending in -oides must be considered masculine unless the original author indicated gender directly or indirectly (i.e., by usage). Because Fitzinger gave no direct indication or orthography indicating that he considered the name Chelonoidis to be feminine (or neuter), Olson and David (2014) argued that it should be considered masculine. However, Fitzinger did provide indirect evidence that he considered the genus name masculine, by his clear rendition of other reptile genera he described as masculine (e.g., Dracontoidis and Elapoidis). In either case, the conclusion is the same—that a strict application of the Code would render Chelonoidis masculine, and require the emendation of the suffix of many of the species currently recognized within that genus. The name vicina is treated as a noun in apposition (Art. 31.2.2) and thus is unaffected by the gender of the genus name. While the conversions to carbonarius, denticulatus, niger, and phantasticus imply disruption to a few well-established and widely-used names, they should not lead to any significant confusion, and in the interest of Code compliance, we adopt these changed endings. 59. Chelonoidis chilensis: Sánchez et al. (2015) examined variation in the karyotype of Chelonoidis chilensis across its range. They identified two karyomorphs, one from tortoises in the Dry Chaco Ecoregion, and one from the Monte of Steppes and Plains Ecoregion. However, these karyomorphs were independent of the external morphotypes of donosobarrosi, petersi, or chilensis, and therefore they followed Fritz et al. (2012a) in recognizing only a single species (C. chilensis) in this complex. 60. Chelonoidis niger complex: Molecular studies of Galápagos tortoises have surged over the last several years, although most of the work has been more directed at population genetics than establishing species boundaries and their taxonomic implications. The general working assumption is that separate island populations previously recognized as subspecies of Chelonoidis niger [= C. nigra] (or synonyms thereof) are now accepted as species (e.g., Caccone et al. 2002; Russello et al. 2005, 2007; Poulakakis et al. 2008, 2012, 2015; Chiari et al. 2009; TTWG 2009 [annotation 09:32], 2014; Edwards et al. 2014; Garrick et al. 2014), and we continue to recognize them as such, now also resurrecting the three previously synonymized southern Isabela taxa (guntheri, microphyes, and vandenburghi) from their synonymy under C. vicina. However, Loire et al. (2013) examined the population genomics of five Galápagos tortoise taxa (purportedly representing three named island populations) based on 248 nuclear genes. Their results suggested panmixis across their samples, with little genetic differentiation, and they questioned the species-level recognition of the various island taxa. Expansion of this study to include Galápagos-wide sampling would clearly be helpful in settling some of the taxonomic issues facing these tortoises. Edwards et al. (2014) examined 14 microsatellite loci for tortoises from southern Isabela from the ranges of C. vicina and C. guntheri (the latter was synonymized with the former based on mtDNA data in Poulakakis et al. 2012). Not only did they find support for the distinction of those two taxa, but they also identified a third, unnamed, geographically intermediate genetic cluster they referred to as the “aplastados” [flattened] type. Although they made no taxonomic recommendations, and an expansion of this study to include other Isabela populations is needed, these data warrant our removal of C. guntheri from the synonymy of G. vicina, with full species recognition. Simultaneously, based on 12 microsatellite loci and mtDNA sequence data, Garrick et al. (2014; see also Emerson and Faria 2014) identified two distinct but coalescing genetic lineages within C. becki on northern Isabela that appear to represent two different colonizations from Santiago (C. darwini). They also found some evidence of introgression of C. vandenburghi into the genome of C. becki. Hence, they concluded that “species boundaries in the group may be somewhat porous,” and questioned the species-level status of C. darwini relative to C. becki. Clearly, the evolutionary history of colonizations and divergences by tortoises in the Galápagos has been very complex, and much more reticulate than previously realized. Sorting out this history is an on-going challenge. However, as we noted in a previous checklist (TTWG annotation 12:31), genotyping of the many type specimens of named Galápagos tortoises is desperately needed, so that the correct names may be applied to all genetic lineages. Until those data are available, confusion Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 and nomenclatural uncertainty will no doubt continue, such as some authors’ use of elephantopus instead of niger or nigra (see TTWG annotation 09:33), and ephippium instead of duncanensis (e.g., Poulakakis et al. 2012; Jensen et al. 2015b; Hennessy 2015). 61. Chelonoidis donfaustoi: Chiari et al. (2009) and Poulakakis et al. (2015) analyzed mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite characters in the two giant tortoise populations on Santa Cruz (Reserva and Cerro Fatal). Both studies found the populations to be genetically different and Poulakakis et al. (2015) demonstrated that the Reserva population represented the previously described C. porteri, and that the Cerro Fatal population was distinct and most similar to C. chathamensis from San Cristóbal. Despite minimal morphological differences from C. porteri, and that the holotype of C. porteri is a hybrid with Reserva nuclear DNA and Cerro Fatal mtDNA, they described the Cerro Fatal population as a new species, and we tentatively agree. 62. Chelonoidis niger: Olson (2015) investigated the history of some early names applied to Galapagos tortoises. He concluded that the provenance of the single type specimen (MNHNP 9550) of both Testudo californiana Quoy and Gaimard 1824a and Testudo niger Quoy and Gaimard 1824b (= Chelonoidis niger) was “extremely unlikely” to be determined based on historical information, and hence the names should be considered nomina dubia and their use abandoned. Olson also concluded that one of the two syntypes of Testudo nigrita Duméril and Bibron 1835, designated the lectotype by Günther (1875a:268), was apparently lost, and since the paralectotype (MNHNP 9313) is a juvenile, he also recommended treating that name as a nomen dubium. In addition, Olson and Humphrey (2017) investigated the origin of the type specimen of Testudo elephantopus Harlan 1827, and concluded that it may have come from Charles Island (Floreana), and suggested that the name elephantopus therefore replace the name Testudo niger Quoy and Gaimard 1824b, currently used for that island’s species. However, genetic analysis of the types currently in progress will hopefully demonstrate their geographic origins satisfactorily, and the allegedly lost lectotype of nigrita (BMNH 1949.1.4.37) actually remains extant at the British Museum (P. Campbell, in litt., 2017). We therefore consider all these recommendations by Olson (2015) and Olson and Humphrey (2017) as premature and unnecessary at this time. 63. Chelonoidis phantasticus: In our previous checklists we indicated that this species was Extinct, based on that supposition by Pritchard (1996), but its formal conservation status has not previously been assessed using IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2001). This has now been done by the TFTSG using updated Red Listing guidelines in regard to determining whether a species is actually Extinct or not (IUCN 2016). Although only a single individual of this species has ever been collected (in 1906), sightings and signs from 1964, 2009, and 2013 suggest that a few individual tortoises may remain extant in the exceedingly fragmented and hard-to-access landscape of Fernandina, most of which is covered by uninhabitable lava flows (A. Rhodin, L. Cayot, J. Gibbs, R. Kiester, and W. Tapia, in press). As such, the TFTSG now determines this species to be Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) and has submitted that assessment to the IUCN Red List for publication. 64. Chersobius, Homopus, and Psammobates: Based on three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, Hofmeyr et al. (2016) resolved a paraphyletic Homopus with respect to Chersina, and resurrected the genus Chersobius for the five-toed species (signatus, boulengeri, and solus) formerly in the genus Homopus, and restricted the genus Homopus to the four-toed species (areolatus and femoralis). We have tentatively accepted those changes here. The authors also noted strong support (Hofmeyr and Daniels, in prep.) for deep genetic divergence among the currently recognized subspecies of Psammobates tentorius, suggesting that they deserved species status. They also indicated the presence of phylogeographic structure within Chersina angulata and Homopus signatus, suggesting possible future taxonomic changes in those taxa. We await these forthcoming publications before making any further changes to the checklist. 65. Geochelone elegans: Schweigger (1812:325) described Testudo stellata based on the same specimens and plate previously described and figured by Schoepff (1795:111) as Testudo elegans. However, Schweigger coined the new name stellata as a nomen novum because Schoepff had based his description of elegans partly on a Seba (1734) specimen (pl. 79, fig. 3) that Schweigger (1812:325) concluded had been incorrectly identified, and he instead synonymized that figure under Testudo rotunda Latreille. Schweigger therefore coined a new name for Schoepff’s species, renaming it stellata and stating: “Habitat in India orientali. (Schoepf. sub falso nomine: test. elegans Seb.)”. However, the description of T. elegans by Schoepff was nomenclaturally available, and therefore T. stellata Schweigger has the same type specimens as T. elegans, according to Article 72(e) of the ICZN Code, and thus becomes its objective junior synonym. 66. Date of Publication of Blyth 1854 [“1853”]: The date of publication of this article in issue number 7 of volume 22 of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal has historically been listed as 1853, the printed date on its page-headers. However, a note in the Proceedings published in the same issue 7 on p. 684 is dated 4 January 1854, indicating that the issue was actually not published until 1854, consistent also with the imprint date of 1854 on the bound volume of all 7 issues of volume 22. This change of date affects the following taxa: Testudo phayrei [= Manouria emys phayrei], Testudo elongata [= Indotestudo elongata], Testudo megalopus [= Geochelone elegans], Testudo iberia [= Testudo graeca ibera], and Homopus burnesii [= Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii]. 67. Gopherus: In the recent book on the biology of North American tortoises (edited by Rostal et al. 2014), Bramble and Hutchison (2014) reviewed and augmented the previous morphological data for the five known living species at that time, as well as the fossil forms, and concluded that the available evidence (including molecular data) supported the reciprocal monophyly of Xerobates, including agassizii, berlandieri, and morafkai, and Gopherus (sensu stricto), including flavomarginatus and polyphemus. They recommended recognition of Xerobates and Gopherus as sister genera. In the same volume, Murphy (2014) provided a critical review of the systematics of the broad genus Gopherus and its members, and also concluded that flavomarginatus and polyphemus are sister taxa, and that berlandieri is sister to the agassizii group (including morafkai; see also Reid et al. 2011, not cited in Rostal et al. 2014). However, he made no recommendation about the use of Xerobates, and included all species in the broader genus Gopherus, as most authors since Crumly (1994) have done. Although most of the other authors of chapters in this book used the genus Gopherus (sensu lato), in his review of fossils, Franz (2014) recognized Xerobates and Gopherus. As noted by Murphy (2014), broad nuclear sampling is needed to resolve definitively the relationships within this species group. Until such time, and considering that the name Gopherus could still apply to all currently included species even if the two identified clades are reciprocally monophyletic, we retain Gopherus as the sole genus name. 229 230 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 68. Gopherus evgoodei: The genetic distinctiveness of the southern Sonoran / northern Sinaloan population of Desert Tortoises has long been recognized (reviews in Edwards et al. 2015a,b, 2016), and has now been formally described as a new species by Edwards et al. (2016). 69. Indotestudo forstenii: The type specimen of I. forstenii was recorded by Schlegel and Müller (1845) as having been collected by Forsten on “Gilolo, Indischen Archipel” (now Halmahera, Indonesia). However, no further specimens of I. forstenii have ever been recorded or found anywhere on that island since that time (D. Iskandar, A. Riyanto, pers. comm.), and the species does not appear to occur on Halmahera or its adjacent islands. The collector, Eltio Alegondas Forsten, spent a few months in 1841 collecting botanical and zoological specimens on Ternate island just off the west coast of Halmahera, where his collectors also obtained some material from mainland Halmahera. However, he also made extensive collections later in 1841–1842 on northern Sulawesi, while headquartered at Gorontalo (http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/FMCollectors/F/ForstenEA.htm), where I. forstenii does occur. We hypothesize that the type specimen was therefore probably obtained by Forsten near Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia, and that it was then mislabeled as to its exact origin, or possibly that it was acquired from Ternate or Halmahera as a regionally traded specimen originating from Sulawesi. We no longer consider Halmahera to be part of the natural range of I. forstenii, and hereby formally restrict its type locality to “near Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia”. 70. Testudo: Based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological traits for twelve fossil and the five extant species in the genus Testudo (sensu lato), Luján et al. (2016) recognized three monophyletic subgenera: Chersine for hermanni, Agrionemys for horsfieldii, and Testudo for graeca, marginata, and kleinmanni. Additionally, Vasilyev et al. (2014) studied variation in the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene and three RAPD markers among individuals of a number of species of Testudo (sensu lato). Although graeca, marginata, kleinmanni (including synonymous werneri), and horsfieldii were resolved as monophyletic in the mtDNA analysis, hermanni was not; however, the RAPD analysis resolved each of those taxa as monophyletic. Support for the recognition of three monophyletic clades (corresponding to Chersine, Agrionemys, and Testudo [sensu stricto]) was ambiguous, with no support from the mtDNA, and only weak support from the RAPD data. Based on the combination of morphology of extant and fossil species and acknowledging the results of molecular genetics studies of Testudo by others, Luján et al. (2016) recommended that Chersine and Agrionemys (as well as the fossil Paleotestudo) be recognized as valid subgenera of Testudo (sensu lato). We now adopt that recommendation here, discontinuing our previous listing of alternative generic designations. 71. Testudo (Testudo) graeca: In a paper previously not recorded in our checklist, Türkozan et al. (2010) analyzed morphometric variation in a large sampling of Testudo graeca from throughout Turkey. They determined that the putative subspecies anamurensis and antakyensis are not distinct from each other or from terrestris (and therefore synonymized under terrestris), and that armeniaca and perses are distinct. Further, they noted that the populations from northern and southern Turkey, possibly corresponding to the ibera and terrestris mtDNA clades, respectively, also appeared to be morphometrically distinct. They made no taxonomic recommendations other than maintaining a conservative approach pending additional morphologic and genetic assessment of more material from both within and outside Turkey. Our checklist has reflected these conclusions for many years, although we have listed perses as a synonym under the distinct taxon buxtoni since 2007, a placement reconfirmed by Parham et al. (2012) (see TTWG annotations 07:73 and 12:36). Our current updated map with its subspecies delineations has benefitted from review and input by Oguz Türkozan and Peter Mikulíček. Notably, unpublished mtDNA genetic work in progress by Türkozan and colleagues now appears to confirm the earlier impression that ibera and terrestris represent well-separated northern and southern populations of T. graeca. Their distribution patterns reflect clear separation by the so-called Anatolian Diagonal, with only a few areas of intergradation in southwestern Turkey. Additionally, buxtoni appears to intergrade slightly with terrestris in the southeastern corner of Turkey. Using the cyt b gene, Javanbakht et al. (2017) examined the phylogeography of the subspecies of T. graeca in Iran and Transcaucasia and refined the knowledge of their distribution. Based on species distribution models, they showed that the distribution ranges changed little since the Last Glacial Maximum. Using three mitochondrial DNA fragments (cyt b, 12S, ND4 plus adjacent DNA coding for tRNAs), Graciá et al. (2017a) studied differentiation of the Testudo graeca complex. According to fossil-calibrated molecular clock calculations, they inferred a dual diversification burst. The eastern subspecies, including the last common ancestor of the North African taxa, radiated in the Mio-Pliocene, whereas a second radiation in North Africa took place during the Pleistocene. Based on a Libyan tortoise of unknown exact provenance, a new North African lineage was discovered. The recent introduction of most Western European populations was confirmed, with the exception of populations in southeastern Spain, which are older. 72. Testudo (Testudo) graeca and Testudo floweri: Meiri et al. (2011) examined body size variation in Testudo graeca across the Levant, and demonstrated that these tortoises follow Bergmann’s Rule, with the smallest tortoises found at the southern end of the range in the Negev Desert. The small Negev tortoises had earlier been decribed as T. floweri by Bodenheimer (1935), and these authors agreed that this taxon is synonymous with T. graeca. Werner et al. (2016) then expanded that analysis to include all T. graeca (sensu lato; see TTWG 2014) from Morocco to Iran. They also found a general correlation of body size with latitude. However, their analyses of sexual size dimorphism demonstrated that it seems to scale differently among tortoises in Anatolia versus the Levant, and concluded that this might suggest that those two populations might deserve consideration as “separate entities” (presumably with taxonomic consequences). 73. Testudo (Testudo) kleinmanni: Based on morphological differences between Testudo kleinmanni on opposites sides of the Nile River, Perälä (2001) described the eastern population as T. werneri. Subsequent studies (see TTWG 2007, annotation 07:74) did not support this distinction and werneri was synonymized with kleinmanni. However, Werner (2016) has re-emphasized the apparent morphological differences between the populations and has claimed that some tortoises from west of the Nile have been translocated to the east to northern Sinai, potentially confounding the recent studies. Therefore, he suggested that werneri should be recognized as a distinct subspecies. Until further genetic work tests this scenario, we continue to retain werneri in synonymy. 74. Testudo (Chersine) hermanni: Based on an analysis of 17 nuclear microsatellite loci and broad geographic sampling, Zenboudjii et al. (2016) identified three major genetic clusters within Testudo hermanni hermanni: one continental (Spain, France and Italy), one insular (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily), and one an island supporting two clusters (Menorca). There is Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 still debate as to which populations are autochthonous and which are the result of human introductions (or reintroductions). Perez et al. (2014; see also TTWG 2014 comment 07:36), based on mtDNA and microsatellites, concluded that the Spanish, Corsican, and Sardinian populations were likely introduced from Sicily by humans. However, although Zenboudji et al. (2016) agreed that the contemporary population on Sardinia is the result of introductions from Sicily following an earlier extirpation on Sardinia, they argued that the Corsican population is natural and genetically distinct. They also concluded that the population in northeastern Spain (Albera) is also a relict, natural population. Menorca supports two distinct genetic populations. The one in the west is closely related to mainland populations, and hence is likely an introduction from a now extirpated mainland source. The eastern population is more distinct, but more closely related to the other insular populations, but whether this represents an ancient autochthonous divergence or an ancient human introduction of a lineage of unknown provenance could not be determined. Zenboudji et al. (2016) also noted a number of examples of mismatched genotypes in several populations, representing introduced individuals (and their offspring) from other populations. Finally, they recommended that six populations be considered genetic management units for conservation purposes: 1) Albera (Spain) + western Menorca; 2) France (Var); 3) Italy; 4) Sardinia + Sicily; 5) Corsica; and 6) eastern Menorca. 75. Cyclanorbis senegalensis: Based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data, Mazuch et al. (2016) reported the presence of C. senegalensis in western Ethiopia for the first time, and also found significant genetic divergence between western (Togo and Benin) and eastern (Ethiopia) populations. They called for further phylogeographic study, but made no taxonomic recommendations. 76. Amyda cartilaginea or A. ornata: Fritz et al. (2104a) examined variation in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and color patterns across the range of Amyda cartilaginea (sensu lato). Their mtDNA tree was not highly resolved; however, because of the concordance of the identified clades with color pattern and geography (paleodrainages), the authors recognized two named species with four named subspecies within what was previously recognized as A. cartilaginea. They restricted A. cartilaginea (sensu stricto) to the southern portion of the Greater Sundas, with the nominate subspecies in southern Borneo and Java, and a new subspecies, maculosa, in the northern portion of the Greater Sundas (northwestern Borneo and southern Sumatra). Populations of A. cartilaginea (sensu lato) in northern Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia were not assessed or assigned to subspecies. They also identified, but did not describe, a potential candidate species from northeastern Borneo. They resurrected the older name ornata (Gray 1861) for the Southeast Asian mainland species, with the nominate subspecies confined to the Mekong basin, and resurrected the name phayrei (Theobald 1868) for the subspecies in Thailand and Myanmar. They also identified, but did not describe, a third possible subspecies from Bangladesh. Regrettably, no specimens from southern Myanmar, southern peninsular Thailand, or Peninsular Malaysia were included. In view of the relatively weak resolution of their named mtDNA clades, but reasonable concordance of those clades with paleogeographic drainage basins and color patterns, we list their proposed taxonomic changes provisionally, pending additional geographic sampling and further genetic and morphologic work. 77. Apalone mutica calvata: In a guide to Alabama turtles, Guyer et al. (2015) elevated Apalone mutica calvata to a full species based on its distinctive color pattern, its geographic isolation, and the mtDNA data (part of only one gene) presented by Weisrock and Janzen (2000). Powell et al. (2016) followed their recommendation. However, because of the small sample size and small DNA fragment available to Weisrock and Janzen (2000) and incomplete sampling in the presumed area of overlap in southeastern Louisiana, we consider this change premature, and continue to recognize calvata as a subspecies of A. mutica. 78. Nilssonia and N. nigricans: Based on mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (mtCOI) barcode sequences, Kundu et al. (2016) provided a phylogenetic analysis of the Asian softshell turtles allied with the genus Nilssonia. Their results confirmed the presence of N. nigricans in the wild in Assam, India, as well as provided additional support for the synonymy of Aspideretes with Nilssonia (see also TTWG 2011, annotation 11:15). 79. Pelochelys cantorii: Hoser (2014a) coined a new subgeneric and two new species names for two purported varieties of Pelochelys cantorii. Since the ICZN has been petitioned by Rhodin et al. (2015) (see Annotation 4) to declare these and other Hoser names unavailable under the Code (Article 82.1), we maintain prevailing usage and do not recognize these names. 80. Pelodiscus sinensis and P. maackii: Suzuki and Hikida (2014) examined mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data from specimens of Pelodiscus across Japan and compared them with previously published data from Fritz et al. (2010b) from across the wider species range. They identified two lineages from Japan, corresponding to the previously recognized P. sinensis and P. maackii. The latter was widely distributed in Japan, whereas the former had only a sporadic distribution, leading the authors to conclude that maackii was native to Japan and sinensis was introduced. They also noted that if future nuclear DNA data supported this scenario, the older name japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel 1838) could be available for the lineage currently recognized as maackii (Brandt 1857). 81. Pelodiscus sinensis: The publication date of F.J.F. Meyen’s Reise um die Erde, in which Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis (= Pelodiscus sinensis) was first described by A.F.A. Wiegmann, has been a source of controversy. Although frequently cited as appearing in 1835, Bauer and Adler (2001) in a previously overlooked publication determined that the description of sinensis first appeared in print in 1834, and we have now corrected that date here. 82. Pelodiscus sinensis: As clarified by Adler (2016), the name Trionyx tuberculatus was first used by Cantor (1842a), but without a description or indication, and thus a nomen nudum; then subsequently formally and validly described a few months later (Cantor 1842b). 83. Rafetus euphraticus: We note that in the original description of Testudo euphratica published by Daudin (1801) that he specifically credited Olivier with providing him with the description of the new species. We therefore amend the authorship of the original name to Testudo euphratica Olivier in Daudin 1801. 84. Rafetus euphraticus: Ihlow et al. (2014) examined variation in two mitochondrial genome fragments across nearly the entire range of the species, and found no significant genetic variation. 85. Rafetus swinhoei: Le et al. (2014) analyzed sequence data from two mitochondrial loci and one nuclear gene from all known populations of Rafetus swinhoei in China and Vietnam. Their results demonstrated minimal divergence among populations, and warranted no taxonomic changes. Despite the long history in China of human use and transport of turtles, the authors cautioned against speculation that the Chinese distribution is unnatural. 86. Chelidae: A few recent authors have followed Storr (1978) in using the family name Cheluidae (Michael and Lindermeyer 2010; Wilson and Swann 2013), a grammatically correct derivation from the Greek type genus Chelus, genitive singular Cheluos. 231 232 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 However, the spelling Chelidae has been in prevailing usage globally since Lindholm (1929) and most authors continue to use it. Under ICZN Article 29.5, the original spelling of a family-level name is to be maintained when it is in prevailing usage, whether or not its derivation from the name of the type genus is in accordance with grammatical procedures. We therefore regard the name Cheluidae as an unjustified emendation, given the long-standing prevalence of Chelidae in the literature, and we strongly recommend and concur with the continued usage of Chelidae. 87. Acanthochelys radiolata: Garbin et al. (2016) examined morphological variation in Acanthochelys radiolata across its range. Although they described significant variation in this species (especially in color and shape), they could identify no geographic pattern to this variation and concluded that A. radiolata is a single, highly variable species. In addition, they considered records from Mato Grosso and Sao Paulo States to be in error. 88. Chelus fimbriata: Zug (1977) clarified that the genus name for the matamata is Chelus, not Chelys, as originally proposed by Dumeril (1805:76). Most authors since then have treated the generic name as feminine, rendering the species name as Chelus fimbriata. However, Ferreira et al. (2016), following the recommendation of Vlachos (cited as a pers. comm., but also discussed in Vlachos 2015), argued that the genus name Chelus is actually masculine (and the species name therefore Chelus fimbriatus) because it was supposedly based on Latinization of the classical Greek feminine word χέλυς, and according to ICZN (1999) Art. 30.1.3, a Latinized suffix should take the gender of the Latin suffix. However, according to Appendix B of the 1961 and 1985 ICZN Codes, as well as Art. 30.1.2 and 30.1.3 of the 1999 Code, there is a distinction between transcription or transliteration vs. Latinization of a Greek word. Specifically, for the Greek letter upsilon (υ), its Latin equivalent (i.e., transliteration) is ‘u’, whereas the Latinized version is ‘y’ (ICZN 1985, App. B). Hence, the name Chelus is considered a transliteration, not a Latinization, of χέλυς, whereas Chelys is considered a Latinization. Unfortunately, Vlachos (2015) transposed the terms “transliteration” and “Latinization” in his Table 1—he rightly used “Latinized form” to name his column L (where he gives “y” as the Latinized form of upsilon), but used “transliteration” for it in the caption, causing considerable confusion. Chelus and Chelys should not be considered homonyms (1999: Art. 56.2; 1985: Art. 56.b), and in accordance with ICZN 1999 Art. 30.1.2 (1985: Art. 30a), the gender of both Chelus and Chelys is feminine. The correct species name is therefore Chelus fimbriata, as it has been rendered for several decades, and we continue to use it as such. 89. Mesoclemmys raniceps: Rivas et al. (2015) discussed the alleged distribution of this species in Venezuela, concluding that of the three specimens recorded from there, two were misidentified, and one (the type specimen of Hydraspis maculata), was misidentified and incorrectly restricted to Venezuela. Hence, we delete Venezuela from the range of M. raniceps, and synonymize H. maculata under M. raniceps instead of under M. nasutus where it was previously placed. 90. Phrynops geoffroanus and P. tuberosus: In a previous checklist (TTWG 2010, Annotation 10:44), we noted that the distribution and taxonomy of these two taxa remained highly problematic and subject to differing opinions as to their extent and inter-relationships, and in our last checklist (TTWG 2014) we provided coarse and uncritical distribution maps for them. In this checklist we now present new revised distributional maps that document most known localities of these taxa, sourced from a combination of the EmySystem database (with several corrections), recently published literature, and previous research on many collected specimens by Rhodin and Mittermeier during their work on the P. geoffroanus complex (Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983; unpubl. data). Morphological analysis at that time indicated the presence of several apparently allopatric and differentiated populations of P. geoffroanus corresponding to various level 3 and 4 hydroshed basins, with several areas of close parapatry and possible intergradation. We now depict these distributional patterns in our revised maps, showing the distributional limits of the two taxa to delineate the hydroshed-restricted extent of their mostly separate populations, and showing the various subpopulations of P. geoffroanus. Many of these differentiated populations have now also been preliminarily substantiated as genetically distinct lineages by Carvalho et al. (2016). We anticipate that the P. geoffroanus complex will eventually be recognized as a polytypic species complex with several distinct lineages, notably the southeastern Brazilian coastal, the Rio São Francisco basin, the Rio Paraná basin, the lower Amazon basin, the Colombian, and the Peruvian-Bolivian populations. 91. Platemys platycephala melanonota: Mendes-Pinto et al. (2011) reported the collection of a Platemys platycephala in southwestern Pará, Brazil, that was diagnosable as the subspecies P. p. melanonota. This record lies nearly 2000 km from the known range of melanonota, well within the known range of the nominate subspecies, and calls into question the validity of the subspecies melanonota which was described based primarily on color patterns. A re-evaluation of geographic variation and genetics in this species is needed. 92. Chelodina (Chelodina) longicollis: Hodges et al. (2015) studied mitochondrial phylogeography of Chelodina longicollis, a highly terrestrially mobile freshwater species, to determine if its population genetic structure would correspond to hydrological boundaries or not. They found two ancient haplogroups broadly with east-west partitioning across the Great Dividing Range, but made no taxonomic recommendations. Each haplogroup was characterized by complex genetic structure, demographically stable subpopulations, and signals of isolation by distance; but the patterns were also overlaid with signatures of introgression and recent gene flow, likely facilitated by late Pleistocene and ongoing anthropogenic landscape changes. 93. Chelodina (Macrochelodina) expansa: Hodges et al. (2014) carried out a phylogeographic study of Chelodina expansa based on mitochondrial gene variation to identify two major clades of mitochondrial haplotypes. The first comprised populations from the inland Murray-Darling Basin and the Mary River in southeast Queensland; the second comprised populations from coastal catchments north of the Mary River. They did not regard it as appropriate to provide taxonomic recognition for these populations east and west of the Great Dividing Range (as previously proposed for other similarly distributed taxa by Cann 1998), because the mitochondrial analysis demonstrated that the morphological variation observed was not concordant with the spatial population structure defined by the molecular data (views subsequently discussed further by Spinks et al. 2015). Nevertheless, Hoser (2014b) inappropriately applied novel names to two of the mitochondrial clades identified by Hodges et al. (2014). However, since the ICZN has been petitioned by Rhodin et al. (2015) (see Annotation 4 on Hoser) to declare these and other Hoser names unavailable under the Code (Article 82.1), we maintain prevailing usage and do not use his names. 94. Chelodina (Macrochelodina) kuchlingi and C. walloyarrina: Both of these purported taxa remain enigmatic and poorly known, with their apparent distinctiveness incompletely evaluated, and we remain uncertain whether they are indeed valid Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 and recognizable taxa (as either species or subspecies), or poorly differentiated lineages of C. oblonga (formerly C. rugosa) and C. burrungandjii, respectively, or possibly their hybrid intergrades. Ellis and Georges (2015), in their catalogue of turtle type specimens held at the Western Australian Museum, synonymized C. kuchlingi under C. oblonga and C. walloyarrina under C. burrungandjii, following the earlier recommendation by Georges and Thomson (2010), but their action was not based on new data or analysis. However, we note that prior to the description of Chelodina walloyarrina from the Kimberleys by McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b), and not addressed in our earlier comment (TTWG 2010, annotation 10:38), is that Thomson et al. (2000) noted morphological differences between Kimberley specimens (= C. walloyarrina) and C. burrungandjii from Arnhem Land, while Georges et al. (2002) compared the still undescribed Kimberley form and C. burrungandjii from Arnhem Land species using allozyme data (45 independent nuclear loci), which showed no fixed differences between these populations. As we noted in our prior checklist (TTWG 2014, annotation 14:42), further analysis of the phylogeographic relationships among all these lineages is still in progress by Kuchling, Georges, and others, and based on our precautionary principles in regard to data-driven analysis in the recognition and protection of biodiversity, we remain reluctant to formally synonymize these taxa until more conclusive genetic and morphologic data emerge. 95. Elseya: Thomson et al. (2015) divided the broad genus Elseya into three subgenera based on genetics and skeletal morphology: Elseya (Elseya), Elseya (Hanwarachelys), and Elseya (Pelocomastes). 96. Elseya flaviventralis: Allopatric populations of the Elseya dentata group from the Arnhem Land region of Northern Australia were first suggested to be unique by Legler (1981) based on morphology. Subsequent allozyme electrophoretic analyses by Georges and Adams (1992, 1996) and morphological work by several authors (reviewed in Thomson and Georges 2016) supported the distinction of these populations at the species level, and Thomson and Georges (2016) formally described this species as Elseya (Elseya) flaviventralis, which we accept. 97. Elseya rhodini: As indicated in our last checklist (Annotation 14:45), the population of Elseya (formerly included under E. novaeguineae) from the southern versant of New Guinea, previously noted by Rhodin and Genorupa (2000) and by Georges et al. (2014) to be genetically and morphologically differentiated from other New Guinean Elseya, has since been formally described as Elseya (Hanwarachelys) rhodini by Thomson et al. (2015). We accept this new species as distinct. 98. Emydura macquarii krefftii: Todd et al. (2014) examined variation in mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellite markers across the widespread range of Emydura macquarii krefftii. The mitochondrial data revealed 1) a distinct divergence between northern (Burdekin River northward) and southern (Fitzroy River and southward) populations of E. m. krefftii, 2) that E. m. emmotti was most closely related to but highly divergent from the northern krefftii clade, 3) that E. m. nigra and E. m. macquarii were nested within the southern krefftii clade, and 4) that populations in the upper Burnett River were highly divergent from other southern clade populations. Their examination of twelve microsatellite loci within only krefftii also demonstrated support for the same north-south divergence as for the mtDNA data, but did not support the distinction of the upper Burnett population (possibly a human translocation, according to the authors), or the taxonomic distinction among the subspecies nigra, macquarii, and southern krefftii. They made no explicit taxonomic recommendations, but did note that the north-south divergence was within the range exhibited for other accepted chelonian species. Further analysis is clearly indicated. 99. Myuchelys purvisi: Legler (1981) foreshadowed splitting the genus Elseya into two major clades, one containing Elseya dentata and related species, the other containing Elseya latisternum and its close relatives, many of which were undescribed at that time. A subsequent study based on 54 allozymes loci (Georges and Adams 1994) established that Legler’s “latisternum group” was indeed a clade (monophyletic), and this was the foundation for the description of the new genus Myuchelys (Thomson and Georges 2009) with four contained species: M. purvisi, M. georgesi, M. bellii, and M. latisternum as type. Unfortunately, morphological characters that diagnose that genus are symplesiomorphies. Two subsequent analyses based on a limited set of nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data were equivocal on the monophyly of Myuchelys. Georges et al. (1998) recovered Myuchelys as paraphyletic with respect to Elseya based on analyses of two mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), but without statistical support. More recently, analyses of a single nuclear locus (c-mos) provided moderate support (83% bootstrap support values) for grouping Emydura macquarii, Myuchelys latisternum, and M. georgesi as a clade to the exclusion of M. purvisi, a result confirmed by analysis of mtDNA (Fielder et al. 2012). However, Georges and Adams (1994), Georges et al. (1998), and Fielder et al. (2012) all maintained that the uncertainty surrounding incongruence among these analyses should preclude taxonomic revisions and therefore did not propose revisions to correct the potential paraphyly of Myuchelys with respect to Emydura. Subsequently, Le et al. (2013) generated phylogenies for the chelid genera Elseya, Emydura, Myuchelys, Elusor, and Rheodytes using two mtDNA markers and a single nuDNA marker. Their phylogeny also recovered Myuchelys as paraphyletic, again owing to the position of M. purvisi, and they assigned purvisi to a new genus, Flaviemys, to maintain monophyly of Myuchelys. A more comprehensive analysis (Spinks et al. 2015) using 13 independent nuclear DNA markers recovered Myuchelys, including M. purvisi, as a well-supported clade, in agreement with the previous allozyme data. Thus, based on the weight of evidence, the taxonomic revision of Le et al. (2013), using their more limited sequence information, was considered by Spinks et al. (2015) to be premature. On the basis of conflicting evidence from the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence, and because M. purvisi and M. georgesi are so morphologically similar as to have long been regarded as a cryptic species pair (but see Thomson and Georges 1996), we have retained Myuchelys based on the weight of evidence suggesting that it is a well-supported monophyletic group, and placed Flaviemys into its synonymy, following the recommendation of Spinks et al. (2015). 100. Pseudemydurinae, Pseudemydura, P. umbrina: The affinities of Pseudemydura among the Chelidae are not well established. Early work using serological comparisons revealed that Pseudemydura, Emydura-Elseya, and Chelodina formed an unresolved trichotomy (Burbidge et al. 1974). Many of the defining morphological characters of Pseudemydura have been regarded as autapomorphies, and so not useful for phylogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, Gaffney (1977) placed Pseudemydura as sister to all the remaining extant chelids of both Australasia and South America (as the new subfamily Pseudemydurinae), while admitting that his case, based on a single retained primitive character, was weak. Subsequent DNA sequence studies were unable to resolve the conundrum. 12S mitochondrial rRNA data were unable to conclusively establish the relationships of 233 234 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Pseudemydura, but tentatively resolved it as sister to the other Australasian shortnecked genera—Emydura, Elseya, Myuchelys, Rheodytes and Elusor (Seddon et al. 1997). Additional sequence analysis from mt 16S rRNA and nuclear c-mos supported this arrangement, but bootstrap support remained poor (Georges et al. 1998). A more recent analysis, using the same data drawn from Genbank, resolved Pseudemydura as sister to Chelodina (Guillon et al. 2012). Subsequently, in a broad analysis of previously published sequence data representing 13 mitochondrial and nuclear DNA loci and including 83% of all extant turtle species (as per our checklist), Pereira et al. (2017) resolved Pseudemydura as sister to all short-necked Australasian chelids, with those two clades sister to Chelodina. Most recently, Zhang et al. (2017) analyzed the whole mitogenome of Pseudemydura and demonstrated it to be sister to all Australasian chelid turtles (subfamily Chelodininae), with strong bootstrap support; consequently, they proposed resurrection of the subfamily Pseudemydurinae Gaffney 1977, which we adopt here. 101. Pelomedusa: Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2010) and Wong et al. (2010) reported deeply divergent mitochondrial clades within what was then recognized as the monotypic species Pelomedusa subrufa, with less, but concordant, variation in nuclear DNA markers. The extent of mitochondrial divergences of up to 20% of the cytochrome b gene exceeds pairwise divergences between any other congeneric chelonian species. Based on mitochondrial DNA variation, Petzold et al. (2014) and Nagy et al. (2015) identified at least thirteen terminal clades (see also Fritz et al. 2014b). Petzold et al. (2014) recommended full species status for some of these clades. They restricted P. subrufa (sensu stricto) to southern Angola, Botswana, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar (presumably introduced), Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, and Tanzania. Older names were resurrected from the synonymy of P. subrufa for three of the clades: P. galeata (Schoepff 1792; South Africa), P. gehafie (Rüppell 1835; Eritrea and possibly Sudan), and P. olivacea (Schweigger 1812; Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal). Six other species were newly described: P. barbata (Saudi Arabia and Yemen), P. kobe (Tanzania), P. neumanni (Kenya and Tanzania), P. schweinfurthi (Central African Republic and South Sudan), P. somalica (Somalia and Ethiopia; see also Fritz et al. 2015b), and P. variabilis (Ghana and Ivory Coast). The authors also identified two clades that they considered candidate species but did not describe: one from Cameroon, and the other from Sudan. Further candidate species could correspond to distinct clades within P. galeata and P. somalica (Fritz et al. 2015b), and Nagy et al. (2015) added another possible candidate species from the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. All these studies, however, relied primarily on mitochondrial data and preliminary geographic sampling, but also included some morphologic work and sequencing and allocation of type specimens (see also Fritz et al. 2015a). We remain uncertain whether all taxa described and/or identified are valid and at what systematic level (species vs. subspecies vs. ESUs), pending corroborating data from nuclear genes. However, based on the data and extensive analyses presented, we tentatively accept the proposed taxonomic arrangement while urging and awaiting further work, notably analysis of nuclear loci, more detailed morphologic work, and further geographic sampling, especially from areas between assigned species. We document these unsampled and unassigned areas as Pelomedusa subrufa (sensu lato) species complex. 102. Pelusios: Kindler et al. (2016) examined sequence variation in three mitochondrial and three nuclear genes in Pelusios, and found no phylogenetic structure in P. chapini, P. gabonensis, or P. nanus; however, they identified significant structure within P. rhodesianus (with two deeply divergent clades), P. carinatus, and P. castaneus. Both their mtDNA and nDNA data also suggested that rhodesianus was paraphyletic with respect to carinatus. But because their geographic sampling was incomplete and there was discordance between their mtDNA and nDNA data, the authors made no new taxonomic decisions regarding these six taxa. 103. Pelusios castaneus seychellensis: Kindler et al. (2016), in their wider phylogeographic study of Pelusios, found that their mtDNA data nested the lectotype of P. seychellensis deep within a variable P. castaneus, and sister to specimens from the Republic of Congo, agreeing with Stuckas et al. (2013), leading them to treat seychellensis as a junior synonym of castaneus. We addressed the status of seychellensis previously in Annotation 14:47 and interpreted it at that time as a subspecies of P. castaneus. We maintain that interpretation at this time; however, we acknowledge the possibility that the types of seychellensis could conceivably have been mislabeled or based on transported specimens, in which case seychellensis should indeed be synonymized with castaneus. 104. Podocnemis erythrocephala: Santos et al. (2016) examined variation in a single mitochondrial gene across the range of Podocnemis erythrocephala. They identified considerable genetic structure among populations, with four distinct genotypes that they deemed “management units,” but made no taxonomic recommendations. 105. Podocnemis sextuberculata: Podocnemis sextuberculata and Pentonix americana (nomen dubium) (= Pelomedusa subrufa) were first described on p. 13 of Cornalia (1849), but the descriptions (with minor changes) were reprinted on p. 312 in the Appendix of Osculati (1850), who collected the holotype of sextuberculata described by Cornalia. The two publications have created some confusion about dates and pagination for these two names, and we correct our previously cited paginations here. PREVIOUS CHECKLIST ANNOTATIONS 2007 Checklist Annotations TTWG 2007b (CRM 4:173–199) (07:1-105) 07:1. Both IUCN (The World Conservation Union, http://www.iucnredlist. org) and CREO (Committee on Recently Extinct Organisms, http://creo.amnh. org) have designated 1500 AD as their official cutoff date for determining what constitutes a recently extinct species, and we follow their criteria in our checklist. 07:2. Chelydra: Phillips et al. (1996) elevated acutirostris and rossignoni to full species status and retained the subspecies osceola. See Shaffer et al. (in press) for a complete review. 07:3. Macrochelys [formerly Macroclemys]:Although Macroclemys has been the most commonly used name, Webb (1995b) showed that Macrochelys is the oldest available name. 07:4. Chelonia mydas: Bowen et al. (1992) showed that recognition of the taxon agassizii Bocourt 1868 renders mydas paraphyletic, and agassizii is no longer generally recognized as either a distinct species or subspecies. See Parham and Zug (1996) and Karl and Bowen (1999) for a complete review. 07:5. Eretmochelys imbricata: Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) did not list bissa as a valid taxon, but no argumentation for this opinion was given. Genetic data (Okayama et al., 1999) have suggested significant separation of Atlantic from Pacific stocks. 07:6. Kinosternon species: Serb et al. (2001) elevated two former subspecies of flavescens (arizonense and durangoense) to full species status. 07:7. Kinosternon chimalhuaca: This new species name appeared prematurely and erroneously first in the hobbyist literature, with the full original description published a few months later (Berry et al., 1996, 1997). 07:8. Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides: Includes the previously recognized subspecies seriei Freiberg 1936 and carajasensis Cunha 1970 in synonymy (Cabrera and Colantonio, 1997). 07:9. Sternotherus: This genus was included as a junior synonym of Kinosternon by Iverson (1992) and David (1994) based on work by Seidel et Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 al. (1986) and Iverson (1991). However, this view was never widely accepted, and Iverson (1998) showed that the species referred to either Sternotherus or Kinosternon formed reciprocally monophyletic clades and recommended that both genera be used. 07:10. Sternotherus depressus: Whereas some earlier authors had placed this taxon as a subspecies of minor, Walker et al. (1998) showed that depressus was genetically distinct from minor. 07:11. Chrysemys picta dorsalis: This subspecies of Chrysemys picta was elevated to full species status by Starkey et al. (2003), who recognized two distinct genetic lineages: C. dorsalis and C. picta. They did not find genetic support for the other subspecies of C. picta (belli, marginata) but did not recommend that they be abandoned. Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) argued that full specific status of dorsalis was not fully demonstrated and retained it and the other two taxa as subspecies of C. picta, agreeing also with Ernst et al. (2006). 07:12. Graptemys ouachitensis sabinensis: Based on molecular and morphologic data, Stephens and Wiens (2003) suggested that sabinensis may not be closely related to ouachitensis. However, statistical support for this was weak, and they did not discuss or recommend a taxonomic change. Further study of this complex may warrant the elevation of the sympatric taxon sabinensis to full species status. 07:13. Pseudemys concinna concinna: Includes the previously recognized subspecies hieroglyphica Holbrook 1836, mobilensis Holbrook 1838, and metteri Ward 1984 in synonymy (Seidel, 1994). 07:14. Pseudemys concinna floridana: This taxon was previously considered a separate species, but was designated a subspecies of concinna by Seidel (1994). Jackson (1995) argued for the retention of floridana as a full species, but Seidel (1995) rejected this argument. 07:15. Pseudemys concinna suwanniensis: Previously considered a subspecies of concinna, Seidel (1994) argued for the elevation of this taxon to full species status, but Jackson (1995) argued for its subspecific status. 07:16. Pseudemys gorzugi: This taxon was previously considered a subspecies of concinna, but was elevated to species status by Ernst (1990) without argumentation, but then supported through analysis by Seidel (1994). 07:17. Pseudemys peninsularis: This taxon was previously considered a subspecies of floridana, but was elevated to species status by Seidel (1994). Jackson (1995) argued for the retention of peninsularis as a subspecies of floridana, but Seidel (1995) reaffirmed his recognition. 07:18. Trachemys species: Seidel (2002) recommended elevating nine Mesoamerican taxa, previously recognized as subspecies of Trachemys scripta, to species rank. 07:19. Trachemys subspecies: Seidel (2002) also recommended reassigning five taxa, previously subspecies of scripta, to subspecies of his various elevated Trachemys species. 07:20. Trachemys dorbigni: Includes the previously recognized subspecies brasiliensis Freiberg 1969 in synonymy, based on morphologic work (del Barco and Larriera, 1993). 07:21. Emydoidea and the turtles formerly known as Clemmys: The four traditional species of Clemmys (guttata [type], insculpta, muhlenbergii, and marmorata) do not form a monophyletic group with respect to the two monotypic genera Emys orbicularis and Emydoidea blandingii in phylogenies based on DNA data (Bickham et al., 1996; Burke et al., 1996; Lenk et al. 1999; Feldman and Parham, 2002). While there is a general agreement that insculpta and muhlenbergii are sister-species and should be placed in the genus Glyptemys (Holman and Fritz, 2001; Parham and Feldman, 2002), there are two schemes presented for marmorata and blandingii. Holman and Fritz (2001) recommended that marmorata be placed in the monotypic genus Actinemys, retaining both Emys orbicularis and Emydoidea blandingii as additional monotypic genera. Other authors (Bickham et al., 1996; Feldman and Parham, 2002; Parham and Feldman, 2002) recommended that marmorata and blandingii be placed into an expanded Emys, a scheme favored in the most recent analysis of variation in marmorata (Spinks and Shaffer, 2005). 07:22. Emys or Actinemys marmorata: Previously, two subspecies were distinguished, including pallida Seeliger 1945, but genetic analysis by Spinks and Shaffer (2005) demonstrated that the typical and previously recognized subspecies pallida were within the same phylogeographic clade and so pallida should not be considered valid. 07:23. Emys orbicularis iberica: Includes the recently described subspecies kurae Fritz 1994 in synonymy (Fritz, 1998). 07:24. Emys orbicularis persica: Includes the recently described subspecies orientalis Fritz 1994 in synonymy (Fritz, 1998). 07:25. Mexican Terrapene carolina: Stephens and Wiens (2003) suggested that Mexican subspecies of T. carolina may warrant full species status. While this convention has also been adopted previously (Smith et al., 1996), almost all other workers recognize these as subspecies. 07:26. Platysternidae: Krenz et al. (2005) confirmed that nuDNA placed Platysternon solidly within the Testudinoidea, and Parham et al. (2006a) supported this finding with mtDNA. 07:27. Platysternon megacephalum: Ernst and Laemmerzahl (2002) synonymized two subspecies of megacephalum (vogeli Wermuth 1969 and tristernalis Schleich and Gruber 1984) with the nominate subspecies. 07:28. Testudinoidae or Testuguria: Shaffer et al. (1997) coined the name ‘Testudinoidae’ for the clade that united Testudinidae with Bataguridae/ Geoemydidae. Joyce et al. (2004) listed Testudinoidae as an undesirable derivative of Testudo being to similar to both ‘Testudinidae’ and ‘Testudinoidea.’ In that same paper, the authors coined the new clade name ‘Testuguria’ for that same clade (while neglecting to list Testudinoidae as an objective senior synonym). Parham et al. (2006a) explicitly argued for the use of Testuguria over Testudinoidae. 07:29. Bataguridae or Geoemydidae: Both names are being used to refer to this group of predominantly Asian testudinoids. McDowell (1964) used the name Batagurinae for this group (as a subfamily) which was changed to Bataguridae (as a family) by Gaffney and Meylan (1988). Bour and Dubois (1986) showed that Geoemydidae has priority, and David (1994), Spinks et al. (2004) and others have embraced this view. However, this approach was questioned by Joyce et al. (2004) who, working in a rank-free phylogenetic taxonomy framework, recommended the continued use of Bataguridae. In the interest of reconciling phylogenetic nomenclature with traditional Linnaean rules of priority, Parham et al. (2006a) endorsed a phylogenetic codification of Geoemydidae. 07:30. Batagur: Praschag et al. (2007b) and Le et al. (2007) demonstrated that species of Kachuga were genetically paraphyletic with respect to those referred to Batagur and Callagur and recommended that only one genus be recognized, and the name Batagur has priority. 07:31. Batagur baska: The subspecies ranongensis Nutaphand 1979 is not well differentiated and has been synonymized under baska by Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007), but no specific morphologic or genetic analysis has yet been performed to formally evaluate the status of this taxon. 07:32. Cuora: Phylogenies based on DNA data (Honda et al., 2002a; Stuart and Parham, 2004; Parham et al., 2004; Spinks et al., 2004) have shown that continued recognition of the genus Pyxidea for mouhotii would render Cuora paraphyletic. All of these studies recommended expanding Cuora to include mouhotii. Other schemes for Cuora have not been published in the recent scientific literature, though there has been some use of Cistoclemmys for flavomarginata and galbinifrons (e.g., Zhao et al., 1997; Zhao, 1997; Yasukawa and Ota, 1999). 07:33. Hybrid species: The validity of six taxa of Cuora, Mauremys [including Ocadia], and Sacalia recently described from pet trade specimens has been refuted by genetic studies that have shown them to be based on hybrids (Parham et al., 2001; Wink et al., 2001; Spinks et al., 2004; Stuart and Parham, 2004, 2007). The taxa shown to be hybrids are: Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992b, Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991, Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997, Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994, Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992, and Sacalia pseudocellata Iverson and McCord 1992a. 07:34. Cuora flavomarginata sinensis: Some authors recognize this taxon as a valid subspecies (McCord and Iverson, 1991; Fong et al., 2002) while others synonymize it with flavomarginata (Yasukawa and Ota, 1999; Fritz and Havas, 2006, 2007). 07:35. Cuora galbinifrons: The taxa bourreti and picturata, originally described as subspecies of Cuora galbinifrons, were elevated to species rank by Stuart and Parham (2004) based on concordance of morphological with molecular differentiation. Fritz et al. (2006c) returned bourreti to subspecies rank based on osteological characters shown by market specimens, and suggested that picturata warrants the same ranking; Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) subsequently listed picturata at subspecies rank based on morphologically intermediate pet trade specimens. Includes the previously recognized hainanensis Li 1958 in synonymy (Zong and Pan, 1989; Iverson and McCord, 1992b). 07:36. Cuora trifasciata: Blanck et al. (2006a) recommended that Cuora trifasciata be split into two species (including their newly named species cyclornata and its new subspecies meieri) based on paraphyletic mtDNA 235 236 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 haplotypes and morphological differences. Spinks and Shaffer (2007) showed that trifasciata as traditionally recognized is monophyletic based on nuDNA and therefore recommended that cyclornata should not be recognized, pending additional study. 07:37. Cuora yunnanensis: This species has been listed as extinct by the IUCN since 2000 (www.iucnredlist.org), based on several decades of not finding any surviving animals despite intensive searches. Recently, a pair of animals representing this species were found in markets (Zhou and Zhao, 2004; Zhou, 2005), with subsequent confirmation through genetic analysis (He et al., 2007). 07:38. Cyclemys: Iverson (1992) recognized two taxa of Cyclemys (dentata and tcheponensis). Later, atripons and pulchristriata were described and oldhamii was resurrected (Iverson and McCord, 1997; Fritz et al., 1997). Genetic analysis by Guicking et al. (2002) also supported the validity of shanensis. 07: 39. Geoemyda: Yasukawa et al. (1992) elevated japonica to species status (previously considered a subspecies of spengleri). 07:40. Hardella thurjii: Praschag et al. (2007b) found no genetic or morphologic evidence for continued recognition of the subspecies indi Gray 1870b, and synonymized it under thurjii. 07:41. Heosemys annandalii [formerly in Hieremys]: Spinks et al. (2004) showed that annandalii was nested among species of Heosemys. Diesmos et al. (2005) formally moved annandalii into Heosemys. 07:42. Leucocephalon yuwonoi [formerly in Geoemyda or Heosemys]: Originally described as a species of Geoemyda (McCord et al., 1995), Fritz and Obst (1996) placed yuwonoi in Heosemys. McCord et al. (2000) showed that yuwonoi was not closely related to the type species of Geoemyda or Heosemys, but instead sister to Notochelys platynota, and erected a new genus, Leucocephalon, for yuwonoi. 07:43. Malayemys macrocephala: Brophy (2004) proposed the recognition of this species as distinct from subtrijuga based on morphological grounds. 07:44. Mauremys [including species formerly in Annamemys, Chinemys, or Ocadia]: Iverson and McCord (1994) included annamensis under an expanded Mauremys. Subsequent phylogenies based on DNA data (Honda et al., 2002b; Barth et al., 2004; Feldman and Parham, 2004; Spinks et al., 2004) showed that the genera Ocadia and Chinemys rendered Mauremys paraphyletic. Based on these results, some authors (Feldman and Parham, 2004; Spinks et al., 2004) recommended synonymizing Ocadia and Chinemys under Mauremys. Barth et al. (2004) presented this same scheme as well as one that would retain Chinemys and Ocadia and further divide Mauremys into the genera Cathaiemys and Emmenia. Barth et al. (2004) did not favor one scheme over the other and a competing scheme for Mauremys has not been formally proposed in the scientific literature. 07:45. Mauremys leprosa: Fritz et al. (2006a) explicitly synonymized several subspecies of leprosa recently described by Schleich (1996a) (atlantica, erhardi, marokkensis, wernerkaestlei, and zizi) plus vanmeerhaeghei Bour and Maran 1998 [1999], and only recognized leprosa and saharica. 07:46. Mauremys reevesii: Iverson et al. (1989) and Barth et al. (2003, 2004) refuted the validity of the terminal taxon megalocephala Fang 1934, but it has continued to be recognized by Chinese researchers (Guo et al., 1997; Zhao, 1997; Zhang et al., 1998), and Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) listed it as a separate taxon with speculation about its relationships. 07:47. Melanochelys trijuga edeniana: The subspecies wiroti Reimann 1979 was recognized by Iverson (1992), but David (1994) suggested that it was synonymous with edeniana, and Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) followed this arrangement. 07:48. Pangshura [formerly in Kachuga]: Das (2001) and Schleich and Kästle (2002) used the name Pangshura to refer to small-bodied Kachuga. A phylogeny based on DNA data (Spinks et al., 2004) showed that Kachuga was paraphyletic and so removed flaviventer, smithii, sylhetensis, tecta, and tentoria into the genus Pangshura. Praschag et al. (2007b) using mtDNA confirmed the well-supported monophyly of Pangshura. 07:49. Pangshura tentoria flaviventer: Schleich and Kästle (2002) elevated flaviventer to full species status based on sympatry with circumdata, but Praschag et al. (2007b) performed a phylogeographic analysis and retained flaviventer as a subspecies of tentoria. 07:50. Siebenrockiella leytensis [formerly in Heosemys]: Diesmos et al. (2005) placed leytensis into the genus Siebenrockiella based on strong genetic evidence for its sister relationship to S. crassicollis. 07:51. Vijayachelys silvatica [formerly in Geoemyda]: This species was originally named as a species of Geoemyda. However, a molecular study by Praschag et al. (2006) suggested a distant relationship with that genus and they recommended that it be placed in the new monotypic genus Vijayachelys. 07:52. The Geochelone complex: This generic complex includes the genera Geochelone, Aldabrachelys, Astrochelys, Angonoka, Centrochelys, Chelonoidis, Dipsochelys, and Stigmochelys. Lapparent de Broin (2000b), Gerlach (2001, 2004), Le et al. (2006), and Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) recommended dividing the Geochelone complex into several genera, although their schemes differ somewhat. A general consensus on a generic-level revision for some members of the group is lacking while in other areas (e.g., Astrochelys radiata, Chelonoidis) there is agreement. 07:53. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys: Bour (1982a) originally recommended that Aldabran tortoises (dussumieri or gigantea) be placed in the genus Dipsochelys instead of Aldabrachelys. However, Aldabrachelys is still widely used, including sometimes by Bour (Austin et al., 2003), though Dipsochelys is favored by others (Palkovacs et al., 2002, 2003; Gerlach, 2004). There is recent disagreement regarding the type specimen of Testudo gigantea, the type species of Aldabrachelys, that was presumed lost. Frazier (2006) designated a neotype for T. gigantea, an act that would seemingly validate the use of both Aldabrachelys and the terminal taxon gigantea. Around the same time, Bour (2006) rediscovered the original lost type specimen, which is actually an individual of the South American tortoise Chelonoidis denticulata. If this claim is correct, then the names Aldabrachelys or gigantea might not be applicable to Aldabran tortoises. Whether Frazier’s neotype designation or Bour’s specimen rediscovery prevails nomenclaturally remains a matter of ongoing debate, but since Bour (2006) was the most recently published authority we use the name dussumieri rather than gigantea in our list. 07:54. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys species: Gerlach and Canning (1998) recognized six species of tortoises in Aldabra, Madagascar, and the Seychelles (three of which were extinct: abrupta, daudinii, and grandidieri). The two species from Madagascar became extinct prior to modern times (abrupta Grandidier 1868 in ca. 1250 AD and grandidieri Vaillant 1885b in ca. 950 AD) so we do not include them in our list of modern taxa. Palkovacs et al. (2002, 2003) questioned the validity of multiple extant species based on their analysis of genetic data, recognizing only a single living taxon (Dipsochelys dussumieri). Gerlach and Bour (2003) reemphasized the validity of the extant species based on the observation that the hatchlings are diagnostic. Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) recognized only one extant species of Indian Ocean giant tortoise which they referred to Aldabrachelys gigantea, but did not address the findings of Gerlach and Bour (2003) or Bour (2006). As we consider the issues surrounding the validity of these species as remaining unresolved, we list all these species as potentially valid. 07:55. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys dussumieri: Iverson (1992) listed this species as Geochelone gigantea Schweigger 1812. Many authors now use dussumieri for the Aldabra tortoise (see above), but others persist in using the older name gigantea (e.g., Fritz and Havas, 2006, 2007), and others have used the name elephantina Duméril and Bibron 1835 (David, 1994; Devaux, 2007). 07:56. Astrochelys or Angonoka yniphora: Le et al. (2006) named Angonoka for yniphora because of its uncertain phylogenetic position. Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) recovered a weak sister relationship between yniphora and Astrochelys radiata under some algorithms and recommended that yniphora be placed in Astrochelys. 07:57. Chelonoidis petersi: According to Cabrera (1998), citing morphologic and osteologic work by Fernández (1988), Chelonoidis chilensis should be divided into two species, chilensis and petersi Freiberg 1973, but he considered the taxon donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973 to be synonymous with chilensis. Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) speculated that petersi may not be valid and synonymized it under chilensis, citing phenotypic plasticity in other tortoise species as a reason for not accepting the reported differences between petersi and chilensis. 07:58. Chelonoidis nigra: Most recent authors have considered the various taxa of Galapagos tortoises as subspecies of nigra (e.g., Pritchard, 1996; Caccone et al., 1999; Fritz and Havas, 2006, 2007), but Caccone et al. (2002) and Russello et al. (2005, 2007) treated them as distinct species. The nomenclatural and survival status of these taxa were discussed in detail by Pritchard (1996). 07:59. Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis: This taxon described from western Chatham Island (San Cristóbal) appears to have been extirpated from its original range, but a population of tortoises persists on eastern Chatham Island that was considered a possible separate subspecies by Pritchard (1996). Pending genetic analysis and resolution of this issue we continue to list chathamensis as the extant taxon from Chatham, whereas Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) listed it as extinct, but made no mention of the extant population. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 07:60. Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis: This taxon from Duncan Island (Pinzón) was historically usually referred to ephippium Günther 1875a, but Pritchard (1996) demonstrated that ephippium was a synonym of abingdonii and therefore resurrected the old nomen nudum duncanensis Garman 1917. 07:61. Chelonoidis nigra nigra: The nominotypical subspecies nigra from Charles Island (Santa Maria or Floreana) is considered to be extinct and is therefore included separately on this list. 07:62. Chelonoidis nigra phantastica: This taxon was listed by Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) as extant, but Pritchard (1996) considered it probably extinct. 07:63. Chelonoidis nigra porteri: This taxon from Indefatigable Island (Santa Cruz) has often been referred to nigrita Duméril and Bibron 1835, but most recent authors, including Pritchard (1996) and Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) have used porteri. 07:64. Chelonoidis nigra vicina: This widespread taxon from Albemarle Island (Isabela) was previously recognized as one of several valid taxa on that island, including becki Rothschild 1901, microphyes Günther 1875a, guentheri Baur 1889, and vandenburghi De Sola 1930. Pritchard (1996) synonymized microphyes, guentheri, and vandenburghi under vicina, and recognized only vicina and becki from Albemarle. 07:65. Cylindraspis indica: Includes the recently described borbonica Bour 1978 in synonymy, based on genetic work by Austin and Arnold (2001). 07:66. Cylindraspis vosmaeri: Fritz and Havas (2006) credited Fitzinger 1826 with authorship of this name, but corrected it to Suckow 1798 in their 2007 checklist. 07:67. Homopus: A separate taxon of Homopus was referred to H. bergeri Lindholm 1906 by Branch (1989). However, that name was a junior synonym of Psammobates tentorius verroxii Smith 1839 (Branch, 1992; Boycott and Bourquin, 2000), and the new taxon was recently described as H. solus by Branch (2007). 07:68. Indotestudo travancorica: This taxon was previously considered a subspecies of forstenii (Hoogmoed and Crumly, 1984; Iverson, 1992), but was resurrected to species status by Pritchard (2000) based on morphology, a conclusion supported by mtDNA analysis by Iverson et al. (2001c). 07:69. Kinixys belliana: Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) recognized only belliana and nogueyi, following Broadley (1993) uncritically, but others (Iverson, 1992; David, 1994; Iverson et al., 2001a) also recognized domerguei and zombensis. As the phylogeography of this broadly distributed species complex has not been analyzed, we list the four most widely recognized subspecies. 07:70. Pyxis arachnoides: The three recognized subspecies have recently been confirmed as genetically distinct lineages (Chiari et al., 2005). 07:71. Stigmochelys or Psammobates pardalis: Based on genetic analysis, Le et al. (2006) recommended that this taxon be included in an expanded genus Psammobates. Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) argued for the retention of a monophyletic Psammobates exclusive of pardalis. Le at al. (2006) also found a high level of mitochondrial divergence between two specimens assigned to the two subspecies pardalis and babcocki. In conjunction with morphological distinctions between these two taxa (Loveridge and Williams, 1957; Broadley, 1989), the preliminary genetic data suggest that they may be different at the species level. 07:72. Testudo or Agrionemys: The species horsfieldii and hermanni have been alternatively placed in the genera Testudo or Agrionemys (Khosatzky and Mlynarski, 1966; Gmira 1993, 1995) and hermanni also recently in Eurotestudo. Lapparent de Broin (2000a,b) and Parham et al. (2006b) supported the placement of horsfieldii in the genus Agrionemys, but suggested that a new genus name was needed for hermanni. Later Lapparent de Broin et al. (2006a) created the name Eurotestudo for hermanni, but Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) demonstrated that older genus names (Chersine and Medaestia) are available for that species. Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) recovered a weakly monophyletic clade that included horsfieldii, hermanni, and the three core species of Testudo (graeca, kleinmanni, and marginata). Based on this phylogeny they recommended that all of these species be placed in the genus Testudo. The genetic support for some nodes within this clade is not strong and the decision to lump or split is subjective (e.g., whether Agrionemys should be used for horsfieldii is open to debate), therefore the taxonomy of this group may remain in flux for some time. 07:73. Testudo graeca: This species complex has been the subject of massive taxonomic revisions at the species and subspecies level. These revisions have resulted in the naming and elevation of numerous taxa (e.g., Perälä, 2002a,b,c). Several studies (van der Kuyl et al., 2002, 2005; Harris et al., 2003; Carretero et al., 2005; Parham et al., 2006b,c; Fritz et al., 2007) have explicitly refuted the validity of many of these taxonomic acts. Fritz et al. (2007) proposed a taxonomic scheme that recognized five mitochondrial clades in the eastern part of the range of T. graeca as subspecies, but did not address the status of several North African subspecies. Since this is the most recent taxonomic suggestion, it is listed here. However, in their recent checklist, Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) included not only the eleven taxa we list, but also anamurensis Weissinger 1987, antakyensis Perälä 1996, floweri Bodenheimer 1935, nikolskii Chkhikvadze and Tuniyev 1986, pallasi Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 2002, and perses Perälä 2002c. The relationships within this species complex remain uncertain and we expect its taxonomy to continue fluctuating. 07:74. Testudo kleinmanni: Baha el Din (2006), Široký and Fritz (2007), and Attum et al. (2007) explicitly refuted the validity of werneri Perälä 2001 as a species distinct from kleinmanni. 07:75. Testudo marginata: Fritz et al. (2005b) explicitly refuted the validity of weissingeri Bour 1996 as a subspecies of marginata. 07:76. Testudo hermanni: Fritz et al. (2006b) explicitly refuted the validity of hercegovinensis Werner 1899 (previously resurrected by Perälä, 2002b) and recommended that boettgeri be considered a subspecies of hermanni. 07:77. Testudo horsfieldii: In a conference proceedings, Perälä (2002a) elevated two subspecies of horsfieldii (kazachstanica and rustamovi) to full species status. This was accepted by Lapparent de Broin et al. (2006b), but warrants reconsideration, especially considering the evidence for unjustified taxonomic inflation in related tortoises in the same work (van der Kuyl et al., 2002, 2005; Fritz et al., 2005b, 2006b; Parham et al., 2006b,c). 07:78. Carettochelys insculpta canni: This subspecies from northern Australia described by Wells (2002a) was only weakly defined as different from the nominotypical subspecies from New Guinea. We list it tentatively pending further analysis, as did Fritz and Havas (2006), although they excluded it from their 2007 checklist. 07:79. Apalone spinifera atra: This taxon has usually been designated a subspecies of spinifera (usually with the original spelling ater), but others (e.g., Flores-Villela, 1993; David, 1994) have listed it as a full species, though usually without specific argumentation. 07:80. Aspideretes or Nilssonia: Engstrom et al. (2004) found Aspideretes to be paraphyletic with respect to Nilssonia formosa based on morphologic and genetic criteria. Praschag et al. (2007a) formally synonymized Aspideretes into an expanded concept of Nilssonia based on their analysis of mtDNA of all five included taxa. 07:81. Aspideretes or Nilssonia nigricans: Recent morphologic and genetic work on this species previously known only from a single captive population has demonstrated that it also occurs in the wild (Praschag and Gemel, 2002; Praschag et al., 2007a). 07:82. Pelodiscus: The genus has recently been recognized as including up to four separate species by some authorities (David, 1994; Zhao, 1997; Chen et al., 2005, 2006; Fritz and Havas, 2006, 2007). Relationships within the genus are far from resolved and also complicated by translocation and mixing of huge numbers of farm-raised individuals from many parts of the range. 07:83. Rafetus swinhoei: Includes the recently described Pelochelys taihuensis Zhang 1984 (Farkas, 1992) and Rafetus leloii Duc 2000 in synonymy (Farkas and Webb, 2003). 07:84. Acanthochelys macrocephala: Includes the recently described Phrynops chacoensis Fritz and Pauler 1992 in synonymy (Fritz and Pauler, 1999). 07:85. Chelodina: This genus was split into three genera by Wells and Wellington (1985), using Chelodina for the narrower-headed shorter-necked species (longicollis, novaeguineae), and establishing Macrochelodina for the broader-headed longer-necked species (oblonga, expansa, rugosa, siebenrocki), and Hesperochelodina for steindachneri. Iverson et al. (2001b) refuted the availability of the name Hesperochelodina, but validated Macrochelodina. Georges et al. (2002) retained Chelodina for the entire genus, but identified three phylogenetic clades within the genus and recommended recognition of three subgenera (but did not name them). Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) accepted two of these clades (Chelodina and Macrochelodina) as separate genera. 07:86. Chelodina canni: This taxon is the same as the previously described rankini Wells and Wellington 1985, but that name was declared invalid as a nomen nudum by Iverson et al. (2001b). Wells (2007a) recently disputed this interpretation and redescribed rankini, but canni McCord and Thomson 2002 retains nomenclatural precedence and rankini Wells 2007a is therefore a junior synonym of canni. 07:87. Chelodina mccordi roteensis: This recently named subspecies described in the hobbyist literature needs genetic confirmation of its distinctive- 237 238 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 ness, but we recognize it pending further analysis. 07:88. Chelodina oblonga: Thomson (2000) showed that the holotype of oblonga Gray 1841 is a specimen of what is currently regarded as Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890. An application is before the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to conserve current usage of the name C. rugosa Ogilby 1890 for the northern snake-necked turtle and to apply the earlier available name Chelodina collei Gray 1856a to the long-necked species of southwestern Australia, while retaining the nomenclatural availability of the name oblonga for potential future designation of distinct populations of rugosa (Thomson, 2006). Though no decision has yet been rendered by the ICZN, Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) used the name colliei for this southwestern population. Georges et al. (2002) found support that this taxon represents a third subgenus under Chelodina, but did not formally establish it under a generic-level name. 07:89. Chelodina timorensis: This species recently described in the hobbyist literature by McCord et al. (2007b) was also described a few months later as a new subspecies of mccordi (‘timorlestensis’) by Kuchling et al. (2007), but the McCord et al. description has chronologic precedence. Concerns surrounding the history and methodology of the description of timorensis by McCord et al. are discussed by Kuchling et al. (2007) and serve to emphasize our recommendations (made in our other chapter in this volume) to follow certain procedural guidelines for descriptions of new taxa (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group, 2007a). 07:90. Chelodina kuchlingi: This species was described from a single specimen, leading to doubts about its validity (Georges and Thomson, 2006; Fritz and Havas, 2006, 2007), but it remains listed pending further exploration of its remote area of provenance. 07:91. Chelodina rugosa: The species siebenrocki Werner 1901 was considered valid by Rhodin and Mittermeier (1976) and Rhodin and Genorupa (2000), but synonymized under rugosa by Georges et al. (2002) based on weakly differentiated allozymes within the broader rugosa complex. 07:92. Elseya: This genus has been recognized as consisting of two separate lineages (Georges and Rose, 1996; Georges and Thomson, 2006). It was subsequently split into two genera, Elseya and Wollumbinia, by Wells (2007c), with latisternum designated genotype of Wollumbinia. Papers by Wells (2002a,b; 2007a,b,c) and Wells and Wellington (1985) have been self-published without any peer review and also highlight our recommendations to follow certain procedural guidelines for descriptions of new taxa (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group, 2007a). 07:93. Elseya branderhorsti: This species was considered valid by Rhodin and Genorupa (2000), Thomson et al. (2006), and Georges and Thomson (2006). 07:94. Elseya jukesi: The name jukesi Wells 2002b was a nomen nudum since no type specimen was designated, but the species was recently redescribed by Wells (2007b). 07:95. Elseya schultzei: This species was listed by Thomson et al. (2006) and Georges and Thomson (2006), but neither morphologic nor genetic data have been analyzed from the type population and its status remains unclear. 07:96. Elseya stirlingi: The previously named taxon stirlingi Wells and Wellington 1985 was declared invalid as a nomen nudum by Iverson et al. (2001b) (though spelled erroneously as sterlingi), but was recently redescribed as a valid species by Wells (2007b). 07:97. Elseya or Wollumbinia bellii: The taxon dorriani Wells 2002b is a nomen nudum without a type designation, but was recently considered a valid subspecies of bellii by Wells (2007c). 07:98. Emydura macquarii: The taxonomy of E. macquarii was previously reviewed by Georges and Adams (1996). Later, Cann et al. (2003) and McCord et al. (2003) described two new subspecies, but taxa previously described by Cann in 1998 (binjing, dharra, dharuk, and gunabarra), plus signata Ahl 1932 were not specifically evaluated by those authors. However, these taxa were all recognized as subspecies of macquarii by Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007), and since phylogeographic variation in the macquarii species complex has not yet been fully resolved with adequate genetic work, we tentatively list all these subspecies as valid, pending further analysis. 07:99. Emydura subglobosa worrelli: Originally described as Tropicochelymys worrelli, this taxon was synonymized under Emydura victoriae Gray 1842 by Iverson (1992) and the nomenclatural validity of the species name confirmed by Iverson et al. (2001b). Cann (1998) considered it a distinct species, but Georges and Thomson (2006), partially based on electrophoretic work by Georges and Rose (1996), concluded that it was best referred to as a subspecies of subglobosa Krefft 1876. Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) also listed it as a subspecies of subglobosa, but Georges et al. (2006) referred to it as a species, though without providing data or argument. 07:100. Phrynops: Wermuth and Mertens (1977) divided this genus into three subgenera: Phrynops, Batrachemys, and Mesoclemmys. Cabrera (1998) and Georges et al. (1998) elevated these subgenera to generic level. McCord et al. (2001) further divided the remaining monophyletic Phrynops into a total of four genera (Bufocephala, Phrynops, Ranacephala, and Rhinemys). Joyce et al. (2004) did not accept the taxonomic acts of McCord et al. (2001). Bour and Zaher (2005) synonymized Bufocephala and Ranacephala with Mesoclemmys, but recognized Rhinemys as distinct. 07:101. Mesoclemmys heliostemma: Rueda-Almonacid et al. (2007) questioned the validity of this taxon which is completely sympatric with raniceps, suggesting that it may simply represent a juvenile color morph of that taxon, and recommended genetic analysis. 07:102. Pelomedusa subrufa: Gasperetti et al. (1993) recommended that the two previously recognized subspecies (nigra Gray 1863b and olivacea Schweigger 1812) be abandoned. 07:103. Pelusios seychellensis: The taxonomic status of this species is unclear. Gerlach and Canning (2001) concluded that it is extinct. 07:104. Podocnemididae or Podocnemidae: Cope (1868) used the name Podocnemididae to refer to this clade. Baur (1893b) later referred to this group as Podocnemidae. Joyce et al. (2004) phylogenetically defined Baur’s name (Podocnemidae) to refer to this clade. 07:105. Podocnemis unifilis: This long-recognized species was briefly referred to as P. cayennensis Schweigger 1812 by David (1994), but that name was previously often used for what is now recognized as P. erythrocephala (Mittermeier and Wilson, 1974), and most authors have continued to use unifilis. 2008 Checklist Annotations Rhodin et al. 2008 (000.1-38.checklist.v.1) (08:2-25) 08:2. Chelodina or Macrodiremys: The southwestern long-necked turtle of Australia (Chelodina oblonga or colliei, see annotation below) represents one of three lineages that were considered unnamed subgenera of Chelodina by Georges et al. (2002). McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b) created the name Macrodiremys for oblonga/colliei, designating Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841, as type species by original designation and monotypy,and elevated this to a full monotypic genus. Whether Chelodina sensu stricto will be a subgenus of Chelodina sensu lato along with Macrodiremys and Macrochelodina or if all three will be used as full genera is subjective and not yet stable. 08:3. Chelodina or Macrodiremys oblonga: Within Chelodina, the specific epithet oblonga has long been applied to a long-necked species in southwestern Australia. Thomson (2000) showed that the holotype of oblonga Gray 1841 is a specimen of what is currently regarded as Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890 from northern Australia. An application (Thomson 2006, 2007) is before the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to conserve current usage of the name C. rugosa Ogilby 1890 for the northern snake-necked turtle and to apply the next available name, Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a, to the long-necked species of southwestern Australia. Separately, McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b) designated the holotype of colliei as the neotype of oblonga which would render colliei a junior synonym of oblonga which would be incompatible with an identification of the holotype and name oblonga as pertaining to the northern Australian taxon. We list the southwestern long-necked species as oblonga because McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b) is the latest published action but note that, given the differing taxonomic acts and opinions, this name may remain unstable in the coming years. 08:4. Macrochelodina or Chelodina walloyarrina: McCord and Joesph-Ouni (2007b) described the new species Macrochelodina walloyarrina based on morphological criteria. 08:5. Chelydra serpentina: Shaffer et al. (2008) recommended synonymization of Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger 1918 into Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus 1766) based on range-wide patterns in variability of mtDNA. 08:6. Cyclemys: Fritz et al. (2008b) performed a revision of the genus based on molecular and morphological data that included the description of three new species (enigmatica, fusca, and gemeli). 08:7. Cyclemys dentata: Stuart and Fritz (2008) analyzed mtDNA from type specimens of Cyclemys belli Gray 1863e, Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834 and Cyclemys ovata Gray 1863e, and confirmed their previous morphologybased synonymizations with Cyclemys dentata (Gray 1831d) as accurate. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 08:8. Cyclemys oldhamii: Stuart and Fritz (2008) placed the names shanensis Annandale 1918, and tcheponensis Bourret 1939a, into the synonymy of oldhamii, based on the absence of significant genetic variation between the type specimen of oldhamii, topotypes of shanensis, and samples of tcheponensis from near the type locality. 08:9. Batagur: Praschag et al. (2008) examined mtDNA variation within Batagur baska sensu lato and recommended that the southern populations should be elevated to full species status and for which the available name affinis Cantor 1847 should be used. 08:10. Carettochelys insculpta: Fritz and Havas (2007) and Georges et al. (2008) indicated that Carettochelys insculpta canni Wells 2002a is not an available name because it had not been published in accordance with criteria established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 08:11. Kinixys nogueyi: This taxon was treated as a full species by McCord et al. (2005) with minimal argumentation for the change from traditional recognition as a subspecies of K. belliana. 08:12. Rhinoclemmys punctularia: Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758 has previously been referred (as a nomen dubium) to the synonymies of both Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger 1812) and Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin 1801) (see Fritz and Havas 2007). Examination of the holotype specimen still extant in the Uppsala Linnaean collection indicates that it appears to be a Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Rhodin and Carr, in press) [2009]. However, since the name Testudo scabra has not been used as the name for a recognized taxon since the early 1800s, it remains a nomen oblitum and does not replace the name punctularia Daudin 1801, recognized and used as valid since its description, and also protected by the ICZN (1963) as a nomen conservandum. 08:13. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys: The generic and specific names of the Aldabra tortoise are still being debated (reviewed in TTWG 2007). The original type specimen of Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812 is a Chelonoidis denticulata from Brazil (Bour 2006), but since the name gigantea had been associated with tortoises from Aldabra for a long time, Frazier (2006) designated a neotype from Aldabra, leading to some confusion. The matter is currently being petitioned to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Frazier 2008). 08:14. Chelonoidis nigra vicina: The type locality for Testudo microphyes Günther 1875a was given as follows: “I suppose that the specimen… has come from Hood’s Island,” and Pritchard (1996) concluded that the name microphyes was a nomen dubium since its type specimen was not identifiable as either a Hood Island tortoise or any other recognizable taxon. Fritz and Havas (2007) indicated that Günther (1877) had subsequently designated the type locality for microphyes as “Tagus Cove, northern Albemarle Island” and they placed microphyes in the synonymy of Testudo vicina Günther 1875a, but this is not necessarily correct. Günther (1877) simply referred latercollected specimens from Tagus Cove to his type-based concept of microphyes—the name microphyes therefore remains a nomen dubium until such time as the original type specimen can perhaps be identified as to its exact provenance using genetic analysis. 08:15. Agrionemys or Testudo horsfieldii: Vasilyev et al. (2008) demonstrated minimal mitochondrial variation between populations of horsfieldii Gray 1844 and kazachstanica Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990 and so recommended that these taxa be considered subspecies of Agrionemys horsfieldii. Elsewhere in the paper they referred to A. h. rustamovi as a third subspecies, but made no definitive comment on taxonomic status or validity. 08:16. Podocnemis unifilis: The terminal taxon lata Bell in Gray 1830e has previously been included under the synonymy of Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger 1812) by many previous authors, including Fritz and Havas (2007), but Bell (in Gray 1830e) described Chelys (Hydraspis) lata as having a depressed black shell and orange-spotted head more typical of Podocnemis unifilis or P. expansa. Later, Gray (1870f) placed Hydraspis lata in the synonymy of his concept of Chelonemys dumeriliana (= Podocnemis unifilis) and added P. unifilis, P. cayennensis, and P. erythrocephala to the same synonymy, while differentiating Peltocephalus tracaxa (= Peltocephalus dumerilianus) as a distinct taxon. Though Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e is an older name than Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848, it is a nomen oblitum not used for a valid taxon since its description, and therefore does not replace unifilis as the valid name for the species. 08:17. Trachemys decussata: Authorship of this taxon was actually first by Bell (in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830) with a plate. Seidel (1988a) listed the author as Gray 1831:28 (= Gray 1831d), and Fritz and Havas (2007) listed the author as Gray 1831:11 (= Gray 1830e). Griffith and Pidgeon 1830 was published in September 1830, whereas Gray 1830e was published in December 1830, and Gray 1831d was published in May 1831. 08:18. Graptemys geographica: The name lesueuri Gray 1830d (= lesueurii Gray 1830e) was shown by Bour and Dubois (1983) to be a junior synonym of geographica LeSueur 1827 rather than a senior synonym of pseudogeographica Gray 1831d as recorded by Fritz and Havas (2007). 08:19. Graptemys pseudogeographica: The name pseudogeographica Gray 1831d was originally published only as a nomen nudum of a LeSueur manuscript name in junior synonymy under geographica LeSueur 1827, but gradually achieved wide usage by many authors. Holbrook (1842) was the first to actually describe the taxon under the name pseudogeographica, and arguably his name should perhaps be associated with it, but Stejneger and Barbour (1917) established the name as pseudogeographica Gray 1831d as pointed out by Bour and Dubois (1983), who agreed that Gray should be listed as the author. 08:20. Cryptodira and Pleurodira: These subordinal names were based on the French vernacular names, Cryptodères and Pleurodères, originally used by Duméril and Bibron 1834. Cope (1864, 1865, 1868b) has generally been credited with authorship of these names, and he was the first to use the exact names Cryptodira in 1868 and Pleurodira in 1865, but previously used the name Pleurodera in 1864. Cope was preceded by Lichtenstein (1856) who used Cryptodera and Pleurodera as subordinal names, but in a printed catalogue distributed to zoological colleagues and museums, and not apparently sold in bookstores, so therefore perhaps not nomenclaturally available. 08:21. Cuora evelynae: In the previous checklist (TTWG 2007), Cuora flavomarginata (Gray 1863e) had three subspecies. Ernst et al. (2008) recommended returning Cuora evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 to full species status, based on new morphological and previously published molecular data. They also argued that the mainland populations assigned to taxon sinensis Hsü 1930 are synonymous with nominotypical flavomarginata. 08:22. Apalone spinifera: In the previous checklist (TTWG 2007), seven subspecies of spinifera LeSueur 1827 were listed. McGaugh et al. (2008) performed a rangewide phylogeographic study that uncovered patterns of discordant molecular and morphological variation. These authors conservatively refrained from making sweeping nomenclatural changes, but noted that there was “little utility” in recognizing the taxon hartwegi Conant and Goin 1948 and synonymized it under spinifera. 08:23. Apalone spinifera atra: In the previous checklist (TTWG 2007), atra Webb and Legler 1960 was referred to as a subspecies of spinifera LeSueur 1827 as it is here. This taxon is sometimes considered a full species (e.g., argumentation cited in Flores-Villela 1993). Several recent studies on atra (McGaugh 2008, McGaugh and Janzen 2008, McGaugh et al. 2008) have argued in support of subspecies status based on low levels of genetic distinctiveness and habitat-driven color variation. The subspecific status of atra was followed by Cerdá-Ardura et al. (2008). 08:24. Sacalia quadriocellata: Shi et al. (2008) performed a mitochondrial survey of S. quadriocellata based on known-locality and trade specimens. They found that populations on Hainan are genetically distinct and can also be diagnosed by morphological characters. They did not elevate these populations to species status, but noted that eventual study might validate this conclusion, in which case the name Sacalia insulensis (Adler 1962) would be available. They also noted that samples of S. quadriocellata from northern Vietnam are genetically distinct from those from Laos and the type region of central Vietnam, but there appear to be no obvious morphological differences between these populations. 08:25. Rhinoclemmys flammigera: Barrio-Amorós and Narbaiza (2008) elevated Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera Paolillo 1985 to species status based on distinct head coloration pattern and allopatric isolated distribution. 2009 Checklist Annotations TTWG 2009 (000.39-84.checklist.v.2) (09:3-49) 09:3. Chelydridae: Chandler and Janzen (2009) analyzed the phylogenetic position of the Chelydridae based on nucleotide sequence data, and found weak support for a sister group relationship with either the Kinosternoidea (Kinosternidae + Dermatemydidae) or Chelonioidea (Cheloniidae + Dermochelyidae). In a more extensive analysis, Barley et al. (in press) show that Chelydridae is sister to Kinosternoidea. 09:4. Macrochelys temminckii: Roman et al. (1999) showed that M. 239 240 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 temminckii could be divided into three major mitochondrial clades which they treated as Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs). They noted that samples from the Suwannee drainage in Florida showed high divergence from the rest of the range. Echelle et al. (2009) performed a microsatellite study and further subdivided M. temminckii into six ESUs. They also noted that the Suwannee population was the most distinct and concluded that it might eventually be recognized as a distinct taxonomic unit. 09:5. Cheloniidae: Bowen and Karl (2007) reviewed population genetics and phylogeography of marine turtles and while they noted mtDNA divergence between Indo-Pacific andAtlantic Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata, they recognized no taxa below the species level. 09:6. Lacépède 1788 and Bonnaterre 1789: The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) previously rejected the names created by Lacépède in his 1788 Histoire Naturelle des Serpens and subsequent editions since they were published in non-binomial works (ICZN 1987). However, all names published in his earlier 1788 volume, Histoire Naturelle de Quadrupèdes Ovipares (which contained all his turtle descriptions), continued to be nomenclaturally available until recently, when they were also rejected as being published in a non-binomial work (ICZN 2005). A few of these turtle names from the 1788 Histoire Naturelle de Quadrupèdes Ovipares volume had already been individually suppressed by the ICZN (1963). Therefore, Bonnaterre (1789), who republished Lacépède’s descriptions with proper binomials, becomes the authorship source for these rejected Lacépède turtle names. 09:7. Testudo nasicornis: Testudo nasicornis Lacépède 1788 was described as distinct from Testudo caouana Lacépède 1788 (= Caretta caretta) based on the possession of a soft nasal projection and on being fit for human consumption like Testudo marina (= Chelonia mydas). The species was included in the synonymy of various other marine turtle taxa until Loveridge and Williams (1957) placed it alongside T. caouana in the synonymy of Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758). Bonnaterre (1789) provided an amplified description and drawing of Testudo nasicornis, but his concept of the taxon differed from that of Lacépède, illustrating a specimen (pl. 3, fig. 3; hereby designated as the holotype) with 13 large carapacial scutes, costal tubercles forming an interrupted lateral keel, a strongly serrated carapacial margin, and apparently two pairs of prefrontal scales. The 13 carapacial scutes are inconsistent with Caretta but correspond to Chelonia or Eretmochelys, while the serrated carapacial margin and apparently split prefrontals indicate that the figured specimen is an Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766). As long as the name Testudo nasicornis was nomenclaturally occupied by Lacépède’s 1788 description, Bonnaterre’s 1789 description could simply be dismissed as an incorrect subsequent attribution. However, now that ICZN Opinion 2104 (ICZN 2005) has rejected availability of all of Lacépède’s turtle names, Bonnaterre’s becomes the first available usage of the name Testudo nasicornis. Bonnaterre’s description is clearly attributable to Eretmochelys imbricata, and thus we consider Testudo nasicornis Bonnaterre 1789 to be a subjective junior synonym of that taxon, while retaining Testudo nasicornis Lacépède 1788 as a nomen rejectum attributable to Caretta caretta. 09:8. Meyer 1790 species names: Meyer (1790), in a long-overlooked review article, provided short diagnoses and replacement names (nomina nova) for four species described by Lacépède (1788). These names have never appeared in any subsequent synonymies and are clearly nomina oblita. The Meyer names are Testudo bomarii for Testudo viridisquamosa (= Lepidochelys kempii or Chelonia mydas), Testudo lauanna for Testudo caouana (= Caretta caretta), Testudo sonnerati for Testudo punctata (= Lissemys punctata punctata), and Testudo rubra for Testudo subrufa (= Pelomedusa subrufa). 09:9. Eretmochelys imbricata: This checklist (TTWG 2007b; Rhodin et al. 2008) has previously treated bissa as a valid subspecies of imbricata in the absence of a definitive, data-based synonymization. Whereas genetic results have demonstrated distinct genetic lineages in the Atlantic and IndoPacific Oceans, no genetic studies or reviews (Okayama et al. 1999; Bowen and Karl 2007) have argued for continued recognition of the subspecies bissa. The phylogenetic structure within Eretmochelys is comparable to that within Chelonia, for which only a single monotypic species is currently recognized, and thus we now treat bissa as a synonym of imbricata. 09:10. Kinosternon arizonense: The authorship of this name was given as arizonense Gilmore 1922 in our previous checklist as well as TTWG (2007b) and Fritz and Havas (2007). However, the article appeared in February 1923 and the year is therefore corrected. 09:11. Kinosternon hirtipes: The authorship of this name was given as Wagler 1833 in our previous checklist as well as in TTWG (2007b) and Fritz and Havas (2007), whereas previous authors (e.g., Iverson 1992) have recognized hirtipes Wagler 1830, a name sometimes interpreted as a nomen nudum. However, the ICZN (1999) rules for availability of names published prior to 1931 (Article 12) state that species names must be accompanied by a “description or definition” or by an “indication”. The 1830 citation for hirtipes is not accompanied by a description or definition, but is accompanied by an indication—the associated illustration of the holotype of the taxon being named (see Article 12.2.7). Wagler 1830 is therefore the correct authorship designation. 09:12. Deirochelyinae: Spinks et al. (2009b) performed a phylogenetic analysis of the Emydidae based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Their mitochondrial phylogeny did not recover a monophyletic Deirochelyinae, instead it placed Deirochelys as the sister to the rest of Emydidae. In contrast, their nuclear data recovered a monophyletic Deirochelyinae. 09:13. Pseudemys: Spinks et al. (2009b) performed a phylogenetic analysis of Emydidae based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Although their sampling within Pseudemys was limited and uneven, their samples of concinna and floridana did not yield a monophyletic P. concinna with respect to peninsularis (mtDNAand nuclear DNA) or nelsoni (nuclear DNAonly). Further genetic and morphological study of known locality samples will be necessary in order to resolve the taxonomic status of the terminal taxa within Pseudemys. 09:14. Trachemys: Seidel (2002) made several recommendations about the specific and subspecific taxonomy of Trachemys, as reflected in our earlier checklist. Jackson et al. (2008) performed a mitochondrial survey of the genus and supported those taxonomic revisions. 09:15. Trachemys scripta: Rhodin and Carr (2009) demonstrated that the original authorship of the taxon name scripta should be attributed to Thunberg in Schoepff (1792), rather than just Schoepff. 09:16. Emys or Actinemys and Emys or Emydoidea: Using nuclear markers, Spinks and Shaffer (2009) re-emphasized a close phylogenetic relationship among marmorata, orbicularis/trinacris, and blandingii as was previously shown from mitochondrial DNA(see Feldman and Parham 2002 and case summary in annotation 21 of TTWG 2007b). Spinks and Shaffer (2009) also showed that those species share a complex evolutionary history including prehistoric hybridization, and that blandingii and orbicularis/trinacris are sister taxa. In light of this evidence they strongly recommended that all these species be included in the genus Emys rather than continued recognition of the genera Actinemys and Emydoidea. Other authors (Iverson et al. 2008) argue for the continued recognition of all three genera in this clade. 09:17. Emys orbicularis orbicularis: Fritz et al. (2009b) demonstrated that the mitochondrial DNA differentiation of the two previously recognized subspecies colchica and luteofusca were insufficient to continue to recognize them as distinct and therefore synonymized both under orbicularis. 09:18. Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti: Velo-Antón et al. (2008) performed a genetic analysis of multiple populations of Emys orbicularis on the Iberian peninsula and found no significant genetic divergence between the two previously-defined subspecies hispanica and fritzjuergenobsti, and therefore synonymized the former under the latter. 09:19. Emys orbicularis persica: Fritz et al. (2009b) demonstrated that the mitochondrial DNA differentiation of the previously recognized subspecies iberica was insufficient to continue to recognize it as distinct and therefore synonymized it under persica, thereby also bringing kurae under the synonymy of persica. 09:20. Geoemydidae and Rhinoclemmys: Le and McCord (2008) evaluated the molecular phylogeny of Rhinoclemmys and other geoemydid genera and affirmed the monophyly of the Geoemydidae, but recommended that Rhinoclemmys be afforded subfamilial recognition as the Rhinoclemminae, a grouping concept first proposed by Gray (1873j) as the Tribe Rhinoclemmyina. 09:21. Batagur affinis edwardmolli: Praschag et al (2009) assessed the taxonomic status of B. affinis using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic analysis, and described the populations of Cambodia and the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia as the new subspecies edwardmolli, with the populations of western Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra (Indonesia) retained as the nominotypical subspecies affinis. 09:22. Cuora galbinifrons complex: In our previous checklists we listed the three taxa galbinifrons, bourreti, and picturata as subspecies of galbinifrons. However, the preponderance of well-documented evidence now supports the elevation of these three taxa to recognition as three closely related full species, based on both morphology and genetics (Stuart and Parham 2004, Spinks et al. 2009a). 09:23. Cuora trifasciata: Spinks et al. (2009a) assessed the validity of the recently described Cuora cyclornata Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006a Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. Their genetic evidence elucidates a complex history of introgression involving Cuora trifasciata and the Cuora pani complex. They also provide a critique of the morphological analysis of Blanck et al. (2006), concluding that the available evidence is not sufficient to diagnose C. cyclornata. Following their previous analysis of this group (Spinks et al. 2006), they continue to recommend that C. cyclornata be considered a junior synonym of C. trifasciata. 09:24. Cyclemys species: Praschag et al. (2009b) analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear genes in these species, and found that gemeli and fusca were distinct but closely related, and that atripons, dentata, and pulchristriata were also well-differentiated and formed a well-supported clade. The taxonomy of the genus Cyclemys has been subject to intense debate over the past several years and will likely continue for some time before it is stabilized. 09:25. Geoemyda spengleri: Gong et al. (2009) demonstrated phylogeographic structure in mitochondrial DNA within this taxon. 09:26. Mauremys: Hirayama et al. (2007) recommended splitting the genus Mauremys (sensu Feldman and Parham 2004) into five genera (Mauremys, Cathaiemys, Chinemys, Ocadia, and an unnamed new genus) based on the morphology of the palate. The relative utility of single character typological taxonomies and monotypic genera versus restricting familiar names to welldefined evolutionary clades has been discussed elsewhere for Mauremys and turtles in general (Parham and Feldman 2002; Feldman and Parham 2004; Spinks et al. 2004; Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2007a; Spinks et al. 2009). Following the philosophy outlined in these papers we retain the larger aggregate Mauremys and recommend consideration of subgenera for phenetically distinctive subclades (e.g., Parham and Feldman 2002; Smith and Chizsar 2006). 09:27. Mauremys caspica: Fritz et al. (2008a) performed a rangewide genetic survey of Mauremys caspica. Their study revealed discordant patterns of morphological and genetic differentiation in this species. They did not recommend abandoning the current subspecies, but highlighted the need for future taxonomic revision. 09:28. Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera: Barrio-Amorós and Narbaiza (2008) elevated this taxon to species status based on a brief statement about head coloration and allopatric distribution, a change we reflected in our previous checklist; however, based on the relative lack of supportive data, we treat it again as a subspecies pending further analysis. 09:29. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys: The nomenclatural validity of the generic and specific names of the Aldabra tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea or Dipsochelys dussumieri) is currently being debated (reviewed in TTWG 2007b and Rhodin et al. 2008). There is recent disagreement regarding the type specimen of Testudo gigantea, the type species of Aldabrachelys, that was presumed lost. Frazier (2006) designated an Aldabran neotype for T. gigantea, an act that would validate the use of both Aldabrachelys and the terminal taxon name gigantea. Around the same time, Bour (2006) reported to have rediscovered the original lost type specimen, which is actually an individual of the South American tortoise Chelonoidis denticulata, making gigantea and Aldabrachelys junior synonyms of denticulata and Chelonoidis, respectively, which would thereby result in the use of Dipsochelys dussumieri as the valid name for the Aldabra tortoise. Whether Frazier’s neotype designation or Bour’s specimen rediscovery prevails nomenclaturally remains a matter of major ongoing debate. The matter has been petitioned to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Frazier 2009), with multiple commentaries on both sides of the issue (Zug et al. 2009; Bour et al. 2009; Takahashi et al. 2009), but no decision has yet been made by the ICZN. 09:30. Aldabrachelys or Dipsochelys species: Gerlach and Canning (1998) recognized six species of tortoises in Aldabra, Madagascar, and the Seychelles (three extant: gigantea or dussumieri, arnoldi, and hololissa; and three extinct: abrupta, daudinii, and grandidieri). The two species from Madagascar became extinct prior to modern times (Testudo abrupta Grandidier 1868 in ca. 1250 AD and Testudo grandidieri Vaillant 1885b in ca. 950 AD) so we do not include them in our list of modern taxa. Palkovacs et al. (2002, 2003) rejected the validity of multiple extant species inhabiting the Indian Ocean Islands based on their analysis of genetic data, recognizing only a single living taxon (gigantea or dussumieri). Gerlach and Bour (2003) re-emphasized the validity of their recognized species based on the observation that the hatchlings are diagnostic. Further morphologic and genetic research is clearly needed to determine whether more than one taxon of giant tortoise persists on the Indian Ocean Islands. Based on their lack of demonstrable genetic differences, we suggest that these morphologically-defined taxa be listed as subspecies of gigantea/dussumieri pending further analysis. 09:31. Astrochelys yniphora: Le et al. (2006) proposed the genus name Angonoka for the single taxon yniphora, but Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) showed that this species is closely related to radiata and so placed both species in the genus Astrochelys Gray 1873j. The genus name Angonoka has not been adopted by other authors and we recommend the use of the genus name Astrochelys for both radiata and yniphora. 09:32. Chelonoidis nigra species complex: Many recent authors and our previous two checklists have considered the various taxa of Galápagos tortoises as subspecies (e.g., Pritchard 1996; Caccone et al. 1999; Beheregaray et al. 2003; Fritz and Havas 2007; TTWG 2007b; Rhodin et al. 2008). However, previous authors have considered them as full species based on morphology (Bour 1980; Fritts 1983; Ernst and Barbour 1989) and recently several researchers (Caccone et al. 2002; Russello et al. 2005, 2007; Poulakakis et al. 2008; Chiari et al. 2009) have re-elevated them to species based on congruent patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear variation. Given the allopatric distribution of Gálapagos taxa, combined with the concordant patterns of mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological variation, we support their recognition as distinct species. In raising these taxa to species, we prefer to highlight their close monophyletic relationship (as distinct from mainland South American Chelonoidis) by listing them as a species complex. 09:33. Chelonoidis nigra: The correct epithet for the extinct Floreana tortoise is nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824. Poulakakis et al. (2008) used the epithet elephantopus Harlan 1827, but this is in error because that name is younger and the now-lost holotype of elephantopus cannot be assigned to any island based on descriptions (Pritchard 1996). Extinct on Floreana since the 1850s, hybrid descendants of this species were recently discovered on Isla Isabela (Poulakakis et al. 2008; Parham 2008) indicating that the lineage persists but has interbred with becki Rothschild 1901. Captive cross-breeding of these becki x nigra hybrids could be used to partially reconstitute the nigra lineage. 09:34. Chelonoidis abingdonii: Hybrid descendants of C. abingdonii have recently been found on Volcan Wolf on Isla Isabela (Russello et al. 2007), and since only a single male (Lonesome George) of this species survives, the lineage could be partially reconstituted by captive cross-breeding. 09:35. Chelonoidis porteri: Chiari et al. (2009) performed an extensive analysis of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear genetic variation in the two separate populations of tortoises on Santa Cruz presently referred to the taxon porteri. They demonstrated that the Cerro Fatal population is genetically and morphologically distinct from the La Caseta population and warrants a formal new taxon description, currently in preparation. 09:36. Chelonoidis vicina: Pritchard (1996) previously synonymized guentheri Baur 1898 under this taxon (see TTWG 2007b) based on lack of morphological distinctiveness. Recent genetic work by Ciofi et al. (2006) has confirmed a lack of significant genetic distinctiveness between these previously recognized taxa on southern Isabela Island. 09:37. Chersina angulata: Daniels et al. (2007) have demonstrated that this taxon includes two parapatric mitochondrial lineages. These lineages are morphometrically distinct and also show ecological and behavioral differences. Taken together, these data suggest the existence of more than one taxon within C. angulata and the matter is under further study (Daniels et al. 2007; Hofmeyr 2009). 09:38. Cylindraspis indica: In our previous checklist (Rhodin et al. 2008) we followed Fritz and Havas (2007) in synonymizing Testudo tabulata africana Schweigger 1812 under Chersina angulata (Schweigger 1812). However, Bour (1985) previously identified the type specimen of africana as being a Cylindraspis graii, and Bour (2008) reaffirmed it as a synonym of Cylindraspis indica. 09:39. Kinixys belliana nogueyi: This taxon was treated as a full species by McCord et al. (2005) with minimal argumentation for the change from traditional recognition as a subspecies of K. belliana, and we followed that usage in our previous checklist. However, we now agree with Branch (2008) and traditional usage, and therefore restore nogueyi to a subspecies of belliana. 09:40. Testudo or Chersine or Agrionemys: The type species and synonymizations of the genera Chersine Merrem 1820 and Medaestia Wussow 1916 have recently come under discussion. Bour and Ohler (2008) argued that Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 is the type of Medaestia and that Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789 is the type of Chersine, whereas Fritz and Kraus (2008) concluded that hermanni is the type species for both. In either case, the oldest available generic name for hermanni or the clade (hermanni + horsfieldii) is Chersine Merrem, 1820, of which Eurotestudo and perhaps Medaestia are objective junior synonyms. Agrionemys is a subjective junior synonym if 241 242 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 horsfieldii is considered congeneric with hermanni outside the genus Testudo, but remains available for a monotypic genus containing horsfieldii. 09:41. Testudo graeca graeca: Fritz et al. (2009c) demonstrated that the mitochondrial haplotype of topotypic T. g. whitei is identical to samples of T. g. graeca, a taxon with overall low genetic variation. They therefore reconfirmed placement of whitei Bennett in White 1836 in the synonymy of graeca Linnaeus 1758. 09:42. Testudo graeca marokkensis: Fritz et al. (2009c) demonstrated that T. g. lamberti and T. g. marokkensis share the same mitochondrial haplotype. They also questioned the morphometric analyses and proposed geographical separation of lamberti and marokkensis that were used to justify these taxa, and recommended combining them into a single subspecies. Since both lamberti and marokkensis were proposed in the same publication (Pieh and Perälä 2004), they invoked the principle of first reviser and chose marokkensis as the valid name. 09:43. Testudo or Agrionemys horsfieldii: A recent study by Hitschfeld et al. (2008) showed that carpal osteological characters used previously to elevate the subspecies kazachstanica and rustamovi to species level are ontogenetically variable. In addition, Fritz et al. (2009a) have demonstrated the presence of three major mitochondrial haplotype clades that do not correspond well with the presently understood geographic distribution of the three currently recognized morphologically-defined subspecies. Whether or not to continue to recognize kazachstanica and rustamovi as distinct subspecies remains uncertain, but we retain them on the list pending further analysis and resolution. 09:44. Lissemys punctata: Rohilla et al. (2009) demonstrated some geographic differentiation in allozymes in this wide-ranging taxon. 09:45. Wollumbinia or Myuchelys: Thomson and Georges (2009) described the new genus Myuchelys for these taxa (but not including dorsii Wells 2009), choosing not to recognize the previous description of Wollumbinia Wells 2007c as nomenclaturally available. Whether Wells’ work, distributed online without adequate hardcopy dissemination, is nomenclaturally available needs to be decided by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and we therefore list both names. 09:46. Wollumbinia or Myuchelys dorsii: Wells (2009) described the new species Wollumbinia dorsii, but whether the name is nomenclaturally available is open to question, as the description was distributed online without adequate hardcopy dissemination. As Australian chelid taxonomy is in a state of flux and the validity of Wells’ multiple papers in his Australian Biodiversity Record is under question, we list the name here. However, we make no determination as to its validity either nomenclaturally or taxonomically. 09:47. Wollumbinia or Myuchelys latisternum: Wells (2009) resurrected the taxon Wollumbinia spinosa (originally Euchelymys spinosa Gray 1871a) as a separate valid species, based on the supposed distinctiveness of the single holotype without known locality data collected in 1866 (as noted by Cann 1998). Whether this resurrection will be accepted as valid is open to question, as no further specimens of the taxon have been identified and its distribution is unknown. We therefore retain spinosa as a junior synonym of latisternum pending further data. 09:48. Podocnemididae: Vargas-Ramirez et al. (2008) performed mitochondrial and nuclear genetic analysis of all eight extant species and demonstrated strong support for the Madagascan genus Erymnochelys being sister to a strongly monophyletic South American Podocnemis, and the South American Peltocephalus being sister to Erymnochelys + Podocnemis. This phylogenetic analysis renders the occasionally used subfamilial clade name Podocnemidinae Broin 1988 (for Podocnemis and Peltocephalus) paraphyletic. 09:49. Podocnemis unifilis: As we noted in our previous two checklists (TTWG 2007b; Rhodin et al. 2008), most authors since Troschel 1848 have used the name unifilis for this species (the yellow-spotted river turtle), though some early authors erroneously used the epithet dumeriliana Schweigger 1812. Recently, the name unifilis was referred to the synonymy of cayennensis Schweigger 1812 by David (1994), but the latter name has historically been used for what is now recognized as P. erythrocephala (the red-headed Amazon River turtle) (Mittermeier and Wilson, 1974). Bour (2006a) then redescribed what he concluded to be one of the original three specimens used by Schweigger in his concept of cayennensis and designated it as lectotype, but noted that this specimen was actually a representative of the taxon currently known as unifilis, and he recommended that the name cayennensis therefore be used instead of unifilis. However, since the measurements of the lectotype provided by Bour do not correspond exactly with those originally provided by Schweigger, and since Schweigger evidently had examined three specimens for his description, it remains unclear whether the lectotype has been correctly identified. In view of the long history of stable usage of the epithet unifilis for the yellow-spotted river turtle, we recommend its continued usage; suppression of cayennensis by petition to the ICZN may be needed for nomenclatural stabilization. 2010 Checklist Annotations TTWG 2010 (000.85-164.checklist.v.3) (10:4-49) 10:4. Testudines: In a paper published too close to our manuscript deadline to fully analyze its implications, Dubois and Bour (2010b) discuss the distinction between nomenclature at family-series and class-series rank, and its application to the widely used Order group name Testudines Batsch 1788. Arguing that group names established at a family-series level cannot be applied at a class-series level, and that the family-group name based on the genus Testudo is already validly applied at the Family level (as “Testudinidae Batsch 1788”), they conclude that the name Testudines Batsch 1788 cannot also be applied to the Order of turtles, but do not suggest an available name for the Order. However, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature does not regulate use of names above the superfamily level, and there remain a variety of uncertainties and possible alternative interpretations on the validity, format, use, and authorship attribution of these names. Additionally, some modern authors continue to use and defend the use of the original name Testudines Linnaeus 1758 to designate all modern turtles, even though the name was used primarily in a vernacular fashion in the original publication. Therefore, we do not make any changes at this time, but continue to refer to all turtles as the Order Testudines Batsch 1788, and expect to revisit this issue in more detail in a future checklist. Additionally, in recent years, the rank level of turtles has been recommended by some to be elevated from its traditional rank of Order within the Class Reptilia to full Class rank on its own (e.g., Collins et al. 2010). Under this scheme, Reptilia would be the Class containing only squamates and tuataras (traditionally known as the Lepidosauria), Class Eusuchia would contain the crocodiles, Mammalia the mammals, and Aves the birds. This possible class-level rank for turtles is to some extent supported by studies indicating the paraphyly of the traditional Class Reptilia with regard to birds. However, other studies indicate a sister-group relationship between turtles and diapsid reptiles, or placement of turtles within diapsids, and hence, uncertainty about the phylogenetic relationship of turtles to other groups abounds (e.g., Laurin and Reisz 1995, deBraga and Rieppel 1997, Kirsch and Mayer 1998, Modesto and Anderson 2004, Bhullar and Bever 2009). Considering that the monophyly of turtles has never been challenged, and that ranking of turtles at class-level provides no improved resolution of the group’s phylogenetic position, but simply shifts its distinctiveness to a different rank, we continue to treat turtles as an Order, with no implied judgment of its placement among other living and fossil tetrapod groups. 10:5. Caretta caretta: Dubois and Bour (2010a) noted that Garsault (1764) depicted and named a marine turtle as Testudo marina, which they considered a junior synonym of Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758) based on morphology and geography. Testudo marina Garsault 1764 is also a senior homonym of Testudo marina Wilhelm 1794, a junior synonym of Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli 1761). 10:6. Chrysemys dorsalis or picta dorsalis: Phylogeography of the entire Chrysemys picta complex was studied by Starkey et al. (2003), who demonstrated two distinct mtDNA genetic lineages: dorsalis and picta. They recommended elevating dorsalis to species status, but did not find genetic support for the other traditional subspecies (bellii, marginata), although they recommended that they not be abandoned. Ernst et al. (2006) documented morphologic intergradation between dorsalis and marginata in Missouri, but did not express an opinion as to the validity of the proposed elevation of dorsalis by Starkey et al., although they referred to their work. Fritz and Havas (2007) suggested that full specific status of dorsalis was not fully demonstrated by Starkey et al.’s data and retained it and the other two taxa as subspecies of picta. Iverson et al. (2008) agreed with Starkey et al.’s analysis and listed dorsalis as a full species, as have other recent authors and database managers (e.g., McAllister et al. 2007, NatureServe), while others retain dorsalis at subspecies rank (e.g., Ernst and Lovich 2009, ITIS). The sequencing of the entire Chrysemys picta genome is currently in draft form and should help resolve this problem. We now choose to list this taxon provisionally at species rank, recognizing the validity of arguments on either side of the issue, which remains unresolved. 10:7. Gray 1830e and Gray 1831d: The date of publication of Gray 1830e (A Synopsis of the Species of the Class Reptilia) is cited by most sources as Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 1831, since the title page of Griffith and Pidgeon, Volume 9 (Reptilia), in which the Synopsis appears as a Supplement, is dated 1831. However, Gray’s Synopsis is dated on its first page as having been written in October 1830, and Volume 9 of Griffith and Pidgeon was actually published in three separate sections from 1830 to 1831 (see Cowan 1969). The first section, Part 25 (pp. 1–192), which included Griffith and Pidgeon’s own text on Chelonia (plus part of Sauria), appeared in September 1830 (this part also includes three new Bell and Gray names that we cite as Bell 1830a and Gray 1830c). The second section, Part 26 (part of Sauria plus Ophidia and probably including Gray’s Supplement) was apparenty published in December 1830; this date was interpolated by Cowan (1969) as the planned three-month time interval between the publication dates of Parts 25 and 27. The last section, Part 27 (Batrachia plus 18 plates) was published in March 1831. Cowan (1969) did not indicate when Gray’s Supplement was published, nor with which Part it appeared. It was certainly not published in Part 25 in September 1830, when only pp. 1–192 of the main text were published, and prior to the October date recorded by Gray on his Synopsis, nor was it published with Part 27 in March 1831 with the Batrachia and plates. The page header for the first few pages of Gray’s supplement has “Order Ophidia” printed at the top, and was therefore printed at the same time as the Ophidia section published in Part 26. In his later publication, Gray 1831d (Synopsis Reptilium; or Short Descriptions of the Species of Reptiles), dated on p. viii as having been written in January 1831, on p. 77 Gray referred to the exact pagination for the citation for Hydraspis lata in the earlier published Griffith version (p. 17 in Gray 1830e). Therefore, Gray 1830e was available for page-citation in January 1831, and was therefore published with Part 26, probably in December 1830. Also, in Gray’s own listing of his publications (Gray 1873k) he recorded 1830 as the date for publication of his Synopsis in Griffith’s Vol. 9. In addition, Cogger et al. (1983) recognized 1830 as the date of publication for this work, as do we. The date of publication of Gray 1831d has always been considered to be 1831, but the exact date has not been recorded. As noted, it is dated on p. viii as having been written in January 1831. The back cover of the publication lists other books by Gray already available for sale at the same time. Listed as already published are Gray’s Illustrations of Indian Zoology, Parts 1 through 6, with a statement that a total of 20 parts were to be completed, one published every three months. Sawyer (1953) recorded that Part 1 of Indian Zoology was published on 6 January 1830, Part 2 on 30 March 1830, Part 3 on 15 July 1830, Part 4 on 6 October 1830, Part 5 on 25 January 1831, Part 6 on 7 April 1831, and Part 7 on 27 July 1831. Gray 1831d was therefore published between Parts 6 and 7, i.e., between April and July 1831, and we have chosen May as the probable month of publication. 10:8. Graptemys gibbonsi and G. pearlensis: Ennen et al. (2010) analyzed morphological and genetic variation in Graptemys gibbonsi throughout its range and concluded that the western population inhabiting the Pearl River system of eastern Louisiana and western Mississippi is sufficiently distinct to warrant description as a full species, Graptemys pearlensis, with Graptemys gibbonsi restricted to the Pascagoula River system of eastern Mississippi only. 10:9. Pseudemys concinna, floridana, and peninsularis: These three taxa remain difficult to resolve morphologically and genetically, and their taxonomic relationships have vacillated among various views held by Seidel (1994, 1995), Jackson (1995, 2006), and Thomas and Jansen (2006). Our checklist has historically listed floridana as a subspecies of concinna, and peninsularis as a separate species, based primarily on Seidel’s work, and we continue to do so. However, recent ongoing fieldwork (e.g., Jensen et al. 2008; M. Aresco and D. Jackson, in litt.) potentially supports recognition of floridana and concinna as separate species, based on marked differences in their habitat preferences across wide areas of sympatry, with peninsularis apparently a subspecies of floridana. In view of the long history of taxonomic uncertainty surrounding these taxa and the unresolved nature of the data, we now note these conflicting views by providing alternative listings of floridana as either a subspecies of concinna or a possible separate species, and peninsularis as either a species or possible subspecies of floridana. However, we make no actual change in the taxonomic status of these turtles at this time, but await further field data and genetic analyses of this difficult species complex, both of which are ongoing. 10:10. Trachemys venusta: McCord et al. (2010) described three new subspecies of Trachemys venusta based on patterns of head and neck stripes, carapace and plastron patterns and coloration, plastral scute formulae, maximum sizes, and distribution. We provisionally list these subspecies pending genetic analysis. 10:11. Duméril 1805: This reference has historically been given as 1806, as that date is printed on its frontispiece, but recent work by Gregory (2010), brought to our attention by R. Bour, has shown that it was actually published in November 1805. 10:12. Emys, Actinemys, and Emydoidea: Wiens et al (2010) analyzed multiple mitochondrial and nuclear loci for many emydid terminal taxa. They considered that their results did not provide phylogenetic support for the placement of Actinemys and Emydoidea in Emys (as recommended most recently by Spinks and Shaffer 2009); instead, Wiens et al. recommended recognizing Actinemys and Emydoidea as monotypic genera, with Actinemys apparently more closely related to Clemmys. We note the discordance among various published data sets regarding the relationships and analyses of the Emys + Emydoidea + Actinemys group, and hence, we retain our previous listings pending greater resolution. 10:13. Emys orbicularis orbicularis: Dubois and Bour (2010a) noted that Garsault (1764) depicted and named a freshwater turtle as Testudo terrestris, which they identified as an Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758), and which they considered a subjective junior synonym of E. o. orbicularis based on geography. Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764 is also a senior homonym of Testudo terrestris Forskål 1775; however, the latter name has extensive usage over the past half century, and is a nomen conservandum (ICZN 1963), thus safeguarding its continuing usage. 10:14. Emys orbicularis galloitalica: Pedall et al. (2011) investigated genetic differentiation of populations of Italian, Corsican, Sardinian, and Sicilian Emys orbicularis populations, based on mtDNAand polymorphic microsatellite loci. They found no significant divergence of Corsican and Sardinian populations from populations of the southwestern Italian mainland, supporting the view that the subspecies capolongoi (Sardinia) and lanzai (Corsica) described from these islands are invalid. Their results also suggested that Sardinian and Corsican populations represented reintroduced populations following earlier extirpations of native taxa. While Pedall et al. (2011) did not explicitly synonymize capolongoi and lanzai into galloitalica, they indicated synonymization to be warranted and we consider their results adequate justification to do so. This leaves the status of the subspecies ingauna, restricted to a small isolated area in Liguria in the middle of the range of galloitalica, unresolved. Fritz and Havas (2007:184) noted that ingauna could be synonymous with galloitalica, but no data-supported analyses of the status of ingauna have apparently been published since its original description; in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we continue to recognize ingauna as a valid subspecies. 10:15. Emys or Actinemys marmorata: An extensive mitochondrial and nuclear gene study by Spinks et al. (2010) indicated that southern and northern lineages, with a zone of contact somewhere in the central Coast Range of California, exist and may well be diagnosable. However, given the lack of concordance between the traditionally defined ranges of pallida in the south and marmorata in the north (as previously recognized subspecies), and with two nuclear and four mitochondrial lineages identified, we follow Spinks et al. in waiting for any formal recognition of this variation pending publication of a much larger, ongoing genetic analysis, and we do not re-elevate pallida from synonymy at this time. 10:16. Glyptemys muhlenbergii: The name Emys biguttata Say was previously recorded as being published in 1824; however, though the paper was read in 1824, it was not published until 1825, in Volume 4, Part 2 of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 10:17. Terrapene: The genus name Cistudo was previously attributed to Say 1825 as a nomen novum, as also recorded by Fritz and Havas (2007); however, an Errata sheet published with Say’s article in Volume 4, Part 2 of the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences noted that the name should have been Cistuda (as originally published by Fleming 1822). However, many subsequent authors used Cistudo as a valid generic name, often citing Say as the original author. The first authors to do so appear to have been Duméril and Bibron (1835), but many others, including Gray (1856b), Agassiz (1857a), and Boulenger (1889) followed suit. 10:18. Mauremys japonica: Hoogmoed et al. (2010) indicated that this species name was actually published in 1834 rather than 1835 as previously recorded by most other authors. 10:19. Chelonoidis carbonaria and C. denticulata: Vargas-Ramirez et al. (2010a) investigated phylogeographic differentiation in carbonaria and denticulata, and found distinct mitochondrial clades in carbonaria but only weak differentiation in denticulata. They recommended further investigation, but proposed no taxonomic changes at this time. 10:20. Chelonoidis carbonaria: Nowak-Kemp and Fritz (2010) examined 243 244 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 the holotype of Testudo hercules truncata Gray 1830e in the Bell collection of the Oxford University Museum and determined that it is a C. carbonaria, rather than a C. denticulata, where it was previously synonymized as a nomen dubium. 10:21. Chelonoidis chilensis and C. petersi: The validity of the taxa petersi and donosobarrosi remains subject to debate; the latest contribution to the case was made by Vinke et al. (2008), who considered petersi synonymous with chilensis based on syntopic occurrence and lack of consistent morphological differentiation of populations attributed to petersi vs. chilensis. We consider the situation unresolved and tentatively retain our recognition of distinct southern and northern taxa (chilensis and petersi) within the chilensis group, pending further analysis of range-wide patterns of morphological and molecular variation. 10:22. Gopherus agassizii: Cooper’s description appeared in print in a section of the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences that was printed and distributed in 1861, not 1863 when the completed volume (including wrappers dated 1863) was issued (R.B. Murphy, pers. comm.). The two bird species described by Cooper in the same paper (Whitney’s Owl, Athene whitneyi, now Micrathene whitneyi, and Lucy’s Warbler, Helminthophaga luciæ, now Vermivora luciae) are consistently attributed to Cooper 1861 in the ornithological literature. 10:23. Homopus: The date of authorship of the genus Homopus has traditionally been given as 1835, referring to Tome 2 of Duméril and Bibron (1835:145). However, Roger Bour (pers. comm.) has drawn our attention to the fact that the name was actually created and diagnosed in Tome 1 of Duméril and Bibron (1834:357). 10:24. Homopus signatus: Daniels et al. (2010) investigated systematics and phylogeography of Homopus signatus using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, neither of which supported the recognition of the two traditional subspecies, signatus and cafer. As a result they recommended abandoning subspecies designations for H. signatus, and we concur. 10:25. Homopus signatus: Our previous checklists and earlier checklists by other authors have consistently listed Testudo juvencella Gray 1831d:14 as a junior synonym of this taxon. However, Gray attributed the name to Daudin, and in fact, it was formally described by Daudin in 1802; hence we correct this oversight. 10:26. Stigmochelys: Le et al. (2006) proposed placing pardalis in the genus Psammobates, while Fritz and Bininda-Emonds (2007) argued for placement in the monotypic genus Stigmochelys. Since then, at least three peerreviewed publications have consciously (i.e. citing Le et al. 2006, among their references) chosen to use Stigmochelys, as did two ecological papers (which did not refer to Le et al. 2006) and the CITES Nomenclature Specialist (CITES 2010); in contrast, only a single peer-reviewed paper (Spinks et al. 2009) was published after 2006 using the combination Psammobates pardalis, and this was to name the species as an outgroup. Noting the emerging consensus, we no longer accept Psammobates as an alternative name for Stigmochelys. 10:27. Stigmochelys pardalis: Fritz et al. (2010a) analyzed phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA and found that seven, largely parapatric, mtDNA lineages could be identified; these clades did not correspond to the traditional subspecies (pardalis vs. babcocki) nor to the pronounced geographic size variation. They concluded that there is no rationale for recognizing subspecies within S. pardalis. 10:28. Testudo graeca buxtoni: The taxon Testudo ecaudata Pallas 1814 has historically been listed in the synonymy of Testudo graeca, and Fritz and Havas (2007) and our earlier checklists synonymized it under T. g. buxtoni as a nomen dubium. Wermuth and Mertens (1961) synonymized it under T. g. ibera, and in their later checklist (Wermuth and Mertens 1977) again under T. g. ibera, but with a question mark. However, in an overlooked reference, Darevsky and Mertens (1973) examined the unpublished plate from Pallas (1814) depicting the type specimen of ecaudata, and determined it to be a variety of the South African Psammobates tentorius verroxii (Smith 1839), despite the fact that the specimen was allegedly obtained in the forests of northern Persia along the Caspian Sea. Despite being a co-author, Mertens was evidently not completely convinced of the synonymization, and only added a question mark to the name in his 1977 checklist, while retaining it under the synonymy of T. g. ibera. Because of the uncertainty of the identification of ecaudata by Darevsky and Mertens, we solicited input from several specialists regarding the identity of the figured specimen. Examination by Roger Bour, Ernst Baard, Brian Henen, Oguz Türkozan, and Jim Buskirk confirmed that it was not a Psammobates, but a juvenile specimen of a Testudo, most likely referable to T. graeca. 10:29. Forskål or Forsskål: The spelling of the family name of Pehr Forsskål has varied through the years, with widespread usage of both single and double ‘s’ spelling (as in our previous checklists). Dubois and Bour (2010a) declared the “Forsskål” spelling to be a mistake, but whether to spell his name with a single or double ‘s’ depends on its usage. In the original paper describing Testudo terrestris and T. triunguis his name is given on the title page in Latin as Petrus Forskål with one ‘s’, but in his own Swedish vernacular he always spelled his name as either Petter or Pehr Forsskål, with a double ‘s’. Current references to his name are reasonably evenly split between the two spellings (as determined by a search on Google), with the scientific literature preferring Forskål and the sociohistorical literature preferring Forsskål. We therefore now spell his name as rendered on the original publication, Forskål, just as we render the name Carolus Linnaeus in the original published Latin form rather than the name he was known by in his own Swedish vernacular, Carl von Linné. 10:30. Testudo or Agrionemys horsfieldii: Three new taxa from this species complex have recently been described by Chkhikvadze and colleagues: Agrionemys bogdanovi, A. kazachstanica kuznetzovi, and A. kazachstanica terbishi. In addition, they have elevated two other taxa, A. horsfieldii rustamovi and Testudo baluchiorum, to species status. The taxonomy of Central Asian steppe tortoises remains in a state of flux; in contrast to the deeply-dissected arrangement of several species and subspecies in Agrionemys as proposed by Chkhikvadze and colleagues based on morphological characters, Fritz et al. (2009) found phylogeographic structure as evidenced by mtDNA to be in weak agreement with morphologically-defined taxa, suggested synonymy of rustamovi with horsfieldii, and recognized only a single species, placed in Testudo, with implicit recognition of subspecies kazachstanica and an unnamed ESU in the Fergana valley. To minimize nomenclatural changes in a highly dynamic situation, and to attempt a middle road between the views of Chkhikvadze et al. and Fritz et al., we retain the recent arrangement of a single species with several subspecies, with the newly-described taxa bogdanovi, kuznetzovi, and terbishi provisionally listed as subspecies of horsfieldii, keeping rustamovi as a subspecies, and not elevating baluchiorum from synonymy. We anticipate that further changes will occur in the near future. Additionally, we drop Chersine as an alternative generic name for the horsfieldii species complex, as all authors use either Testudo or Agrionemys for this group. This issue was previously discussed in TTWG 2009. 10:31. Cycloderma aubryi: Duméril (1856) described this species under the name Cryptopodus aubryi, sp. nov., in his text, but labeled the plate Cryptopus aubryi. Cryptopodus is considered an ex errore name for Cryptopus Duméril and Bibron 1835. 10:32. Pelodiscus: Fritz et al. (2010b) carried out preliminary genetic analyses of softshells of the Pelodiscus sinensis group, and demonstrated the taxonomic validity and species status of P. maackii; further taxonomic research was called for to elucidate the status and proper name of the lineages currently recognized by some as P. axenaria and P. parviformis, as we continue to do in this checklist. 10:33. Rafetus swinhoei: Le et al. (2010) described a purported new species of giant softshell, Rafetus vietnamensis, with the type specimen a complete mounted skeleton located in the Hung Ky pagoda in Hanoi, but without locality data, while at the same time indicating that R. leloii Ha 2000 was probably not a taxonomically valid description. The study analyzed mostly the same materials as Le and Pritchard (2009), who reached the opposite conclusion, that Vietnamese records of Rafetus all pertain to R. swinhoei. A critical re-assessment of the description of R. vietnamensis is in progress (M. Le, B. Farkas, pers. comm.). Based on the conclusions of Le and Pritchard (2009), we provisionally list R. vietnamensis in the synonymy of R. swinhoei. 10:34. Chelodina subgenera: Georges and Thomson (2010) summarized the history and rationale of grouping species of Australasian snake-necked turtles and naming these groups, and concluded that the preferred nomenclatural arrangement would be to place all species in the genus Chelodina, while recognizing three subgenera within Chelodina: subgenus Chelodina for the narrow-headed species traditionally assigned to ‘Group A’ related to C. longicollis, subgenus Macrodiremys for the single species C. colliei (= C. oblonga of many authors), and subgenus Macrochelodina for the broad-headed species of ‘Group B’ related to C. expansa. However, as explained in annotation 39, the name Macrodiremys may be invalid. 10:35. Chelodina (Chelodina) gunaleni: Georges and Thomson (2010) considered gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a as synonymous with novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b, but provided no data supporting their conclusion; we retain gunaleni as distinct pending further analysis. 10:36. Chelodina (Chelodina) mccordi: Georges and Thomson (2010) synonymized Chelodina timorensis (McCord et al. 2007a) under C. mccordi Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 (Rhodin 1994b), without recognizing any subspecies of mccordi, instead referring to the taxa roteensis and timorensis as Diagnosable Terminal Taxa or ESU’s (Evolutionarily Significant Units). Kuchling et al. (2007) interpreted these taxa as subspecies of mccordi, and we provisionally agree until further work clarifies their taxonomic status. The CITES Nomenclature Specialist (CITES 2010) also synonymized timorensis under mccordi. 10:37. Chelodina (Macrochelodina) rugosa: Georges and Thomson (2010) reiterated their earlier (Georges and Thomson 2006) synonymy of C. kuchlingi Cann 1997d into C. rugosa Ogilby 1890, and we now synonymize it as well. 10:38. Chelodina (Macrochelodina) walloyarrina: Georges and Thomson (2010) treated walloyarrina McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b as synonymous under burrungandjii Thomson et al. 2000, referring to morphological and molecular information available in the literature, and their own research indicating hybridization and introgression of burrungandjii with rugosa. However, we provisionally retain walloyarrina as distinct until published molecular data resolves the issue. 10:39. Chelodina (subgenus name undetermined) oblonga or colliei: Thomson (2006), Georges and Thomson (2010) and Kuchling (2010) summarized the convoluted nomenclatural history of the name Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841, and attributed it to the northern populations (currently named C. rugosa Ogilby 1890, a name provisionally retained by them) as a senior synonym, pending the outcome of ICZN Case 3351 (Thomson 2006). With the name oblonga thus potentially unavailable for the snake-necked turtle of southwestern Western Australia, they referred to this turtle either by its next available name, Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a [Georges and Thomson], or C. oblonga (= C. colliei) [Kuchling] to maintain prevailing usage. In an attempt to retain traditional usage of the name oblonga for the southwestern snakeneck, McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007a) had designated a neotype for oblonga Gray 1841, being the lectotype of C. colliei. However, as a type specimen already exists for oblonga, their neotype designation is invalid (Kuchling 2010). There is general agreement that the southwestern snakeneck represents a distinct lineage within the Chelodina group (Burbidge 1967, Goode 1967, Kuchling 1988, Georges and Adams 1992, Georges et al. 1998, 2002), warranting recognition at subgenus level alongside Macrochelodina and Chelodina sensu stricto. The genus name Macrodiremys was created by McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007a) to recognize this lineage. They designated oblonga as its type species, in the mistaken belief that their neotype designation had fixed the name oblonga to the southwestern taxon. However, with oblonga being applicable to the northern taxon (rugosa) by virtue of its original valid holotype, Macrodiremys becomes a junior synonym of Macrochelodina, in contrast to the intent of McCord and Joseph-Ouni. Kuchling (2010), as first reviewer, listed possibilities under which articles of the Code the name Macrodiremys could potentially be fixed to the southwestern longneck, but stated his conviction that it was reasonable to await an opinion on case 3351 of the ICZN plenum to be published before such nomenclatural acts should be attempted, and expressed his hope that in their ruling on case 3351, the ICZN plenum would take suitable action to solve these problems. Independently, Georges and Thomson (2010) made an explicit attempt to correct the error and follow the intent of McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a under Article A 67.13.1 of the Code by correcting the type species of Macrodiremys to Chelodina oblonga McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a = C. colliei Gray 1856a, making it potentially available as a genus-group name for the southwestern snakeneck. However, Kuchling (2010) had already pointed out the possibility that a nomenclatural act such as the attempted correction by Georges and Thomson (2010) could be invalid under the ICZN Code. Further nomenclatural acts in this group of animals must await the outcome of the anticipated ICZN plenary decision to avoid further complicating this issue. For that reason, we list Macrodiremys as a synonym of Chelodina sensu lato and we do not employ a subgenus designation for the southwestern species in this year’s checklist, recognizing well that the southwestern snakeneck warrants its own subgenus and that a name is potentially available for it. 10:40. Elseya novaeguineae: Georges and Thomson (2010) returned E. schultzei Vogt 1911 to the synonymy of E. novaeguineae Meyer 1874, and also tentatively placed E. novaeguineae in the genus Myuchelys. However, we retain the species in Elseya pending further genetic analysis. 10:41. Emydura m. macquarii: Georges and Thomson (2010) reviewed the complicated history of the name Hydraspis australis Gray 1841, and supported the conclusion of Cogger et al. (1983) that the name is a junior synonym of E. m. macquarii. The name australis had previously been inconsistently used for a variety of Emydura populations in northern Australia (e.g., Cann 1998); Georges and Thomson (2010) instead used the name victoriae for some of these populations. We interpret the name australis as a nomen dubium and agree with its synonymization under macquarii. 10:42. Emydura m. macquarii: Georges and Thomson (2010) synonymized the previously recognized subspecies E. m. binjing, E. m. dharra, E. m. dharuk, E. m. gunabarra, and E. signata, into typical E. m. macquarii, based on lack of distinction based on allozyme electrophoresis, and they attributed variation in shell shape and body size to phenotypic plasticity. They considered that the Bellinger River population of Emydura macquarii is genetically unremarkable and that it was almost certainly established by introduction of animals from adjacent drainages. 10:43. Myuchelys and Wells taxa: Thomson and Georges (2009) described the new genus Myuchelys and noted that the name Wollumbinia Wells 2007c, used for the same group of species, but proposed online in an unpublished web-based document without adequate hardcopy dissemination, is nomenclaturally unavailable. They also considered all web-based names proposed by Wells in his Australian Biodiversity Record (Wells 2002, 2007a,b,c, 2009), as unpublished and nomenclaturally unavailable. In previous editions of this checklist we included Wollumbinia as an alternative genus name and listed some of the species described in the other documents; however, based on arguments against availability of all these names proposed by Wells (Fritz and Havas 2007, Thomson and Georges 2009, Georges and Thomson 2010), we now concur in considering these names unavailable under the ICZN Code and treat each of them as an unavailable name (nomen illegitimum) placed in synonymy. 10:44. Phrynops geoffroanus and tuberosus: The taxonomic status and distribution of these two taxa remains problematic, without clear consensus of taxon limits or range delimitations. Pritchard and Trebbau (1984) documented that tuberosus is isolated from the broad range of geoffroanus and restricted to a small upland area in eastern Venezuela, extreme western Guyana, and northern Roraima in Brazil. Métrailler and Le Gratiet (1996) documented that neither tuberosus nor geoffroanus occurs in French Guiana, and neither taxon has ever been recorded in Suriname or lowland Guyana. However, McCord et al. (2001), based on an examination of three specimens of what they identified as tuberosus from eastern Venezuela, the Brazil–Guyana border, and Piauí, northeastern Brazil, depicted large apparently well-defined allopatric ranges for both taxa, with tuberosus supposedly distributed throughout the Guyanan lowlands, the lower Brazilian Amazon, and northeastern Brazil. Rueda-Almonacid et al. (2007), while acknowledging that the systematics of the Phrynops geoffroanus complex (Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983) remained controversial and unresolved, nevertheless reproduced the vastly different ranges of tuberosus and geoffroanus depicted by McCord et al. We choose at this time to instead recognize the earlier documented restricted view of the distribution of tuberosus, since it is based on more extensive fieldwork, while also noting that the P. geoffroanus complex remains in need of a thorough range-wide phylogeographic study. 10:45. Pelomedusa subrufa: Phylogeographic patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA variation in Pelomedusa subrufa were analyzed by VargasRamírez et al. (2010b) and Wong et al. (2010). Both studies reached the same conclusion that the species is structured into three major clades: northwestern, eastern, and southern lineages, with evidence that Madagascan populations may have been introduced there in prehistoric times. Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2010b) suggested that valid taxonomic units may currently be included in the synonymy of Pelomedusa subrufa, and recommended further study to clarify the taxonomy. 10:46. Podocnemis erythrocephala: We previously listed the name Podocnemis agassizi Coutinho 1868 as a synonym, as did other earlier checklists. However, although Coutinho described a new species of turtle in 1868 that he proposed to name in honor of “M. Agassiz”, no formal name was created at that time. Later, Göldi (1886) translated and reprinted Coutinho’s earlier writings and created the binomen Podocnemis agassizii, attributing it to Coutinho, but recommending that it be changed to Podocnemis coutinhii since the name agassizii had already been used for another turtle, Chelonia agassizii. 10:47. Podocnemis sextuberculata: Coutinho (1868) provided an excellent description of this species that he named Podocnemis pitiu, a name overlooked in our previous checklists as well as other earlier checklists. 10:48. Podocnemis unifilis: We continue to use this name for the Yellowspotted River Turtle, as it has a long and continuous usage, although the name Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812 has recently been shown to have priority based on the available type material (Bour 2006). However, the name cayennensis 245 246 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 was for a long time erroneously applied to Podocnemis erythrocephala and it would introduce unacceptable confusion to use that name for what has nearly always been referred to as unifilis. We therefore maintain prevailing usage of unifilis and retain the name cayennensis in synonymy as a provisional nomen rejectum pending petition to the ICZN (R.C. Vogt et al., in prep.). 10:49. Podocnemis unifilis: Coutinho (1868) provided an excellent description of this species that he named Podocnemis tracaya, a name overlooked in our previous checklists as well as other earlier checklists. 2011 Checklist Annotations TTWG 2011 (000.165-242.checklist.v.4) (11:5-20) 11:5. Malaclemys terrapin: Parham et al. (2008) demonstrated, based on radiometric dating of a fossil found in a cave on Bermuda, that the small population of diamondback terrapins present there was the result of a natural dispersal event dating from before human presence on the island. As a result, we now consider the Bermuda population as native rather than introduced. Genetic comparison of Bermuda samples with U.S. populations also demonstrated closest similarity to samples from the Carolinas, so we provisionally list the Bermuda population under the subspecies M. t. centrata pending further studies. 11:6. Genus Trachemys: Fritz et al. (2011c) assessed the phylogeny and taxon boundaries of Trachemys from Central and South America based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Their nuclear data were largely uninformative, but based on their mitochondrial and combined analyses, they concluded that the Pacific Coast taxa grayi, emolli, and panamensis form a distinct clade that warrants recognition at the species level, as Trachemys grayi, with three subspecies. Fritz and co-authors also recommended combining the taxa cataspila, ornata, venusta, callirostris, and chichiriviche as subspecies under a single species, Trachemys ornata. They further proposed placing adiutrix at subspecies level in dorbigni, and considered the taxon uhrigi to be synonymous with typical venusta. Their analysis did not include samples of the taxon iversoni, whose range on the Yucatan Peninsula is embedded in the range of the redefined ornata group, nor did they sample most Trachemys taxa from the arid western region of Mexico. While Fritz et al. (2011c) provide a useful set of hypotheses for future testing, we recognize that taxonomy of Trachemys will remain dynamic and expect further changes when additional nuclear data, and deeper geographic sampling of field-verified specimens, are brought to bear on the problem. We therefore provide the alternative taxonomies of Seidel (2002) and Fritz et al. (2011) in this year’s checklist. 11:7. Emys/Emydoidea/Actinemys: Fritz et al. (2011b) reviewed competing generic concepts for Blanding’s, Western Pond, and European Pond turtles, and reiterated their support for recognition of Emydoidea and Actinemys as separate genera distinct from Emys. The TTWG members continue to be deeply divided in their perspectives on whether to recognize three genera, or a single genus, for the four species concerned (blandingii, marmorata, orbicularis, and trinacris). The challenge is that available primary research findings result in different relationship trees among the four, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and on morphology (Spinks and Shaffer 2009; Wiens et al. 2010; Fritz et al. 2011b). Overall, the majority of data indicate that blandingii, marmorata, orbicularis, and trinacris collectively are each others’ closest relatives. Whether to recognize this by combining the four species in an expanded genus Emys, or to emphasize the morphological distinctiveness of blandingii and marmorata from (orbicularis + trinacris) by recognizing Actinemys and Emydoidea as monotypic genera, is largely a subjective matter. Correspondingly, the herpetological taxonomic community and recent scientific literature have not come to a clear consensus or prevailing usage. With further research in progress, we agree that the situation remains undecided, and continue to present alternative taxonomies in this year’s checklist, with no implication that this represents the preferred or supported arrangement of individual TTWG members. 11:8. Terrapene carolina: Butler et al. (2011) conducted morphological and molecular analyses to address the status of lineages within Terrapene carolina. They found that box turtles phenotypically corresponding to T. c. carolina, T. c. bauri, and T. c. triunguis all occur within the range of T. c. major, and that the latter does not demonstrate a diagnosable morphology. They also found that carolina, bauri, and triunguis possess divergent mtDNA haplotypes, which are present alongside a fourth, distinct, haplotype in the range of T. c. major. Butler et al. interpreted these findings as the introgressed genetic signal of the extinct Pleistocene T. c. putnami perpetuating in a morphologically mixed population, and advocated equating the taxon major with putnami; they argued that major, which has precedence over putnami, should only be used to refer to the large extinct form. Their genetic analysis also placed bauri as sister to ornata, and triunguis as sister taxon to the [ornata + bauri] clade. Butler et al. thus suggested that bauri should be elevated to species status, although this would leave the remaining taxa in T. carolina paraphyletic by continued inclusion of triunguis. Butler et al. did not address the status of mexicana and yucatana, which have variously been considered subspecies of carolina or full species each. Furthermore, their analysis did not support the previously recognized species groups (e.g., Milstead 1969; Spinks et al. 2009). We are reluctant to change the widely-recognized taxonomic arrangement for a species complex of notable conservation and legislative significance based on a single study that relied heavily on a short mtDNA segment. Until the alternative taxonomy presented by Butler et al. is independently corroborated by further research, and potentially finds widespread acceptance in the herpetological and taxonomic communities, we prefer to retain the traditional arrangement and defer possible adoption of their hypothesis until a later version of this checklist. 11:9. Cuora flavomarginata evelynae: In previous checklists we had overlooked that Ota et al. (2009) had transferred evelynae back to subspecies status under Cuora flavomarginata, but we now follow them here. 11:10. Aldabrachelys gigantea or Dipsochelys dussumieri: Gerlach (2011a) studied morphological development of juveniles of the three forms of Indian ocean giant tortoises reared under identical captive conditions, and concluded that animals consistently develop into the morphotypes characterized by their parents. Gerlach thus concluded that the morphotypes cannot be explained by environment alone, and may have a genetic basis, supporting the recognition of arnoldi and hololissa as taxonomically distinct from gigantea/dussumieri. 11:11. Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai: Murphy et al. (2011) investigated taxonomic problems affecting the Desert Tortoise. They designated the sole remaining of three syntypes of Gopherus agassizii as lectotype and genetically confirmed that it originated from California. They also determined that the holotype of G. lepidocephalus originated from the Mojave desert population, at least based on mitochondrial DNA, reconfirming lepidocephalus as a junior synonym of agassizii. A suite of morphological, molecular and ecological differences between the Mojave and Sonoran Desert populations led Murphy and co-authors to describe the Sonoran form, long recognized as an Evolutionarily Significant Unit, as a new and distinct species, Gopherus morafkai. Further research will be necessary to determine if the southernmost populations of G. morafkai in the Sinaloan thornscrub ecosystem also deserve taxonomic recognition (Lamb et al. 1989; Murphy et al. 2011). 11:12. Testudo graeca and T. marginata: Chkhikvadze et al. (2011) described Testudo dagestanica from Lake Papas, Dagestan, and considered the taxa anamurensis, pallasi, terrestris, weissingeri, and zarudnyi (variously considered subspecies or synonyms of T. graeca or T. marginata in earlier versions of this checklist) as valid subspecies of T. marginata. However, Parham et al. (2006) and Fritz et al. (2007) placed the Dagestan population of Testudo firmly in T. graeca based on a combination of morphological and genetic characters, although those studies differed in their assignment of this population to T. g. ibera and T. g. armeniaca, respectively. Until further data become available supporting the radical changes proposed by Chkhikvadze et al., we take a conservative approach and make no changes to the taxonomy of T. graeca or T. marginata. 11:13. Testudo marginata: Perez et al. (2012) studied the effects of landscape features and demographic history on the genetic structure of Testudo marginata using microsatellites. They found that their samples from Sardinia clustered with samples from northern Greece, suggesting that the Sardinian population may have originated from a small founder population approximately 200 generations ago, while the source population from which those founders originated was estimated to be very large. In contrast, the samples from the ‘dwarfed’ marginata population of the southwestern Peloponnesus demonstrated a low but significant differentiation from all other marginata populations. While Perez et al. did not recommend taxonomic recognition of the dwarf population, they did emphasize the conservation significance of what in effect is an Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU). 11:14. Genus Lissemys: Praschag et al. (2011) analyzed variability across the range of the genus Lissemys, based on 2286 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequences, with additional morphological and biogeographical considerations. They concluded that scutata is a distinct divergent lineage and reaffirmed Webb’s Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 (1982) conclusion to recognize scutata as a full species. They found that the Sri Lankan population shows similar divergence, and recognized this population as a full species, Lissemys ceylonensis (Gray 1856a). The remaining populations of Lissemys fell into three lineages, one broadly corresponding to the spotted northern taxon andersoni (though with some intergradation with unspotted animals in Orissa) inhabiting the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra systems, and the other two lineages comprised of unspotted populations in peninsular India. Praschag et al. recommended recognition of the two peninsular lineages by the names punctata for the southernmost Indian lineage, and vittata for the central Indian lineage. Because the three mainland Indian lineages are more closely related to each other than to either scutata or ceylonensis, and intergradation between at least andersoni and vittata is known, Praschag et al. proposed recognition of vittata and andersoni at subspecies rank under punctata. They also concluded that Emyda granosa intermediaAnnandale 1912, traditionally placed in synonymy of the southern, unspotted form punctata (see Webb 1980a:554), is based on intergrades between vittata and andersoni and cannot be used as the valid name for any Lissemys taxon. As intermedia is clearly not a valid synonym of andersoni, and its type locality (Purulia, western West Bengal) is far outside the redefined range of L. p. punctata, we take this opportunity to place intermedia into the synonymy of the central unspotted taxon L. p. vittata. 11:15. Genus Nilssonia: In earlier versions of this checklist, we used the provisional designation ‘Nilssonia or Aspideretes’ as a transitional phase between the widespread usage of Aspideretes since Meylan’s (1987) morphological analysis, and the more recent findings that Aspideretes is paraphyletic with regard to Nilssonia and consequent recommendation to synonymize Aspideretes into Nilssonia (Engstrom et al. 2004; Praschag et al. 2007; Fritz and Havas 2007). We note that the species gangetica, hurum, leithii, and nigricans are now widely accepted as belonging in the genus Nilssonia, making Aspideretes a synonym. 11:16. Genus Pelodiscus: Yang et al. (2011) evaluated the validity of P. parviformis and inferred it to be a distinct species based on the results of their morphological and molecular analyses. Stuckas and Fritz (2011) sequenced DNA from the lectotype of P. sinensis and analyzed its placement in relation to other Pelodiscus. They found it distinct from the lineages identified as P. axenaria and P. parviformis, and concluded that P. sinensis is not a senior synonym of either of these two names. Consequently, Stuckas and Fritz proposed recognition of axenaria, maackii, parviformis, and sinensis as valid species; they recognized that older names may be available for some of these, but recommended use of these four names for the time being. The respective distribution ranges of the different forms, and possible areas of co-occurrence, remain unclear; the reported occurrence of both axenaria and parviformis in Guangxi and Hunan warrants further research. 11:17. Rafetus swinhoei: Farkas et al. (2011) reviewed the description of Rafetus vietnamensis Le et al. 2010. They declared vietnamensis an objective synonym of R. leloii, and reasserted their view that R. leloii (and thus R. vietnamensis) is a subjective synonym of R. swinhoei. 11:18. Trionyx triunguis: Gidis et al. (2011) sequenced up to seven genes of 20 known-locality samples and reported shallow divergence among Mediterranean Coast, Nile, and Cameroon samples, in contrast to the results of Guçlu et al. (2009), who found four different haplotypes for the four unknown-locality Sub-Saharan specimens that they compared to their Mediterranean samples. 11:19. Pelomedusidae: Fritz et al. (2011a) examined the phylogeny of Pelusios and Pelomedusa species based on three mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA fragments. They reported divergent lineages within Pelusios rhodesianus and P. sinuatus, found no clear differentiation of P. chapini from P. castaneus, and attributed the nesting of the sole P. williamsi sequence within P. castaneus to misidentification of the williamsi sample in GenBank. They also demonstrated very shallow divergences within P. castanoides, suggesting that populations in Madagascar and the Seychelles were only recently colonized; these findings agreed with those of Silva et al. (2010), who found limited mtDNA differentiation of Seychelles from Madagascar specimens of P. castanoides, but cautioned that their sampling of Madagascar material was limited. Fritz et al. (2011a) did not propose explicit changes to taxonomy, but indicated that chapini could be re-instated to subspecies rank under P. castaneus, and that the recognition of subspecies of P. castanoides could be unwarranted; they also suggested the existence of cryptic taxa within P. rhodesianus and P. sinuatus, and reaffirmed the view of Vargas-Ramirez et al. (2010) that Pelomedusa subrufa represents a species complex. 11:20. Podocnemididae: Gaffney et al. (2011) analyzed the phylogeny of fossil and living species of Podocnemididae in the context of their earlier analysis of extinct related groups (Gaffney et al. 2006). They reconfirmed the monophyly of the family Podocnemididae, and largely agreed with França and Langer (2006) in not recognizing Erymnochelyinae as a subfamily. 2012 Checklist Annotations TTWG 2012 (000.243-328.checklist.v.5) (12:6-44) 12:6. Testudines: Crawford et al. (2012) and Lourenço et al. (2012) analyzed the placement of turtles in a wider context based on molecular phylogeny, and each team concluded that their data provided strong support for turtles being the sister group to Archosauria (i.e., Crocodilians + Birds, and extinct related groups), rejecting hypothesized relationships of turtles as sister group to Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuataras), or as the most basal branch of the reptilian (including birds) lineage. Lourenço et al. (2012) estimated the divergence of turtles and archosaurs as dating back to the late Permian around 255 million years ago (MYA), and dated the divergence between Cryptodira and Pleurodira at about 157 MYA in the late Jurassic. Guillon et al. (2012) analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences available in GenBank, including whole genomes for a few species, and constructed a phylogeny for the group involving 230 turtle species representing all families and nearly all genera. Their results reconfirmed the monophyly of Testudines and of Pleurodira and Cryptodira, added support for the placement of Platysternon among Testudinoids, placed Dermatemys in the Kinosternoids, placed Trionychoids (Trionychidae + Carettochelyidae) as sister to all other Cryptodires (a finding shared with Lourenço et al. [2012] and Wang et al. [2012]), and indicated the need for additional research to better resolve various groups of chelids and testudinids at the genus level. 12:7. Cheloniidae: The recognition of higher taxa within the Family Cheloniidae has been inconsistent, at least since Gray’s (1825) recognition of an imprecisely defined Carettidae. The inconsistency has been due primarily to the uncertainty regarding the phylogenetic relationships of Natator and Eretmochelys, and the relationships of fossil to living cheloniids. However, in the midst of the uncertainty of most of the relationships within this family, the close (sister) relationship of Caretta and Lepidochelys has not been disputed at least since Deraniyagala (1934), who initially argued for the recognition of the latter as the Carettidae, with the remaining taxa in the Cheloniidae. By 1952, Deraniyagala had changed his position to subfamilial recognition of these two groups. Some authors have followed this latter arrangement of recognizing these groups at subfamily rank (e.g., Mlynarski 1976; Pritchard and Trebbau 1984; Smith and Smith 1979), but most have followed Zangerl and Turnbull (1955) and Zangerl (1958) in recognizing these groups as two tribes within the Cheloniidae: Carettini (including Caretta and Lepidochelys) and Chelonini (including the remaining taxa: Chelonia, Natator, and Eretmochelys). Impetus for continuing to recognize the Carettini as a tribe (rather than a subfamily) emerges from 1) the strong support for Caretta as sister to Lepidochelys (virtually every study since Deraniyagala); 2) the controversy about the phylogenetic positions of Natator and Eretmochelys (i.e., the possible paraphyly of the living Cheloniinae or Chelonini; review in Bowen et al., 1993); and 3) the uncertain phylogenetic relationships of numerous fossil cheloniid taxa, rendering any hierarchy likely to introduce paraphyly (e.g., see Parham and Fastovsky 1997). Fortunately, four recent publications, by Naro-Mariel et al. (2008; based on two mitochondrial and five nuclear genes), Parham and Pyenson (2010; based on osteology), Duchene et al. (2012; based on the entire mitogenome), and Guillon et al. (2012; based on all available GenBank sequences), seem to reveal the relationships among the living genera quite definitively. These studies clearly resolved Natator as sister to Chelonia, and Eretmochelys as sister to (Caretta + Lepidochelys), with each of these two clades being reciprocally monophyletic. However, Duchene et al. (2012) explicitly recognized these clades as subfamilies, whereas Naro-Maciel et al. (2008) explicity referred to them as tribes; Parham and Pyenson (2010) defined the tribe Carettini for (Caretta + Lepidochelys) only, but did not use or define group names for other groups below family level, while Guillon et al. (2012) took no position. In an effort to recognize recent research consensus, to promote stability, and until the relationships among fossil cheloniid taxa are better resolved, we here recognize the two living clades as subfamilies (Carettinae and Cheloniinae), and hope that this will stimulate further research and discussion of the phylogeny of living and extinct cheloniid sea turtles. 12:8. Cheloniidae: Vilaça et al. (2012) reviewed the occurrence of natural interspecific hybrids among marine turtle species, and using nuclear markers demonstrated that hybridization among marine turtle species is very 247 248 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 common along the Brazilian coast. Most of the hybridization involves male Eretmochelys and female Caretta, but problematic introgression is occurring among all four genera Caretta, Eretmochelys, Lepidochelys, and Chelonia. Vilaça et al. hypothesized that the incidence of this hybridization may have escalated only about 40 years ago, and may be the result of overhunting and local warming of the beaches due to coastal deforestation. 12:9. Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae: Duchene et al. (2012) studied variation across the entire mitochondrial genome of all seven living marine turtle species, and demonstrated divergent intraspecific haplotype clades in the Pacific versus Atlantic and Indian Ocean basins for Eretmochelys imbricata, Chelonia mydas, and Dermochelys coriacea. However, they made no recommendations regarding intraspecific taxonomy. 12:10. Chelonia mydas: Shamblin et al. (2012) demonstrated distinctive mitogenomic haplotype frequencies among the nesting populations of Green Turtles at Buck Island (US Virgin Islands), Aves Island (Venezuela), Suriname, and Tortuguero (Costa Rica), and recommended that these populations receive separate management unit status. However, although these populations are genetically distinct, the authors made no recommendations for taxonomic changes. 12:11. Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri: Bourque (2012a, 2012b) analyzed the phylogenetic placement of two new fossil Kinosternon taxa, and in the course of his morphological analysis found that Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri was placed as sister taxon to the (K. subrubrum + K. baurii) group; consequently he suggested (2012a) and then elevated (2012b) steindachneri to full species rank. Regrettably, he did not specify whether his data for K. subrubrum were based on characters of K. s. subrubrum, K. s. hippocrepis, or a combination of these. The extreme morphological similarity of baurii to hippocrepis was already noted by Iverson (1992), and we provisionally retain steindachneri at subspecies rank under subrubrum pending further analysis. 12:12. Chrysemys: Gemel and Grillitsch (2008) reported that Wagler (1821) had nomenclatorally occupied the genus name Hydrochelys for the species Testudo picta (now Chrysemys picta), and explicitly qualified Hydrochelys Wagler 1821 as a nomen oblitum and invalid, and qualified Chrysemys Gray 1844 as nomen protectum and valid. 12:13. Chrysemys picta: The description of Testudo picta has generally been attributed to Schneider (1783). However, careful reading of his work indicates that the description of picta was based on descriptive information contained in letters from Johann Hermann of Strasbourg, and shows no indication that Schneider had access to the actual specimen, instead adding information from Hermann’s letters for the sake of completeness of his (Schneider’s) monograph of turtles. Article 50.1.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999) states “However, if it is clear from the contents that some person other than an author of the work is alone responsible both for the name or act and for satisfying the criteria of availability other than actual publication, then that other person is the author of the name or act.” In the case of picta, it is not evident how much Schneider was directly quoting from Hermann’s writings, so we continue to attribute authorship of the name to Schneider, rather than ‘Hermann in Schneider 1783’. As an aside, we note that Hermann used different spellings for his surname over time, involving single or double 'r' and single or double 'n', as well as using French (Jean) and German (Johann or Johannes) versions of his given name. We elect to use the spelling 'Hermann' as that matches the spelling on his death certificate (indicating his preferred spelling later in life), and the spelling employed by Gmelin six years later for the tortoise named for him, Testudo hermanni. 12:14. Graptemys: Freedman and Myers (2012) identified and sequenced a species-specific mitochondrial control region marker and two nuclear markers in a population of Graptemys pseudogeographica that had hybridized historically with G. geographica, after which geological events prevented further inbreeding for several generations. Both mitochondrial and nuclear introgression was documented. They provided additional evidence for hybridization events among G. pseudogeographica, G. ouachitensis, and G. geographica in other parts of the range, and combined with literature records of Graptemys hybridization events in captivity, concluded that reproductive isolation in Graptemys has evolved incompletely. In the context of conflicting evidence for monophyly vs. paraphyly of G. pseudogeographica and G. ouachitensis, they suggested that the two groups may maintain reproductive isolation in parts of their range while interbreeding in other areas. 12:15. Graptemys ouachitensis: Brown et al. (2012) examined mitochondrial DNA control region sequence variation throughout the range of the subspecies ouachitensis, and found 18 haplotypes forming two minimally divergent groups. They also found modest divergence between o. ouachitensis and o. sabinensis, and slightly greater divergence between ouachitensis and pseudogeographica. They acknowledged earlier studies suggesting that sabinensis might warrant species status, and noted the need for additional studies to clarify the relationship among these taxa. 12:16. Pseudemys: Using mitochondrial DNA, Jackson et al. (2012) inferred phylogenetic relationships of the taxa within Pseudemys. While recovering the genus as a strongly supported monophyletic group, they found no support for monophyly of the traditionally recognized redbelly (rubiventris) and cooter (concinna) species groups. They also did not find great support for monophyly of individual taxa other than gorzugi and texana, suggesting mitochondrial introgression since the glacial retreat in the Pleistocene, or recent speciation, as possible explanations. They made no specific recommendations for taxonomic changes based on their results, and indeed cautioned against making taxonomic changes within this highly complex group without comprehensive data. 12:17. Trachemys taylori: McGaugh (2012) analyzed population genetic structure of Trachemys taylori, including a detailed genetic assessment of potential hybridization, and found significant genetic differentiation among populations, consistent with population bottlenecks, but detected no genetic evidence for hybridization of T. taylori with invasive T. scripta elegans. 12:18. Trachemys venusta: Perry (1810) published a description of Testudo panama, a name overlooked and/or ignored ever since, until Bauer and Petit (2004) discussed it. They attributed it to the genus Trachemys based on the illustration and text description, and based on provenance and color pattern, regarded Testudo panama as referring to Trachemys venusta (Gray 1856b). Invoking ICZN Article 23.9, Bauer and Petit (2004) asserted that Testudo panama Perry 1810 was to be regarded as a nomen oblitum and invalid, and Emys venusta Gray 1856b as a nomen protectum whenever the two are considered as synonyms. 12:19. Emys orbicularis hellenica: Schreiber 1875, in his section on Cistudo lutaria, listed and defined eight varieties, including var. h), to which he attributed “Emys Hoffmanni Fitzinger Mus. Vindob.” Our previous inclusion in earlier checklists of Emys orbicularis hoffmani [sic] Schreiber 1875 as a synonym of E. o. hellenica referred in fact to a subsequent use of Fitzinger’s (1835) name Emys (Emys) hofmanni (with a minor spelling difference) rather than to a new taxon description, and as such we now delete it from our listing of synonymized primary taxa. 12:20. Terrapene ornata: Joyce et al. (2012) described a new fossil box turtle and carried out a phylogenetic analysis of extant and fossil box turtle species based on morphological and osteological characters. The fossil taxon T. longinsulae Hay 1908, from an undefined location in the general region of Long Island, Kansas (possible age ranging from Miocene to Pleistocene; see Joyce et al. 2012:185), scored identical for all available characters to the character states shown by both living T. ornata ornata and T. o. luteola, including two unique shared characters. They therefore placed T. longinsulae in the synonymy of T. ornata. 12:21. Geoemydidae: The deep divergence of living New World from Old World geoemydids has been well-established based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data (Spinks et al. 2004; Le and McCord 2008; Guillon et al. 2012), and has recently been dated at 57 mya (Lourenço et al. 2012). Le and McCord (2008) first proposed the recognition of living New World taxa (genus Rhinoclemmys) as the subfamily Rhinoclemminae. Given that the divergence of the latter is as old as, or older than, that of the widely accepted emydid subfamilies (dated at 37 mya by Dornburg et al. 2011; 57 mya by Lourenço et al. 2012), we support the subfamilial status of the genus Rhinoclemmys. However, we amend Le and McCord’s name to Rhinoclemmydinae to correspond to the proper case for its ending -emys (genitive emydis), and we note that the group may also include North American fossil species of the genera Echmatemys (Hervet 2004) and Bridgeremys (Hutchison 2006). Correspondingly, we apply the subfamily name Geoemydinae to all Eurasian geoemydid taxa. 12:22. Cuora: Phylogeny and species boundaries were studied for the genus Cuora by Spinks et al. (2012a) using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. While noting discrepancies between the results of the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets, concordance with traditional, morphologybased phylogenies for Cuora was greatest with the nuclear dataset, which they considered to represent the most reliable estimates of phylogeny and species boundaries. The species amboinensis, flavomarginata, mouhotii, and yunnanensis emerged clearly resolved, whereas the trifasciata and galbinifrons taxon clusters were less well resolved. Cuora aurocapitata and C. pani showed signs of introgression of trifasciata mtDNA, but were reciprocally monophyletic Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 based on nuclear markers. The position of animals attributed to 'cyclornata' was highly variable depending on what markers were analyzed, a result that was interpreted as being most consistent with introgression, and leading to the recommendation to consider animals with 'cyclornata' phenotype as part of C. trifasciata rather than a distinct separate taxon. Cuora zhoui emerged as a strongly divergent species based on nuclear DNA, but its mtDNA association with trifasciata may indicate mitochondrial introgression. The monophyly of C. mccordi was well supported, though its phylogenetic position was different when nuclear and mtDNA datasets were analyzed. While some doubts were expressed about the species status of mccordi, the authors recommended continued treatment as a valid species for the time being. The members of the galbinifrons group (bourreti, galbinifrons, and picturata) were strongly supported as a clade of three genetically and morphologically diagnosable taxa, and while some potential gene flow was detected between these taxa, the authors recommended that they continue to be recognized as valid separate species. 12:23. Cuora amboinensis: Ernst et al. (2011) evaluated the potential to use shell morphology and postorbital stripe to separate the subspecies amboinensis and kamaroma in the Philippines, as alternative approaches to the usual plastron pattern character used to differentiate these subspecies. They found that shell shape and postorbital stripe data do not necessarily correspond to plastron pattern, suggesting that animals previously identified as kamaroma, and as such representing a potential co-occurrence of two different subspecies in some areas of the Philippines (i.e., Palawan and Sulu), may in effect be amboinensis animals with a plastral pattern resembling that of kamaroma through introgression or phenotypic plasticity. 12:24. Cuora galbinifrons: Bourret described this species in a work dated 1939 on the title page, but it was not actually published until 1940 (R. Bour, pers. comm.). We have therefore changed the date of publication from 1939 to 1940. 12:25. Heosemys spinosa: Spinks et al. (2012b) examined variation in mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear (11 loci) DNA in a large sample of Heosemys spinosa that lacked locality data. Two clades were clearly identified by the mtDNA analysis, and were supported by preliminary morphological analysis, but not recovered in the nuDNA analysis. Future identification of the geographic provenance of these two clades is critical for conservation management as well as establishing the taxonomic implications of this work. 12:26. Mauremys caspica: Vamberger et al. (2013) investigated population structure and history of Mauremys caspica based on an analysis of 14 microsatellite loci and cytochrome b mtDNAsequences from nearly range-wide samples (but lacking Iraq). Their results found two clusters of mitochondrial haplotypes, and four microsatellite clusters, with each mtDNA haplotype cluster comprising two of the microsatellite clusters. Specimens from Bahrain and Saudi Arabia were found to constitute a distinct microsatellite cluster, and were thus viewed as representing native (and endangered) populations. The authors proposed that each of the four identified phylogenetic clusters (i.e., Central Anatolia; eastern Turkey and Syria; Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Iran; and Bahrain and Saudi Arabia) be treated as distinct management units. Their results did not support the validity of any of the three previously morphologicallydefined subspecies, and they therefore proposed that the subspecies no longer be recognized, a recommendation that we follow here. 12:27. Orlitia borneensis: Palupcikova et al. (2012) analyzed mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear (R35) sequences, and shell and scute morphometrics among Orlitia borneensis specimens in European collections. Most specimens lacked precise locality data because they originated from a single confiscation in 2001, but three known-locality specimens from Borneo and Sumatra were added to the sample series (no reference specimens from West Malaysia were available). Haplotype diversity in cyt b was found to be relatively high, with three main haplotype groups identified; nucleotide diversity was low, and phylogenetic structure was poorly supported. The three known-origin animals clustered within one of the main haplotype groups, suggesting that the confiscated animals covered much of the species' genetic diversity. Only minimal variation was found in R35 sequences. Geometric morphometrics demonstrated morphological similarity of all examined specimens. These results led the authors to conclude that all examined animals represented a single conservation unit. 12:28. Aldabrachelys gigantea or Dipsochelys dussumieri: The latest contribution to the ongoing debate in the ICZN (case #3463) on the scientific name for the Aldabra Tortoise came from Ceríaco and Bour (2012), who traced the history of the specimen claimed to be the type of Testudo gigantea Schweigger from the MNHN Paris via the defunct Royal Cabinet of Natural History ofAjuda in Lisbon to the collections made in Brazil and other parts of South America by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira during his travels there during 1783–1792. The authors thus provided further evidence that Schweigger’s type specimen of Testudo gigantea originated in Brazil and represents a Chelonoidis denticulata, providing support for possibly precluding the use of the name gigantea for the Aldabra Tortoise. At the time of writing of this annotation, the ICZN is voting regarding the use of either gigantea or dussumieri, and a result is expected to be published in the next issue of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 12:29. Geochelone or Centrochelys sulcata: Bour and Henkel (2012) described a captive colony of tortoises of different species maintained in extensive enclosures in southern France and documented a female Centrochelys sulcata producing viable, morphologically aberrant, hatchlings that were interpreted as hybrids between this sulcata female and a male Dipsochelys dussumieri [or Aldabrachelys gigantea], with which copulation had been observed. From each of three clutches of 20 eggs each, normal sulcata hatched from 15 eggs after 75–90 days, one hatchling emerged after 140–170 days and was a suspected sulcata-dussumieri hybrid, and 4 eggs failed to develop. The authors also reported the repeated production of hybrid hatchlings between C. sulcata and Astrochelys radiata at the A Cupulatta facility in Corsica; these either died just before emergence from the egg, or within days after hatching. These records add to the growing catalog of documented intergeneric turtle hybrids (see also annotation number 8 above). 12:30. Chelonoidis chilensis: The number of species in the Chelonoidis chilensis complex recognized by various authors has ranged from one to three (see TTWG 2010, annotation 21). However, based on an examination of a mitochondrial gene (cyt b) and 10 microsatellite loci, Fritz et al. (2012a) found negligible genetic variation among populations and concluded that this complex represents only a single species, C. chilensis. Previously described morphological variation among populations is apparently explained by Bergmann’s Rule, with body size increasing with latitude. Hence, C. petersi and C. donosobarrosi were placed in the synonymy of C. chilensis. 12:31. Chelonoidis nigra species complex: Only two papers published in the past year bear on the taxonomy of the Galapagos tortoises, and both continue to recognize the various taxa at the species level (see TTWG 2009, annotation 32). Garrick et al. (2012) reported the discovery of hybrid tortoises on Volcan Wolf that were F1 hybrids between a purebred Floreana tortoise (C. nigra; erroneously referred to in their paper as C. elephantopus) and the local Volcan Wolf tortoise (C. becki). This led the authors to speculate that translocated Floreana tortoises might still exist on northern Isabela. Actual rediscovery of genetically pure individuals of Floreana tortoises would reverse their current IUCN status as Extinct, and be cause for great celebration. Based on DNAsequences from three mitochondrial genes from extant and museum specimens of Galapagos tortoises, Poulakakis et al. (2012) attempted to resolve the phylogenetic relationships and reconstruct the biogeographic history of the living and extinct taxa. Prior to their study, they recognized eleven extant and four extinct species of Galapagos tortoises, though one of the latter has not yet been described. It should be noted that the taxa they recognized a priori did not completely agree with those recognized by the TTWG. In any case, the results of Poulakakis et al. (2012) suggested that the following populations represent “independent evolutionary units” and they applied the term “species” to them: abingdonii (extinct in 2012, Pinta), becki (Volcan Wolf, northern Isabela), chathamensis (San Cristobal), darwini (Santiago), elephantopus (extinct, Floreana; recognized as nigra by the TTWG), ephippium (Pinzón; recognized as duncanensis by the TTWG), hoodensis (Española), porteri (La Reserva, Santa Cruz), and vicina (central and southern Isabela, and including the names microphyes, guentheri, and vandenburghi; matching previous TTWG checklists), an unnamed extant species (Cerro Fatal, Santa Cruz), and an unnamed extinct species (Santa Fe). They explicitly noted that two taxa were not likely to be independent evolutionary units: wallacei (Rabida) being subsumed under vicina (as already reflected in previous TTWG checklists), and phantastica (extinct, Fernandina; possibly introduced by humans) under porteri. However, in the face of pronounced morphological differences between the extreme saddleback phantastica and the greatly domed porteri, the TTWG believes that additional support must be presented before synonymization of phantastica is warranted. Finally, while Poulakakis et al. (2012) laudably extracted DNA from bones of museum specimens from extinct lineages, it is critical that the genotyping of actual type specimens of all possible named Galapagos tortoise taxa (including those of synonyms) be completed before final allocations of names to existing populations can be done with full confidence. 12:32. Gopherus flavomarginatus: Ureña-Aranda and Espinosa de los Monteros (2012) examined variation in a mitochondrial gene in the Bolson 249 250 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Tortoise and not only found no geographic structure in that variation, but also noted that the existing variation was the lowest ever reported for a tortoise. They attributed this low variability to the post-Pliocene collapse of this once more widely distributed (New Mexico to central Mexico) species. 12:33. Gopherus polyphemus: Based on a single mitochondrial gene fragment (ND4), Ennen et al. (2012) examined geographic variation in Gopher Tortoises and found two major haplotype assemblages that overlapped in distribution in the Appalachicola-Chattahoochee River basin. They also found some (albeit weak) support for the distinction of the Federally Threatened portion of the western assemblage to the west of the Mobile River Basin (USFWS 1987). In a more comprehensive study of both mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear microsatellite markers, Clostio et al. (2012) confirmed the Appalachicola basin as the transition region between the distinctive western and eastern lineages. In addition, based on both mtDNA and nuDNA, they noted the distinction of the populations west of the Mobile River and those in western Georgia. They concluded that the tortoises in each of these four regions should be managed independently, but they made no specific taxonomic recommendations. 12:34. Gopherus species indeterminate Testudo australis Girard 1858 was described based on a specimen reputedly originating from New Zealand. Clearly this specimen must have been transported by humans, as no testudinids or other non-marine turtles are known from New Zealand, living or fossil. The name has generally been overlooked or ignored, except by Boulenger (1889) who attributed it with doubt to Gopherus polyphemus. Based on communication with Robert Murphy and Steve Gotte, the specimen cannot be found in the USNM collection, if indeed it ever was there. Girard’s description of a uniform near-black tortoise agrees nearly perfectly with Gopherus, except for the small nuchal (cervical) scute, which is usually wide in Gopherus. The scutellation on the top of the head and on the forearms, the absence of thigh spurs, as well as the shape of the caudal (supracaudal) scute are all characters that eliminate Manouria. Chelonoidis species are eliminated from consideration by the presence of a nuchal in australis. Therefore, we tentatively attribute Testudo australis Girard 1858 to the genus Gopherus. Attribution to any particular species is challenging: based on size and coloration, G. berlandieri and G. flavomarginatus are easily excluded, and while the Pacific location of New Zealand suggests possible seafaring or trade links with California and therefore G. agassizii and/or G. morafkai, morphological details such as the large head with rounded snout, and upward curving of the gulars, are more reminiscent of G. polyphemus. We therefore include Testudo australis Girard 1858 as a nomen dubium and nomen oblitum under Gopherus species indeterminate. 12:35. Kinixys: Kindler et al. (2012) examined the phylogeography, phylogeny, and taxonomy of all currently recognized Kinixys taxa, based on examination of sequence data for three mtDNA fragments (12S, ND4, cyt b) and three nuclear loci (C-mos, ODC, R35). Their findings indicated that the savannah taxa, traditionally recognized as subspecies or affiliated species of K. belliana, represent three deeply divergent clades, which are paraphyletic with respect to the rainforest species K. erosa and K. homeana. To reflect this phylogeny, the authors recognized their East African cluster as a valid species, for which they followed the first reviser (Bour 1979) to apply the name zombensis in preference over zuluensis. They also elevated nogueyi to full species status, and reconfirmed lobatsiana, natalensis, and spekii as evolutionarily distinct and ranked as full species. They did not, however, present a clear arrangement of recognized taxa; their new delineation of species is presented in their Fig. 2, implying that no subspecies are recognized. They noted that their samples of domerguei from Madagascar clustered with zombensis, and it appears that they intended to transfer domerguei from the synonymy of K. b. belliana (following Broadley 1992, 1993; Fritz and Havas 2007; Branch 2008) to that of K. zombensis. In their text (Kindler et al. 2012:198), the five-clawed tortoises of the Central African Republic are specifically combined with the four-clawed West African animals to form the distinct species K. nogueyi; however, these Central African Republic records are mapped (Fig. S1) and listed (Table S1) as ‘belliana belliana’ in the online supporting material. While the TTWG generally believes that the results presented by Kindler et al. (2012) represent major advances in our understanding of Kinixys phylogeny, we prefer to retain a slightly more traditional arrangement for domerguei, pending further data. While domerguei may not be genetically recognizable based on the examined genes, it is morphologically well established (e.g., Bour 2006), and we continue to recognize it as a valid taxon at subspecies rank under zombensis (to which it appears most closely related). Hence, we recognize the new combinations Kinixys zombensis zombensis and K. z. domerguei. 12:36. Testudo graeca: Parham et al. (2012) extracted mtDNA sequence data from Iranian tortoises of the T. graeca complex, specifically the holotype of T. g. zarudnyi and topotypes of T. g. buxtoni and T. g. perses. Their results confirmed the previous work of Fritz et al. (2007, 2009) regarding the existence of two distinctive mitochondrial haplotypes in Iran, one in the northwest, and one in eastern and central regions. Using AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) from samples across the range of the T. graeca species complex, Mikulíček et al. (2013) identified four geographically defined genetic groups: 1) western Mediterranean (Morocco and Spain to Libya); 2) Balkans-Middle East (Bulgaria and Romania to southwestern Russia, Azerbaijan, eastern Turkey, and southern Israel); 3) Caucasian (extreme eastern Turkey, Russia, and southeastern Azerbaijan to northwestern Iran); and 4) central and eastern Iran. These groups generally correspond to the mtDNA haplotype lineages identified by Fritz et al. (2007, 2009), but with one to four mitochondrial lineages per AFLP group. Considered together, these two data sets suggest that the western Mediterranean and central-eastern Iran groups are both divergent and allopatric, and thus could be considered as distinct species. The oldest available names for these groups are T. graeca (including cyrenaica, lamberti, marokkensis, nabuelensis, soussensis, and whitei) and T. zarudnyi, respectively. The remaining two groups come into contact in the eastern Caucasus, with some mtDNA evidence of gene flow between them. Hence, there remains uncertainty as to whether they represent distinct evolutionary units worthy of species status. The oldest available names for those two groups are T. terrestris (Balkans-Middle East) and T. buxtoni (Caucasus; including armeniaca, perses, and pallasi). Unfortunately, variation in neither set of markers corresponds well with described morphological variation in this complex, on which the traditional taxonomy has been based. Pending future studies of variation in nuclear markers and a re-examination of morphological variation to determine minimally plastic characters that correspond to the currently defined genetic groups (i.e., dismissing color and general body size and shape), we prefer to retain T. graeca as a single species, with no changes in the subspecies recognized from our previous checklist. 12:37. Apalone spinifera: McGaugh (2012) examined variation at ten microsatellite loci for populations of Apalone spinifera within and outside of the Cuatro Ciénegas basin in Mexico. She found considerable divergence among all sampled populations (particularly eastern versus western basin localities), but found no genetic variation associated with carapacial color variation within the basin (the basis for the original description of A. s. atra). She reported negligible differentiation between softshells sampled inside the basin compared to those outside, but provided no indication whether additional A. s. emoryi were sampled since the range-wide analysis of A. spinifera reported by McGaugh et al. (2008) and did not provide a detailed comparison between Apalone within the Cuatro Cienegas basin versus outside the basin. As McGaugh did not make an explicit taxonomic recommendation to synonymize atra with emoryi, we conservatively continue to recognize atra as before, at subspecies level. 12:38. Nilssonia gangetica: An analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data by Liebing et al. (2012) confirmed the monophyly of the genus, resolved the placement of N. formosa as sister to other Nilssonia, and identified significant intraspecific genetic variation within N. gangetica corresponding to river basin of origin. Populations from the Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, and combined Indus and Ganges basins were each genetically distinct, and worthy of separate management. The authors did not support species recognition of the three identified units, but noted that if these units were given subspecies status, the name mahanaddica (Annandale 1912b) is available for the Mahanadi basin population, and the nominate trinomial would apply to the Indus-Ganges population. No name has been applied to the Brahmaputra population. Until the three intra-specific populations are adequately characterized and named, we continue to recognize N. gangetica as monotypic. 12:39. Chelidae: It was assumed by Gaffney (1977) that the three longnecked taxa in the Chelidae (Chelodina, Hydromedusa and Chelus) formed a monophyletic lineage. However, Pritchard (1984) proposed that these three taxa were not necessarily closely related, based on the major structural differences in how they arrived at their long-necked condition, a position generally consistent with the phylogenetic arrangement previously proposed by Baur (1893a). Sequencing of 12S mtDNA was used to demonstrate that the Australian radiation of the Chelidae formed a monophyletic group (Seddon et al. 1997; Georges et al. 1998) and that the shorter-necked South American taxa (including Chelus) were also a monophyletic group, with Hydromedusa a third lineage (Georges et al. 1998). At that time Georges et al. (1998) proposed names for the three Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 lineages; Chelinae [as Chelidinae] for Chelus and its South American relatives; Chelodininae for the Australasian species; and Hydromedusinae for the genus Hydromedusa, a clade that also includes the fossil genus Yaminuechelys (de la Fuente et al. 2001) and hence is not monotypic. Further morphological work agreed with Pritchard (1984) and supported the molecular results with differences in skull, shell, and cervical structures among the three monophyletic lineages (Thomson 2000), indicating that what gross similarity there is between the long-necked forms was a result of convergence and not of shared ancestry. In the ten or so years since these publications, numerous studies have added further support to this phylogenetic arrangement, which was summarized and further supported by Guillon et al. (2012). Therefore we now include these three subfamily assignments in this edition of the checklist. We are aware of the family-group name Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836, based on the genus Hydraspis Bell 1828, whose type species is Testudo [now Chelodina] longicollis, as a potential source for the subfamily name for chelids of the Australia-New Guinea region. However, as Bonaparte’s concept of Hydraspis differed fundamentally from that of Bell, to the point of excluding longicollis from Hydraspis by properly placing it in Chelodina Fitzinger 1826, revival of the family-group name Hydraspidina (as Hydraspidinae for this subfamily) would lead to unnecessary confusion. In the absence of strict ICZN priority requirements for family-group names, we therefore use the name Chelodininae Baur 1893b for the chelids of the Australia-New Guinea region. 12:40. Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae: Based on both mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation, Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2012a) confirmed the species distinction of Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae, and identified two geographically isolated, weakly divergent populations within M. dahli (Córdoba and Cesar Departments, Colombia). Further sampling will be necessary to determine if this divergence has taxonomic implications. 12:41. Mesoclemmys heliostemma and M. raniceps: Because some authors (e.g., Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007) have questioned whether M. heliostemma is distinct from M. raniceps, Molina et al. (2012) undertook a multivariate morphometric study of those two taxa (and M. gibba). Their results supported the validity of M. heliostemma, and identified eight new localities that significantly expand the known range of the species across the Amazon basin. 12:42. Pelusios castanoides: Analysis by Fritz et al. (2012b) of mitochondrial genes of P. castanoides revealed that samples from Madagascar and the Seychelles were weakly differentiated from each other, and significantly different from the sampled mainland populations. However, sparse sampling from the mainland precluded any final conclusions about the origins of the Malagasy and Seychelles populations, and therefore the validity of the currently named, endemic subspecies of the Seychelles. As the population of Madagascar is related more closely to that of the Seychelles than to the continental African populations, a subspecies designation for these combined populations might be warranted. The oldest available name is kapika Bour 1979; however, we defer any changes to our checklist at this time. 12:43. Pelusios subniger: Parallel analysis by Fritz et al. (2012b) of mtDNA samples of Pelusios subniger from mainland Africa, Madagascar, and the Seychelles demonstrated the existence of a cryptic, unnamed taxon from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but no significant variation among all other sampled populations. Based on these results, the authors suggested that subniger was introduced by humans to both Madagascar and the Seychelles, and recommended that the supposed endemic Seychelles subspecies P. s. parietalis be placed into the synonymy of a monotypic P. subniger. However, reanalysis of the morphological differentiation that originally distinguished these taxa has not been carried out, and we are reluctant to make a definitive change at this time, particularly for a taxon with such significant regional conservation concerns. We await further analysis before amending this taxonomy. 12:44. Podocnemis lewyana: Based on 10 microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA fragment, Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2012b) found low genetic variability across the range of Podocnemis lewyana, consistent with a significant historic population bottleneck. They did identify three weakly differentiated genetic management units: 1) the Upper Magdalena River Basin; 2) the Lower Magdalena, Lower Cauca, and San Jorge Basins; and 3) the Sinú River Basin, but made no taxonomic recommendations. 2014 Checklist Annotations TTWG 2014 (000.329-479.checklist.v.7) (14:1-50) 14:1. Macrochelys temminckii: Two new names for Alligator Snapping Turtles were coined by Hoser (2013). There are significant nomenclatural, technical, and biological problems inherent in these descriptions, and at this time it seems appropriate to treat his names, Macrochelys temminckii muscati and Macrochelys maxhoseri, as unavailable synonyms of Macrochelys temminckii. 14:2. Caretta caretta: Considerable confusion has surrounded the names and authors and dates of publication of the turtle descriptions published in various outputs of the Expédition Scientifique de Morée, currently cited in our checklist as Valenciennes (1833), Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833), and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1835). See the detailed clarification below in annotation 25 for Emys orbicularis hellenica. The name Chelonia pelasgorum was first published on plate 6 by Valenciennes (1833), but rendered as C. pelasgica in the subsequent text by Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833), where they synonymized it with Chelonia caouanna (= Caretta caretta). 14:3. Eretmochelys: In last year’s checklist, in annotation 7, we outlined our reasoning for recognizing the subfamilies Cheloniinae and Carettinae. Unfortunately, we made an editorial error in listing Eretmochelys under the Cheloniinae when, in fact, studies have shown that it is more closely related to Caretta and Lepidochelys, and belongs in the Carettinae, as we pointed out in our annotation. We correct the error in this year’s checklist. 14:4. Eretmochelys imbricata: The junior synonym Chelonia grisea Eschscholtz 1829b has for many years been incorrectly cited as Chelonia griseam in our previous checklists and in Fritz and Havaš (2007) and extensively on the web. Having finally successfully accessed the obscure original publication, we now note this long-standing error and correct it. 14:5. Chelonia mydas: We note also that in the same obscure publication cited above, Eschscholtz (1829b) also described Chelonia castanea from Surinam as a new species. The name has been overlooked since its description and is a nomen oblitum and junior synonym of C. mydas. 14:6. Dermochelys coriacea: The original citation for the junior synonym Dermatochelys porcata is actually Wagler (1830b), not Wagler (1833) as listed in our previous checklists, but which contained no new turtle descriptions. 14:7. Dermochelys coriacea: In our previous checklists we had included the name Testudo marina Wilhelm 1794 in the synonymy of D. coriacea, based on its inclusion in older checklists (e.g., Fritz and Havaš 2007). However, examination of Wilhelm’s (1794) work indicates that his use of the name Testudo marina was as an incorrect collective group name for “marine” species (sea turtles and softshells), as he also grouped most “terrestrial” turtles (testudinids and kinosternids) under the incorrect group name Testudo terrestris, and all other freshwater turtles under the group name Testudo fluviatilis. In discussing separate species under these group names, he used names previously described by other authors (including a description of the Leatherback, using the name Testudo coriacea), but not in a consistently binomial manner. His work therefore has no standing nomenclaturally, and we have removed the name Testudo marina Wilhelm 1794 from the synonymy of D. coriacea. On the other hand, Ranzani (1832) published a description in Latin of the Leatherback Turtle in which he described it as Testudine coriacea marina. This description is valid (as the trinomen Testudo coriacea marina), as per ICZN Code Article 11(h)(ii) allowing for the use of adjectival Latin descriptions, as previously noted by Smith and Rhodin (1986) in regard to the validity of the original authorship of Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761. 14:8. Dermatemys mawii: González-Porter et al. (2013) presented microsatellite data that supported their previous mitochondrial DNA studies (González-Porter et al. 2011) in recognizing populations of Dermatemys mawii in the Papaloapan River drainage as genetically distinctive. However, they made no taxonomic recommendations based on their results. In addition, they also identified a small sample of genetically divergent individuals in the Sarstun and Salinas River basins along the southeastern distribution of the species that they speculated might represent a cryptic taxon. 14:9. Kinosternidae: Iverson et al. (2013) sequenced three mtDNA and three nuclear markers for every recognized species and most subspecies of kinosternids. Their analyses revealed three well-resolved clades within the Kinosterninae, corresponding to Sternotherus, a previously unnamed clade that they described as the new genus Cryptochelys, and Kinosternon sensu stricto. Their molecular data support for Cryptochelys was strong, but data support for non-monophyly of Kinosternon with respect to Sternotherus was weak. The identified groups are broadly consistent with morphological and biogeographical features. Their new genus Cryptochelys was diagnosed based on an extensive set of morphological and molecular characters, and contains the designated type species leucostoma, as well as acuta, angustipons, creaseri, dunni, and herrerai. As we are aware of a parallel study of kinosternid phylogenetics, currently 251 252 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 in review, that reaches different taxonomic conclusions, we present the recommended taxonomy of Iverson et al. (2013) as an additional alternative to the traditional arrangement, in the knowledge that we will revisit kinosternid taxonomy again in our next edition, and hopefully come to a consensus position then. 14:10. Kinosternon abaxillare: A multivariate analysis of morphometric data by Berry (1978) demonstrated the distinctiveness of the endemic, allopatric taxon K. scorpioides abaxillare from the parapatric K. s. cruentatum. In addition, preliminary molecular sampling of the K. scorpioides complex by Iverson et al. (2013) suggested that K. s. abaxillare was more closely related to K. oaxacae than to K. s. cruentatum (or any other K. scorpioides). Given both the morphometric and molecular evidence, the latter authors followed Alvarez del Toro (1972, among many others) and suggested that K. abaxillare be recognized as a full species. Until more thorough geographic and molecular sampling is completed, we acknowledge both options in this checklist, but treat the taxon as more likely a species. 14:11. Kinosternon chimalhuaca: In 1996, while the original, full description by Berry et al. (1997) of K. chimalhuaca was in press, it was shared with Manfred Rogner for inclusion in his forthcoming book. However, though unintended, Rogner’s abbreviated version, clearly attributed to Berry et al., was published first (in 1996). Hence, although many authors have cited Berry et al. (1997) as the original description for this taxon, the proper attribution should be Berry, Seidel, and Iverson in Rogner (1996). The ICZN has now been petitioned (Rogner et al. 2013) to officially confirm this proper authorship and date, which has already been used in all previous TTWG checklists. 14:12. Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri: Based on osteology, Bourque (2012) recommended that K. s. steindachneri be elevated to full species status, as it was originally described. Preliminary molecular data provided by Iverson et al. (2013) supported this conclusion. However, until a more complete, range-wide study of molecular and morphological variation of the K. subrubrum-baurii complex is available, we here retain steindachneri as a subspecies of K. subrubrum. 14:13. Staurotypinae or Staurotypidae: Highlighting the extensive divergence of the staurotypines from the kinosternines based on morphology (Hutchison 1991), genetics (Iverson et al. 2103), karyotype (Bickham and Carr 1983), and sex determination mechanisms (Ewert et al. 2004), Iverson et al. (2013) followed Bickham and Carr (1983) in recognizing the Staurotypidae as a separate family. Within the TTWG we have differing opinions on the appropriate ranking of this taxonomic node, and recognize that the views and actions of the wider turtle taxonomic community will determine its eventual accepted ranking; until consensus emerges, we provide alternative rankings in the checklist. 14:14. Graptemys: In a historical review of the taxonomic history of the genus Graptemys, Lindeman (2013:20) mentioned two genus names from an unpublished manuscript by Georg Baur: Neoclemmys (intended to include pseudogeographica and oculifera) and Megaloclemmys (for pulchra), while Graptemys would have been retained for geographica and kohnii. However, Lindeman only used these names in a conditional manner, without formal status as valid taxa, and hence the names Neoclemmys and Megaloclemmys were not made available according to Article 15.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (see also annotation 19 for Graptemys intermedia). 14:15. Graptemys flavimaculata: Using microsatellite loci, Selman et al. (2013) demonstrated a significant degree of genetic structure across the range of the species in the Pascagoula River basin, with the greatest divergence between the main Pascagoula basin and the lowland Escatawpa River tributary, historically separate drainages. Although they urged that at least these two units be managed separately, they made no taxonomic recommendations. 14:16. Graptemys ouachitensis or G. o. ouachitensis: See annotation number 19 below regarding the taxon sabinensis, previously listed as a subspecies of ouachitensis, but now conditionally elevated to full species status, therefore also necessitating listing the Ouachita Map Turtle as a full species, rather than the nominate subspecies. 14:17. Graptemys pulchra: In his historical review of the taxonomic history of Graptemys, Lindeman (2013:20) also made reference to Baur’s manuscript names for the species he eventually described as Graptemys pulchra; we hereby designate these names, G. alabamensis and G. grandis, as nomina nuda, and associate them with the synonymy of G. pulchra, as they were considered for application to that taxon. 14:18. Graptemys sabinensis or G. o. sabinensis: Originally described as a subspecies of Graptemys pseudogeographica by Cagle (1953a), the Sabine Map Turtle (G. sabinensis) was later classified by Vogt (1980) as a subspecies of G. ouachitensis, and most subsequent authors have followed that arrangement. However, based on a small sample of skulls, Ward (1980) believed that sabinensis was so distinctive that it warranted species status. Recent analyses of morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA have generally failed to resolve the relationships of sabinensis with confidence, and the interrelationships of the “narrow-headed Graptemys” remain largely unresolved (Stephens 1998; Stephens and Wiens 2003; Myers 2008; Wiens et al. 2010; Brown et al. 2012). Based on these previous studies and his own extensive examinations of Gulf Coast Graptemys specimens, Lindeman (2013) noted that sabinensis is allopatric, non-intergrading, and diagnosable morphologically, and concluded that it should be recognized as a full species. While subspecific as well as specific recognition can each be supported, we conclude that enough uncertainty remains regarding this lineage to list it as either a species or subspecies. Further sampling of the nuclear genome and more strongly supported phylogenetic trees will be necessary to settle this issue as well as the relationships across the entire genus Graptemys. 14:19. Graptemys sabinensis or G. o. sabinensis: In a checklist of turtles of Louisiana, Beyer (1900) listed “Malacoclemmys intermedia Baur” from the “southern and southwestern parts”, referring to a manuscript name by Georg Baur for the taxon subsequently described as Graptemys pseudogeographica sabinensis by Cagle (1953a). The name was based on specimens from the Mermentau River basin, now in the Tulane University Museum collection, sent to Baur by Joseph Gustave Kohn (Lindeman 2013). The original publication of the name Malacoclemmys intermedia is therefore attributable to Beyer and pre-dates the name sabinensis Cagle by 53 years, but is clearly a nomen nudum. Furthermore, it has not been used in over 113 years and would have the status of nomen oblitum. In his discussion of the history of the name Graptemys intermedia used by Baur in his unpublished manuscript, Lindeman (2013) published Baur’s original manuscript drawings (Fig. 2.4) and a photograph of the Kohn specimens on which Baur had intended his diagnosis to rest (Fig. 8.18). Lindeman also clearly identified intermedia as a synonym of the taxon he recognized by the name of G. sabinensis. However, Lindeman only, and consistently, used the name G. intermedia in a conditional manner, without formal status of valid taxon, and the name intermedia as used by Lindeman, published after 1960, has not been made available according to Article 15.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 14:20. Pseudemys: Based on three mitochondrial and ten nuclear gene loci, Spinks et al. (2013) examined variation across all recognized taxa of the genus Pseudemys. Their analyses revealed essentially no support for currently recognized species groups, species, or subspecies. Only P. gorzugi was consistently recovered as monophyletic across all their analyses, while their molecular evidence identified three geographically cohesive groups that do not correspond to current species boundaries. They concluded that the genus Pseudemys has probably been oversplit taxonomically. However, they made no explicit recommendations for change until a much larger and more definitive, multi-character data set is brought to bear on this complex. Thus we retain Pseudemys essentially unchanged from the previous checklist. 14:21. Trachemys: In their book on Mexican turtles, Legler and Vogt (2013) continued to follow the taxonomy for Trachemys as used by Legler (1990) (i.e., all Mexican taxa as subspecies of T. scripta), and did not provide data or rationale to refute the phylogenetic data and taxonomic opinions published since 1990. Because implementing that taxonomy here would reverse 23 years of increased understanding and progress toward a stable classification of this complex genus, we have not incorporated the Trachemys taxonomy presented by Legler and Vogt (2013) in our current checklist. 14:22. Trachemys (Caribbean): Parham et al. (2013) examined variation in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers for Trachemys populations across the Greater Antilles. They identified the morphologically distinct population reported by Tuberville et al. (2005) in northwestern Jamaica as T. d. decussata, representing a significant range extension from eastern Cuba. Parham et al. (2013) demonstrated the monophyly of West Indian taxa, as well as evidence of hybridization between T. decorata and T. stejnegeri in the southern Dominican Republic, and between T. terrapen and T. d. decussata in northwestern Jamaica. The authors were unable to determine whether the presence of decussata on Jamaica and localized hybridization with terrapen was the result of natural or human-mediated dispersal. Their data also supported the continued recognition of the subspecies T. s. stejnegeri (Puerto Rico) and T. s. vicina (Hispaniola), with occasional gene flow (natural or human-mediated) between them. They also acknowledged Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 that morphological and genetic data suggest the recognition of T. d. decussata (eastern Cuba) and T. d. angusta (western Cuba) as full species, but declined to make that recommendation pending further sampling in Cuba. Finally, they speculated that the occurrence of T. d. angusta on the Cayman Islands was “non-native”. Given that Grand Cayman was periodically inundated even in the latest Pleistocene (20–25 thousand years ago; IturraldeVinent 2006), and that the prevailing winds and currents would make a natural colonization from the northwest difficult, we concur that the Grand Cayman populations of T. d. angusta are likely the result of human introduction. This is further supported by Echternacht et al. (2011) who, in their review of the herpetofauna of the Cayman Islands, explicitly stated that since no Trachemys fossils have been found in peat deposits on the island (which contained many other vertebrates), they presumed T. decussata to be introduced. In addition, Parham et al. (2013) analyzed a small sample of Trachemys from Central America that yielded results indicating genetic similarity of T. venusta and T. emolli, demonstrating the need for further sampling and analysis to evaluate the sweeping taxonomic changes proposed by Fritz et al. (2012) and the subspecies described by McCord et al. (2010). Until such additional information becomes available, Parham et al. (2013) recommended taxonomic conservatism and cautious interpretation of preliminary results, and proposed no taxonomic changes. 14:23. Trachemys (Central America): Using mitochondrial DNA sequence data for Trachemys downloaded from the European Nucleotide Archive and new data from two Honduran specimens, McCranie et al. (2013) confirmed that the range of the taxon emolli extends from northwestern Costa Rica to southeastern El Salvador (see Ibarra Portillo et al. 2009). Because of the extensive overlap in their analysis with the data used by Fritz et al. (2012), McCranie et al. (2013) supported their earlier taxonomic recommendations. McCranie et al. (2013) also commented on the status of the taxon T. v. uhrigi, originally described from Honduras, but subsequently reported from Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama, and argued that the diagnostic coloration of uhrigi is not exhibited consistently by Caribbean Honduran specimens (and presumably occurs in individuals of T. venusta as far away as Colombia), and suggested that T. v. uhrigi has no taxonomic validity. In contrast, Páez et al. (2012) listed T. v. uhrigi as being the subspecies occurring in the Colombian Departments of Antioquia and Chocó. However, until additional molecular data are forthcoming from the Caribbean versant of Central America, particularly from the Yucatan peninsula, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, we adhere mainly to the alternative taxonomies of Seidel (2002) and Fritz et al. (2012). 14:24. Emys (sensu lato): In a molecular analysis of emydine turtles, Angielczyk and Feldman (2013) found strong support for a monophyletic Emys (including orbicularis, blandingii, and marmorata) using mtDNA sequence data, but strong support for a paraphyletic Emys using 14 nuclear genes. The combined data set resolved a monophyletic Emys, but the results were apparently driven by the much more variable mitochondrial genome. Despite some uncertainty about the monophyly of Emys sensu lato (see also Wiens et al. 2010), we retain both options of a narrow and a broad definition of the genus Emys, pending even more genetic data. 14:25. Emys orbicularis hellenica and Mauremys rivulata: Considerable confusion has surrounded the names and authors and dates of publication of the turtle descriptions published in various outputs of the Expédition Scientifique de Morée, currently cited in our checklist as Valenciennes (1833), Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833), and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1835). Sherborn and Woodward (1901) documented that the zoology sections dealing with vertebrates, in which turtle descriptions (Chelonia pelasgorum, Emys hellenica, Emys iberica, and Emys rivulata) appear, were all first published sequentially in 1833 in looseleaf “livraisons” with sets of plates (“planches”) and text, and later all the plates were re-published as a bound volume in 1835. Confusion about the sequence of publication of the turtle plates and the text has arisen due to the imprint of “1832” on the frontispiece of the text, but it actually appeared in 1833, after the plates. That the unbound turtle plates by Valenciennes (1833:pls.6–9) were published first was clearly documented in the subsequent text by Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833:61, lines 5–9, 21–23, footnote 2), who referred to the specifically numbered plates as coming from the “troisième séries”. The name Emys hellenica was first published in the third series of planches (plate 8, figures 2–2a), where it was attributed to Valenciennes in the legend, and then subsequently described (as Cistuda hellenica) on pages 61–62 of the text, where it was attributed to Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent. Proper original attribution of the name is therefore Emys hellenica Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:pl.8. That name was subsequently synonymized, as “Cistude hellénique”, with Cistudo europaea, another synonym of Emys orbicularis, by Duméril and Bibron (1835:227), but is today recognized as a valid subspecies of that taxon (Fritz et al. 2005; Fritz and Havaš 2007). According to Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833), in their text on page 61, lines 5–9, under the synonymy of Cistuda europaea (= Emys orbicularis), they noted that Valenciennes (1833) had “for unknown reasons” (“on ne sait pourquoi”) named the juvenile specimen of Emys on plate 9 as iberica [not Emys iberica Eichwald 1831]. The original typeface in the legend of plate 9 reads “Emyde ibérienne. Emys iberica. Val.”; however, in at least some contemporary copies of the subsequently bound atlas (Bory de SaintVincent 1835), a small printed label in similar text reading “des anciens” has been pasted over “ibérienne”, and a second label reading “antiquorum” pasted over “iberica” and the first part of “Val.” We do not know if these labels were originally added as an “erratum” to all looseleaf copies at the time of their original publication in 1833, or more likely only to some of them when bound into the atlas in 1835, because some copies today lack the labels (e.g., that in the Paris Museum, but apparently not those in the British Museum [Gray 1844:31] or the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard [Loveridge and Williams 1957:213]). It must also be noted that Bibron and Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833) commented on the name iberica printed on the original plate, but made no mention of the name antiquorum. This uncertainty greatly complicates these names and their authorship. If the “antiquorum” labels were added to all copies of this work by the publisher, then Emys iberica Valenciennes was technically never described, and Emys antiquorum would presumably be attributable to Bory de Saint-Vincent, the editor of the 1835 atlas, although the remaining partial exposure of the name “Val.” led Gray (1844:31) to attribute the name antiquorum to Valenciennes when he (Gray) synonymized that name with Cistudo europaea [= Emys orbicularis]. If the labels were inconsistently added to only some copies of the original work, then the name antiquorum would have no nomenclatural status. Pending the availability of additional historic information about the consistency of this labeling and the reasons behind it, we here attribute the name Emys iberica to Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent (1833), and declare Emys antiquorum Bory de Saint-Vincent (1835) a nomen novum and nomen nudum; and interpret both names as junior synonyms of Emys orbicularis hellenica (Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833). 14:26. Emys orbicularis, ssp. indet.: Rook et al. (2013) synonymized the two Upper Pliocene fossil taxa, E. major and E. latens, described by Portis (1890), with Emys orbicularis, citing an unpublished thesis by Chesi (2009). The fossils were from Valdarno (d’Arno valley) along the northwest Italian Ligurian coast, within the range of the present-day subspecies E. o. galloitalica. However, given the subsequent Pleistocene and Holocene climate-associated range shifts of E. orbicularis, we do not associate these fossil names with any current subspecies at this time. 14:27. Terrapene: Martin et al. (2103) examined variation in two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene across all previously recognized taxa of Terrapene (except T. nelsoni klauberi). Both mtDNA and a single nuclear gene supported the monophyly of T. ornata, T. carolina (including T. coahuila), and T. nelsoni. All analyses confirmed the distinctiveness of T. nelsoni and T. ornata, but found no support for distinction between T. o. ornata and T. o. luteola, and hence, they recommended the synonymy of the latter. For mtDNA only, they found significant divergence within the previously recognized T. carolina group taxa (including T. coahuila), and identified a western clade (including triunguis, mexicana, and yucatana) and an eastern clade (all others, including coahuila); the western clade was strongly supported based on mtDNA, but the eastern clade had only very weak support. The authors recommended the recognition of the western clade as a full species, T. mexicana, with three subspecies (mexicana, triunguis, and yucatana). They were not able to resolve the relationships among bauri, major, and carolina, and retained them as subspecies of T. carolina. Similarly, the relationship of T. coahuila to Gulf Coast T. carolina was suggested but not resolved, and they recommended continued recognition of T. coahuila at the species level. Meanwhile, Legler and Vogt (2013) treated T. mexicana and T. yucatana as full, monotypic species, and continued to recognize T. o. luteola as the subspecies of T. ornata inhabiting Mexico. As the suggested taxonomic rearrangements of Martin et al. (2013) and Legler and Vogt (2013) are not based on a comprehensive analysis of morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear genes, and show disagreement with both the traditional taxonomy of Terrapene and the molecular phylogeny 253 254 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 presented by Butler et al. (2011), we consider that the phylogenetic relationships within this genus remain insufficiently resolved for us to adopt such significant taxonomic changes, especially in light of the desire for minimal fluctuations in taxonomy of this genus, given its extensive inclusion in State, Federal, and CITES legislation. 14:28. Terrapene putnami: This species was described by Hay (1906) based on a single fossil hypoplastron from the Alafia River basin in Florida with imprecise stratigraphic data, but presumably Late Pleistocene. The taxon has been widely assumed to represent virtually all eastern North American fossil Terrapene material from the Miocene to the late Pleistocene, which is clearly an exaggerated concept of the taxon (Ehret et al. 2011). This has become increasingly problematic because of recent molecular analyses of extant taxa that suggested that T. putnami should be synonymized with T. carolina major (Butler et al. 2011; followed in TTWG 2012) or that argued that putnami be retained as an extinct subspecies of T. carolina (Martin et al. 2013). To facilitate future attempts to resolve the relationships among living and fossil turtles of the T. carolina complex, Ehret et al. (2013) proposed to the ICZN the designation of a neotype for T. putnami with precise locality and stratigraphic data, and consisting of a nearly complete carapace and plastron with numerous associated postcranial elements. We here maintain T. putnami as a synonym of T. carolina major as recommended by Butler et al. (2011), until the ICZN makes a ruling and additional research clarifies the relationships of extant and fossil members of the T. carolina group. 14:29. Mauremys annamensis: Clemmys guangxiensis was described by Qin (1992) based on two market specimens supposedly originating from Guangxi, China. Iverson and McCord (1994) speculated that the type series might be a composite of Mauremys mutica and M. iversoni (the latter now known to be of hybrid origin between Cuora trifasciata and M. mutica; Parham et al. 2001). As a result, we have previously included C. guangxiensis in the synonymies of both C. trifasciata and M. mutica. However, Hu et al. (2013) provided sequence data from a single mitochondrial gene for four specimens of Mauremys from Guangxi purported to be M. guangxiensis, along with two M. mutica from the same province. When included in a phylogenetic analysis with sequences of Mauremys downloaded from GenBank, they determined that their four specimens of M. guangxiensis were nearly identical to M. annamensis (which is endemic to Vietnam) and not M. mutica. Assuming their four specimens represented the same taxon as described by Qin (1992), Hu et al. (2013) interpreted their results as indicating that M. guangxiensis was either synonymous with M. annamensis or a subspecies of the latter. However, their analysis did not address the possibility of a hybrid origin for guangxiensis. Pending further study of specimens being referred to M. guangxiensis, we add guangxiensis to the synonymy of annamensis (as partim, hybrid), while retaining its inclusion in the synonymy of M. mutica and C. trifasciata. 14:30. Mauremys japonica and Pelodiscus sinensis: Temminck and Schlegel’s publications in Fauna Japonica are usually recorded as having been published in 1835. However, their chapter on “Les Cheloniens” (pp. 1–80, plates 1–9) was actually published in 1834 (see Hoogmoed et al. 2010) and only contained invalid vernacular names. Their valid names Trionyx japonica = Pelodiscus sinensis and Emys vulgaris japonica = Mauremys japonica were not published until 1838 when Schlegel wrote and published (on p. 139) his dated explanation of the previously published plates and for the first time provided Latin names for the two new species described earlier in French (Trionyx stellatus Var. Japon [pls. 5 and 7] = Trionyx japonica and Emys palustris Var. Japon [pls. 8 and 9] = Emys vulgaris japonica). Although the species name “palustris” was used on the plate, in the text it was corrected to “vulgaris”, but never with a specific “var. Japon” modifier attached to it. 14:31. Rhinoclemmys: Based on both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, Vargas-Ramírez et al. (2103) identified significant phylogeographic structuring within R. melanosterna, but found conflicting phylogenetic relationships among the allopatric/parapatric members of the R. punctularia group (including R. funerea, R. diademata, and R. melanosterna). They recommended no taxonomic changes without further geographic and genome sampling. 14:32. Aldabrachelys gigantea: After several years of vigorous debate, the ICZN (2013b) published their decision (Opinion 2316) regarding the appropriate scientific name for the Aldabra Tortoise (Case 3463; Frazier 2008, 2009). The Commission ruled to conserve the long-term use of the specific name Testudo gigantea Schweigger (1812) for this tortoise, to affirm the neotype designation of Frazier (2006), and to suppress the more recently used name Testudo dussumieri Gray (1831d). One effect of this action was also to validate the genus name Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams (1957) over Dipsochelys Bour (1982a). Comments were published in BZN 66:80–87, 169–186, 274–290, 352–357; 67: 71–90, 170–178, 246–254, 319–331; 68: 72–77, 140–143, 294–300. With 83 published comments, this represented the most extensive correspondence received by the Commission on a Case to date. 14:33. Chelonoidis carbonaria: The original citation for the junior synonym Testudo boiei is actually Wagler (1830a), not Wagler (1833) as listed in our previous checklists; the latter contained no new turtle descriptions. 14:34. Gopherus berlandieri: In 1850, Berlandier described two terrestrial turtles from the “llanos” of Tamaulipas, Mexico: Testudo bicolor (not to be confused with Testudo bicolor Schweigger 1812 or Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826, both synonyms for Testudo [= Cuora] amboinensis Daudin 1801) and Testudo tuberculatu [sic] (not to be confused with Testudo tuberculata Schoepff 1801 [= Dermochelys coriacea]). His ample description leaves little doubt that the names referred to a juvenile and adult male, respectively, of Xerobates [= Gopherus] berlandieri Agassiz 1857a, and hence should be considered senior subjective synonyms of the latter. However, since 1850, T. tuberculatu has only been mentioned by True (1882), as T. tuberculata. In 1980 Berlandier’s manuscript was translated and republished, with both species recorded again, as T. bicolor and T. tuberculata, with distinct diagnostic characters, “and they are common on both banks of the Rio Bravo.” No other publications seem to include these names, both considered here as being nomina oblita. 14:35. Testudo graeca: Based strictly on morphology Chkhikvadze et al. (2013) continued to argue for the recognition of six taxa of tortoises in the Caucasus (Testudo graeca ibera, T. g. nikolskii, T. g. armeniaca, T. marginata pallasi, T. m. buxtoni, and T. dagestanica). However, genetic sampling by Fritz et al. (2007), Mashkaryan et al. (2013), and Mikulíček et al. (2013), including specimens from within the ranges of each of those six purported taxa, supports only the recognition of three taxa in the area (T. g. ibera, T. g. buxtoni, and T. g. armeniaca). Because the unreliability of morphology in establishing species boundaries within the genus Testudo has been well documented (Parham et al. 2006; Fritz et al. 2007, 2009; Mikulíček et al. 2013; Danilov et al. 2013; among others), we have not followed Chkhikvadze et al. (2013), pending further genetic sampling. 14:36. Testudo or Chersine hermanni: Perez et al. (2014) examined variation in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellites across the range of T. hermanni, and found substantial geographic differentiation based on distance between sites. They documented the greatest divergence between the recognized subspecies, with the eastern subspecies (T. h. boettgeri) ranging westward to and including the Po River valley in northeastern Italy, Their data also demonstrated the effects of thousands of years of human-mediated dispersal of these tortoises. Although they noted that the isolated population in France could have been established via natural or human dispersal, their data supported the hypothesis that the Spanish, Corsican, and Sardinian populations were likely the result of prehistoric human introductions of animals with Sicilian genotypes. 14:37. Testudo or Chersine h. hermanni: Lapparent de Broin et al. (2006b) analyzed all known fossil specimens of T. globosa, T. oriens, and T. seminota, and concluded that oriens and seminota were synonymous with globosa and that globosa was apparently synonymous with western T. h. hermanni. 14:38. Testudo or Agrionemys h. kazachstanica: Agrionemys kazachstanica terbishi was described by Chkhikvadze (2009) based on a mummified specimen, supposedly from Mongolia, in the Kohovd University collection (Kohovd City, Mongolia). Ansorge et al. (2012) reported that the type specimen has been lost, that the herpetologist who collected the specimen believed that it was a pet brought from Kazachstan, and that there is no confirmed record of an extant tortoise indigenous to Mongolia. They recommended that Testudo horsfieldii terbishi (Chkhikvadze 2009) should be regarded as a nomen dubium and allocated to the synonymy of Testudo horsfieldii; they also recommended that Mongolia should be excluded from its distribution range. We adopt these recommendations and associate the taxon with T. or A. h. kazachstanica by virtue of it having originally been described as a subspecies of that taxon. 14:39. Acanthochelys and Platemys: Sequence data from two mitochondrial genes analyzed by Huebinger et al. (2013) supported the sister group relationship between Platemys and Acanthochelys, the monophyly of the latter, and the possibility that A. radiolata as currently defined morphologically may be polyphyletic. We continue to affirm the recognition of both genera, even though Platemys is monotypic. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 14:40. Phrynops geoffroanus: The name Emys tritentaculata was listed by Cuvier (1829) as attributed to Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, a botanist who traveled in Brazil and subsequently deposited several chelid turtles in the Paris Museum (Bour, unpubl. data). Based on the name, suggestive of several barbels, we assign it tentatively to the synonymy of P. geoffroanus pending further study of Saint-Hilaire’s original specimens. The name E. tritentaculata does not refer to the American Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina, as originally synonymized by Wermuth and Mertens (1961) and followed by several others since then. 14:41. Platemys platycephala: The name Emys carunculata Cuvier 1829 was listed by Wermuth and Mertens (1961, 1977) and Fritz and Havaš (2007) as an ex errore name for E. canaliculata Spix 1824, itself a synonym of P. platycephala. However, the name E. carunculata was attributed by Cuvier (1829) to Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, while in the same paragraph also listing E. canaliculata as attributed to Spix. The two names clearly represent different nomina nuda. Pending further studies of the chelid turtles that SaintHilaire collected in Brazil (Bour, unpubl. data), we leave E. carunculata in the synonymy of P. platycephala for the present. 14:42. Chelodina (Macrochelodina) kuchlingi: This species, originally described by Cann (1997d), was synonymized under “Chelodina rugosa” (now Chelodina oblonga) by Georges and Thomson (2010). Their original basis for the synonymization was “that names that are available under the Code, but that apply to supposed taxa, unsupported by scientific evidence either in the original account or subsequently, are placed in synonymy.” They also indicated that C. kuchlingi was described from a single specimen of uncertain origin with a long history of captivity and so was treated as a junior synonym of “C. rugosa” (now C. oblonga), citing Georges and Thomson (2006) who had questioned the distinction between C. kuchlingi and C. rugosa, but did not synonymize them. The synonymization by Georges and Thomson (2010) was subsequently followed by us (TTWG 2010) and Kennett et al. (2014) in their recent CBFTT species account for C. oblonga (see link under that species). However, the synonymization has recently been challenged by Kuchling (CCB, in review, and in litt.), who has provided data that C. kuchlingi is an apparently demonstrably valid and distinct range-restricted species, with a more extensive distribution in northeastern Western Australia (including the Ord River basin) than noted in the original description. Kuchling also raised serious concerns about the conservation status and potential regional development threats to C. kuchlingi. Georges (in litt.) has acknowledged the difference in opinion, but stands by his opinion that the original description was deficient, and that there has been insufficient evidence presented to date that C. kuchlingi is a valid taxon. We take note of this on-going controversy here and, based on our own principles of making only data-driven taxonomic changes in the checklist, acknowledge that our original decision to follow the hypotheses of Georges and Thomson (2006, 2010) to synonymize C. kuchlingi was likely premature, and also inconsistent with our continued recognition at that time of other species also synonymized by Georges and Thomson at the same time (e.g., C. gunaleni and C. walloyarrina). Given the potential conservation threats to this range-restricted species and the lack of data supporting the prior synonymization, we therefore now reverse our earlier decision and resurrect C. kuchlingi from its synonymy with “C. rugosa” (now C. oblonga) and await further data-driven analyses from Kuchling, Georges, and others. 14:43. Chelodina oblonga (formerly C. rugosa): Thomson (2000) demonstrated that the holotype of Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 is actually a specimen of what had over the last ca. 40 years been referred to as Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890 from northern Australia. The ICZN was petitioned (Thomson 2006, 2007) to conserve current usage of the name C. rugosa for the Northern Snake-necked Turtle and to apply the next available name, Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a, to the Southwestern Snake-necked Turtle, instead of the commonly and erroneously used name C. oblonga. We previously discussed this ICZN case in our second checklist (Rhodin et al. 2008). Recently, in their Opinion 2315, the ICZN (2013a) declined to support the petition to give precedence to the younger, recently used name C. rugosa over the older name C. oblonga for the Northern Snake-necked Turtle. Although the latter species has been known as C. rugosa since 1974 and was listed as such in previous editions of this checklist, we now follow the ruling of the ICZN and use the name Chelodina (Macrochelodina) oblonga Gray 1841 for the Northern Snake-necked Turtle, although the name Chelodina (Macrochelodina) rugosa Ogilby 1890 remains an available name in the synonymy of C. oblonga. The decision by the ICZN has also been followed by Kennett et al. (2014) in their recently published account on the Northern Snake-necked Turtle in this CBFTT monograph series. 14:44. Macrodiremys: In an attempt to conserve usage of the name Chelodina oblonga for the Southwestern Snake-necked Turtle, McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b) designated the lectotype of Chelodina colliei (set by Thomson 2000) as the neotype of Chelodina oblonga. At the time this was done, there was already an open case before the ICZN (Thomson 2006) concerning whether to use the name C. oblonga or C. rugosa for the Northern Snake-necked Turtle (see annotation 43). It should also be noted that the setting of a neotype where an extant holotype (or lectotype) already exists can only be done by the ICZN. In their subsequent Opinion (ICZN 2013a), it was ruled that, considering the confusion over these names and the potential for further confusion, that the Principle of Priority should be followed, and that C. oblonga should maintain priority over C. rugosa for the northern taxon. By associating the new name Macrodiremys oblonga to the lectotype of C. colliei, McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b) had effectively erected a new nominal species as a junior objective synonym of C. colliei. Thus, since M. oblonga was the type species for the new genus Macrodiremys, then in effect so was also its senior objective synonym, C. colliei. Fortunately, the latter was not already a type species for another genus. Georges and Thomson (2010) reduced the various genera of snake-necked turtles to subgeneric status, all under the oldest genus name Chelodina; this has been recognized in previous editions of the checklist (TTWG 2012), however, the subgenus name for C. colliei was left undetermined because of the uncertainty surrounding the case. In this checklist edition, now that the ICZN Opinion has been published, this matter can be rectified by restoring the subgeneric name Macrodiremys, which follows the intent of McCord and Joseph-Ouni (2007b). 14:45. Elseya and E. schultzei: Based primarily on mtDNAdata, Georges et al. (2014) identified three reciprocally monophyletic, deeply divergent clades within the taxon formerly recognized as Elseya novaeguineae: 1) the Birds Head (Kepala Burung, Vogelkop, or Doberai Peninsula) population of western Indonesian New Guinea, 2) the population on the New Guinea mainland north of the Central Range, and 3) the mainland population south of the Central Range. They also demonstrated some phylogeographic structure within each of those three clades, and confirmed the genetic distinction of E. branderhorsti of the southern lowlands / Fly River floodplain as separate from the E. novaeguineae clades. They suggested that these three clades each deserved species rank, and they followed Rhodin and Genorupa (2000) in noting that the southern form is distinct and undescribed and that the name E. schultzei (Vogt 1911) is available for the northern population. They also implied that the name E. novaeguineae should be applied to the Birds Head population (the source of the type). We follow these recommendations and now recognize E. schultzei as a full species (again), and await additional work in progress to determine the appropriate name for the southern form, whose populations we retain under E. novaeguineae pending further work. 14:46. Flaviemys and F. purvisi: Using molecular data only, Le et al. (2013) concluded that the species known as Myuchelys purvisi is the sister taxon to all other taxa that were included in Emydura, Elseya and/or Myuchelys. To correct this paraphyly, they erected a new monotypic genus, Flaviemys, with type species Elseya purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985, by original designation and monotypy. There is also support for this in previous studies, where Flaviemys purvisi and Myuchelys georgesi were perceived as a cryptic species pair, very similar by appearance, but on analysis were found not to be sister taxa (Georges and Adams 1992; Georges et al. 1998; Thomson and Georges 2009; Georges and Thomson 2010; Fielder et al. 2012; Fielder 2013). We follow this new taxonomy here. 14:47. Pelusios castaneus seychellensis: Based on mitochondrial gene sequence data from all known lineages of Pelusios, Stuckas et al. (2013) found that the lectotype of P. seychellensis was nested among specimens of the West African P. castaneus. They concluded that P. seychellensis was most likely based on specimens of P. castaneus not native to the Seychelles Islands, and recommended the synonymy of P. seychellensis with P. castaneus. However, Bour (1983) identified significant morphological differences between these two taxa, and recently (Bour 2013) argued that seychellensis might represent an ancient prehistoric introduction of castaneus to the islands by humans that has subsequently diverged morphologically from the ancestral population. He recommended the use of the subspecific designation P. castaneus seychellensis until additional comparisons (especially morphological) can be made between castaneus and seychellensis, a recommendation we have adopted. See also the pertinent discussion of the geographic occurrence 255 256 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 of this species [P. castaneus] in the distributional data appendix below. 14:48. Podocnemis erythrocephala: The forgotten names Emys bitentaculata and Hydraspis bitentaculata were not listed or synonymized by Wermuth and Mertens (1961, 1977) or Fritz and Havaš (2007). Gray (1830e) first placed the Cuvier manuscript name Emys bitentaculata under his concept of Chelys (Hydraspis) and subsequently (Gray 1831d) described it himself as Hydraspis bitentaculata: “Testa rufa, subtus pallide lutea nigro maculate, scutello nuchal nullo.” Fitzinger (1835) synonymized both names under his concept of Hydraspis (Podocnemis) tracaxa (which also included Podocnemis expansa in part and some chelid turtles). Gray’s description did not identify the species very well, but the combination of a red shell (testa rufa), two barbels (bitentaculata), and lack of a nuchal scute (scutello nuchal nullo) suggests that it is indeed a Podocnemis, and we tentatively place it as most likely synonymous with P. erythrocephala, which shares those features, including a red shell margin in juveniles. 14:49. Humboldt Podocnemis names: Alexandre de Humboldt first published the names Testudo arrau (= P. expansa) and Testudo terekay (= P. unifilis) in the French version of his original work (Humboldt 1819a:243). This work was subsequently translated into English (Humboldt 1819b:482), and later (Humboldt 1820:415) into German. These various translations have caused some confusion in the literature, and some authors (including our previous TTWG checklists) have even attributed the names to Humboldt in Gray (1831d:77). However, the French version remains the original source for these names. Both names are considered nomina oblita (see also annotation for P. unifilis). 14:50. Podocnemis unifilis: Emys cayennensis was described from French Guiana by Schweigger (1812), but was incorrectly applied to Podocnemis erythrocephala for most of its history (reviewed in Pritchard and Trebbau 1984; but see David 1994 and Bour 2006). In 1819 Humboldt (see annotation 14:49) described Testudo terekay from Venezuela; however, this obscure work was ignored by most subsequent authors (but see Schinz 1833). In 1830 Bell (in Gray 1830e) described Chelys (Hydraspis) lata from Guyana and this name was also ignored by most subsequent authors until Rhodin et al. (2008) declared it a nomen oblitum (see also Schneider et al. 2012). All three of these names apply to the taxon Podocnemis unifilis that was finally described from Guyana by Troschel (1848), and the latter name has been applied to the Yellow-spotted Amazon Turtle by most (but not all) authors over the last 165 years. In light of this complicated nomenclatural history, and in an effort to ensure the stability of Troschel’s name, Vogt et al. (2013) petitioned the ICZN to conserve the name Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848 for the Yellow-spotted Amazon Turtle, giving it precedence over Emys cayennensis whenever the two are considered synonymous. Furthermore, they declared the names Testudo terekay Humboldt 1819a and Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e as nomina oblita. Our checklist reflects this arrangement, pending an ICZN ruling. appendix – disTRibuTional daTa Specific distributional updates were only recorded in 2011, 2012, and 2014, and have not been continued in the current checklist except as reflected in the distributional information under each taxonomic entry. Distribution Updates 2011 Dermatemys mawii: Honduras (?) deleted from the range as per CBFTT account (Vogt et al. 2011). Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare: Population in San Andrés, Colombia, indicated as possible prehistoric or modern introduction, as per CBFTT accounts (Berry and Iverson 2011, Forero-Medina and Castaño-Mora 2011). Chrysemys dorsalis:Apparently established in Florida (Krysko et al. 2011). Graptemys pseudogeographica: Apparently established in Florida (Krysko et al. 2011). Malaclemys terrapin and M. t. centrata: Bermuda added to native range (Parham et al. 2008). Pseudemys nelsoni: Introduced to Tortola, British Virgin Islands (Owen et al. 2005). Trachemys scripta scripta: Apparently established in Florida (Krysko et al. 2011). Emys orbicularis orbicularis: Spain deleted from range; Spanish populations are attributable to subspecies E. o. fritzjurgenobsti and E. o. galloitalica, but not to the nominate subspecies. Terrapene nelsoni: Chihuahua, Mexico (T. n. klauberi) and Jalisco, Mexico (T. n. nelsoni) added to the range, as per CBFTT account (Buskirk and Ponce-Campos 2011). Batagur kachuga: Occurrence in Nepal confirmed. Cuora bourreti: Occurrence in Laos indicated as uncertain. Cuora picturata: Occurrence in central Vietnam confirmed (Ly et al. 2011). Cuora zhoui: Vietnam added as uncertain occurrence. Geoemyda spengleri: Laos added to the range (Stuart et al. 2011). Mauremys caspica caspica: Israel, Jordan and Lebanon deleted from the range; populations there attributable to M. rivulata. Turkmenistan added to the range. Mauremys caspica siebenrocki: Turkmenistan deleted from the range; population there attributable to M. c. caspica. Sacalia bealei: Occurrence in Guangxi, China, indicated as uncertain. Aldabrachelys/Dipsochelys gigantea/dussumieri hololissa: Cousine Island added to extirpated range, Round and Cousine islands added to introduced range, as per CBFTT account (Gerlach 2011b). Stigmochelys pardalis: Sudan deleted from the range, and the new nation of South Sudan added to the range. Pelodiscus parviformis: Vietnam added to the range. Acanthochelys pallidipectoris: Mendoza,Argentina, corrected from native range to introduced, as per CBFTT account (Vinke et al. 2011). South Sudan: This newly independent nation has seven taxa of freshwater turtles and tortoises: Kinixys belliana belliana, Stigmochelys pardalis, Cyclanorbis elegans, Cyclanorbis senegalensis, Trionyx triunguis, Pelomedusa subrufa, and Pelusios adansonii. Distribution Updates 2012 Cuora bourreti: Occurrence in Laos was confirmed (Stuart et al. 2011), and possible occurrence in Cambodia was deleted from the checklist following consultation with range-state biologists. Mauremys reevesii: Based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Suzuki et al. (2011) indicated that Japanese populations of M. reevesii were possibly derived from multiple historical introductions from nearby countries, and thus questioned its traditional status as a presumed native species. They noted the ability of M. reevesii to hybridize with native M. japonica as a threat, but also recognized these populations to be valuable in the context of depleted populations elsewhere in its range. Kinixys: Ranges adjusted according to species ranges outlined by Kindler et al. (2012). Nilssonia formosa: Liebing et al. (2012) referred to a record of N. formosa from Shuangbai (Yunnan, China), and photographs of a specimen from the Lancang River [= Mekong] in the Xishuanbanna region of Yunnan, as suggesting that the species has crossed the watershed divide into the Mekong River basin of Yunnan, China. However, given the substantial documented trade volumes of live turtles from Myanmar into Yunnan and onwards, and the propensity of turtles to escape or be intentionally released by humans, combined with the great biogeographical barriers (despite their very close proximity) between the Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze, we consider it doubtful that these records represent natural occurrences. Mesoclemmys heliostemma: Additional occurrences across the Amazon basin of Brazil were reported by Molina et al. (2012). Italy (Sardinia): Vamberger et al. (2011) compared mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of Testudo graeca from Sardinia with that of T. graeca from North Africa, and concluded that the near-absence of differentiation from other graeca populations, and reduced variation within the Sardinian population, indicated prehistoric introduction into Sardinia by humans. They also reviewed recent studies of the other non-marine turtle species occurring in Sardinia and concluded that Sardinia's populations of Testudo hermanni hermanni, T. marginata, and Emys orbicularis galloitalica likely each represented prehistoric or early historic human introductions. Latvia: Pupins and Pupina (2011) recorded introduced populations or individuals of Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. troostii, Mauremys caspica, M. rivulata, Testudo horsfieldii, and Pelodiscus sinensis in Latvia. However, they did not document successful reproduction in the wild, and it remains uncertain whether these records represent established populations or isolated individuals. South Korea: Chang et al. (2012) noted that the native softshells in South Korea are attributable to Pelodiscus maackii, and reported P. sinensis, Trachemys Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, Pseudemys rubriventris, and Mauremys [Ocadia] sinensis as introduced into the wild. Distribution Updates 2014 Chelydra acutirostris: Páez et al. (2012) listed the occurrence of this species in the Colombian Departments of Caldas and Quindio, but did not list records from Atlántico, Bolivar, Magdalena, or Sucre. Trachemys c. or o. callirostris: Páez et al. (2012) reported the occurrence of this taxon in the Colombian Department of Cundinamarca. Trachemys d. decussata: Parham et al. (2013) documented the occurrence of this taxon in northwestern Jamaica, including hybridization with T. terrapen; whether the occurrence is native or introduced remains unknown. Trachemys emolli or grayi emolli: McCranie et al. (2013) documented the occurrence of this taxon in Honduras, while Ibarra Portillo et al. (2009) documented its occurrence in eastern El Salvador. Cuora amboinensis: Wangyal et al. (2012) reported this and four other species from southern Bhutan, the first turtles reported from that country. Cuora mouhotii: Rahman (2012) reported the occurrence of this species in the southern Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, Wangyal et al. (2012) reported it from southern Bhutan, and Ly et al. (2013) extended its range in southern Vietnam. Cyclemys gemeli: Wangyal et al. (2012) reported this species from southern Bhutan. Melanochelys tricarinata: Wangyal et al. (2012) reported this species from southern Bhutan. Aldabrachelys gigantea: The historic and present distribution of native and introduced populations of the various morphotypes or subspecies (gigantea, arnoldi, and hololissa) of giant tortoises in the Seychelles (including all granitic and coralline islands) has been analyzed in detail and updated by Gerlach et al. (2013). Centrochelys sulcata: Participants at the IUCN/TFTSG Sub-Saharan African Red List workshop in 2013 noted that C. sulcata occurs in Benin, Cameroon, and Togo, and may possibly occur in Djibouti, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Its presence in Yemen and Saudi Arabia was also previously noted by Gasperetti et al. (1993). Indotestudo elongata: Wangyal et al. (2012) reported this species from southern Bhutan. Kinixys erosa: Participants at the Sub-SaharanAfrican Red List workshop considered that Kinixys erosa certainly occurs in Benin and Togo, but is absent from Burkina Faso. Kinixys homeana: In their CBFTT species account, Luiselli and Diagne (2013) noted that K. homeana occurs in the Central African Republic. They questioned its occurrence in Gabon and noted that it does not occur in Congo (ROC) and that old historical records from the eastern Congo (DRC) were likely based on misidentified K. erosa. These historical records need further evaluation. Kinixys nogueyi: Participants at the Sub-Saharan African Red List workshop considered the distribution of Kinixys nogueyi to include the Central African Republic, but that the species does not range as far south as Equatorial Guinea or Gabon, and that records from Mauritania are likely historic, but that the species no longer occurs there. Cyclanorbis senegalensis: Participants at the Sub-Saharan African Red List workshop considered that the occurrence of C. senegalensis is uncertain in Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Liberia, and that the species is likely extirpated from Mauritania. Rafetus swinhoei: Wang et al. (2013) extended and defined the known recent historic range of this Critically Endangered species in the upper Red River of southern Yunnan, China. Mesoclemmys dahli: Páez et al. (2012) and Forero-Medina et al. (2013, CBFTT account) documented the occurrence of M. dahli in the Colombian Department of Magdalena. Mesoclemmys gibba: Páez et al. (2012) recorded the occurrence of M. gibba in the Colombian Departments of Arauca and Guaviare. Mesoclemmys perplexa: Campos et al. (2011) recorded the occurrence of M. perplexa in the Brazilian State of Goiás. Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei: Vinke et al. (2013) reviewed the distribution of M. vanderhaegei and concluded that there are no confirmed records for Bolivia. Platemys platycephala: Páez et al. (2012) recorded the occurrence of P. platycephala in the Colombian Departments of Guainía, Guaviare, Meta, and Vichada. Peltocephalus dumerilianus: Páez et al. (2012) reported P. dumerilianus to inhabit the Colombian Department of Guaviare. Pelusios bechuanicus: In earlier versions of this checklist, we included Congo (DRC) as part of the range of P. bechuanicus. However, we have been unable to verify this occurrence, and consider that this was based on old literature records of P. upembae, which was originally described as a subspecies of P. bechuanicus. Pelusios castaneus: Stuckas et al. (2013) questioned earlier records of occurrence of P. castaneus on Cape Verde and suggested that our recording of that presence on our previous checklists was outdated. We have investigated this further and agree with them. Although Boulenger (1906b) documented the collection of a specimen of “Sternothaerus derbianus” (= P. castaneus) from a “small island in Praja Bay, S. Jago” (= Santiago), Chevalier (1935) noted that the specimen was most likely introduced from West Africa and that no Caboverdians were aware of any freshwater turtles in the islands. However, Boulenger’s record (mapped among others by Iverson 1992) led to the assumption for a long time that the species occurred in the islands; but surveys of the local herpetofauna have failed to record its presence (Schleich 1982, 1987, 1996b; Vasconcelos et al. 2013), even as an introduced population. The small island where it was originally collected housed a prison where turtles had evidently been released into a small pond at some point in the past. We therefore remove Cape Verde from the distribution of P. castaneus. For this same species, we also question whether it occurs natively on São Tomé. Although it has been recorded from there, and specimens have been collected and genetically analyzed (Stuckas et al. 2013), the species does not occur on either nearby Príncipe or the other volcanic oceanic islands in the same archipelago (Manaças 1956; Jones 1994), nor is there any record of the species occurring on the nearby continental island of Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) off the coast of Cameroon. São Tomé was first settled by the Portuguese, who brought African slaves to the island, so it appears most likely that West African P. castaneus were introduced to São Tomé in conjunction with the slave trade. In fact, the genetic analysis by Stuckas et al. (2013) demonstrated that their São Tomé specimen was essentially indistinguishable from an Ivory Coast specimen, lending further strength to this theory. Podocnemis erythrocephala: Páez et al. (2012) reported that P. erythrocephala occurs in the Colombian Department of Guaviare, and perhaps in Vichada. Podocnemis lewyana: Páez et al. (2012) reported that the range of P. lewyana extends into the Colombian Department of Tolima. Podocnemis sextuberculata: Páez et al. (2012) reported that P. sextuberculata occurs in the Colombian Departments of Caquetá and Putomayo. Podocnemis vogli: Páez et al. (2012) reported that P. vogli occurs in the Colombian Department of Guaviare, but did not indicate occurrence in Boyacá. LITERATURE CITED This bibliography is divided into two sections: 1) all primary taxonomic citations noted in this checklist, plus all secondary literature cited in the introduction and annotations of any of the checklists, and 2) all CBFTT species accounts published in this monograph project and referred to in the checklist. Many of the citations listed here are available online as downloadable pdf’s at www.iucn-tftsg.org/ taxonomic-literature-database/. adler, k.K. 1962. A new name for a Chinese turtle, genus Clemmys. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 20(2):135. adler, K. 2007. 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Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 66(1):80–87. 289 290 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Chelonian ReseaRCh MonogRaphs no. 5 – CbFTT ConseRvaTion biology oF FReshWaTeR TuRTles and ToRToises published 2008–2017 Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. All CBFTT publications (8 checklists and 100 accounts covering 130 taxa) are available online as hyperlinked open-access downloadable doi-designated pdf's CbFTT speCies aCCounTs (alphabeTiCal by auThoR) rHodin, a.G.j., PritCHard, P.C.H., van dijk, P.P., SauMure, r.a., BuHlMann, k.a., iverSon, j.B., and MitterMeier, R.A. (Eds.). 2008–2016. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5 (Installments 1–9a). Lunenburg, Massachusetts: Chelonian Research Foundation. rHodin, a.G.j., iverSon, j.B., van dijk, P.P., SauMure, r.a., BuHlMann, k.a., PritCHard, P.C.H., and MitterMeier, R.A. (Eds.). 2016. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5 (Installment 9b). Lunenburg, Massachusetts: Chelonian Research Foundation. rHodin, a.G.j., iverSon, j.B., van dijk, P.P., SauMure, r.a., BuHlMann, k.a., PritCHard, P.C.H., and MitterMeier, R.A. (Eds.). 2017. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7. In: Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5 (Supplement No. 1). Lunenburg, Massachusetts: Chelonian Research Foundation and Turtle Conservancy. anderS, B. and iverSon, J.B. 2012. 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Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):076.1–12. BlankenSHiP, e.l., Butterfield, B.P., and Godwin, J.C. 2008. Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954 – Black-knobbed Map Turtle, Black-knobbed Sawback. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):005.1–6. BoCk, B.C., Páez, v.P., and daza, J.M. 2010. Trachemys callirostris (Gray 1856) – Colombian Slider, Jicotea, Hicotea, Galapago, Morrocoy de Agua. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):042.1–9. Bour, R. 2008. Pelusios adansonii (Schweigger 1812) – Adanson’s Mud Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):017.1–4. Bour, r. and GerlaCH, J. 2008. Pelusios seychellensis (Siebenrock 1906) – Seychelles Mud Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):018.1–3. Bour, r., luiSelli, l., Petrozzi, f., SeGniaGBeto, G.H., and CHirio, L. 2016. Pelusios castaneus (Schweigger 1812) – West African Mud Turtle, Swamp Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9a):095.1–11. Bower, d.S. and HodGeS, k.M. 2014. Chelodina expansa Gray 1857 – Broad-Shelled Turtle, Giant Snake-Necked Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):071.1–8. BoyCott, r.C. and BourQuin, O. 2008. Pelomedusa subrufa (Lacepède 1788) – Helmeted Turtle, Helmeted Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):007.1–6. Broadley, d.G. and BoyCott, R.C. 2008. Pelusios rhodesianus Hewitt 1927 – Variable Mud Turtle, Variable Hinged Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):004.1–3. Broadley, d.G. and BoyCott, R.C. 2009. Pelusios sinuatus (Smith 1838) – Serrated Hinged Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):036.1–5. Broadley, d.G. and SaCHSSe, W. 2011. Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854 – Zambezi Flapshell Turtle, Nkhasi. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):055.1–5. BuHlMann, k.a., GiBBonS, j.w., and jaCkSon, D.R. 2008. Deirochelys reticularia (Latreille 1801) – Chicken Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):014.1–6. Bury, r.B. and GerMano, D.J. 2008. Actinemys marmorata (Baird and Girard 1852) – Western Pond Turtle, Pacific Pond Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):001.1–9. BuSkirk, j.r. and PonCe-CaMPoS, P. 2011. Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925 – Spotted Box Turtle, Tortuga de Chispitas, Tortuga de Monte. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):060.1–9. Cann, j., SPenCer, r.-j., welSH, M., and GeorGeS, A. 2015. Myuchelys georgesi (Cann 1997) – Bellinger River Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):091.1–9. Carr, j.l. and Giraldo, A. 2009. Rhinoclemmys nasuta (Boulenger 1902) – Large-nosed Wood Turtle, Chocoan River Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):034.1–6. Cerdá-ardura, a., SoBerón-MoBarak, f., MCGauGH, S.e., and voGt, R.C. 2008. Apalone spinifera atra (Webb and Legler 1960) – Black Spiny Softshell Turtle, Cuatrociénegas Softshell, Tortuga Concha Blanda, Tortuga Negra de Cuatrociénegas. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):021.1–4. 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Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):011.1–6. daS, I. 2009. Melanochelys tricarinata (Blyth 1856) – Tricarinate Hill Turtle, Three-keeled Land Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):025.1–5. daS, I. 2010. Morenia ocellata (Duméril and Bibron 1835) – Burmese Eyed Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):044.1–5. daS, i. and BHuPatHy, S. 2009a. Hardella thurjii (Gray 1831) – Crowned River Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):023.1–6. daS, i. and BHuPatHy, S. 2009b. Melanochelys trijuga (Schweigger 1812) – Indian Black Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):038.1–9. daS, i. and BHuPatHy, S. 2010. Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray 1830) – Spotted Pond Turtle, Black Pond Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):043.1–6. daS, i. and SenGuPta, S. 2010. Morenia petersi Anderson 1879 – Indian Eyed Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):045.1–5. daS, i. and SinGH, S. 2009. Chitra indica (Gray 1830) – Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):027.1–7. daS, i., BaSu, d., and SinGH, S. 2010. Nilssonia hurum (Gray 1830) – Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):048.1–6. daS, i., SenGuPta, S., and PraSCHaG, P. 2010. Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 – Assam Roofed Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):046.1–6. daS, i., SirSi, S., vaSudevan, k., and MurtHy, B.H.C.K. 2014. Nilssonia leithii (Gray 1872) – Leith’s Softshell Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):075.1–5. daS, i., MCCorMaCk, t.e.M., van dijk, P.P., HoanG, H.v., and Struijk, r.P.j.H. 2016. Cuora mouhotii (Gray 1862) – Keeled Box Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9b):099.1–12. deePak, v., raMeSH, M., BHuPatHy, S., and vaSudevan, K. 2011. Indotestudo travancorica (Boulenger 1907) – Travancore Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):054.1–6. deePak, v., PraSCHaG, P., and vaSudevan, k. 2014. Vijayachelys silvatica (Henderson 1912) – Cochin Forest Cane Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):078.1–7. dieSMoS, a.C., BuSkirk, j.r., SCHoPPe, S., dieSMoS, M.l.l., Sy, e.y., and Brown, R.M. 2012. Siebenrockiella leytensis (Taylor 1920) – Palawan Forest Turtle, Philippine Forest Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(5):066.1–9. dodd, C.k., jr. 2008. Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 – Flattened Musk Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):013.1–7. ennen, j.r., loviCH, j.e., and joneS, R.L. 2016. Graptemys pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, and Qualls 2010 – Pearl River Map Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9a):094.1–8. fielder, d., CHeSSMan, B., and GeorGeS, a. 2015. Myuchelys bellii (Gray 1844) – Western Saw-shelled Turtle, Bell’s Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):088.1–7. forero-Medina, G. and CaStaño-Mora, O.V. 2011. Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare (Duméril and Bocourt 1870) – White-throated Mud Turtle, Swanka Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):064.1–5. forero-Medina, G., CaStaño-Mora, o.v., CárdenaS-arevalo, G., and Medina-ranGel, G.f. 2013. Mesoclemmys dahli (Zangerl and Medem 1958) – Dahl’s Toad-Headed Turtle, Carranchina, Tortuga Montañera. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(6):069.1–8. freeMan, a. and Cann, J. 2014. Myuchelys latisternum (Gray 1867) – Sawshelled Turtle, Saw-Shell Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):073.1–8. freeMan, a., tHoMSon, S., and Cann, j. 2014. Elseya lavarackorum (White and Archer 1994) – Gulf Snapping Turtle, Gulf Snapper, Riversleigh Snapping Turtle, Lavarack’s Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):082.1–10. GeorGeS, a., doody, j.S., eiSeMBerG, C., alaCS, e.a., and roSe, M. 2008. Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886 – Pig-nosed Turtle, Fly River Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):009.1–17. GerlaCH, J. 2008a. Pelusios castanoides intergularis Bour 1983 – Seychelles Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle, Seychelles Chestnut-bellied Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):010.1–4. GerlaCH, J. 2008b. Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983 – Seychelles Black Mud Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):016.1–4. GerlaCH, J. 2009. Aldabrachelys arnoldi (Bour 1982) – Arnold’s Giant Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):028.1–5. GerlaCH, J. 2011b. Aldabrachelys hololissa (Günther 1877) – Seychelles Giant Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):061.1–5. HaGen, C., Platt, S.G., and inniS, C.J. 2009. Leucocephalon yuwonoi (McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995) – Sulawesi Forest Turtle, Kura-kura Sulawesi. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):039.1–7. HofMeyr, M.D. 2009. Chersina angulata (Schweigger 1812) – Angulate Tortoise, South African Bowsprit Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):030.1–6. HowetH, j.G. and Brown, W.S. 2011. Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944 – Coahuilan Box Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):049.1–13. iHlow, f., dawSon, j.e., HartMann, t., and SoM, S. 2016. Indotestudo elongata (Blyth 1854) – Elongated Tortoise, Yellow-headed Tortoise, Yellow Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9a):096.1–14. iverSon, j.B. and voGt, R.C. 2011. Kinosternon acutum Gray 1831 – Tabasco Mud Turtle, Montera, Chechagua de Monte. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):062.1–6. iverSon, j.B., Carr, j.l., CaStaño-Mora, o.v., GalviS-rizo, C.a., rentería-Moreno, l.e., and forero-Medina, G. 2012. Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947 – Dunn’s Mud Turtle, Cabeza de Trozo. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(5):067.1–5. jaCkSon, D.R. 2010. Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938 – Florida Red-bellied Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):041.1–8. joneS, r.l. and SelMan, W. 2009. Graptemys oculifera (Baur 1890) – Ringed Map Turtle, Ringed Sawback. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):033.1–8. kennett, r., roe, j., HodGeS, k., and GeorGeS, a. 2009. Chelodina longicollis (Shaw 1784) – Eastern Long-necked Turtle, Common Longnecked Turtle, Common Snake-necked Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):031.1–8. kennett, r., fordHaM, d.a., alaCS, e., Corey, B., and GeorGeS, A. 2014. Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841 – Northern Snake-Necked Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):077.1–13. kieSter, a.r. and willey, l.l. 2015. Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus 1758) – Eastern Box Turtle, Common Box Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):085.1–25. leary, C.j., doBie, j.l., Mann, t.M., floyd, P.S., and nelSon, D.H. 2008. Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893 – Alabama Red-bellied Cooter, Alabama Red-bellied Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):019.1–9. lindeMan, P.V. 2008. Sternotherus carinatus Gray 1856 – Razorback Musk Turtle, Razor-backed Musk Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):012.1–6. lindeMan, P.v., Stuart, j.n., and killeBrew, F.C. 2016. Graptemys versa Stejneger 1925 – Texas Map Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9a):093.1–10. loviCH, j.e., Godwin, j.C., and MCCoy, C.J. 2011. Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992 – Escambia Map Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):051.1–6. loviCH, j.e., Godwin, j.C., and MCCoy, C.j. 2014. Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893 – Alabama Map Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):072.1–6. loviCH, j.e., SelMan, w., and MCCoy, C.J. 2009. Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992 – Pascagoula Map Turtle, Pearl River Map Turtle, Gibbons’ Map Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):029.1–8. loviCH, j.e., yaSukawa, y., and ota, H. 2011. Mauremys reevesii (Gray 1831) – Reeves’ Turtle, Chinese Three-keeled Pond Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):050.1–10. luiSelli, l. and diaGne, t. 2013. Kinixys homeana Bell 1827 – Home’s Hinge-Back Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(6):070.1–10. luiSelli, l. and diaGne, t. 2014. Kinixys erosa (Schweigger 1812) – Forest Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinged Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):084.1–13. MaGnuSSon, w.e. and voGt, r.C. 2014. Rhinemys rufipes (Spix 1824) – Red Side-necked Turtle, Red-footed Sideneck Turtle, Perema. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):079.1–7. Mantziou, G. and rifai, l. 2014. Mauremys rivulata (Valenciennes in Bory de 291 292 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 Saint-Vincent 1833) – Western Caspian Turtle, Balkan Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):080.1–9. MarQueS, t.S., BöHM, S., Brito, e.S., CaBrera, M.r., and verdade, l.M. 2014. Mesoclemmys vanderhaegei (Bour 1973) – Vanderhaege’s Toad-headed Turtle, Karumbé-hy. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):083.1–8. MCCorMaCk, t.e.M., dawSon, j.e., Hendrie, d.B., ewert, M.a., iverSon, j.B., HatCHer, r.e., and Goode, j.M. 2014. Mauremys annamensis (Siebenrock 1903) – Vietnamese Pond Turtle, Annam Pond Turtle, Rùa Trung Bộ. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):081.1–14. MitterMeier, r.a., voGt, r.C., BernHard, r., and ferrara, C.r. 2015. Podocnemis erythrocephala (Spix 1824) – Red-headed Amazon River Turtle, Irapuca. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):087.1–10. Moll, e.o., Platt, k., Platt, S.G., PraSCHaG, P., and van dijk, P.P. 2009. Batagur baska (Gray 1830) – Northern River Terrapin. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):037.1–10. Moll, e.o., Platt, S.G., CHan, e.H., Horne, B.d., Platt, k., PraSCHaG, P., CHen, P.n., and van dijk, P.P. 2015. Batagur affinis (Cantor 1847) – Southern River Terrapin, Tuntong. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):090.1–17. ota, H., yaSukawa, y., fu, j., and CHen, t.H. 2009. Cuora flavomarginata (Gray 1863) – Yellow-margined Box Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):035.1–10. Páez, v.P., reStrePo, a., varGaS-raMirez, M., and BoCk, B.C. 2009. Podocnemis lewyana (Duméril 1852) – Magdalena River Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):024.1–6. PierCe, l.j.S., Stuart, j.n., ward, j.P., and Painter, C.W. 2016. Pseudemys gorzugi Ward 1984 – Rio Grande Cooter, Western River Cooter, Tortuga de Oreja Amarilla, Jicotéa del Río Bravo. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9b):100.1–12. Platt, S.G., tHanda Swe, win ko ko, Platt, k., kHin Myo Myo, rainwater, t.r., and eMMett, D. 2011. Geochelone platynota (Blyth 1863) – Burmese Star Tortoise, Kye Leik. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):057.1–9. Platt, S.G., Platt, k., win ko ko, and rainwater, T.R. 2014. Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 – Burmese Narrow-Headed Softshell Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):074.1–7. PritCHard, P.C.H. 2008. Chelus fimbriata (Schneider 1783) – Matamata Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):020.1–10. rHodin, a.G.j., iBarrondo, B.r., and kuCHlinG, G. 2008. Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994 – Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle, McCord’s Snake-necked Turtle, Kura-kura Rote. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):008.1–8. rHodin, a.G.j., Métrailler, S., vinke, t., vinke, S., artner, H., and MitterMeier, R.A. 2009. Acanthochelys macrocephala (Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris 1984) – Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle, Pantanal Swamp Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):040.1–8. Santana, d.o., MarQueS, t.S., vieira, G.H.C., Moura, G.j.B., faria, r.G., and MeSQuita, D.O. 2016. Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt 1926) – Tuberculate Toad-headed Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9b):097.1–8. SCHoPPe, S. and daS, I. 2011. Cuora amboinensis (Riche in Daudin 1801) – Southeast Asian Box Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):053.1–13. SelMan, w. and joneS, R.L. 2011. Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954 – Yellow-blotched Sawback, Yellow-blotched Map Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):052.1–11. Souza, f.l. and MartinS, F.I. 2009. Hydromedusa maximiliani (Mikan 1825) – Maximilian’s Snake-necked Turtle, Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):026.1–6. Stanford, C.B., wanCHai, P., SCHaffer, C., SCHaffer, r., and tHirakHuPt, k. 2015. Manouria emys (Schlegel and Müller 1840) – Asian Giant Tortoise, Giant Asian Forest Tortoise. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(8):086.1–9. Stuart, j.n. and ward, J.P. 2009. Trachemys gaigeae (Hartweg 1939) – Big Bend Slider, Mexican Plateau Slider, Jicotea de la Meseta Mexicana. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):032.1–12. taSkavak, e., atatür, M.k., GHaffari, H., and Meylan, P.A. 2016. Rafetus euphraticus (Daudin 1801) – Euphrates Softshell Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(9b):098.1–11. tHoMSon, S., kennett, r., tuCker, a., fitzSiMMonS, n.n., featHerSton, P., alaCS, e.a., and GeorGeS, A. 2011. Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000 – Sandstone Snake-Necked Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):056.1–7. vinke, t., vinke, S., riCHard, e., CaBrera, M.r., PaSzko, l., Marano, P., and Métrailler, S. 2011. Acanthochelys pallidipectoris (Freiberg 1945) – Chaco Side-necked Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):065.1–7. voGt, r.C., Platt, S.G., and rainwater, T.R. 2009. Rhinoclemmys areolata (Duméril and Bibron 1851) – Furrowed Wood Turtle, Black-bellied Turtle, Mojena. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(2):022.1–7. voGt, r.C., PoliSar, j.r., Moll, d., and Gonzalez-Porter, G. 2011. Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847 – Central American River Turtle, Tortuga Blanca, Hickatee. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(4):058.1–12. ward, j.P. and jaCkSon, D.R. 2008. Pseudemys concinna (Le Conte 1830) – River Cooter. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):006.1–7. yaSukawa, y. and ota, H. 2008. Geoemyda japonica Fan 1931 – Ryukyu Black-breasted Leaf Turtle, Okinawa Black-breasted Leaf Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):002.1–6. yaSukawa, y. and ota, H. 2010. Geoemyda spengleri (Gmelin 1789) – Black-breasted Leaf Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(3):047.1–6. yaSukawa, y., yaBe, t., and ota, H. 2008. Mauremys japonica (Temminck and Schlegel 1835) – Japanese Pond Turtle. Chelonian Research Monographs 5(1):003.1–6. Citation Format for this Publication: turtle taxonoMy workinG GrouP [rHodin, a.G.j., iverSon, j.B., Bour, r. fritz, u., GeorGeS, a., SHaffer, H.B., and van dijk, P.P.]. 2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Pritchard, P.C.H., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 7:1–292. doi: 10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas (8th Ed.) – 2017 293 294 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles (ISSN and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7 1088-7105) Chelonian ReseaRCh MonogRaphs Number 7 – August 2017 ISBN: 978-1-5323-5026-9 (online)

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Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)

Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)

Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)

Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)

Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.)

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