Ecología, biotecnología y conservación del género Abies en México.

Lázaro R Sánchez-Velásquez

Los bosques de oyamel de México se localizan en las montañas más altas, específicamente se distribuyen entre los 2,400 y 3,600 m sobre el nivel del mar. Representan relictos de los extensos bosques boreales que avanzaron hacia el sur, durante los periodos de glaciación, cuando los climas fríos descendieron en las latitudes tropicales. Los bosques de oyamel están representados por el género Abies y también han sido afectados por el cambio de uso de suelo, actualmente se restringen a 45,000 ±5,000 ha. Este libro representa el esfuerzo de investigadores de siete instituciones distribuidos a lo largo del país, quienes han estado realizando una amplia diversidad de estudios que van desde la aplicación de la biología molecular hasta el establecimiento de plantaciones. De esta manera, éste libro está constituido por once capítulos distribuidos en tres partes temáticas; Ecología, Biotecnología y Conservación. Constituye el primer libro en México que integra diversos temas en una sola obra sobre el género Abies, aporta información útil para la definición de líneas de investigación y estrategias para la conservación y manejo del género Abies en México.

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" * & @ . 31 A>B=C8& )*93 +) "D 0 & >B=C $".+.&x !(.3$"-.+.&x 8".-2$15 "(y- #$+&X-$1.Abies$-,X7(". ,=N_=@AH1KO=NEK/EJA@= +aLAV +YV=NK1=B=AH2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV )Q=J"=NHKO-K= "=NN=V=J= $#(3.1$2 4JERANOE@=@5AN=?NQV=J= (JOPEPQPK@A!EKPA?JKHKC_=U$?KHKC_= LHE?=@= ACN=@A?EIEAJPKO +KOA@EPKNAO@AAOPAHE>NK=CN=@A?AIKO LKNOQO=LKNP=?EKJAOUOQR=HEKOKPEAILK =PK@KOHKO ?KHAC=ONAREOKNAO=JaJEIKO@AHKO?=L_PQHKO 3=I>E]J=CN=@A?AIKO=+QEO)ANaJEIK2=H=V=N /]NAVLKNOQEILKNP=JPAPN=>=FKAJH=A@E?EaJ@AAOPAHE>NK #AECQ=HI=JAN= =CN=@A?AIKO= HKO=QPKNAO ?K=QPKNAOUOQOEJOPEPQ?EKJAOLKNOQO?KJPNE>Q?EKJAO OQL=?EAJ?E=UAJPQOE=OIK Prólogo +KO>KOMQAO@AKU=IAH@A,]TE?KOAHK?=HEV=JAJH=OIKJP=`=OIYO=HP=O AOLA?_BE?=IAJPAOA @EOPNE>QUAJ AJPNA HKO U I OK>NA AH JERAH @AH I=N 1ALNAOAJP=J NAHE?PKO @A HKO ATPAJOKO >KOMQAO >KNA=HAO MQA =R=JV=NKJ D=?E= AH OQN @QN=JPA HKO LANEK@KO @A CH=?E=?EaJ ?Q=J@KHKO?HEI=OBN_KO@AO?AJ@EANKJAJH=OH=PEPQ@AOPNKLE?=HAO +KO>KOMQAO@AKU=IAHAOPYJ NALNAOAJP=@KOLKNAHC]JANKAbies UP=I>E]JD=JOE@K=BA?P=@KOLKNAH?=I>EK@AQOK@AOQAHK =?PQ=HIAJPAOANAOPNEJCAJ= j D= +KOYN>KHAO@AHC]JANKAbiesOKJ=ILHE=IAJPA QPEHEV=@KO L=N= HA`= YN>KHAO @A J=RE@=@ ?KNKJ=O J=RE@A`=O I=@AN= L=N= H= ?KJOPNQ??EaJ P=F=I=JEHPA?DKOL=N=?=O=OUQPAJOEHEKO@KI]OPE?KO AJPNAKPNKOQOKO $OPAHE>NKNALNAOAJP=AH AOBQANVK@AEJRAOPEC=@KNAO@AOEAPAEJOPEPQ?EKJAO@EOPNE>QE@KO =HKH=NCK@AHL=_O MQEAJAOD=J AOP=@KNA=HEV=J@KQJ==ILHE=@ERANOE@=@@AAOPQ@EKOMQAR=J@AO@AH==LHE?=?EaJ@AH=>EKHKC_= IKHA?QH=ND=OP=AHAOP=>HA?EIEAJPK@ALH=JP=?EKJAO #AAOP=I=JAN= ]OPAHE>NKAOPY?KJOPEPQE@K LKN KJ?A ?=L_PQHKO @EOPNE>QE@KO AJ PNAO L=NPAO PAIYPE?=O $?KHKC_= !EKPA?JKHKC_= U "KJOANR=?EaJ "KJOPEPQUAAHLNEIANHE>NKAJ,]TE?KMQAEJPACN= @ERANOKOPAI=OAJQJ=OKH= K>N= OK>NA AH C]JANK Abies =LKNP= EJBKNI=?EaJ cPEH L=N= H= @ABEJE?EaJ @A H_JA=O @A EJRAOPEC=?EaJUAOPN=PACE=OL=N=H=?KJOANR=?EaJUI=JAFK@AHC]JANKAbies AJ,]TE?K "=>A IAJ?EKJ=NMQAPK@KOH=O?=L_PQHKO@AHHE>NKBQANKJ=N>EPN=@KO LKNHKIAJKO LKN@KO?KHAC=O ATLANPKOAJAHPAI= TABLA DE CONTENIDOS ECOLOGÍA ........................................................................................ 1 " /x34+. #EJYIE?=LK>H=?EKJ=H@AAbies guatemalensis QJ=AOLA?EAAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJ......................... 2 Resumen................................................................................................................ 3 Introducción ........................................................................................................... 3 Materiales y Métodos ............................................................................................... 4 Estructura poblacional en bosques contrastantes ......................................................... 5 Estimación de la fecundidad de árboles adultos ........................................................... 7 Modelo de proyección poblacional .............................................................................. 8 Construcción de la matriz de proyección ..................................................................... 8 Resultados ........................................................................................................... 10 Discusión ............................................................................................................. 16 Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 17 Agradecimientos ................................................................................................... 18 Bibliografía ........................................................................................................... 18 " /x34+. #EJYIE?=LK>H=?EKJ=H@AAbies hickelii%HKQOAP&=QOOAJAJAH/E?K@A.NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K.... 21 Resumen.............................................................................................................. 22 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 22 Materiales y métodos............................................................................................. 23 Resultados ........................................................................................................... 26 Discusión ............................................................................................................. 32 Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 35 Bibliografía ........................................................................................................... 36 Apéndice. Matrices para las diferentes simulaciones ................................................... 39 " /x34+. $OPNQ?PQN=U?KILKOE?EaJ@AAOLA?EAO@AHKO>KOMQAOAbies vejarii,=NP_JAVAJ"K=DQEH= ,]TE?K....... 43 Resumen.............................................................................................................. 44 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 44 Materiales y Métodos ............................................................................................. 45 Metodología.......................................................................................................... 47 Resultados y Discusión........................................................................................... 47 Agradecimientos ................................................................................................... 54 Bibliografía ........................................................................................................... 54 Anexo 1 ............................................................................................................... 58 " /(34+. 5 =NE=?EaJAOP=?EKJ=HU=HPEPQ@EJ=H@A?=N>KJK JEPNaCAJKUBaOBKNKAJOQAHKUOQNAH=?EaJ?KJH=@AJOE@=@ @A=N>KH=@K@AH>KOMQA@AAbiesreligiosaAJAH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA......................... 61 Resumen.............................................................................................................. 62 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 62 Métodos y materiales............................................................................................. 64 Resultados ........................................................................................................... 67 Discusión ............................................................................................................. 74 Agradecimientos ................................................................................................... 77 Bibliografia ........................................................................................................... 77 " /x34+. 2EI>EKOEOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?=U@ERANOE@=@@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KOAJ@KOAOP=@KOOQ?AOEKJ=HAO@AH>KOMQA @AAbies religiosa' ! * 2?DH AP"D=I @AH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA 5AN=?NQV ............ 81 Resumen.............................................................................................................. 82 Introducción ......................................................................................................... 82 Materiales y métodos............................................................................................. 83 Resultados ........................................................................................................... 88 Discusión ............................................................................................................ 100 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 105 Agradecimientos .................................................................................................. 105 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 105 " /x34+. 1EMQAV=@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_?E?KOLNAOAJPAOAJQJCN=@EAJPA=HPEPQ@EJ=HUP]NIE?KAJQJ>KOMQA@AAbies AJ5AN=?NQV .................................................................................................. 112 Resumen.............................................................................................................113 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 113 Métodos .............................................................................................................. 115 Resultados .......................................................................................................... 117 Discusión ............................................................................................................ 125 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 127 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 128 Material Suplementario .........................................................................................133 BIOTECNOLOGÍA ....................................................................... 136 " /x34+. R=J?AOAJH==LHE?=?EaJ@ADANN=IEAJP=O>EKPA?JKHaCE?=OAJAbies religiosa*QJPD2?DHP@H AP"D=I U Abies hickelli%HKQO&=QOAJ ............................................................................ 137 Biotecnologías basadas en la propagación vegetativa ................................................ 139 Biotecnologías basadas en el uso de marcadores bioquímicos y moleculares ................. 141 Variación molecular en A. religiosa..........................................................................148 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 150 " /x34+. $BA?PK@AHDE@NKU>EKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPKOK>NAH=CANIEJ=?EaJ@AOAIEHH=O@AAbies religiosa UA. hickelii ............................................................................................................... 155 Resumen.............................................................................................................156 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 156 Materiales y métodos............................................................................................158 Resultados .......................................................................................................... 159 Discusión ............................................................................................................ 161 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 162 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 162 CONSERVACIÓN ......................................................................... 166 " /x34+. $?KHKC_=$RKHQPER=U"KJOANR=?EaJ@AHKOAbies@A,]TE?KU"AJPNK=I]NE?=2EOPAIYPE?= BEHKCAJE=U CAJ]PE?=@ALK>H=?EKJAO ..................................................................................... 167 Resumen.............................................................................................................168 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 168 Sistemática, filogenia y macroevolución del género Abies.......................................... 171 Relaciones filogenéticas de los Abies que habitan México y Centroamérica.................... 173 Genética de poblaciones, diversidad y estructura genética de los Abies en México y Guatemala .......................................................................................................... 175 Perspectivas para la Conservación de los Abies en México y Centroamérica .................. 179 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 181 Apéndice 1 ..........................................................................................................185 " /x34+. #EOPNE>Q?EaJ R=NE=?EaJIKNBKHaCE?= CAJ]PE?= I=JAFKU?KJOANR=?EaJ@AAbies guatemalensis......... 186 Resumen.............................................................................................................187 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 187 Descripción botánica .............................................................................................188 Distribución geográfica..........................................................................................190 Variación morfológica y genética ............................................................................192 Condiciones ecológicas .......................................................................................... 194 Regeneración y crecimiento ...................................................................................197 Manejo y conservación ..........................................................................................197 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 200 Agradecimientos .................................................................................................. 201 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 201 " /x34+. $J>cOMQA@=@AYN>KHAOAHEPAin situL=N=H=LNK@Q??EaJ@AYN>KHAO@AJ=RE@=@AJH=NACEaJ@AH"KBNA@A /ANKPA ........................................................................................................ 206 Resumen.............................................................................................................207 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 207 Métodos y Materiales ............................................................................................209 Resultados .......................................................................................................... 210 Discusión ............................................................................................................ 212 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 214 Agradecimientos .................................................................................................. 214 Bibliografía .......................................................................................................... 214 (-#("$#$(-23(34"(.-$2/ 13("(/ -3$2 ECOLOGÍA CAPÍTULO 1 DEJYIE?=LK>H=?EKJ=H@A Abies guatemalensis QJ= AOLA?EAAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJ +=QNK+aLAV ,=P= /KOCN=@K @A !KPYJE?= "KHACEK @A /KOPCN=@Q=@KO "=ILQO ,KJPA?EHHK 3AT?K?K $OP=@K@A,]TE?K "KNNAKO $H=QNKHKLAVI=P=CI=EH ?KIUH=QNK?KHLKO IT Resumen 2A EJRAOPECa H= @EJYIE?= LK>H=?EKJ=H @A Abies guatemalensis OECQEAJ@K QJ AJBKMQA @AIKCNYBE?K 2AAOP=>HA?EANKJ@KOOEPEKOLANI=JAJPAO@AK>OANR=?EaJ+KO2=>EJKO QJ>KOMQA I=@QNKNAH=PER=IAJPA>EAJ?KJOANR=@KU+KO&Q=FKHKPAO QJOEPEKLANPQN>=@KLKNEJ?AJ@EK@A ?KL=OARANKK?QNNE@KD=?A=`KO I>=OLK>H=?EKJAOOAAOPNQ?PQN=NKJAJ?=PACKN_=O@A P=I=`KOOK>NAH=O?Q=HAOOA?KJOPNQUANKJI=PNE?AO@ALNKUA??EaJLK>H=?EKJ=HU?KJ>=OAAJ AHH=O OA ?=HE>Na QJ IK@AHK I=PNE?E=H L=N= EJ@=C=N H= AOP=>EHE@=@ @AIKCNYBE?= AJ =I>=O LK>H=?EKJAO +=P=O=BEJEP=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HAJ+KO2=>EJKOBQA@A ?KJ @AORE=?EaJAOPYJ@=N@Aj AEJPANR=HKO@A?KJBE=JV=@AO@A D=OP= IEAJPN=O MQA L=N= +KO &Q=FKHKPAO BQA @A ?KJ @AORE=?EaJ AOPYJ@=N @A j A EJPANR=HKO @A ?KJBE=JV= @AO@A D=OP= +KO NAOQHP=@KO OQCEANAJ MQA =I>=O LK>H=?EKJAO @A A. guatemalensis AOPYJ AJ ?NA?EIEAJPK U MQA @AO@A AH LQJPK @A REOP= @AIKCNYBE?K JK AOPYJ AJ LAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJHK?=H +KO=JYHEOEO@AAH=OPE?E@=@OQCEANAJMQAH=LANI=JAJ?E=@AYN>KHAO AJ H=O B=OAO NALNK@Q?PER=O EJE?E=HAO OKJ H=O AP=L=O MQA PEAJAJ I=UKN EJBHQAJ?E= OK>NA H= P=O= BEJEP= @A EJ?NAIAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H $OP= ARE@AJ?E= OQCEANA H= ATEOPAJ?E= @A QJ= ?KJRANCAJ?E= @AIKCNYBE?=OEJEILKNP=NH=B=OA@A@AO=NNKHHKLKNH=MQA=PN=REAO= OA=QJ>KOMQA?KJOANR=@K K QJK AJ NA?QLAN=?EaJ @AOLQ]O @A H= K?QNNAJ?E= @A QJ EJ?AJ@EK OARANK @A ?KL= AJ H= LK>H=?EaJ 2ANA?KIEAJ@=H=?NA=?EaJ@A?H=NKO@AHQVAJ>KOMQAO?KJOANR=@KO?KJ?=PAJ=@KO ?KJ MQAI=O ?KJPNKH=@=O @A DKF=N=O?= U I=PANE=HAO HA`KOKO L=N= NA@Q?EN H= =?QIQH=?EaJ @A ?KI>QOPE>HA @EOIEJQEN OQ LKPAJ?E=H @A ECJE?EaJ U B=?EHEP=N OQ NACAJAN=?EaJ J=PQN=H += =?QIQH=?EaJ @A ?KI>QOPE>HA AJ AH OQAHK EJ?NAIAJP=N_= H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A K?QNNAJ?E= @A EJ?AJ@EKO@AEJPAJOE@=@UI=CJEPQ@EILNA@A?E>HAOMQALK@N_=J?KHK?=N=A. guatemalensisAJ NEAOCK@AATPEJ?EaJHK?=H /=H=>N=O?H=RA#AIKCN=B_= AOLA?EAAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJ P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H Introducción += LAN@E@= U BN=CIAJP=?EaJ @AH DY>EP=P @A>E@K = HKO ?=I>EKO AJ AH QOK ?KJPAILKNYJAK @AH OQAHK NALNAOAJP=J H=O LNEJ?EL=HAO =IAJ=V=O = H= >EK@ERANOE@=@ @A>E@K = MQA H=O LK>H=?EKJAO NAI=JAJPAO@AAOLA?EAOAOPYJNA@Q?EAJ@KOQOP=I=`KOAEJ?NAIAJP=J@KOQ=EOH=IEAJPK&NKKI AP=H 'QJPANU&E>>O $JAH?=OKL=NPE?QH=N@A,]TE?K HKO?=I>EKOAJAHQOK@AH OQAHK@A>E@KO=HKOLNK?AOKO=OK?E=@KO?KJH=ATL=JOEaJ@AH=C=J=@AN_=?KJ?=PAJ=@=?KJHKO EJ?AJ@EKO BKNAOP=HAO OKJ @KO @A H=O LNEJ?EL=HAO ?=QO=O =JPNKLaCAJ=O MQA =IAJ=V=J H= @ERANOE@=@ >EKHaCE?= @AH L=_O 2YJ?DAV "KHaJ AP =H "D=HHAJCAN /A`= )EIAJAV U -AUN= &KJVYHAV +KO EJ?AJ@EKO BKNAOP=HAO OKJ L=NPA AOAJ?E=H @A H= @EJYIE?= @A HKO >KOMQAOU@AKPNKOA?KOEOPAI=OJ=PQN=HAO $JHKO>KOMQAO@A?KJ_BAN=O HKOEJ?AJ@EKOBKNAOP=HAO OKJH=?=QO=LNEI=NE=@ALANPQN>=?EKJAO=AO?=H=O@ANAOKHQ?EaJR=NE=>HAAEILNEIAJ=HL=EO=FA QJ IKO=E?K @A B=OAO OQ?AOEKJ=HAO AJ @EOPEJPKO CN=@KO @A NA?QLAN=?EaJ %NAHE?D LAMQA`=AO?=H= H=BKNI=?EaJ@A?H=NKO@AHQVAJYNA=OLAMQA`=O I ?=QO=@=LKN H=?=_@=@AN=I=OKH=IQANPA@AYN>KHAOOKJH=BQAJPALNEIKN@E=HMQAI=JPEAJAH=@EJYIE?=@A HKO >KOMQAO +KNEIAN 8=I=IKPK $J >KOMQAO @A ?KJ_BAN=O HKO EJ?AJ@EKO BKNAOP=HAO @A I=CJEPQ@ R=NE=>HA OKJ QJ= BQAJPA EILKNP=JPA MQA ?KJPNE>QUA = I=JPAJAN H= @EJYIE?=@ANAJKR=?EaJ@AOQO>KOMQAO$JNECDP Abies guatemalensis AO QJ= AOLA?EA ?=P=HKC=@= ?KIK AJ LAHECNK @A ATPEJ?EaJ LKN H= -.1, .BE?E=H ,ATE?=J= -., $".+ 2$, 1- 3 U LKN "KJRAJ?EaJ OK>NAAH"KIAN?EK(JPANJ=?EKJ=H@A$OLA?EAO IAJ=V=@=O@A%=QJ=U%HKN=2EHRAOPNAO"(3$2 HEOP=@= AJ AH L]J@E?A ( AJ RECKN = L=NPEN @AH @A FQJEK !=FK AH L]J@E?A ( BECQN=J H=O AOLA?EAO MQA AOPYJ AJ I=UKN LAHECNK @A ATPEJ?EaJ LKN HK MQA OA LNKD_>A OQ ?KIAN?EK EJPANJ=?EKJ=H JK K>OP=JPA LQA@A =QPKNEV=NOA OQ ?KIAN?EK OKHK >=FK ?KJ@E?EKJAO AT?AL?EKJ=HAO ?KIKLKNAFAILHK L=N=H=EJRAOPEC=?EaJ?EAJP_BE?= @AIYO AOP=AOLA?EABQA @AOECJ=@=?KIK=IAJ=V=@=AJPK@KOQN=JCK@A@EOPNE>Q?EaJJ=PQN=HLKNAH2ANRE?EKL=N=H= 5E@= 2EHRAOPNA U /AO?= @A HKO $$ 44 @AO@A %QA =`=@E@= = H= HEOP= @A AOLA?EAO AJ LAHECNK @A H= (4"- AJ LKN NA?KIAJ@=?EaJ @AH &NQLK @A $OLA?E=HEOP=O AJ "KJBEAN=O (4"- $O QJ= AOLA?EA MQA H= % . ?KJOE@AN=@= =IAJ=V=@= @AO@A $J AOPA ?KJPATPK JKAOLKOE>HAATPN=AN ?KNP=NK=LNKRA?D=NAOLA?_IAJAO?KILHAPKO@AAOP=AOLA?EA JE P=ILK?KL=NPAO@AH=IEOI=>=FKH=IK@=HE@=@@ALNK@Q?PKOBKNAOP=HAOJKI=@AN=>HAO?KIK N=I=O ATQ@=@KO NAOEJ=O OAIEHH=O K ?KJKO L=N= OQ ?KIAN?E=HEV=?EaJ K RAJP= ?KIK KNJ=IAJP=H $JRENPQ@@AHAOP=PQO@ALNKPA??EaJ ?KJOANR=?EaJU@AAOLA?EAAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis 2$, 1- 3 "(3$2 NAOQHP= EJIA@E=PK MQA H= ?KJOANR=?EaJABA?PER=@AAOP=AOLA?EANAMQEANA@AAOPEI=?EKJAO=?PQ=HAOUBQPQN=O@AHP=I=`K @A OQO LK>H=?EKJAO K>PAJE@=O @A @=PKO @AIKCNYBE?KO "KJ AOPA LNKLaOEPK H=O I=PNE?AO @A LNKUA??EaJ LK>H=?EKJ=H OKJ QJ= DANN=IEAJP= =J=H_PE?= R=HEKO= L=N= CAJAN=N NA?KIAJ@=?EKJAO @A?KJOANR=?EaJUC=J=N?KJK?EIEAJPKOK>NAAHAOP=PQOLK>H=?EKJ=HULNKLKJANAOPN=PACE=O@A QOK I=JAFK U ?KJOANR=?EaJ @A H=O AOLA?EAO 2EHRANPKSJ AP =H 'ALLAHH AP =H > ,AJCAO> "NKJAAP=H $J AOP= EJRAOPEC=?EaJ OA LH=JPAa NAOLKJ@AN H=O OECQEAJPAO LNACQJP=O n+=O LK>H=?EKJAO @A A. guatemalensis AOPYJ AOP=>HAO @A?HEJ=J@K K ?NA?EAJ@K U n0Q] P=O=O REP=HAO AOLA?_BE?=O OQLANRERAJ?E= ?NA?EIEAJPK K NALNK@Q??EaJ OE H= D=U @A>AJ OAN H=O LNEKNE@=@AOL=N=EILHAIAJP=NQJ=AOPN=PACE=@A?KJOANR=?EaJ@AH=OLK>H=?EKJAO $HK>FAPERK BQAAR=HQ=NAHAOP=@K@AIKCNYBE?KUH=P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H@AA. guatemalensis L=N= R=HKN=N HKO ABA?PKO @A H=O LANPQN>=?EKJAO @A>E@=O = EJ?AJ@EKO @A ?KL= OARANKO OK>NA H= P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HAE@AJPEBE?=NMQAP=O=OREP=HAOPEAJAJAHIYO=HPKEIL=?PKOK>NA OQP=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H Materiales y Métodos Características ecológicas de Abies guatemalensis #AO@AAHLQJPK@AREOP=A?KHaCE?K A. guatemalensisLNAOAJP=?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O@EOPEJPER=OMQAHK @EOPEJCQAJ @A KPN=O AOLA?EAO @AH IEOIK C]JANK Abies guatemalensis AO QJ= AOLA?EA EJPKHAN=JPA = H= OKI>N= MQA NAMQEANA @A =HPKO JERAHAO @A HQV L=N= H= OQLANRERAJ?E= U ?NA?EIEAJPK@AOQOLHYJPQH=O $JAOPA?KJPATPK H=O?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OA?KHaCE?=OIYOEILKNP=JPAO @AA. guatemalensisOKJ2QEJPKHAN=J?E==H=OKI>N=HAB=?EHEP=OQNAOLQAOP===HPKOJERAHAO@A HQV U LANPQN>=?EKJAO AJ @KOAH @AH >KOMQA LNAOAJP= QJ= NACAJAN=?EaJ LNKBQO= = L=NPEN @A YN>KHAO OAIEHHANKO NAI=JAJPAO @AOLQ]O @A H= K?QNNAJ?E= @A EJ?AJ@EKO OARANKO @A ?KL= ?KHKJEV=JBY?EHIAJPA?H=NKO@AHQVAJ>KOMQAONAH=PER=IAJPAI=@QNKOPKHAN=JOQAHKOLK>NAOU >=F=O PAILAN=PQN=O LNAOAJP=J =`KO OAIEHHANKO ?=@= K =`KO LNAOAJP=J QJ= =>QJ@=JPA LNK@Q??EaJ @A OAIEHH=O YN>KH LNKIA@EK H= @EOLANOEaJ @A OQO OAIEHH=O AO =JAIa?KN= JK @AO=NNKHH=J QJ NAOANRKNEK @A OAIEHH=O AJ AH OQAHK HKO YN>KHAO FQRAJEHAO U =N>KHEPKO>=FK?KJ@E?EKJAO@A@KOAH=>EANP=O LNAOAJP=JP=O=O@A?NA?EIEAJPKRANPE?=HNYLE@=O ?I=`K #KJ=DQA AP =H U K>OANR=?EaJ LANOKJ=H OKJ YN>KHAO IKJKE?KO OQ LKHEJEV=?EaJ AO =JAIaBEH= OA NALNK@Q?AJ AT?HQOER=IAJPA LKN IA@EKO OATQ=HAO JK OA NACAJAN=JLKNNA>NKPAOJELKNLNKL=C=?EaJRACAP=PER=U=H?=JV=JH=I=@QNAVOATQ=H=HKO ?I @A @EYIAPNK = H= =HPQN= @AH LA?DK =`KO @A A@=@ K>OANR=?EaJ LANOKJ=H $J AH L=O=@K HKOAOLA?_IAJAO@AA. guatemalensisOAD=JQO=@K=ILHE=IAJPAAJH=?KJOPNQ??EaJ@A ?=O=OD=>EP=?EaJ P=JPKL=N=H=AH=>KN=?EaJ@AREC=OUDKN?KJAO ?KIKL=N=H=B=>NE?=?EaJ@A P=>H= U P=>HaJ cPEH L=N= L=NA@AO LEOKO U PA?DKO =@AIYO @AH QOK CAJAN=HEV=@K @A OQ I=@AN= L=N=HA`=#KJ=DQAAP=H Estructura poblacional en bosques contrastantes 2A OAHA??EKJ=NKJ @KO OEPEKO ?KJ ?KJ@E?EKJAO A?KHaCE?=O ?KJPN=OP=JPAO +KO 2=>EJKO U +KO &Q=FKHKPAO +KO2=>EJKOOAHK?=HEV== ltr+- ltr+.UIOJI AJ]HOA AOP=>HA?EANKJ?Q=PNKL=N?AH=OLANI=JAJPAO@AK>OANR=?EaJ@AIII?=@=QJ= ?KJQJ=ATPAJOEaJ@AD= I $OPAAOQJOEPEK@A>KOMQAI=@QNK NAH=PER=IAJPA>EAJ ?KJOANR=@KU@AH?Q=HOA?KJK?AMQAJKD=OE@KEJPANRAJE@KJEP=ILK?KD=OQBNE@KEJ?AJ@EKO AJLKNHKIAJKO=`KOcom. pers. de Isidro Mata, propietario del predio +KO&Q=FKHKPAO OAHK?=HEV== ltr+- ltr+.UIOJIAJAOPAOEPEKOAAOP=>HA?EANKJ@KO L=N?AH=OLANI=JAJPAO@AK>OANR=?EaJ@AIII?=@=QJ= MQAPKP=HEV=J D= I +KO &Q=FKHKPAO ATLANEIAJPa QJ EJ?AJ@EK @A ?KL= OARANK AJ AH ?Q=H ?KJOQIEa LNY?PE?=IAJPA PK@KO HKO YN>KHAO @A PK@=O H=O ?=PACKN_=O @A P=I=`K $OPA OEPK LNAOAJP= QJ= NACAJAN=?EaJ J=PQN=H =>QJ@=JPA U OAOC=@= D=?E= H=O ?=PACKN_=O @E=I]PNE?=O LAMQA`=OHKOYN>KHAOIYO?KJOLE?QKOJK=H?=JV=JHKOI@A=HPQN=LANKOALQA@AJAJ?KJPN=N =HCQJKOYN>KHAO@AI@A=HPQN=?KIKIYTEIKU?KJJQ@KOREOE>HAO=HKH=NCK@AH P=HHK +=A@=@@AHNK@=HAJ+KO&Q=FKHKPAOAO@A=`KO $J =I>KO OEPEKO @A AOPQ@EK OA NACEOPN=NKJ PK@KO HKO EJ@ERE@QKO @A A. guatemalensis @AJPNK@AOQOL=N?AH=O ?=@=EJ@ERE@QKOAHANACEOPNKOQ@EYIAPNK=H==HPQN=@AHLA?DK# / KOQ@EYIAPNKAJAH?QAHHK@AH=LH=JP=L=N==N>KHEPKO?KJ=HPQN=OEJBANEKNAO= I OQ=HPQN= ?KJ QJ AOP=@=H LHAC=>HA OQ AOP=@K O=JK @=`=@K PELK @A @=`K @ANA?DK EJ?HEJ=@K AP? U OEAILNA MQA BQA LKOE>HA JcIANK @A JQ@KO = HK H=NCK @A OQ P=HHK 3K@KO HKO EJ@ERE@QKO ?KJ # /?IBQANKJI=N?=@KO?KJAPEMQAP=O@ALHYOPE?KJQIAN=@=O?KJOA?QPER=IAJPA $J+KO2=>EJKO AHP=I=`KLK>H=?EKJ=HUH=AOPNQ?PQN=@AP=I=`KOAJAOPAOEPEKEJ?HQUA YN>KHAOU=N>KHEPKOAJN=EV=@KO@AJPNK@AH=OL=N?AH=O #AAOPKO AH LANPAJA?AJ=H= ?=PACKN_= @A AJPNA U ?I @A # / J = H= ?=PACKN_= @A = ?I @A # / J OKJYN>KHAOAJPNA U?I @A@EYIAPNKJ AJPNA U?I @A# /J AJPNA =?I @A# /J AOPYJAJH=?H=OA@A = ?I @A# /J 2AK>OANRaQJHECANKEJ?NAIAJPKAJH=O?=PACKN_=O@E=I]PNE?=O@A = ?I@A# /JU@AIYO@A ?I@A# /JMQANALNAOAJP=JAHUAH @AH PKP=H @A H= LK>H=?EaJ LKN DA?PYNA= /KN KPN= L=NPA AJ ?=@= L=N?AH= OA ?KJP=NKJ PK@KO HKO =N>KHEPKO LAMQA`KO MQA JK =H?=JV=NKJ QJ # / @A ?I $OPKO BQANKJ @ERE@E@KO AJ @KO ?=PACKN_=O QJK?KJ=HPQN=OAJPNA U?I@A=HPQN=UKPNK?KJ=HPQN=OAJPNA?IU ?I +=?=PACKN_=@ALHYJPQH=OEJ?HQUa=EJ@ERE@QKO?KJ=HPQN=OIAJKNAOKECQ=HAO=HKO ?I $OP=OLHYJPQH=OBQANKJ?KJP=@=OAJPN=JOA?PKO@AIIIK@AII I?=@=QJK@ALAJ@EAJ@K@AH=@AJOE@=@@ALHYJPQH=OK>OANR=>HAD=OP=?KILHAP=NI UATPN=LKH=@=O=LHYJPQH=OLKNDA?PYNA=3=>H= $J ?=I>EK AJ +KO &Q=FKHKPAO AH JcIANK PKP=H @A EJ@ERE@QKO ?KJ # / ?I AJN=EV=@KO @AJPNK AJ =I>=O L=N?AH=O BQA @A += I=UKN_= @A HKO EJ@ERE@QKO AOPYJ NALNAOAJP=@KO AJ H= ?=PACKN_= @A ?I @A # / ?KJ QJ PKP=H @A =N>KHEPKO MQA ?KNNAOLKJ@AJ =H @AH PKP=H @A H= LK>H=?EaJ += ?=PACKN_= @A ?I @A # / AOPY ?KJOPEPQE@= LKN YN>KHAO MQA NALNAOAJP=J AH @AH PKP=H NACEOPN=@K $J H= OECQEAJPA ?=PACKN_=@E=I]PNE?=@A =OANACEOPN=NKJYN>KHAOMQANALNAOAJP=JP=JOKHKAH @A H= LK>H=?EaJ L=NPEN @A AOP= ?=PACKN_= @E=I]PNE?= AH JcIANK PKP=H @A YN>KHAO AOP= LK>NAIAJPANALNAOAJP=@K O_ OANACEOPN=NKJOKHKPNAOEJ@ERE@QKOAJH=?H=OA@A =?I @A # / QJK AJ H=O ?=PACKN_=O @A = U = ?I @A # / NAOLA?PER=IAJPA 2A NACEOPN=NKJ @KO YN>KHAO AJ H= ?H=OA @A = ?I @A # / U @KO AJ H= ?=PACKN_= @A # / ?I +KOLKN?AJP=FAOP=JNA@Q?E@KOAJH=O@EOPNE>Q?EKJAO@E=I]PNE?=O@AHKO?I @A # / AJ =@AH=JPA OKJ EJAMQ_RK?=IAJPA NAOQHP=@K @AH EJ?AJ@EK MQA ?KJOQIEa = ?=OE H= PKP=HE@=@@AH=LK>H=?EaJ@AYN>KHAOAJU=MQAOKHKJQARAYN>KHAO?KJ# /?IHKO @AI=UKN@EYIAPNK=?PQ=H OK>NAREREANKJ=HOEJEAOPNK $J?=@= L=N?AH=OA?KJP=NKJPK@KOHKO =N>KHEPKOLAMQA`KO?KJ# /?IK=HPQN= I $OPKOBQANKJ@ERE@E@KOAJ@KO?=PACKN_=O QJK?KJ=HPQN=OAJPNA U?I@A=HPQN=UKPNK?KJ=HPQN=OAJPNA?IU?I += ?=PACKN_=@ALHYJPQH=OEJ@ERE@QKO?KJ=HPQN=O?I BQANKJ?KJP=@=OAJPNAOPN=JOA?PKO@A IIIUATPN=LKH=@=O=LHYJPQH=OLKNDA?PYNA=3=>H= $J+KO&Q=FKHKPAOJKOA AJ?KJPN=NKJ YN>KHAO =@QHPKO AJ NALNK@Q??EaJ AJ JEJCQJK @A HKO @KO ?AJOKO =JQ=HAO += I=UKN_=@AHKOYN>KHAOAJAOP=OL=N?AH=OLANPAJA?AJ=H=?=PACKN_=@AFQRAJEHAOKAJAHIAFKN @AHKO?=OKOOAAJ?QAJPN=JAJQJ=B=OALNA NALNK@Q?PER=@AOQ?E?HK@ARE@= 3K@KOHKOEJ@ERE@QKOAJ=I>KOOEPEKOBQANKJNA ?AJO=@KOUNA IA@E@KOAJOQ=HPQN=U AJOQ# /=H=`KOECQEAJPA $JAHNA ?AJOKOANACEOPN=NKJAE@AJPEBE?=NKJ LKNOQJcIANK PK@KO HKO EJ@ERE@QKO IQANPKO U HKO MQA LNAOAJP=NKJ @=`KO @EOPEJPKO = HKO @AH ?AJOK =JPANEKN "KJ >=OAAJAOPKO?AJOKO OAAOPEI=NKJ H=OQLANRERAJ?E=UIKNP=HE@=@LKN?=PACKN_=@E=I]PNE?= =O_ ?KIK H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A LANI=JAJ?E= AJ QJ= ?=PACKN_= @=@= H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A PN=JOE?EaJ @A QJ= ?=PACKN_= = KPN= U AH ?NA?EIEAJPK LKOEPERK K JAC=PERK NAPNK?AOKO OE HKO DQ>EAN= 3=>H= $OPNQ?PQN= @A P=I=`KO U @AJOE@=@AO LK>H=?EKJ=HAO @A a. guatemalensis AJ HKO @KO OEPEKOAOPQ@E=@KO HKOP=I=`KOAOPYJ@ABEJE@KOLKNH==HPQN=DPULKNAH@EYIAPNK=H==HPQN=@AH LA?DK@=L@AHKOEJ@ERE@QKO "=PACKN_=O #ABEJE?EaJ 2 DP 2 N>KHEPKOLAMQA`KO oDP 2 N>KHEPKOCN=J@AO DPo@=L 2 )QRAJEHAO o@=L 2 )QRAJEHAO /NA NALNK@Q?PERKO o@=L o@=L 2 3=I=`KO?I +KO2=>EJKO +KO&Q=FKHKPAO /HYJPQH=O 2 @QHPKO o@=L 2 @QHPKO o@=L 2 @QHPKO o@=L 2 @QHPKO o@=L 2 @QHPKO @=L Estimación de la fecundidad de árboles adultos += AOPEI=?EaJ @A H= BA?QJ@E@=@ @A PK@KO HKO YN>KHAO EJ@ERE@Q=HAO NALNK@Q?PERKO ?AJO=@KO @AJPNK@AH=OL=N?AH=OLANI=JAJPAO@AK>OANR=?EaJOA>=OaAJH=K>OANR=?EaJUHK?=HEV=?EaJ@A YN>KHAO NALNK@Q?PKNAO @AJPNK U BQAN= @A H=O L=N?AH=O LANI=JAJPAO @A K>OANR=?EaJ /=N= AHHK OANA=HEV=NKJNA?KNNE@KOATPAJOKOAJCN=JL=NPA@AH>KOMQA@AA. guatemalensis U?KJH= =UQ@= @A >EJK?QH=NAO OA HK?=HEV=NKJ YN>KHAO AJ LNK?AOK @A NALNK@Q??EaJ OATQ=H U MQA ?KJPAJ_=J?KJKOAJ?KL=O@EBANAJ?E=@=O@AKPNKOYN>KHAONALNK@Q?PERKOL=N=AREP=NOQ>HKMQAK LKNN=I=OK?KL=O@AKPNKOYN>KHAO H=O?KL=O@AHKOYN>KHAOOAHA??EKJ=@KOOAHAOPKIaQJ JcIANK R=NE=>HA @A BKPKCN=B_=O =H IAJKO PNAO L=N= ?KL=O IQU LAMQA`=O U IYTEIK L=N= ?KL=O IQU CN=J@AO D=OP= ?Q>NEN AJPAN=IAJPA OQ ?KL= +KO BKPKCN=I=O BQANKJ PKI=@KO OEOPAIYPE?=IAJPA P=JPK@AH=?KL=AJPAN= ?KIK@AH=L=NPAOQLANEKN L=NPAIA@E=UL=NPA>=O=H @AH=IEOI= +=OBKPKCN=B_=OOAPKI=NKJ?KJQJ=?YI=N=@ECEP=H -EGKJ"KKHLET@KP=@= ?KJ QJ HAJPA ?QUKO =?AN?=IEAJPKO LANIEPEANKJ @EOPEJCQEN EJAMQ_RK?=IAJPA QJ ?KJK @A KPN=O AOPNQ?PQN=O OK>NA H= ?KL= AH YN>KH = QJ= @EOP=J?E= I=UKN = HKO I 3K@KO HKO YN>KHAO OAHA??EKJ=@KO OA APEMQAP=NKJ U JQIAN=NKJ OA HAO IE@Ea OQ # / OA AOPEIa OQ =HPQN= U OA NACEOPNaAHJcIANK@AH=BKPKCN=B_=UH=BA?D=UDKN=@AOQPKI= +=OBKPKCN=B_=OOALNK?AO=NKJ AJH=L=JP=HH=qPaint de Windowsr =D_HKO?KJKOOAI=N?=NKJ?KJQJLQJPK>H=J?KUOA?KJPa AH JcIANK @A ?KJKO MQA =L=NA?_=J AJ AH ?=ILK @A H= L=JP=HH= ?KJ?HQE@K AOPA LNK?AOK OA LNK?A@Ea = K>OANR=N KPNK ?=ILK @AH IEOIK BKPKCN=I= U NALAPEN AH LNK?AOK D=OP= =CKP=N H=O BKPKCN=B_=OPKI=@=O=H=?KL=@AHIEOIKYN>KH "KJAOP=P]?JE?=OA?KJPaAHJcIANKPKP=H@A ?KJKOLNK@Q?E@KOLKNYN>KHNALNK@Q?PERKLKN?H=OA@E=I]PNE?= QJMQA?KJOQOHEIEP=?EKJAO ]OP=P]?JE?=@EK>QAJKONAOQHP=@KO=JPAH=EILKOE>EHE@=@@A?KOA?D=N?KJKO@ENA?P=IAJPA@AHKO YN>KHAO NALNK@Q?PERKO = I @A =HPQN= +KO ?KJKO PEAJ@AJ = ?KJ?AJPN=NOA OK>NA H= L=NPA @EOP=H@AH=ON=I=OUOK>NAAHYLE?A@AHPNKJ?K +KO?KJKO@AA. guatemalensisOKJ@ADEO?AJPAO LNK@Q?AJ?KJOEOPAJPAIAJPA@KOOAIEHH=OLKN>NY?PA=UOQOOAIEHH=O=H=@=OOKJ=JAIa?KN=O $J?=ILK OA?KHA?P=NKJ?KJKOI=@QNKO=HKOMQAOAHAO?KJPaAHJcIANK@A>NY?PA=O += BA?QJ@E@=@ LNKIA@EK LKN ?H=OA @E=I]PNE?= OA AOPEIa ?KJ AH JcIANK @A OAIEHH=O LKPAJ?E=HIAJPA ?KJPAJE@=O LKN ?KJK IQHPELHE?=@K LKN AH JcIANK @A ?KJKO ?KJP=@KO K LNK@Q?E@KOLKNYN>KHLKN?H=OA@E=I]PNE?=3=>H= 3=>H= %A?QJ@E@=@ LNKIA@EK AOPEI=@= LKN ?=PACKN_= @E=I]PNE?= @A a. guatemalensis ?KJ >=OA AJ YN>KHAO NALNK@Q?PKNAO @A @AJPNK U BQAN= @A H=O L=N?AH=O LANI=JAJPAO @A K>OANR=?EaJ # /?I -cIANKLNKIA@EK@A %A?QJ@E@=@ ?KJKO LNKIA@EK $H L=PNaJ CAJAN=H K>OANR=@K AJ AH ?=ILK U AJ H= AR=HQ=?EaJ @A H= BA?QJ@E@=@ ?KNNK>KN= H= PAJ@AJ?E= @A HKO YN>KHAO = EJ?NAIAJP=N H= LNK@Q??EaJ LNKIA@EK @A ?KJKO U OAIEHH=O?KJEJ?NAIAJPKOAJOQ?=PACKN_=@E=I]PNE?= 2EJAI>=NCK OANA?KJK?AH=ATEOPAJ?E= @AQJ==ILHE=R=NE=?EaJAOL=?EK PAILKN=HAJH=LNK@Q??EaJLNKIA@EK@A?KJKOUOAIEHH=O@A H=AOLA?EA@QN=JPAAHPEAILK@AH=OK>OANR=?EKJAOAJH=VKJ=@AAOPQ@EK Modelo de proyección poblacional += AOPNQ?PQN= @AH IK@AHK @A LNKUA??EaJ LK>H=?EKJ=H AILHA=@K AJ AOPA =JYHEOEO AO QJ= ATPAJOEaJ@AHIK@AHKI=PNE?E=HPELK+ABGKREP?D"=OSAHH +=AOPNQ?PQN=>YOE?=AOPY@=@= LKNH=A?Q=?EaJnP AnP @KJ@A nPAOQJRA?PKN?KHQIJ=?QUKOAHAIAJPKOJiOKJAH JcIANK@AEJ@ERE@QKOAJ?=@=AOP=@K@AH?E?HK@ARE@=@AH=AOLA?EAUNALNAOAJP=JH=AOPNQ?PQN= @AH=LK>H=?EaJAJAHPEAILKP UnP AOAHRA?PKNL=N=H=LK>H=?EaJAJAHOECQEAJPALAN_K@K @A PEAILK A AO QJ= I=PNEV ?Q=@N=@= JK JAC=PER= ?QUKO AHAIAJPKO =ij @ABEJAJ H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A PN=JOE?EaJ AJPNA HKO AOP=@EKO AJ QJ EJPANR=HK @A PEAILK @=@K "=@= AHAIAJPKAJH=LNEIAN=BEH=NALNAOAJP=H=BA?QJ@E@=@LNKIA@EK@AQJEJ@ERE@QKAJAOP=@Kj U @ABEJA H= ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ @A ?=@= AOP=@K j =H AOP=@K @A LHYJPQH= $J AOPA ?=OK H= BA?QJ@E@=@ LNKIA@EKAO?ANKL=N=PK@KOHKOAOP=@EKOLNA NALNK@Q?PERKO@AH?E?HK@ARE@= +KOAHAIAJPKO AJH=@E=CKJ=HLNEJ?EL=H=ij?KJijNALNAOAJP=JH=LNK>=>EHE@=@@ALANI=JA?ANAJAOAIEOIK AOP=@EK@AOLQ]O@AQJPEAILK@=@K +KOAHAIAJPKOAJH=@E=CKJ=HLNEJ?EL=HPKI=JAJ?QAJP= P=JPK H= IKNP=HE@=@ ?KIK AH ?NA?EIEAJPK U NALNAOAJP=J AH LNK@Q?PK @A H= LNKLKN?EaJ @A EJ@ERE@QKO MQA LANI=JA?AJ AJ AH AOP=@EK E RA?AO H= OQLANRERAJ?E= AJ AOA AOP=@EK +KO AHAIAJPKO AJ H= OQ> @E=CKJ=H =ij ?KJ i j @ABEJAJ H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A PN=JOE?EaJ @A QJ AOP=@EK=HOECQEAJPAAJQJEJPANR=HK@APEAILKUNALNAOAJP=JAHLNK@Q?PK@AH=LNKLKN?EaJ@A EJ@ERE@QKO MQA OA IQARAJ K PN=JOEP=J =H AOP=@K j RA?AO H= OQLANRERAJ?E= @AH AOP=@K j $T?ALPK L=N= HKO AHAIAJPKO =OK?E=@KO ?KJ H= BA?QJ@E@=@ HKO R=HKNAO IYTEIKO MQA QJ= LNK>=>EHE@=@ @A PN=JOE?EaJ =ij LK@N_= =H?=JV=N AO +=O ?KJPNE>Q?EKJAO =OK?E=@=O ?KJ H= BA?QJ@E@=@NALNAOAJP=JAHJcIANKLNKIA@EK@AOAIEHH=OLNK@Q?E@=OLKNEJ@ERE@QKI=@QNKAJ QJ=?=PACKN_=@AAOP=@KL=NPE?QH=NULKNHKP=JPKLQA@AOANI=UKNMQA ,QHPELHE?=J@KNALAPE@=IAJPAH=I=PNEV?Q=@N=@=ALKNAHRA?PKN?KHQIJ=NAOQHP=JPA@A ?=@=EPAN=?EaJ LNK@Q?ENYARAJPQ=HIAJPAAHR=HKN?=N=?PAN_OPE?K@KIEJ=JPA UOQORA?PKNAO ?=N=?PAN_OPE?KO@ANA?DKwAEVMQEAN@Kv $OKOR=HKNAOOKJH=OIA@E@=O@AH=P=O=BEJEP=@A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H H= @EOPNE>Q?EaJ AOP=>HA @A ?=@= ?=PACKN_= @A P=I=`KO w U AH R=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKAOLA?_BE?K@A?=@=?=PACKN_=@AP=I=`Kv /KNKPN=L=NPA HKO=JYHEOEO@A OAJOE>EHE@=@ U AH=OPE?E@=@ EJ@E?=J HKO ABA?PKO =>OKHQPK U NAH=PERK MQA HKO ?=I>EKO AJ H=O PN=JOE?EKJAO@AIKCNYBE?=OLK@N_=JPAJANOK>NAH=P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H@AH=AOLA?EA AJ ?QAOPEaJ $J AH ?=OK L=NPE?QH=N @A A. guatemalensis OKHK OA AT=IEJa AH NAOQHP=@K @AH =JYHEOEO@AAH=OPE?E@=@L=N=E@AJPEBE?=NH=EILKNP=J?E=@AHKOABA?PKONAH=PERKO@AQJ=P=O=REP=H L=NPE?QH=N E A OQLANRERAJ?E= ?NA?EIEAJPK K NALNK@Q??EaJ OK>NA @A *NKKJ AP =H !AJPKJU&N=JP 'ALLAHHAP=H = "=OSAHH Construcción de la matriz de proyección $TEOPAJ @KO PELKO @A AJBKMQAO L=N= @ABEJEN H=O ?H=OAO K ?=PACKN_=O @A P=I=`KO AH JQI]NE?K 5=J@ANIAAN ,KHKJAU U AH >EKHaCE?K +ABGKREP?D 6ANJAN $H LNEIANK OA >=O= AJ H= I=TEIEV=?EaJ @AH P=I=`K @A H= IQAOPN= @AJPNK @A H=O ?=PACKN_=O IEJEIEV=J@K HKO AOPEI=@KNAO @AH ?NA?EIEAJPK K OQLANRERAJ?E= IEAJPN=O MQA AH OACQJ@K OA >=O=AJHKOP=I=`KO AHOATKKHKOAOP=@EKO@AH@AO=NNKHHK@AHKOEJ@ERE@QKOAJH=LK>H=?EaJ 2A AHECEaAHAJBKMQA>EKHaCE?K?KI>EJ=J@KH=NALNK@Q??EaJ?KJAH?NEPANEK@AHKOP=I=`KOLKNMQA H= NALNK@Q??EaJ R=NEa IQ?DK IYO ?KJ AH P=I=`K MQA H= OQLANRERAJ?E= += LK>H=?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis OA AOPNQ?PQNa AJ ?=PACKN_=O 2 2 MQA ?=N=?PANEV=J OQ ?E?HK @A RE@= ?KILHAPK +=BECQN= IQAOPN=AHIK@AHKCN=BE?KMQA@AO?NE>AH=LNKCNAOEaJ@AH@AO=NNKHHK@A A. guatemalensis @AO@AAHAOP=@K@ALHYJPQH=O2D=OP=AH@AYN>KHAO=@QHPKO@AH=?=PACKN_= @E=I]PNE?=I=OCN=J@AK>OANR=@=2 L=O=J@KLNKCNAOER=IAJPALKNHKO@EYIAPNKOKP=I=`KO EJPANIA@EKO +=O?=PACKN_=OOAAOPNQ?PQN=NKJAJP=I=`KONALNK@Q?PERKOUJKNALNK@Q?PERKO HKOJKNALNK@Q?PERKOEJ?HQUANKJHKOP=I=`KO@A2=22 LHYJPQH=O?I@A=HPQN=2 =N>KHEPKO LAMQA`KO o ?I @A =HPQN= 2 =N>KHEPKO IA@E=JKO ?I @A =HPQN= D=OP= # / ?I U 2 FQRAJEHAO LAMQA`KO # /o ?I 2 FQRAJEHAO CN=J@AO # / o ?IU2 LNA NALNK@Q?PERKO# / o?I +KOP=I=`KONALNK@Q?PERKOOAAOPN=PEBE?=NKJ AJ ?EJ?K ?=PACKN_=O 2o2 LKNMQA OKJ NAI=N?=>HAIAJPA @EOPEJP=O AJ OQ # / U AJ OQO BA?QJ@E@=@AO2 =@QHPKO# / o?I2 =@QHPKO# / o?I2 =@QHPKO # / o ?I 2 =@QHPKO # / o ?I U 2 =@QHPKO # / ?I += ?=PACKN_=@AP=I=`K2OAOAHA??EKJa?KIKH=?H=OAEJE?E=H@AYN>KHAONALNK@Q?PERKOLKNMQAAJ H=O L=N?AH=O @A K>OANR=?EaJ AH @EYIAPNK I_JEIK @A YN>KHAO K>OANR=@KO AJ OQ LNEIAN ARAJPK NALNK@Q?PERKBQA=L=NPEN@AQJ# / ?I %ECQN= ,K@AHKCNYBE?K@AH?E?HK@ARE@=@Aabies guatemalensisAILHA=@KAJAH=J=HEOEOI=PNE?=HU @AIKCN=BE?K $HIK@AHKCNYBE?K@AH?E?HK@ARE@=IQAOPN=MQAHKOEJ@ERE@QKO@AA. guatemalensisAJ QJ= ?=PACKN_= L=NPE?QH=N i LQA@AJ OK>NAREREN ?NA?AN UK PN=JOEP=N = QJ= ?=PACKN_= i ?KJ LNK>=>EHE@=@ Gi K >EAJ LQA@AJ OK>NAREREN U LANI=JA?AN AJ AH IEOIK P=I=`K i ?KJ QJ= LNK>=>EHE@=@Pi KIKNEN #QN=JPAH=B=OANALNK@Q?PER= A. guatemalensisLNK@Q?AQJJcIANKR=NE=>HA@A?KJKOU OAIEHH=O ?QUKOR=HKNAOFi @ALAJ@EAJPAO@AHP=I=`KOAEJ?KNLKN=J@ENA?P=IAJPA=H=?=PACKN_= 2 $JAOPA?=OK AHAOP=@K@AOAIEHH=JKATEOPAUOAKIEPEa@A>E@K=MQAA. guatemalensisJK @AO=NNKHH=QJ>=J?K@AOAIEHH=OAJAHOQAHKU=MQA]OP=OCANIEJ=JNYLE@=IAJPA@AOLQ]O@AOQ @EOLANOEaJ @AJPNK @A QJ H=LOK @A JK IYO @A OAI=J=O K IQANAJ +KO AHAIAJPKO @A H= BA?QJ@E@=@OAHK?=HEV=JAJH=LNEIAN=BEH=@AH=I=PNEV@ALNKUA??EaJ AT?ALPKAJHKOLNEIANKO AHAIAJPKO@AH=BEH= MQA?KNNAOLKJ@AJ=H=B=OAJKNALNK@Q?PER=@AH?E?HK@ARE@= $H?=I>EKAJH=AOPNQ?PQN=LK>H=?EKJ=HUOQP=I=`KAJAHPEAILKOAOEIQHaIA@E=JPAAH IK@AHKI=PNE?E=H?=HE>N=@KL=N=H=O?=PACKN_=O@E=I]PNE?=O@AH?E?HK@ARE@=@AH=AOLA?EAU L=N= HKO @KO OEPEKO ?KJ DEOPKNE=O @A LANPQN>=?EaJ ?KJPN=OP=JPAO 4JK NAH=PER=IAJPA >EAJ ?KJOANR=@K+KO2=>EJKOUOEJARE@AJ?E=@AMQAOAD=U=EJ?AJ@E=@KAJHKOcHPEIKO=`KO U KPNK+KO&Q=FKHKPAOOEJEAOPN=@KAJ D=?A=`KO ?KJQJEJ?AJ@EK@A?KL=OARANKMQA @AFaQJKO?Q=JPKOYN>KHAOAJLE] +KO=JYHEOEOOANA=HEV=NKJ?KJAHLNKCN=I=+=IJ@==I=>HAIAJPAB=?EHEP=@KLKN$HAJ= HR=NAV !QUHH= MQAAOPEI=P=JPKH=P=O=BEJEP=@AEJ?NAIAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HjQJ=@AORE=?EaJ AOPYJ@=N H= @EOPNE>Q?EaJ AOP=>HA @A P=I=`KO w AH R=HKN NALNK@Q?PERK v U HKO =JYHEOEO @A OAJOE>EHE@=@ U AH=OPE?E@=@ 2A AILHAa QJ =JYHEOEO @A RANKOEIEHEPQ@ HKC LNKLKN?EKJ=H HKC HEGAHEDKK@ N=PEK L=N= AT=IEJ=N OE H= @EOPNE>Q?EaJ AOP=>HA @A P=I=`KO w @A H=O LK>H=?EKJAO LNKUA?P=@=O @EBAN_=J OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA @A H=O @EOPNE>Q?EKJAO @A P=I=`KO K>OANR=@=O 9=N @E?EKJ=HIAJPA OA AOPEI=NKJ HKO EJPANR=HKO @A ?KJBE=JV= @A =H ?KNNEAJ@K NA IQAOPNAKO>KKPOPN=L@AHKO@=PKOKNECEJ=HAOIA@E=JPAAHL=MQAPAqpopbiorAJ11 #ARAHKIAJP"KNA3A=I Resultados Sitio Los Sabinos "KJ >=OA AJ H=O K>OANR=?EKJAO @A HKO YN>KHAO EJ@ERE@Q=HAO P=JPK @AJPNK ?KIK BQAN= @A H=O L=N?AH=O LANI=JAJPAO @A K>OANR=?EaJ AJ +KO 2=>EJKO AH P=I=`K K>OANR=@K @A H= LNEIAN= NALNK@Q??EaJBQA@A ?I@A# / IEAJPN=OMQAH=NALNK@Q??EaJ?KJOEOPAJPAOALNAOAJPa= L=NPEN @A HKO ?I @A # / AJ =@AH=JPA $H JcIANK @A YN>KHAO NALNK@Q?PERKO @AJPNK @A H=O L=N?AH=O LANI=JAJPAO @A K>OANR=?EaJ BQA IQU R=NE=>HA $J PKP=H AJ AH OEPEK +KO 2=>EJKO OA NACEOPN=NKJEJ@ERE@QKO?KJ# /?I @AHKO?Q=HAOAH BQANKJYN>KHAO?KJ # /?I #A]OPKO OKHKAH LNK@QFANKJ?KJKOUOAIEHH=OAJ 2EJAI>=NCK H=NALNK@Q??EaJ@A=@QHPKO@AJPNK@AH=O?Q=PNKL=N?AH=OR=NEa =ILHE=IAJPA O_ @AHKO YN>KHAO =@QHPKO OA NALNK@QFANKJ AJ QJ= @A H=O L=N?AH=O IEAJPN=O MQA AJ H=O KPN=O PNAO NAI=JAJPAO OANACEOPN=NKJ UYN>KHAONALNK@Q?PERKOMQAAMQER=HAJ=QJLKN?AJP=FA@A U NAOLA?PER=IAJPA #AJPNK@AAOP=OL=N?AH=O JEJCQJK@AHKOYN>KHAO =@QHPKOOANALNK@QFKAJ +=NALNK@Q??EaJ@AHKOYN>KHAOAJ+KO2=>EJKOOECQEaQJL=PNaJ@EOPEJPERK $JH=3=>H= OAIQAOPN=@E?DKL=PNaJK>OANRYJ@KOAMQAHKOYN>KHAO=@QHPKO@AI=UKN@EYIAPNKPAJ@EANKJ =LNK@Q?EN?KJKOUOAIEHH=OAJIQ?D=I=UKNLNKLKN?EaJMQAHKOYN>KHAO@AH=O?=PACKN_=O@A IAJKN@EYIAPNK -aPAOAMQA=L=NPEN@AH=?=PACKN_=2AJ=@AH=JPA H=LNKLKN?EaJ@AYN>KHAO NALNK@Q?PERKOPAJ@Ea=EJ?NAIAJP=NOA?KJOEOPAJPAIAJPA +=3=>H=IQAOPN=H=OLNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A PN=JOE?EaJ L=N= HKO EJ@ERE@QKO AJ ?=@= ?=PACKN_= @A P=I=`K @A H= LK>H=?EaJ =O_ ?KIK H= BA?QJ@E@=@LNKIA@EKAOLA?_BE?=@AH=?H=OA@AP=I=`K@AA. guatemalensis 3=>H= -cIANK@AYN>KHAO=@QHPKOJUNALNK@Q?PERKON@Aa.guatemalensis AJHKOO=>EJKO =CNQL=@KOLKN?=PACKNE=@E=I]PNE?= "=PACKN_= 2 2 2 2 2 # / - 1 1 3=>H= ,=PNEV @A PN=JOE?EaJ L=N= H= LK>H=?EaJ @A a. guatemalensis AJ HKO O=>EJKO HKO AHAIAJPKO@AH=I=PNEVOANA@KJ@A=NKJ=PNAO@A?EI=HAO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 OQIEAJ@K HEJA=NE@=@ EJR=NE=>EHE@=@ PAILKN=H U @AJOK EJ@ALAJ@AJ?E= AJ AH IK@AHK I=PNE?E=H "=OSAHH H= P=O= BEJEP= @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H BQA @A ?KJ @AORE=?EaJAOPYJ@=N@Aj AEJPANR=HKO@A?KJBE=JV=@AO@A D=OP= $HR=HKN @A K>PAJE@K EJ@E?= MQA AJ +KO 2=>EJKO H= LK>H=?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis OA AOPY EJ?NAIAJP=J@K +=@EOPNE>Q?EaJAOP=>HA@AP=I=`KOw@AH=LK>H=?EaJLNKUA?P=@=3=>H= BQAOECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA@EOPEJP=@AH=@EOPNE>Q?EaJ@AP=I=`KOK>OANR=@=& C H / $H IK@AHK @A LNKUA??EaJ LNA@E?A QJ= @EOPNE>Q?EaJ AOP=>HA @A P=I=`KO ATPNAI=@=IAJPA =OEI]PNE?= ?KJ?AJPN=@= AJ QJ= AHAR=@= LNKLKN?EaJ @A LHYJPQH=O LAMQA`=O2 $OP==OEIAPN_=?KJPN=OP=AJKNIAIAJPA?KJH=>=F=LNKLKN?EaJ@AEJ@ERE@QKOAJ H=O?=PACKN_=OOQ>OECQEAJPAO3=>H= $H R=HKN NALNK@Q?PERK v K H= ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ AOLAN=@= @A ?=@= ?=PACKN_= @A P=I=`K =H ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H BQPQNK OA EJ?NAIAJPa LNKCNAOER=IAJPA @A H=O ?=PACKN_=O @A P=I=`KO EJE?E=HAO D=OP= H=O ?H=OAO @E=I]PNE?=O I=UKNAO += 3=>H= IQAOPN= MQA H= LNKLKN?EaJ IYO AHAR=@=@AR=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKOA?KJ?AJPNaLNEIKN@E=HIAJPAAJH=OPNAO?=PACKN_=O@A=@QHPKO @A I=UKN P=I=`K 2 2 U 2 $OP=O ?=PACKN_=O ?KJPNE>QUAJ ?KJ AH =H ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H LNKUA?P=@K IEAJPN=O MQA H=O ?=PACKN_=O 2 U 2 ?KNNAOLKJ@EAJPAO = H= LNEIAN= NALNK@Q??EaJ U OECQEAJPA PKI=@=O FQJP=O ?KJPNE>QUAJ ?KJ AH =H ?NA?EIEAJPK @A H= LK>H=?EaJ>=FK?KJ@E?EKJAO@ANAH=PER=IAJPA>EAJ?KJOANR=@=OUATAJP=O@AEJ?AJ@EKOLKNIYO @A =`KO $J ?KJPN=OPA H= ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ @A H=O OAEO ?=PACKN_=O JK NALNK@Q?PER=O 2 2 ?KJPNE>QUAJ ?KJFQJP=IAJPA ?KJ IAJKO @AH =H ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H @A A. guatemalensis. 3=>H= #EONE>Q?EaJAOP=>HAwU?KJPNE>Q?EaJNAH=PER==H?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HLNKUA?P=@K vLKN?=PACKN_=L=N=H=LK>H=?EaJ@AHKOO=>EJKO $OP=@K #EOPNE>Q?EaJAOP=>HAw 5=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKv 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 #A=?QAN@K?KJHKO=JYHEOEO@AAH=OPE?E@=@3=>H= H=P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H LNKUA?P=@=L=N=H=LK>H=?EaJ@A+KO2=>EJKO NAOQHPaOAJOE>HA=H=LANI=JAJ?E=@AYN>KHAO =@QHPKO AJ AH AOP=@K @A OQ LNEIAN= NALNK@Q??EaJ = OACQE@K @A OQ LANI=JAJ?E= AJ H= OECQEAJPA ?=PACKN_= @A =@QHPKO = $OPK OQCEANA MQA H= OQLANRERAJ?E= U LANI=JAJ?E= @A YN>KHAOAJH=O?=PACKN_=O@E=I]PNE?=OAJPNA U?I@A# /2UAJPNA U?I@A # / 2 OKJ H=O ?H=OAO @A P=I=`KO MQA EJBHQUAJ IYO BQANPAIAJPA OK>NA H= P=O= BEJEP= @A ?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H3=>H= $J?KJOA?QAJ?E= AOAJAOP=O?=PACKN_=O@AP=I=`KOOK>NA H=O?Q=HAOD=>N_=MQA?KJ?AJPN=NH==PAJ?EaJAJH=LNKLQAOP=@AAOPN=PACE=O@AQOK I=JAFKU ?KJOANR=?EaJ@AA. guatemalensis 3=>H= ,=PNEV@AAH=OPE?E@=@AOL=N=H=LK>H=?EaJ@Aabies guatemalensis AJHKOO=>EJKO HKO AHAIAJPKO@AH=I=PNEVOANA@KJ@A=NKJ=PNAO@A?EI=HAO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.175 6 2 2 0.168 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Sitio Los Guajolotes += 3=>H= IQAOPN= H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A PN=JOE?EaJ LNKIA@EK L=N= HKO EJ@ERE@QKO AJ ?=@= ?H=OA @A P=I=`K AJ +KO &Q=FKHKPAO =O_ ?KIK H= BA?QJ@E@=@ LNKIA@EK AOLA?_BE?= @A H= ?=PACKN_= @A P=I=`K @A A. guatemalensis $J AOP= LK>H=?EaJ H= P=O= BEJEP= @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=HBQA@A ?KJ@AORE=?EaJAOPYJ@=N@Aj AEJPANR=HKO@A?KJBE=JV=@AO@A D=OP= HKMQAOQCEANAMQAH=LK>H=?EaJ@AA. guatemalensisAJAOPAOEPEK P=I>E]J OA AOPY EJ?NAIAJP=J@K /KN KPN= L=NPA @A =?QAN@K ?KJ AH =JYHEOEO @A RANKOEIEHEPQ@ HKC LNKLKN?EKJ=H9=N H=@EOPNE>Q?EaJAOP=>HA@AP=I=`KOw@AH=LK>H=?EaJLNKUA?P=@=AJ +KO &Q=FKHKPAO 3=>H= BQA OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA @EBANAJPA @A H= @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A AOP=@KO K>OANR=@=& C H / 3=>H= ,=PNEV @A PN=JOE?EaJ L=N= H= LK>H=?EaJ @A a. guatemalensis AJ HKO CQ=FKHKPAO HKO AHAIAJPKO@AH=I=PNEVOANA@KJ@A=NKJ=PNAO@A?EI=HAO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 $H IK@AHK @A LNKUA??EaJ L=N= H= LK>H=?EaJ +KO &Q=FKHKPAO LNA@E?A P=I>E]J QJ= @EOPNE>Q?EaJAOP=>HA@AP=I=`KOATPNAI=@=IAJPA=OEI]PNE?= U=HP=IAJPA?KJ?AJPN=@= AJ H= ?=PACKN_= @A LHYJPQH=O LAMQA`=O 2 2K>NAO=HA MQA AH @A HKO EJ@ERE@QKO OA ?KJ?AJPNAJAJH=?=PACKN_=@ALHYJPQH=OCN=J@AO2UMQAAHNAOP=JPA AOP]NAL=NPE@KAJ H=OJQARA?=PACKN_=ONAI=JAJPAO3=>H= $HR=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKKH=?KJPNE>Q?EaJAOLAN=@= @A?=@=?=PACKN_==H?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HBQPQNKvOAEJ?NAIAJPaLNKCNAOER=IAJPA@AH=O ?=PACKN_=O @A P=I=`K IYO LAMQA`=O D=OP= H=O ?H=OAO @E=I]PNE?=O IYO CN=J@AO += 3=>H= IQAOPN=MQAH=LNKLKN?EaJIYOAHAR=@=@AR=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKOA?KJ?AJPNaLNEJ?EL=HIAJPAAJ H=O PNAO ?=PACKN_=O @A =@QHPKO @A I=UKN @EYIAPNK 2 2 U 2 H=O ?Q=HAO ?KJPNE>QUAJ ?KJ ?=OEAH=H?NA?EIEAJPKLNKUA?P=@K@AH=LK>H=?EaJAJP=JPKMQAH=O?=PACKN_=O@A=@QHPKO 2 U 2 ?KNNAOLKJ@EAJPAO = H= LNEIAN= NALNK@Q??EaJ U OECQEAJPA PKI=@=O FQJP=O ?KJPNE>QUAJ ?KJ AH $J ?KJPN=OPA H= ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ @A H=O ?=PACKN_=O JK NALNK@Q?PER=O 2 2 ?KJPNE>QUAJ?KJP=JOKHKAH =H?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H 3=>H= #EOPNE>Q?EaJ AOP=>HA w U ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ NAH=PER= =H ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H LNKUA?P=@KvLKN?=PACKN_=L=N=H=LK>H=?EaJ@AHKOCQ=FKHKPAO $OP=@K #EOPNE>Q?EaJAOP=>HAw 5=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKv 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 $H =JYHEOEO @A AH=OPE?E@=@ 3=>H= IKOPNa MQA H= P=O= @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H LNKUA?P=@= L=N= H= LK>H=?EaJ AJ +KO &Q=FKHKPAO NAOQHPa P=I>E]J IQU OAJOE>HA = H= LANI=JAJ?E=@AYN>KHAO=@QHPKOAJH=?=PACKN_=@E=I]PNE?=@AOQLNEIAN=NALNK@Q??EaJ= OACQE@K @A H= LANI=JAJ?E= @A H= ?=PACKN_= @A YN>KHAO LNA NALNK@Q?PERKO = U FQRAJEHAO = 3=>H= $OPKOQCEANAMQAH=LANI=JAJ?E=@AYN>KHAOAJH=?=PACKN_=ONALNK@Q?PER=2# / =?I LNA NALNK@Q?PER=2# / =?IUFQRAJEH2# / =?IOKJ H=O ?=PACKN_=O @E=I]PNE?=O MQA PEAJAJ I=UKN EILKNP=J?E= OK>NA H= P=O= BEJEP= @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H 3=>H= $J ?KJOA?QAJ?E= AO AJ AOP=O ?=PACKN_=O AJ H=O ?Q=HAO OA @A>A ?KJ?AJPN=NH==PAJ?EaJ=HLNKLKJAN=HCQJ=AOPN=PACE=@AQOK I=JAFKU?KJOANR=?EaJ@AAbies guatemalensis 3=>H= ,=PNEV@AAH=OPE?E@=@AOL=N=H=LK>H=?EaJ@Aa. guatemalensis AJHKOCQ=FKHKPAO HKO AHAIAJPKO@AH=I=PNEVOANA@KJ@A=NKJ=PNAO@A?EI=HAO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.1250 0.1956 0.3421 2 2 2 2 Discusión +=AOPNQ?PQN=@AP=I=`KO NALNK@Q??EaJUOQLANRERAJ?E=K>OANR=@=O=PN=R]O@AH?E?HK@ARE@= @A A. guatemalensis OQCEANAJ MQA HKO JERAHAO =?PQ=HAO @A NA?HQP=IEAJPK U AOPNQ?PQN=O LK>H=?EKJ=HAOLK@N_=JOANOQBE?EAJPAOL=N=I=JPAJANH=OLK>H=?EKJAOAJ?NA?EIEAJPK?KJPEJQK 2EJAI>=NCK H=BKNI=@AH=O?QNR=O@A@EOPNE>Q?EaJ@AP=I=`KO OQCEANAJP=I>E]JMQAAJH= ?=PACKN_=@ALHYJPQH=OK?QNNAJH=OIYO=HP=OP=O=O@AIKNP=HE@=@ OACQE@=O@AH=OIKNP=HE@=@AO AJ H=O ?=PACKN_=O @A P=I=`KO @A =N>KHEPKO LAMQA`KO MQA AJ ?Q=HMQEAN KPN= ?=PACKN_= @A P=I=`KO +KOR=HKNAO@AK>PAJE@KOL=N=H=O@KOLK>H=?EKJAO@AA. guatemalensisAOPQ@E=@=O +KO 2=>EJKO j U+KO &Q=FKHKPAO j AOPYJ@AJPNK@AHKON=JCKO@AH=O P=O=O@AEJ?NAIAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HK>PAJE@=OL=N=KPN=OAOLA?EAO@AAbiesU@A>=FK@AH=I=UKN_= @AKPN=OAOLA?EAO@A?KJ_BAN=O /KNAFAILHK HKOR=HKNAO@A?KILEH=@KOLKN2EHRANPKSJAP=H L=N==HCQJ=OAOLA?EAO@A?KJ_BAN=OAraucaria cunninghamii A. hunsteinii Pinus palustris Nothofagus fusca USequoia sempervirens =MQAHH=O NALKNP=@=O LKN R=J ,=JPCAI U 2PALDAJOKJ L=N= OAEO AOLA?EAO @A ?KJ_BAN=O Abies concolor o A. magnifica o Calocedrus decurrens o Pinus jeffreyi Pinus lambertiana o U Pinus ponderosa U HKO R=HKNAO K>PAJE@KO LKN +aLAV ,=P= L=N= Pinus maximartinezii U QJLEJKLE`KJANKAJ@]IE?K AJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJU @A@EOPNE>Q?EaJNAOPNEJCE@==HOQN@A9=?=PA?=O ,]TE?KUOQFAP==?KJ@E?EKJAO@AATPN=??EaJ@A OAIEHH=O 3K@=O AOP=O ?KJ_BAN=O ?KJ AT?AL?EaJ @A P. maximartinezii L=NA?AJ AOP=N AJ K ?AN?= @A OQ AOP=>EHE@=@ @AIKCNYBE?= U @EBEANAJ @A HKO R=HKNAO K>OANR=@KO L=N= LK>H=?EKJAO =?PER=IAJPAAJ?NA?EIEAJPK?KIKHKAOPYJP=JPKP. maximartinezii+aLAV ,=P= ?KIK A. guatemalensis +=O P=O=O @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=HAO @A A. guatemalensis P=JPK >=FK ?KJ@E?EKJAONAH=PER=IAJPA>EAJ?KJOANR=@=OUATAJP=O@AEJ?AJ@EKOLKNIYO@A=`KO ?KIK L=N==MQAHH=OLANPQN>=@=OLKNEJ?AJ@EKOOARANKO@A?KL= @A>AJOANPKI=@KO?KJ?=QPAH= #A =?QAN@K ?KJ 'ALLAHH AP =H = > H=O P=O=O @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H OEIEH=NAO @A AOLA?EAO ?NA?EAJ@K >=FK ?KJ@E?EKJAO ?KJPN=OP=JPAO @A LANPQN>=?EKJAO @ALAJ@AJ AJ L=NPA @A H=O =HP=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A OQLANRERAJ?E= @A HKO EJ@ERE@QKO IYO CN=J@AO AJ AOLA?E=H PN=PYJ@KOA @A AOLA?EAO HKJCAR=O /KN HK P=JPK =OQIEAJ@K MQA P=JPK H=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO =I>EAJP=HAO ?KIK HKO NAC_IAJAO @A EJ?AJ@EKO @A ?KL= OARANKO LANI=JAV?=J ?KJOP=JPAO H=O LK>H=?EKJAO@AA. guatemalensis?KJPEJQ=N=J?NA?EAJ@K@AIKCNYBE?=IAJPA $H L=PNaJ @A ?NA?EIEAJPK LK>H=?EKJ=H LNKUA?P=@K P=JPK L=N= +KO 2=>EJKO ?KIK L=N= +KO &Q=FKHKPAO ?KJ AOPNQ?PQN=O LK>H=?EKJ=HAO ?KJPN=OP=JPAO BQA IQU OEIEH=N $J =I>=O LK>H=?EKJAOOALNAOAJP=NKJP=O=OBEJEP=O@AEJ?NAIAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HMQA@EBEANAJAJPNAO_AJP=J OKHKQJ +KO 2=>EJKO U+KO &Q=FKHKPAO +=O@KOLK>H=?EKJAOOA?=N=?PANEV=J LKNLNAOAJP=NQJ=AOPNQ?PQN=AOP=>HA@AP=I=`KOLNKUA?P=@=MQA@EBEANAJOECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA@A H= AOPNQ?PQN= @A P=I=`KO K>OANR=@= ?QUKO EJ@ERE@QKO =@QHPKO NALNK@Q?PERKO EJ?NAIAJP=J LKOEPER=IAJPAOQ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ=H?NA?EIEAJPKBQPQNK@AH=LK>H=?EaJ=IA@E@=MQAOQP=I=`K @E=I]PNE?KOAEJ?NAIAJP= #A=?QAN@K?KJHKO=JYHEOEO@AAH=OPE?E@=@@ANER=@KOL=N==I>=OLK>H=?EKJAO AJ+KO 2=>EJKOH=P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=HLNKUA?P=@=NAOQHPaOAJOE>HA=H=LANI=JAJ?E=@A YN>KHAO=@QHPKOAJH=B=OA@AOQLNEIAN=NALNK@Q??EaJ= OACQE@K@AOQLANI=JAJ?E=AJH= OECQEAJPA?=PACKN_=@A=@QHPKO= 2KNLNAJ@AJPAIAJPA AJ+KO&Q=FKHKPAO NAOQHPaP=I>E]J OAJOE>HA=H=LANI=JAJ?E=@A=@QHPKOAJH=?=PACKN_=NALNK@Q?PER=2= UAJIAJKNIA@E@= = H= LANI=JAJ?E= @A HKO EJ@ERE@QKO LNA NALNK@Q?PERKO 2 = U FQRAJEHAO 2 = $OP= ?KJRANCAJ?E= @AIKCNYBE?= OQCEANA H= EILKNP=J?E= @A H= LANI=JAJ?E= @A HKO EJ@ERE@QKO AJ H= ?=PACKN_=2 OK>NAH=?Q=HOA@A>AJ?=J=HEV=NHKOAOBQANVKO?KJBEJAO@A?KJOANR=?EaJ QOKU I=JAFK@AH=AOLA?EA 3=H?KJRANCAJ?E=@AIKCNYBE?=EJ@E?aP=I>E]JMQA]OP=JK@ALAJ@Ea@AH AOP=@K@AI=@QNAVK@AO=NNKHHK@A=I>=OLK>H=?EKJAO HKMQAOQCEANAMQAAOLNK>=>HAMQAAOP= ?KJRANCAJ?E=@AIKCNYBE?=OALNAOAJPAAJA. guatemalensisEJ@ALAJ@EAJPAIAJPA@AH=B=OA@A @AO=NNKHHK @A H=O LK>H=?EKJAO EJRKHQ?N=@=O $J ?KJOA?QAJ?E= AJ H=O ?=PACKN_=O @E=I]PNE?=O AJPNA U ?I @A # / 2 OA @A>AJ ?KJ?AJPN=N HKO AOBQANVKO =H LNKLKJAN =HCQJ= AOPN=PACE=@AQOK I=JAFKU?KJOANR=?EaJ@AA. guatemalensis +=LANI=JAJ?E=@AYN>KHAOAJ AOP=?=PACKN_== NAOQHPaBAD=?EAJPAIAJPAEHQOPN=PER=AJAH?=OKL=NPE?QH=N@AH=LK>H=?EaJ@A +KO&Q=FKHKPAO H=?Q=HATLANEIAJPaQJEJ?AJ@EKOARANK@A?KL=MQAAHEIEJa@AH=LK>H=?EaJ= H= CN=J I=UKN_= @A HKO =N>KHAO =@QHPKO #AOLQ]O @A AOP= LANPQN>=?EaJ H= ?=PACKN_= NALNK@Q?PER= 2 HKO =N>KHAO OK>NAREREAJPAO AJ AHH= U OQ LANI=JAJ?E= AJ H= IEOI= ?=PACKN_= =LK@N_=OANH=cJE?=BQAJPA@AOAIEHH=OAJAHRA?EJ@=NEK@AHNK@=HIA@E=JPAH=O?Q=HAOOA NAEJE?E=N_= H= NALK>H=?EaJ @AH YNA= =BA?P=@= U H= ?KJOA?QAJPA NACAJAN=?EaJ J=PQN=H @A A. guatemalensis $JAOPA?KJPATPK AO=HP=IAJPANA?KIAJ@=>HA BK?=HEV=NHKOAOBQANVKOD=?E=AH I=JPAJEIEAJPK=OEOPE@K=H=?=PACKN_=@AYN>KHAOOAIEHHANKOAJH=?H=OA@E=I]PNE?=2LKJEAJ@K AOLA?E=H?QE@=@K=OQOQLANRERAJ?E=ULANI=JAJ?E=QHPANEKNAJOEPEKO=BA?P=@KOLKNEJ?AJ@EKO @A?KL=OARANKO Conclusiones +KO IK@AHKO I=PNE?E=HAO @A LNKUA??EaJ LK>H=?EKJ=H LNKLKN?EKJ=NKJ QJ IA@EK cPEH L=N= EJRAOPEC=N H= @EJYIE?= LK>H=?EKJ=H @A A. guatemalensis >=FK ?KJ@E?EKJAO A?KHaCE?=O ?KJPN=OP=JPAO #=@KO HKO NAC_IAJAO @A EJ?AJ@EKO = HKO MQA H= AOLA?EA AOPY OKIAPE@= HKO NAOQHP=@KO @A HKO =JYHEOEO @A LNKUA??EaJ LK>H=?EKJ=HAO U H=O ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O A?KHaCE?=O @A A. guatemalensis OQCEANAJMQA@AO@AQJLQJPK@AREOP=@AIKCNYBE?KH=OLK>H=?EKJAOJKAOPYJAJ LAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJHK?=H 2EJAI>=NCK H=B=HP=@AI=JAFK@AH>KOMQAI=@QNKB=RKNA?AMQAH= =?QIQH=?EaJ @A ?KI>QOPE>HA ?KJPEJcA EJ?NAIAJPYJ@KOA U ?KJOA?QAJPAIAJPA EJ?NAIAJPA H= LNK>=>EHE@=@ @A EJ?AJ@EKO @A I=CJEPQ@ A EJPAJOE@=@ @ERANOKO MQA LK@N_=J ?KJ@Q?EN = H= AOLA?EA=H=ATPEJ?EaJHK?=H 3=HAOLKOE>EHE@=@AOOKJAOLA?E=HIAJPAEILKNP=JPAOAJNK@=HAO@A >KOMQAONAH=PER=IAJPA>EAJ?KJOANR=@KOUAJQJAOP=@K@A@AO=NNKHHKI=@QNKK?AN?=JKO=H= I=@QNAV ?KIK AO AH ?=OK @AH NK@=H +KO 2=>EJKO %EJ=HIAJPA AO EILAN=PERK MQA ?Q=HMQEAN AOPN=PACE= @A QOK I=JAFK U ?KJOANR=?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis @A>A EJ?HQEN AOBQANVKO EILKNP=JPAOL=N=H=LNKPA??EaJ@AYN>KHAO=@QHPKOAJH=?=PACKN_=@AOQLNEIAN=NALNK@Q??EaJ U= MQA AOP=O ?=PACKN_=O @A YN>KHAO OKJ H=O IYO EILKNP=JPAO L=N= AH I=JPAJEIEAJPK @A OQO LK>H=?EKJAO Agradecimientos CN=@AV?K = ,=NP_J ,AJ@KV= !NEOA`K LKN D=>ANIA OQCANE@K AOPQ@E=N Abies guatemalensis @AO@A QJ LQJPK @A REOP= A?KHaCE?K = )KO] %=F=N@K U OQO ?KH=>KN=@KNAO @A "KJOQHPKN_= AJ ,=O?KP= )=HEO?K LKN PK@=O H=O B=?EHE@=@AO >NEJ@=@=O =OAOKN_= @A ?=ILK A EJPAN?=I>EK @A EJBKNI=?EaJ OK>NA HKO LNA@EKO AOPQ@E=@KO OQ =UQ@= BQA ?NQ?E=H U OEJ AOP= JK OA D=>N_= NA=HEV=@K AOPA PN=>=FK 3ANAO= 3ANN=V=O LKN OQ R=HEKO= =UQ@= AJ AH PN=>=FK @A ?=ILK U OQ LANI=JAJPA =LKUK +ECE= &Q=@=HQLA $OL=NV= .HCQ_J HA =CN=@AV?K OQ R=HEKO= =UQ@= U =OEOPAJ?E= AJ PK@=O H=O B=OAO @AH PN=>=FK @A ?=ILK U H=>KN=PKNEK CN=@AV?K P=I>E]J H= NAREOEaJ K>OANR=?EKJAOU?KIAJP=NEKO?N_PE?KO@A@KO=N>EPNKO=JaJEIKO HKO?Q=HAO=UQ@=NKJ = IAFKN=N OQ>OP=J?E=HIAJPA AH ?KJPAJE@K @A AOPA =NP_?QHK $OPA PN=>=FK BQA BEJ=J?E=@K LKN AH "KJOAFK -=?EKJ=H @A "EAJ?E= U 3A?JKHKC_= ".- "83 = PN=R]O @AH %KJ@K 2A?PKNE=H @A (JBKNI=?EaJ I>EAJP=H ?KJRAJEK %. 2$, 1- 3 Bibliografía !AJPKJ 3 & U &N=JP $H=OPE?EPU =J=HUOEO =O =J EILKNP=JP PKKH EJ ARKHQPEKJ=NU =J@ LKLQH=PEKJA?KHKCU 3NAJ@OEJ$?KHKCU=J@$RKHQPEKJ "=OSAHH ' ,=PNET LKLQH=PEKJ IK@AHO ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ =J=HUOEO =J@ EJPANLNAP=PEKJ J@ A@EPEKJ 2EJ=QAN OOK?E=PAO (J? 2QJ@ANH=J@,=OO=?DQOAPPO "D=HHAJCAN 4PEHEV=?EaJ U "KJOANR=?EaJ @A HKO $?KOEOPAI=O 3ANNAOPNAO @A ,]TE?K L=O=@K LNAOAJPA U BQPQNK "KIEOEaJ -=?EKJ=H L=N= AH "KJK?EIEAJPK U QOK @A H= !EK@ERANOE@=@ ,]TE?K #EOPNEPK%A@AN=H LYCEJ=O "(3$2 "KJRAJ?EaJOK>NAAH?KIAN?EKEJPANJ=?EKJ=H@AAOLA?EAO=IAJ=V=@=O@AB=QJ=U BHKN=OEHRAOPNAO =L]J@E?AO( ((U(((AJRECKN=L=NPEN@AH@AFQJEK@A #EOLKJE>HA AJHEJA=http://www.cites.org/esp/app/appendices.php "NKJA $ $ $ 2 ,AJCAO , , $HHEO 3 !AHH / !EANVU?DQ@AG ) $DNH]J 3 - *=UA 3 , *JECDP / +AOE?= 6 % ,KNNEO & .KOPANIAEFAN / % 0QEJP=J= O?AJ?EK 2P=JHAU 3 3E?GPEJ 3 5=HRAN@A U ) + 6EHHE=IO 'KS @K LH=JP A?KHKCEOP QOA I=PNET LKLQH=PEKJIK@AHO Ecology Letters @A *NKKJ ' /H=EOAN ) R=J &NKAJAJ@=AH U ' "=OSAHH $H=OPE?EPU PDA NAH=PERA ?KJPNE>QPEKJ KB @AIKCN=LDE? L=N=IAPANO PK LKLQH=PEKJ CNKSPD N=PA $?KHKCU #KJ=DQA ) * 6 2 #RKN=G $ &QPEANNAV U, ! *=JA Abies guatemalensis=PSK UA=NOP=PQONALKNP !QHHAPEJKJ3NKLE?=H%KNAOPNU-K " ,".1$ -KNPD"=NKHEJ= 2P=PA4JERANOEPU 2?DKKHKB%KNAOP1AOKQN?AO $JNECDP - ) %ENA=J@$?KOUPAI%QJ?PEKJ /YCEJ=Oin ,EHHEJCPKJ , !HQIHANU4 2?DE?GDKBB A@EPKNO 3DA2 &$'=J@>KKGKB!EKCAKCN=LDU 2 &$ +KOwJCAHAO %NAHE?D + $ %KNAOP @UJ=IE?O =J@ @EOPQN>=J?A NACEIAO OPQ@EAO BNKI PAILAN=PA ARANCNAAJ @A?E@QKQOBKNAOPO "=I>NE@CA4JERANOEPU/NAOO "=I>NE@CA 4* &NKKI , ) ,ABBA & * U "=NNKHH " 1 /NEJ?ELHAO KB "KJOANR=PEKJ !EKHKCU N@ A@EPEKJ 2EJ=QAN OOK?E=PA@ (J? 2J@ANH=J@,=OO=?DQOAPPO 'ALLAHH 2 " /BEOPAN U ' @A *NKKJ = $H=OPE?EPU =J=HUOEO EJ LKLQH=PEKJ >EKHKCU IAPDK@O=J@=LLHE?=PEKJO $?KHKCU 'ALLAHH 2 # 3 "NKQOAU U + ! 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'KNREPVU2?DAIOGA &KHQ>KRet al. L=N=H=?KJOANR=?EaJULNKPA??EaJ@AAOLA?EAOAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJK=IAJ=V=@=O =O_?KIK L=N= LH=JA=N AH I=JAFK U =LNKRA?D=IEAJPK @A LK>H=?EKJAO @A AOLA?EAO cPEHAO L=N= HKO OANAO DQI=JKO "=OSAHH K L=N= ?KJPNKH=N LH=C=O 2DA= U *AHHU "KJ >=OA AJ AOPKO IK@AHKO AO B=?PE>HA AOP=>HA?AN H=O >=OAO L=N= AH QOK OQOPAJP=>HA @A >KOMQAO K OAHR=O $O?=H=JPAet al. +KOAOPQ@EKO@AP=HH=@KO@A>KOMQAO@A?KJ_BAN=OOKJAO?=OKO AJPNAHKO IYO?KILHAPKOOAAJ?QAJPN=JHKO@A%N=J?KU2=NQGDYJ L=N=Pinus hartwegii+EJ@H HKO@A2QVYJet al.,?KJPinus nesloni2D=SUPinus cembroides9Q?? HKO@A$JNECDPU .C@AJ L=N= AOPQ@E=N HKO >KOMQAO @A Araucaria OLL U Notofagus $OPKO =QPKNAO QPEHEV=NKJ IK@AHKO @A I=PNE?AO =HCA>N=E?=O L=N= @A@Q?EN H= PAJ@AJ?E= @A AO=O LK>H=?EKJAO /H=PP et al. AOPQ@E=NKJH=@EJYIE?=LK>H=?EKJ=H@A Pinus palustris,EHH U#_=V et al. 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OAIEHH=O AO >=F= OACQN=IAJPA LKNMQA H=O K>OANR=?EKJAOJK?KEJ?E@EANKJ?KJQJ=`K@ALNK@Q??EaJI=OER=@AOAIEHH=O +=@AJOE@=@@A LK>H=?EaJR=NEaAJ?=@=AP=L= @EOIEJQUAJ@K@ALHYJPQH=O(D=OP==@QHPKO((=QJMQABQA?=OE ECQ=H L=N= LHYJPQH=O U FQRAJEHAO U EJ@ERE@QKO LKN D= NAOLA?PER=IAJPA =I>=O ?=PACKN_=O PEAJAJ QJ= @AJOE@=@ ?=OE ?EJ?K RA?AO I=UKN MQA H= @A HKO =@QHPKO EJ@ERE@QKO 2EJAI>=NCK OAK>OANRaQJ=QIAJPKAJLHYJPQH=O(((UFQRAJEHAO( +=@AJOE@=@ @EOIEJQUA=IA@E@=MQA=QIAJP=AHP=I=`K @AI=JAN=MQAH=OLHYJPQH=ONALNAOAJP=JAH @AH=LK>H=?EaJ HKOFQRAJEHAOAHUHKO=@QHPKOAH%ECQN= %ECQN= #E=CN=I= @AH ?E?HK @A RE@= @A Abies hickelii AJ AH /E?K @A .NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K +KONA?PYJCQHKONALNAOAJP=JH=OAP=L=OAJMQAOA@ERE@EaH=LK>H=?EaJHKOJcIANKO @AJPNK @A HKO NA?PYJCQHKO H= @AJOE@=@ @A EJ@ERE@QKO LKN DA?PYNA= H=O BN=??EKJAO AJPNA ?=@= AP=L= OKJ H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO @A PN=JOE?EaJ HKO R=HKNAO LKN @A>=FK @A ?=@= AOP=@EK H=O LNK>=>EHE@=@AO@ALANI=JAJ?E=H=OBHA?D=OLQJPA=@=ONALNAOAJP=JAHJcIANK@AOAIEHH=OMQA LKPAJ?E=HIAJPAOAEJ?KNLKN=J=H=LK>H=?EaJ Estructura de la población y distribución estable += AOPNQ?PQN= K>OANR=@= @EBEANA HECAN=IAJPA @A QJ= AOPNQ?PQN= AOP=>HA AOLA?E=HIAJPA AJ H=O LNEIAN=O ?Q=PNK AP=L=O MQA PEAJAJ QJ= BNA?QAJ?E= NAH=PER= IQ?DK IYO CN=J@A MQA AJ H= AOPNQ?PQN= AOP=>HA "Q=J@K HKO @=PKO OA OKIAPEANKJ = QJ= LNQA>= @A & K @A IYTEI= RANKOEIEHEPQ@*NA>O H=@EBANAJ?E=AJPNAHKO@KOBQAOECJEBE?=PER=P CHUP 3=I>E]JAO@A@AOP=?=NH=I=UKNBNA?QAJ?E=NAH=PER=AJ FQRAJEHAO(( MQAAOPYJAJH= AP=L= LNA NALNK@Q?PER= $J AOP=@EK @A =@QHPKO HKO R=HKNAO @A BNA?QAJ?E= OKJ IYO >=FKO AJ =I>=OAOPNQ?PQN=O%ECQN==U> 5=HKNNALNK@Q?PERK $OP=@EKO %ECQN== 5=HKNNALNK@Q?PERK@AHKO@EBANAJPAOAOP=@EKO@AAbies hickeliiAO?=H=HKC=N_PIE?= AJAH/E?K@A.NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K .>O]NRAOAH=>=F=?KJPNE>Q?EaJ@AH=OLHYJPQH=OU YN>KHAOFaRAJAO=HR=HKNNALNK@Q?PERK@A>E@K=H==QOAJ?E=@APN=JOE?EaJ=H=AP=L==@QHP= 5=HKNNALNK@Q?PERK $OP=@EKO %ECQN=> 5=HKNAONALNK@Q?PERKO@AH=LK>H=?EaJAbies hickeliiAO?=H=HKC=N_PIE?=AJAH/E?K @A.NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K=HOEIQH=NH=PN=JOE?EaJ@AFQRAJEHAO((==@QHPKO $OJKPKNE=H= ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ@ALHYJPQH=O((=HR=HKN@ANALNK@Q??EaJ@AHKO=@QHPKO H=?QNR=PKI=QJ=BKNI= ATLKJAJ?E=H Fecundidad y valor reproductivo Abies hickelii EJE?E= H= NALNK@Q??EaJ ?Q=J@K =H?=JV= @A # / $H cJE?K YN>KH MQA OA AJ?KJPNaAJNALNK@Q??EaJ?KJAOP=P=HH=AJAHYNA=@AAOPQ@EKPAJ_=?EJ?K?KJKO +KO?KJKOLNAOAJP=JAJPNAUAO?=I=O ?=@=AO?=I=@KOOAIEHH=O AT?ALPKL=N=H=OIYO LAMQA`=OAJH=L=NPAOQLANEKNUH=L=NPAEJBANEKN@AH?KJK MQALQA@AJJKLNAOAJP=NOAIEHH=OK OANNQ@EIAJP=NE=O +=LNK@Q??EaJ@AOAIEHH=OAOIQUR=NE=>HA AJ=HCQJKO?=OKOOAK>OANR=NKJ EJ@ERE@QKO@Aa?I@A# /?KJAHIEOIKJcIANK@A?KJKOMQAEJ@ERE@QKO@Aa ?I@A# /3=>H= $HR=HKNNALNK@Q?PERKOA?KJ?AJPN=AJH=OAP=L=O=@QHP=O%ECQN=O=U > AO IQU EJPANAO=JPA K>OANR=N MQA AJ =QOAJ?E= @A PN=JOE?EaJ @A FQRAJEHAO (( = H= AP=L= =@QHP= H= BA?QJ@E@=@ @A AOPA cHPEIK AOP=@EK =QIAJP= @AH IEOIK IK@K =H OEIQH=N H= PN=JOE?EaJ @A FQRAJEHAO (( = H= AP=L= =@QHP= H= @EBANAJ?E= AJPNA HKO R=HKNAO @A NALNK@Q?PERKO LQA@AOAN@AIYO@APNAO=RA?AO 3=>H= /NK@Q??EaJ @A ?KJKO U OAIEHH=O AJ QJ= IQAOPN= @A YN>KHAO @A Abies hickelii HK?=HEV=@KO=IOK>NAAHJERAH@AHI=NAJAH/E?K@A.NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K $OP=@EK @QHPKO( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( @QHPKO(( # /?I HPQN=I -cIANK@A?KJKO -cIANK@AOAIEHH=O Análisis de sensibilidad y elasticidad #A =?QAN@K ?KJ HKO R=HKNAO @A AH=OPE?E@=@ AO IQ?DK IYO OAJOE>HA AJ HKO AOP=@EKO @A FQRAJEHAO U =@QHPKO AP=L=O ( 3=>H= +KO R=HKNAO @A AH=OPE?E@=@ L=N= H= OQLANRERAJ?E= NALNAOAJP=J?=OEAH@AH=EJRANOEaJAJANC]PE?=@ALK>H=?EaJ@AA. hickelii $HR=HKN@AH= OAJOE>EHE@=@AOI=UKNAJ)QRAJEHAO(( AOPKOECJEBE?=MQAAOP=AP=L=OA@A>AAT=IEJ=N?KJIYO ?QE@=@KU=MQAJKOAK>OANRaPNYJOEPK@AAOPKOEJ@ERE@QKO=H=AP=L==@QHP=3=>H= AJAOPA AOP=@K @A @AO=NNKHHK L=O=J R=NEKO =`KO U OQCEANA MQA NAMQEAN=J @A IQ?DKO NA?QNOKO L=N= PN=JOEP=N=H=OECQEAJPAB=OA@AH?E?HK@ARE@= 3=>H= ,=PNEV @A AH=OPE?E@=@AO L=N= H= LK>H=?EaJ @A Abies hickelii AJ AH /E?K @A .NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K /HYJPQH=O( /HYJPQH=O(( /HYJPQH=O((( )QRAJEHAO( )QRAJEHAO(( @QHPKO( @QHPKO(( 3=>H= ,=PNEV@AOAJOE>EHE@=@AOL=N=H=LK>H=?EaJ@A Abies hickeliiAJAH/E?K@A.NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K /HYJPQH=O( /HYJPQH=O(( /HYJPQH=O((( )QRAJEHAO( )QRAJEHAO(( @QHPKO( @QHPKO(( Simulación de aprovechamiento +KO?Q=PNKJERAHAO@AOEIQH=?EaJ@A=LNKRA?D=IEAJPK UPQREANKJQJABA?PK EILKNP=JPAAJH=OAJOE>EHE@=@@AHAOP=@EK@AFQRAJEHAO(( ?KIKLQA@ARANOA?H=N=IAJPAAJH= EJRANOEaJMQANA=HEV=JAJOQLANRERAJ?E=H=OLH=JP=OAJAOPAAOP=@EK%ECQN= AHR=HKN@AAJ AOPKO?=OKOBQA@A +=AOPNQ?PQN=AOP=>HAOA?KJ?AJPN=AT?HQOER=IAJPAAJFQRAJEHAO(( = @EBANAJ?E= @A H= AOPNQ?PQN= KNECEJ=H AJ H= MQA HKO AOP=@EKO LNA?A@AJPAO P=I>E]J AOPYJ NALNAOAJP=@KO "KOA?D= "KOA?D= "KOA?D= %NA?QAJ?E=NAH=PER= $OP=@EKO %ECQN= "KIL=N=?EaJ@AH=AOPNQ?PQN=AOP=>HA=HOEIQH=N=LNKRA?D=IEAJPKUBQACK "KOA?D= ?KOA?D=?KOA?D=U?KOA?D= +KOYN>KHAO?KOA?D=@KO OAAJ?QAJPN=JAJPNA=?I# / Simulación de incendios +=OEIQH=?EaJ@AEJ?AJ@EKODEVKMQAH=AOPNQ?PQN=@AH=LK>H=?EaJAOP=>HAPKI=N=QJ=BKNI=@A ) EJRANPE@= AJ H= MQA LNA@KIEJ=>=J HKO EJ@ERE@QKO FQRAJEHAO %ECQN= 2A AJ?KJPN=NKJ @EBANAJ?E=OOECJEBE?=PER=OAJPNAH=OAOPNQ?PQN=OK>OANR=@=OUAOP=>HAAHR=HKN@A&R=NEaAJPNA = CHP 2EJAI>=NCK OEJKOALNAOAJP=PN=JOE?EaJ@AFQRAJEHAO((==@QHPKO HKOEJ?AJ@EKO@EOIEJQUAJH=P=O=BEJEP=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H +KO=JYHEOEOLNKOLA?PERKOIKOPN=NKJMQAH=P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKLK>H=?EKJ=H=QIAJP= ?Q=J@KHKOABA?PKO@AHBQACKOA?KI>EJ=NKJ?KJH=PN=JOE?EaJ@AFQRAJEHAO((==@QHPKO =QJMQA H= P=O= OA I=JPQRK ?AN?= @AH AMQEHE>NEK += EJRANOEaJ @A H=O AOLA?EAO AJ H= OQLANRERAJ?E=@EOIEJQUaU=QIAJP=NKJP=JPKAH?NA?EIEAJPK?KIKH=BA?QJ@E@=@ U NAOLA?PER=IAJPA RANHKOR=HKNAO@AUAJH=%ECQN= %NA?QAJ?E=NAH=PER= /HYJPQH=O( /HYJPQH=O /HYJPQH=O )QRAJEHAO()QRAJEHAOH (( ((( $OP=@EKO (( @QHPKO( @QHPKO(( %ECQN= $OPNQ?PQN= AOP=>HA K>OANR=@= >=NN=O K>O?QN=O U AOPNQ?PQN= AOP=>HA =H OEIQH=N H= PN=JOE?EaJ @A QJ EJ@ERE@QKO AJ H= AP=L= @A FQRAJEH (( = =@QHPKO >=NN=O >H=J?=O AJ Abies hickelii@AH/E?K@A.NEV=>= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K AOP=cHPEI=IQAOPN=QJ=?QNR=AJBKNI=@A) EJRANPE@= Simulación de transiciones #AH IEOIK IK@K ?Q=J@K BQA OEIQH=@= H= PN=JOE?EaJ @A QJ OKHK EJ@ERE@QK @AH AOP=@EK @A FQRAJEHAO((==@QHPK H=LK>H=?EaJLK@N_=?NA?AN=QJ=P=O=IQ?DKI=UKN %ECQN= R=HKN +=AOPNQ?PQN=@AH=LK>H=?EaJAOP=>HAOA=OAIAF==QJ=)EJRANPE@=%ECQN= $JAOPA ?=OK Abies hickelii EJREANPA AJ H= OQLANRERAJ?E= AJ AH ?NA?EIEAJPK U AH AJ H= BA?QJ@E@=@ %ECQN= H ECQ=H MQA AJ H=O KPN=O OEIQH=?EKJAO OA AJ?KJPNa MQA AH R=HKN NALNK@Q?PERK @A H=O AOLA?EAO OA ?KJ?AJPN= AJ H=O @KO ?=PACKN_=O @A =@QHPKO IEAJPN=O MQA AH R=HKN@AHKOFQRAJEHAO=QIAJPaHECAN=IAJPA%ECQN=> Discusión Densidad, estructura poblacional y dinámica += @AJOE@=@ =?PQ=H @A Abies hickelii LQA@A OAN QJ= NAOLQAOP= = HKO @EBANAJPAO ARAJPKO @A EJ?AJ@EKOMQAOAD=JLNAOAJP=@KAJH=VKJ=@AO@A =QJMQAHKO=`KOOECQEAJPAOD=JOE@K IAJKO CN=RAO LKN HK MQA ?Q=HMQEAN LNA@E??EaJ OK>NA AH ?NA?EIEAJPK @A H= LK>H=?EaJ @A>A D=?ANOA ?KJ LNA?=Q?EaJ OK>NA PK@K LKN H= BQANPA R=NE=?EaJ AJ H= @EJYIE?= P=I=`K @A H= LK>H=?EaJUOQ@EOPNE>Q?EaJ'KNREPVU2?DAIOGA,=J@QF=JKet al. $HR=HKN@A @A Abies hickelii OA AJ?QAJPN= AJ AMQEHE>NEK JQI]NE?K += =HP= IKNP=HE@=@ @A LHYJPQH=O AO BNA?QAJPA JKOaHKAJPNAH=O?KJ_BAN=O*KDU=I= /H=PPet al. !ACEJet al. 2QVYJ et al., GEN= U GEN= OEJK P=I>E]J AJPNA IQ?D=O AOLA?EAO @A DAN>Y?A=O '=NLAN OEJAI>=NCK AOPKJKL=NA?A=BA?P=N?N_PE?=IAJPAH=P=O=BEJEP=@A?NA?EIEAJPK @AH=LK>H=?EaJ@AA. hickelii +=AOPNQ?PQN=LK>H=?EKJ=HK>OANR=@=NABHAF=QJBAJaIAJK@ANA?HQP=IEAJPKLANEa@E?K QJ= ?=N=?PAN_OPE?= BNA?QAJPAIAJPA K>OANR=@= AJ H=O AOLA?EAO @A Abies 'KQHA U @A Pinus 2QVYJ et al., =QJMQA AO LKOE>HA MQA H= PN=JOE?EaJ @A QJ AOP=@EK = KPNK OA LNK@QV?=>=FK?EN?QJOP=J?E=OAOLA?_BE?=O ?KIKH=BKNI=?EaJ@A?H=NKO +=AOPNQ?PQN=P=I>E]J EJ@E?= MQA AH NA?HQP=IEAJPK @A YN>KHAO FaRAJAO JK AO ?KJOP=JPA @A>E@K OK>NA PK@K = H= LANPQN>=?EaJ ?KJPEJQ= @AH >KOMQA LKN AH L=OPKNAK H= ?KOA?D= A EJ?AJ@EKO K?=OEKJ=HAO = @EBANAJ?E= @A HK K>OANR=@K LKN 'APP U +KQ?GO AJ A. balsamea =O_ ?KIK AJ Picea engelmanii /=NNU AT $JCAHI Pinus ponderosa / +=SOKJ " +=SOKJ U Pinus palustris ,EHH /=NGANU/AAP /H=PPet al. $JH=AOPNQ?PQN=AOP=>HA HKOEJ@ERE@QKOLNA 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EJ@E?=J MQA H=O AP=L=O IYO ?N_PE?=O L=N= QJ= LK>H=?EaJ=N>aNA=OKJ=MQAHH=O?AN?=J=O=H=LNEIAN=NALNK@Q??EaJ "KEJ?E@AJPAIAJPA AJA. hickeliiH=AP=L=IYO?N_PE?=AOH=@AFQRAJEHAO(( /KNHKP=JPK =H=LHE?=NLNKCN=I=O@AI=JAFK KLNAOAJP=NOAEJ?AJ@EKO AOIQUEILKNP=JPAPAJAN?QE@=@K?KJAOPAAOP=@EK U=MQAAOIQU OAJOE>HAAJAOP=AP=L= #A=?QAN@K?KJH=OK>OANR=?EKJAO QJ=QIAJPKAJOANABHAF=AJQJ= ?KJPNE>Q?EaJ@AHKOFQRAJEHAO=H=OQLANRERAJ?E= BAJaIAJKEJ@E?=@KP=I>E]JLKN'ALLAHHet al.UMQA=HL=NA?ANOAK>OANR=@AOLQ]O@AQJEJ?AJ@EK Fecundidad +KO=@QHPKOD=?AJH=I=UKN?KJPNE>Q?EaJ=H=BA?QJ@E@=@@AAbies hickelii L=NPE?QH=NIAJPAHKO =@QHPKO(( BAJaIAJK?KIL=NPE@KLKNKPN=OAOLA?EAOEPANaL=N=O P=J@EO_IEHAO?KIKPKNPQC=OK ?=?PY?A=O"NKQOAAP=H /H=PP AP=H ,=J@QF=JKAP=H 2QVYJAP=H %ECQN=HKMQA?KJBENI=MQAH=OAOLA?EAO@ARE@=H=NC=PEAJAJ=HPKOR=HKNAO@AAH=OPE?E@=@ L=N=H=OQLANRERAJ?E=U>=FKOR=HKNAO@AAH=OPE?E@=@L=N=H=BANPEHE@=@2EHRANPKSJet al. $H R=HKN NALNK@Q?PERK OA ?KJ?AJPN= AJ AOP=@EKO =@QHPKO OEJ AI>=NCK HKO R=HKNAO K>OANR=@KO L=N= HKO =@QHPKO AJ H= %ECQN= = LK@N_=J =QIAJP=N AH NEAOCK @A IQANPA U H= LKOE>EHE@=@ @A NALNK@Q?ENOA AJ AH BQPQNK 2EHRANPKSJ H IEOIK PEAILK AO LKOE>HA MQA AH BQACK LQ@EAN=BQJ?EKJ=N?KIKQJ=OA`=H=I>EAJP=HL=N=AHEJE?EK@AH=NALNK@Q??EaJ ?KIKK?QNNAAJ KPN=O AOLA?EAO ?KIK Pinus banksiana +=I> K Acer saccharinum + *AHHU U 2KNG LANK AO =HCK MQA @A>A =J=HEV=NOA ?KJ @AP=HHA U @ALAJ@A BQANPAIAJPA @A H= EJPAJOE@=@ U H= BNA?QAJ?E= @AH EJ?AJ@EK U= MQA H=O LK>H=?EKJAO LQA@AJ @A?NA?AN OARAN=IAJPA 2QVYJ et al., *AHHUU2KNG Simulaciones +=OOEIQH=?EKJAOAJH=LK>H=?EaJ@AAbies hickeliiIKOPN=NKJMQAAHI=UKNABA?PKOK>NAOA LQA@A=PNE>QEN=H==QOAJ?E=@APN=JOE?EaJ=H=?=PACKN_=@A=@QHPKO OEJAI>=NCK AHBQACKUHKO =LNKRA?D=IEAJPKO P=I>E]J LQA@AJ FQC=N QJ L=LAH EILKNP=JPA $H LNEIANK L=NA?A JK PAJAN ?KJOA?QAJ?E=OOECJEBE?=PER=OAJH=AOPNQ?PQN=@AH=LK>H=?EaJAOP=>HA >=FKAOP=O?KJ@E?EKJAOOA LNAOAJP=?KJBKNI=@A)EJRANPE@=%ECQN= IQU@EBANAJPA@AH=AOPNQ?PQN=K>OANR=@=%ECQN= LANKOEIEH=N=H=@APinus lagunae#_=Vet al. 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OA Q>E?=J AJPNA @A H=PEPQ@-KNPAUAJPNA @AHKJCEPQ@.AOPA%ECQN= +=ONK?=O@AHYNA=OKJ OA@EIAJP=NE=O I=NEJ=O @AH )QNYOE?K U "NAPY?E?K H=O ?=HEV=O OKJ H=O @KIEJ=JPAO U ?KJ IAJKN LNKLKN?EaJ OA LNAOAJP=J =NAJEO?=O U ?KJCHKIAN=@KO +KO OQAHKO OKJ OKIANKO @A KNECAJ NAOE@Q=H U PATPQN= IA@E= @A PELK HEPKOKH K?QL=J@K AH OKJ BNA?QAJPAO =@AIYO HKO LNKBQJ@KO U KO?QNKO @A PELK NAJ@VEJ=O MQA NALNAOAJP=J AH $J H=O H=@AN=O >=F=O OA LNAOAJP=J OQAHKO ?H=NKO LNKBQJ@KO U @A PATPQN= IA@E= @A PELK NACKOKH ?=H?YNE?K $H ?HEI= @KIEJ=JPAAOPAILH=@KOQ>DcIA@K"SAH?Q=HOALNAOAJP=AJAH @AHYNA= HAOECQAAH !2GTMQAAOOAIEOA?KPAILH=@KUK?QL=AH@AHYNA= H=PAILAN=PQN=IA@E==JQ=HKO?EH= AJPNA=l"LKNOQL=NPAH=LNA?ELEP=?EaJIA@E==JQ=HAO=II @APELK?KJRA?PERK UK?QNNA@QN=JPAAHRAN=JK JaJEIK @A=?QAN@K?KJ-YFAN= "=OPNKAJ>KOMQA @AAbies vejariiAJH=OEANN=@A NPA=C=OANACEOPN=NKJII %ECQN= 4>E?=?EaJ@AHYNA=@AAOPQ@EK2Q>LNKREJ?E=@AH=&N=J2EANN=/HAC=@=AJ"K=DQEH= += RACAP=?EaJ AJ H=@AN=O @A ATLKOE?EaJ OQN U OQNAOPA AO I=PKNN=H @AO]NPE?K ?DEDQ=DQAJOA IEAJPN=OMQAAJL=NPAOIYO=HP=O@AHOEOPAI=IKJP=`KOKOALNAOAJP=J>KOMQA@ALEJKLE`KJANK U KU=IAH AJ HKO ?=`KJAO ?KJ IYO DQIA@=@ OA LNAOAJP=J >KOMQAO @A AJ?EJK 5EHH=NNA=H 0QEJP=JEHH=U5=H@]O 1AUJ= $J?EJ= #KI_JCQAVet al., +=RACAP=?EaJUQOK @AHOQAHK?KJI=UKNOQLANBE?EAAJH=OQ>LNKREJ?E=@AH=&N=JOEANN=LHAC=@=AJ"K=DQEH=@A =?QAN@K ?KJ ("$ OKJ >KOMQAO @A LEJK U LEJK AJ?EJK MQA K?QL=J D= HK MQA NALNAOAJP= AH @A H= OQLANBE?EA PKP=H LKN OQ L=NPA H= =CNE?QHPQN= @A PAILKN=H OA @AO=NNKHH=AJR=HHAOEJPANIKJP=JKOUK?QL=AH $H>KOMQA@AKU=IAHK?QL= D= HKMQANALNAOAJP=AH OA@AO=NNKHH=AJH=@AN=ODcIA@=OUAJL=NPAO=HP=O@AH=OOEANN=O AOPY @KIEJ=@= LKN Pseudotsuga menziesii U Abies vejarii ?KJ YN>KHAO =EOH=@KO @AH C]JANK PinusOL HKO=N>QOPKOIYOBNA?QAJPAOOKJPaxistima myrsinites /QNOD 1=B Symphoricarpos micophyllus *QJPD Quercus greggii #" 3NAH UQ. hintoniorum -ETKJ" ' ,QHHAN AJAHAOPN=PKDAN>Y?AKOKJ?KIQJAOAchillea millefolium+ Bromus carinatus 'KKG NJ , Pleopeltis guttata ,=TKJ $ & J@N 6EJ@D=I Senecio coahuilensis &NAAJI U Trisetum viride *QJPD*QJPD Metodología 2AAOP=>HA?EANKJOEPEKO?EN?QH=NAO@A I HKO?Q=HAOOAQ>E?=NKJ@AI=JAN=OAHA?PER= AJHKO>KOMQAO@AKU=IAH@AAbies vejarii?KJ>=OA=H=IAPK@KHKC_=LNKLQAOP=LKN.HRAN= 5=NC=Oet al $J?=@=OEPEK@AIQAOPNAKOA?Q=JPEBE?aAH@EYIAPNKJKNI=H= I@A =HPQN=@AH=OAOLA?EAO=N>aNA=OEJ@ERE@QKO?KJ@EYIAPNK ?I =O_?KIKH==HPQN=IA@E= LKNAOLA?EA 2A?KHA?P=NKJPK@=OH=OAOLA?EAO@A=N>QOPKOUDAN>Y?A=OLNAOAJPAO $J?=@=OEPEK OA NACEOPNa H= =HPEPQ@ ?KJ =HP_IAPNK >=NaIAPNK LAJ@EAJPA IA@E=JPA LEOPKH= '=C= U ATLKOE?EaJ PKLKCNYBE?= ?KJ >NcFQH= 2A ?=H?QH=NKJ HKO =PNE>QPKO @A H= RACAP=?EaJ U ?KJ H= OQI=@AHKOR=HKNAONAH=PERKOOAK>PQRKAHR=HKN@AEILKNP=J?E=NAH=PER=AJHKOQ?AOERK5(1 LKN AOLA?EA ,QAHHAN #KI>KEO U $HHAI>ANC *NA>O += AOPNQ?PQN= DKNEVKJP=H ?Q=JPEP=PER= OA =J=HEV= ?KJ >=OA AJ AH YNA= >=O=H U @AJOE@=@ @A YN>KHAO @A ?=PACKN_=O @E=I]PNE?=OI=UKNAO=?I@A@EYIAPNKJKNI=H .<M<?@O@MHDI<MG<?JHDID<@I?@IND?<? ?@ $+'47',#3++ <OM<QXN?@GBM<?D@IO@?@<GODOP? N@@A@>OP[PI<M@BM@ND[IGDI@<GNDHKG@>JI ?<OJN?@?@IND?<?T<GODOP? Resultados y Discusión Composición florística. +=BHKN=R=O?QH=NAOPYEJPACN=@=LKNB=IEHE=O C]JANKOU AOLA?EAO H=OB=IEHE=O?KJ I=UKN NEMQAV= OKJ Asteraceae AOLA?EAO Poaceae Rosaceae Pinaceae U Fabaceae HKO C]JANKO ?KJ IYO AOLA?EAO OKJ Senecio Ageratina Pinus Erigeron Quercus U Salvia RAN HEOP=@K BHKN_OPE?K AJ JATK #A H=O AOLA?EAO NACEOPN=@=OK?DKAOLA?EAOOKJAJ@]IE?=O@A"K=DQEH=UYNA=O=@U=?AJPAO +=O@E?KPEHA@aJA=O NALNAOAJP=J AH IKJK?KPEHA@aJA=O AH U AH LANPAJA?AJ = H=O @EREOEKJAO PteridophytaUPinophyta $J ?Q=JPK = ?KILKOE?EaJ @A AOLA?EAO HKO >KOMQAO @A Abies vejarii PEAJAJ I=UKN OAIAF=JV=?KJHKO@AAbies religiosaNABANE@KOL=N=H=B=F=RKH?YJE?=P=JOIATE?=J=2YJ?DAV et al MQA ?KJ KPN=O ?KIQJE@=@AO @A Abies @A ,]TE?K @=PKO ?KEJ?E@AJPAO ?KJ "D=HHAJCAN MQEAJ ?KJOE@AN= MQA H= ?KILKOE?EaJ @A >KOMQAO PAILH=@KO AOPY EJBHQAJ?E=@= LKN AH ?HEI= U OQAHK =O_ ?KIK LKN OQ DEOPKNE= >EKCAKCNYBE?= += NEMQAV= @A AOLA?EAO@AH>KOMQA@AAbies vejariiAOI=UKN=H=NALKNP=@=LKN"EOJANKO +ALAL=N= >KOMQAO@AAbies religiosa@A)=HEO?K @KJ@AHEOP=AOLA?EAOUAO?=OEECQ=H=H=NACEOPN=@= LKN -=N=RA %HKNAO L=N= >KOMQAO @A Abies religiosa @AH "KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV @KJ@A OA NALKNP=J AOLA?EAO += BHKN= @AH >KOMQA AOPQ@E=@K ?KJ?QAN@= ?KJ "D=HHAJCAN U 1VA@KSOGE MQEAJAO EJ@E?=J MQA H= BHKN= @A >KOMQAO @A ?KJ_BAN=O @A VKJ=O IKJP=`KO=O @A ,]TE?K AO NE?= AJ AJ@AIEOIKO $H AOPN=PK =N>aNAK =O_ ?KIK AH DAN>Y?AK U =N>QOPERK @AH >KOMQA @A Abies vejarii AOPY EJPACN=@K LKN AOLA?EAO @A =BEJE@=@ >KNA=H 1VA@KSOGE +KOC]JANKOPinus QuercusUArbutusOKJL=NPA@AH=BHKN=?EP=@= LKN1VA@KSOGEL=N=>KOMQAO@AAbies@A,]TE?K Estructura de los bosques de >EAORAF=NEE. +=?KIQJE@=@LNAOAJP=@KOAOPN=PKO=N>aNAKOQJKOQLANEKN@A=I @KIEJ=@KLKNAbies vejarii Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus strobiformisUP. hartwegii%ECQN= =@AIYO@AQJK EJBANEKN @A = I AH ?Q=H AOPY @KIEJ=@K LKN Quercus greggii Arbutus xalapensis, Populus tremuloides U Prunus serotina. 2A NACEOPN=NKJ YN>KHAOD= @A HKO ?Q=HAO Abies vejarii LNAOAJP=EJ@ D= Pseudotsuga menziesii UQuercus greggii LKNOQL=NPA AOLA?EAO ?KIK Pinus strobiformis PEAJA U P. hartwegii AOLA?EAO ?KIK Arbutus xalapensis Populus tremuloides U Callitropsis arizonica LNAOAJP=J @AJOE@=@ EJBANEKN = EJ@ D= 3=>H= +KO 5(1 IYO =HPKO AOPYJ NAL=NPE@KO AJPNA H=O AOLA?EAO Abies vejarii , Pseudotsuga menziesii UQuercus greggii HK?Q=HJKK?QNNAAJ AH?=OK@AH@EYIAPNKIA@EK U=MQAHKO@EYIAPNKOI=UKNAO ?I LANPAJA?AJ=Pinus hartwegii U Callitropsis arizonica NAOLA?PER=IAJPA AOLA?EAO ?KJ 5(1 AO U 2ALNAOAJP=JKPN=OAOLA?EAOEILKNP=JPAOAJH=AOPNQ?PQN=?KIKPinus strobiformis?KJ 5(1@A U@EYIAPNKIA@EK@A ?I $JHKO>KOMQAO@AAbies vejarii@AHOQNAOPA@A "K=DQEH=H=@AJOE@=@AOEJ@D=UAOBNA?QAJPAMQAH=@KIEJ=J?E=AOPNQ?PQN=HH=?KIL=NP= ?KJPseudotsuga menziesii AOPKP=I>E]JK?QNNAAJAH?ANNKAH/KPKO_AJ-QARK+AaJ @KJ@A CQENNA et al IAJ?EKJ=J L=N= Abies vejarii @AJOE@=@ @A = EJ@ D= U EJ@ D=L=N=Pseudotsuga menziesii.$J>KOMQAO@AAbies@A,]TE?K OANACEOPN=J@AJOE@=@AO AJCAJAN=HEJBANEKN=H=ONACEOPN=@=OL=N=Abies vejarii@A"K=DQEH= =O_ AJ)=HEO?K "EOJANKO +ALA EJ@E?= L=N= Abies religiosa @AJOE@=@AO @A = EJ@ D= U L=N= Abies guatemalensis 1AD@ANR=N jaliscana ,=NP_JAVEJ@ D= /KNKPN=L=NPAH=@AJOE@=@@AAbies vejarii @A "K=DQEH= AO EJBANEKN = HK NALKNP=@K LKN 'ANJYJ@AV ,=NP_JAV AJ >KOMQA @A Abies religiosaAJAH"KBNA@A/ANKPA 5AN=?NQV @KJ@ANACEOPNaEJ@ D=U@AECQ=HBKNI= L=N=H=OEANN=@A,=J=JPHYJ )=HEO?K@KJ@A%ECQANK= 1=JCAHU,KNAJKIAJ?EKJ=JL=N= Abies religiosa@AJOE@=@@AjEJ@ D= 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 %ECQN= HPQN= IA@E= @A H=O AOLA?EAO @KIEJ=JPAO @AH >KOMQA @A Abies vejarii @A H= &N=J 2EANN=/HAC=@=AJ"K=DQEH= $HYNA=>=O=HPKP=HAO ID= H=OAOLA?EAO?KJI=UKNR=HKNOKJAbies vejarii?KJ I D= Pseudotsuga menziesii ?KJ ID= =@AIYO @A Pinus strobiformis ?KJ ID= LKNOQL=NPAPinus hartwegiiPEAJA ID=UQuercus greggii ID= H=O@AIYO AOLA?EAO PEAJAJ YNA= >=O=H EJBANEKN = ID= 3=>H= $J ?Q=JPK =H YNA= >=O=H @A Abies vejarii OAD=JNACEOPN=@KR=HKNAOOQLANEKNAOAJHK?=HE@=@AO@AH=2EANN=@A NPA=C= "K=DQEH= LKN"KNJAFK .REA@KU-YFAN= "=OPNKMQEAJAONALKNP=JL=N=Abies vejarii ID==OEIEOIK L=N=>KOMQAO@AH?ANNK$H/KPKO_AJ-QARK+AaJ CQENNA "=H@ANaJ et al IAJ?EKJ=JMQAAbies vejariiLNAOAJP=@A =ID= += %ECQN= IQAOPN= H= AOPNQ?PQN= @E=I]PNE?= @A BKNI= EJ@ERE@Q=H @A H=O AOLA?EAO @KIEJ=JPAOAJ@AJOE@=@AJAH>KOMQA@AAbies vejarii@AHOQNAOPA@A"K=DQEH= AJCAJAN=HOA K>OANR= QJ= NAH=?EaJ EJRANO= AJPNA H= @AJOE@=@ U ?=PACKN_=O @E=I]PNE?=O U= MQA ?KJ AH =QIAJPK@AH=@AJOE@=@@AYN>KHAO @EOIEJQUAOQ@EYIAPNK +=@AJOE@=@OA@EOPNE>QUA@AO@A HKOD=OP=HKO?I@A@EYIAPNK +=I=UKN@AJOE@=@OA?KJ?AJPN=AJPNAHKOU?I@KJ@A @KIEJ=JQuercus greggiiEJ@ D= Abies vejarii EJ@ D=U Pseudotsuga menziesii EJ@ D= $J@EYIAPNKOOQLANEKNAO=?I H=@AJOE@=@@EOIEJQUA@AI=JAN=EILKNP=JPA UAOPY@KIEJ=@=LKNAbies vejarii Pseudotsuga menziesiiUPinus strobiformis 3=>H= PNE>QPKOAOPNQ?PQN=HAO@AHKO>KOMQAO@Aabies vejarii@AH=&N=J2EANN=/HAC=@=AJ "K=DQEH= $OLA?EA Abies vejarii Pseudotsuga menziesii Quercus greggii Pinus strobiformis Pinus hartwegii Arbutus xalapensis Populus tremuloides Callitropsis arizonica Prunus serotina Pinus greggii Quercus saltillensis 3KP=H 5=HKN@A wNA= %NA?QAJ #AJOE@ #AJOE@=@ EILKNP=J >=O=H %NA?QAJ ?E= NAH=PER= =@ ?E= NAH=PER= ?E= NAH=PER= EJ@D= NAH=PER= wNA= #EYIAPN KIA@EK >=O=H ID= ?I Densidad (ind/ha) $J?=PACKN_=O@A=?I@KIEJ=JYN>KHAO@APseudotsuga menziesii UAbies vejarii OEJ AI>=NCK PEAJAJ >=F= @AJOE@=@ MQA AO @A U EJ@D= .PN=O AOLA?EAO @AH C]JANK Pinus EILKNP=JPAO AJ H= AOPNQ?PQN= LKN OQ @AJOE@=@ OKJ Pinus hartwegii ?KJ EJ@ D= NAL=NPE@KO AJPNA HKO = ?I @A @EYIAPNK /KN KPN= L=NPA Callitropsis arizonica PEAJA @AJOE@=@ @A EJ@ D=AJH=O?=PACKN_=O@A=?I%ECQN= +=AOPNQ?PQN=@E=I]PNE?=@AAbies vejarii OA=OAIAF==QJ=LENYIE@A P_LE?=@ALK>H=?EKJAOAJR_=O@A?NA?EIEAJPK*KNIKJ@U U OA =FQOP= = QJ= q)r EJRANPE@= AOPK OA =PNE>QUA = H= @KIEJ=J?E= @A AOLA?EAO PKHAN=JPAO = H= OKI>N=?KIKHKOC]JANKOAbiesUPseudotsuga2LQNNU!=NJAO =@AIYO@AMQAOAPN=P= @AQJ>KOMQAEJ?KAPYJAKK@AA@=@AOJKQJEBKNIAO#=JEAHet al )=N@AH /AHYAVet al 7 6 5 Callitropsis arizonica 4 3 2 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Categorías diamétricas (cm) %EC $OPNQ?PQN=@E=I]PNE?=@AAOLA?EAO@KIEJ=PAO@AH>KOMQA@AAbies vejariiAJ"K=DQEH= 180 120 160 100 Densidad (ind/ha) 140 120 100 80 80 Abies vejarii Pseudotsuga 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 35 350 30 300 25 Densidad (ind/ha) 20 250 200 Pinus strobiformis 15 150 10 100 5 50 0 0 Quercus greggii 10 9 7 8 6 7 6 5 Densidad (ind/ha) 5 Pinus hartwegii 4 4 3 3 Callitropsis arizonica 2 2 1 1 0 0 Categorías diamétricas (cm) Categorías diamétricas (cm) "KJPEJQ=?EaJ%ECQN= $OPNQ?PQN=@E=I]PNE?=@AH=OAOLA?EAO@KIEJ=JPAO@AH>KOMQAO@AAbies vejarii@AH=&N=J2EANN=/HAC=@=AJ"K=DQEH= $J =HCQJKO >KOMQAO @A KU=IAH AOPQ@E=@KO HKO NAJQARKO @A Abies vejarii AOPYJ EJPACN=@KO LKN LHYJPQH=O ?KJ =HPQN= IA@E= @A = ?I PEAJAJ @EOPNE>Q?EaJ ENNACQH=N U OA ?KJ?AJPN=J ?AN?= @AH YN>KH OAIEHHANK +KO NAJQARKO AOP=>HA?E@KO AJ CAJAN=H OKJ AO?=OKO HKO MQAOAK>OANR=NKJPEAJAJ=HPQN=@A=?IU?NA?AJ@AI=JAN=AOL=N?E@= $JAHOQNAOPA@A "K=DQEH=OANALKNP=>=F=@AJOE@=@L=N=Abies vejariiMQAAO@A = EJ@ D="KNJAFK .REA@K %N=J?K /EV=`= 1AUJ= .HRAN= HK=JPANEKNOA=PNE>QUA=H=BQANPA OAMQ_=K?QNNE@=AJHKOcHPEIKO=`KO =O_?KIK=HEJ?NAIAJPKCN=@Q=H@A=NE@AVAJH=NACEaJU LNA?ELEP=?EaJ >=F= ?KJOE@AN=J@K MQA AH N]CEIAJ @A = II AO NALKNP=@= L=N= >KOMQAO @A Abies AJ ,]TE?K wREH= !AHHK U +aLAV ,=P= 1VA@KSOGE #QN=JPA HKO NA?KNNE@KO AJ ?=ILK OA K>OANRa MQA LK?KO EJ@ERE@QKO OQLAN=J AH AOP=@_K @A LHYJPQH= @A>E@K = MQA H=O OAIEHH=O MQA CANIEJ=J AJ AH OQAHK RACAP=H @QN=JPA H= AOP=?EaJ @A HHQRE=O IQANAJAJLK?KPEAILKLKN@]BE?EP@ADQIA@=@=HJK=H?=JV=NAHOQAHKIEJAN=H LKNAHHK L=N= BKIAJP=N OQ OK>NARERAJ?E= OA NA?KIEAJ@= NA=HEV=N LNY?PE?=O OEHR_?KH=O =H EJPANEKN @A AOPKO >KOMQAO Distribución altitudinal de los bosques de >EAORAF=NEE $J CAJAN=H AH >KOMQA @A Abies vejarii @A H= OQ>LNKREJ?E= @A H= &N=J OEANN= LHAC=@= AJ "K=DQEH= ?NA?AAJH=@AN=O=HP=O?KJATLKOE?EaJJKNPAAJPNA = IO J I AJOEPEKO ?KJLAJ@EAJPA@A= HKOOQAHKOOKJLK?KLNKBQJ@KOU?KJ=>QJ@=JPAI=PANE=KNCYJE?= H=LNA?ELEP=?EaJAO=II=JQ=HAOUPAILAN=PQN=IA@E=@A K" 2Q@EOPNE>Q?EaJOA NAOPNEJCA = H=@AN=O @A ATLKOE?EaJ JKNPA U JKNKAOPA @A H= 2EANN= @A NPA=C= 2EANN= @A 9=L=HEJ=IA U @A +=O -EARAO @KJ@A OA LNAOAJP=J ?KJ@E?EKJAO L=N= MQA OA @AO=NNKHHA Abies vejariiAJ?K@KIEJ=J?E=?KJPseudotsuga menziesiiR=N glauca&ANJ=J@PU/]NAV @AH=1KO= UAOLA?EAO@AHC]JANKPinus +=@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K@AAbies vejariiOAEJ?NAIAJP= ?KJ AH =QIAJPK @A H= =HPEPQ@ %ECQN= AOP= PAJ@AJ?E= ?KEJ?E@A ?KJ NALKNPAO @A "KNJAFK .REA@K CQENNA "=H@ANaJ et al U $J?EJ= #KI_JCQAV et al L=N= AOP= AOLA?EA /KN OQ L=NPA wREH= !AHHK U +aLAV ,=P= AJ >KOMQAO @A Abies hickelii AJ ,]TE?K NACEOPN=NKJQJEJ?NAIAJPKAJH=@KIEJ=J?E=@AAOP=AOLA?EAAJ=HPEPQ@AOAJPNA U I += @EOPNE>Q?EaJ =HPEPQ@EJ=H @AH >KOMQA @A Abies vejarii AJ AH OQNAOPA @A "K=DQEH= OA Q>E?= AJ AH N=JCK @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A AOP= RACAP=?EaJ AJ ,]TE?K =O_ 1VA@KSOGE @AO?NE>A >KOMQAO @A KU=IAH AJ =HPEPQ@AO @A = I L=N= >KOMQA @A Pseudotsuga PinusU AbiesAJH=2EANN=@A NPA=C= "K=DQEH= "KNJAFK .REA@KNALKNP==HPEPQ@AO@A U I @A ECQ=H BKNI= CQENNA "=H@ANaJ et al @AO?NE>AJ L=N= AH ?ANNK $H /KPKO_ -QARK+AaJQJ>KOMQA@A Abies vejarii Pseudotsuga UPinusAJ=HPEPQ@AO@A = I +=@EOPNE>Q?EaJ=HPEPQ@EJ=H@AAbies vejariiAJAHOQNAOPA@A"K=DQEH=AOOQLANEKN=HKO >KOMQAO@AAbies religiosaUA. religiosa *QJPD 2?DHA?DP "D=IR=N emarginata +KKG ,=NP_JAVAT,=NP_JAV @AH=OEANN=@A,=J=JPHYJ )=HEO?K HKO?Q=HAOOA@AO=NNKHH=JAJPNA = IO J I %ECQANK= 1=JCAHU,KNAJK U=HKO>KOMQAO@AAbies guatemalensis 1AD@AN@AH=OEANN=@A2=J"=NHKO 3=I=QHEL=O MQALNKOLAN=JAJ=HPEPQ@AO@A = I AJH=@AN=O?KJLAJ@EAJPABQANPA!NEKJAO 5EHH=NNA=H %EC Altitud (m s.n.m.) 3600 3400 y = 5.518x + 2752.6 R² = 0.3728 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 Densidad (ind/sitio) %ECQN= #AJOE@=@@AAbies vejarii ?KJNAOLA?PK=HCN=@EAJPA@A=HPEPQ@ Estado actual de los bosques de >EAORAF=NEE en el sureste de Coahuila $J"K=DQEH=HKO>KOMQAO@AAbies vejarii OAHK?=HEV=JAJ@KOYNA=OLNKPACE@=O9KJ=OQFAP== ?KJOANR=?EaJ A?KHaCE?= 2EANN= @A 9=L=HEJ=IA @A?NAP=@= LKN AH CK>EANJK @A "K=DQEH= JaJEIK H=?Q=HK?QL= D= JaJEIK UH=KPN=@APELKBA@AN=H2EANN=@A NPA=C= @A?H=N=@=?KIKwNA=@ALNKPA??EaJ@ANA?QNOKOJ=PQN=HAO2AI=NJ=P ?KJHK ?Q=H OA =OACQN= AJ L=NPA H= LNKPA??EaJ @A Abies vejarii AOLA?EA EJ?HQE@= AJ H= -., 2$, 1- 3 AJ H= ?=PACKN_= @A IAJ=V=@= 2AI=NJ=P $J AOPKO >KOMQAO OA LNAOAJP=J K?DK AOLA?EAO AJ@]IE?=O @A =?QAN@K ?KJ 5EHH=NNA=H 0QEJP=JEHH= U $J?EJ= #KI_JCQAVL=N=H=2EANN=,=@NA.NEAJP=HAJPNAHKOAOP=@KO@A"K=DQEH=U-QARK+AaJ @KJ@A @AOP=?=J Abies vejarii R=N mexicana Ageratina zapalinama ! + 3QNJAN Erigeron hintoniorum ! + 3QNJAN Festuca valdesii &KJV +A@ 2 # *K?D U Picea mexicana ,=NP_JAV ?PQ=HIAJPA HKO >KOMQAO @A Abies vejarii OA AJ?QAJPN=J =IAJ=V=@KO LKN H= OAMQ_= K?QNNE@= AJ HKO cHPEIKO =`KO U= MQA HKO =N>KHAO LNAOAJP=J RECKN >=FK LKN HK MQA OKJ OQO?ALPE>HAO @A =P=MQAO @A LH=C=O U AJBANIA@=@AO =@AIYO OKJ =BA?P=@KO LKN EJ?AJ@EKO LANEa@E?KO AJ H= AOP=?EaJ OA?= HKO IYO ?=P=OPNaBE?KO MQA OA D=J LNAOAJP=@K AJ H= OEANN= @A NPA=C=U@AHKOMQAOAPEAJANACEOPNKOKJ@AHKO=`KOU HKO?Q=HAOD=J@EOIEJQE@K AJCN=JL=NPAH=OQLANBE?EA@AH>KOMQA@AAbies vejariiUD=JK?=OEKJ=@KOQBN=CIAJP=?EaJ $O BNA?QAJPAK>OANR=NNK@=HAO@AAOPA>KOMQAMQAD=JOE@KEIL=?P=@KOLKNEJ?AJ@EKOBKNAOP=HAO AJ H= NACEaJ HKO >KOMQAO @A Abies OKJ NAAILH=V=@KO LKN I=PKNN=HAO OA?QJ@=NEKO @AJOKO @KIEJ=@KO LKN Ceanothus buxifolius, Quercus greggii U Q. hintoniorum 1AUJ= .HRAN= OA PN=P= @A BQANPAO ?KILAPE@KNAO MQA EILE@AJ H= NALK>H=?EaJ J=PQN=H @A H=O AOLA?EAO =N>aNA=OMQAEJPACN=JAH>KOMQA@AKU=IAH .PNK EIL=?PK @A IAJKN ?Q=JP_= AO AH =LNKRA?D=IEAJPK I=H LH=JEBE?=@K U AH ?H=J@AOPEJ=FA=PN=R]O@AH=ATPN=??EaJOAHA?PER=@AYN>KHAO@AAbies vejariiAH?Q=HOANA=HEV= LKNH=LK>H=?EaJHK?=H AJAOLA?E=HAJH=OYNA=O=??AOE>HAO@AHKOAFE@KO@AH=OEANN=@A NPA=C= 2EJ AI>=NCK AJ IKJP=`=O @KJ@A H= PKLKCN=B_= AO =??E@AJP=@= P=H ?KIK H= OEANN= @A 9=L=HEJ=IA @A+=O-EARAOU@A+=5EC= OAD=AREP=@KAHEIL=?PK=JPNaLE?K U=MQAAJAOPKO OEPEKOOAPEAJAJ=HPEPQ@AOI=UKNAO= IULAJ@EAJPAOOQLANEKNAO=H OEJAI>=NCK AJ HKOcHPEIKO=`KOOAD=EJ?NAIAJP=@KAHLAHECNK@AMQAAHEJ?AJ@EK@AOPNQU=H=?KIQJE@=@LKN =?QIQH=?EaJ @A I=PANE=H ?KI>QOPE>HA -YFAN= #_=V ?KI LANO LKN HK MQA OA @A>ANY NA=HEV=N EJRAOPEC=?EaJ L=N= =LHE?=N P]?JE?=O @A I=JAFK =@A?Q=@K @A HKO ?KI>QOPE>HAO AJBK?=@=O=H=LNKPA??EaJ@AAOPA>KOMQA =O_?KIK@AH=>EK@ERANOE@=@MQALNAOAJP=J "KJ NAOLA?PK =H PAI= @A LH=C=O U AJBANIA@=@AO @AO@A D=?A IYO @A QJ= @]?=@= H=O ?KJ_BAN=O @A H= OEANN= @A NPA=C= D=J AOP=@K >=FK H= LNAOEaJ @A LH=C=O @A AO?=N=>=FKO @AO?KNPAV=@KNAO =O_ 2YJ?DAV 2=H=O et al AJ?KJPN=NKJ ARE@AJ?E= @A @=`K @A QJ ?KILHAFK@AEJOA?PKO@AO?KNPAV=@KNAOAJ Abies vejarii LKNAOLA?EAO@AHC]JANK Scolytus OLL AJ H= L=NPA =HP= @AH BQOPA U Pseudohylesinus variegatus AJ H= L=NPA >=F= IEAJPN=O MQA HKO YN>KHAO FQRAJEHAO OKJ =P=?=@KO LKN Pityophthorus OLL #QN=JPA AH =`K OA NA=HEV=NKJ =??EKJAOL=N=AH?KJPNKH@AH=OLH=C=O @AJPNK@AAOP=OOAD=J=LHE?=@K?KNP=O@AO=JA=IEAJPK @AH=N>KH=@KEJBAOP=@KUH==LHE?=?EaJ@ALNK@Q?PKOMQ_IE?KO$ "=J=HAO& ?KI LANO 2A OQCEANA NA=HEV=N AOPQ@EKO OK>NA H= @EJYIE?= LK>H=?EKJ=H @A Abies vejarii AJ AH OQNAOPA @A "K=DQEH= =@AIYO AJ YNA=O @KJ@A AH >KOMQA D= OE@K BN=CIAJP=@K OA NA?KIEAJ@= EILHAIAJP=N =?PERE@=@AO @A BKIAJPK P=HAO ?KIK ?KHA?P= @A CANIKLH=OI= @A >KOMQAO 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5EHH=NNA=H . 2K>NA H= BHKN= RACAP=?EaJ U BEPKCAKCN=B_= @A H= OEANN= @A 2=J "=NHKO 3=I=QHEL=O ?P=!KPYJE?=,ATE?=J= "D=HHAJCAN 4PEHEV=?EaJU?KJOANR=?EaJ@AA?KOEOPAI=OPANNAOPNAO@A,]TE?K /=O=@K LNAOAJPA U BQPQNK "KIEOEaJ -=?EKJ=H /=N= H= "KJOANR=?EaJ U QOK @A H= !EK@ERANOE@=@ ,]TE?K # % L "=UQAH= #AHC=@K + # ) &KHE?DAN ) , 1AU !AJ=U=O , &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO=U- 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H %N=CIAJP=PEKJ @EOPQN>=J?A =J@ PNAA @ERANOEPU ?KJOANR=PEKJ EJ PNKLE?=H IKJP=JABKNAOPO )KQNJ=HKB LLHEA@$?KHKCU "E>NEYJ 3KR=N #U& (`ECQAV' ,=JQ=HL=N=H=E@AJPEBE?=?EaJUI=JAFK@AH=OLH=C=O UAJBANIA@=@AO%KNAOP=HAO@AHAOP=@K@A)=HEO?K %E@AE?KIEOKL=N=H= @IEJEOPN=?EaJ@AH /NKCN=I=@A#AO=NNKHHK%KNAOP=H@AH$OP=@K@A)=HEO?K #K?QIAJPK3]?JE?K-K L "EOJANKO +ALA $OPNQ?PQN= "KILKOE?EaJ%HKN_OPE?=U#ERANOE@=@@AHKO!KOMQAO@A >EAO AJ AH $OP=@K @A )=HEO?K ,]TE?K 3AOEO @A +E?AJ?E=PQN= 4JERANOE@=@ @A &Q=@=H=F=N= QPHYJ@A-=R=NNK)=HEO?K L ".- %.1 "KIEOEaJ-=?EKJ=H%KNAOP=H 1AOP=QN=?EaJ@AA?KOEOPAI=OBKNAOP=HAO &Q_= >YOE?=L=N=?KIQJE?=@KNAO 9=LKL=J )=HEO?K ,]TE?K L 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U / PKP=HAO AJ OQAHK OA NA=HEV=NKJ OECQEAJ@K HKO LNKPK?KHKO @A QJ =QPK=J=HEV=@KN !N=QJ +QA>>A -KN@ANOPA@P HAI=JE= @AOLQ]O @A QJ= @ECAOPEaJ Y?E@= OECQEAJ@K AH I]PK@K IK@EBE?=@K @A *FAH@=DH L=N= AH - 3A?DJE?KJ (J@QOPNE=H 2UOPAI U QO=J@KAHI]PK@K?KHKNEI]PNE?K@AOLQ]O@AQJ=NA@Q??EaJ?KJY?E@K=O?aN>E?KL=N=AH/,QNLDU U1EHAU +=O?KJ?AJPN=?EKJAO@A=IKJEKUJEPN=PKOA@APANIEJ=NKJ=L=NPEN@AH=ATPN=??EaJ ?KJ*"H2N@AOQAHKBNAO?KAJAH=QPK=J=HEV=@KN!N=QJ +QA>>A-KN@ANOPA@P HAI=JE= Flujo neto potencial de transformación de C en suelo y mantillo +=O P=O=O JAP=O LKPAJ?E=HAO @A IEJAN=HEV=?EaJ @A " @AH OQAHK U @AH I=JPEHHK OA @APANIEJ=NKJ AJ IQAOPN=O?KHA?P=@=O@QN=JPA@KOPAILKN=@=OIA@E=JPAQJATLANEIAJPK@AEJ?Q>=?EaJ=ANK>E=@AH OQAHK U @AH I=JPEHHK @A =?QAN@K = "KHAI=J AP =H $H ". " NAOLEN=@K LKN H= >EKI=O= IE?NK>E=J=AJAHOQAHKKI=JPEHHK=QJ=PAILAN=PQN=?KJOP=JPA@Al"BQA?=LPQN=@KAJPN=IL=O @A -=.' U AOPEI=@K IA@E=JPA H= PEPQH=?EaJ @A H=O IEOI=O ?KJ '"+ 1N +=O HA?PQN=O BQANKJ PKI=@=O ?=@= DKN=O = HK H=NCK @A @_=O @QN=JPA HKO ?Q=HAO AH OQAHK K AH I=JPEHHK BQANKJ I=JPAJE@KO=?=L=?E@=@@A?=ILKIA@E=JPAAH=>=OPK@A=CQ=@AO EJKEV=@=LANEa@E?=IAJPA +=O QJE@=@AONALKNP=@=OBQANKJC@A"LKNC@AOQAHKKI=JPEHHKOA?KLKN@_= Análisis estadístico +KOL=PNKJAO@AH=NAH=?EaJAJPNAHKO=HI=?AJAO@AHOQAHK HKO BHQFKO@APN=JOBKNI=?EaJ@A" H= DQIA@=@AJOQAHKUI=JPEHHK UH==HPEPQ@AJH=O@KOPAILKN=@=OOA=J=HEV=NKJIA@E=JPAIK@AHKO @A=JYHEOEO@A?KR=NE=JV= @KJ@AH=?KR=NE=>HABQAH==HPEPQ@UAHB=?PKNBQAH=PAILKN=@=I=UK AOP=?EaJOA?=J K?PQ>NAAOP=?EaJHHQREKO=J /=N=?KJK?ANH=NAH=?EaJAJPNA H= @AJOE@=@ @AH =N>KH=@K EJ@ERE@QKO LKN D= HKO JQPNEIAJPKO @AH OQAHK U HKO BHQFKO @A PN=JOBKNI=?EaJ @A " OA NA=HEV=NKJ =FQOPAO ?KJ IK@AHKO @A =JYHEOEO @A ?KR=NE=JV= AJ AOPA ?=OK QO=J@K=H=@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K?KIK?KR=NE=>HA "Q=J@KH=R=NE=>HA@ANAOLQAOP=JK?QILHEa ?KJ HKO OQLQAOPKO @A JKNI=HE@=@ = AOP= OA HA NA=HEVa QJ= PN=JOBKNI=?EaJ AJ N=JCKO FANYNMQE?KO =JYHKC==HKOIK@AHKOJKL=N=I]PNE?KO"KJKRANA(I=J +=OH_JA=O@APAJ@AJ?E=AJPK@KO HKO IK@AHKO OA IKOPN=NKJ ?Q=J@K H= AOP=?EaJ =HPEPQ@ K H= EJPAN=??EaJ AOP=?EaJ =HPEPQ@ BQANKJ OECJEBE?=PERKO -K OA IQAOPN=J H=O H_JA=O @A PAJ@AJ?E= ?Q=J@K AH IK@AHK JK BQA OECJEBE?=PERK "Q=J@KAHIK@AHKBQAOECJEBE?=PERKOaHKL=N=H=?KR=NE=>HA=HPEPQ@K>EAJ@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K OA IQAOPN= QJ= OKH= H_JA= @A PAJ@AJ?E= L=N= AH ?KJFQJPK @A HKO @=PKO +KO =JYHEOEO OA NA=HEV=NKJ ?KJAHLNKCN=I=AOP=@_OPE?K1#ARAHKLIAJP"KNA3A=I $HR=HKN@A=HB=BQA L=N= PK@KOHKO?=OKO Resultados Caracterización del arbolado HK H=NCK @AH CN=@EAJPA =HPEPQ@EJ=H OA IQAOPN=J @EBANAJ?E=O AJ HKO =PNE>QPKO AOPNQ?PQN=HAO @A HKO OEPEKO $JH=I=UKN_=@AAHHKO@KIEJ=AHKU=IAHA. religiosa AT?ALPKAJAHOEPEK@AI=UKN=HPEPQ@ @KJ@A @KIEJ= Pinus hartwegii U AJ AH @A IAJKN =HPEPQ@ AJ @KJ@A OA AJ?QAJPN= LNAOAJPA Pinus montezumae $HN=JCKAJAHJcIANK@AEJ@ERE@QKOLKND=BQA@AOEPEK=OEPEK += >EKI=O=PKJD= BQAI=UKNAJAHOEPEK Q>E?=@KAJH=L=NPAEJPANIA@E=@AH=@EOPNE>Q?EaJ@AA. religiosa%EC 3=>H= %ECQN= 4>E?=?EaJ@AHKOOEPEKO@AAOPQ@EKUH==HPEPQ@AJH=MQAOAAJ?QAJPN=J@AJPNK@AH/=NMQA -=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 3=>H= #AO?NEL?EaJ @A HKO =PNE>QPKO @A ?=@= QJK @A HKO OEPEKO AOPQ@E=@KO AJ QJ CN=@EAJPA=HPEPQ@EJ=HAJAH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 2EPE K HPEPQ @I $OLA?EA A. religiosa Pinus montezum ae A. religiosa A. religiosa A. religiosa A. religiosa Pinus hartwegii "K>ANPQ !EKI= HPQN= # / -cIANK 5KHQI /AJ@EAJ N= O= LNKIA@ LNKIA@ $TLKOE?E EJ@ERE@QKO PA AJ LNKIA@E EK PKJD= aJ EK I D= K CN=@KO D= I I I K- e. }-$ e-$ - $J AH OEPEK H= @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A @EYIAPNKO JK AO ?KJPEJQ= OaHK OA NACEOPN=NKJ @EYIAPNKO IAJKNAO = U ?I U @EYIAPNKO I=UKNAO = ?I H=O ?=PACKN_=O EJPANIA@E=O JK AOPQREANKJ LNAOAJPAOL=N==I>=OAOLA?EAOA. religiosa UP. montezumae%EC $JAHOEPEK OA=LNA?EaQJ= ?QNR= @E=I]PNE?= @A q)r EJRANPE@= P_LE?= @A AOLA?EAO MQA OA NACAJAN=J >=FK OQ LNKLE= ?K>ANPQN= AOLA?EAO@APAILAN=IAJPK@AOKI>N= ?KIKAOAH?=OK@AA. religiosa. +=@EOPNE>Q?EaJ@A=HPQN=O @A A. religiosa AJ AOPA OEPEK NABHAF= PNAO AOPN=PKO AJ AH @KOAH QJ @KOAH >=FK I QJ @KOAH EJPANIA@EK IUQJ@KOAHOQLANEKN?KJIAJKNJcIANK@AEJ@ERE@QKO I%ECQN= $J AH OEPEK OA K>OANRa QJ L=PNaJ OEIEH=N =H OEPEK =QJMQA =MQ_ H= LNEIAN= ?=PACKN_= BQA IYO =>QJ@=JPA ?KJ QJ= OECJEBE?=PER= @EOIEJQ?EaJ @A EJ@ERE@QKO AJ H=O OECQEAJPAO ?=PACKN_=O %ECQN= $H OEPEK LNAOAJP= QJ= @EOIEJQ?EaJ @AH JcIANK @A EJ@ERE@QKO AJ PK@=O OQO ?=PACKN_=O ?KJ I=UKN ARE@AJ?E= AJ H= ?=PACKN_= EJPANIA@E= @A AJPNA U ?I @A @EYIAPNK $J AH OEPEK HKO EJ@ERE@QKO @A A. religiosa OKJ NAAILH=V=@KO AJ CN=J L=NPA LKN P. hartwegii MQA LNAOAJP= QJ= EILKNP=JPA @AJOE@=@ AJ H=O LNEIAN=O ?=PACKN_=O @A P=I=`K 2EJ AI>=NCK H=O ?=PACKN_=O EJPANIA@E=OL=NA?AJAOP=N=QOAJPAO%EC %ECQN= "=N=?PAN_OPE?=O AOPNQ?PQN=HAO @AH =N>KH=@K AJ HKO OEPEKO @A AOPQ@EK @AJPNK @AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K Nutrimentos en el suelo y tasa de transformación de C +KO=JYHEOEO@A?KR=NE=JV=EJ@E?=NKJMQAHKOLKN?AJP=FAO@ADQIA@=@@AHOQAHKF1,26 = P U@AHI=JPEHHKF1,26 = P AJP]NIEJKORKHQI]PNE?KOLKN?AJP=FA@A=CQ=AJ NAH=?EaJ =H LAOK @AH OQAHK K I=JPEHHK BQANKJ I=UKNAO @QN=JPA H= AOP=?EaJ HHQREKO= @A .?PQ>NA $$ AJ OQAHK U $$ AJ I=JPEHHK AJ ?KIL=N=?EaJ ?KJ ,=UK AOP=?EaJOA?= $$AJOQAHKU $$AJI=JPEHHK +KOLKN?AJP=FAO@A DQIA@=@ L=N= OQAHK U I=JPEHHK JK OA NAH=?EKJ=NKJ ?KJ H= =HPEPQ@ $H " AJ AH OQAHK IC C OQAHKOA?K $$JK@EBENEaAJPNAAOP=?EKJAOJEPQRKNAH=?EaJ?KJH==HPEPQ@ +KOJQPNEIAJPKOMQA @EBENEANKJ ?KJ H= AOP=?EKJ=HE@=@ BQANKJ - F1,26 = P U / PKP=HAO F1,26 = P =IKJEKF1,26 = P UHKO?K?EAJPAO"-F1,26 = P U"/F1,26 = P %ECQN=> ? @ C D 3=I>E]JH=P=O=JAP=LKPAJ?E=H@AIEJAN=HEV=?EaJ@A"AJ OQAHK F1,26 = P %EC = IKOPNa @EBANAJ?E=O AJPNA AOP=?EKJAO AJ QJ= NAH=?EaJ 3-/," x x o L=N= ,=UK OA?=O U 3-/," x xo L=N=.?PQ>NAHHQRE=O @KJ@AxNALNAOAJP=H==HPEPQ@AJQJN=JCK@A =I O J I +KOJQPNEIAJPKOMQALNAOAJP=NKJQJL=PNaJ@ANAH=?EaJ?KJH==HPEPQ@BQANKJ- F1,26 = P U/PKP=HAOF1,26 = P U=IKJEKF1,26 = P %ECQN= > ? @ +KO JQPNEIAJPKO MQA IKOPN=NKJ QJ= NAH=?EaJ ?KJ H= =HPEPQ@ @A =?QAN@K = H= AOP=?EaJBQANKJJEPN=PKF1,26 = P UHKO?K?EAJPAO=IKJEKJEPN=PKF1,26 = P U-/F1,26 = P %ECQN=A B E +=NAH=?EaJJQPNEIAJPKO =HPEPQ@BQAJAC=PER= = I=UKN =HPEPQ@ IAJKN ?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ @A JQPNEIAJPKO L=N= PK@KO HKO ?=OKO AT?ALPK L=N= HKO ?K?EAJPAO=IKJEKJEPN=PK "/U-/@QN=JPAH=AOP=?EaJHHQREKO= U"-L=N==I>=OPAILKN=@=O %ECQN=B C D E %ECQN= /=PNKJAO@ANAH=?EaJAJPNAJQPNEIAJPKO= ?BKNI=OPKP=HAO @ BBKNI=O@EOLKJE>HAOC E AOPAMQEKIAPNE=O U H= =HPEPQ@ I O J I AJ @KO PAILKN=@=O ,=UK AOP=?EaJ OA?= ?_N?QHKO=>EANPKOUH_JA=O?KJPEJQ=O.?PQ>NAAOP=?EaJHHQREKO= ?_N?QHKOJACNKOUH_JA=O @EO?KJPEJQ=O +=R=NE=>HAMQAOaHKIKOPNaNAH=?EaJ?KJH==HPEPQ@ LANKMQAJK@EBENEaAJPNAPAILKN=@=O BQAH=3-/,"AJAHI=JPEHHKF1,26 = P %ECQN=> +=NAH=?EaJAJPNAH=3-/,"UAH I=JPEHHK BQA LKOEPER= = I=UKN =HPQN= D=OP= QJ H_IEPA @A I O J I I=UKN 3-/," AJ AH I=JPEHHK %ECQN= /=PNKJAO @A NAH=?EaJ AJPNA BHQFKO @A PN=JOBKNI=?EaJ = 3=O= JAP= LKPAJ?E=H @A IEJAN=HEV=?EaJ@A"3-/,"AJAHOQAHK U>3-/,"AJAHI=JPEHHK UH==HPEPQ@IO J I AJ @KO PAILKN=@=O ,=UK AOP=?EaJ OA?= ?_N?QHKO =>EANPKO U H_JA=O ?KJPEJQ=O .?PQ>NA AOP=?EaJHHQREKO= ?_N?QHKOJACNKOUH_JA=O@EO?KJPEJQ=O +KO=JYHEOEO@A?KR=NE=JV=@AHKOJQPNEIAJPKOUHKOBHQFKO@APN=JOBKNI=?EaJNAOLA?PK=H= @AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@KBQANKJOEIEH=NAO=HKOL=PNKJAOK>OANR=@KOL=N=H==HPEPQ@ ?KJAT?AL?EaJ @AH ?K?EAJPA -/ MQA JK IKOPNa NAH=?EaJ ?KJ AH JcIANK @A EJ@ERE@QKO AJ JEJCQJ= PAILKN=@= %ECQN== E%ECQN== >%ECQN== > %ECQN= /=PNKJAO@ANAH=?EaJAJPNAJQPNEIAJPKO= ?BKNI=OPKP=HAO @ BBKNI=O@EOLKJE>HAOC E AOPAMQEKIAPNE=O U H= @AJOE@=@ @AH =N>KH=@K JcIANK @A EJ@ERE@QKO LKN D= AJ @KO PAILKN=@=O ,=UKAOP=?EaJOA?= ?_N?QHKO=>EANPKOUH_JA=O?KJPEJQ=O.?PQ>NAAOP=?EaJHHQREKO= ?_N?QHKOJACNKOUH_JA=O@EO?KJPEJQ=O %ECQN= /=PNKJAO @A NAH=?EaJ AJPNA BHQFKO @A PN=JOBKNI=?EaJ = 3=O= JAP= LKPAJ?E=H @A IEJAN=HEV=?EaJ@A"3-/,"AJAHOQAHK U>3-/,"AJAHI=JPEHHK H=@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K JcIANK@AEJ@ERE@QKOLKND=AJ@KOPAILKN=@=O,=UKAOP=?EaJOA?= ?_N?QHKO=>EANPKOU H_JA=O?KJPEJQ=O.?PQ>NAAOP=?EaJHHQREKO= ?_N?QHKOJACNKOUH_JA=O@EO?KJPEJQ=O Discusión += BN=JF= @A >KOMQA @A KU=IAH Abies religiosa AJ H= H=@AN= KNEAJP=H @AH "KBNA @A /ANKPA AOPY @AHEIEP=@=LKNPinus montezumaeAJAHATPNAIK@AIAJKN=HPEPQ@I O J I ULKNPinus hartwegii AJ ATPNAIK IYO =HPK I O J I $H N=JCK =HPEPQ@EJ=H ?KNNAOLKJ@A =H N=JCK NALKNP=@KL=N=H=OAOLA?EAO@AAbies=I O J I 1VA@KSOGE AJIKJP=`=O@A CN=J =HPEPQ@ L=N= VKJ=O PNKLE?=HAO U AH H_IEPA EJBANEKN AO QJ LK?K IAJKN =H NALKNP=@K LKN H= ".- -/L=N=H=/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPAI O J I 2EOA?KJOE@AN=JH=O LNKUA??EKJAO @A QJ =QIAJPK AJ H= PAILAN=PQN= U QJ= @EOIEJQ?EaJ AJ H= LNA?ELEP=?EaJ MQA OA AOLAN=J LKN ABA?PKO @AH ?=I>EK ?HEIYPE?K U MQA AOP=NYJ =BA?P=J@K @A I=JAN= EILKNP=JPA = HKO >KOMQAO@A?KJ_BAN=O@ACN=J@AOAHAR=?EKJAOAJVKJ=OPNKLE?=HAO5EHHANO 1QEVU3NAFK 5YVMQAV /5"" +KO@=PKO@AAOPAAOPQ@EKOQCEANAJMQAAOLKOE>HAMQAA. religiosa@AOLH=?A= P. hartwegii AJ AH ATPNAIK OQLANEKN =HPEPQ@EJ=H @=@K MQA H=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO ?KIK H= PAILAN=PQN= JA?AO=NE=OL=N=AH@AO=NNKHHK@AP. hartwegiiLK@N_=JAJ?KJPN=NOA=I=UKN=HPEPQ@OEH=PAILAN=PQN= @A H= =PIaOBAN= OA EJ?NAIAJP=N= P. hartwegii OA HA ?KJOE@AN= ?KIK QJ= @A H=O AOLA?EAO MQA LK@N_=J @AO=L=NA?AN @AH PANNEPKNEK RAN=?NQV=JK @A =?QAN@K ?KJ H=O LNKUA??EKJAO AH=>KN=@=O /5"" IEAJPN=O MQA L=N= PK@K AH L=_O OA LNKUA?P= MQA OQ YNA= @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ LK@N_= NA@Q?ENOAAJQJ5EHHANO 1QEVU3NAFK 5YVMQAV $HATPNAIKEJBANEKN@AH=BN=JF=@AH >KOMQA @A A. religiosa LK@N_= IK@EBE?=NOA ?KJ ARAJPKO @A LANPQN>=?EaJ ?KIK HKO EJ?AJ@EKO OARANKOKH=ATPN=??EaJ@A=N>KH=@K #KJ@AP. montezumaeLK@N_=@AOLH=V=N=A. religiosa @=@K MQA P. montezumae OA ?KJOE@AN= QJ= AOLA?EA LEKJAN= MQA OA AOP=>HA?A AJ OEPEKO LANPQN>=@KO IEAJPN=OMQAA. religiosaAO?KJOE@AN=@=QJ=AOLA?EA@AAP=L=OP=N@_=OAJH=OQ?AOEaJ-EAPK@A /=O?Q=HAP=H += ?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ @A " PKP=H IC C ?Q=JPEBE?=@K = HKO ?I @A LNKBQJ@E@=@ AO OEIEH=N=H=O?KJ?AJPN=?EKJAO@A"KNCYJE?K@AHOQAHKD=OP=?I@ALNKBQJ@E@=@NALKNP=@=OLKN "NQV %HKNAO U $P?DARANO !=NN= L=N= KPN=O YNA=O J=PQN=HAO LNKPACE@=O AJ IKJP=`=O IATE?=J=O/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H-AR=@K@A3KHQ?= ICC U,EH"QI>NAO,=NELKO=,KJ=N?= IC C $H R=HKN @A " PKP=H AJ H= VKJ= @A AOPQ@EK AO QJK @A HKO R=HKNAO IYO CN=J@AO @AH N=JCKNALKNP=@KL=N=JQARAYNA=OJ=PQN=HAOLNKPACE@=OIKJP=`KO=OAJ,]TE?K IC" C "NQV %HKNAO U $P?DARANO !=NN= /NK>=>HAIAJPA H=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO A@YBE?=O OQAHKO J@KOKHAOATLHEMQAJH==HP=?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ@A"K>OANR=@KAJH=NACEaJ@AAOPQ@EK @=@KMQAHKO J@KOKHAOPEAJ@AJ==?QIQH=NCN=J@AO?KJ?AJPN=?EKJAO@A"KNCYJE?K"NQV %HKNAOU$P?DARANO !=NN= !=PFAO +K =JPANEKN LQA@A AOP=N =OK?E=@K LNK>=>HAIAJPA = IA?=JEOIKO @A AOP=>EHEV=?EaJ MQA EJRKHQ?N=J ?KILHAFKO @A IAP=H =N?EHH=O U DQIQO =O_ ?KIK =H PELK @A RACAP=?EaJAOP=>HA?E@='QUCAJOAP=H $H-PKP=HK>OANR=@K IC-C AOI=UKNMQA AHNALKNP=@KL=N=KPN=OYNA=OLNKPACE@=OIKJP=`KO=OAJ,]TE?KUAOOEIEH=N=H/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H -AR=@K@A3KHQ?= IC-C "NQV %HKNAOU$P?DARANO !=NN= 2EJAI>=NCK H=NAH=?EaJ "- OQCEANAMQAAH?E?H=FA@A"U-AJH=NACEaJ@AAOPQ@EKAOIYOL=NA?E@==,EH"QI>NAO ,=NELKO=,KJ=N?= ULK?KIYOHAJPKMQAAJAH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H-AR=@K@A3KHQ?= "NQV %HKNAOU$P?DARANO !=NN= @A>E@KLNK>=>HAIAJPA=H=?=HE@=@@AH"=OEIEH=>HAL=N= H=O?KIQJE@=@AOIE?NK>E=J=O@QN=JPAH=@AO?KILKOE?EaJ@AH=I=PANE=KNCYJE?=@AHOQAHK/=QHU "H=NG $HR=HKN"-NACEOPN=@KAOOEIEH=N=HN=JCK@AR=HKNAONALKNP=@KOL=N=>KOMQAO@AA. pinsapo=HOQNAOPA@A$OL=`=OK>NAOQAHKO?=H?YNAKO5E`ACH=OAP=H /KNHKMQAAOLKOE>HA MQAAOPKOL=PNKJAO@A?E?H=FAOA=J=PNE>QE@KOAJCN=JL=NPA=H PELK@ARACAP=?EaJAOP=>HA?E@= += ?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ@A/AOCN=J@AAJLNKLKN?EaJ=H=?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ@A-NACEOPN=@=LNKIA@EK@A-/ +K=JPANEKNLNK>=>HAIAJPAOA@A>A=HKNECAJI=CIYPE?K@AHI=PANE=HL=NAJP=H@ANER=@K@A RQH?=JEOIK @A NA?EAJPA AIANCAJ?E= AJ QJ N=JCK @A = IEHHKJAO @A =`KO 1K@N_CQAV 5=NC=O 2EJ AI>=NCK QJ= =HP= ?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ @A / PKP=H JK EJ@E?= QJ= I=UKN @EOLKJE>EHE@=@ @A / AJ HKO OQAHKO @A AOPKO >KOMQAO #APANIEJ=?EKJAO @AH / @EOLKJE>HA AJ H= AOP=?EaJHHQREKO=EJ@E?=JMQAH=@EOLKJE>EHE@=@@A/JKOK>NAL=O=AH @AH/PKP=H HK?Q=H OQCEANAQJ=HEIEP=?EaJ@A/AHAR=@= $JAOPAOAJPE@KHKOR=HKNAO@AL'NACEOPN=@KOL=N=HKOOQAHKO J@KOKHAOH=VKJ=IAJKNAO= OQCEANAJQJ=BQANPANAPAJ?EaJCAKMQ_IE?=@A/AJ?KILQAOPKO@A IAP=HAO?KIKAH HQIEJEK OEIEOIK H=3-/,"AOPEI=@=AJAOPAAOPQ@EKNAOQHPaIAJKN=KPNKO >KOMQAOOQ>=HLEJKO@A?KJ_BAN=O?KIKHKO@A3=ES=J H".CoOQAHKDoU H".Co OKEH Do (I>ANCAN U "DEQ HK ?Q=H LNK>=>HAIAJPA OA =PNE>QUA = IAJKN =?PERE@=@ @A IE?NKKNC=JEOIKODAPANaPNKBKOAJAHOQAHK@A>E@K=H=OIAJKNAOPAILAN=PQN=OAJAHOEPEK@AAOPQ@EK NAOLA?PK=HPN=>=FKIAJ?EKJ=@K +KOL=PNKJAOAOP=?EKJ=HAO@AHKOJQPNEIAJPKOEJ@E?=JEJ?NAIAJPKO@A-U/PKP=HAOAJH= AOP=?EaJHHQREKO=PAILKN=@=.?PQ>NA +=R=NE=?EaJAOP=?EKJ=H@ABKNI=OPKP=HAO@A-U/ JKAO?KIcJAJA?KOEOPAI=O?KJAOP=?EKJ=HE@=@IQUI=N?=@=A C /ANNKJE 5AJPQN=AP=H ,KJP=`KAP=H 2EJAI>=NCK>=FKAHOQAHK@A>KOMQAO@AAbies ?KJI=UKN=LKNP=?EaJ@A =CQ= = HK H=NCK @AH =`K HKO BHQFKO @A PN=JOBKNI=?EaJ @A AOPKO JQPNEIAJPKO LK@N_=J OAN IYO @EJYIE?KO $OPQ@EKO>=FKOQAHK@AAbies pinsapoEJ@E?=JAHAR=@KOBHQFKO@APN=JOBKNI=?EaJ@A/ OK>NA OQAHK ?=H?YNAK 5E`ACH=O AP =H += IKREHE@=@ LKN HETERE=?EaJ @A AOPKO JQPNEIAJPKO LQA@A OAN QJ= ATLHE?=?EaJ =H IKREIEAJPK AJ H=@AN=O @A AOPKO JQPNEIAJPKO AJ OQO BKNI=O @EOLKJE>HAO K >EAJ IKREIEAJPKO @A I=PANE=H KNCYJE?K OK>NA H= LAJ@EAJPA LK@N_=J ATLHE?=N AOPKO NAOQHP=@KORAN,KJP=`KAP=H 3QNJANU2EJCANNALKNP=JQJ=LAN@E@=EILKNP=JPA@A -U/UKPNKOJQPNEIAJPKOAJH=VKJ=N=@E?QH=N@AQJ>KOMQA@AA. amabilisMQAAT?A@AH=AJPN=@= LKN HHQRE=O QJ=@K = HK =JPANEKN OE OA PKI= AJ ?QAJP= MQA AOPKO >KOMQAO OA HK?=HEV=J OK>NA PANNAJKO ?KJ LAJ@EAJPAO LNKJQJ?E=@=O = K ?=`=@=O HKO IKREIEAJPKO @A I=PANE=H KNCYJE?KOK>NAH=LAJ@EAJPAL=NA?AJB=?PE>HAO 4J= >=F= ?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ @A HKO JQPNEIAJPKO AJ NAH=?EaJ = H= =HPEPQ@ AJ OQAHK >=FK RACAP=?EaJ OQ> =HLEJ= ?KIcJIAJPA OA =PNE>QUA = H=O NA@Q??EKJAO AJ H= =?PERE@=@ IE?NK>E=J= @A>E@K=H=O>=F=OPAILAN=PQN=O@AHOQAHK*EP=U=I= 2EJAI>=NCK HKONAOQHP=@KO@AAOPA AOPQ@EKEJ@E?=JMQAH==?PERE@=@@AH=IE?NK>EKP=DAPANaPNKB=EJ@E?=@=LKNH=3-/,"AJOQAHK JKOECQAQJL=PNaJ=HPEPQ@EJ=H MQAOE>EAJOANA@Q?AAJHKOATPNAIKO@AH=BN=JF=@AH>KOMQA@AA. religiosa JK L=NA?A AOP=N HEC=@= = QJ= @EOIEJQ?EaJ LKN PAILAN=PQN= OEJK LKOE>HAIAJPA = H=O ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O@AH=RACAP=?EaJAOP=>HA?E@=AJ?EI= (J?HQOKH=3-,"@AHI=JPEHHK=QIAJP=?KJ NAOLA?PK=QJ==HPEPQ@IYOAHAR=@= $OLKOE>HAMQAAH?=I>EKAJH=?KILKOE?EaJ@AAOLA?EAOAJAH =N>KH=@K @A Abies = Pinus PAJC= =HCQJ= EJBHQAJ?E= AJ QJ= NA@Q??EaJ AJ HKO ATPNAIKO @A H= BN=JF= FQOPK @KJ@A OA AJ?QAJPN=J H=O AOLA?EAO @A Pinus 2A O=>A MQA AH I=JPEHHK LNK@Q?E@K LKN AOLA?EAO@APinusJKOA@AO?KILKJANYLE@=IAJPA@A>E@K=OQOABA?PKO@A=?E@EBE?=?EaJ@AHOQAHK +AaJ -YFAN= %N=JVHQ>>ANO U NOD=@ #A =?QAN@K ?KJ "KNE= et al., NA@Q??EKJAOAJAHL'@AHOQAHKLQA@AEJBHQENAJH==?PERE@=@@AH=O?KIQJE@=@AOIE?NK>E=J=OAJAH OQAHK +=NA@Q??EaJ@AJQPNEIAJPKO?KJBKNIAOAEJ?NAIAJP=H==HPEPQ@?KJPN=OP=?KJAHEJ?NAIAJPK @AH=3-/," +K=JPANEKNLQA@A@A>ANOA=MQAH=R=NE=?EaJ@AHKOJQPNEIAJPKO?KJH==HPEPQ@PEAJA ABA?PKO?KJBQJ@E@KO?KJH=@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K HP=O@AJOE@=@AO@AH=N>KH=@KLQA@AOKOPAJAN =HP=O EJ?KNLKN=?EKJAO @A I=PANE= KNCYJE?= OK>NA U >=FK AH OQAHK =O_ ?KIK ATQ@=@KO N=@E?QH=NAO ?KJ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OMQ_IE?=OAOLA?_BE?=OMQA@APANIEJ=JH==?PERE@=@IE?NK>E=J='QUCAJOAP=H O_ HKONAOQHP=@KO@AAOPAAOPQ@EKEJ@E?=JL=PNKJAOIQUOEIEH=NAOAJPNA=I>=OR=NE=>HAO =HPEPQ@U@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K LKNHKMQAOALNKLKJAMQAH=NA@Q??EaJ@AJQPNEIAJPKOOA@A>A AJ L=NPA = H= =@MQEOE?EaJ @A HKO IEOIKO LKN H= RACAP=?EaJ AJ ?KI>EJ=?EaJ ?KJ H= >=F= P=O= @A NAPKNJK R_= LNK@Q??EaJ @A DKF=N=O?= ?=N=?PAN_OPE?KO @A >KOMQAO AJ H= NACEaJ PNKLE?=H ?KJ >=F=O PAILAN=PQN=O5EPKQOAGU2=JBKN@ U=HP=HETERE=?EaJ@ABKNI=O@EOLKJE>HAORAN3QNJANU 2EJCAN += L]N@E@= LKN HETERE=?EaJ LQA@A ATLHE?=NOA @A>E@K =H ?NA?EIEAJPK HAJPK @A HKO YN>KHAOUH=AHAR=@=@EOLKJE>EHE@=@@AJQPNEIAJPKO=HI=?AJ=@=AJAHI=JPEHHK3QNJANU2EJCAN +=O?KJ?AJPN=?EKJAO@A-U/K>OANR=@=OAJAHOQAHK@AAbies religiosaOKJOEIEH=NAOAJ LNKLKN?EaJ=H=O?KJ?AJPN=?EKJAO@ANAPKNJK=HI=JPEHHKNALKNP=@=OLKN3QNJANU2EJCANAJ QJ>KOMQA@AAbies amabilis 4JAHAIAJPKMQAOKOPEAJAH=DELaPAOEOOK>NAMQAH=OR=NE=?EKJAO@A JQPNEIAJPKO AOPYJ IYO HEC=@=O = H= ?KILKOE?EaJ @A H= RACAP=?EaJ MQA = H= R=NE=?EaJ @A H= PAILAN=PQN=AJAHN=JCK=?PEPQ@EJ=H $JAHAOPQ@EK@A*bNJANOA@AIQAOPN= ?KJPN=NEK=HK MQA OA LEAJO= MQA H=O LH=JP=O OQ> =HLEJ=O U =HLEJ=O JK AOPYJ @ABE?EAJPAO @A JQPNEIAJPKO += =@MQEOE?EaJ @A JQPNEIAJPKO LKN H= RACAP=?EaJ OQ> =HLEJ= U =HLEJ= LQA@A NA=HEV=NOA EJ@ALAJ@EAJPAIAJPA@AOQQ>E?=?EaJ=HPEPQ@EJ=H Conclusiones e implicaciones para los programas de conservación de C en las áreas protegidas +=?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ@A"KNCYJE?KAJAHOQAHKUHKOBHQFKO@APN=JOBKNI=?EaJ@A"OKJQJ=IA@E@= EJ@ENA?P=@AH=LNK@Q?PERE@=@@AHA?KOEOPAI="D=LEJAP=H $H">=FKAHOQAHKJKIKOPNa NAH=?EaJ=HCQJ=?KJH==HPEPQ@K@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K HKMQAOQCEANAMQAHKOLNK?AOKOEJPN_JOA?KO = H= CAKMQ_IE?= @AH OQAHK LK@N_=J OAN IYO EILKNP=JPAO L=N= @APANIEJ=N OQ ?KJOANR=?EaJ += LNKBQJ@E@=@ @AH I=JPEHHK @A D=OP= ?I MQA OA =?QIQH= OK>NA AH OQAHK LK@N_= PAJAN QJ L=LAHEILKNP=JPAAJH=LNKPA??EaJ@AH"AJAHOQAHKUAH=LKNPA@AJQPNEIAJPKO?KIK-U/=H=O LH=JP=O +KO LNK?AOKO @A PN=JOBKNI=?EaJ @AH " AJ AH I=JPEHHK L=NA?AJ OAN ?KJOP=JPAO U NAH=?EKJ=@KO?KJH=@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@K LKNHKMQAAHI=JAFKNAH=?EKJ=@K=H=?KJOANR=?EaJ@A H=@AJOE@=@@AH=N>KH=@KLK@N_=AOP=NHEC=@K?KJH=?KJOANR=?EaJ@ALNK?AOKO@AHBQJ?EKJ=IEAJPK @AH A?KOEOPAI= ?KIK AH ?E?H=@K @A JQPNEIAJPKO U H= ?KJOANR=?EaJ @A " OK>NA AH OQAHK MQA OKOPEAJAJAH?KJPAJE@K@A"AJHKOYN>KHAO A. religiosa NALNAOAJP= QJ= @A H=O AOLA?EAO @A EJPAN]O L=N= H= 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,QJ@QO $TPANJ=H "KKLAN=PEKJ 6EJ@KS +KP $,4-#42 @A H= "KIEOEaJ $QNKLA= @AJPNK @A H= 1A@ @A ,KREHE@=@ AJPNA $QNKL= U ,]TE?K"AJPNK=I]NE?= L=N= AH LAN_K@K OALPEAI>NA BA>NANK /NKCN=I= @A ,AFKN=IEAJPK =H /NKBAOKN=@K /1.,$/ L=N= AH LAN_K@K K?PQ>NA OALPEAI>NA 1=B=AH.NPAC=2KH_OU1KCAHEK+=N=LKNOQR=HEKOK=LKUKAJAH?=ILK Bibliografia CQENNA /H=JPAN $ %QNJEAN & 1 =J@ +QEO $ $CQE=NPA +KS HARAHO KB CAJAPE? 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U + / !NKSAN %NAAVA LNKPA?PEKJ KB KRANSEJPANEJC IKJ=N?D >QPPANBHEAO EJ ,ATE?K ?NEPE?=H NKHA KB PDA BKNAOP =O = >H=JGAP =J@ =J QI>NAHH= $?KHKCE?=H $JPKIKHKCU !=PFAO - ' 3KP=H"=J@-EJOKEHOKBPDASKNH@ $QN)2KEH2?E !=N@CAPP 1 3DA>EKHKCUKBOKEH=?KIIQJEPU=J@A?KOUOPAI=LLNK=?D .TBKN@4JERANOEPU /NAOO .TBKN@ LL "D=LEJ ((( % 2 ,=POKJ / ,KKJAU ' /NEJ?ELHAO KB PANNAOPNE=H A?KOUOPAI A?KHKCU 2LNEJCAN -AS8KNG LL "KJ=JL /NKCN=I= @A ?KJOANR=?EaJ U I=JAFK @AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H "KBNA @A /ANKPA !KNN=@KN LL "KJKRAN 6 ) (I=J 1 + 1=JG PN=JOBKNI=PEKJO =O = >NE@CA >APSAAJ L=N=IAPNE? =J@ JKJL=N=IAPNE?OP=PEOPE?O I 2P=P o "KNE= , + %=U ) "OAD= 2 !NEVQAH= , $BA?PK @A ?KJ?AJPN=?EKJAO AHAR=@=O @A O=HAO PKP=HAOUOQHB=PKOAJ=CQ=@A>A>E@=OK>NAH=@ACN=@=>EHE@=@NQIEJ=HEJREPNK@A3DEJKLUNQI LKJPE?QI N?DERKO@A,A@E?EJ=5APANEJ=NE= "NQV %HKNAO& $P?DARANO !=NN=) # "KJPAJE@KO@A?=N>KJKKNCYJE?K@AOQAHKOOKIANKO AJLEJ=NAOU=>AP=HAO@AYNA=OLNKPAC_@=O@A,]TE?K CNK?EAJ?E= #A>NA?VU 9 =J@( 1Y?V -ASOLA?EAO=J@R=NEAPEAOKB?KJEBANOBNKI,ATE?K /DUPKHKCE= o #E=NEK.BE?E=H@AH=%A@AN=?EaJ /NKCN=I=AOLA?E=H@A"=I>EK"HEIYPE?K /K@AN $FA?QPERK%A@AN=H ,]TE?K LL #Q@HAU - 2PKHPKJ 2 !AHKGQNKR *NQACAN + +KLKQGDEJA - ,=?*EJJKJ * 2=J@SEPD 3 U2AGDN=J - $@O -=PQN=H2KHQPEKJO/NKPA?PA@=NA=ODAHLEJCLAKLHA?KLASEPD ?HEI=PA ?D=JCA (4"- 6"/ 3-" 4-#/ 6"2 3DA 6KNH@ !=JG =J@ 66% &H=J@ 2SEPVANH=J@ 6=ODEJCPKJ#"=J@-AS8KNG 42 LL $CQE=NPA % + -ERAHAOUL=PNKJAO@AR=NE=?EaJCAJ]PE?=@AHC]JANK >EAOAJ,]TE?K 3AOEO /NKB "EAJ?E=O4- , (JOPEPQPK@A$?KHKC_= ,]TE?K# % LL %=NFKJ /EJ=?A=A @N=SEJCO =J@ @AO?NELPEKJO KB PDA CAJAN= >EAO "A@NQO /OAQ@KH=NET *APAHAANE= -KPDKPOQC= 3OQC= "=PD=U= /OAQ@KPOQC= +=NET =J@ /E?A= *KAHPV 2?EAJPEBE? 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?DNALKNP=NSC 4QGEDRC1 "KJOQHP=@K AJANK *EP=U=I=* J=HPEPQ@EJ=HPN=JOA?POPQ@UKBPDARACAP=PEKJKJ,KQJP*EJ=>=HQ !KNJAK 5ACAP=PEK *bNJAN " NA =OOAOOIAJP KB DECD AHAR=PEKJ PNAAHEJA LKOEPEKJO =J@ PDAEN ATLH=J=PEKJ .A?KHKCE= +AaJ -YFAN=1 &aIAV wHR=NAV2 'ANJYJ@AV #=QIYO) # wHR=NAV 2KH_O# ) /=HI= +aLAV ,EJAN=HEV=?EaJ AJ OQAHKO ?KJ EJ?KNLKN=?EaJ @A NAOE@QKO KNCYJE?KO AJ HKO =HPKO @A "DE=L=O ,]TE?K 4JERANOE@=@U"EAJ?E=PNaLE?KDcIA@K +EQ 3 2 IKJKCN=LDKBPDACAJQO >EAO #AL=NPIAJPKB%KNAOPNU "KHHACAKB CNE?QHPQNA -=PEKJ=H3=ES=J4JERANOEPU 3=ELAE 3=ES=J "DEJ= ,=NP_JAV , +KO >EAOIATE?=JKO J=HAO@AH(JOPEPQPK@A!EKHKC_=@A,]TE?Ko ,=UAJ + $R=HQ=?EaJ@AHKO$BA?PKO@A3NAO3ELKO@A CQ=AJAH3EAILKU/KN?EAJPK@A &ANIEJ=?EaJ @A 2AIEHH=O @A .U=IAH >EAO NAHECEKO= 3AOEO LNKBAOEKJ=H (JC CN_?KH= %$2 "Q=QPEPHYJ 4- , ,]TE?K ,=JV=JEHH= ' (JRAOPEC=?EKJAO$LE@KI]PNE?=OU2EHR_?KH=OAJ!KOMQAO,ATE?=JKO@AAbies religiosa #ENA??EaJ&AJAN=H@A(JBKNI=?EaJU1AH=?EKJAO/Q>HE?=O@AH=2 & ,]TE?K # % ,KJP=`K - , &=N?_= .HER= % )=N=IEHHK 5 ) #EOOKHRA@ KNC=JE? ?=N>KJ =BBA?PO OKEH IE?NK>E=H=?PEREPU=J@JEPNKCAJ@UJ=IE?OEJ=,ATE?=JPNKLE?=H @A?E@QKQOBKNAOP /H=JP=J@ OKEH -=N=RA% ' +=RACAP=?EaJ@AH"KBNA@A/ANKPA 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K !EKPE?= -EAPK @A /=O?Q=H / " , ,QOYHAI 2 U ) " !KUYO # $BA?PK @A H= RACAP=?EaJ =OK?E=@= =H OKPK>KOMQA OK>NA AH ?NA?EIEAJPK U @AO=NNKHHK EJE?E=H @A Abies religiosa '!* 2?DHP@H et "D=I 1AREOP="EAJ?E=%KNAOP=HAJ,]TE?K /=QH $ "H=NG % $ 2KEHIE?NK>EKHKCU=J@>EK?DAIEOPNU J@$@ ?=@AIE?/NAOO (J? -AS8KNG LL /ANNKJE 5AJPQN= 8 ,KJP=`= " &=N?_= .HER= % 1AH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ OKEH JQPNEAJP =R=EH=>EHEPU=J@LH=JPOLA?EAONE?DJAOOEJ=PNKLE?=HOAIE AJRENKJIAJP Journal of Vegetation Science . /EJA@= +aLAV , 1 1KFK H>KNA?= + 1 2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV & 5YVMQAV #KI_JCQAV 3DAABBA?POKBH=J@QOA?D=JCAKJ?=N>KJ?KJPAJPEJPDA=ANE=H>EKI=OOKB=J >EAONAHECEKO= *QJPD2?DHP@H AP"D=I BKNAOPEJ?AJPN=H5AN=?NQV ,ATE?K %KNAOP2UOPAIO /5"" /NKCN=I=5AN=?NQV=JK=JPAAH"=I>EK"HEIYPE?K 3AFA@= &Q=@=NN=I= , $ .?DK= " ,A@EJ= $MQEDQ= , $ "AFQ@K 6AHOD " , 2=H=V=N 2 &QPE]NNAV + +aLAV $ &=N?_= 3 ,=N_J , "KILEH=@KNAO 4JERANOE@=@ 5AN=?NQV=J= (JOPEPQPK -=?EKJ=H@A$?KHKC_= $I>=F=@=!NEPYJE?= 4- , (-$".+ LL 1#ARAHKLIAJP"KNA3A=I 1 H=JCQ=CA=J@AJRENKJIAJPBKNOP=PEOPE?=H?KILQPEJC 1 %KQJ@=PEKJBKN2P=PEOPE?=H"KILQPEJC 5EAJJ= 41+DPPLSSS 1 LNKFA?P KNC 1E?A 6 1 J=HUVEJCP=>HAOKBOP=PEOPE?=HPAOPO $RKHQPEKJ 1K@N_CQAV5=NC=O) + $@=@U?=N=?PANEV=?EaJOA@EIAJPKHaCE?=@AHKO@ALaOEPKONA?EAJPAO @A=R=H=J?D=UBHQFK@AAO?KI>NKO@AHRKH?YJ"KBNA@A/ANKPA 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 3AOEO@A ,=AOPN_= /KOCN=@K AJ "EAJ?E=O @A H= 3EANN= "AJPNK @A &AK?EAJ?E=O "=ILQO )QNEMQEHH= 4- , 1QODBKNPD * # 3SKJASOLA?EAOKB >EAO/EJ=?A=ABNKISAOPANJ,ATE?K -KPAOKBPDA 1KU=H!KP=JE?=H&=N@AJOKB$@EJ>QNCDo 1VA@KSOGE ) 5ACAP=?EaJ@A,]TE?K $@EPKNE=H +EIQO= ,]TE?K# % LL 2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV + 1 /EJA@= +aLAV , 1 'ANJYJ@AV , #EOPNE>Q?EaJUAOPNQ?PQN= @A H= LK>H=?EaJ @A >EAO NAHECEKO= ' ! * 2?DH AP "D=I AJ AH "KBNA @A /ANKPA $@K @A 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K ?P=>KPYJE?=IATE?=J= 2JKKG + * +=?KJOANR=?EaJ@AH>KOMQA "EAJ?E=O 2KPK , U, wJCQHK $OPQ@EK?HEIYPE?K@AH=1ACEaJ@AH"KBNAUR=HHA@A/ANKPA = $@ (JOPEPQPK@A$?KHKC_= 7=H=L= 5AN L 3QNJAN ) 2EJCAN , ) -QPNEAJP @EOPNE>QPEKJ =J@ ?U?HEJC EJ = OQ> =HLEJA ?KJEBANKQO BKNAOP A?KOUOPAI )KQNJ=HKB LLHEA@$?KHKCU 5EHHANO 1Q(V + 3NAFK 5YVMQAV ( (IL=?PK @AH ?=I>EK ?HEIYPE?K AJ HKO >KOMQAO U YNA=O J=PQN=HAOLNKPACE@=O@A,]TE?K (JPAN?EAJ?E= 5EHHANO 1Q_V + 3NAFK 5YVMQAV ( $R=HQ=?EaJ @A H= RQHJAN=>EHE@=@ AJ HKO A?KOEOPAI=O BKNAOP=HAO $J ,=NP_JAV ) %ANJYJ@AV "KILEH=@KNAO "=I>EK ?HEIYPE?K QJ= REOEaJ @AO@A,]TE?K (-$ 2$, 1- 3 LL 5E`ACH=O ! &=N?_= 1Q_V 1 +E]PKN ) .?DK= 5 "=NNAEN= ) 2KEH LDKOLDKNQO =R=EH=>EHEPU =J@ PN=JOBNKI=PEKJ N=PAO EJ NAHE?PE? LEJO=LK BEN BKNAOP BNKI 2KQPDANJ 2L=EJ !EKCAK?DAIEOPNU 5EPKQOAG/ , 2=JBKN@)N -QPNEAJP?U?HEJCEJIKEOPPNKLE?=HBKNAOP JJ 1AR $?KH 2UOP CAPÍTULO 5 SEI>EKOEOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?=U @ERANOE@=@@ADKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KOAJ@KOAOP=@KO OQ?AOEKJ=HAO@AH>KOMQA@A Abies religiosa' ! * 2?DH AP"D=I @AH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H "KBNA@A/ANKPA 5AN=?NQV J@N=@A 3KNNAO .NKO .NPAC=( 2KH_O 1=IKO+8 &QVIYJ .HIKO1% +=N= /]NAV+ 2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV+ 1 1K@N_CQAV5 (-!(.3$" 4JERANOE@=@ 5AN=?NQV=J= R "QHPQN=O 5AN=?NQV=J=O -K "KH $ 9=L=P= 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K ==J@N=@AQR IT 4JERANOE@=@ 3A?JKHaCE?= @A &QPE]NNAV 9=IKN= /NKH #N ,ECQAH /=PE`K OJ "KH "AJPNK &QPE]NNAV9=IKN= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K +=>KN=PKNEK @A !EKPA?JKHKC_= U 3N=JOBKNI=?EaJ &AJ]PE?= @A /H=JP=O $O?QAH= @A !EKHKC_= 4JERANOE@=@@A"KOP=1E?= 2=J/A@NK,KJPAO@A.?= "KOP=1E?= Resumen Abies religiosa =>APK KU=IAH PEAJA EILKNP=J?E= A?KJaIE?= LKN OQ I=@AN= U LKNMQA AO QO=@= ?KIK YN>KH @A J=RE@=@ $J HKO EJRAJP=NEKO IE?KHaCE?KO @A >KOMQA @A Abies OA D=J AJ?KJPN=@K QJ=O AOLA?EAO MQA LQA@AJ BKNI=N A?PKIE?KNNEV= ?KJ A. religiosa OEJ AI>=NCK JK OA D=>_= AOPQ@E=@KAOLA?_BE?=IAJPAAOPA=OLA?PK $JAOPAPN=>=FKOAAOPQ@E=NKJHKODKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO =OK?E=@KO?KJEJ@ERE@QKO=@QHPKO@AA. religiosaAJAH>KOMQAUOANA=HEVaQJOACQEIEAJPK@AH= LNAOAJ?E=@AIE?KNNEV=AJN=_?AO@ALHYJPQH=OAJAH?=ILK=PN=R]O@AQJ=`K 3=I>E]JOAAR=HQa AH ABA?PK @A ?Q=PNK PN=P=IEAJPKO @A EJ@Q??EaJ @A IE?KNNEV= ?KJ OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K ?KIK EJa?QHK OK>NAH=OR=NE=>HAOLNAOAJ?E=UPELK@AIE?KNNEV= =HPQN=PKP=H @EYIAPNK=H==HPQN=@AH=>=OA#> >EKI=O= ! U YNA= BKHE=N B 2A NACEOPN=NKJ P=T= @A DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO !=OE@EKIU?KP=U O?KIU?KP= .?DKBQANKJNACEOPN=@KOAT?HQOER=IAJPAAJOEPEKO?KJ@KOAHU AJYNA==>EANP= Amanita muscariaURussulaolivaceaOANA?KHA?P=NKJAJ=I>=O?KJ@E?EKJAO +KOC]JANKO?KJI=UKNJcIANK@AP=T=BQANKJCortinariusURussula +=OAOLA?EAOIYO =>QJ@=JPAO BQANKJ Lycoperdon perlatum U A. muscaria += @ERANOE@=@ BQA OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA I=UKN L AJ YNA= =>EANP= 'g MQA >=FK AH @KOAH 'g 2A AJ?KJPN=NKJ AOPNQ?PQN=OIE?KNN_VE?=OAJLHYJPQH=O@AA. religiosa=cJ?Q=J@KJKOAAJ?KJPN=NKJAOLKNKI=O $J ?Q=JPK=HATLANEIAJPK H=I=UKNP=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKAJ=HPQN= j ?I #> j II ! j C U B ?Ij p OAK>PQRKAJAHPN=P=IEAJPK @AOQAHK@AA. religiosa2 -KK>OP=JPA @AOLQ]O@AOEAPAIAOAOAHOQAHKNEVKOB]NE?KIKOPNaOAN LK?KABE?=VL=N=EJ@Q?ENH=BKNI=?EaJ@AIE?KNNEV=AJLHYJPQH=O@AA. religiosa +=O@EBANAJ?E=OAJ H=OP=O=O@A?NA?EIEAJPKOKJ=PNE>QE>HAO=HI=UKN?KJPAJE@K@AI=PANE=KNCYJE?=AJAHPN=P=IEAJPK 2 2ANAMQEANAD=?ANAOPQ@EKOAJ?=ILKOK>NALHYJPQH=OEJK?QH=@=OAJEJRANJ=@ANKL=N=AR=HQ=N AHABA?PK@AH=EJK?QH=?EaJAJH=OQLANRERAJ?E=UAH@AOAILA`K@A@E?D=OLHYJPQH=O /=H=>N=O?H=RAKU=IAH =>APK IKNBKPELKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO =C=NE?=HAO AOP=PQOIE?KNN_VE?K Introducción Abies religiosa ' ! * 2?DH et "D=I =>APK KU=IAH PEAJA EILKNP=J?E= A?KJaIE?= LKN OQ I=@AN=ULKNMQAAOQO=@K?KIKYN>KH@AJ=RE@=@,=JV=JEHH= 2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAVAP=H %KNI=>KOMQAOLQNKOHH=I=@KO>KOMQAO@A=>APKK@AKU=IAHUPEAJA@EOPNE>Q?EaJ=ILHE= LANK BN=CIAJP=@= MQA OA HEIEP= = =HPEPQ@AO @A = I 1VA@KSOGE "D=HHAJCAN +KO >KOMQAO @A =>APK @AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H "KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV OA ATLHKP=J ?H=J@AOPEJ=IAJPA@AO@AD=?A@]?=@=O2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAVAP=H OEJAI>=NCK=H=BA?D=OA ?KJK?ALK?KOK>NAOQOEJPAN=??EKJAOA?KHaCE?=OUHKOAHAIAJPKO?H=RAL=N=AHAOP=>HA?EIEAJPK@A H=OLHYJPQH=OAJAH?=ILK =OLA?PKOBQJ@=IAJP=HAOL=N=AHI=JAFKBKNAOP=HOQOPAJP=>HA +=IE?KNNEV=AOQJ=EJPAN=??EaJOEI>EaPE?=NAOQHP=@K@AQJ=H=NC=DEOPKNE=ARKHQPER= AJH= ?Q=H H=O DEB=O @A =H IAJKO QJ= AOLA?EA @A DKJCK U H=O N=_?AO OA?QJ@=NE=O @A QJ= K IYO LH=JP=O ?KJBKNI=J QJ= AOPNQ?PQN= MQA LANIEPA AH EJPAN?=I>EK @A =CQ= JQPNEIAJPKO U NACQH=@KNAO @AH ?NA?EIEAJPK AJPNA HKO EJ@ERE@QKO EJRKHQ?N=@KO AJPKJ?AO H= LH=JP= =@MQEANA I=UKN ?=L=?E@=@ @A ?=LP=?EaJ @A =CQ= U JQPNEIAJPKO IEAJPN=O AH DKJCK K>PEAJA ?=N>KDE@N=PKO U LNKPA??EaJ ?KJPN= ?EANP=O?KJ@E?EKJAO=I>EAJP=HAO=@RANO=O2IEPDU1A=@ J@N=@A 3KNNAO += A?PKIE?KNNEV= $", AO QJK @A HKO OEAPA PELKO @A IE?KNNEV= MQA OA NA?KJK?AJ =?PQ=HIAJPA U =@MQEANA EILKNP=J?E= AJ HKO =LNKRA?D=IEAJPKO BKNAOP=HAO LNEJ?EL=HIAJPA AJ A?KOEOPAI=O PAILH=@KO @KJ@A OA ?KJOE@AN= QJ= =OK?E=?EaJ K>HEC=@= L=N= H= I=UKN_= @A H=O AOLA?EAOI=@AN=>HAO2IEPDU1A=@ !NQJ@NAPPAP=H LNKTEI=@=IAJPAAH@A H=O AOLA?EAO @A LH=JP=O R=O?QH=NAO @AH LH=JAP= BKNI=J A?PKIE?KNNEV= U D=U ?AN?= @A AOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO '$, @A HKO ?Q=HAO ?AN?= @A OKJ DKJCKO ?KJ AOLKNKI=OAL_CAKO UAHNAOPKLNAOAJP=JAOLKNKI=ODELaCAKO2IEPDU1A=@ $J HKO EJRAJP=NEKO IE?KHaCE?KO NA=HEV=@KO AJ >KOMQAO @A A. religiosa OA D=J NALKNP=@K QJ=O AOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO MQA LKPAJ?E=HIAJPA BKNI=J A?PKIE?KNNEV= ?KJ H= AOLA?EA &=N?_= !=OPEYJ AP =H OEJ AI>=NCK JK OA D= AOPQ@E=@K OQ EJPAN=??EaJ IE?KNN_VE?= U JK D=U NACEOPNKOLNAREKOOK>NA'$,=OK?E=@KO?KJAbies religiosa#A1KI=JAP=H $JH=NACEaJ @AH "KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV OA D=J NA=HEV=@K AOPQ@EKO P=TKJaIE?KO IE?KHaCE?KO U OA D=J NA=HEV=@K HEOP=@KO @A DKJCKO ?KIAOPE>HAO 5EHH=NNA=H U &QVIYJ 1E?K 5EHH=NNA=H U &aIAV 5EHH=NA=H !=J@=H= AP =H )=NREO AP =H. LANK = LAO=N @A H= EILKNP=J?E=@AHKO'$,L=N=H=AOPNQ?PQN=UBQJ?EaJ@AHKOA?KOEOPAI=O HKOAOPQ@EKO@A?=ILK @A AOPKO KNC=JEOIKO OKJ =QJ HEIEP=@KO *HENKJKIKO U *AJ@NE?G 2IEPD U 1A=@ $OPN=@= 3KNNAOU5=NAH= $J AOPA PN=>=FK LNAOAJP=IKO HKO NAOQHP=@KO @A QJ AOPQ@EK OK>NA H=O AOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO=OK?E=@KO?KJEJ@ERE@QKO@AA. religiosaAJ?=ILK =O_?KIKAHOACQEIEAJPK@A H=LNAOAJ?E=@AAOLKNKI=OU@AAOPNQ?PQN=OIE?KNN_VE?=OAJLH=JP=O@A=>EAOAJ?=ILK=PN=R]O@A QJ=`K 3=I>E]JOALNAOAJP=JHKONAOQHP=@KO@AQJATLANEIAJPK@AEJ@Q??EaJ@AA?PKIE?KNNEV=AJ LHYJPQH=O?NA?E@=OAJRERANK Materiales y métodos $H AOPQ@EK OA @AO=NNKHHa AJ H= ?KIQJE@=@ $H "KJAFK IQJE?ELEK @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV HK?=HEV=@= @AJPNK@AH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA 5AN =QJ==HPEPQ@AJPNA U I ?KJ?HEI= PAILH=@K OQ>DcIA@K LNA?ELEP=?EaJPKP=H=JQ=HAJPNA U II ?KJN]CEIAJ@AHHQRE=O @ARAN=JKUPAILAN=PQN=IA@E==JQ=HAJPNAUl",AV=AP=H Estudio de los macromicetos ectomicorrízicos asociados con A. religiosa 2AAOP=>HA?EaQJ?Q=@N=JPA@AIQAOPNAKLANI=JAJPA?KJQJYNA=PKP=H@A D= NALNAOAJP=PER=@A H= NACEaJ Q>E?=@K = e t - U e t . = QJ= =HPEPQ@ AJPNA U I $J AHH= OA E@AJPEBE?=NKJ YNA=O @A @KO ?KJ@E?EKJAO =I>EAJP=HAO ?KJPN=OP=JPAO @EOPNE>QE@=O AJ L=N?DAO H=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO?KJPN=OP=JPAOBQANKJ2EPEKO>=FKAH@KOAHMQANALNAOAJP=JAHAOP=@K=R=JV=@K@AH= OQ?AOEaJ$ 2@KIEJ=@KLKNEJ@ERE@QKO=@QHPKO@AA. religiosa MQAK?QL==LNKTEI=@=IAJPAAH @AH YNA= PKP=H @AH ?Q=@N=JPA U OEPEKO =>EANPKO MQA NALNAOAJP=J AH AOP=@K PAILN=JK @A H= OQ?AOEaJ$32 @KIEJ=@KLKNAH=N>QOPKBaccharis confertaU?KJLHYJPQH=OUYN>KHAOFaRAJAO@A A. religiosa H=OYNA=O=>EANP=OOQI=JAHNAOP=JPA@AHYNA=@AIQAOPNAK Recolecta de esporomas de HEM. 2A NA=HEV=NKJ @KO IQAOPNAKO IAJOQ=HAO @QN=JPA @K?A IAOAO JKREAI>NA = K?PQ>NA NA?KNNEAJ@K ?KILHAP=IAJPA H= VKJ= @A AOPQ@EK L=N= HK?=HEV=N U NA?KHA?P=N HKO AOLKNKI=O @A H=O @EBANAJPAO AOLA?EAO@ADKJCKOBKNI=@KNAO@AA?PKIE?KNNEV=?KJA. religiosa 2KH=IAJPAOANA?KHA?P=NKJHKO AOLKNKI=O ?KILHAPKO AJ?KJPN=@KO AJ AH OQAHK @AH YNA= ?AN?=J= = H= >=OA @A LH=JP=O @A A. religiosa U AJ HKO ?Q=HAO OA LQ@K @APANIEJ=N LKN EJOLA??EaJ REOQ=H MQA AH IE?AHEK AOP=>= AJ ?KJP=?PK ?KJ H=O N=_?AO 2A =JKP=NKJ H=O ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O @AH HQC=N @AH EJ@ERE@QK DKOLA@ANK U AH DKJCK @E?EKJ=HIAJPA OA NA?KHA?P=NKJ IQAOPN=O @A N=_?AO U AJ =HCQJKO ?=OKO @A AOPNQ?PQN=O A?PKIE?KNN_VE?=OL=N=OQLKOPANEKNAOPQ@EKIKNBKHaCE?K +KOAOLKNKI=OHK?=HEV=@KOOK>NAPNKJ?KO ?=_@KO N=I=OQKPNKPELK@AOQOPN=PKOJKBQANKJNACEOPN=@KO Descripción de características macroscópicas en fresco +=PKI=@A@=PKO=HIKIAJPK@ANA?KHA?P=NOA>=OaAJQJBKNI=PKLNARE=IAJPA@AO=NNKHH=@K +KO AOLKNKI=O@A'$,OA?KHK?=NKJAJL=LAHAJ?AN=@KUOAPN=JOLKNP=NKJAJ?=J=OP==HH=>KN=PKNEK @KJ@AOAPKI=NKJH=O?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OI=?NKO?aLE?=ONA=HEV=J@KK>OANR=?EKJAOAJBNAO?K?KJ>=OA AJH=IAPK@KHKC_=@A+=NCAJP 2AK>OANR=NKJNA=??EKJAOMQ_IE?=O@AL=NPAO@AHAOLKNKI= ?KJDE@NaTE@K@ALKP=OEK*.' +KODKJCKOBQANKJ@AODE@N=P=@KO=l"LKN=@_=O U CQ=N@=@KOAJ>KHO=ODANI]PE?=OL=N=AREP=NH=?KJP=IEJ=?EaJ@AHI=PANE=HBcJCE?K +KOAFAILH=NAO BQANKJ @ALKOEP=@KO AJ H= ?KHA??EaJ @A NABANAJ?E= @A KNC=JEOIKO OEI>EaPE?KO @AH (JOPEPQPK @A !EKPA?JKHKC_= U $?KHKC_= LHE?=@= (-!(.3$" U =HCQJ=O N]LHE?=O OA @ALKOEP=NKJ AJ AH 'AN>=NEK 7 +4 @A H= %=?QHP=@ @A !EKHKC_= =I>KO @A H= 4JERANOE@=@ 5AN=?NQV=J= AJ 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K Descripción de características microscópicas "KJ>=OAAJH=IAPK@KHKC_=@A+=NCAJPAP=H OANA DE@N=PaAHI=PANE=HBcJCE?K?KJ*.' UOANA=HEV=NKJ@EBANAJPAO?KNPAO@AHL_HAK AOP_LEPAUHYIEJ=O IKJP=@KOAJLKNP=K>FAPKO /KN IA@EK @A IE?NKO?KLEK ?KILQAOPK U =LHE?=J@K NA=?PERKO ,AHPVAN *.' NKFK ?KJCK =VQH @A IAPEHAJK OALNK?A@Ea=E@AJPEBE?=N K>OANR=NUIA@ENAOPNQ?PQN=OU?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OIE?NKO?aLE?=O @E=CJaOPE?=O AOLKN=O DEIAJEK >=OE@EKO ?EOPE@EKO PN=I= @AH DEIAJEK ?KJPATPK @AH L_HAK U ?QP_?QH= Determinación taxonómica += @APANIEJ=?EaJ P=TKJaIE?= @A HKO AOLA?_IAJAO OA >=Oa AJ AH ?KJ?ALPK @A IKNBKAOLA?EA 2A NA=HEVa AH =JYHEOEO ?KILHAPK @A H=O ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O I=?NK U IE?NKO?aLE?=O >=OYJ@KOA AJ HKO PN=>=FKO@A'ANNAN=U&QVIYJ +=NCAJP ,=NNU2PQJPV 2IEPDU3DEANO 3DEANO +=NCAJPU3DEANO +=NCAJPAP=H 2PQJPV 'AOHANU2IEPD !KJ &QVIYJ !=J@=H=AP=H 'ANNAN=U4HHK= /]NAV 2EHR=U'ANNAN= !=J@=H=U,KJPKU= &KJVYHAV 5AHYVMQAVU5=HAJVQAH= &QVIYJ *KJC U $OPN=@= 3KNNAO 1E?K !N=J@NQ@ !=J@=H= AP =H ,KOAN !N=J@NQ@ "EBQAJPAO @A*KGU5AHHEJC= &QVIYJU3=LE= *KJC "=NJAU U "D=I>ANO /APANOAJ $>AND=N@P AP =H &=N?_= )EI]JAV U &=NV= .?=`=O &=NJE?=AP=H ,EHHAN $TAPAN +=J@ANKOAP=H /]NAV 2EHR= AP=H Cálculo del índice de diversidad $H_J@E?A@A@ERANOE@=@@A2D=JJKJ 6EAJANBQA?=H?QH=@KL=N==I>KOOEPEKOIA@E=JPAH=A?Q=?EaJ s H , ( p i )(log 2 p i ) i 1 @KJ@AsAHJcIANK@AAOLA?EAO piAOH=LNKLKN?EaJJcIANK@ANACEOPNKO@AH=AOL]?EAE ]OEI= +KO_J@E?AO@A@ERANOE@=@BQANKJ?KIL=N=@KO?KJH=LNQA>=@AP 2PQ@AJP9=N Evaluación del esfuerzo de muestreo +=AR=HQ=?EaJ@AHAOBQANVK@AHIQAOPNAKKABE?=?E=@AHEJRAJP=NEK@AAOLA?EAOUH=?KIL=N=?EaJ@A H= NEMQAV= AJPNA ?=@= DY>EP=P OA ABA?PQa IA@E=JPA AH QOK @A IK@AHKO =FQOP=@KO = ?QNR=O @A =?QIQH=?EaJ@AAOLA?EAO +KOIK@AHKO@A=?QIQH=?EaJ@AAOLA?EAOLANIEPAJ@=NBE=>EHE@=@= HKOEJRAJP=NEKO@AAOLA?EAOULKOE>EHEP=NOQ?KIL=N=?EaJ QJ=IAFKNLH=JEBE?=?EaJ@AHPN=>=FK@A IQAOPNAK PN=OAOPEI=NAHAOBQANVKNAMQANE@KL=N=?KJOACQENEJRAJP=NEKOBE=>HAO UATPN=LKH=NAH JcIANK @A AOLA?EAO K>OANR=@K AJ QJ EJRAJP=NEK L=N= AOPEI=N AH PKP=H @A AOLA?EAO MQA AOP=N_=J LNAOAJPAO AJ AH OEPEK @A IQAOPNAK 2K>ANaJ U +HKNAJPA "KHSAHH U "K@@EJCPKJ ,KNAJKU'=HBBPAN &KPAHHEU"KHSAHH 2AQPEHEVaAHIK@AHKJKL=N=I]PNE?K"D=K $HIK@AHKChao 2AOQJAOPEI=@KN>=O=@KAJH=EJ?E@AJ?E= AOPKMQEANA@A?ENMQAJA?AOEP= @=PKO@ALNAOAJ?E= =QOAJ?E=@AQJ=AOLA?EAAJQJ=IQAOPN=@=@= AO@A?EN OaHKOEAOPYH=AOLA?EAU ?QYJP=ORA?AOAOPYAO=AOLA?EAAJAH?KJFQJPK@AIQAOPN=O $OPAIK@AHKJK=OQIAJEJCcJPELK@A @EOPNE>Q?EaJL=NPE?QH=NJEQJ=OANEA@AOQLQAOPKOa prioriMQAHKO=FQOPAJ=QJIK@AHK@APANIEJ=@K "KHSAHHU"K@@EJCPKJ "KHSAHHet al +=ATLNAOEaJI=PAIYPE?=@AHIK@AHKAOH=OECQEAJPA = Sobs + (L2 / 2M) = -cIANK@AAOLA?EAOMQAOA@AOA=?KJK?AN Sobs -cIANK@AAOLA?EAO?KJK?E@=O L -cIANK@AAOLA?EAOMQAK?QNNAJOaHKAJQJ=IQAOPN=singletons M-cIANK@AAOLA?EAOMQAK?QNNAJAT=?P=IAJPAAJ@KOIQAOPN=Odoubletons /=N=AH?YH?QHK@AAOPAAOPEI=@KNOAQPEHEVaAHOKBPS=NAEstimateS 7.5"KHSAHH 2A =NNACH=NKJHKO@=PKOAJBKNI=@AI=PNEV @KJ@AHKONAJCHKJAOUH=O?KHQIJ=OLQA@AJNALNAOAJP=N EJ@EOPEJP=IAJPAH=OIQAOPN=OUH=OAOLA?EAOOAAOP=>HA?EaAHKN@AJQJ=RAVEJE?E=@KAHLNKCN=I= LKOPANEKNIAJPA L=N= AHEIEJ=N H= EJBHQAJ?E= @A H= OA?QAJ?E= AJ MQA OA NA=HEV=NKJ H=O ?KHA?P=O AH KN@AJ @A HKO IQAOPNAKO AJ AOPA ?=OK IAOAO @A IQAOPNAK OA =HA=PKNEVa $OPK LNK@QFK ?QNR=O suavizadasMQAOKJLNKIA@EKO@AH=ONALAPE?EKJAOOA?QAJ?E=@=O=H=V=N+KJCEJKU"KHSAHH ,KNAJKU'=HBBPAN "KHSAHH et al. Estudio de morfotipos ectomicorrízicos en raíces de A. religiosa Recolecta de plántulas. += NA?KHA?P= @A H=O LHYJPQH=O @A A. religiosa OA NA=HEVa IAJOQ=HIAJPA PKI=J@K =H =V=N LHYJPQH=OAOP=>HA?E@=OAJ?=@==I>EAJPA$ 2 U$32=O_?KIKAH OQAHKNEVKOB]NE?K?EN?QJ@=JPA AJ HKO LNEIANKO ?I @A LNKBQJ@E@=@ AJ 2EPEKO >=FK AH @KOAH MQA NALNAOAJP=J AH AOP=@K =R=JV=@K @A H= OQ?AOEaJ $ 2 @KIEJ=@K LKN EJ@ERE@QKO =@QHPKO @A A. religiosa U OEPEKO =>EANPKOMQANALNAOAJP=JAHAOP=@KPAILN=JK@AH=OQ?AOEaJ$32 @KJ@AH=AOLA?EA@KIEJ=JPAAO AH=N>QOPKB. conferta KAO?K>EHHK Preparación del material recolectado. $HI=PANE=HNA?KHA?P=@KOAAPEMQAPa@A=?QAN@K=HOEPEK@AKNECAJUOAPN=JOLKNPa=HH=>KN=PKNEKAJ DEAHAN= L=N= I=JPAJANHK = l" $H I=PANE=H BQA LNK?AO=@K NYLE@=IAJPA OAL=N=J@K AH OQAHK U H= I=PANE=KNCYJE?=@AH=ON=_?AO UOANA=HEVKQJ?QE@=@KOKH=R=@KAJ=CQ=L=N=H=AHEIEJ=?EaJPKP=H @AOQAHKUKPNKONAOE@QKO CANAN !NQJ@NAPP Determinación de la presencia y el tipo de estructuras ectomicorrízicas. /=N=@APANIEJ=NH=LNAOAJ?E=UAHPELK@AAOPNQ?PQN=O$",OA=LHE?aAHI]PK@K@A CANAN NA=HEV=J@KK>OANR=?EKJAO@AH=O?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OI=?NKUIE?NKO?aLE?=OT@AH=OLQJP=O@AN=_V IE?KNNEV=@=O Análisis macroscópico. +=OAOPNQ?PQN=OA?PKIE?KNN_VE?=OBQANKJK>OANR=@=O=HIE?NKO?KLEK@A@EOA??EaJ?KJHQV>H=J?= OA K?QL=NKJ?=F=OLAPNEL=N=OQIANCENH=OAOPNQ?PQN=OAJQJ=LAH_?QH=@A=CQ=@A=LNKTEI=@=IAJPA QJ ?AJP_IAPNK @A CNKOKN /=N= H= @AO?NEL?EaJ @A HKO IKNBKPELKO OA PKIa AJ ?QAJP= AH PELK @A N=IEBE?=?EaJ BKNI= ?KHKN NA=??EKJAOMQ_IE?=O @EOPNE>Q?EaJUBKNI=@AH=OLQJP=O AOP=@K@AH= OQLANBE?EA LNAOAJ?E=@ANEVKIKNBKOU?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OAOLA?E=HAO CANAN +=OLQJP=O@AN=_V BQANKJ =CNQL=@=O AJ ,$" gO ,KNBKPELKO $?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO AJ Abies /KOPANEKNIAJPA H=O ,$" gO BQANKJ LNAOANR=@=O AJ AP=JKH =H U NABNECAN=@=O = e" K ?KHK?=@=O = PAILAN=PQN= =I>EAJPA AJ PQ>KO ALLAJ@KNB ?KJ CNYJQHKO @A O_HE?A L=N= ?KJOPEPQEN H= ?KHA??EaJ @A NABANAJ?E= !NQJ@NAPP Análisis microscópico de morfotipos. +KO @EBANAJPAO ,$" gO BQANKJ =J=HEV=@KO =J=PaIE?=IAJPA OA NA=HEV=NKJ ?KNPAO PN=JORANO=HAO U HKJCEPQ@EJ=HAO@AH=OLQJP=ON=_VK,$" gO L=N=H=K>OANR=?EaJ@A?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O@E=CJaOPE?=O @A H=O $", ?KIK OKJ AH I=JPK EJPANJK U ATPANJK NA@ @A '=NPEC BKNI= @A ?]HQH=O ?KNPE?=HAO ?EOPE@EKO NEVKIKNBKO ?H=IE@KAOLKN=O DEB=O @AH I=JPK A DEB=O AI=J=JPAO +KO ?KNPAO BQANKJ =J=HEV=@KO =H IE?NKO?KLEK ?KILQAOPK =LHE?YJ@KHAO AP=JKH =H *.' *.' K OKHQ?EaJ@A,AHPVANULKOPANEKNIAJPAH=OLNAL=N=?EKJAOBQANKJBEF=@=OAJY?E@KHY?PE?K CANAN Evaluación del esfuerzo de muestreo 2A=LHE?aAHIEOIKLNK?A@EIEAJPK@AO?NEPKAJAH?=OK@AHAOPQ@EK@AHKOI=?NKIE?APKO Experimento con suelo rizosférico 2A ?KHA?Pa OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K AJ AH >KOMQA @A =>EAO $ 2 U OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K AJ H= VKJ= =>EANP= @KIEJ=@= LKN AH =N>QOPK B. conferta $23 OA NAREOa MQA AH OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K LNAOAJP=N= LNKLYCQHKO@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO AJ?KJPNYJ@KOAAJ=I>KO?=OKOAOLKN=O DEB=O@ADKJCK UN=_?AO?KHKJEV=@=O 2A?KHA?P=NKJOAIEHH=O@AA. religiosaAJQJ=LK>H=?EaJJ=PQN=H@AH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA @A/ANKPA 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?Kesss-Uetr6 OACANIEJ=NKJAJ=HIY?ECKO?KJ OQAHK AOP]NEH QJ IAO @AOLQ]O H=O LHYJPQH=O OA PN=OLH=JP=NKJ = >KHO=O ?KJ HKO OECQEAJPAO ?Q=PNK PN=P=IEAJPKO LHYJPQH=O LKN PN=P=IEAJPK = OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K @AH OEPEK @A A. religiosa 2 NALNAOAJP= AOP=@K =R=JV=@K @A H= OQ?AOEaJ > OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K @AH OEPEK @A B. conferta 2! NALNAOAJP=AOP=@KPAILN=JK@AH=OQ?AOEaJ?IAV?H=@AOQAHK@AHKO@KOOEPEKOAOPANEHEV=@= AJ=QPK?H=RAIEJ=l"U GC?I ,$ ?KJPNKHJAC=PERK@AEJK?QH=JPAOIE?KNN_VE?KOU >=?PANE=JKO@IAV?H=@AOQAHK@AHKO@KOOEPEKO?KJBQJCE?E@=!AJKIUH,% ?KJPNKH JAC=PERK @A EJK?QH=JPAO IE?KNN_VE?KO LANK JK AHEIEJ= >=?PANE=O NEVKOB]NE?=O MQA LQA@AJ OAN >AJ]BE?=O 2A =J=HEVa AH ?KJPAJE@K @A JQPNEIAJPKO @A ?=@= PN=P=IEAJPK 3=>H= +=O LHYJPQH=O OA ?KHK?=NKJAJ>HKMQAOn ?KILHAPKO=H=V=N 2AIE@Ea=HPQN=?IU@EYIAPNK=H=>=OA@AH P=HHKII@AH=OLHYJPQH=O=HIKIAJPK@AHPN=OLH=JPA =HLNEIANU=HO]LPEIKIAO $JAHOACQJ@K UMQEJPKIAO OAPKI=NKJIQAOPN=OL=N=@APANIEJ=NH=LNAOAJ?E= @AIE?KNNEV=AJN=_?AO CANAN UOAAOPEIaH=>EKI=O=PKP=H@AH=LH=JP=C $HYNA=BKHE=NOAAR=HQa=HKOOEAPAIAOAO +=OP=O=O@A?NA?EIEAJPKOAAOPEI=NKJ@A=?QAN@K?KJH=A?Q=?EaJ3?HJCoHJCt @KJ@A3? AOH=P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKIAJOQ=H HJAOHKC=NEPIKJ=PQN=H CAOH==HPQN=K@EYIAPNKBEJ=H CAO H==HPQN=K@EYIAPNKEJE?E=HUtAOAHPEAILK /=N=E@AJPEBE?=N@EBANAJ?E=OECJEBE?=PER=AJH=OP=O=O @A ?NA?EIEAJPK @A H=O LHYJPQH=O =HPQN= @EYIAPNK LAOK =O_ ?KIK AJ YNA= BKHE=N OA =LHE?a QJ =JYHEOEO@AR=NE=JV=AJAH@EOA`KAJ>HKMQAO?KILHAPKO=H=V=N 2ANA=HEVaH=?KIL=N=?EaJ@AH=O IA@E=OQO=J@KH=LNQA>=@A3QGAUp 3=>H= JYHEOEO@AJQPNEIAJPKO@AHOQAHK Elementos SA SB L''.NAH . ME , - /ICGC *?IKH GC "=?IKH GC ,C?IKH GC -=?IKH GC "("?IKH GC %AICGC "QICGC 9JICGC ,JICGC MF 45.3 0.53 0.72 5.7 2 OQAHK@A>KOMQA@AAbies 2!OQAHK@AVKJ=@ABaccharisOL ,%IAV?H=@A OQAHKPN=P=@K?KJBQJCE?E@= ,$IAV?H=AOPANEHEV=@=AJ=QPK?H=RAL' LKPAJ?E=H@ADE@NaCAJK,.I=PANE=KNCYJE?=-JEPNaCAJK/BaOBKNK@EOLKJE>HA *LKP=OEK"=?=H?EK ,CI=CJAOEK -=OK@EK "("?=L=?E@=@@AEJPAN?=I>EK ?=PEaJE?K %A%EANNK "Q?K>NA 9J9EJ? ,JI=JC=JAOK Resultados Estudio de los macromicetos ectomicorrízicos asociados con Abies religiosa 2AK>PQRKQJPKP=H@AP=T=@A'$,=OK?E=@KO?KJEJ@ERE@QKO@AA. religiosa @AHKO?Q=HAO OA@APANIEJ=NKJP=TKJaIE?=IAJPA=JERAH@AAOLA?EA 5AEJPE?Q=PNKP=T=LANPAJA?AJ=C]JANKOU B=IEHE=O@A!=OE@EKIU?KP= UOaHKAHC]JANKMorchellaLANPAJA?A=HKO O?KIU?KP=3=>H= +KO AOLA?EIAJAO @A Cortinarius BQANKJ HKO IYO =>QJ@=JPAO AJ H=O NA?KHA?P=O LANK OA E@AJPEBE?=NKJ OKHK = JERAH @A OA??EaJ 3=>H= @A>E@K = MQA AH CNQLK PEAJA =HP= R=NE=>EHE@=@ IKNBKHaCE?= U LKN HK P=JPK AO ?KILHAF= OQ @APANIEJ=?EaJ P=TKJaIE?= = PN=R]O @A ?=N=?PANAO IKNBKHaCE?KO +KOC]JANKO?KJI=UKNJcIANK@AP=T=BQANKJCortinariusP=T= RussulaAOLA?EAO U Lactarius AOLA?EAO +KO C]JANKO Amanita y Ramaria LNAOAJP=NKJ AOLA?EAO ?=@= QJK U Boletus Chroogomphus Gomphus Laccaria Lycoperdon Morchella Sarcodon Suillus U Tricholoma OKHK LNAOAJP=NKJ QJ= AOLA?EA 3=>H= +=O AOLA?EAO ?KJ I=O BNA?QAJ?E= @A NA?KHA?P=O BQANKJ Lycoperdon perlatum NACEOPNKO U Amanita muscaria NACEOPNKO Boletus edulis Gomphus floccosus Sarcodon imbricatus Laccaria laccata Lactarius mexicanus Russulaolivacea Suillusgranulatus UTricholoma equestreLNAOAJP=NKJ@KONACEOPNKO?=@=QJK IEAJPN=OMQAH=OAOLA?EAONAOP=JPAOMQANALNAOAJP=JAH@AHPKP=H BQANKJNACEOPN=@=OOaHK QJ=RAVAJAOPAAOPQ@EKLKNHKMQAOA?KJOE@AN=JN=N=OKLK?K=>QJ@=JPAO3=>H= 3=>H= ,=?NKIE?APKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO =OK?E=@KO ?KJ Abies religiosa AJ AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H "KBNA@A/ANKPA 2AEJ@E?=AHJcIANK@ANACEOPNKOLKNAOLA?EAUAHAOP=@KOQ?AOEKJ=HAJMQABQANKJ ?KHA?P=@=O$32 $ 2AOP=@KPAILN=JKU=R=JV=@K@AH=OQ?AOEaJ NAOLA?PER=IAJPA $OLA?EA #EREOEaJ O?KIU?KP= 2Q>@EREOEaJ O?KIU?KPEJ= .N@AJ/AVEV=HAO %=IEHE=,KN?DAHH=?A=A Morchella esculenta + /ANO #EREOEaJ!=OE@EKIU?KP= 2Q>@EREOEaJ!=OE@EKIU?KPEJ= .N@AJ C=NE?=HAO %=IEHE= I=JEP=?A=A Amanita muscariaR=N flavivolvata 2EJC )AJGEJO Amanita pantherina#" *NKI>D %=IEHE="KNPEJ=NE=?A=A Cortinarius2Q>C]JANKPhlegmaciumOA??EaJPhlegmacium Cortinarius2Q>C]JANKPhlegmaciumOA??EaJPhlegmacium Cortinarius2Q>C]JANKPhlegmaciumOA??EaJScauri Cortinarius2Q>C]JANKPhlegmaciumOA??EaJInfracti Cortinarius2Q>C]JANKPhlegmaciumOA??EaJCalochroi %=IEHE='U@J=JCE=?A=A Laccaria laccata2?KL%N %=IEHE=+U?KLAN@=?A=A Lycoperdon perlatum/ANO. %=IEHE=3NE?DKHKI=P=?A=A Tricholoma equestre+ / *QII .N@AJ!KHAP=HAO %=IEHE=!KHAP=?A=A Boletus edulis!QHH Suillus granulatus+ 1KQO .N@AJ&KILD=HAO %=IEHE=&KILD=?A=A Gomphus floccosus2?DS 2EJC Ramaria botrytisR=N botrytis /ANO 1E?GAJ Ramaria flavaR=N sanguinea "KNJAN %=IEHE=&KILDE@E=?A=A Chroogomphus vinicolor/G . * ,EHH .N@AJ1QOOQH=HAO %=IEHE=1QOOQH=?A=A Lactarius deliciosus%NEAO2 % &N=U Lactarius mexicanus*KJC ,KJPKU=$OPN=@= Lactarius rufus 2?KL %N Russula abietina/A?G Russula delica %N Russula emetica 2D=ABB /ANO Russula olivacea /ANO .N@AJ3DAHALDKN=HAO %=IEHE=3DAHALDKN=?A=A Sarcodon imbricatus+ %N / *=NOP -K @ANACEOPNKO 2EPEK $32 $32U$ 2 $32 $32 $32 $ 2 $32 $32 $32 $ 2 $32 $32 $32 $ 2 $ 2 $32 $32 $ 2 $ 2 $32 $32 $32 $ 2 $32U$ 2 $ 2 "H=OEBE?=?EaJ>=O=@=AJ'=SGOSKNPDAP=H =?PQ=HEV=@=?KJBKNIA="=JJKJU*ENG $HL=PNaJ@A=L=NE?EaJ@AAOLKNKI=O@A'$,=PN=R]O@AH=`KBQAIQUOEIEH=NAJ=I>KO =I>EAJPAO OEJ AI>=NCK H= NEMQAV= @A AOLA?EAO BQA I=UKN AJ HKO OEPEKO @A $32 MQA AJ OEPEKO @A $ 2 %ECQN= += LNK@Q??EaJ @A AOLKNKI=O @A '$, OA K>OANRa AJPNA HKO IAOAO @A FQHEK = JKREAI>NA =H?=JV=J@KH=I=UKNNEMQAV=AJAHIAO@AK?PQ>NA IEAJPN=OMQA@QN=JPAHKOIAOAO@A @E?EAI>NA=FQHEKIAOAOIYOOA?KOJKOAAJ?KJPN=NKJAOLKNKI=OAJJEJCcJAOP=@KOQ?AOEKJ=H ?KJAT?AL?EaJ@ALycoperdonperlatumMQABQANA?KHA?P=@KAJ$ 2AJBA>NANKUFQHEK%ECQN= #AOLQ]O@AHEJE?EK@AH=OHHQRE=O AJAH$32OANA?KHA?P=NKJJQAR=OAOLA?EAO@A'$,AJ=CKOPK AJ OALPEAI>NA =L=NA?EANKJ JQAR=O AOLA?EAO U IYO AJ K?PQ>NA L=N= =H?=JV=N QJ PKP=H @A AOLA?EAO%ECQN= $JAH?=OK@AHKOOEPEKO@AH$ 2OANA?KHA?PaQJ=JQAR=AOLA?EA@A'$,AJ =CKOPK AJOALPEAI>NAOANA?KHA?P=NKJJQAR=OAOLA?EAOUAJK?PQ>NAJQAR=OAOLA?EAOL=N=@=N QJPKP=H@A%ECQN= 1AOLA?PK=H=NEMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO@A'$,LKN=I>EAJPA @AHKOP=T=NACEOPN=@KO OA AJ?KJPN=NKJ =OK?E=@KO ?KJ A. religiosa AT?HQOER=IAJPA AJ AH $32 K?DK OA AJ?KJPN=NKJ AT?HQOER=IAJPA AJ AH $ 2 @KIEJ=@K LKN A. religiosa OaHK H=O AOLA?EAO Amanita muscaria U Russula olivacea OA AJ?KJPN=NKJ =OK?E=@=O ?KJ LH=JP=O @A A. religiosa AJ =I>KO AOP=@KO OQ?AOEKJ=HAO3=>H= += @ERANOE@=@ @AH I=PANE=H NA?KHA?P=@K BQA OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA @EBANAJPA AJPNA =I>KO AOP=@KO OQ?AOEKJ=HAO L CH AJ AH $32 BQA I=UKN 'g MQA AJ AH $ 2 'g +=BECQN=LNAOAJP=H=?QNR=@A=?QIQH=?EaJ@AAOLA?EAOK>PAJE@==L=NPEN@AHKO@=PKO@AAOPA AOPQ@EK 2A K>OANR= MQA JK OA =H?=JV= H= =O_JPKP= HK ?Q=H AO =BA?P=@K LKN AH CN=J JcIANK @A AOLA?EAON=N=OAJ?KJPN=@=OAJH=VKJ=@AAOPQ@EK U=QJMQA@A=?QAN@K=HKONAOQHP=@KO@AKPNKO PN=>=FKOAOPA?KILKNP=IEAJPKLQA@A?KJOE@AN=NOA?KIcJL=N=AOPACNQLK@AKNC=JEOIKO1E?D=N@ et al AO LNA?EOK @AOP=?=N MQA OACQN=IAJPA AH JcIANK @A AOLA?EAO OACQENY =QIAJP=J@K ?KJBKNIAOA=ILH_AAHIKJEPKNAK@AH=VKJ= # $ " " ! ! " %ECQN= 1EMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO@A'$,?KHA?P=@KOLKNIAOULKN=I>EAJPA=PN=R]O@AHAOPQ@EK $ 2 JcIANK@AAOLA?EAO?KHA?P=@=OLKNIAOAT?HQOER=IAJPAAJAOP=@K=R=JV=@K@AH=OQ?AOEaJ @KOAH @A A. religiosa $32 JcIANK @A AOLA?EAO ?KHA?P=@=O LKN IAO AT?HQOER=IAJPA AJ AOP=@K PAILN=JK @A H= OQ?AOEaJ B. conferta 3KP=H IAJOQ=H OQI=PKNE= @AH JcIANK @A AOLA?EAO ?KHA?P=@=OLKNIAOAJ=I>KO=I>EAJPAO$32U$ 2 Curva de acumulación de especies de hongos Especies Meses .>OANR=@=O $OLAN=@=O %ECQN= "QNR=@A=?QIQH=?EaJ@AAOLA?EAOL=N=I=?NKIE?APKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO $H@AH= NEMQAV= AOLAN=@= BQA NALNAOAJP=@= @A =?QAN@K =H AOPEI=@KN JK L=N=I]PNE?K @A "D=K += H_JA= ?KJPEJQ=NALNAOAJP=H=LNA@E??EaJ@AHIK@AHK +=H_JA=@EO?KJPEJQ=NALNAOAJP=HKO@=PKOCAJAN=@KO LKNAHIQAOPNAK Estudio de morfotipos ectomicorrízicos en raíces de A. religiosa 2A =J=HEV=NKJ LHYJPQH=O @A Abies religiosa AJ $32 AJ $ 2 @A H=O ?Q=HAO LNAOAJP=NKJQJ=KIYOAOPNQ?PQN=O$",UJKLNAOAJP=NKJAOPNQ?PQN=O@ABEJE@=O $JH=%ECQN= OA IQAOPN= AH PKP=H @A LHYJPQH=O NA?KHA?P=@=O LKN =I>EAJPA OAL=N=J@K H=O MQA JK LNAOAJP=NKJ JEJCQJ=AOPNQ?PQN=@AH=OMQALNAOAJP=NKJ=HIAJKOQJ=AOPNQ?PQN=$", Presencia de ectomicorriza en plántulas por ambiente 90 No. de Plántulas 80 70 20 17 60 63 60 50 2EJIE?KNNEV= 40 30 "KJIE?KNNEV= 20 10 0 $ 2 $32 Ambiente %ECQN= /HYJPQH=O@AAbies?KHA?P=@=OLKN=I>EAJPA $JJACNKOA@AOP=?=AHJcIANK@ALHYJPQH=O MQAJKLNAOAJP=NKJ$", +=OA??EaJ>H=J?=EJ@E?=AHJcIANK@ALHYJPQH=OMQALNAOAJP=NKJQJ=K IYO AOPNQ?PQN=O $", $ 2 $OP=@K =R=JV=@K @A H= OQ?AOEaJ @KOAH @A Abies $32 $OP=@K PAILN=JK@AH=OQ?AOEaJ VKJ=@ABaccharis 2A@APANIEJ=NKJQJPKP=H@AIKNBKPELKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KOAJLHYJPQH=O@AA. religiosa HKO ?Q=HAO OA @AOECJ=NKJ ?KJ H=O OECH=O ,$" #KO IKNBKPELKO ,$" U BQANKJ AJ?KJPN=@KO AT?HQOER=IAJPA AJ LHYJPQH=O NA?KHA?P=@=O AJ OEPEKO @A $32 Baccharis PNAO IKNBKPELKO,$" UBQANKJNA?KHA?P=@KOAT?HQOER=IAJPAAJOEPEKO@A$ 2>=FKAH@KOAH @AA. religiosa IEAJPN=OMQAHKOK?DKIKNBKPELKONAOP=JPAOBQANKJAJ?KJPN=@KOAJ=I>KOAOP=@KO OQ?AOEKJ=HAO%ECQN= No. de MECAs MECAs exclusivos y compartidos por ambiente $ 2 I>KO $32 Tipo de ambiente %ECQN= ,$" gO ?KHA?P=@KO $ 2 NALNAOAJP= AH JcIANK @A ,$" gO ?KHA?P=@KO AT?HQOER=IAJPA >=FK @KOAH @A Abies I>KO NALNAOAJP= HKO ,$" gO ?KHA?P=@KO AJ =I>KO =I>EAJPAO $32 NALNAOAJP=AHJcIANK@AIKNBKPELKOAT?HQOERKO=H=VKJ=@ABaccharis H =J=HEV=N H= NEMQAV= IAJOQ=H @A ,$" gO %ECQN= L=NA?A D=>AN QJ= PAJ@AJ?E= AJ =I>KO OEPEKO = LNAOAJP=N I=UKN NEMQAV= AJ HKO IAOAO ?KJ I=UKN DQIA@=@ U PAILAN=PQN= =I>EAJP=H I=O >=F= $H OEPEK @A $ 2 @KOAH @A Abies LNAOAJPa AH I=UKN R=HKN @A NEMQAV= NALKNP=@K,$" gO=HBEJ=H@AH=PAILKN=@=BN_= UP=I>E]JLNAOAJPaAHIAJKNR=HKN@ANEMQAV= ,$" gOAJAHIAO@AI=UK MQABQAAHIYO?=HQNKOKUOA?K No. de MECAs Riqueza de MECAs por mes por ambiente #E? $JA %A> ,=N >N ,=U )QJ )QH Meses $ 2 $32 3KP=H %ECQN= 1EMQAV=@A,$" gOLKNIAOAJ?=@==I>EAJPAUOQI=PKP=HIAJOQ=H +=H_JA=JACN= ?KJ PNEYJCQHKO EJ@E?= AH JcIANK PKP=H @A ,$" gO @EBANAJPAO MQA OA ?KHA?P=NKJ AJ ?=@= IAO OQI=J@K=I>KOOEPEKO +=H_JA=JACN=LQJPA=@=IQAOPN=AHPKP=H@A,$" gO?KHA?P=@KOAJVKJ= @A Baccharis $32 += H_JA= CNEO ?KJ ?Q=@NKO EJ@E?= AH JcIANK PKP=H @A ,$" gO MQA BQA ?KHA?P=@KAJH=VKJ=@A@KOAH@AA. religiosa$ 2 $J ?Q=JPK = H= =>QJ@=J?E= IAJOQ=H @A ,$" gO OA K>OANR= MQA AJ HKO IAOAO IYO DcIA@KO H= VKJ= @A $32 Baccharis LNAOAJP= R=HKNAO I=UKNAO MQA H= VKJ= @A $ 2 @KOAH @A >EAO%ECQN= IEAJPN=OMQAAJHKOIAOAOIYOOA?KO=I>KOOEPEKOOA?KILKNP=JECQ=H Abundancia de MECAs por mes por ambiente No. de MECAs #E? $JA %A> ,=N >N ,=U )QJ )QH Meses $ 2 $32 3KP=H %ECQN= >QJ@=J?E=@A,$" gOLKNIAOAJ?=@==I>EAJPAUOQI=PKP=HIAJOQ=H +=H_JA=?KJ PNEYJCQHKO EJ@E?= AH JcIANK PKP=H @A ,$" gO MQA OA ?KHA?P=NKJ AJ ?=@= IAO OQI=J@K =I>KO OEPEKO +=H_JA=?KJLQJPKOIQAOPN=AHPKP=H@AAFAILH=NAO?KHA?P=@KOAJVKJ=@A$32Baccharis +=H_JA=?KJ?Q=@NKOEJ@E?=AHJcIANKPKP=H@AAFAILH=NAO?KHA?P=@KAJH=VKJ=@A$ 2@KOAH@A A. religiosa 2EAIL=P=IKOHKOR=HKNAOPKP=HAO@ANEMQAV=U=>QJ@=J?E=%ECQN= LK@AIKORANMQAAJ CAJAN=H LNAOAJP=J AH IEOIK ?KILKNP=IEAJPK ?KJ QJ= PAJ@AJ?E= = LNAOAJP=N R=HKNAO I=UKNAO AJ HKOIAOAO@AI=UKNDQIA@=@UR=HKNAOIYO>=FKOAJH=]LK?=OA?= Riqueza y abundancia total de MECAs por mes No. de MECAs 36 31 29 27 26 19 9 8 15 15 5 6 6 ,=U )QJ )QH 9 8 6 #E? $JA %A> ,=N >N Meses 1EMQAV= >QJ@=J?E= %ECQN= 1EMQAV= U =>QJ@=J?E= PKP=HAO @A ,$" gO LKN IAO += H_JA= ?KJ PNEYJCQHKO EJ@E?= AH JcIANKPKP=HIAJOQ=H@A,$" O=>QJ@=J?E=MQAOANA?KHA?P=NKJOQI=J@K=I>KOOEPEKO$23 $ 2 +=H_JA=?KJ?Q=@NKOEJ@E?=AHJcIANKPKP=H@AIKNBKPELKO@EBANAJPAONEMQAV=NA?KHA?P=@KO IAJOQ=HIAJPAOQI=J@K=I>KOOEPEKO$23 $ 2 +=BECQN=IQAOPN=H=BNA?QAJ?E=?KJMQABQANKJ?KHA?P=@KOHKO,$" AH,$" BQA AHIYO=>QJ@=JPA@APK@KOHKOIKNBKPELKO=HNA?KHA?P=NOAAJK?=OEKJAO HKO,$" U HA OECQEANKJ AJ =>QJ@=J?E= =H OAN NA?KHA?P=@KO AJ U K?=OEKJAO NAOLA?PER=IAJPA 3K@KO HKO IKNBKPELKO =>QJ@=JPAO AOPQREANKJ LNAOAJPAO AJ =I>KO =I>EAJPAO 2EJ AI>=NCK HKO IKNBKPELKO AT?HQOERKO L=N= QJ =I>EAJPA BQANKJ IQU AO?=OKO HKO ,$" gO U OA LNAOAJP=NKJ OKHK AJ $ 2 @KOAH @A Abies IEAJPN=O HKO ,$" gO U OA NA?KHA?P=NKJ OKH=IAJPAAJVKJ=@A$32Baccharis No. de recolectas Frecuencia de recolecta de los MECAs No. de MECA %ECQN= %NA?QAJ?E=?KJMQABQANKJ?KHA?P=@KOHKO@EBANAJPAO,$" gO@APANIEJ=@KOAJAOPA AOPQ@EK "KJAHBEJ@A?KJK?ANOEAHP=I=`K@AIQAOPN=AOPQ@E=@KAONALNAOAJP=PERK OA?=H?QHaAH JcIANK @A ,$" gO AOLAN=@=O L=N= =I>KO =I>EAJPAO @A IQAOPNAK AILHA=J@K AH AOPEI=@KN @A NEMQAV= JK L=N=I]PNE?K @A "D=K %ECQN=O U 2A AJ?KJPNa AJ AH ?=OK @A VKJ= @A $ 2 %ECQN= MQA AH P=I=`K @A IQAOPN= LANIEPEa K>PAJAN QJ= NEMQAV= @A ,$" gO ?AN?=J= = H= AOLAN=@=AJQJ HKMQAEJ@E?=MQAAHIQAOPNAKOALQA@A?KJOE@AN=NNALNAOAJP=PERK $JAH?=OK@AH=VKJ=@A$32%ECQN= OAK>PQRKQJ=NEMQAV=@A,$" gOP=I>E]JIQU ?AN?=J= = H= AOLAN=@= LKN HK MQA AH IQAOPNAK OA LQA@A ?KJOE@AN=N NALNAOAJP=PERK OEJ AI>=NCK AJ AOPA ?=OK AH IK@AHK LNA@E?A QJ= I=UKN LNK>=>EHE@=@ @A MQA H= NEMQAV= PAJC= QJ HECANK=QIAJPKOEOA=ILH_=H=IQAOPN= Curva de acumulación de MECA´s (EAS) No. de MECA´s Meses Observadas Esperadas %ECQN= "QNR=@A=?QIQH=?EaJ@A,$" gOL=N=H=VKJ=@A$ 2@KOAH@AAbies $H@AH= NEMQAV= AOLAN=@= BQA NALNAOAJP=@= @A =?QAN@K =H AOPEI=@KN JK L=N=I]PNE?K @A "D=K += H_JA= ?KJPEJQ= NALNAOAJP= H= LNK>=>EHE@=@ @A AJ?KJPN=N QJ JQARK ,$" += H_JA= @EO?KJPEJQ= NALNAOAJP=HKO@=PKOCAJAN=@KOLKNJQAOPNKIQAOPNAK Curva de acumulación de MECA´s (ETS) No. de MECA´s Meses Observadas Esperadas %ECQN= "QNR= @A =?QIQH=?EaJ @A ,$" gO L=N= H= VKJ= @A $32 Baccharis $H @A H= NEMQAV= AOLAN=@= BQA NALNAOAJP=@= @A =?QAN@K =H AOPEI=@KN JK L=N=I]PNE?K @A "D=K += H_JA= ?KJPEJQ=NALNAOAJP=H=LNA@E??EaJ@AHIK@AHK +=H_JA=@EO?KJPEJQ=NALNAOAJP=HKO@=PKOCAJAN=@KO LKNAHIQAOPNAK Experimento con suelo rizosférico $J OEAPA IAOAO @A AOPQ@EK JK OA NACEOPNa H= LNAOAJ?E= @A AOPNQ?PQN=O A?PKIE?KNN_VE?=O AJ JEJCcJ PN=P=IEAJPK $H I=UKN R=HKN LNKIA@EK @A =HPQN= U @EYIAPNK @A LHYJPQH= OA NACEOPNa AJ AH PN=P=IEAJPK2 ?IU IINAOLA?PER=IAJPA HAOPEI=NH=OP=O=O@A?NA?EIEAJPKAJ =HPQN= AHPN=P=IEAJPK2 LNAOAJPaAHI=UKNR=HKNp ?IIAO%ECQN= +=I=UKN P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKAJ#>p OAK>PQRKAJAHPN=P=IEAJPK2 IIIAO%ECQN= +KOPN=P=IEAJPKO2! ,$U,% LNAOAJP=NKJP=O=O@A?NA?EIEAJPKAJ#>OEIEH=NAO OEJ@EBANAJ?E= OECJEBE?=PER=p U II NAOLA?PER=IAJPA%ECQN= Altura o diámetro en cm 3" 3"# = > = > > > 2 2! > ,$ > ,% Tratamientos %ECQN= 3=O=O@A?NA?EIEAJPK@ALHYJPQH=O@AA. religiosa=HKOOEAPAIAOAO@AAOPQ@EK 3" P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPK@A=HPQN= 3"# P=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPK@A@EYIAPNK=H=>=OA@AH=LHYJPQH= 2 OQAHK @A =>EAO $ 2 2! OQAHK @A B. conferta $32 ,$ IAV?H= @A OQAHK @A =I>=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO@AOQ?AOEaJOKIAPE@K=AOPANEHEV=?EaJ ,% IAV?H=@AOQAHK@A=I>=O?KJ@E?EKJAO@A OQ?AOEaJ OKIAPE@K = PN=P=IEAJPK ?KJ BQJCE?E@= +=O >=NN=O EJ@E?=J @AORE=?EaJ AOPYJ@=N +APN=O @EBANAJPAOEJ@E?=J@EBANAJ?E=AOP=@_OPE?=OECJEBE?=PER=p $HLNKIA@EKIYO=HPK@A>EKI=O=BEJ=HOAK>PQRKAJ2 C UAHIYO>=FKOAK>PQRK AJ2! C +=I=UKNP=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKAJ>EKI=O=OAK>PQRKAJAHPN=P=IEAJPK2 CIAO OACQE@K LKN AH PN=P=IEAJPK ,% 2! U ,$ %ECQN= /KN HK IAJKOQJK@AHKOPN=P=IEAJPKOIKOPNa@EBANAJ?E=AJAH=JYHEOEO@AR=NE=JV=p $H=JYHEOEO @A ?KJPN=OPAO @APANIEJa @EBANAJ?E= OECJEBE?=PER= AJPNA 2 U ,% p -K DQ>K @EBANAJ?E= OECJEBE?=PER=p AJPNAHKOPN=P=IEAJPKO,$ ,%U2!%ECQN= Biomasa en gramos 3"! = > > > 2 2! ,$ ,% Tratamientos %ECQN= 3=O=@A?NA?EIEAJPKAJ>EKI=O=3"!@ALHYJPQH=O@AA. religiosa=HKOOEAPAIAOAO 2 OQAHK @A =>EAO $ 2 2! OQAHK @A B. conferta $32 ,$ IAV?H= @A OQAHK @A =I>=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO@AOQ?AOEaJOKIAPE@K=AOPANEHEV=?EaJ ,% IAV?H=@AOQAHK@A=I>=O?KJ@E?EKJAO@A OQ?AOEaJ OKIAPE@K = PN=P=IEAJPK ?KJ BQJCE?E@= +=O >=NN=O EJ@E?=J @AORE=?EaJ AOPYJ@=N +APN=O @EBANAJPAOEJ@E?=J@EBANAJ?E=AOP=@_OPE?=OECJEBE?=PER=p $H LNKIA@EK IYO =HPK @A YNA= BKHE=N OA K>PQRK AJ AH PN=P=IEAJPK 2 ?Ip %ECQN= +KO PN=P=IEAJPKO ,% ,$ U 2! JK LNAOAJP=NKJ @EBANAJ?E=OECJEBE?=PER=%ECQN= Área (cm2) % = > 2 > 2! ,$ > ,% Tratamientos %ECQN= wNA= BKHE=N % @A LHYJPQH=O @A A. religiosa = HKO OEAPA IAOAO 2 OQAHK @A =>EAO $ 2 2! OQAHK@AB. conferta$32 ,$ IAV?H=@AOQAHK@A=I>=O?KJ@E?EKJAO@AOQ?AOEaJ OKIAPE@K = AOPANEHEV=?EaJ ,% IAV?H= @A OQAHK @A =I>=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO @A OQ?AOEaJ OKIAPE@K = PN=P=IEAJPK ?KJ BQJCE?E@= +=O >=NN=O EJ@E?=J @AORE=?EaJ AOPYJ@=N +APN=O @EBANAJPAO EJ@E?=J @EBANAJ?E=AOP=@_OPE?=OECJEBE?=PER=p Discusión Macromicetos ectomicorrízicos asociados con A. religiosa #AOLQ]O @A QJ =`K @A NACEOPNKO AJ AOPA PN=>=FK OA AJ?KJPN=NKJ P=T= @A '$, =OK?E=@KO ?KJ EJ@ERE@QKO@AA. religiosaAJ@KOAOP=@KOATPNAIKO@AH=OQ?AOEaJ .t#AHHAP=H U2IEPDAP =H AJ?KJPN=NKJ U AOLA?EAO @A '$, AJ >KOMQAO @A Tsuga heterophylla 1=B 2=NC UPseudotsuga menziesii,EN> NAOLA?PER=IAJPA ?KJ?Q=@N=JPAOLANI=JAJPAOMQAOQI=J QJP=I=`KOEIEH=N=HQO=@KAJAOPAPN=>=FK &=N?_= !=OPEYJAP=H NA=HEV=NKJQJAOPQ@EK@A I=?NKIE?APKOAJ>KOMQA@AA. religiosaAJAH$OP=@K@A,]TE?K UOQHEOP=@KEJ?HQUAAOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO NACEOPN=@KO ?KIK A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO LKN HK MQA A. religiosa LK@N_= AOP=NOA =OK?E=J@K ?KJ =HCQJ=O @A H=O AOLA?EAO @A '$, NALKNP=@=O 2EJ AI>=NCK AHHKO NA=HEV=NKJ H= NA?KHA?P= A E@AJPEBE?=?EaJ P=TKJaIE?= @A PK@KO HKO AOLKNKI=O LNAOAJPAO AJ AH OEPEK @A AOPQ@EK LANK JK @APANIEJ=NKJOED=>_==OK?E=?EKJAOIE?KNN_VE?=OAOP=>HA?E@=O?KJA. religiosaK?KJ=HCQJ=KPN= AOLA?EA@ALH=JP=LNAOAJPAAJAHOEPEK@AIQAOPNAK )QILLKJAJ AP =H IAJ?EKJ=J MQA AH C]JANK @A DKJCK A?PKIE?KNN_VE?K ?KJ I=UKN NEMQAV=@AAOLA?EAOAJOEPEKO@AOQ?AOEaJLNEI=NE=UOA?QJ@=NE=AOCortinarius?KJNACEOPNKO =@AIYO AJ?KJPN=NKJ MQA Abies amabilis U A. lasiocarpa OKJ DKOLA@ANKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO $J JQAOPNKAOPQ@EKAHC]JANKCortinariusP=I>E]JBQ]AH@AI=UKNNEMQAV=?KJP=T= Amanita muscaria U Laccaria laccata OKJ '$, NA?KJK?E@KO LKN PAJAN QJ= =ILHE= @EOPNE>Q?EaJUR=NEA@=@@ADKOLA@ANKO2IEPDU1A=@ .g#AHHAP=H $JAOPAAOPQ@EK A. muscaria BQA H= OACQJ@= AOLA?EA ?KJ I=UKN JcIANK @A NACEOPNKO U =@AIYO BQA AJ?KJPN=@= =OK?E=@= ?KJ LH=JP=O @A A. religiosa AJ H=O @KO ?KJ@E?EKJAO =I>EAJP=HAO $32 U $ 2 2EJ AI>=NCK L. laccata OKHK BQA NA?KHA?P=@= AJ @KO K?=OEKJAO =OK?E=@= ?KJ LH=JP=O @A KU=IAH AJ $32 $HLKN?AJP=FA@AAOLA?EAON=N=OKLK?K=>QJ@=JPAOAJ?KJPN=@=OAJAOPAAOPQ@EK?KJ?QAN@= ?KJHKNALKNP=@KLKN1E?D=N@AP=H MQEAJAOPN=>=F=J@KAJ>KOMQA@KIEJ=@KLKNQuercus ilexUArbutus unedo?KJOE@AN=NKJAH@AH=OAOLA?EAO?KIKLK?K=>QJ@=JPAO NALKNP=J@KMQA HKO'$,LNK@Q?AJAJLNKIA@EKIAJKO@AQJAOLKNKI=LKN?=@=I 5EHH=NA=HU&QVIYJU5EHH=NA=HIAJ?EKJ=JMQAAJAH>KOMQA@APinus-Abies @AH"KBNA@A/ANKPAHKOLNK?AOKO@A=L=NE?EaJ@AAOLKNKI=O?KIEAJV=JAJFQJEK K>OANRYJ@KOAAH IYTEIK AJ FQHEK U OALPEAI>NA @A?=UAJ@K AJ K?PQ>NA $J AH LNAOAJPA PN=>=FK OA AJ?KJPNa >=F= NEMQAV=AJFQJEKUFQHEKUOAK>PQREANKJ=L=NE?EKJAOP=N@_=OEJE?E=J@KAJAHIAO@A=CKOPK?KJ AOLA?EAO OALPEAI>NA AOLA?EAO U AJ K?PQ>NA OA LNAOAJPa QJ IYTEIK ?KJ AOLA?EAO MQEVY AOP=O@EBANAJ?E=OOA=JNAOQHP=@K@AH=OR=NE=?EKJAO?HEIYPE?=O +=OAOLA?EAO@A'$,Tricholoma magnivelareUAmanita caesareaD=JOE@KNALKNP=@=OAJ>KOMQAO@AKPN=OHK?=HE@=@AO@AH"KBNA @A/ANKPA5EHH=NNA=HU&QVIYJ 5EHH=NNA=H 5EHH=NNA=HU&aIAV LANKJKBQANKJ AJ?KJPN=@=O AJ AOPA PN=>=FK HK MQA LQA@A EJ@E?=N MQA AOP=O AOLA?EAO JK OA =OK?E=J ?KJ A. religiosa UMQAOQ@EOPNE>Q?EaJLQ@EAN=AOP=NNAOPNEJCE@==OEPEKO?KJ AOLA?EAO@AHC]JANKPinus -KK>OP=JPA AOJA?AO=NEKNA=HEV=NIQAOPNAKOLKNR=NEKO=`KOU AJH=OPAILKN=@=O@AHHQRE=O U= MQA KPNKO AOPQ@EKO IQAOPN=J MQA H= LNAOAJ?E= =QOAJ?E= @A AOLKNKI=O @A @ERANO=O AOLA?EAO @A DKJCKOAOR=NE=>HA5EHH=NNA=HU&QVIYJ 5EHH=NNA=H 5EHH=NNA=H $JQJAOPQ@EK?KIL=N=PERK@AOEPEKO?KJ>KOMQA@A@EBANAJPAOA@=@AO@KIEJ=@KLKNPicea abies + H= I=UKN @ERANOE@=@ @A '$, BQA K>OANR=@= AJ HKO OEPEKO @A I=UKN A@=@ =`KO /APANAP=H 2EJAI>=NCK @A=?QAN@K?KJ1E?D=N@AP=HAJ>KOMQA@AQuercus ilex D=UQJ=?KNNAH=?EaJOECJEBE?=PER=AJPNAH=NEMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO@A'$,UH=@AJOE@=@@AYN>KHAOAJ AH OEPEK K>OANR=J@K MQA H= NEMQAV= @EOIEJQUA ?Q=J@K H= @AJOE@=@ @A YN>KHAO =QIAJP= P=I>E]J K>OANR=NKJ MQA H= NEMQAV= U LNK@Q??EaJ @A AOLKNKI=O OA EJ?NAIAJP= OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA AJ HKO ?H=NKO@AH>KOMQA $OPK?KEJ?E@A?KJJQAOPNKONAOQHP=@KOLQAOAJ?KJPN=IKOI=UKN@ERANOE@=@@A '$,AJH=OVKJ=O@A?H=NK@KIEJ=@=OLKNAH=N>QOPKB. conferta$32 -QAOPNKONAOQHP=@KOOQCEANAJMQAAJH=ON=_?AO@AHKOEJ@ERE@QKO@AA. religiosaK?QNNAQJ LNK?AOK@A=OK?E=?EaJ@EBANAJ?E=H@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KOMQAR=HEC=@K=H=O?KJ@E?EKJAO@AH OEPEKAJMQAOA@AO=NNKHH=JHKOEJ@ERE@QKO $OP=EJBKNI=?EaJAO@ANAHAR=J?E=L=N=H=OAHA??EaJ@A H=OAOLA?EAO@ADKJCKOIE?KNN_VE?KO=QPEHEV=NOA?KIKBQAJPA@AEJa?QHKL=N=EJ@Q?ENH=BKNI=?EaJ @AA?PKIE?KNNEV=OAJLHYJPQH=O@AEJRANJ=@ANK += A?PKIE?KNNEV= OA ?KJOE@AN= QJ= EJPAN=??EaJ K>HEC=@= L=N= H= I=UKN_= @A H=O AOLA?EAO BKNAOP=HAO EJ?HQE@=O PK@=O H=O LEJY?A=O 2IEPD U 1A=@ $J AOPA OAJPE@K @A I=JAN= PN=@E?EKJ=HU=CN=JAO?=H=AJHKORERANKOBKNAOP=HAO@AH=NACEaJ@AAOPQ@EKOANA=HEV=JLNY?PE?=O L=N= EJ@Q?EN H= BKNI=?EaJ @A IE?KNNEV= U= OA= =LHE?=J@K EJa?QHK ?KIAN?E=H K OQAHK @A >KOMQA AOLAN=J@K?KJOACQENIAFKN@AO=NNKHHK@AH=LH=JP=AJRERANKU=HP=OK>NARERAJ?E==HPN=JOBANENH== ?=ILK J@N=@A 3KNNAO AP =H J@N=@A 3KNNAO $OPK LNKRK?= MQA =JQ=HIAJPA OA ?KILNAAHEJa?QHK?KIAN?E=HKOANA=HE?AH=ATPN=??EaJ@AOQAHKNEVKOB]NE?K@AHKO>KOMQAO@AH= VKJ= @AH "KBNA @A /ANKPA J@N=@A 3KNNAO AP =H J@N=@A 3KNNAO AP =H 2EJ AI>=NCK L=N=A. religiosaJKOAD=>_=JNA=HEV=@KAOPQ@EKOOK>NAOQEJPAN=??EaJ?KJ'$, #AH=OAOLA?EAO@ADKJCKOMQABKNI=J$",?KJ@EBANAJPAOAOLA?EAO@ALH=JP=OAJAH IQJ@K cJE?=IAJPA OA D= ?KJOACQE@K AH ?QHPERK U ?=N=?PANEV=?EaJ BEOEKHaCE?= @A QJ= LAMQA`= BN=??EaJ 1A=@ U /]NAV ,KNAJK += I=UKN_= @A HKO EJa?QHKO ?KIAN?E=HAO AOPYJ >=O=@KO LNEJ?EL=HIAJPAAJQJ=AOLA?EA@ADKJCKPisolithus tinctorius H=?Q=HAO?KIcJAJ>KOMQAO@A LEJK@A-KNPA=I]NE?= LKNHKMQAAHRAN@=@ANKLKPAJ?E=H@AAOPACNQLKBQJ?EKJ=H@AKNC=JEOIKO D= OE@K OQ>AOPEI=@K !NQJ@NAPP 1A=@ U /]NAV ,KNAJK $H EJK?QH=JPA ?KIAN?E=H LQA@A LANOEOPEN OKHK ?KATEOPEN K ?KILAPEN ?KJ '$, J=PERKO P=JPK AJ B=OA @A RERANK ?KIK AJ ?=ILK JKK>OP=JPAHKOAOPQ@EKOOK>NAAOPKO=OLA?PKOOKJEJ?ELEAJPAOAJ,]TE?K UAJH=I=UKN_= @AHKO?=OKOH=OAOLA?EAOJ=PER=OJKD=JOE@KAR=HQ=@=OL=N=AOPKOLNKLaOEPKO&QVIYJ /H=VKH=AP =H /]NAV ,KNAJK +EAP=H /H=O?AJ?E=AP=H 5=NAH=U$OPN=@= 3KNNAO $H *=NGKQNE AP =H /KN HK P=JPK AO EILKNP=JPA CAJAN=N U @ERQHC=N AH ?KJK?EIEAJPK MQA LANIEP= =@A?Q=N H= PA?JKHKC_= @A LNK@Q??EaJ @A EJa?QHK @A '$, 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PQRK AH I=UKN?KJPAJE@K@A/ LANKJKLNKIKREaI=UKN?NA?EIEAJPK Conclusiones Abies religiosaAOQJ=AOLA?EAMQAAOP=>HA?AOEI>EKOEOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?=?KJ=HIAJKOAOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO I=?NKIE?APKO OEJ AI>=NCK OKH=IAJPA DAIKO NA?KJK?E@K @EBANAJPAO ,$" gO = L=NPEN@AHKO?Q=HAODAIKO@APANIEJ=@K?KJ?ANPAV=H=E@AJPE@=@@AQJIE?K>EKJPA C. geophillum += OEI>EKOEO IE?KNN_VE?= OA LQA@A K>OANR=N AJ LHYJPQH=O AJ AH ?=ILK @QN=JPA PK@K AH =`K EJ@ALAJ@EAJPAIAJPA @A H= LNK@Q??EaJ @A AOLKNKI=O ]OP=O LHYJPQH=O OKJ @A P=HH= OEIEH=N = H=O LHYJPQH=OIAJKNAO@AQJ=`KLNK@Q?E@=OAJRERANK =QJMQAAOLNK>=>HAMQAOA=J@AI=UKNA@=@ +=O LHYJPQH=O AJ RERANK ATLQAOP=O = LNKLYCQHKO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?KO IA@E=JPA OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K JK NAOLKJ@EANKJ BKNI=J@K H= OEI>EKOEO HK MQA OQCEANA MQA AH OQAHK NEVKOB]NE?K JK AO QJ EJa?QHK ABE?EAJPA L=N= EJ@Q?EN H= A?PKIE?KNNEV= AJ AOP=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO 3=ILK?K AO ?H=NK OE @QN=JPA AH LNEIAN=`K@AH=LHYJPQH=OAAOP=>HA?AH=OEI>EKOEO @A>E@K=MQAAJAHATLANEIAJPKAJRERANKJK OAK>OANR=NKJLHYJPQH=OIE?KNNEV=@=O =@AIYO@AMQAAO@EB_?EH@APANIEJ=NH=A@=@@AH=OLHYJPQH=O CANIEJ=@=O AJ AH ?=ILK $O JA?AO=NEK NA=HEV=N JQARKO ATLANEIAJPKO ?KJ KPN=O BKNI=O @A EJK?QH=?EaJ EJ?HQUAJ@K?AL=O@ADKJCKOJ=PERKOL=N=@APANIEJ=NAHABA?PKMQAPEAJAH=OEI>EKOEO A?PKIE?KNN_VE?=AJAH@AO=NNKHHK@AH=OLHYJPQH=O 3=I>E]JOALKJA@AI=JEBEAOPKH=JA?AOE@=@@A EJ?KNLKN=N DANN=IEAJP=O IKHA?QH=NAO L=N= ?KILHAIAJP=N HKO AOPQ@EKO A E@AJPEBE?=?EaJ @A H=O AOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO IE?KNN_VE?KO U= MQA ?KJ H= P=TKJKI_= PN=@E?EKJ=H >=O=@= AJ ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O IKNBKHaCE?=O @AH AOLKNKI= OA ?KILHE?= H= @APANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O AOLA?EAO %EJ=HIAJPA @A>E@K = MQA=HCQJ=O@AH=OAOLA?EAO@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_VE?KOMQAOA=OK?E=J?KJA. religiosaLNK@Q?AJ AOLKNKI=O@A=HPKR=HKNJQPNEPERKKMQALNK@Q?AJOQOP=J?E=O@AEJPAN]OB=NI=?AcPE?KK?KIAN?E=H AO EJ@EOLAJO=>HA ?KJPEJQ=N AOPQ@E=J@K H= EJPAN=??EaJ IE?KNN_VE?= U HKO DKJCKO IE?KNN_VE?KO AJ >EAO ?KJ IEN=O = @APANIEJ=N AH I=JAFK LKPAJ?E=H @A AOP= EJPAN=??EaJ AJ AH >KOMQA AOLAN=J@K CAJAN=NQJ=PA?JKHKC_=MQABKIAJPAAHI=JAFKOQOPAJP=>HA@AAOPKO>KOMQAO Agradecimientos $H LNKUA?PK D= ?KJP=@K ?KJ =LKUK A?KJaIE?K @AH %KJ@K 2A?PKNE=H L=N= H= (JRAOPEC=?EaJ AH #AO=NNKHHK U H= (JJKR=?EaJ 3A?JKHaCE?= %KNAOP=H ".- %.1 ".- "83 " H= %QJ@=?EaJ /NK@Q?A @A 5AN=?NQV " U AH /1.,$/ $H OACQJ@K ?Q=NPK U O]LPEIK =QPKN =CN=@A?AJ H= >A?= KPKNC=@= LKN AH /1.,$/ = PN=R]O @A H= #&# @A H= 45 U AH "QANLK =?=@]IE?K $?KHKC_= U I=JAFK @A H= >EK@ERANOE@=@ 45$1 " CN=@A?AIKO = H= B=IEHE= #KI_JCQAV 'ANJYJ@AV D=>EP=JPAO @A H= ?KIQJE@=@ $H "KJAFK ,LEK @A /ANKPA LKN AH =LKUK >NEJ@=@K@QN=JPAH=OREOEP=O@A?=ILK Bibliografía HHAJ , % 3DAA?KHKCUKBIU?KNNDEV=A "=I>NE@CA4JERANOEPU/NAOO. &N=J!NAP=`= J@N=@A 3KNNAO ,E?KNNEV=O=JPECQ=EJPAN=??EaJAJPNALH=JP=OUDKJCKO "EAJ?E= J@N=@A 3KNNAO ( .NKO .NPAC= 1 % &QVIYJ .HIKO 5 ' 1K@N_CQAV ,KNAHKO + 1 2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV U + 8 2KH_O 1=IKO += EJPAN=??EaJ AJPNA =>APKO U DKJCKO += "EAJ?E=U$H'KI>NA J@N=@A 3KNNAO $?PKIE?KNNEV=O@AAbies religiosa' ! * 2?DH AP"D=I /YCEJ=O in+aLAV .NPAC= , $@EPKN R=J?AOULANOLA?PER=OAJA?KHKC_=U>EKPA?JKHKC_= 4JERANOE@=@ 5AN=?NQV=J= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K J@N=@A 3KNNAO ( .NKO .NPAC= 5 ' 1K@N_CQAV ,KNAHKO U 1 % &QVIYJ .HIKO (J@Q??EaJ @A A?PKIE?KNNEV= AJ LHYJPQH=O @A Abies religiosa. + !(.3$" 45 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K CANAN 1 "D=N=?PANEV=PEKJKBA?PKIU?KNNDEV= /YCEJ=O EJ) 1 -KNNEO 1A=@ # ) U 5=NI= * ,APDK@O EJ ,E?NK>EKHKCU 5KH 3A?DJEMQAO BKN PDA 2PQ@U KB ,U?KNNDEV= ?=@AIE?/NAOO +KJ@NAO !=J@=H= 5 , & &QVIYJ U+ ,KJPKU= $OLA?EAO@AI=?NKIE?APKO?EP=@=O@A,]TE?K 5(( C=NE?=HAO L=NPA((o 1AREOP=,ATE?=J=@A,E?KHKC_= !=J@=H= 5 , U+ ,KJPKU= -QARKONACEOPNKO@ADKJCKO@AH$OP=@K@A5AN=?NQV 5 -QARKO LDUHHKLDKN=HAOU C=NE?=HAO 1AREOP=,ATE?=J=@A,E?KHKC_= !=J@=H= 5 , + ,KJPKU= U( ' "D=LAH= 6EH@A@E>HAIQODNKKIOEJ,]TE?K=?D=HHAJCA =J@KLLKNPQJEPUBKNOQOP=EJ=>HA@ARAHKLIAJP /EJAIQODNKKIO /YCEJ=O in, $ /=HIA ( ' "D=LAH= A@EPKNAO ,U?KHKCU =J@ 2QOP=EJ=>HA #ARAHKLIAJP $TL=J@EJC "KJ?ALPO 5=JEODEJC!KN@ANO /=NGS=U/Q>HEODANO 2=J#EACK $OP=@KO4JE@KO !=TPAN ) 6 2 3 /E?GAPP , , "=NNAENK U) #ECDPKJ $?PKIU?KNNDEV=H=J@?KIIQJEPU OPNQ?PQNAEJK=GBKNAOPOP=J@OATLKOA@PK?KJPN=OPEJC=JPDNKLKCAJE?EIL=?PO "=J=@E=J)KQNJ=H KB!KP=JU !KJ , "H] IKJKCN=LDEMQA @Q CAJNA Lactarius /ANO $T %NEAO 2 % &N=U #K?QIAJPO IU?KHKCEMQAO !N=J@NQ@ 3 $ Cortinarius2Q>CAJ PhlegmaciumOA?PEKJPhlegmaciumEJ$QNKLA OPQ@U KB ?D=N=?PAN R=NE=PEKJ =J@ A?KHKCU EJ?HQ@EJC = JQIANE?=H =J=HUOEO KB PDA C. argutus ?KILHAT ,U?KHKCE?=HNAOA=N?D !N=J@NQ@ 3 $ Cortinarius OQ>CAJ Phlegmacium OA?P Fulvip ?DAIKP=TKJKIU RANOQO IKNLDKHKCE?=HP=TKJKIU )KQNJ=H@AO)$" !NQJ@NAPP , "KARKHQPEKJKBNKKPO=J@IU?KNNDEV=OKBH=J@LH=JPO -AS/DUPKHKCEOP !NQJ@NAPP , - !KQCDAN ! #AHH 3 &NKRA U- ,=H=F?VQG 6KNGEJCSEPD,U?KNNDEV=EJ %KNAOPNU=J@ CNE?QHPQNA "( 1,KJKCN=LD QOPN=HE= "=JJKJ / % U/ , *ENG %QJC=H%=IEHEAOKBPDA6KNH@ " !( 1AEJK4JE@K "=ENJAU ) U 2 "D=I>ANO $?PKIU?KNNEV=H BQJCE GAU CAJAN= EJ LNKBEHA 2/1(-&$1 5$1+ & !ANH_J "EBQAJPAO ) #EOPNE>Q?EaJU=HCQJKO=OLA?PKOA?KHaCE?KO @ADKJCKODE@JKE@AOAOPELEP=@KO@A ,]TE?K (JBKNIA%EJ=H@AH/NKUA?PK' "=OPAHH=JK , U,KHEJ= 1 ,U?KNNDEV=A /YCEJ=O in: 3.# +=J@EO 1 6 3EJQO 2 $ ,?#KJ=H@U) / !=NJAPPA@EPKNAO 3DA?KJP=EJANPNAA-QNOAUI=JQ=H 5KHQIA CNE? '=J@>G #AL=NPIAJPKB CNE?QHPQNA %KNAOP2ANRE?A 6=ODEJCPKJ " # $OP=@KO4JE@KO "D=HANILKJCOA 3DAK?QNNAJ?A=J@QOAKBA?PKIU?KNNDEV=HBQJCEEJ$Q?=HULPLH=JP=PEKJOEJ 3D=EH=J@ /YCEJ= in , !NQJ@NAPP ! #AHH - ,=H=F?VQG U & ,EJCMEJ A@EPKNAO ,U?KNNDEV=OBKN/H=JP=PEKJ%KNAOPNUEJ OE= "( 1/NK?AA@EJCO-K QOPN=HE= "D=HHAJCAN 4PEHEV=?EaJU"KJOANR=?EaJ@AHKO$?KOEOPAI=O3ANNAOPNAO@A,]TE?K /=O=@K /NAOAJPAU%QPQNK ".- !(. 4- , (JOPEPQPK@A>EKHKC_= CNQL=?EaJ2EANN=,=@NA ,]TE?K "QRAHEAN ) "=N=?PANEO=PEKJ@AOA?PKIU?KNDEVAO@ABetula pendula(Cortinarius armillatus Dermocybe phoeniceaAPAmanita muscaria !AHCEQI)KQNJ=HKB!KP=JU @A *KG 1 / ) U $ " 5AHHEJC= -KPQH=A =@ %HKN=I =C=NE?EJ=I JAANH=J@E?=I 777(( ,=?NKHALEKP= /ANOKKJE= #A 1KIYJ , 5 "H=RANE= U , #A ,ECQAH NAREOEKJ KB PDA @AO?NELPEKJO KB A?PKIU?KNNDEV=O LQ>HEODA@ OEJ?A ,U?KHKCE?=H 1AOA=N?D 4JEPA@ *EJC@KI #A 1KIYJ , U , #A ,ECQAH /KOP BENA OA=OKJ=H =J@ =JJQ=H @UJ=IE?O KB PDA A?PKIU?KNNDEV=H ?KIIQJEPU EJ = Quercus ilex + BKNAOP KRAN = UA=N LANEK@ ,U?KNNDEV= #E?GEA ( 1 3 *KE@A U * " 2PAEJAN (JBHQAJ?AO KB AOP=>HEODA@ PNAAO KJ IU?KNNDEV=O JQPNEPEKJ =J@CNKSPDKBQuercus rubraOAA@HEJCO $?KHKCE?=HIKJKCN=LDO $>AND=N@P 4 5AN>AGAJ " 1EJ=H@E & /=?EKJE & U . "KI=J@EJE Lactarius A?PKIU?KNNDEV=A Abies alba IKNLDKHKCE?=H @AO?NELPEKJ IKHA?QH=N ?D=N=?PANEV=PEKJ =J@ P=TKJKIE?NAI=NGO ,U?KHKCE= $H*=NGKQNE* % ,=NP_J ) / $ #KQVANU U# ,KQO=EJ #ERANOEPUKBA?PKIU?KNNDEV=HBQJCE J=PQN=HHU AOP=>HEODA@ KJ ?KJP=EJANEOA@ Pinus OAA@HEJCO EJ JQNOANU ?KJ@EPEKJO ,E?NK>EKHKCE?=H 1AOA=N?D $OPN=@= 3KNNAO U 5=H@]O , $H ?NA?EIEAJPK U H= IE?KNNEV=?EaJ @A LHYJPQH=O @A LEJK EJK?QH=@=O?KJPisolithus tinctoriusAJOAIEHHANKKAJR=OA@APN=JOLH=JPA !(.3(" $OPN=@= 3KNNAO U + 5=NAH= '=?E= AH AOPQ@EK @A H= @ERANOE@=@ U H= ?KJOANR=?EaJ @A CANIKLH=OI= @A HKO DKJCKO IE?KNNEVaCAJKO @A ,]TE?K /YCEJ= in 1 9=R=HAP= , $O?=HKJ=U# 3NAFK A@EPKNAO R=J?AO@AH=(JRAOPEC=?EaJ,E?KNN_VE?=AJ,]TE?K 4JERANOE@=@ 5AN=?NQV=J= 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K $TAPAN 1 Ramaria, PNE=HGAUPKPDAL=?EBE?JKNPDSAOPAOLA?EAO IE?NKO?KLE?GAUPKOAHA?PA@ ?KIIKJOLA?EAOGJKSJBNKI6=ODEJCPKJ .NACKJ (@=DK=J@-KNPDANJ"=HEBKNJE= /NAL=NA@BKN PDA/=?EBE?-KNPDSAOP*AU"KQJ?EH!U42#( !QNA=QKB+=J@,=J=CAIAJP2=HAI .NACKJ %EPPAN ' U) 6 ,ANNUSA=PDAN 6DU=NAOKIALH=JPOIKNAIU?KNNDEV=HPD=JKPDANO J A?KHKCE?=HAJMQENU /YCEJ=O in:# ) 1A=@ # ' +ASEO ' %EPPAN U( ) HAT=J@AN A@EPKNO ,U?KNNDEV=OEJ$?KOUOPAIO " !(JPANJ=PEKJ=H 6=HHEJCBKN@ 1AEJK4JE@K &=N?_= !=OPEYJ 1 , , +aLAV 5AHYVMQAV U ) /]NAV ,KNAJK ,U?KNNDEV=H =J@ O=LNKPNKLDE? I=?NKBQJCE EJ @A?HEJEJC O=?NA@ BEN OP=J@O ,E?KHKC_= -AKPNKLE?=H LHE?=@= &=N?_= )EI]JAV ) U% &=NV= .?=`=O "KJK?EIEAJPK@AHKODKJCKO@AH=B=IEHE=>KHAP=?A=A @A,]TE?K "EAJ?E=4 -+ &=NE>=U .NEFAH 1 $ ,KN=HAO ,=N=`KJ , #KI_JCQAV &QPE]NNAV U %HKNAO &=N?_= "=N=?PANEV=?EaJIKNBKHaCE?=UCAJ]PE?=@AH=OA?PKIE?KNNEV=OBKNI=@=OAJPNAPinus montezumae UHKODKJCKOLNAOAJPAOAJHKO>=J?KO@AAOLKN=OAJH=%=F=5KH?YJE?=3N=JOIATE?=J= 1AREOP= ,ATE?=J=@A!EK@ERANOE@=@ &=NJE?= 2 , 6AEOO ! .ANPAH U % .>ANSEJGHAN /DUHKCAJAPE? NAH=PEKJODELO KB AQNKLA=J PhlegmaciumOLA?EAOCortinarius C=NE?=HAO ,U?KHKCE= &=NV= .?=`=O % &=N?_= )EI]JAV) U$OPN=@= "=OPEHHaJ$ ,=?NKIE?APKO $",U?QHPERKO@A Pinus culmicolaAJ-QARK+AaJ "EAJ?E=4 -+ &KJVYHAV 5AHYVMQAV U1 5=HAJVQAH= !KHAP=?AKOU&KJBE@E=?AKO@AH$OP=@K@A,]TE?K( #EO?QOEKJAO OK>NA OQ @EOPNE>Q?EaJ AJ @EBANAJPAO PELKO @A RACAP=?EaJ =OK?E=?EKJAO A?PKIE?KNNEVaCAJ=O BAJKHKCE=U?KIAOPE>EHE@=@ 1AREOP=,ATE?=J=@A,E?KHKC_= &QVIYJ & (@AJPEBE?=?EaJ@AHKODKJCKO?KIAOPE>HAO RAJAJKOKOU=HQ?EJ=JPAO $@ +EIQO= ,]TE?K &QVIYJ & U % 3=LE= 3DA GJKSJ IKNAHO EJ ,ATE?K = @AO?NELPEKJ KB = JAS >HQODEJC OLA?EAO Morchella rufobrunnea, =J@JAS@=P=KJM. guatemalensis.,U?KHKCE= &QVIYJ & 'KJCKO P=NAEILNAOEaJ $@EPKNE=H+EIQO= ,]TE?K &QVIYJ /H=VKH= 1 1 %ANNAN= "ANN=PK ) # $P?DARANO U5 5KHGA !EKPA?JKHKC_=@AH= LNK@Q??EaJ@AEJa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aIE?= ,]TE?K 'AOHAN + 1 U ' 2IEPD -KNPD=IANE?=JOLA?EAOKBLactarius JJ N>KN4JERANOEPUKB ,E?DEC=J/NAOO $OP=@KO4JE@KO )=NREO , " , ,EHHAN ) 2DA=D=J * /HKAPV ) /HKAPV 1 1 6=POKJ , /=HI=1QEV " /=O?=NEK 5EHH=L=J ) &=N?_= HR=N=@K +KLAV 1=I_NAV U ! .NN $@E>HA SEH@ IQODNKKIO KB PDA "KBNA @A /ANKPA 1ACEKJ 5AN=?NQV ,ATE?K J APDJKIU?KHKCE?=H OPQ@U KB ?KIIKJJ=IAO=J@QOAO $?KJKIE?!KP=JU2 2 )QILLKJAJ 3N=LLA) , =J@"YV=NAO $ $?PKIU?KNNDEV=HBQJCEEJ+UI=J+=GA!=OEJ= ?KIL=NEOKJ>APSAAJLNEI=NU=J@OA?KJ@=NUOQ??AOOEKJ=HOEPAO ,U?KHKCE= *ANJ=CD=J & ,U?KNNDEV=H@ERANOEPU"=QOA=J@ABBA?P/A@K>EKHKCE= *ANJ=CD=J& 1 2 "QNN=DU1 ) !=UAN 1QOOQH=?AKQOA?PKIU?KNNDEV=AKBAbies lasiocarpa =J@Picea engelmannii "=J=@E=J)KQNJ=HKB!KP=JU *EHH=J * 2KEH$?KHKCU ?=@AIE?/NAOO"=I>NE@CA 1AEJK4JE@K *HENKJKIKO ) - U6 ! *AJ@NE?G 1AOA=N?DKJIU?KNNDEV=OPNAJ@OEJPDAL=OPUA=NO=O ATLNAOOA@EJPDAq,8".+(3r@=P=>=OA -AS/DUPKHKCEOP *KJC U $OPN=@= 3KNNAO JASOLA?EAOKBLactariusBNKI,ATE?K ,U?KP=TKJ *KJC $?PKIU?KNNDEV=H C=NE?=HAOBNKI3H=T?=H= ,ATE?K ,?(HR=EJA= *N=J=>APPAN ) , 2 '=U@AJ U $ % 6NECDP ?KIL=NEOKJ KB A?PKIU?KNNDEV= ?KIIQJEPEAO BNKI PDANAA ?KJEBAN OLA?EAO LH=JPA@ KJ BKNAOP C=L A@CAO "=J=@E=J KB )KQNJ=H KB !KP=JU *NKKL ! 1 U ) , 3N=LLA $?PKIU?KNNDEV=H BQJCE KB Tsuga heterophylla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inus massoniana SDEP A?PKIU?KNNEV=H BQJCE CNKS NAOLKJOAO =J@ OQLLNAOOEKJ KB L=PDKCAJE? BQJCE /YCEJ=O in , !NQJ@NAPP ! #AHH - ,=H=F?VQG U & ,EJCMEJ A@EPKNAO ,U?KNNDEV=O BKN /H=JP=PEKJ %KNAOPNU EJ OE= "( 1 /NK?AA@EJCO QOPN=HE= +aLAV .HER=NAO " 1 U , %EANNKO &KJVYHAV $OPQ@EK IKNBKHaCE?K @A $", AJ LH=JP=?EKJAO @A Pinus caribaeae var. 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BQJCE EJ =J KH@ CNKSPD IA@EPANN=JA=J BKNAOP @KIEJ=PA@ >U Quercus ilex+ "=J=@E=J)KQNJ=HKB!KP=JU 1E?K ) / $OPQ@EK @A @ERANO=O AOLA?EAO @A I=?NKIE?APKO =OK?E=@KO =H >KOMQA @A ?KJ_BAN=O Pinus-Abies @A H= HK?=HE@=@ +KO &=HHKO AJ H= NACEaJ @AH "KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV 4JERANOE@=@5AN=?NQV=J= %=?QHP=@@A!EKHKC_= 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 1VA@KSOGE) +=RACAP=?EaJ@A,]TE?K +EIQO= ,]TE?K 2=HEO>QNU 6DU =NA OKIA LH=JPO IKNA IU?KNNDEV=H PD=J KPDANO J A?KHKCE?=H AJMQENU /YCEJ=O in:# ) 1A=@ # ' +ASEO ' %EPPANU( ) HAT=J@AN A@EPKNAO ,U?KNNDEV=O EJ$?KOUOPAIO " !(-3$1- 3(.- + 6=HHEJCBKN@ 1AEJK4JE@K 2YJ?DAV )Y?KIA , 1 ) / .NKV?K &=N?_= U &QVIYJ #YR=HKO "=N=?PANEV=?EKJ @A @K?A ?AL=O @A DKJCKO $", @AH !KOMQA += LNEI=RAN= )=HEO?K ,]TE?K ,E?KHKCE= -AKPNKLE?=H LHE?=@= 2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV + 1 , 1 /EJA@= +aLAV U ,=NP_JAV 'ANJYJ@AV #EOPNE>Q?EaJ U AOPNQ?PQN=@AH=LK>H=?EaJ@AAbies religiosa2?DH AP"D=I AJAH"KBNA@A/ANKPA $OP=@K@A 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K ?P=!KPYJE?=,ATE?=J= 2IEPD 2 $ U1A=@# ) ,U?KNNDEV=H2UI>EKOEO 2A?KJ@A@EPEKJ ?=@AIE?/NAOO 2=J#EACK "=HEBKNJE= $OP=@KO4JE@KO 2$, 1- 3 $H KU=IAH O=JPQ=NEK L=N= ?AHA>N=N H= RE@= Abies religiosa DPPLSSS OAI=NJ=P CK> IT?KIQJE?=?EKJOK?E=HJKRPAT ODPIH ??AO=@K AH @A I=UK @AH 2IEPD ' U ' # 3DEANO 3DA >KHAPAO KB ,E?DEC=J JJ N>KN 3DA 4JERANOEPU KB ,E?DEC=J/NAOO $OP=@KO4JE@KO 2IEPD ) $ 1 ,KHEJ= , , / 'QOK # + +QKI= # ,?*=U , "=OPAHH=JK 3 +A>AHU8 5=H=?DKRE? 2LA?EAO NE?DJAOO =>QJ@=J?A =J@ ?KILKOEPEKJ KB DULKCAKQO =J@ ALECAKQO $", BQJC=H OLKNK?=NLO EJ UKQJC NKP=PEKJ =CA =J@ KH@ CNKSPD OP=J@O KB @KQCH=O BEN Pseudotsuga menziesiiEJPDA"=O?=@A1=JCAKB.NACKJ 4 2 "=J=@E=J)KQNJ=HKB!KP=JU 2IEPD 2 $ U# ) 1A=@ ,U?KNNDEV=HOUI>EKOEO @=A@E?EaJ ?=@AIE?/NAOO 2=J#EACK 2PQJPV # 'KSPKE@AJPEBUIQODNKKIOPKCAJQO(5GAUOPKB=IEHEAO=J@CAJAN= ,=@1ERAN/N (J? $QNAG= 3DEANO ' # "=HEBKNJE=IQODNKKIO=BEAH@CQE@APKPDA>KHAPAO '=BJAN/NAOO -AS8KNG 3DKAJ # +KKGEJC BKN A?PKIU?KNNDEV=H PNAAO =J@ A?PKIU?KNNDEV=H BQJCE EJ PNKLE?=H BNE?= /YCEJ=O in2 (O==? ) " %N=JGH=J@ 1 6=PHEJCU ) 2 6=HHAU A@EPKNAO OLA?PO@A PNKLE?=H,E?KHKCU "=I>NE@CA4JERANOEPU/NAOO $OP=@KO4JE@KO 5=NAH= + U $OPN=@= 3KNNAO #ERANOEPU =J@ LKPAJPE=H QOA KB IU?KNNDUV=A BKN OQOP=EJ=>HA @ARAHKLIAJP EJ ,]TE?K in , $ /=HI U ( ' "D=LAH= A@EPKNAO ,U?KHKCU =J@ 2QOP=EJ=>HA #ARAHKLIAJP $TL=J@EJC "KJ?ALPO 5=JEODEJC !KN@ANO /=NGS=U /Q>HEODANO 2=J #EACK $OP=@KO4JE@KO 5=NI= ,APDK@O EJ ,E?NK>EKHKCU 5KH 3A?DJEMQAO BKN PDA 2PQ@U KB ,U?KNNDEV= ?=@AIE?/NAOO +KJ@NAO 5EHH=NNA=H + U& &QVIYJ /NK@Q??EaJ@ADKJCKO?KIAOPE>HAOOEHRAOPNAOAJHKO>KOMQAO@A ,]TE?K(( !EKPE?= 5EHH=NNA=H + /NK@Q??EaJ@AHKODKJCKO?KIAOPE>HAOOEHRAOPNAOAJHKO>KOMQAO@A,]TE?KL=NPA 1AREOP=,ATE?=J=@A,E?KHKC_= 5EHH=NNA=H + 1 JYHEOEO A?KHaCE?K OEHR_?KH= @A H= LNK@Q?PERE@=@ J=PQN=H @A DKJCKO ?KIAOPE>HAO OEHRAOPNAO AJ HKO >KOMQAO @AH ?KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV 3AOEO #A ,=AOPN_= $J "EAJ?E=O "KHACEK@A/KOPCN=@Q=@KO ,KJPA?EHHK ,]TE?K 5EHH=NNA=H + =J@ &KIAV (JRAJPKNU =J@ IKJEPKNEJC SEH@ A@E>HA IQODNKKIO EJ ,ATE?K ?D=HHAJCA=J@KLLKNPQJEPUBKNOQOP=EJ=>HA@ARAHKLIAJP /YCEJ=O in, $ /=HIA( ' "D=LAH= A@EPKNAO ,U?KHKCU =J@ OQOP=EJ=>HA @ARAHKLIAJP ATL=J@EJC ?KJ?ALPO R=JEODEJC >KN@ANO /=NGS=U/Q>HEODANO 2=J#EACK $OP=@KO4JE@KO 7E?KDP]J?=PH , & 2=JPE=CKU $OPN=@= 3KNNAO +=A?PKIE?KNNEV=@APinus cembroides U Suillus tomentosus. /YCEJ=O in 1 9=R=HAP= , $O?=HKJ= U # 3NAFK A@EPKNAO R=J?AO@AH=(JRAOPEC=?EaJ,E?KNN_VE?=AJ,]TE?K 4 5 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 9=N ) ' !EKOP=PEOPE?=H=J=HUOEO 2A?KJ@A@EPEKJ /NAJPE?A'=HH $JCHASKK@"HEBBO -AS)ANOAU 42 CAPÍTULO 6 REMQAV=@ADKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_?E?KOLNAOAJPAOAJ QJCN=@EAJPA=HPEPQ@EJ=HU P]NIE?KAJQJ>KOMQA@AAbies AJ5AN=?NQV JPANK1=IKO %ANJYJ@AV %=>EKH=+aLAV 1=I_NAV -KNI=%HKNAO $OPARAV ,ECQAHwJCAH )EI]JAV ,KJP=`K +YV=NK1=B=AH2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV ,=N_=@AH1KO=NEK/EJA@= +aLAV )Q=J "=NHKO-K= "=NN=V=J= (JOPEPQPK@A!EKPA?JKHKC_=U$?KHKC_= LHE?=@=(-!(.3$" 4JERANOE@=@5AN=?NQV=J= R @A H=O "QHPQN=O 5AN=?NQV=J=O -K "KH $ 9=L=P= " / 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 3AH %=T %=?QHP=@@A%_OE?=A(JPAHECAJ?E= NPEBE?E=H 4JERANOE@=@5AN=?NQV=J= 2A>=OPEYJ"=I=?DK-K "KH "AJPNK " / 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K 3AH %=T Resumen $JAHLNAOAJPAPN=>=FKAOPQ@E=IKOH=NEMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO=HKH=NCK@A QJ CN=@EAJPA =HPEPQ@EJ=H =OK?E=@KO ?KJ Abies religiosa ' ! * 2?DH AP "D=I AJ AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H "KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K $J?KJPN=IKO MQA H= PAILAN=PQN= @AH OQAHK AO EJRANO=IAJPA LNKLKN?EKJ=H = H= =HPEPQ@ U MQA AOPY @ENA?P=IAJPA NAH=?EKJ=@= ?KJ H= NEMQAV= @A AOLA?EAOBcJCE?=O '=UAOLA?EAOA?PKIE?KNN_?E?=O@AJPNK@AC]JANKOBcJCE?KO=HKH=NCK@AH CN=@EAJPA=HPEPQ@EJ=H =HCQJ=O@AAOP=OAOLA?EAOOKJAOLA?EAOMQAOKHKAOPYJLNAOAJPAOAJQJK@A HKO OEPEKO @A IQAOPNAK /KN H= =HP= OAJOE>EHE@=@ =H =I>EAJPA MQA PEAJAJ HKO DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO OALNKLKJAJ=AOP=OAOLA?EAO?KIKLKOE>HAOEJ@E?=@KNAO@AHABA?PK@AH?=I>EK ?HEIYPE?KOK>NAAH>KOMQA@AA. religiosaAJAH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA O_IEOIK OA NAO=HP=H=EILKNP=J?E=@ANA=HEV=N=JYHEOEOA?KHaCE?KOUIKHA?QH=NAOMQAJKOLANIEP=JQJ=IAFKN ?KILNAOEaJ @AH L=LAH @A HKO DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO AJ HKO >KOMQAO U AH ABA?PK @AH ?=I>EK ?HEIYPE?KOK>NAAHHKO /=H=>N=O?H=RA"KBNA@A/^NKPA A?PKIE?KNNEV=O 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AH LNKCN=I= !+ 23 HPO?DQH et al., IA@E=JPA H= >cOMQA@= AJ H= >=OA @A @=PKO @A OA?QAJ?E=O JQ?HAaPE@=O @AH &AJ!=JG +=O OA?QAJ?E=O JQ?HAaPE@=O K>PAJE@=O OA =HEJA=NKJ ?KJ AH LNKCN=I="HQOP=H7R +=NGEJet al FQJPK?KJH=OOA?QAJ?E=OAJ?KJPN=@=O?KJI=UKN OEIEHEPQ@ AOP=O BQANKJ @AO?=NC=@=O @A H= >=OA @A @=PKO @AH &AJ!=JG U PNAO OA?QAJ?E=O JQ?HAaPE@=O @A @EBANAJPAO AOLA?EAO $H =HEJA=IEAJPK CAJAN=@K OA A@EPa MQEP=J@K HKO ATPNAIKO EJE?E=HAO ATPNAIKO PANIEJ=HAO U OA CAJANa QJ @AJ@NKCN=I= QO=J@K AH LNKCN=I= ,$& 3=IQN=et al., Resultados Área de Estudio $JH=%ECQN= OALNAOAJP=H=?=N=?PANEV=?EaJ@AH=N>KH=@KAJ HKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK AJH=?Q=H LK@AIKOK>OANR=NMQAH=I=UKN_=@AYN>KHAOPEAJAJ QJ# /AJPNAU?I!QJ=A@=@MQA R=@A==`KO"QJ==HPQN=AJPNAUIULKNcHPEIK #QJ=?K>ANPQN=AJPNAUI %ECQN= "=N=?PANEV=?EaJ@AH=N>KH=@KAJHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK # /@AHKOYN>KHAO?I! $@=@@AHKOYN>KHAO=`KO" HPQN=@AHKOYN>KHAOI#"K>ANPQN=@AHKOYN>KHAOI $J ?Q=JPK = H= PAILAN=PQN= @AH OQAHK PAJAIKO QJ CN=@EAJPA P]NIE?K EJRANO=IAJPA LNKLKN?EKJ=H = HKO OEPEKO @A IQAOPNAK %EC HKO ?Q=HAO BKNI=J QJ CN=@EAJPA =HPEPQ@EJ=H @AH >KOMQA@AAbies religiosa %ECQN= 3AILAN=PQN=@AHOQAHKAJHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK HP=?KNNAH=?EaJJAC=PER=?KJHKOOEPEKO @AIQAOPNAK "KIKOAIAJ?EKJa=JPANEKNIAJPAH=PAILAN=PQN=@AHOQAHKUHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAKPQREANKJ QJ=?KNNAH=?EaJ=HP= L 3=>H= "KNNAH=?EaJ@AHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK?KJH=OR=NE=>HAO@A?=N=?PANEV=?EaJ@AH=N>KH=@K H=O?EBN=OI=N?=@=OPEAJAJOECJEBE?=J?E==p 2EPEK # /?I 2EPEK # /?I HPQN=I "K>ANPQN=I $@=@ `KO 3AIL 2QAHKe" -0.25 HPQN=I -0.26 0.91 "K>ANPQN= I 0.71 0.70 $@=@ `KO -0.26 0.99 0.87 0.70 3AIL 2QAHKe" -1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 $JH=BECQN=OAIQAOPN=J?=NLaBKNKO@A=HCQJ=O@AH=OAOLA?EAO@ADKJCKO?KHA?P=@KO %ECQN= ,QAOPN=O ?KHA?P=@=O @A ?=NLaBKNKO @A 'KJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO PKI=@= LKN -K= "=NN=V=J=U1=IKO %ANJYJ@AV 2AE@AJPEBE?=NKJC]JANKO%EC @AHKO?Q=HAOC]JANKOBKNI=JA?PKIE?KNNEV=O U C]JANKOOKJ?KJOE@AN=@KOO=LNKBEPKO #AJPNK @A HKO C]JANKO @A DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO OA E@AJPEBE?=NKJ H=O OECQEAJPAO AOLA?EAOBcJCE?=OAleuria rhenana, Amanita gemmata, Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina , Amanita sp., Amanita spissa, Calocybe sp., Catathelasma imperiale, Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Clavulina cristata, Clavulina sp., Clytocybe ditopa, Coprinus comatus, Coprinus sp., Cortinarius anserinus, Cortinarius armillatus, Cortinarius rubellus, Cortinarius semisanguineus, Cortinarius sp., Cystoderma sp., Geastrum schmidelii, Geastrum triplex, Gomphus floccosus, Gymnopilus sp., Hebeloma mesophaeum, Hebeloma sp., Helvella crispa, Helvella lacunosa, Humaria hemisphaerica, Humaria sp., Hygrocybe pratensis, Inocybe geophylla, Inocybe griseolilacina, Inocybe haemacta, Inocybe sp., Laccaria sp., Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius sp., Lepiota sp., Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon pyriforme, Melanoleuca cognata, Melanoleuca sp., Morchella conica, Morchella esculenta, Mycena sp., Peziza vesiculosa, Phellodon niger, Phellodon sp., Pholiota sp., Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava, Russula abietina, Russula emetica, Russula fragilis, Russula roseipes, Russula sp., Scleroderma areolatum, Tricholoma lascivum, Tricholoma sp., Tricholoma sulphureum, Tricholoma terreum #A AOP=O AOLA?EAO ATEOPAJ =HCQJ=O MQA OKHK AOPYJ LNAOAJPAOAJQJK@AHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK5]=OA,=PANE=HOQLHAIAJP=NEK %ECQN= 1EMQAV= U =>QJ@=J?E= @A I=?NKIE?APKO = HK H=NCK @AH CN=@EAJPA =HPEPQ@EJ=H @A Abies religiosaAJAH/=NMQA-=?EKJ=H"KBNA@A/ANKPA $JAHEJ?EOK OAIQAOPN=JHKOC]JANKO@A I=?NKIE?APKO E@AJPEBE?=@KO U H= =>QJ@=J?E= CAJAN=H @A ?=@= QJK @A AHHKO AJ AH EJ?EOK ! 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@APAJ@AJ?E=EJRANO=L=N=H=OR=NE=>HAO@A?=N=?PANEV=?EaJ%EC %ECQN= /=PNKJAO @A PAJ@AJ?E= @A H= NEMQAV= @A AOLA?EAO @A 'KJCKO $?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO # / =HPQN= ?K>ANPQN= A@=@@AHKOYN>KHAOUPAILAN=PQN=@AHOQAHKAJHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK 2A?=H?QH=NKJHKO_J@E?AO@A@ERANOE@=@@A2EILOKJU@A2D=JJKJ 6EAJAN AJ?KJPN=J@K L=PNKJAO@APAJ@AJ?E=L=NA?E@KO=H=NEMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO%EC %ECQN= /=PNKJAO @A PAJ@AJ?E= @A HKO _J@E?AO @A @ERANOE@=@ ?=H?QH=@KO 2EILOKJ ! 2D=JJKJ 6EAJAN 2A?=H?QHaH=?KNNAH=?EaJ@A/A=NOKJAJPNAHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK H=NEMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO UH= PAILAN=PQN= @AH OQAHK AJ?KJPN=J@K QJ= ?KNNAH=?EaJ @A L=N= HKO OEPEKO U L=N= H= PAILAN=PQN=@AHOQAHKL Extracción de ADN y Amplificación de las regiones ITS 2AAHECEa Russula roseipes L=N=H=E@AJPEBE?=?EaJIKHA?QH=N LKNOANH=AOLA?EAMQAOAAJ?QAJPN= LNAOAJPAAJHKO?EJ?KOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK ULKNOANH=IYO=>QJ@=JPA 2A=ILHEBE?=NKJH=ONACEKJAO (32@AH #-NE>KOKI=H@AEJ@ERE@QKO@ARussula roseipesLNAOAJPAOAJAHCN=@EAJPA=HPEPQ@EJ=H K>PAJEAJ@KAHOECQEAJPAL=PNaJ@A=ILHEBE?=?EaJ%EC %ECQN= /NK@Q?PKO@A/"1=ILHEBE?=@KO +KO?=NNEHAO?KNNAOLKJ@AJ=H=OOECQEAJPAOIQAOPN=O, ,=N?=@KN IKHA?QH=N @A *> ,QAOPN= 112 ,QAOPN= 112 ,QAOPN= 112 ,QAOPN=112 ,QAOPN=112 3=I=`KO@A>=J@=AOLAN=@KW L> $OPKOLNK@Q?PKO=ILHEBE?=@KOBQANKJOA?QAJ?E=@KO K>PAJEAJ@KOA?QAJ?E=OJQ?HAaPE@=O@AH=O NACEKJAO (32 @AH #- NE>KOKI=H H=O ?Q=HAO PEAJAJ AH P=I=`K AOLAN=@K L> =LNKT U =H ?KIL=N=NH=O AJ H= >=OA @A @=PKO @AH &AJ!=JG AJ?KJPN=IKO =HP= OEIEHEPQ@ ?KJ OA?QAJ?E=O @A R. integriformisUR. roseipes3=>H= 3=>H= 2EIEHEPQ@AJ?KJPN=@=AJH=>=OA@A@=PKOCAJ>=JG Voucher Número de Secuencia Longitud Similitud 1.2 Russula integriformis 8 1.2 Russula roseipes 8 1.2 Russula roseipes 8 1.2 Russula roseipes 8 Especie BLAST GenBank Acceso L=NPEN @A HKO NAOQHP=@KO K>PAJE@KO @AH =JYHEOEO @A OEIEHEPQ@ OA @AO?=NC=NKJ PK@=O H=O OA?QAJ?E=O @A R. roseipes U OA EJ?HQUANKJ PNAO OA?QAJ?E=O @A KPN=O AOLA?EAO @EBANAJPAO = R. roseipes?KIK?KJPNKHL=N=CAJAN=NQJYN>KHBEHKCAJ]PE?K AH?Q=HOACAJANaQO=J@KAHI]PK@K@A @EOP=J?E= LNKIA@EK AJ AH MQA OA =CNQL=NKJ H=O OA?QAJ?E=O @A I=JAN= CAKNACEKJ=H AO @A?EN H=O OA?QAJ?E=O @A R. roseipes @A EJ@ERE@QKO @A $QNKL= OA =CNQL=NKJ AJ QJ ?H=@K U PNAO @A JQAOPN=O OA?QAJ?E=OBcJCE?=OOA=CNQL=NKJBKNI=J@KQJ?H=@KL=N= I]NE?=%EC RR09S2-1 95 96 RR09S3-2 RR09S3-1 R._roseipes-AY061716 94 R._roseipes-JF908692 RR09S4-1 99 R._integriformis-AY061684 R._nitida-AY061696 56 R._rubra-AY061717 0.01 %ECQN= JYHEOEO BEHKCAJ]PE?K IKHA?QH=N @A OA?QAJ?E=O @A Russula roseipes LKN AH I]PK@K @A ,=TEIQI+EGAHEDKK@ 2ABKNI=NKJ@KO?H=@KO@ARussula roseipes $H?H=@K(AOPYEJPACN=@KLKN @AJQAOPN=OOA?QAJ?E=OBcJCE?=O@AKNECAJ IANE?=JK112 112 112 U AH ?H=@K (( AOPY EJPACN=@K LKN OA?QAJ?E=O @A R. roseipes @A KNECAJ $QNKLAK 8 U )% +=O OA?QAJ?E=O @A R. nitida U R. rubra U H= OA?QAJ?E= @AH AFAILH=N 112 =CNQL=@= ?KJ R. integriformis H=O AJ?KJPN=IKO BQAN= @A HKO ?H=@KO @A R. roseipes += DEOPKNE= ARKHQPER= OA @A@QFK QPEHEV=J@K AH I]PK@K @A ,=TEIQI +EGAHEDKK@ >=O=@K AJ AH IK@AHK L=NYIAPNKO @A *EIQN= *EIQN= 2A IQAOPN= AH YN>KH ?KJ AH NACEOPNK IYO =HPK @A RANKOEIEHEPQ@ $H LKN?AJP=FA 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Laccaria sp. Lactarius deliciosus Lactarius sp. Lepiota sp. Aleuria rhenana Amanita gemmata Amanita muscaria Amanita pantherina Amanita sp. Amanita spissa Calocybe sp. Catathelasma imperiale Clavariadelphus pistillaris Clavulina cristata Clavulina sp. Clytocybe ditopa Coprinus comatus Coprinus sp. Cortinarius anserinus Cortinarius armillatus Cortinarius rubellus Cortinarius semisanguineus Cortinarius sp. Cystoderma sp. Geastrum schmidelii Geastrum triplex Gomphus floccosus Gymnopilus sp. Hebeloma mesophaeum Hebeloma sp. Helvella crispa Helvella lacunosa Humaria hemisphaerica Humaria sp. Hygrocybe pratensis Lycoperdon perlatum Lycoperdon pyriforme Melanoleuca cognata Melanoleuca sp. Morchella conica Morchella esculenta Mycena sp. Peziza vesiculosa Phellodon niger Phellodon sp. Pholiota sp. Ramaria aurea Ramaria flava Russula abietina Russula emetica Russula fragilis Russula roseipes Russula sp. Scleroderma areolatum Tricholoma lascivum Tricholoma sp. Tricholoma sulphureum Tricholoma terreum 3 !+ 2 +EOP= @A AOLA?EAO @A DKJCKO A?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO =OK?E=@KO ?KJ Abies religiosa LNAOAJPAOAJHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK Sitio 1 Amanita muscaria Clavulina cristata Clytocybe ditopa Cortinarius sp. Cortinarius armillatus Sitio 2 Amanita gemmata Lactarius deliciosus Amanita muscaria Lycoperdon perlatum Cortinarius anserinus Lycoperdon pyriforme Gymnopilus sp. Cortinarius sp Peziza vesiculosa Geastrum triplex Hebeloma mesophaeum Hebeloma sp Melanoleuca sp. Helvella crispa Mycena sp. Helvella lacunosa Russula abietina Humaria hemisphaerica Russula roseipes Inocybe sp. Russula sp. Inocybe haemacta Scleroderma areolatum Lycoperdon perlatum Lycoperdon pyriforme Phellodon sp. Ramaria aurea Russula roseipes Russula sp. Tricholoma lascivum Tricholoma sp Tricholoma terreum Sitio 5 Amanita muscaria Humaria hemisphaerica Hygrocybe pratensis Lactarius sp. Lycoperdon pyriforme Cystoderma sp. Sitio 4 Amanita sp. Cortinarius rubellus Helvella lacunosa Cortinarius semisanguineus Sitio 3 Amanita muscaria Aleuria rhenana Amanita Clavulina sp. muscaria Amanita Coprinus sp. pantherina Gomphus Amanita spissa floccosus Calocybe sp. Catathelasma imperiale Clavariadelphus pistillaris Coprinus comatus Cortinarius sp. Geastrum schmidelii Gomphus floccosus Helvella crispa Helvella lacunosa Inocybe geophylla Lycoperdon pyriforme Melanoleuca cognata Morchella esculenta Gomphus floccosus Phellodon sp. Helvella crispa Pholiota sp. Helvella lacunosa Russula sp. Humaria sp. Inocybe griseolilacina Inocybe haemacta Laccaria sp. Lepiota sp. Lycoperdon perlatum Morchella conica Morchella esculenta Ramaria flava Phellodon niger Russula emetica Russula fragilis Russula roseipes Russula sp. Russula roseipes Russula sp. Tricholoma sp Tricholoma sulphureum 3=>H=O HEOP=@AAOLA?EAO@ADKJCKOA?PKIE?KNN_?E?KO=OK?E=@KO?KJ=bies religiosaMQAOKHK AOP=JLNAOAJPAOAJQJK@AHKOOEPEKO@AIQAOPNAK Especie Clytocybe ditopa Cortinarius armillatus Cortinarius rubellus Cortinarius semisanguineus Cystoderma sp. Hebeloma mesophaeum Inocybe sp. Ramaria aurea Tricholoma lascivum Tricholoma terreum Clavulina sp. Gymnopilus sp. Hygrocybe pratensis Lactarius sp. Melanoleuca sp. Mycena sp. Russula abietina Russula roseipes Scleroderma areolatum Amanita pantherina Amanita spissa Calocybe sp. Sitio Especie Catathelasma imperiale Clavariadelphus pistillaris Coprinus comatus Geastrum schmidelii Inocybe geophylla Melanoleuca cognata Phellodon niger Russula fragilis Amanita sp. Sitio Amanita gemmata Cortinarius anserinus Humaria sp. Inocybe griseolilacina Laccaria sp. Lepiota sp. Ramaria flava Russula emetica Tricholoma sulphureum Lactarius deliciosus Peziza vesiculosa Pholiota sp. 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K@MJSD?<N@ DIQJGQ@H@IO DI HJMKCJB@I@NDN JA 126.64 '62*3#5+%# -GDQD@M KKG DJ>C@H DJO@>CIJG CAPÍTULO 8 EBA?PK@AHDE@NKU>EK– =?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPKOK>NAH= CANIEJ=?EaJ@AOAIEHH=O@A Abies religiosa UA. hickelii 1 9QHQAP=o1K@N_CQAV + & 'ANJYJ@AVo,KJPEAH U) 1QEVo1=I_NAV %=?QHP=@ @A "EAJ?E=O CN_?KH=O 4JERANOE@=@ 5AN=?NQV=J= Campus 7=H=L= "EN?QEPK 4JERANOEP=NEK &KJV=HK CQENNA !AHPNYJ OJ "/ 9KJ= 4JERANOEP=NE= 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K "KNNAKAHA?PNaJE?KNVQHQAP=DKPI=EH ?KI "AJPNK @A (JRAOPEC=?EKJAO !EKHaCE?=O @AH -KNKAOPA (JOPEPQPK /KHEP]?JE?K -=?EKJ=H "KH /H=U=/=HK@A2=JP=1EP=2QN "/ +=/=V !"2 ,]TE?K %=?QHP=@ @A $?KJKI_= 45 R 7=H=L= AOM R wREH= "=I=?DK OJ "/ 7=H=L= 5AN=?NQV ,]TE?K Resumen +KO LNK>HAI=O @A CANIEJ=?EaJ AJ =HCQJ=O AOLA?EAO BKNAOP=HAO LNA?EO=J H= EILHAIAJP=?EaJ @A I]PK@KO @KJ@A OA I=TEIE?A OQ B=?QHP=@ CANIEJ=PER= IA@E=JPA AH =?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK B_OE?K U >EKHaCE?K @A H=O OAIEHH=O /KN P=H IKPERK AH LNKLaOEPK @A AOPA AOPQ@EK BQA AR=HQ=N AH ABA?PK @AH DE@NKU>EKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK@A@KOAOLA?EAOBKNAOP=HAOAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJAbiesreligiosa U A hickelii += LNA CANIEJ=?EaJ OA NA=?PERa IA@E=JPA AH DE@NKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK @A H=O OAIEHH=O AJ =CQ= U H= KTECAJ=?EaJ = PN=R]O @A QJ BHQFK @A >QN>QF=O @A =ENA U AH >EKo =?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK OA NA=HEVa IA@E=JPA OQ EI>E>E?EaJ AJ QJ= OQOLAJOEaJ >=?PANE=J= @A H=O NEVK>=?PANE=O Pseudomonas putida ?AL=O %" o U %" o U Bacillus subtilis ?AL= !O45. +=OOAIEHH=OLNKRAJEAJPAO@A=I>KOPN=P=IEAJPKO=H?=JV=NKJR=HKNAOIYO=HPKO@ACANIEJ=?EaJAJ ?KIL=N=?EaJ=HKOPN=P=IEAJPKO"KJPNKHOEJDE@NKU>EKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK $JAOPAAOPQ@EK OA ?KJ?HQUA MQA =I>KO I]PK@KO @A =?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK @A H=O OAIEHH=O LQA@A OAN QJ= =HPANJ=PER= PA?JKHaCE?= L=N= H= LNKL=C=?EaJ @A ?KJ_BAN=O MQA OA ?=N=?PANEV=J LKN PAJAN QJ >=FK JERAH @A CANIEJ=?EaJUQJHAJPK@AO=NNKHHKAJRERANK P=HU?KIKOQ?A@A?KJA religiosaUA hickelii Introducción ,]TE?K AO QJK @A HKO L=_OAO @AJKIEJ=@KO IAC=@ERANOKO @A>E@K = MQA =HNA@A@KN @AH @A H=O AOLA?EAOATEOPAJPAOAJAHLH=JAP=OAAJ?QAJPN=JAJOQPANNEPKNEK #AHPKP=H@AH=OQLANBE?EAJ=?EKJ=H AO @A?EN @A HKO IEHHKJAO @A DA?PYNA=O AH ca IEHHKJAO OKJ K?QL=@=O LKN >KOMQAO PAILH=@KO?KJOPEPQE@KOLKN?KJ_BAN=OUAJ?EJKO2$, 1- 3 FQJPK?KJYN>KHAO@AHC]JANK Abies KU=IAHU Cupressus2ANN=JK 2EJAI>=NCK AOP=YNA=RACAP=HOAD=E@KNA@Q?EAJ@K=QJ=RAHK?E@=@=H=NI=JPA AOPEI=@=AJ QJ=O D=u=`Ko (-$&( ".- %.1 @A>E@KAOLA?E=HIAJPA=H?=I>EK@AQOK @AHOQAHK AH?NA?EIEAJPK@AIKCNYBE?KU@AEJBN=AOPNQ?PQN=?KJOPNQ??EaJ@A?=NNAPAN=O NA@AOAH]?PNE?=O U NALNAO=O H= OK>NAATLHKP=?EaJ A QOK EHAC=H @A HKO NA?QNOKO J=PQN=HAO HKO EJ?AJ@EKO BKNAOP=HAO H= EJPNK@Q??EaJ@AAOLA?EAOEJR=OKN=OUAH?=I>EK?HEIYPE?KCHK>=H%=CNAU/APANOKJ $HEVKJ@K 2YJ?DAVet al #ADA?DKH==BA?P=?EaJ@AH=?KILKOE?EaJBHKN_OPE?= @ERANOE@=@ @EOPNE>Q?EaJUATPAJOEaJ CAKCNYBE?=AJHKO>KOMQAO@AKU=IAHLNKRK?=@=LKNH=@ABKNAOP=?EaJUAH?QHPERK@A=RAJ= L=L= I=_VKL=OPEV=HAO"QAR=O &QVIYJet al HAO?KJBEJ==L=N=FAO@A=HP=OIKJP=`=O AJPNAHKO U I@A=HPEPQ@2YJ?DAV &KJVYHAVet al -=N=RAU3=UHKNNA?KJK?AJ K?DKAOLA?EAOU?EJ?KR=NEA@=@AO@AAbiesL=N=,]TE?K, PK@=OAHH=OAJ@]IE?=O%KJOA?= $J AH AOP=@K @A 5AN=?NQV OKJ PNAO H=O AOLA?EAO NALKNP=@=O A. religiosa :*QJPD; 2?DHP@H "D=I , A. vejari ,=NP_JAV U A. hickelii%HKQO&=QOOAJ@AH=O?Q=HAOA. religiosa U A. hickelii OA HK?=HEV=J OKHK AJ H= L=NPA =HP= U IKJP=`KO= @AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H "KBNA @A /ANKPA OEPQ=@K = et +- U et +. AJ H= ?KN@EHHAN= RKH?YJE?= @AH ?AJPNK KNEAJPA @A ,]TE?K #_=V et al AJ AH /E?K @A .NEV=>= AJ QJ= BN=JF= =HPEPQ@EJ=H Q>E?=@= AJPNA HKO U IOJI =@U=?AJPAOAJOQH_IEPAOQLANEKNUAJH=ONACEKJAOIYODcIA@=O?KJPinus hartwegii5YVMQAV U&KJVYHAV #AJPNK@AHKOLNEJ?EL=HAOQOKOMQAH=OAOLA?EAO@AAbiesPEAJAJ NAO=HP=OQEILKNP=J?E=AJ H= EJ@QOPNE= @A H= I=@AN= U OQO @ANER=@KO AJPNA HKO MQA @AOP=?= H= K>PAJ?EaJ @A L=LAH =NKI=PEV=JPAOULEJPQN=O =@AIYO@AOAN=LNKRA?D=@KO?KIKYN>KHAO@AJ=RE@=@,=UAJ "=>ANAO=HP=NMQA@AJPNK@AH>KOMQA@AKU=IAH A hickeliiAOQJNA?QNOK>EKHaCE?K@AO?KJK?E@K LKN?KILHAPK =@AIYO@AOANQJ=AOLA?EAAJ@]IE?=@A5AN=?NQVU.=T=?=UP=HRAV@A"DE=L=O ?KJ@EOPNE>Q?EaJIQUHEIEP=@=UAJLAHECNK@AATPEJ?EaJ2$, 1- 3 OEPQ=?EaJMQAOA =?AJPc= @A>E@K =H >=FK LKN?AJP=FA @A CANIEJ=?EaJ U HEIEP=@= ?=L=?E@=@ @A NACAJAN=?EaJ J=PQN=H +A@EC #A H= IEOI= I=JAN= A religiosa LNAOAJP= QJ= NA@Q?E@= P=O= @A CANIEJ=?EaJ AJPNA QJ U ,=JV=JEHH= U QJ= =HP= OQO?ALPE>EHE@=@ @QN=JPA OQ AIANCAJ?E= U LNEIANKOAOP=@EKO@A@AO=NNKHHK=H=P=MQA@A@EOPEJPKODKJCKOL=PaCAJKO1QEVU/EJVaJ /E?=OA`K AJPNAHKOMQA@AOP=?=J Mucor OL , Fusarium OL , Penicillium OL U Rhizopus OL. /=PE`Ket al., DKN= >EAJ OE H= @AO=L=NE?EaJ @A H= ?Q>EANP= RACAP=H AJ OAHR=O AO QJ DA?DK LNAK?QL=JPA MQAD=?KJ@Q?E@K=H=ANKOEaJU@AOANPEV=?EaJ@AEJ?KJP=>HAOVKJ=O@AH=3EANN=+ASEO HK K?QNNE@KAJ>KOMQAOPAILH=@KOJKAOIYOD=H=C=@KN LQAOH=?KJPEJQ=@EOIEJQ?EaJ@AHKO>KOMQAO @AKU=IAHLQA@APN=AN?KJOA?QAJ?E=OIQUOANE=O =BA?P=J@KLNEIKN@E=HIAJPAAH?E?HKDE@NKHaCE?K 6'. !KJ@et al UH=?=LPQN=UOA?QAOPNK@A".!N=OSAHHet al ,=OAN=et al ,KJPANK $J ?KJOA?QAJ?E= EJE?E=N LNKCN=I=O @A NABKNAOP=?EaJ ?KJ H=O AOLA?EAO MQA ?KILKJAJ AH >KOMQA @A KU=IAH OAN_= QJ= AOPN=PACE= BQJ@=IAJP=H A EJ=LH=V=>HA L=N= NA?QLAN=N U =QIAJP=N H= I=O==N>KH=@= LNKUA?P=J@KQJBQPQNK>AJ]BE?KOK>NAPK@KAJAHYI>EPK=I>EAJP=HUA?KJaIE?K -KK>OP=JPA AO@AREP=HEILKNP=J?E=?KJOE@AN=NMQAP=JPKA hickeliiUA religiosa LNAOAJP=JQJ >=FK LKN?AJP=FA @A CANIEJ=?EaJ @A OQO OAIEHH=O MQA OA D= =OK?E=@K = H= AJ@KC=IE= U ARAJPKO LNA?ECaPE?KO-EAPK@A/=O?Q=H /KH=et al., #AJPNK @A H=O AOPN=PACE=O MQA OA D=J ABA?PQ=@K L=N= =QIAJP=N H= CANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O OAIEHH=O AOPYJ HKO PN=P=IEAJPKO ?KJ PAILAN=PQN= H= AO?=NEBE?=?EaJ AH QOK @A DKNIKJ=O @A ?NA?EIEAJPK AJPNAKPNKO+EQet al., &NAAJet al., LANKAJ=`KONA?EAJPAOAHDE@NKU >EK =?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK L=NA?AJ OAN QJ= =HPANJ=PER= RE=>HA =H PN=P=IEAJPK @A OAIEHH=O ?KJ >=FKO JERAHAO @A CANIEJ=?EaJ ?KJOECQEAJ@K LHYJPQH=O IYO RECKNKO=O U ?KJ QJ= I=UKN PKHAN=J?E= =H PN=OLH=JPAAJ?=ILK $HDE@NKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPKAOQJ=P]?JE?=MQAJKOKHKLANIEPA=H=OOAIEHH=O=H?=JV=NQJ =HPKJERAH@ADQIA@=@.HER=NAOet al.,"=OPNK "KHEJ=et al., OEJKP=I>E]JIAFKN=NOQ AOP=@K BEOEKHaCE?K IA@E=JPA QJ =LKNPA ?KJOP=JPA @A KT_CAJK LANIEPEAJ@K EJ?NAIAJPKO OECJEBE?=PERKO AJ AH JERAH @A IAP=>KHEPKO NAH=?EKJ=@KO ?KJ AH LNK?AOK LNA CANIEJ=PERK U @A AJVEI=O=OK?E=@=O?KJH=LNK@Q??EaJ@AAJANC_= NPKH=et al = +KOPN=P=IEAJPKO@ADE@N=P=?EaJ@AOAIEHH=OD=J@AIKOPN=@KOANABE?EAJPAO=HPAJANQJABA?PKOK>NA H=@KNIYJ?E= LQAONA?QLAN=JH=RE=>EHE@=@UAHAR=JHKOLKN?AJP=FAO@ACANIEJ=?EaJ2KSIU=et al /KN OQ L=NPA AH >EKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK D= OE@K @AO@A H= @]?=@= @A HKO gO QJ= DANN=IEAJP= >EKPA?JKHaCE?= AJ H= ?Q=H OA QPEHEV=J IE?NKKNC=JEOIKO >AJ]BE?KO OK>NA H=O OAIEHH=O L=N=EJ?NAIAJP=NH=CANIEJ=?EaJURECKN@AH=OLHYJPQH=O!D=PP=?D=NUU=U)D= @AOP=?=J@K = H=O NEVK>=?PANE=O K /&/1 /H=JP &NKSPD /NKIKPEJC 1DEVK>=?PANE= @A>E@K = OQ ?=L=?E@=@ @A LNK@Q?ENOQOP=J?E=OBEOEKHaCE?=IAJPA=?PER=O AOLA?E=HIAJPA?EPKMQEJEJ=O CE>ANAHEJ=O Y?E@KEJ@KH =?]PE?K AJPNA KPN=O MQA PEAJAJ QJ ABA?PK LKOEPERK OK>NA H= CANIEJ=?EaJ @A OAIEHH=O ?KJ >=FKO LKN?AJP=FAO@ACANIEJ=?EaJ!AJA@QVEet al *=JCet al., 3KI=J@K AJ ?KJOE@AN=?EaJ H= EILKNP=J?E= A?KHaCE?= U A?KJaIE?= @A A. religiosa U A. hickelii AH LNKLaOEPK @A AOPA AOPQ@EK BQA AR=HQ=N AH ABA?PK @AH DE@NKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK U H=O NEVK>=?PANE=O Pseudomonas putida U Bacillus subtilis OK>NA H= CANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O OAIEHH=O @A AOP=O@KOAOLA?EAOBKNAOP=HAOAJLAHECNK@AATPAJOEaJ Materiales y métodos Material biológico 2A QPEHEV=NKJ OAIEHH=O @A A. religiosa U A. hickelii LNKLKN?EKJ=@=O LKN H= "KIEOEaJ -=?EKJ=H %KNAOP=H U AH (JOPEPQPK @A $?KHKC_= " 2A AR=HQ=NKJ H=O NEVK>=?PANE=O Pseudomonas putida ?AL=O%" oU%" oUBacillus subtilis?AL=!O45 H=O?Q=HAOBQANKJLNKLKN?EKJ=@=OLKN AH +=>KN=PKNEK @A /=N=OEPKHKC_= U "KJPNKH !EKHaCE?K @A H= %=?QHP=@ @A "EAJ?E=O CN_?KH=O @A H= 4JERANOE@=@5AN=?NQV=J= Campus7=H=L= Inóculo rizobacteriano +=OPNAO?AL=O@ANEVK>=?PANE=OOA?NA?EANKJAJIA@EK@A?QHPERKH_MQE@K!o*EJCUOAEJ?Q>=NKJ LKN D = e" /KOPANEKNIAJPA OQ ?KJ?AJPN=?EaJ OA =FQOPa = ?AH I+o ?KJ QJ AOLA?PNKBKPaIAPNK @ECEP=H 3ANIK 2LA?PNKJE? &]JAOEO ?=HE>N=@K = JI U @A =>OKN>=J?E= Hidro–acondicionamiento +=OOAIEHH=O@A?=@=AOLA?EABKNAOP=H?KJ@_=O@A=HI=?AJ=IEAJPKOA@AOEJBA?P=NKJ?KJQJ= OKHQ?EaJ @A DELK?HKNEPK @A OK@EK =H @QN=JPA IEJ /KOPANEKNIAJPA OA AJFQ=C=NKJ ?KJ =CQ= @AOPEH=@=AOP]NEHUOA?KJBKNI=NKJHKPAO@AOAIEHH=OMQABQANKJAJRQAHP=O?KJC=O=O0QENIAT OEILHAOAOPANEHEV=@=OT?IU=I=NN=@=O?KJHEC=O@A?KHKNMQAOENREANKJ?KIKEJ@E?=@KNAO @AHKO@EBANAJPAOPEAILKOAR=HQ=@KO $HDE@NK =?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK@AH=OOAIEHH=OOANA=HEVa@AJPNK@AQJ=LNK>AP=@AI+ ?KJQJ=I=JCQAN=LHYOPE?=BHATE>HA@AII@A@EYIAPNK +=NA=?PER=?EaJ@AH=LNA CANIEJ=?EaJ OA HHARa = ?=>K IA@E=JPA H= EJIANOEaJ @A HKO HKPAO @A OAIEHH=O AJ =CQ= EI>E>E?EaJ U H= KTECAJ=?EaJIA@E=JPAAHBHQFK@A>QN>QF=O@A=ENA =+@A=ENAIEJoLNKRAJEAJPAO@AQJ= >KI>=@A=ENA'=CAJ IK@AHK$HEPA 3K@KOHKOHKPAO@AOAIEHH=OOADE@NK =?KJ@E?EKJ=NKJ@QN=JPA UD H BEJ=HEV=N AOPA LNK?AOK H=O OAIEHH=O OA @AF=NKJ NALKO=N @QN=JPA IEJ OK>NA L=LAH BEHPNK = #AJPNK@AH=OLNEJ?EL=HAOAOLA?EAO@ANEVK>=?PANE=OD=OP=DKUNA?KJK?E@=O@AOP=?=JHKOC]JANKOPseudomonasU Bacillus!ANCU'=HHI=JJ, $JPAO=NEet al., PAILAN=PQN= =I>EAJPA OA ?KHK?=NKJ OK>NA PK=HH=O @A L=LAH =>OKN>AJPA AOP]NEH U OA EJ?Q>=NKJ = l"@QN=JPA@_=O $H LKN?AJP=FA @A CANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O OAIEHH=O OA AR=HQa =H BEJ=H @AH ATLANEIAJPK 2A QPEHEV=NKJ OEAPA HKPAO @A OAIEHH=O LKN PN=P=IEAJPK 3K@K AH ATLANEIAJPK OA NA=HEVa LKN @QLHE?=@K Hidro y biooacondionamiento 2AAOPANEHEV=NKJ?=F=O@A/APNE@ARE@NEKMQA?KJPAJ_=JAJOQEJPANEKNQJ=?=L=@A=HCK@aJAJH= >=OAOK>NAH=MQAOA@EOLQOKQJ=DKF=@AL=LAH@ABEHPNK ULKOPANEKNIAJPAOAOA?=NKJ@AJPNK@A QJ=AOPQB==e"@QN=JPADL=N=AHEIEJ=NAHAT?AOK@ADQIA@=@ 2AQPEHEV=NKJOAIEHH=O?KJ@_=O@A=HI=?AJ=IEAJPKLNARE=IAJPADE@NK =?KJ@E?EKJ=@=O @QN=JPAD@A>E@K=MQABQAAHPEAILKIYOABA?PERKL=N==?AHAN=NH=CANIEJ=?EaJ@A?=@=QJ=@A H=O LEJY?A=O AJ AOPQ@EK +=O OAIEHH=O OA EJK?QH=NKJ IA@E=JPA EI>E>E?EaJ AJ I+ @A ?=@= OQOLAJOEaJ>=?PANE=J=@QN=JPAIEJ OA@ALKOEP=NKJ@AJPNK@AH=O?=F=O@A/APNEUBQANKJOAHH=@=O ?KJL=LAHL=N=BEHI 2AEJ?Q>=NKJ@QN=JPA@_=O=e" $H LKN?AJP=FA @A CANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O OAIEHH=O OA AR=HQa =H BEJ=H @AH ATLANEIAJPK 2A QPEHEV=NKJ ?Q=PNK CNQLKO @A OAIEHH=O LKN PN=P=IEAJPK 3K@K AH ATLANEIAJPK OA NA=HEVa LKN @QLHE?=@K Resultados Hidro–acondicionamiento de semillas de dos especies de >EAO +KOR=HKNAO@ACANIEJ=?EaJ@AH=OOAIEHH=O@AA. religiosa U A. hickeliiPN=P=@=O?KJHKO@EOPEJPKO PEAILKO @A DE@NKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPK BQANKJ OQLANEKNAO = HKO ?Q=JPEBE?=@KO AJ AH PN=P=IEAJPK ?KJPNKH %ECQN= +KO R=HKNAO IYO =HPKO AJ A. religiosa U A. hickelii OA AJ?KJPN=NKJ AJ H=O OAIEHH=OMQABQANKJDE@NK =?KJ@E?EKJ=@=OLKND?KJR=HKNAONAOLA?PERKO@AHUAJ ?KIL=N=?EaJ?KJH=OOEIEAJPAO@AHPN=P=IEAJPK?KJPNKH @KJ@AAHLKN?AJP=FA@ACANIEJ=?EaJBQA @AHUNAOLA?PER=IAJPA ?KJOECQE]J@KOAEJ?NAIAJPKO@AHUAJH=CANIEJ=?EaJ @AAOP=OAOLA?EAO@AAbies Efecto del hidro y biooacondicionamiento sobre la germinación de semillas de NAHECEKO= U DE?GAHEE +KOR=HKNAO@ACANIEJ=?EaJ@AH=OOAIEHH=O@AA. religiosa U A. hickeliiPN=P=@=O?KJH=O@EOPEJP=O NEVK>=?PANE=OADE@NK =?KJ@E?EKJ=@=OLKNDBQANKJOQLANEKNAO=HKO?Q=JPEBE?=@KOAJHKO PN=P=IEAJPKO"KJPNKH%ECQN= Porcentaje de germinación (%)Ti d hid Porcentaje de germinación (%) %ECQN= $BA?PK@AHDE@NKo=?KJ@E?EKJ=IEAJPKOK>NAH=CANIEJ=?EaJ@AOAIEHH=O@AA religiosaU A hickelii +=OOAIEHH=OBQANKJEJ?Q>=@=O@QN=JPA@_=O=e" /=N= A. religiosa, AH R=HKN IYO =HPK BQA AH @A H=O OAIEHH=O EJK?QH=@=O ?KJ B. subtilis !O45?KJQJ $HPN=P=IEAJPK"KJPNKHK>PQRKQJ (J?NAIAJP=J@KH=?AL=!O45H= CANIEJ=?EaJ@AAOP=AOLA?EA@AAbiesAJ. /=N=A. hickeliiAHIAFKNPN=P=IEAJPKBQA?KJP. putida %" o ?KJ QJ @A CANIEJ=?EaJ $H PN=P=IEAJPK "KJPNKH OAIEHH=O DE@NKo =?KJ@E?EKJ=@=O LKN D BQA @AH += ?AL= %" EJ?NAIAJPK H= CANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O OAIEHH=O@AA. 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U) +ARA=Q !EK?KJPNKHKBLH=JPL=PDKCAJOLNEJ?ELHAO LNKIEOAO =J@LEPB=HHO In /EJPKJ 1 9 5=N=JEJE U / -=JJELEANE A@O 3DA 1DEVKOLDANA !EK?DAIEOPNU =J@ .NC=JE? 2Q>OP=J?AO=PPDA2KEH /H=JP(JPANB=?A "1"/NAOO-AS8KNG /Lo ,=@NEC=H 7 "H=RAOL=N=H=E@AJPEBE?=?EaJ@AH=O?KJ_BAN=OOEHRAOPNAO@AHAOP=@K@A,E?DK=?YJ ,]TE?K(JOPEPQPK-=?EKJ=H@A(JRAOPEC=?EKJAO%KNAOP=HAO L !KHAP_J@ERQHC=PERKJK ,=JOKQN % ' 2 H@AOQMQU U ' '=IA@K 2PQ@EAO KJ LH=JP CNKSPD NACQH=PKNO =J@ AJVUIAOLNK@Q?PEKJ>UOKIA>=?PANE= 0=P=N4JERANOEPU2?EAJ?A)KQNJ=Ho ,=JV=JEHH= ' (JRAOPEC=?EKJAO ALE@KI]PNE?=O U OEHR_?KH=O AJ >KOMQAO IATE?=JKO @A Abies religiosa ,]TE?K2A?NAP=N_=@A CNE?QHPQN=U&=J=@AN_= L ,=OAN= . # "ANaJ U .N@a`AV %KNAOPNU IEPEC=PEKJ KLPEKJO BKN ,ATE?K %EJ@EJC OUJANCEAO >APSAAJ J=PEKJ=H OQOP=EJ=>HA @ARAHKLIAJP LNEKNEPEAO =J@ CHK>=H ?KJ?ANJO ,EPEC=PEKJ =J@ @=LP=PEKJ2PN=PACEAOBKN&HK>=H"D=JCA o ,=UAJ + $R=HQ=?EaJ @A HKO ABA?PKO @A PNAO PELKO @A =CQ= AJ AH PEAILK U LKN ?EAJPK @A CANIEJ=?EaJ @A OAIEHH=O @A KU=IAH Abies religiosa 3AOEO LNKBAOEKJ=H (JCAJEANK CN_?KH= %$2 "Q=QPEPHYJ 4JERANOE@=@-=?EKJ=H QPaJKI=@A,]TE?K ,]TE?K ,KJPANK & ( PH=O =NMQAKHaCE?K @A H= =HP= IKJP=`= IATE?=J= ,]TE?K 2$, 1- 3".- %.1 L ,KNAJKw , 3 + % !AJ_PK, - 'ANNANK2 2 #KI_JCQAV+ U) + /A`QAH=O1 $OPQ@EK @A JQARKO I]PK@KO @A @APANIEJ=?EaJ @A H= RE=>EHE@=@ @A H=O OAIEHH=O BKNAOP=HAO 3AOP @A AHA?PNK?KJ@Q?PERE@=@A_J@ECK?=NI_J"KIL=N=?EaJ?KJAHPAOP@AHPAPN=VKHEKUOQ=LHE?=?EaJ= Pinus pinaster UPinus halepensis ?P=O@AH((("KJCNAOK%KNAOP=H$OL=`KH &N=J=@= $OL=`= /L o ,QNN=U & ! ) 2SAJOAJ U ) ) &=HHE=JP $IANCAJ?A KB OQC=N >AAP OAA@HEJCO =P HKS OKEH PAILAN=PQNABKHHKSEJCOAA@OK=GEJC=J@LNEIEJC 'KNP2?EAJ?EAo -=N=RA% ' U* 3=UHKN /EJ=?A=A%HKN=@A5AN=?NQVo -EAPK@A/=O?Q=H /KH= " , 2 ,QOYHAIU) .NPAC= $OPQ@EK@A=HCQJ=O?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O @A?KJKOUOAIEHH=O@AA. religiosa' ! * 2?DH AP"D=I CNK?EAJ?E=o .HER=NAO , )KDJOPKJU" 2=J,=NP_J $IANCAJ?E=UAOP=>HA?EIEAJPK@ALHYJPQH=O@A B=H=NEOPhalaris aquatica+ AJ@QNA?E@=OAJOQAHK?KJ@ERANO=O?KJ@E?EKJAOD_@NE?=O CNK OQNo /=PE`K % / @A H= &=NV= 8 5EHH=CaIAV ( 3=H=RAN= U % "=I=?DK &Q_= L=N= H= NA?KHA??EaJ U I=JAFK @A OAIEHH=O @A AOLA?EAO BKNAOP=HAO ,]TE?K (JOPEPQPK -=?EKJ=H @A (JRAOPEC=?EKJAO%KNAOP=HAO L !KHAP_J#ERQHC=PERKJK 1EJ?aJ % 5=HH=@=NAO 3 $ &EIAJK U ) ) /QAUK 6=PAN OPNAOO NAOLKJOAO KB PSK ,A@EPANN=JA=JPNAAOLA?EAOEJBHQAJ?A@>UJ=PERAOKEHIE?NKKNC=JEOIO=J@EJK?QH=PEKJSEPD=LH=JP CNKSPDLNKIKPEJCNDEVK>=?PANEQI 3NAA/DUOEKHKCUo 1QEV 1 , $ U + , /EJVaJ /E?=OA`K "=N=?PANAO ?QHPQN=HAO @A Fomitopsis pinicola U Heterobasidion annosum DKJCKOTEHaB=CKO@AEILKNP=J?E=BKNAOP=H=OK?E=@KO=LQ@NE?EKJAOAJ KU=IAH !KHAP_J@AH=2K?EA@=@!KPYJE?=@A,]TE?Ko 1QEV / , ) +Q?=O & ! 1=IKO % ) &QPEANNAV , U /NK>=JV= 2A=OKJ=H @ERANOEPU ?D=JCAO EJ =H@AN Alnus glutinosa ?QHPQN=>HA NDEVK>=?PANE=H ?KIIQJEPEAO PDNKQCDKQP = LDAJKHKCE?=H?U?HA LLHEA@2KEH$?KHKCUo 2YJ?DAV &KJVYHAV + +aLAV ,=P= U # &N=J=@KO 2YJ?DAV 2AIAF=JV= BHKN_OPE?= AJPNA >KOMQAO @A Abies religiosa ' ! * "D=I 2?DHP@H @A H= B=F= RKH?YJE?= PN=JOIATE?=J= (JRAOPEC=?EKJAO&AKCNYBE?=Oo 2YJ?DAV, $ , ) &KJVYHAV& # ' @AH5=HHA/ U) 1 5=H@AV+ 2(/+ -2EOPAI=@A EJBKNI=?EaJL=N==@IEJEOPN=NLH=JP=?EKJAO?KIAN?E=HAOAJ,]TE?K ,=@AN=U!KOMQAOo 2$, 1- 3 2A?NAP=N_= @A ,A@EK I>EAJPA 1A?QNOKO -=PQN=HAO U /AO?= $H IA@EK =I>EAJPAAJ,]TE?K$JNAOQIAJ5ACAP=?EaJ ,]TE?K2$, 1- 3 L 2$, 1- 3 2A?NAP=N_= @A ,A@EK I>EAJPA 1A?QNOKO -=PQN=HAO U /AO?= -KNI= .BE?E=H ,ATE?=J= -., 2$, 1- 3 /NKPA??EaJ=I>EAJP=H $OLA?EAOJ=PER=O@A,]TE?K@A BHKN= U B=QJ= OEHRAOPNAO "=PACKN_=O @A NEAOCK U AOLA?EBE?=?EKJAO L=N= OQ EJ?HQOEaJ AT?HQOEaJ K ?=I>EK +EOP=@AAOLA?EAOAJNEAOCK ,]TE?K2$, 1- 3 L 2ANN=JK& $ "KJPNE>Q?EaJ=H?KJK?EIEAJPK@AH,]TE?KBKNAOP=H 1AREOP=@A(JBKNI=?EaJU JYHEOEOo 2KSIU= * ) 1 &KS@= * !D=JQLN=G=OD ' 2 8KCAAOD= 3 ! /QPP=N=FQ U ! " "D=JJ=GAOD=R= (JBHQAJ?A KB DU@NKLNEIEJC KJ OAA@ MQ=HEPU =PPNE>QPAO EJ ?Q?QI>AN Cucumis sativus+ ,UOKNA)KQNJ=HKB CNE?QHPQN=H2?EAJ?AOo 5YVMQAV3 , U &KJVYHAV" OLA?PKOB_OE?KOUNA?QNOKOJ=PQN=HAO@AH$OP=@K@A5AN=?NQV (( ,]TE?K4JERANOE@=@5AN=?NQV=J= L 2ANEA3ATPKO4JERANOEP=NEKO 6'. 6KNH@ 'A=HPD .NC=JEV=PEKJ $?KOUOPAIO =J@ DQI=J SAHH >AEJC 'A=HPD OUJPDAOEO -+,?H=OOEBE?=PEKJ6 2SEPVANH=J@6'./NAOO L CONSERVACIÓN CAPÍTULO 9 E?KHKC_=$RKHQPER=U "KJOANR=?EaJ@AHKOAbies@A ,]TE?KU"AJPNK=I]NE?= 2EOPAIYPE?= BEHKCAJE=UCAJ]PE?= @ALK>H=?EKJAO #MDF<BPDMM@ .G<IO@M (P<I.<=GJ(<M<HDGGJ !JMM@< *PDN# #BPD<MO@ "@K<MO<H@IOJ?@#>JGJBY<#QJGPODQ< 'INODOPOJ?@#>JGJBY< 3IDQ@MND?<?,<>DJI<GPO[IJH<?@ +XSD>J POJMK<M<G<>JMM@NKJI?@I>D<AMPINPI<H HS Resumen *JN =JNLP@N O@HKG<?JN ?@ +XSD>J NJI PIJ ?@ GJN @>JNDNO@H<N HVN ?DQ@MNJN @I @G >P<G G<N >JIYA@M<N NJI PI BMPKJ =D@I M@KM@N@IO<?J T Q<MD<?J #G BXI@MJ $+'4 JT<H@G@N N@ @I>P@IOM< ?DNOMD=PD?J @I UJI<N AMY<N T C]H@?<N PNP<GH@IO@ < PI< <GODOP? @IOM@ < H <PILP@ KP@?@IGG@B<MC<NO<>< ?@HAJMH<I?JKJ=G<>DJI@NM@G<ODQ<H@IO@<DNG<?<N N@K<M<?<N@IOM@ NY KJM Q<MDJN FDG[H@OMJN #I +XSD>J N@ @I>P@IOMCJ @NK@>D@N N@DN ?@ @GG<N @I?XHD><N T <GBPI<N?@@GG<N>JIND?@M<?<N>JHJ<H@I<U<?<NJ@IK@GDBMJ?@ @SODI>D[I #I@NO@><KYOPGJ N@ ?@N>MD=@I@NOP?DJN<>@M><?@G<?DQ@MND?<?T@QJGP>D[I@IG<NJ>CJ@NK@>D@NH@SD><I<N?@ $+'4T N@ KMJKJI@I K@MNK@>ODQ<N K<M< NP >JIN@MQ<>D[I T @NOP?DJ APOPMJ *<N >JI>GPNDJI@N LP@ KP@?@I J=O@I@MN@?@@NOJN@NOP?DJNNJILP@@NI@>@N<MDJC<>@MPI<M@?@ADID>D[I?@G<O<SJIJHY<?@G<N @NK@>D@N?@GJN $+'4<H@MD><IJNGJNK<OMJI@N?@Q<MD<>D[IB@IXOD><?@G<N@NK@>D@N?@ $+'4 @I+XSD>JT!@IOMJ<HXMD><C<IND?JDIAGP@I>D<?JNKJMNP?DNOMD=P>D[IB@JBMVAD><@CDNOJMD< #N ?@>DM N@ DIAD@M@ LP@ NPN M<IBJN ?@ ?DNOMD=P>D[I N@ ?@NKG<U<MJI C<>D< @G NPM ?PM<IO@ G<N BG<>D<>DJI@N ?@G .G@DNOJ>@IJ T GP@BJ N@ AM<BH@IO<MJI ?PM<IO@ GJN K@MDJ?JN DIO@MBG<>D<M@N #NOJ DI?D><MY<LP@G<NKJ=G<>DJI@NKJ?MY<IC<=@MK<N<?JKJMQ<MDJN>P@GGJN?@=JO@GG< GJLP@KMJQJ>[ G<?DNHDIP>D[I?@G<Q<MD<>D[IB@IXOD><T@G<PH@IOJ@IG<?DA@M@I>D<>D[I LP@J=N@MQ<HJN@IOM@ G<NKJ=G<>DJI@N<>OP<G@NTGJNKMJBM<H<N?@>JIN@MQ<>D[I?@=@I?@?DMDBDMN@C<>D<GJNGDI<E@N HVN?@ADID?JN@I>JIOM<?JN@I@NOJN@NOP?DJN Introducción *JN @>JNDNO@H<N AJM@NO<G@N ?@ +XSD>J T %P<O@H<G< M@KM@N@IOJIODI@IO@<H@MD><IJ*PI<@O<G #IK<MO@ @N<?DQ@MND?<?N@?@=@<LP@@I @NOJN@>JNDNO@H<NN@@I>P@IOM<@GGYHDO@IJMO@?@G<?DNOMD=P>D[I?@?DA@M@IO@N@NK@>D@NTGDI<E@N JMDBDI<MDJN?@1P?<HXMD>< TG<?DNOMD=P>D[IHVNNPM@Z<?@GJNO<S<I<ODQJN?@HXMD><?@G,JMO@ %M<C<H *PI< @O <G #NO< >JHKJND>D[I HDSO< ?@ @NK@>D@N O@HKG<?<N NP=OMJKD><G@NTOMJKD><G@NC<>@LP@G<NM@BDJI@N?@GIJMO@?@*<ODIJ<HXMD><N@<IPI< UJI<>G<Q@K<M<GG@Q<M<><=J@NOP?DJN?@>JIN@MQ<>D[I T@>JGJBY<@QJGPODQ<+<MNC<GGT*D@=C@MM &PD?J=MJ@O<G !JMJI<@O<G #IOM@ GJN O<S< ?@ KG<IO<N LP@ N@ CJIYA@M<N NJIPIJ?@GJNBMPKJNHVNM@KM@N@IO<?JNT?DQ@MNJN@IG<N>JHPID?<?@NAJM@NO<G@NHJIO<ZJN<N?@ +XSD>J T %P<O@H<G< #I K<MOD>PG<M @G BXI@MJ $+'4 >JINODOPD?J KJM VM=JG@N >JIJ>D?JN@I+XSD>J>JHJJT<H@G@N @N@GN@BPI?JBXI@MJHVNBM<I?@?@G<A<HDGD<.DI<>@<@ ?@NKPXN ?@ +064 $+'4 DI>GPT@ <GM@?@?JM ?@ @NK@>D@N LP@ @NOVI ?DNOMD=PD?<N KM@?JHDI<IO@H@IO@ @I G<N M@BDJI@N =JM@<G@N O@HKG<?<N T NP=OMJKD><G@N ?@G &@HDNA@MDJ ,JMO@ *DP0PNCAJMOC$<MEJI #I+XSD>JTG<M@BDJI@NIJMO@Z<N?@!@IOMJ<HXMD>< DI>GPT@I?J %P<O@H<G< &JI?PM<N T #G 1<GQ<?JM $+'4 KP@?@ N@M PIJ ?@ GJN O<S< HVN <=PI?<IO@N @I GJN =JNLP@N O@HKG<?JN @I UJI<N HVN =D@I AMY<N T C]H@?<N PNP<GH@IO@ < PI< <GODOP?@IOM@<H N I H<PILP@KP@?@IGG@B<MC<NO<>< ?@H N I H TAJMH<I?J KJ=G<>DJI@N M@G<ODQ<H@IO@ <DNG<?<N N@K<M<?<N @IOM@ NY KJM Q<MDJN FDG[H@OMJN .<M< @G BXI@MJ @I @NO<VM@< IJNJOMJNM@>JIJ>@HJN<>OP<GH@IO@J>CJ@NK@>D@N N@DN?@G<N>P<G@NNJI@I?XHD><N?@ +XSD>J$DBPM<+<MOYI@U *DP $<MEJI<I?0PNCAJMOC 1#+0,2 T LP@ N@ @I>P@IOM<O@BJMY<N ?@ KMJO@>>D[I J <H@I<U<?<N KJM ?DA@M@IO@N JMB<IDU<>DJI@N 9$- !'2#1 !JIQ@IODJI JA 'IO@MI<ODJI<G 2M<?@ DI #I?<IB@M@? 1K@>D@N KXI?D>@ RRR >DO@N JMB T KJM @G BJ=D@MIJ H@SD><IJ ,-+#!-* RRR N@H<MI<O BJ= HS G@T@NTIJMH<N #I @G KXI?D>@ N@ KP@?@ G@@M PI< HPT =M@Q@ ?@N>MDK>D[I?@XNO<N@NK@>D@N $DBPM< 3=D><>D[IB@JBMVAD><?@G<NKJ=G<>DJI@N?@ $+'4H@SD><IJNT?@%P<O@H<G< DI>GPD?<N @I <GBPIJN ?@ GJN @NOP?DJN M@QDN<?JN #I =GJ %10%1.13 MJEJ &63#0)'04+4 <H<MDGGJ &63#0)'04+4Q<M %1#*6+.'04+4 Q@M?@JN>PMJ 7',#3+ I@BMJ (.+0%-++ ><AX 3'.+)+14# Q@M?@ >G<MJ *+%-'.+T<UPG )6#5'/#.'04+4 *< KMDH@M< <K<MD>D[I ?@G BXI@MJ @I @G M@BDNOMJ A[NDG @I +XSD>J NPBD@M@ PI< GG@B<?< ?@ $+'4 M@G<ODQ<H@IO@ M@>D@IO@ ?PM<IO@ @G .GDJ>@IJ D @ C<>@ <GM@?@?JM ?@ HDGGJI@N ?@ <ZJN %M<C<H GJ>P<GDHKGD><MY<PI<?DQ@MNDAD><>D[IMVKD?<?@NKPXN?@NP@NO<=G@>DHD@IOJ Q@MBPDMM@ .G<IO@M@O<G 1DI@H=<MBJ IJ@N>G<MJND@NO<A@>C<M@AG@E<G<KMDH@M<GG@B<?< ?@GBXI@MJ<G<M@BD[I NDC<C<=D?JPI<JHVNHDBM<>DJI@N?@N?@,JMO@<HXMD>< JND@IM@<GD?<? @GBXI@MJGG@B[HP>CJ<IO@N K@MJ@NOJIJN@C<M@AG@E<?J@I@GM@BDNOMJA[NDG #NO<DI>@MOD?PH=M@ N@M@AG@E<@IIP@NOMJN<IVGDNDNHJG@>PG<M@N>JHJN@Q@MV@I?@O<GG@HVN<?@G<IO@BPDMM@ .G<IO@M @O<G 2M<?D>DJI<GH@IO@ GJN $+'4?@+XSD>JT!@IOMJ<HXMD><C<IND?J<BMPK<?JN?@IOMJ?@?JN J OM@N N@>>DJI@N ?DA@M@IO@N ?@ <>P@M?J < G<N >G<NDAD><>DJI@N HVN M@>JIJ>D?<N D @ *DP $<MEJI T 0PNCAJMOC 4@M 2<=G< GJ LP@ NPB@MDMY< KJM GJ H@IJN ?JN @SK<INDJI@N DI?@K@I?D@IO@N < K<MODM ?@ ?DA@M@IO@N @NOMJN 1OM<I?=T @O <G BPDMM@ .G<IO@M @O <G #I@NO@><KYOPGJ N@M@NPH@IT?DN>PO@IGJN@NOP?DJNM@<GDU<?JN?PM<IO@GJN]GODHJN<ZJN <>@M>< ?@ G< ?DQ@MND?<? T @QJGP>D[I ?@ GJN $+'4 @I +XSD>J T %P<O@H<G< T N@ KMJKJI@I K@MNK@>ODQ<NK<M<NP>JIN@MQ<>D[IT@NOP?DJAPOPMJ 3=>H= "H=OEBE?=?EKJAOL=N=H=OAOLA?EAO@AHC]JANKAbies+EQ%=NFKJ=J@1QODBKNPD ,K@EBE?=@K@A CQENNA /H=JPANAP=H +EQ 2Q>CAJQOPseudotorreya OA?P Bracteata A. bracteata 2Q>CAJQOAbies OA?P Momi A. firma OA?P Homolepides A. holophylla, A. homolepis, A. mariesii, A. kawakamii OA?P Chensienses A. chensiensis, A. ernestii OA?P. Elateopsis A. delavayi, A. fargesii, A. recurvata, A. squamata OA?P. Elate A. koreana, A. nephrolepis, A. sachalinensis, A. veitchii OA?P. Pichta A. sibirica OA?P. Pindrau A. spectabilis, A. pindrow OA?P. Abies A. alba, A. nebrodensis, A. nordmanniana, A. cephalonica OA?P. Piceaster A. pinsapo, A. cilicica, A. numidica OA?P. Nobiles A. procera, A. magnifica OA?P. Oyamel A. religiosa, A. hickeli OA?P. Vejarianae A. vejari OA?P. Grandes A. grandis, A. nephrolepis, A. durangensis, A. guatemalensis, A. guetemalensis, A.concolor OA?P. Balsamea balsamea, A. lasiocarpa, A. fraseri %=NFKJ=J@1QODBKNPD ( OA?P Bracteata A. bracteata (( OA?P Balsamea A. kawakamii, A. sibirica, A. balsamea, A. lasiocarpa, A. sachalinensis, A. koreana, A. fraseri, A. nephrolepis, A. veitchii ((( OA?P Amabilis A. amabilis, A. mariesii (5 OA?P Grandis A. grandis, A. concolor, A. durangensis, A. guatemalensis, A. flinckii 5 OA?P .E=IAH A. religiosa, A. vejari, A. hickeli 5( OA?P Nobilis A. procera, A. magnifica 5(( OA?P Momi A. homolepis, A. recurvata, A. firma, A. beshau, A. flinckii 5((( OA?P Pseudopicea A. delavayi, A. fabri, A. forrestii, A. chengii, A. densa, A. spectabilis, A. fargesii, A. fanjingshanensis, A. yuanbaoshanensis, A. squamata (7 OA?P Abies A. alba, A. cephalonica, A. nordmanniana, A. nebrodensis, A. ciclica 7 OA?P Piceaster A. pinsapo, A. numidica Sistemática, filogenia y macroevolución del género Abies *< O<SJIJHY< ?@G BXI@MJ $+'4 >JI ?DNOMD=P>D[I @I +XSD>J T !@IOMJ<HXMD>< C< ND?J T NDBP@ ND@I?J KMJ=G@HVOD>< *<N ?DA@M@I>D<N HJMAJG[BD><N NJI HPT NPODG@N T G< CD=MD?<>D[I LP@ KP@?@ J>PMMDM @IOM@ G<N ?DNODIO<N @NK@>D@N G<N C<>@ <PI HVN ?DAY>DG@N ?@ ?@O@>O<M *DP #BPD<MO@ T $PMID@M#?R<M?N1><GONJTD<II@N@O<G 1OM<I?=T@O<G .JM@NO<M<U[I @G@NO<OPNO<SJI[HD>J?@GJN $+'4?@+XSD>JT!@IOMJ<HXMD><C<ND?J>P@NODJI<?J@I?DNODIO<N J><NDJI@N @ B $<MEJI T 0PNCAJMOC $<MEJI 1OM<I?=T @O <G *<N ?DA@M@IO@N @NK@>D@N KMJKP@NO<N C>DJI@N ?DA@M@IO@N ?@ <>P@M?J < G<N >G<NDAD><>DJI@N HVN M@>JIJ>D?<N D @ *DP $<MEJI <I? 0PNCAJMOC 4@M 2<=G< K<MODM ?@ @NO<N >G<NDAD><>DJI@N C< C<=D?J <GBPIJN @NOP?DJN LP@ CG<M@>@M G< D?@IOD?<??@@NO<N@NK@>D@NTNPNM@G<>DJI@N "@IOMJ ?@ GJN @NOP?DJN ?@ ADGJB@ID<N HJG@>PG<M@N ?@G BXI@MJ LP@ DI>GPT@I < @NK@>D@N ?@ +XSD>J N@ @I>P@IOM< @G ?@ 6D<IB @O <G #GGJN <I<GDU<MJI PI< ADGJB@ID< J=O@ID?< >JI N@>P@I>D<N?@",?@GJN@NK<>D<?JM@NDIO@MIJN?@GJNB@I@NMD=JNJH<G@N >JIJ>D?JN>JHJ'21 PODGDU<I?J PI OJO<G ?@ @NK@>D@N ?@ $+'4 LP@ M@KM@N@IO>DJI@N KMJKP@NO<N KJM $<MEJIT0PNCAJMOCTGJN?JNNP=BXI@MJN?@*DP ?D>DJI<GH@IO@PODGDU<MJI>JHJ BMPKJ@SO@MIJ< '5'.''3+# PIBMPKJ?@>JIYA@M<N<NDVOD><NLP@@N>JIND?@M<?J>JHJ@GBXI@MJ C@MH<IJ ?@ $+'4 &<MO 5<IB @O <G #I @NO@ @NOP?DJ N@ DI>GPT@MJI >JHJ M@KM@N@IO<IO@N ?@ GJN $+'4 H@SD><IJN T >@IOMJ<H@MD><IJN < %10%1.13 3'.+)+14# &63#0)'04+4 (.+0%-++T )6#5'/#.'04+4 NDI@H=<MBJ@GHP@NOM@JAP@GDHDO<?J<@N><G<GJ><G@ DI>GPT[ < KJ>JN DI?DQD?PJN KJM @NK@>D@ GJ LP@ ?DNHDIPT[ G< M@NJGP>D[I K<M< >JIJ>@M G<N M@G<>DJI@NADGJB@IXOD><N<@NO@IDQ@G .JMJOMJG<?J @IPI@NOP?DJHVNM@>D@IO@BPDMM@ .G<IO@M@O<G N@>P@I>D<HJNOM@N M@BDJI@N ?@ >GJMJKG<NOJ 3$% 324 32. 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IA@E=JPA AH AJPNAJ=IEAJPK AJ PAI=O >EKHaCE?KO A?KHaCE?KO A?KJaIE?KOU@AKNC=JEV=?EaJL=N=OQ=LNKRA?D=IEAJPKOQOPAJP=>HA /=H=>N=O?H=RA>KOMQAO@AIKJP=`= I=JAFKBKNAOP=H?KIQJEP=NEK LEJ=>APA Introducción $J ,]TE?K HKO >KOMQAO DcIA@KO @A IKJP=`= 5EHH=OA`KN ?KJOPEPQUAJ QJK @A HKO A?KOEOPAI=O ?KJ I=UKN >EK@ERANOE@=@ U ?=L=?E@=@ @A LNKREOEaJ @A >EAJAO U OANRE?EKO /=N=@aFE?=IAJPA AOPKO >KOMQAO OA ?KJOE@AN=J ?KIK QJK @A HKO A?KOEOPAI=O PANNAOPNAO IYO =IAJ=V=@KO = JERAH J=?EKJ=H &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= et al #A>E@K = ?=I>EKO @A QOK @AH OQAHKUHKOABA?PKO@ANER=@KO@AH?=I>EK?HEIYPE?KCHK>=H OAHAO=OECJ=QJ==HP=LNEKNE@=@L=N=OQ ?KJOANR=?EaJ U L=N= H= LNKIK?EaJ @AH @AO=NNKHHK OQOPAJP=>HA H@NE?D et al ".- !(. 3KHA@K ?ARAO et al "=H@ANaJ CQEHAN= et al &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= et al #ERANOKOB=?PKNAOCAKCNYBE?KO CAKHaCE?KOU?HEIYPE?KO?KJBHQUAJAJH=ONACEKJAOIKJP=`KO=O DcIA@=OMQACAJAN=JQJ==HP=DAPANKCAJAE@=@=I>EAJP=HMQAB=RKNA?AH=ATLNAOEaJ@AQJ=CN=J R=NEA@=@ @A ?KJ@E?EKJAO A?KHaCE?=O HK?=HAO CN=@EAJPAO =I>EAJP=HAO NACEKJ=HAO U QJ= AHAR=@= 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Abies ?KIK QJ= =OK?E=?EaJ @AJPNK @AH >KOMQA LANAJJEBKHEK @A JA>HEJ= evergreen cloud forest AJ RENPQ@ @A OQ BEOKJKI_= CAJAN=H?KILQAOP=LKNYN>KHAO@EOLANOKOU?KJQJ==HP=@AJOE@=@@AAOLA?EAOAJOQEJPANEKN $H C]JANK Abies ?KILNAJ@A AOLA?EAO =N>aNA=O H=O ?Q=HAO OKJ @KIEJ=JPAO AJ @ERANO=O =OK?E=?EKJAO @A >KOMQAO @AH DAIEOBANEK JKNPA OA HAO =OECJ= QJ KNECAJ DKHYNPE?K 7E=JC et al JERAHIQJ@E=HOANA?KJK?AJAOLA?EAO QJ=OQ>AOLA?EAUR=NEA@=@AOUOKH=IAJPA AOLA?EAOAJAH?KJPEJAJPA=IANE?=JK +=LNAOAJ?E=@A Abies guatemalensisAJ"AJPNK=I]NE?=D= AOP=@K OQFAP= = QJ= DEOPKNE= CAKHaCE?= ?KILHAF= U LNK>=>HAIAJPA @=P= @A BEJ=HAO @AH LANEK@K 3AN?E=NEK /HEK?AJK /KOPANEKNIAJPA ?KJ HKO ?=I>EKO @QN=JPA AH /HAEOPK?AJK OA ?KJBECQNa OQ @EOPNE>Q?EaJ=?PQ=H =HECQ=HMQAH=@AKPN=OAOLA?EAO@ALH=JP=OLNKLE=O@AHKO>KOMQAO@AIKJP=`= IAOK=IANE?=JKO/ANNUet al $H K>FAPERK @A AOPA ?=L_PQHK AO LNAOAJP=N QJ= @AO?NEL?EaJ @A H= LNK>HAIYPE?= AJ PKNJK = H= @AHEIEP=?EaJP=TKJaIE?=@AA. guatemalensis OQ@EOPNE>Q?EaJCAKCNYBE?= R=NE=?EaJIKNBKHaCE?= UCAJ]PE?= NACAJAN=?EaJJ=PQN=HUH=OLANOLA?PER=OL=N=OQI=JAFKU?KJOANR=?EaJ=HKH=NCK@AOQ YI>EPK =?PQ=H @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ /=N= AH =JYHEOEO @A H= @AHEIEP=?EaJ P=TKJaIE?= U @EOPNE>Q?EaJ CAKCNYBE?= OA ?KJOQHP=NKJ H=O >=OAO @A @=PKO @A H= &HK>=H !EK@ERANOEPU (JBKNI=PEKJ %=?EHEPU &!(% DPPLSSS C>EB KNC @AH2EOPAI=-=?EKJ=H@A(JBKNI=?EaJ@A!EK@ERANOE@=@@A"KJ=>EK 2-(! DPPLSSS ?KJ=>EK CK> ITNAIE>@K?PKONAIE>JK@KO@> DPIH U @A H= >=OA @A @=PKO @A EJRAJP=NEKO BHKN_OPE?KO ?KILEH=@KO LKN AH LNKUA?PK !(.31$$ -$3 DPPLSSS >EKPNAAJAP ?KIAOL=JKHDPIH $H =??AOK = AOP=O >=OAO OA NA=HEVa IA@E=JPA H= LH=P=BKNI= @AH LNKUA?PK 1$##$ , 1EAOCK @A $TPEJ?EaJ #APANIEJ=@K LKN #EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A wN>KHAO ,ATE?=JKO @AO=NNKHH=@= LKN AH #N # &KHE?DAN DPPLCAKOANR A?KOQN IT =O_ ?KIK @AH QOK @A EJBKNI=?EaJ LNKLE= @A HKO =QPKNAO #A @E?D= ?KJOQHP= BQA LKOE>HA NAREO=N QJ PKP=H @A NACEOPNKO MQA EJ?HQUA EJBKNI=?EaJ OK>NA HK?=HEV=?EaJ CAKCNYBE?= U LKH_PE?= JKI>NA @AH ?KHA?PKN AO BA?D= @A ?KHA?P= @APANIEJ=?EaJ BA?D= @A @APANIEJ=?EaJ U =HCQJ=O ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=O =@E?EKJ=HAOOK>NAH=?KJ@E?EaJ@AHAFAILH=N=HIKIAJPK@AH=?KHA?P= OEIEOIK OANA=HEVaQJ= >cOMQA@= @A HEPAN=PQN= L=N= E@AJPEBE?=N HKO AOPQ@EKO =?AN?= @A R=NE=?EaJ IKNBKHaCE?= U CAJ]PE?= LNKL=C=?EaJ I=JAFKU?KJOANR=?EaJin situUcirca situAJ,]TE?KU&Q=PAI=H= Descripción botánica Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN /EJ=?A=A AO QJ YN>KH ?KJK?E@K AJ ,]TE?K ?KIK qLEJ=>APAr qNKIANEHHKr q=>APK@A&Q=PAI=H=r q=>APKIATE?=JKr qtemtojrPOKPOEHqmujk’ulpatrPOAHP=HU ?KIK qpacachaquer K qparchacr AJ &Q=PAI=H= $O QJ= AOLA?EA IKJKE?= J=PER= @AH OQN @A ,]TE?K &Q=PAI=H= $H2=HR=@KNU'KJ@QN=O@A,=?5A=J SSS ?KJEBANO KNC 2QBKNI= CAJAN=HAO?aJE?=ULQA@A=H?=JV=N=HPQN=O@AD=OP=IU@EYIAPNKO@AHPNKJ?KNA?PK?AN?=JKO= I@A@EYIAPNK%EC ! +=ON=I=O?NA?AJH=NC=IAJPADKNEVKJP=HAO%EC "UH=?KNPAV=AO KO?QN= CNEOY?A= U YOLAN= @ERE@E@= AJ LAMQA`=O CNEAP=O U LH=?=O RANPE?=HAO A ENNACQH=NAO +=O N=IEHH=OOKJ@A?KHKN?=B]NKFEVKULQ>AO?AJPAOH=OUAI=OOKJKRKE@A CHK>QH=NAO NAOEJKO=OU@A =LNKTEI=@=IAJPA II @A HKJCEPQ@ +=O DKF=O OKJ ?=OE LA?PEJ=@=O OAIAF=J QJ LAEJA AJ OQ @EOLKOE?EaJ @A?KHKNRAN@AKO?QN=OAJAHD=VUCH=Q?=OAJAHAJR]O @A ?I@AHKJCEPQ@U II@A=J?DK ?KJAHYLE?A@AH=DKF=?KJAI=NCEJ=@K $J?KNPAOPN=JORANO=HAO@AH=ODKF=O OAIQAOPN=JOaHKQJL=N@A?=J=HAONAOEJ_BANKO +KO?KJKOBAIAJEJKOOKJ@A?KHKN?=B] NKFEVK ?KJ PKJKO REKHAP= K>HKJCK ?EH_J@NE?KO @A ?I @A HKJCEPQ@ ?I @A =J?DK ?KJ AH YLE?A HECAN=IAJPA=LH=J=@K H=OAO?=I=OK>HKJC=OKIYO=J?D=OMQAH=NC=O%EC # +=OOAIEHH=OOKJ ?QJA=@K K>KRKE@AO @A II @A HKJCEPQ@ ?KJ QJ =H= ?EH_J@NE?= Q K>KR=@= @A ?I @A @EYIAPNK%EC $ %ECQN= OLA?PKCAJAN=H@AH=IKNBKHKC_=@AAbies guatemalensis. 5EOP=CAJAN=H@AQJYN>KH =@QHPK $H/KNRAJEN "DE=L=O !#AP=HHAO@AHPNKJ?KU?KNPAV= "1=IEHH=U@EOLKOE?EaJ@AH=O DKF=O #"KJKOBAIAJEJKOI=@QNKO $3=I=`KUBKNI=@AH=OAIEHH= %KPKO@A-1, AT?ALPK #K>PAJE@=@A#A>NA?VUU1Y?V += AOLA?EA BQA @AO?NEP= LKN 1AD@AN = L=NPEN @A AFAILH=NAO LNK?A@AJPAO @A 'QADQAPAJ=JCK &Q=PAI=H= +=LNEJ?EL=H@EBANAJ?E=?KJA. religiosaOKJH=ODKF=OAI=NCEJ=@=OU LA?PEJ=@=OUH=LNAOAJ?E=@AOaHK@KO?=J=HAONAOEJ_BANKO =QJMQAAOP=?=N=?PAN_OPE?=H=?KIL=NPA ?KJA. hickelii #AO@AAJPKJ?AOD=D=>E@KQJ==?PER=@EO?QOEaJAJPNAHKOAOLA?E=HEOP=O=?AN?=@AH= R=HE@AV @A A. guatemalensis ?KIK AOLA?EA cJE?= K ?KJ @EBANAJPAO R=NE=JPAO /KN AFAILHK OA NA?KJK?AJ PNAO R=NEA@=@AO OACcJ AH DAN>=NEK @AH )=N@_J !KPYJE?K @A ,EOOKQNE SSS PNKLE?KO KNC-=IA += LNEIAN= @A AHH=O A. guatemalensis R=N guatemalensis AO H= R=NEA@=@ P_LE?= LNAOAJPA AJ ,]TE?K AJ HKO AOP=@KO @A "DE=L=O &QANNANK U .=T=?= U ?KJPEJc= OQ @EOPNE>Q?EaJ AJ &Q=PAI=H= $H 2=HR=@KN U 'KJ@QN=O += OACQJ@= R=NEA@=@ AO A. g R=N jaliscana,=NP_JAV LNAOAJPAAJ)=HEO?K "KHEI="QAR=O &QVIYJet al U,E?DK=?YJ += PAN?AN= R=NEA@=@ MQA OA D= NA?KJK?E@K AO A. g.R=N longibracteata H= ?Q=H OA @EOPNE>QUA OKH=IAJPAAJ.=T=?=#A>NA?VUU1Y?V .PN=O@AJKIEJ=?EKJAO?KJOE@AN=@=O?KIKOEJaJEIKO@AA. guatemalensis OACcJAHDAN>=NEK @AH )=N@_J !KPYJE?K @A ,EOOKQNE DPPLSSS PNKLE?KO KNC-=IA U H= ".- !(. /]NAV @A H= 1KO= U 5=NC=O I=@K OKJ Abies tacanensis +QJ@AHH +QJ@AHH A. guatemalensis R=N tacanensis+QJ@AHH,=NP_JAV,=NP_JAV A. g. R=N ixtepejiensis 2EH> A. g OQ>OL rushforthii2EH>=2EH>= A. g OQ>OL tamaulipasensis2EH>=2EH>= A. zapotekensis #A>NA?VU ( 1Y?V& 1=I_NAV#A>NA?VUU1Y?V $OP=?H=OEBE?=?EaJJKAOPKP=HIAJPA=?ALP=@=LKNAFAILHK3KNNAO "KH_JNA?KJK?A=A. hickelii?KIKH=@AJKIEJ=?EaJRYHE@=L=N=H=AOLA?EALNAOAJPAAJ.=T=?= IEAJPN=OMQA=QPKNAO ?KIK%=NFKJU1QODBKNPD EJ?HQUAJ=Abies religiosa R=N emarginataUA. guatemalensis R=N jaliscana>=FKAHJKI>NA@AA. flinckii, LNAOAJPAAJH=VKJ=HEI_PNKBAAJPNA)=HEO?KU"KHEI= $OPQ@EKO NA?EAJPAO EJ@E?=J MQA A. guatemalensis R=N jaliscana @A H= OEANN= @A "Q=HA LNAOAJP= =EOH=IEAJPK NALNK@Q?PERK NAOLA?PK = H=O @AIYO HK?=HE@=@AO @A )=HEO?K U ,E?DK=?YJ @KJ@A OA LNAOAJP= Abies flinckii HK MQA D= HHAR=@K = LNKLKJAN QJ= LKOE>HA JQAR= AOLA?EA A. jaliscana ,=NP_JAV 5YVMQAV,=JPEHH= IEOI=MQAAOPYAJLNK?AOK@ALQ>HE?=?EaJ Distribución geográfica $OPNE?P=IAJPA JK ATEOPA U= AJ ,]TE?K QJ= BKNI=?EaJ BHKN_OPE?= MQA LKN OQ ATPAJOEaJ K @KIEJ=J?E= OA LQA@= NA?KJK?AN LNKLE=IAJPA ?KIK QJ >KOMQA @A Abies guatemalensis = AT?AL?EaJ MQEVY @A =HCQJ=O ?KIQJE@=@AO @A ATPAJOEaJ HEIEP=@= @A H= 2EANN= -KNPA U 2QN @A .=T=?=3=>H= 3=>H= -cIANK=LNKTEI=@K@AHK?=HE@=@AOKLK>H=?EKJAO@AAbies guatemalensis=HKH=NCK@A OQYNA=@A@EOPNE>Q?EaJ1VA@KSOGE OPN=J@>U=J@ANOAJ et al wREH= 2YJ?DAVet al 1=OIQOOAJet al "QAR=O &QVIYJet al &!(%SSS C>EB KNC @AH2EOPAI= -=?EKJ=H @A (JBKNI=?EaJ @A !EK@ERANOE@=@ @A ".- !(. 2-(! SSS ?KJ=>EK CK> ITNAIE>@K?PKONAIE>JK@KO@> DPIHU@=PKOLNKLEKO /=_O $OP=@KK@AL=NP=IAJPK -cIANK@A HK?=HE@=@AO -cIANK@A $TPAJOEaJ ?KHA?P=O =LNKTEI=@=D= ,]TE?K 3=I=QHEL=O "KHEI= )=HEO?K ,E?DK=?YJ 'E@=HCK &QANNANK .=T=?= "DE=L=O &Q=PAI=H= "DEI=HPAJ=JCK $H/NKCNAOK 'QADQAPAJ=JCK )=H=L= 0QAV=HPAJ=JCK 0QE?D] 2=J,=N?KO 2KHKHY 3KPKJE?=LYJ 9=?=L= 'KJ@QN=O +AILEN= .?KPALAMQA 2=JP=!YN>=N= $H2=HR=@KN 2=J5E?AJPA -aPAOAMQAL=N=AH?=OK@A&Q=PAI=H= D=UIYONALKNPAO@AHK?=HE@=@AOMQAJcIANK@A?KHA?P=O NAOL=H@=@=OAJH=O>=OAO@A@=PKO += NAREOEaJ @A HKO NACEOPNKO @A ?KHA?P=O @A A. guatemalensis sensu lato U @A KPN=O BQAJPAO@A?KJOQHP=LANIEPEaNA?KJK?ANH=Q>E?=?EaJCAKCNYBE?=LNA?EO=L=N=NACEOPNKO3=>H= $OP=AOLA?EAPEAJAQJ=@EOPNE>Q?EaJ=ILHE=@AO@AHKO e= l@AH=PEPQ@JKNPAU@AO@A HKO e= l@AHKJCEPQ@KAOPAH=OI=UKNAOATPAJOEKJAOOAHK?=HEV=JAJ&Q=PAI=H==HK H=NCK@AH=OEANN=@A+KO"Q?DQI=P=JAOUH="=@AJ=5KH?YJE?=(OHA>Aet al UAJHKO AOP=@KO @A )=HEO?K ,E?DK=?YJ U .=T=?= AJ AH ?=OK @A ,]TE?K $J IAJKN ATPAJOEaJ H= AOLA?EA AOPYLNAOAJPAAJHKOAOP=@KO@A"KHEI= 3=I=QHEL=O 'E@=HCKU"DE=L=O $J "DE=L=O OA HA D= NACEOPN=@K AJ LK>H=?EKJAO =EOH=@=O ?KJ LK?KO EJ@ERE@QKO AJ HKO IQJE?ELEKO @A "K=LEHH= $H /KNRAJEN 'QEOPYJ ,KPKVEJPH= @A ,AJ@KV= 2=J "NEOPa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aIAV%=N_=O 'E@=HCKU2=J"=NHKOAJ3=I=QHEL=O +=AOLA?EAOAD=?KHA?P=@KAJQJEJPANR=HK@A=HPEPQ@NAH=PER=IAJPA=ILHEKLKNAFAILHK AJ 'KJ@QN=O OAHAD=?KHA?P=@KAJPNAUIAJ$H2=HR=@KNAJPNAUAJAHRKH?YJ 2=J5E?AJPA AJ&Q=PAI=H=AJPNAHKOUIUAJ,]TE?K@AO@AHKOIAJHK?=HE@=@AO @A&QANNANK D=OP=HKOAJAHRKH?YJ3=?=JYAJ"DE=L=O +=I=UKNNALNAOAJP=?EaJ@A?KHA?P=O ?KJOQHP=@= AJ H=O >=OAO @A @=PKO ?KNNAOLKJ@AJ = )=HEO?K ,E?DK=?YJ U .=T=?= %EC = U H= I=UKNBNA?QAJ?E=@A?KHA?P=OK?QNNAAJPNAHKOUI@A=HPEPQ@%EC > $JH=O>=OAO@A@=PKO?KJOQHP=@=OOAAJ?KJPN=NKJ@KO?KHA?P=O@AHAOP=@K@A,]TE?K QJ=L=N= ?=@= QJK @A HKO AOP=@KO @A ,KNAHKO 0QAN]P=NK U 2=J +QEO /KPKO_ MQA LNK>=>HAIAJPA JK ?KNNAOLKJ@AJ = A. guatemalensis N=VaJ LKN H= ?Q=H BQANKJ AT?HQE@=O @AH =JYHEOEO +K =JPANEKN NABHAF=H=@EBE?QHP=@EJDANAJPAAJH=?KJOQHP=@AH=O>=OAO@AEJBKNI=?EaJOA?QJ@=NE=O H=O?Q=HAO= LAO=N @A @EOLKJAN @A EJBKNI=?EaJ AOL=?E=HIAJPA ATLH_?EP= 'QJPAN OKJ cPEHAO L=N= LNKLaOEPKO@ANA?KJK?ANYNA=O@A@EOPNE>Q?EaJ?KJ>=OP=JPA?KJBE=JV= LANKJKLANIEPAJOQOPEPQEN H=B=HP=@AEJBKNI=?EaJ Variación morfológica y genética 4JK @A HKO LNEIANKO AOPQ@EKO @A H= R=NE=?EaJ IKNBKHaCE?= AJ LK>H=?EKJAO HK?=HAO AJ A. guatemalensis BQA NA=HEV=@K LKN %ANJYJ@AV ,KHEJ= U -AL=IQ?AJK ,=NP_JAV MQEAJAO =J=HEV=NKJR=NE=>HAOAJ?KJKO DKF=OUOAIEHH=OAJPNAOLK>H=?EKJAO@A"DE=L=O,KJP=`=O@AH -KNPA HPELH=JE?EA"AJPN=HU2EANN=,=@NA $OPAAOPQ@EKAJ?KJPNa@EBANAJ?E=OOECJEBE?=PER=OAJ @AH=OR=NE=>HAOAJPNAH=OLK>H=?EKJAOUAJ@AH=O=H EJPANEKN@A?=@=LK>H=?EaJ HKMQA OQCEANAMQAH=I=UKNR=NE=?EaJAOPY?KJPAJE@=AJHKOEJ@ERE@QKO +KO=QPKNAO?KJ?HQUANKJMQAH=O LK>H=?EKJAO@AH=2EANN=,=@NAUH= HPELH=JE?EA"AJPN=HCQ=N@=JI=UKNOEIEHEPQ@AJPNAO_NAOLA?PK =H=@AHJKNPA@A"DE=L=O ?KIKLNK@Q?PK@AH=EOH=IEAJPKCAKCNYBE?K %ECQN= = #AJOE@=@ @A ?KHA?P=O @A Abies guatemalensis sensu lato AJ ,]TE?K U "AJPNK=I]NE?=U>%NA?QAJ?E=@AH=O?KHA?P=OLKNEJPANR=HKO@A=HPEPQ@ (JBKNI=?EaJK>PAJE@== L=NPEN@ANACEOPNKO@A&HK>=H!EK@ERANOEPU(JBKNI=PEKJ%=?EHEPU&!(% DPPLSSS C>EB KNC @AH 2EOPAI= -=?EKJ=H @A (JBKNI=?EaJ @A !EK@ERANOE@=@ 2-(! DPPLSSS ?KJ=>EK CK> ITNAIE>@K?PKONAIE>JK@KO@> DPIHU@=PKOLNKLEKO 2PN=J@>U et al AJ QJ AOPQ@EK @A I=UKN =ILHEPQ@ CAKCNYBE?= AR=HQ=NKJ H= R=NE=?EaJ IKNBKHaCE?= U CAKCNYBE?= @AH ?KILHAFK @A Abies religiosa A. guatemalensis U A. hickelii J=HEV=NKJQJPKP=H@ALK>H=?EKJAOAJ,]TE?KU@A&Q=PAI=H==PN=R]O@AH=IA@E?EaJ@A ?=N=?PANAOIKNBKHaCE?KO@AH=ODKF=O ?KJKOUOAIEHH=OK>PAJE@KO@AQJPKP=H@AEJ@ERE@QKO +KONAOQHP=@KO@AAOPA=JYHEOEOEJ@E?=NKJMQAOE>EAJATEOPAJ@EBANAJ?E=OIKNBKHaCE?=OARE@AJPAO H=O @EOPEJP=O IKNBKAOLA?EAO JK LQA@AJ OAN NA?KJK?E@=O ?KILHAP=IAJPA IYO =HHY @AH ?NEPANEK @A @EOP=J?E= CAKCNYBE?= ?KIK QJ= LKOE>HA ATLHE?=?EaJ @A H= @EBANAJ?E=?EaJ IKNBKHaCE?= "KJ AOPKO NAOQHP=@KOLNKLKJAJJQAR=O?KI>EJ=?EKJAOL=N=AOPACNQLK@AAOLA?EAOUOQCEANAJMQAA. hickelii OA=NA?KJK?E@=?KIKA. religiosa OQ>OL hickelii%HKQOU&=QOOAJ4 2PN=J@>U * ( "DN , 2mNAJOAJ L=N= AH ?=OK @A A. guatemalensis H= LNKLQAOP= @A JQAR= ?KI>EJ=?EaJ AO MQA OA= NA?KJK?E@=?KIKA. religiosa OQ>OL mexicana,=NP_JAV4 2PN=J@>U * ( "DN , 2mNAJOAJ -K ?KJK?AIKO OE AOP= LNKLQAOP= D= PAJE@K =?ALP=?EaJ D=OP= AH IKIAJPK IYO =HHY @AH CNQLK @A EJRAOPEC=?EaJ MQA LNKLKJA HKO ?=I>EKO 1=OIQOOAJ et al LANK =JPA H=O =?PQ=HAO PAJ@AJ?E=O @A H= OEOPAIYPE?= BEHKCAJ]PE?= OACQN=IAJPA IKPER=NY JQARKO AOPQ@EKO MQA EJ?KNLKNAJ EJBKNI=?EaJ =@E?EKJ=H @A ?=NY?PAN CAJ]PE?K #A =?ALP=NOA AH YNA= @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis OA=ILHE=N_==KPN=OAJPE@=@AO?KIK"K=DQEH= -QARK+AaJ 3=I=QHEL=O )=HEO?K &QANNANKU.=T=?= =@AIYO@A&Q=PAI=H= 'KJ@QN=OULNK>=>HAIAJPAAH2=HR=@KN2PN=J@>Uet al "KJNAOLA?PK=H=EJBKNI=?EaJ@AH=R=NE=?EaJCAJ]PE?=@AAOP=OLK>H=?EKJAO OAD=JNA=HEV=@K =HCQJKO AOPQ@EKO L=N= @K?QIAJP=N AOP= ?KJ@E?EaJ @AJPNK U AJPNA LK>H=?EKJAO /KN AFAILHK CQENNA /H=JPANet al =J=HEV=NKJ?Q=PNKAOLA?EAO@AAbiesA. flinckii A. guatemalensis A. hickelii U A. religiosa IA@E=JPA AH =JYHEOEO @A HK?E EOKAJVEIYPE?KO += @ERANOE@=@ CAJ]PE?= @AJPNK@AH=OLK>H=?EKJAOBQANAH=PER=IAJPA>=F=HK AJA. guatemalensisUHK AJ A. flinckii AJP=JPKMQAH=@EBANAJ?E=?EaJAJPNALK>H=?EKJAOBQA=HP= AOLA?E=HIAJPAAJA. hickelii U A. flinckii H IEOIK PEAILK @APA?P=NKJ QJ= =HP= DKIK?ECKOE@=@ NAH=?EKJ=@= ?KJ LNK>=>HA AJ@KC=IE=FEO AJA. guatemalensisUOaHKOA@APA?PaQJ=NAH=?EaJJAC=PER=AJPNAAHBHQFK CAJ]PE?KUH=@EOP=J?E=CAKCNYBE?=AJAOP=cHPEI=AOLA?EA .PNK AOPQ@EK @A R=NE=?EaJ CAJ]PE?= QPEHEV=J@K DANN=IEAJP=O IKHA?QH=NAO AO AH @A )=N=IEHHK "KNNA= et al $OPKO =QPKNAO =J=HEV=NKJ HKO LKHEIKNBEOIKO K>OANR=@KO AJ HKO CAJKI=O ?EPKLH=OIYPE?KO L=N= AT=IEJ=N H= AOPNQ?PQN= @A H= LK>H=?EaJ U H=O NAH=?EKJAO ARKHQPER=O @A H=O IEOI=O ?Q=PNK AOLA?EAO IAOK=IANE?=J=O @A Abies =J=HEV=@=O LKN CQENNA /H=JPAN et al $OPA JQARK AOPQ@EK P=I>E]J IKOPNa QJ= >=F= R=NE=?EaJ CAJ]PE?= LNAOAJPA AJ AOPA CNQLK @A AOLA?EAOPK@=OH=OAOLA?EAO?KIL=NPEANKJ@KO@AHKOJQARAD=LHKPELKO@APA?P=@KOUHKOKPNKOOEAPA AOPQREANKJNAOPNEJCE@KO=QJ=OLK?=OLK>H=?EKJAO=EOH=@=O OEIEOIK H=@EBANAJ?E=?EaJCAJ]PE?== JERAH @AH #- IEPK?KJ@NE=H DANAJ?E= I=PANJ= BQA =HP= AJPNA HKO P=T= U JK OA NAH=?EKJa ?KJ H= E@AJPE@=@ P=TKJaIE?= @A H=O LK>H=?EKJAO LKN HK MQA JK OA ?KJOE@AN= BEHKCAKCNYBE?=IAJPA AOPNQ?PQN=@= $J?=I>EK H=R=NE=?EaJ?KJPAJE@=AJAH #-@AH?HKNKLH=OPKDANAJ?E=L=PANJ=BQA =HP= LANK @A >=F= @EBANAJ?E=?EaJ CAJ]PE?= ?KJ NAOLA?PK =H #- IEPK?KJ@NE=H U OA NAH=?EKJa OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA ?KJ H= E@AJPE@=@ P=TKJaIE?= ATDE>EAJ@K QJ= AOPNQ?PQN= BEHKCAKCNYBE?= OECJEBE?=PER= AT?AL?EaJ @A A. flinckii AH NAOPK @A H=O AOLA?EAO =J=HEV=@=O BKNI=J QJ CNQLK NAH=PER=IAJPA DKIKC]JAK =QJMQA @APA?P=NKJ =HCQJ=O LK>H=?EKJAO LAMQA`=O MQA OA OAL=N=J @AH CNQLKLNEJ?EL=H +=EJPANLNAP=?EaJBEJ=H@AAOPKOD=HH=VCKOAOMQAPK@=OH=OAOLA?EAO?KIL=NPAJQJ =J?AOPNK?KIcJNA?EAJPAUMQAH=@ERANCAJ?E=UAOLA?E=?EaJOKJ@A>E@=O=H=@ANER=CAJ]PE?=U=H =EOH=IEAJPKCAKCNYBE?K Condiciones ecológicas $J"DE=L=O OAD=@AIKOPN=@KMQALKNHKO=HPKOJERAHAO@A=HPAN=?EaJ@AHKO>KOMQAODcIA@KO@A IKJP=`= A. guatemalensis OA LNAOAJP= ?KIK QJ ?KILKJAJPA =N>aNAK OQ>KN@EJ=@K = KPN=O AOLA?EAO AJ L=NPE?QH=N H=O @A Quercus Q. acatenangensis Q. laurina Q. ocoteifolia H=O @A PinusP. ayacahuite P. hartwegii P. tecunumanii, P. teocoteUCupressus lusitanica LKNHKMQA LQA@A EJ?HQENOA P=I>E]J @AJPNK @A H= @AJKIEJ=?EaJ @AH >KOMQA @A LEJK AJ?EJK ?Q=J@K OQ @EOPNE>Q?EaJK?QNNAAJPNAHKOUI@A=HPEPQ@AJH= HPELH=JE?EA"AJPN=HU,KJP=`=O@AH -KNPA @A "DE=L=O &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= et al &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= U 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H AJ LNAJO= /KNAJ?EI=@AAOP=AHAR=?EaJ A. guatemalensisOA=OK?E=IYO=H>KOMQA@AJEA>H=AJH= L=NPAIYO=HP=@AH=2EANN=,=@NA@A"DE=L=O AJHKOH_IEPAOBNKJPANEVKO?KJ&Q=PAI=H=%EC 4J?=OKOEIEH=NK?QNNAAJ&QANNANK @KJ@AOANA?KJK?AH=LNAOAJ?E=@AAOP=AOLA?EA?KIKL=NPA @AH>KOMQAIAOaBEHK@AIKJP=`="=P=HYJ 'ARANYOPE?Ket al wREH= 2YJ?DAVet al +=O ?KJ@E?EKJAO A?KHaCE?=O @AJPNK @AH YNA= @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis OKJ IQU R=NE=>HAO ?KJOQAHKO@AKNECAJRKH?YJE?KK@ANER=@KO@A?=HEV=MQANAOQHP=JAJOQAHKOB]NPEHAOU LNKBQJ@KO PATPQN=OIEC=FKJKO=O==NAJKO=OU?KJL'Y?E@K AOOQAHKOBKNI=@KO=L=NPEN @ANK?=O_CJA=O=J@AO_PE?=OUNK?=OOA@EIAJP=NE=O?=HEV=O3KNNAO "KH_J $HDY>EP=P@AAOP= AOLA?EAOAHK?=HEV=AJH=@AN=O?KJLAJ@EAJPAOLNKJQJ?E=@=OKIQU=>NQLP=O =O_?KIKAJ?=`=@=O DcIA@=OUBNAO?=O AJNACEKJAO?KJQJ=LNA?ELEP=?EaJI=UKN=HKOII=JQ=HAOULKN=NNE>= @AHKOI@A=HPEPQ@ OEAJ@KEJ?HQOKIYO?KIcJMQAOAHK?=HE?ALKN=NNE>=@AHKOIU @KJ@AH=OPAILAN=PQN=OIA@E=O=JQ=HAOJKOKJEJBANEKNAO=HKOe"(OHA>Aet al 1VA@KSOGE $OPQ@EKO@AJ@NK?NKJKHaCE?KOEJ@E?=JMQAAH?NA?EIEAJPK@AA. guatemalensis AOPYLNEJ?EL=HIAJPA=OK?E=@K=H=O?KJ@E?EKJAO@A=HP=DQIA@=@@QN=JPAAHEJE?EK@AH=AOP=?EaJ@A ?NA?EIEAJPK LNEI=RAN= ?KJPNKH=@K LKN AH N]CEIAJ @A LNA?ELEP=?EaJ EILAN=JPA @QN=JPA H= AOP=?EaJOA?=UJAC=PER=IAJPA?KNNAH=?EKJ=@K?KJH=PAILAN=PQN=NACEOPN=@=AJ=HPEPQ@AOI=UKNAO =HKOI J?DQG=EPEOet al += ?KILKOE?EaJ BHKN_OPE?= U AOPNQ?PQN= @AH >KOMQA @A A. guatemalensis AO IYO K IAJKO ?KJOP=JPA = HK H=NCK @A OQO YNA=O @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ += ?KILKOE?EaJ @A YN>KHAO @AH @KOAH AOPY NACQH=NIAJPA=OK?E=@=?KJ@ERANO=OAOLA?EAO@A Pinus Quercus Cupressus Clethra OLL /KNHK CAJAN=H QJ AOPN=PK EJPANIA@EK AOPY ?KILQAOPK @A R=NE=O AOLA?EAO @A Alnus Buddleja Chiranthodendron, Styrax Persea, Prunus Tilia. $J AH EJPANEKN @A AOPA PELK @A >KOMQAO AH AOPN=PK >=FK OQAHA AOP=N LK?K @AO=NNKHH=@K ?KJ @ERANO=O AOLA?EAO ?KIK Eupatorium areolare Arbutus xalapensis, Roldana schaffneri, Sambucus mexicana SymplocosOLL TernstroemiaOLL Baccharis vaccinioides Cestrum guatemalense Rubus trilobus Salvia cinnabarina, Litsea glaucescens AJPNAKPN=O !NAA@HKRA (OHA>A et al "=P=HYJ 'ARANYOPE?K et al wREH= 2YJ?DAV et al "QAR=O &QVIYJ et al &QANNANK 'ANJYJ@AV &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO=U1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H Abies guatemalensis LNAOAJP=R=NE=?EaJAJH=BNA?QAJ?E=ULNK@Q??EaJ@A?KJKOU AJCAJAN=H OA ?KJOE@AN=MQA=cJAJ=`KOOAIEHHANKO OALNK@Q?AJLK?=OOAIEHH=O HK?Q=HOARA=CN=R=@KLKNH= AHEIEJ=?EaJ@AEJ@ERE@QKONALNK@Q?PERKO HKO?Q=HAOOKJ?KNP=@KOL=N=QPEHEV=NH=I=@AN= QJMQA JKD=U@=PKOLNA?EOKOOK>NAH=LNK@Q??EaJ@A?KJKOUOAIEHH=OLKNYN>KH =HCQJ=OAOPEI=?EKJAO EJ@E?=JMQAAHJcIANK@AOAIEHH=OR=N_=AJPNA U LKNGEHKCN=IK @ALAJ@EAJ@K@AH RECKN@AHYN>KH = OAIEHH=OLKNGCAJLK>H=?EKJAO@A&Q=PAI=H= @A,=?5A=J +=OOAIEHH=OLEAN@AJOQRE=>EHE@=@AJLK?KPEAILKIAOAOUHKOLKN?AJP=FAO@A CANIEJ=?EaJOKJIQU>=FKO L=N=LK>H=?EKJAO@A"DE=L=O1=I_NAV ,=N?E=Het al $J&Q=PAI=H= OAD=NALKNP=@KD=OP=@ACANIEJ=?EaJL=N=HKPAO?KJOAIEHH=ONA?E]J ?KOA?D=@=OU@A@AOLQ]O@AQJ=`K@A=HI=?AJ=IEAJPKAJBN_K e" %ECQN= /ANBEHBEOKJaIE?K@AH>KOMQA@AAbies guatemalensisAJ "ANNK,=H] $H/KNRAJEN 2EANN= ,=@NA @A "DE=L=O U ! 2EANN= @A +KO "Q?DQI=P=JAO &Q=PAI=H= -aPAOA AJ AH L=JAH OQLANEKN H==QOAJ?E=@AHAOPN=PK=N>QOPERKKAHAIAJPKO@AHEJPANEKN @A>E@==HL=OPKNAK@AKREJKOU ?=LNEJKO %KPKO-1, $H BN_K U H= AOPN=PEBE?=?EaJ DcIA@= LQA@A EJ?NAIAJP=N H= RE=>EHE@=@ @A H=O OAIEHH=O =HI=?AJ=@=OLKNAFAILHK H=AOPN=PEBE?=?EaJ@AH=OOAIEHH=O?KHK?=@=OAJ?=F=O@A/APNE?KJL=LAH DcIA@K =l"LKN@_=O U=LHE?=?EaJ@AY?E@KCE>AN]HE?K=LLIICLKN+EJ?NAIAJPaH= CANIEJ=?EaJ D=OP= QJ @A ,=?5A=J /=N= H= CANIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O OAIEHH=O OA D=J AJO=U=@K @EBANAJPAO PELKO @A OQOPN=PKO &K@_JAV .NKV?K LANK HKO IYO ABA?PERKO U @A IAJKN?KOPKOKJ=MQAHHKOMQAAILHA=JPEANN=BN=J?=?Q>EANP=?KJQJ=?=L=@ADKF=N=O?= ?KJQJ= ATLKOE?EaJ@ENA?P==HOKHUPAILAN=PQN=OQLANEKN=HKOe"1=I_NAV ,=N?E=Het al +=O LHYJPQH=OAIANCAJ@AOLQ]O@A @_=OU@QN=JPAAOP=AP=L=QJEJ?NAIAJPKAJH=PAILAN=PQN=U DQIA@=@LQA@AJ@AOAJ?=@AJ=NH=LNKHEBAN=?EaJ@ADKJCKOMQALNKRK?=JH=LQ@NE?EaJ@AHP=HHKK @AHBKHH=FAAJH=OLHYJPQH=O QJMQA JK OA ?KJK?A IQ?DK =?AN?= @A HKO AJAIECKO J=PQN=HAO @A A. guatemalensis H=O H=NR=O@AR=NE=OAOLA?EAO@AHALE@aLPANKOLNKRK?=JOARAN=O@ABKHE=?EKJAOU?EANPKOPKNPN_?E@KOOKJ >=NNAJ=@KNAO@AHKO>NKPAO'ANJYJ@AVet al (CQ=HIAJPA OAD=JNACEOPN=@K=BA?P=?EKJAO@A H= ?KNPAV= LKN AO?=N=>=FKO @AO?KNPAV=@KNAO Dendroctonus OLL U Scolytus OLL +=O OAIEHH=O LQA@AJ OAN =P=?=@=O LKN =REOL=O @AH C]JANK Megastigmus @A ,=?5A=J U HKO ?KJKO LKN Dioryctria ".- %.1 1A?EAJPAIAJPA OA @AO?NE>Ea QJ= JQAR= AOLA?EA @A LQHCaJ Mindarus guatemalensis 'AIELPAN= LDE@E@=A AJ A. guatemalensis ?KIK DKOLA@ANK MQA ?=QO=OARANKO@=`KOOK>NAAH?NA?EIEAJPK@AH=OLHYJPQH=O=HLNKRK?=NREOE>HAO@EOPKNOEKJAOAJH= BKNI=@AHKOP=HHKO%=RNAPU-EAHOAJ 2AD=@APA?P=@KDAN>ERKN_=@AN=_?AOAJH=OAP=L=O PAILN=J=O@AH@AO=NNKHHK@AH=OLHYJPQH=OLKNH=NR=O@APhyllophaga OLL ULKNPQV=OGeomys OL 0QEJP=J= O?AJ?EKet al Regeneración y crecimiento +=NACAJAN=?EaJJ=PQN=H@AHLEJ=>APA@ALAJ@AAJCN=JL=NPA@AH=?=HE@=@@AHKOOEPEKO*KHHI=JJ et al L=NPEN @A QJ AJO=UK @A NALK>H=?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis NA=HEV=@K AJ PNAO ?KJ@E?EKJAOOQ?AOEKJ=HAO@AH>KOMQA@AQuercusAJH=$OP=?EaJ!EKHaCE?='QEPALA? "DE=L=O HKO NAOQHP=@KO OK>NA H= OQLANRERAJ?E= U AH ?NA?EIEAJPK @AOLQ]O @A =`KO OKJ ?H=N=IAJPA ?KJPN=OP=JPAO%EC += OQLANRERAJ?E= @A A. guatemalensis D= OE@K IQU >=F= AJ AH >KOMQA I=@QNK U H= I=UKN IKNP=HE@=@ K?QNNEa AJ H=O AP=L=O EJE?E=HAO @A AOP=>HA?EIEAJPK EJ@ALAJ@EAJPAIAJPA @A H= ?KJ@E?EaJOQ?AOEKJ=H +=I=UKNOQLANRERAJ?E=@AEJ@ERE@QKOLH=JP=@KOOAD=NACEOPN=@K AJHKO>KOMQAOOQ?AOEKJ=HIAJPAEJPANIA@EKO?KJQJ=?K>ANPQN=@A?KL=AJPNA LAO=N @AMQAH=I=UKN_=@AH=OAOLA?EAO@AAbiesOA?KJOE@AN=JPKHAN=JPAO=H=OKI>N= L=N=AH?=OK@AA. guatemalensis OA?KJOE@AN=MQAOK>NARERA>EAJU?NA?AIQ?DKIYONYLE@KAJYNA=OLHAJ=IAJPA =>EANP=O =QJMQAAJAOP=?KJ@E?EaJOA@APA?PaH=I=UKNDAN>ERKN_=@AN=_?AOAJH=OAP=L=OEJE?E=HAO @AAOP=>HA?EIEAJPK0QEJP=J= O?AJ?EKet al $J=`KO HKOEJ@ERE@QKOLH=JP=@KOAJH=O YNA=O =>EANP=O @A V=?=PKJ=H @KIEJ=@=O EJE?E=HIAJPA LKN Muhlenbergia macroura U Stipa icchu D=J =H?=JV=@K @EYIAPNKO LNKIA@EK LKN AJ?EI= @A HKO ?I @A # / %EC ! += BEOKJKI_= EJE?E=HOAD=IK@EBE?=@KJKP=>HAIAJPAH=OCN=I_JA=OD=JOE@KNAAILH=V=@=O?KILHAP=IAJPALKN QJ AOPN=PK DAN>Y?AK ?KILQAOPK LKN R=NE=O AOLA?EAO @A OPAN=?A=A U LE=?A=A @A QJ AOPN=PK @A AOLA?EAO=N>QOPER=OSalvia OLL Cestrum anagyris URubus OLL UOA=LNA?E=AHAOP=>HA?EIEAJPK @A LHYJPQH=O @A AOLA?EAO =N>aNA=O ?KIK Clethra chiapensis Myrsine juergensenii Oreopanax xalapensis Persea americana Styrax magnusUTernstroemia lineata AJPNAH=OIYO=>QJ@=JPAO Manejo y conservación Abies guatemalensisAOQJ=AOLA?EA?KJOE@AN=@=CHK>=HIAJPA=IAJ=V=@= LKNHKMQABQA EJ?HQE@=@AO@AAJAH L]J@E?A(@AH="KJRAJ?EaJ(JPANJ=?EKJ=H@A3NYBE?K@A$OLA?EAO IAJ=V=@=O "(3$2DPPLSSS ?EPAO KNCAOLNAOKQN?AOOLA?EAO DPIH 2AHA?KJOE@AN=QJ= AOLA?EA5QHJAN=>HA@A=?QAN@K?KJHKO?NEPANEKO@AH=4JEaJ(JPANJ=?EKJ=HL=N=H="KJOANR=?EaJ @AH=-=PQN=HAV=4("-5ERANKOet al &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO=et al UOQFAP== LNKPA??EaJAOLA?E=H>=FKH=-KNI=.BE?E=H,ATE?=J=-., 2$, 1- 3 #.% %ECQN= #AOAILA`K AJ OQLANRERAJ?E= U ?NA?EIEAJPK @E=I]PNE?K ! @A LH=JP=O @A Abies guatemalensis@AOLQ]O@A=`KO @AD=>ANOE@KLH=JP=@=OAJH=$OP=?EaJ!EKHaCE?= 'QEPALA? 2=J "NEOPa>=H @A +=O "=O=O "DE=L=O +=O PNAO ?QNR=O NALNAOAJP=J PNAO ?KJ@E?EKJAO OQ?AOEKJ=HAO@AH>KOMQA@AQuercus=HEJE?EK@AHATLANEIAJPK>KOMQAI=@QNK?Q=@NKOJACNKO >KOMQA OQ?AOEKJ=H EJPANIA@EK ?_N?QHKO U V=?=PKJ=H PNEYJCQHKO #=PKO D=OP= AH =`K AJ 0QEJP=J= O?AJ?EKet al +=O LNEJ?EL=HAO =IAJ=V=O @A A. guatemalensis D=J OE@K AH ?=I>EK @A QOK @AH OQAHK L=N= AOP=>HA?AN?QHPERKO=JQ=HAO LNEJ?EL=HIAJPAI=_V L=L=UD=>=&K@_JAV .NKV?K =O_?KIK AH L=OPKNAK @A C=J=@K KREJK U ?=LNEJK AJ HKO =HNA@A@KNAO K AJ AH EJPANEKN @A HKO >KOMQAO @A LEJ=>APA AH QOK @AH BQACK L=N= LNKIKRAN AH ?NA?EIEAJPK @AH L=OPK =BA?P= OAJOE>HAIAJPA H= NACAJAN=?EaJ J=PQN=H JK OKHK @AH LEJ=>APA OEJK @A KPN=O AOLA?EAO %EC @E?EKJ=HIAJPA =H ?=I>EK@AQOK@AHOQAHK KPNKB=?PKNEILKNP=JPAAOH=P=H=@AYN>KHAOL=N=H=EJ@QOPNE=I=@ANAN= BKNI=HU?H=J@AOPEJ= $OPAL=PNaJ@AATPN=??EaJLNABANAJPA@AH=I=@AN=@AHLEJ=>APAOK>NAKPN=O ?KJ_BAN=O D= OE@K AH B=?PKN LNEJ?EL=H @A H= NA@Q??EaJ OARAN= A EJ?HQOK H= AHEIEJ=?EaJ @A H=O LK>H=?EKJAO=JPANEKNIAJPALNAOAJPAOAJH= HPELH=JE?EA"AJPN=HU,KJP=`=O@AH-KNPA@A"DE=L=O '=U EJ@E?EKO @A MQA =HCQJ=O ?KIQJE@=@AO EJ@_CAJ=O QPEHEV=>=J H= I=@AN= @A A. guatemalensis L=N=PA?D=NOQODKC=NAOIA@E=JPAH=AH=>KN=?EaJ@AHqPAF=I=JEHr IQU=LNA?E=@KLKNOQNAOEOPAJ?E= =H=O?KJ@E?EKJAO@AEJPAILANEA ?PQ=HIAJPA OAD=?AQOK@AN=I=O@ALEJKULEJ=>APAL=N=H= ?AHA>N=?EaJ @A =HCQJ=O ?ANAIKJE=O PN=@E?EKJ=HAO K L=N= =@KNJ=N AH OQAHK @A H=O ?=O=O A ECHAOE=O IYO NA?EAJPAIAJPA OA D= ATPAJ@E@K AH QOK @A N=I=O @A LEJ=>APA L=N= OQ RAJP= ?KIK YN>KHAO J=RE@A`KO &K@_JAV .NKV?K /ER=N=H CQEH=N 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJ et al = > 2PN=J@>UU2IEPD.HOAJ QJMQA H= R=NE=?EaJ CAJ]PE?= AJPNA LK>H=?EKJAO @A A. guatemalensis AO NAH=PER=IAJPA >=F= CQENNA /H=JPANet al 2PN=J@>Uet al OAD=LNKLQAOPKPKI=NH=AJ?KJOE@AN=?EaJ=H IKIAJPK @A EJ?HQEN AH I=UKN JcIANK @A LK>H=?EKJAO J=PQN=HAO @AJPNK @A HKO LH=JAO @A ?KJOANR=?EaJ U I=JAFK OQOPAJP=>HA @A AOP= AOLA?EA *KHHI=JJ et al 1=OIQOOAJ et al OEIEOIK =JPA AH NA?KJK?EIEAJPK @A H= OARAN= NA@Q??EaJ @A H=O LK>H=?EKJAO J=PQN=HAO @A A. guatemalensis @AO@A BEJ=HAO @A H= @]?=@= @A H= ?KKLAN=PER= " ,".1$ The Central American and Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative D= NA=HEV=@K @ERANO=O EJRAOPEC=?EKJAOAJAHN=IKBKNAOP=HAJAHOQN@A,]TE?KU"AJPNK=I]NE?=#KJ=DQA $JHKO cHPEIKO=`KOOAD=J@=@KR=NEKOAOBQANVKOL=N=NALNK@Q?ENAOP=AOLA?EAAJ?KJ@E?EKJAO@ARERANK L=N=OQLKOPANEKNQOKAJLNY?PE?=O@ANALK>H=?EaJAJ?=ILK1=I_NAV ,=N?E=Het al &K@_JAV .NKV?K *KHHI=JJet al 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJet al = > 4J=@A H=O AOPN=PACE=O @A AOPKO AOBQANVKO @A NALK>H=?EaJ ?KJOEOPA AJ EJ?HQEN AH I=UKN JcIANK @A LNK?A@AJ?E=O ?KJH=BEJ=HE@=@@AI=JPAJANH=I=UKNR=NE=?EaJCAJ]PE?=IKOPN=@=LKNAOP=AOLA?EA /KN AFAILHK QJ AOPQ@EK @A JQARA LNK?A@AJ?E=O AJ &Q=PAI=H= AR=HQ=@=O @QN=JPA QJ =`K AJ ?KJ@E?EKJAO @A RERANK U F=N@_J ?KIcJ Q>E?=@K AJ H= L=NPA IA@E= @AH EJPANR=HK @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ =HPEPQ@EJ=H IKOPNa =HP= R=NE=?EaJ AJPNA H=O LNK?A@AJ?E=O NAOLA?PK =H PEAILK @A CANIEJ=?EaJ LKN?AJP=FA@ACANIEJ=?EaJ OQLANRERAJ?E=U?NA?EIEAJPK@ALHYJPQH=O2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJet al = > $J &Q=PAI=H= OA D=J @=@K =R=J?AO OECJEBE?=PERKO AJ H= LNKIK?EaJ @A LNKCN=I=O @A ?KJOANR=?EaJ@AHKOBN=CIAJPKOBKNAOP=HAOMQAI=JPEAJAJYN>KHAOO=HQ@=>HAO@AA. guatemalensis =O_ ?KIK QJ ?NA?EAJPA EJPAN]O AJ =HCQJ=O ?KIQJE@=@AO HK?=HAO L=N= L=NPE?EL=N AJ LNKCN=I=O @A LNK@Q??EaJ@ALH=JP=O LH=JP=?EaJURAJP=L=N=O=PEOB=?ANH=@AI=J@=HK?=HUAREP=NH=P=H=EHAC=H /ER=N=H CQEH=N 2PN=J@>UU2IEPD.HOAJ $H"KJOAFK-=?EKJ=H@AwNA=O/NKPACE@=O ".- /@A&Q=PAI=H==LNK>aNA?EAJPAIAJPAH==?PQ=HEV=?EaJ@AOQ$OPN=PACE=-=?EKJ=HL=N=H= "KJOANR=?EaJ@AH/EJ=>APA".- / L=N==PAJ@ANAJQJH=LOK@A=`KO AH ?QILHEIEAJPK @A OEAPA H_JA=O @A =??EaJ L=N= AH I=JAFK U ?KJOANR=?EaJ @A A. guatemalensis AOPN=PACE=MQAOA@AO=NNKHHaAJQJ=LNEIAN=AP=L==L=NPEN@A $OP=O EJE?E=PER=O NALNAOAJP=J OA`=HAO =HAJP=@KN=O AJ ?Q=JPK =H EJ?NAIAJPK @A LNK@Q?PKNAO @A@E?=@KO==?PERE@=@AO@AI=JAFK@AHLEJ=>APA =QJMQAAOEJ?EANPKOED=>NYQJABA?PKB=RKN=>HA AJAHH=NCKLH=VK U=MQALKN=DKN=AH@AOPEJK@AH=OLH=JP=?EKJAOAOL=N=H=LNK@Q??EaJ@AYN>KHAO MQAOA?KNP=JFaRAJAOL=N==@KNJK@A-=RE@=@UAOP=PAJ@AJ?E=AHEIEJ=H=LKOE>EHE@=@@AMQAAOPKO EJ@ERE@QKO =H?=J?AJ H= RE@= =@QHP= U ?KJPNE>QU=J =H I=JPAJEIEAJPK @A H= @ERANOE@=@ CAJ]PE?= ?KJPAJE@=AJAHHKO 3=I>E]JD=U=HCQJKOAOBQANVKO@A?KJOANR=?EaJ@AHDY>EP=P@AA. guatemalensisIA@E=JPAH= KLAN=?EaJ@ALNKUA?PKOA?KPQN_OPE?KOAJH=2EANN=)QYNAV@A.=T=?=#A>NA?VUU1Y?V AJ H=2EANN=,=@NA@A"DE=L=OUAJ+KO"Q?DQI=P=JAO &Q=PAI=H= $OPKOLNKUA?PKO>=O=@KOAJH= ?KJOPEPQ?EaJ@ALAMQA`=O?KKLAN=PER=OK=OK?E=?EKJAOHK?=HAO@AA?KPQNEOIK EJ?HQUAJ@AJPNK@A OQO @AOPEJKO =HCQJ=O HK?=HE@=@AO AJ H=O ?Q=HAO A. guatemalensis AO QJK @A HKO LNEJ?EL=HAO =PN=?PERKO AJ KPNKO ?=OKO AOP=O EJE?E=PER=O OA EJPACN=J ?KJ LNKUA?PKO @A L=CK LKN OANRE?EKO DE@NKHaCE?KO=PN=R]O@AH=KLAN=?EaJ@A?KIEP]O@A?QAJ?=HK?=HAO+aLAV &aIAV %EC /KN cHPEIK QJ PAI= LK?K PN=P=@K AJ H= HEPAN=PQN= AO H= =L=NAJPA =QOAJ?E= @A LNKCN=I=O @A IKREIEAJPK A EJPAN?=I>EK @A CANIKLH=OI= @A A. guatemalensis P=JPK @AJPNK ?KIK AJPNA HKO L=_OAO@KJ@AOA@EOPNE>QUA 4J=AT?AL?EaJOKJHKOAOBQANVKO@A" ,".1$#KJ=DQA H= ?Q=H D= OE@K H= cJE?= EJOP=J?E= EJOPEPQ?EKJ=H MQA D= @A@E?=@K AOBQANVKO L=N= EILQHO=N =??EKJAO ?KJ?NAP=O @A IAFKN=IEAJPK @A OAIEHH=O BKNAOP=HAO AJ "AJPNK=I]NE?= +K =JPANEKN LQA@A OAN AH NAOQHP=@K @AH LK?K EJPAN]O MQA AH OA?PKN BKNAOP=H @A JQAOPNK L=_O D= IKOPN=@K LKN AOPKO NA?QNOKO BKNAOP=HAOAJ?KJPN=OPA?KJAH=LNKRA?D=IEAJPK@AAOLA?EAO@ALEJKO %ECQN= 5EOP= BNKJP=H @A H= AJPN=@= =H L=NMQA A?KPQN_OPE?K q+= ,=?AP=r 3K@KO 2=JPKO "Q?DQI=PYJ @AL=NP=IAJPK @A 'QADQAPAJ=JCK &Q=PAI=H= AJ @KJ@A OA LNKIQARA H= ?KJOANR=?EaJ@AHLEJ=>APALKNOQEILKNP=J?E=L=N=H=NA?=NC=@A=CQ= $OP=OLAMQA`=O?KNNEAJPAO @A =CQ= OA EJPACN=J LKOPANEKNIAJPA =H OEOPAI= DE@NKHaCE?K @A H= ?QAJ?= @AH N_K &NEF=HR= AJ ,]TE?K %KPK-1, Conclusiones QJMQA H= @AHEIEP=?EaJ P=TKJaIE?= JK AOPY ?H=N=IAJPA AOP=>HA?E@= OA NA?KJK?A MQA H=O LK>H=?EKJAOJ=PQN=HAO@AAbies guatemalensissensu latoOA@EOPNE>QUAJ=HKH=NCK@AH=OL=NPAO =HP=O BN_=OUDcIA@=O@AO@A'KJ@QN=OD=OP=AHK??E@AJPAUJKNAOPA@A,]TE?K $JCAJAN=H @E?D=O YNA=O @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ D=J OQBNE@K OARAN=O @EOIEJQ?EKJAO AJ OQ OQLANBE?EA U OA AJ?QAJPN=J =HP=IAJPABN=CIAJP=@=OLKNEJBHQAJ?E=DQI=J= #A>E@K=HL=PNaJ@A=EOH=IEAJPKJ=PQN=H@AJPNK@A =HCQJ=O OQ>LK>H=?EKJAO OA D= ARE@AJ?E=@K QJ= =HP= R=NE=?EaJ CAJ]PE?= U IKNBKHaCE?= HK ?Q=H OQCEANA H= LKOE>EHE@=@ @A MQA OA NA?KJKV?=J KPN=O AOLA?EAO K OQ>AOLA?EAO QJMQA AH LEJ=>APA PEAJAQJAOP=PQO@ALNKPA??EaJLKN@EOPEJP=OHAUAOJ=?EKJ=HAOAEJPANJ=?EKJ=HAO =cJAOPYOQFAP== =LNKRA?D=IEAJPKMQA=IAJ=V=OQLANI=JAJ?E= LKNHKMQA@A>AJ?KJPEJQ=NOAHKOAOBQANVKOL=N= ?KJOANR=NHKOLK?KOBN=CIAJPKO@EOLKJE>HAOAEJPAJOEBE?=NH=NALK>H=?EaJ@AH=AOLA?EAIA@E=JPA QJ=AOPN=PACE=@AI=UKNL=NPE?EL=?EaJ@AH=O?KIQJE@=@AOHK?=HAO $OJA?AO=NEKMQAHKOCK>EANJKO UAHOA?PKNBKNAOP=HEJ?AJPERAJLNKCN=I=O@APN=>=FK?KJAHOQIEJEOPNK@AHKONA?QNOKOP]?JE?KOU BEJ=J?EANKOJA?AO=NEKOL=N=AHI=JAFKU=LNKRA?D=IEAJPKOQOPAJP=>HA@AA. guatemalensisUKPN=O AOLA?EAO @A EJPAN]O AJ H=O YNA=O @A @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @AH LEJ=>APA #A>E@K = MQA AH LEJ=>APA JK OA AJ?QAJPN=@AJPNK@AHOEOPAI=@AYNA=OJ=PQN=HAOLNKPACE@=O =MQAOQ@EOPNE>Q?EaJAONAOPNEJCE@=U HK?=HEV=@= AJ YNA=O @A =HP= @AJOE@=@ LK>H=?EKJ=H I=UKNEP=NE=IAJPA @A CNQLKO EJ@_CAJ=O AO JA?AO=NEK BKNP=HA?AN H=O ?=L=?E@=@AO HK?=HAO IA@E=JPA AH AJPNAJ=IEAJPK L=N= H= NALNK@Q??EaJ I=JAFK U ?KIAN?E=HEV=?EaJ @A YN>KHAO AJ RERANKO ?KIQJEP=NEKO ?KJ BEJAO @A ?KJOANR=?EaJ LNK@Q??EaJKNJ=IAJP=HUI=@AN=>HA =O_?KIKAJ=OLA?PKOBEJ=J?EANKOU@AIAN?=@K OEIEOIK =JPAH==QOAJ?E=@AH=OLK>H=?EKJAOJ=PQN=HAOAJ=HCQJ=OHK?=HE@=@AO@A,]TE?K @A>A@EO?QPENOAH= ?KJRAJEAJ?E=@AEJ?KNLKN=NI=PANE=HCAJ]PE?KLNK?A@AJPA@ALK>H=?EKJAOIYOO=HQ@=>HAO@AHH=@K @A &Q=PAI=H= HK MQA EILHE?=N_= =?QAN@KO EJPANJ=?EKJ=HAO >=FK NACQH=?EKJAO AOLA?_BE?=O @A EJPAN?=I>EK@ACANIKLH=OI= Agradecimientos CN=@A?AIKO = HKO A@EPKNAO LKN H= EJREP=?EaJ L=N= AH=>KN=N AOPA ?=L_PQHK -=J?U 9=IKN= 'ANIEHK"NQVU,AN?A@AO&Q=@=NN=I=2(!$ $".241LKNAH=LKUKAJH=>cOMQA@=@AI=PANE=H >E>HEKCNYBE?K #QJ?=J&KHE?DANLKNAH=>KN=NH=BECQN=UB=?EHEP=NAH=??AOK=H=O>=OAO@A@=PKO @AYN>KHAO@A,]TE?K H%KJ@K(JOPEPQ?EKJ=H@A%KIAJPK1ACEKJ=HL=N=AH#AO=NNKHHK"EAJP_BE?K 3A?JKHaCE?K U @A (JJKR=?EaJ %.1#$"83 @AH "KJOAFK -=?EKJ=H @A "EAJ?E= U 3A?JKHKC_= ".- "83=PN=R]O@AH?KJRAJEKq&AOPEaJUAOPN=PACE=O@AI=JAFKOQOPAJP=>HAL=N=AH @AO=NNKHHK NACEKJ=H AJ H= ?QAJ?= DE@NKCNYBE?= PN=JOBNKJPANEV= &NEF=HR=r U = H= 2A?NAP=N_= @A 1A?QNOKO-=PQN=HAOU/NKPA??EaJ I>EAJP=H2$1- / ,@AHAOP=@K@A3=>=O?K Bibliografía CQENNA /H=JPAN $ & 1 %QNJEAN U + $ $CQE=NPA +KS HARAHO KB CAJAPE? R=NE=PEKJ SEPDEJ =J@DECDHARAHOKBCAJAPE?@EBBANAJPE=PEKJ=IKJCLKLQH=PEKJOKBOLA?EAOKBAbiesBNKI2KQPDANJ ,ATE?K=J@&Q=PAI=H= IANE?=J)KQNJ=HKB!KP=JUo H@NE?D , " !EHHEJCPKJ , $@S=N@OU1 +=E@H=S 3NKLE?=HIKJP=JA?HKQ@BKNAOPO=J QNCAJP LNEKNEPU BKN ?KJOANR=PEKJ 6KNH@ "KJOANR=PEKJ ,KJEPKNEJC "AJPNA "=I>NE@CA 1AEJK 4JE@K J?DQG=EPEO * ) , ) 3=UHKN ) ,=NPEJ %ANJ=J@AV # /KJO , #AHH " "DKLL U $ ) "=OPAHH=JKO JJQ=H ?DNKJKHKCU =J@ ?HEI=PA NAOLKJOA EJ Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN /EJ=?A=AEJ"AJPN=H IANE?= 3DA'KHK?AJA wREH= 2YJ?DAV / 2YJ?DAV &KJVYHAV U " "=P=HYJ 'ARANYOPE?K $OPNQ?PQN= U ?KILKOE?EaJ @A H= RACAP=?EaJ @AH "=`aJ @AH 9KLEHKPA &QANNANK ,]TE?K 1AREOP= "D=LEJCK 2ANEA"EAJ?E=O%KNAOP=HAOU@AH I>EAJPA !NAA@HKRA # $ %HKN=KB"DE=L=O /=NP((JPNK@Q?PEKJPKPDA%HKN=KB"DE=L=O "=HEBKNJE= ?=@AIUKB2?EAJ?AO 2=J%N=J?EO?K $4 "=H@ANaJ CQEHAN= + $ 5 ' 1ERAN= ,KJNKU + /KNPAN !KHH=J@ ,=NP_JAV 8N_V=N + ! +=@=D , ,=NP_JAV 1=IKO ) H?K?AN + 2=JPE=CK /]NAV ' 'ANJYJ@AV N=J= 5 , 1AUAO &aIAV U # /]NAV 2=HE?NQL J =OOAOOIAJP KB J=PQN=H =J@ DQI=J @EOPQN>=J?A ABBA?PO KJ ,ATE?=J A?KOUOPAIO ?QNNAJP PNAJ@O =J@ NAOA=N?D C=LO !EK@ERANOEPU =J@ "KJOANR=PEKJ "=P=HYJ 'ARANYOPE?K " + +aLAV ,=P=U3 3ANN=V=O $OPNQ?PQN= ?KILKOE?EaJ@AAOLA?EAO U @ERANOE@=@ @A AOLA?EAO HA`KO=O @A QJ >KOMQA IAOaBEHK @A &QANNANK ,]TE?K J=HAO @AH (JOPEPQPK@A!EKHKC_= 4- , 2ANEA!KPYJE?= ".- !(. $H!KOMQAIAOaBEHK@AIKJP=`=AJ,]TE?K=IAJ=V=OUKLKNPQJE@=@AOL=N=OQ ?KJOANR=?EaJ U I=JAFK OKOPAJE>HA "KIEOEaJ -=?EKJ=H L=N= AH "KJK?EIEAJPK U 4OK @A H= !EK@ERANOE@=@ ,]TE?K #EOPNEPK %A@AN=H ,]TE?K #EOLKJE>HA AJ DPPLSSS >EK@ERANOE@=@ CK> ITA?KOEOPAI=O>,AOKBEHK DPIH ".- %.1 ,=JQ=H @A E@AJPEBE?=?EaJ U I=JAFK @A LH=C=O U AJBANIA@=@AO AJ RERANKO BKNAOP=HAO "KIEOEaJ-=?EKJ=H%KNAOP=H 9=LKL=J )=HEO?K ,]TE?K L ".- / $OPN=PACE=J=?EKJ=HL=N=H=?KJOANR=?EaJ@AHLEJ=>APAL=N=AHLANEK@K #K?QIAJPK 3]?JE?K "KJOAFK -=?EKJ=H @A wNA=O /NKPACE@=O &Q=PAI=H= &Q=PAI=H= L "QAR=O &QVIYJ 1 $ "EOJANKO +ALA $ ) )=N@AH /AHYAV $ 5 2YJ?DAV 1K@N_CQAV + &QVIYJ 'ANJYJ@AV - , -c`AV +aLAV U " 1K@N_CQAV &QANNANK JYHEOEO AOPNQ?PQN=HU@A@ERANOE@=@AJHKO>KOMQAO@AAbies@A)=HEO?K ,]TE?K 1AREOP=,ATE?=J=@A !EK@ERANOE@=@ @A ,=?5A=J + Abies guatemalensis In ) 5KVVK A@ ,=JQ=H @A OAIEHH=O @A YN>KHAO PNKLE?=HAO 2ANRE?EK @A CNE?QHPQN= @A HKO $OP=@KO 4JE@KO U 2ANRE?EK %KNAOP=H 6=ODEJCPKJ # " /L #A>NA?VU 9 2 U( 1Y?V -ASOLA?EAO=J@R=NEAPEAOKB?KJEBANOBNKI,ATE?K /DUPKHKCE= #A>NA?VU 9 2 U ( 1Y?V NA =OOAOOIAJP KB PDA JAS P=T= KB BENO Abies ,EHH NALKNPA@ BNKI,ATE?KEJ 2PQ@E=!KP=JE?='QJC=NE?= #.%#E=NEK.BE?E=H@AH=%A@AN=?EaJ -KNI=.BE?E=H,ATE?=J=-., 2$, 1- 3 /NKPA??EaJ=I>EAJP=H $OLA?EAOJ=PER=O@A,]TE?K@ABHKN=UB=QJ=OEHRAOPNAO "=PACKN_=O @ANEAOCKUAOLA?EBE?=?EKJAOL=N=OQEJ?HQOEaJ AT?HQOEaJK?=I>EK +EOP=@AAOLA?EAOAJNEAOCK "KJCNAOK@AH=4JEaJ @A@E?EAI>NA@A #KJ=DQA ) * Abies guatemalensis=PSKUA=NOOP=PQONALKNP " ,".1$ -KNPD"=NKHEJ= 2P=PA4JERANOEPU 2?DKKHKB%KNAOP1AOKQN?AO -KNPD"=NKHEJ=2P=PA4JERANOEPU $4 %=RNAP " U " -EAHOAJ JAS OLA?EAO KB Mindarus 'AIELPAN= LDE@E@=A KJ PDA AJ@=JCANA@&Q=PAI=H=J%EN JJ=HOKBPDA$JPKIKHKCE?=H2K?EAPUKB IANE?= %ANJYJ@AV ,KHEJ= 3 U % -AL=IQ?AJK ,=NP_JAV 5=NE=?EaJ CAJ]PE?= AJ Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN "EAJ?E=%KNAOP=HAJ,]TE?K &K@_JAV .NKV?K + ,=JQ=HL=N=H=LNK@Q??EaJ@ALHYJPQH=O@ALEJ=>APAAJRERANKAbies guatemalensis 1AD@AN AJ AH K??E@AJPA @A &Q=PAI=H= 3AOEO LNKBAOEKJ=H %=?QHP=@ @A CNKJKI_= 4JERANOE@=@2=J"=NHKO@A&Q=PAI=H= &Q=PAI=H= &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , U - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H "KIQJE@=@AO RACAP=HAO PANNAOPNAO In += >EK@ERANOE@=@AJ"DE=L=O$OPQ@EK@A$OP=@K "KIEOEaJ-=?EKJ=HL=N=AH"KJK?EIEAJPKU4OK @AH=!EK@ERANOE@=@U&K>EANJK@AH$OP=@K@A"DE=L=O ,]TE?K # % LL &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , ) , 1AU !AJ=U=O - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H , 'QOPKJ U # &KHE?DAN 3NAA @ERANOEPU EJ JKNPDANJ -AKPNKLE?O NACEKJ=H L=PPANJO EJ DECDHU @ERANOA "DE=L=O ,ATE?K $?KCN=LDU &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H & ,]J@AV #AS=N + &=HEJ@K )=EIAO U # &KHE?DAN 1EMQAV=@AAOLA?EAO@AYN>KHAOAJ"DE=L=OR=NE=?EaJAOL=?E=HU@EIAJOEKJAO =I>EAJP=HAO =OK?E=@=O = JERAH NACEKJ=H In , &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H U + 1QEV ,KJPKU= $@O #ERANOE@=@ >EKHaCE?= AJ "DE=L=O /H=V= U 5=H@]O$".241 "."U3$"' ,]TE?K # % /L &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=HU+ &=HEJ@K )=EIAO 2A?KJ@=NUOQ??AOOEKJEJ IKJP=JA LEJA K=G BKNAOPO KB "DE=L=O ,]TE?K In , *=LLAHHA A@ $?KHKCU =J@ "KJOANR=PEKJ KB -AKPNKLE?=H ,KJP=JA .=G %KNAOP $?KHKCE?=H 2PQ@EAO 2LNEJCAN 'AE@AH>ANC /L &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=HU) , 1AU !AJ=U=O 5=NE=?EaJAOL=?E=H@AH= @ERANOE@=@ =N>aNA= @A "DE=L=O L=PNKJAO NACEKJ=HAO U FAN=NMQ_= @A B=?PKNAO @APANIEJ=JPAO In + 1 2YJ?DAV 5AHYVMQAV ) &=HEJ@K &KJVYHAVU% #_=V %HAEO?DANA@O $?KHKC_= I=JAFKU ?KJOANR=?EaJ@AHKOA?KOEOPAI=O@AIKJP=`=AJ,]TE?K ,QJ@E /NAJO= ,]TE?K# % /L &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , ) ,A=RA % & +KNA= 'ANJYJ@AV & (>=NN= ,=JN_MQAV U " -ASPKJ 3DA1A@+EOPKB,ATE?=J"HKQ@%KNAOP3NAAO %=QJ==J@%HKN=(JPANJ=PEKJ=H "=I>NE@CA 1AEJK4JE@K DPPLSSS CHK>=HPNAAO KNCJASO<I?HKQ@BKNAOP DPI &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= , ) ,A=RA - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H 3 3KHA@K ?ARAO % & +KNA= 'ANJYJ@AV U & (>=NN= ,=JN_MQAV +KO >KOMQAO @A JEA>H= @A ,]TE?K ?KJOANR=?EaJ U NAOP=QN=?EaJ @A OQ ?KILKJAJPA =N>aNAK $?KOEOPAI=O $JANK OALPEAI>NA DPPLSSS NAREOP=A?KOEOPAI=O JAP=NPE?QHK =OL(@ &QANNANK 'ANJYJ@AV 1 %HKN=URACAP=?EaJ=OK?E=@==Abies guatemalensisR=N jaliscana ,=NP_JAV AJ )Q=J=?=PHYJ IQJE?ELEK @A ,=O?KP= )=HEO?K 3AOEO LNKBAOEKJ=H "AJPNK 4JERANOEP=NEK@A"EAJ?E=O!EKHaCE?=OU CNKLA?Q=NE=O 4JERANOE@=@@A&Q=@=H=F=N= 'ANJYJ@AV 3 ) ! .N@a`AV ) , &=HA=J= ) # +AaJU + 1AUAO "KILKNP=IEAJPKU @EOPNE>Q?EaJ @A H=O LH=C=O @A EILKNP=J?E= A?KJaIE?= AJ AH OA?PKN BKNAOP=H =JPA QJ ?=I>EK ?HEIYPE?KAJ,]TE?K (JOPEPQPK-=?EKJ=H@A(JRAOPEC=?EKJAO%KNAOP=HAO CN_?KH=OU/A?Q=NE=Oo %=?QHP=@@A"EAJ?E=O 4- ,o(JOPEPQPK-=?EKJ=H@A$?KHKC_= ,]TE?K # % ,]TE?K 'QJPAN & ) -ASPKKHOBKND=J@HEJCOL=PE=H@=P=MQ=HEPU,KREJCBNKI=?=@AIE??KJ?ALPO PKLN=?PE?=HNA=HEPU 41(2 )KQNJ=Ho (OHA>A & , "HAAB U 5AHYVMQAV $OLA?EAO HA`KO=O @A H= 2EANN= @A +KO "Q?DQI=P=JAOU@AH=?=@AJ=RKH?YJE?= &Q=PAI=H= Acta Botanica Mexicana (OHA>A & 5AHYVMQAV U , "HAAB 'ECD AHAR=PEKJ ?KJEBANKQO RACAP=PEKJ KB &Q=PAI=H= LDUPKOK?EKHKCE?=H=LLNK=?D Vegetatio )=N=IEHHK "KNNA= ) / $ CQENNA /H=JPAN # / *D=O= + $ $CQE=NPA # /E`ANK & 1 %QNJEANU) !KQOMQAP J?AOPNU =J@ @ERANCAJ?A KB OQ>PNKLE?=H IKJP=JA BKNAOP EOKH=PAO IKHA?QH=N >EKCAKCN=LDU KB PDA CAJQO Abies /EJ=?A=A EJ OKQPDANJ ,]TE?K =J@ &Q=PAI=H= ,KHA?QH=N $?KHKCUo *KHHI=JJ ) ) / /N=@K "aN@KR=U1 ,QJG J@ANOAJ %=?PKNOHEIEPEJCNACAJAN=PEKJKB=J AJ@=JCANA@?KJEBANEJPDADECDH=J@OKB&Q=PAI=H= )KQNJ=HBKN-=PQNA"KJOANR=PEKJ +aLAV &aIAV $ . 1A?=NC=D_@NE?=@AH=OQ>?QAJ?=@AHN_K+EIaJ ?QAJ?=N_K2AHACQ= AJ 3K@KO2=JPKO"Q?DQI=PYJ 'QADQAPAJ=JCK 3AOEOLNKBAOEKJ=H 4JERANOE@=@@A2=J"=NHKO@A &Q=PAI=H= &Q=PAI=H= L +QJ@AHH " + 3SKJASPNAAOBNKIPDAIKQJP=EJOKB,ATE?K IANE?=J,E@H=J@-=PQN=HEOP ,=NP_JAV , , +KOAbiesIATE?=JKO J=HAO@AHEJOPEPQPK@A!EKHKC_=@AH=4JERANOE@=@ -=?EKJ=H@A,]TE?Ko ,EN=J@= % U $ 'ANJYJ@AV 7 +KO PELKO @A RACAP=?EaJ @A ,]TE?K U OQ ?H=OEBE?=?EaJ !KHAP_J@AH=2K?EA@=@!KPYJE?=@A,]TE?K /]NAV @A H= 1KO= ) U & 5=NC=O I=@K &EIJKOLANI=O In 2 .?ACQA@= U ) +HKNAJPA !KQOMQAPO ?KKN@O "=LEP=H J=PQN=H @A ,]TE?K RKH ( "=PYHKCK P=TKJaIE?K @A AOLA?EAO @A ,]TE?K "KIEOEaJ-=?EKJ=HL=N=AH4OKU"KJK?EIEAJPK@AH=!EK@ERANOE@=@ ,]TE?K # % ,]TE?K /ANNU ) / )N &N=D=IU# , 1E?D=N@OKJ 3DADEOPKNUKBLEJAOEJ,]TE?K=J@"AJPN=H IANE?= In # , 1E?D=N@OKJ A@O $?KHKCU =J@ >EKCAKCN=LDU KB Pinus. "=I>NE@CA 4JERANOEPU/NAOO "=I>NE@CA 1AEJK4JE@K /L o /ER=N=H CQEH=N " 1 JYHEOEOP]?JE?KUFQN_@E?KOK>NAH=LNKPA??EaJUI=JAFK@AH>KOMQA @A LEJ=>APA Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN AJ &Q=PAI=H= 3AOEO LNKBAOEKJ=H %=?QHP=@ @A "EAJ?E=O)QN_@E?=OU2K?E=HAO 4JERANOE@=@@A2=J"=NHKO@A&Q=PAI=H= &Q=PAI=H= 0QEJP=J= O?AJ?EK / % - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H , &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO=U, ,=NP_JAV (?a 2=LHEJCOQNRER=H=J@CNKSPDKB?KJEBAN=J@>NK=@ HA=RA@PNAAOEJOQ??AOOEKJ=HD=>EP=POEJPDA DECDH=J@OKB"DE=L=O ,ATE?K LLHEA@5ACAP=PEKJ2?EAJ?A 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H - "=I=?DK "NQVU, &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= /KPAJ?E=HBHKN_OPE?KL=N= H=NAOP=QN=?EaJ@A>KOMQAOAJ+KO HPKOU,KJP=`=O@AH-KNPA@A"DE=L=O In, &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H U + 1QEV ,KJPKU= A@O #ERANOE@=@ >EKHaCE?= AJ "DE=L=O /H=V=U5=H@]O$".241"."U3$"' ,]TE?K # % /L 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H - "=I=?DK "NQV , &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= U % +aLAV !=NNAN= $OP=>HEODIAJP OQNRER=H=J@CNKSPDKBPNAAOAA@HEJCOQJ@ANOQ??AOOEKJ=H,KJP=JA.=G%KNAOPO EJ"DE=L=O ,ATE?K In, *=LLAHHAA@ $?KHKCU=J@?KJOANR=PEKJKBJAKPNKLE?=HIKJP=JA K=GBKNAOP $?KHKCE?=H2PQ@EAO 2LNEJCAN 'AE@AH>ANC /L 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H - "=I=?DK "NQV , ,=NP_JAV (?a +QJ= &aIAV # &KHE?DAN U , &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= wN>KHAO U =N>QOPKO @A HKO >KOMQAO @A IKJP=`= AJ "DE=L=O $H "KHACEK@AH=%NKJPAN=2QN 2=J"NEOPa>=H@A+=O"=O=O "DE=L=O L 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H - +QJ= &aIAV ' $ "=OP=`A@= .?=`= , ,=NP_JAV (?a 2 " 'KHV "=I=?DK "NQVU, &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= &Q_=@ALNKL=C=?EaJ@AYN>KHAOJ=PERKOL=N=H= NA?QLAN=?EaJ@A>KOMQAO $H"KHACEK@AH=%NKJPAN=2QN 2=J"NEOPa>=H@A+=O"=O=O "DE=L=O L 1=OIQOOAJ * * 4 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJ - %N=QAJBAH@AN U ) *KHHI=JJ ,E?NKO=PAHHEPA I=NGANOBKNPDAAJ@=JCANA@BENAbies guatemalensis/EJ=?A=A ,KHA?QH=N$?KHKCU1AOKQN?AO o 1=OIQOOAJ * * 4 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJU) *KHHI=JJ 'ECDCAJAPE?@ERANOEPUSEPDEJ>QP HEIEPA@ @EBBANAJPE=PEKJ =IKJC LKLQH=PEKJO KB PDA RQHJAN=>HA &Q=PAI=H=J BEN )KQNJ=H KB 3NKLE?=H%KNAOP2?EAJ?Ao 1AD@AN 3DABENOKB,ATE?K=J@&Q=PAI=H= )KQNJ=HKBPDA NJKH@ N>KNAPQI 1VA@KSOGE ) 5ACAP=?EaJ@A,]TE?K +EIQO= ,]TE?K L 2PN=J@>U 4 U " 2IEPD .HOAJ 3DA EILKNP=J?A KB QJ@ANOP=J@EJC PN=@A SDAJ @AOECJEJC ABBA?PERA ?KJOANR=PEKJ LKHE?U o 3DA ?=OA KB PDA RQHJAN=>HA Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN !EKHKCE?=H"KJOANR=PEKJo 2PN=J@>U 4 * ( "DNEOPAJOAJ U , 2mNAJOAJ IKNLDKIAPNE? OPQ@U KB PDA Abies religiosaohickeliioguatemalensis ?KILHAT /EJ=?A=A EJ &Q=PAI=H= =J@ ,ATE?K /H=JP 2UOPAI=PE?O=J@$RKHQPEKJo 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJ 4 ) / /N=@K"aN@KR= , 2mNAJOAJU) *KHHI=JJ "KJOANR=PEKJ=J@ QPEHEO=PEKJ KB Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN /EJ=?A=A o =J AJ@=JCANA@ AJ@AIE? ?KJEBAN EJ "AJPN=H IANE?= !EK@ERANOEPU=J@"KJOANR=PEKJo 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJ 4 ) / /N=@K "aN@KR= 4 !N=dJAN -EAHOAJ U ) *KHHI=JJ = /NKRAJ=J?A R=NE=PEKJ EJ CANIEJ=PEKJ =J@ OAA@HEJC CNKSPD KB Abies guatemalensis 1AD@AN %KNAOP$?KHKCU=J@,=J=CAIAJPo 2PN=J@>U J@ANOAJ 4 ) / /N=@K"aN@KR= 4 !N=dJAN-EAHOAJ " 2IEPD.HOAJ " -EAHOAJ , 2KNAJOAJ U ) *KHHI=JJ > "KJOANR=PEKJ PDNKQCD QPEHEV=PEKJ = ?=OA OPQ@U KB PDA 5QHJAN=>HAAbies guatemalensisEJ&Q=PAI=H= .NUTo 3KHA@K ?ARAO 3 ) ,A=RA , &KJVYHAV $OLEJKO= U - 1=I_NAV ,=N?E=H 3NKLE?=H IKJP=JA?HKQ@BKNAOPO?QNNAJPPDNA=PO=J@KLLKNPQJEPEAOBKNPDAEN?KJOANR=PEKJ=J@OQOP=EJ=>HA I=J=CAIAJPEJ,ATE?K )KQNJ=HKB$JRENKJIAJP=H,=J=CAIAJP 3KNNAO "KH_J 1 3ELKO @A RACAP=?EaJ In ) &=N?_= ,AJ@KV= , ) .N@a`AV U , ) !NEKJAO 2=H=O A@O !EK@ERANOE@=@ @A .=T=?= (JOPEPQPK @A !EKHKC_= 4- , %KJ@K .=T=MQA`K L=N= H= "KJOANR=?EaJ @A H= -=PQN=HAV= 6KH@ 6EH@HEBA %KQJ@ ,]TE?K # % /L 5EHH=OA`KN ) + $H >KOMQA DcIA@K @A IKJP=`= AJ ,]TE?K U OQO LH=JP=O R=O?QH=NAO "=PYHKCK BHKN_OPE?K P=TKJaIE?K "KIEOEaJ -=?EKJ=H L=N= AH "KJK?EIEAJPK U 4OK @A H= !EK@ERANOE@=@4JERANOE@=@-=?EKJ=H QPaJKI=@A,]TE?K ,]TE?K # % ,]TE?K 5ERANKO ) + , 2VAFJAN ) &KN@KJ U & ,=CEJ 3DA 1A@ +EOP KB 3NAAO KB &Q=PAI=H= %=QJ=%HKN=(JPANJ=PEKJ=H "=I>NE@CA 1AEJK4JE@K 7E=JC 7 , "=K U 9 9DKQ %KOOEH DEOPKNU =J@ IK@ANJ @EOPNE>QPEKJ KB PDA CAJQO Abies /EJ=?A=A %NKJPEANOKB%KNAOPNUEJ"DEJ=o CAPÍTULO 11 $J>cOMQA@=@AYN>KHAOAHEPAin situL=N=H=LNK@Q??EaJ@A YN>KHAO@AJ=RE@=@AJH=NACEaJ @AH"KBNA@A/ANKPA +YV=NK1=B=AH2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV 1KCAHEK+=N= &KJVYHAV ,=N_=@AH1KO=NEK/EJA@= +aLAV U#EACK#KI_JCQAV 'ANJYJ@AV (JOPEPQPK@A!EKPA?JKHKC_=U$?KHKC_= LHE?=@=(-!(.3$" "=ILQOL=N=H="QHPQN= H=O NPAO UAH#ALKNPA R @AH=O"QHPQN=O5AN=?NQV=J=O-K "KH $IEHE=JK9=L=P= " / 7=H=L@A $JNEMQAV 5AN ,]TE?K 3AH%=T QPKNL=N=?KNNAOLKJ@AJ?E=H=O=J?DAVQR IT Resumen +=@AI=J@=@AYN>KHAO@AJ=RE@=@AJ,]TE?KD==QIAJP=@K?KJOE@AN=>HAIAJPAAJHKOcHPEIKO =`KO >EAO NAHECEKO= U DE?GAHEE OKJ AOLA?EAO MQA LQA@AJ OAN ?KJOE@AN=@KO ?KIK ?=J@E@=PKO L=N= LH=JP=?EKJAO ?KIAN?E=HAO AJ H= LNK@Q??EaJ @A YN>KHAO @A J=RE@=@ $J =I>=O AOLA?EAO OA AR=HQa HKO =PNE>QPKO @A OQLANRERAJ?E= ?NA?EIEAJPK LNKIA@EK AJ =HPQN= @EYIAPNK = H= >=OA U ?K>ANPQN= @AJPNK @A QJ= LH=JP=?EaJ ATLANEIAJP=H AJ AH /=NMQA -=?EKJ=H "KBNA @A /ANKPA 5AN ,]TE?K +=OLHYJPQH=OOAKNECEJ=NKJ=L=NPEN@AOAIEHH=OLNKRAJEAJPAO@A@EAVYN>KHAOLHQOP=JPK@A >EAONAHECEKO=?KIK@A DE?GAHEE?KJ?=N=?PAN_OPE?=OOK>NAO=HEAJPAOAJ=HPQN=U=NMQEPA?PQN= 2AAHECEANKJ=H=V=NLHYJPQH=OLKN?=@=YN>KHLHQO 2AOAI>N=NKJ?KILHAP=IAJPA=H=V=NU?=@= =`K @QN=JPAQJLANEK@K@A?Q=PNK=`KOOA?KIL=N=NKJHKO=PNE>QPKOAJPNAAOLA?EAOUYN>KHAOLHQO += LNKCAJEA @A @KO YN>KHAO LHQO QJK @A >EAO NAHECEKO= U KPNK @A DE?GAHEE BQANKJ OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA OQLANEKNAO AJ OQLANRERAJ?E= U NAOLA?PER=IAJPA @EYIAPNK LNKIA@EK @A H= >=OA j U 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AHLNEIANKAO Abies hickeliiUAHOACQJ@KAOA. religiosa @AIYO OAOQCEANAJ=HKOYN>KHAO ! ! !U ! MQEAJAO PQREANKJ QJ= =HP= OQLANRERAJ?E= @A OQ LNKCAJEA AJ H=O LH=JP=?EKJAO O_ IEOIK LK@N_=J EJ?HQENOA = HKO EJ@ERE@QKO U ! HKO ?Q=HAO PQREANKJ QJ ?NA?EIEAJPK @EYIAPNK JK @EBANAJPA= U! #AECQ=HI=JAN=LK@N_=JOANHKOEJ@ERE@QKO ! !U! HKO ?Q=HAO P=ILK?K BQANKJ OECJEBE?=PER=IAJPA @EBANAJPAO = H= ?K>ANPQN= @A H= LNKCAJEA @A HKO YN>KHAO L=@NA U ! 2EJ AI>=NCK NAEPAN=IKO MQA HKO MQA BQANKJ OQLANEKNAO AJ PK@KO HKO =PNE>QPKOBQANKJ]OPKOcHPEIKO QJMQAAJYNA=O=>EANP=OOALQA@AJOAI>N=NLHYJPQH=O@AAbies&KJVYHAVet al OA D=@AIKOPN=@KMQAAJ?H=NKO@AH@KOAH ?NA=@KOLKNH=IQANPA@AQJKKIYOYN>KHAO PEAJAJABA?PKO OECJEBE?=PERKO L=N= AH AOP=>HA?EIEAJPK U ?NA?EIEAJPK @A A. religiosa +=O LH=JP=?EKJAO LQA@AJ LNK>=NOAAJHKO?H=NKO@AH>KOMQAU=MQA]OPKOD=JOE@KNAHAR=JPAOAJH=NACAJAN=?EaJJ=PQN=H@A HKO>KOMQAO@AAbiesAJH=NACEaJ@AH"KBNA@A/ANKPA+=N= &KJVYHAV et al., OEIEOIK OA D=K>OANR=@KMQAAJYNA=O=>EANP=OH=NACAJAN=?EaJLNKOLAN=?KJ]TEPKLANK>=FKH=?K>ANPQN=@AH =N>QOPKBaccharis confertaAO?K>EHHK2YJ?DAV 5AHYOMQAV et al "KJBKNIAHK=JPANEKN AJH=OLH=JP=?EKJAO@AKU=IAH?KIKH=LNAOAJPA OA@A>A?KJOE@AN=NAOPKO=OLA?PKOL=N=I=UKNAO ABA?PKOLKOEPERKOUNA=HEV=NH=OAJYNA=OJKPKP=HIAJPA@AOLNKREOP=O@ARACAP=?EaJ=HCQJ= /KNKPNK H=@K OA NA?KIEAJ@= NA=HEV=N AOPQ@EKO CAJ]PE?KO L=N= @APANIEJ=N H=O @EBANAJ?E=O CAJ]PE?=O K ATLHKN=N =HCcJ I=N?=@KN CAJ]PE?K =OK?E=@K = ]OPKO EJ@ERE@QKO ?KIL=NYJ@KHKO ?KJ =MQAHHKO MQA K>PQREANKJHKOR=HKNAOIYO>=FKOAJAOPAATLANEIAJPK Conclusiones #AH=LNKCAJEA@AYN>KHAOLHQOAOPQ@E=@KO AH@AAHHKO@AIKOPN=NKJOANOQLANEKNAOAJH= OQLANRERAJ?E=U NAOLA?PER=IAJPA AJAH@EYIAPNK@AH=>=OA j U j ?I NAOLA?PER=IAJPA U AJ H= ?K>ANPQN= j U j ?I NAOLA?PER=IAJPA =QJMQA AJ H= =HPQN= JK DQ>K @EBANAJ?E=O OECJEBE?=PER=O AJPNA PK@KO H=O LNKCAJEAOAOPKOEJ@ERE@QKOBQANKJHKO@AJKIEJ=@KO?KIK U! 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Ecología, biotecnología y conservación del género Abies en México.

Ecología, biotecnología y conservación del género Abies en México.

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