zyxwvutsrqponm zyxwvutsrqp IBlS I j 9 : 6 7 - 7 5 zyxwvu zyxwvu The Storm’s Stork Ciconia stormi in Indonesia: breeding biology, population and conservation FINN DANIELSEN’, RIZA KADARISMAN2, HENRIK SKOV3, UNANG SUWARMANz & WIM J. M . VERHEUGT4 Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology, Skindergade 23, DK-1159 Copenhagen K, Denmark Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHPA), JL Ir. H. Juanda no. 15, Bogou, Indonesia Danish Ornithological Society, Vesterbrogade 140, DK-1620 Copenhagen V; Denmark Euroconsult, 6800 AK Arnhem, The Netherlands Storm’s Stork Ciconia stormi is one of the rarest of the storks, regarded as globally endangered and found only in parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Prior to this study, its breeding biology was unknown and the population status in Indonesia was not well understood. Its breeding habitat, prey, behaviour, voice, eggs and the development of the young are described here for the first time. Breeding biology was studied in 1989 at a nest in south Sumatra, Indonesia. The nest was in the transition zone between mangrove and freshwater swamp forest. Incubation took less than 29 days, and two eggs hatched. Fish 2-7 cm long comprised 67% of the prey for feeding young. The chick was fully feathered at 52-57 days and was seen flying when 57-62 days old. The species is rare in south Sumatra. It occurs in low numbers and flocks of up to seven birds were observed. The density is estimated at 2 0 4 0 birds within 110,000 ha of primary swamp forest. At this density, the population would be below 100 birds in south Sumatra and between 100 and 300 in Indonesia. The species is threatened by development and conversion of primary swamp forest. zyxwvutsrqp early nesting period, but this might have disturbed the birds. Field studies at the nest were carried mainly out by a team of rangers and students as part of a training and survey program on wetland management. This paper describes previously unknown aspects of the breeding biology of the Storm’s Stork and attempts to improve the understanding of the status of and threats to the Storm’s Stork in south Sumatra and Indonesia. The Storm’s Stork Ciconiu stormi is listed as an endangered species in the Red List of Threatened Animals (IUCN 1993, Collar et al. 1994). In Indonesia, it occurs widely but at a low density in the eastern lowlands of Sumatra, Mentawai Islands (Sumatra) and Kalimantan (Silvius & Verheugt 1989). The Storm’s Stork is also known from Thailand, Malaysia and Brunei (Collar et ul. 1994). Although in 1986 a breeding site of this species was discovered in peninsular Thailand (Nakhasathien 1987). it is thought that it no longer breeds in that country (Round 1988). At present, virtually nothing is known of the basic habitat requirements and the ecology of this species. Compilation of data on the ecology of Storm’s Stork is an urgent and high priority task (Luthin 1987, Silvius & Verheugt 1989, Hancock et al. 1992). As the species is extremely secretive and inhabits inaccessible swamp forests, collection of data is a task with considerable logistical difficulties. During a biological survey of the mangroves and swamp forests of south Sumatra, a half-built nest of Storm’s Stork with two adult birds was discovered on 26 April 1989. This record constitutes the second nest known to science. To compile data on the breeding habitat, food, plumage development of the young and behaviour, observations were carried out in the chick-rearing period. More data could have been collected if observations had been made during the METHODS Systematic observations of the birds’ activities at the nest were carried out with binoculars and telescopes from a hide 48 m from the nest and 8 m above the ground. One of the adult birds was slightly larger and more glossy on the breast, the throat and the back. This was assumed to be the male. After some experience, individual identification was possible even when only one bird was on the nest. Information was collected on type and size of prey brought to the nest and the behaviour at the nest (feeding, nest building, social activities). Data were recorded in 10-min periods. Information was also collected on the vegetation and human use of the area and the impact of human activities on the behaviour of the storks. 67 68 zyxwvutsrqponm zyxwvuts zyx zy zyxw F. DANIELSEN E T - I 5 June 16 June 17 June 19 June 20 June 22 June 24 June 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IBIS 1 3 9 AL. IS zyxwvutsrqponmlkjih zyxwvutsrqponmlkji I. zyxw 15 Suly 16 July 17 July 18 July 19 July 20 July . . 21 July 1 In all, 130 h of observations were made during the periods 15-25 June and 15-21 July 1989. Observations were carried out throughout the day from 30-90 min after sunrise until sunset, except for 5 days in June when a break of 1-2 h occurred at noon (Fig. 1). The status of the species in south Sumatra and threats to it were assessed by regular visits to the coastal forests during the period 1 August 1988-31 August 1989. On 12 September 1988, an aerial survey of forest habitats and land-use activities was made, covering the entire coastal belt of the province. During 11-20 March 1989, all rivers along the coast were surveyed by boat, and from 25 March to 3 1 May 1989, field surveys were made in the mangroves, swiimp forests and inland lakes along the river floodplains. In addition, 75 farmers and fishermen were interviewed to collect basic socioeconomic data on their use of biological resources. Nomenclature of birds follows Andrew (1992). We followed Watson (1928) for common names and Chapman (1976) for scientific names of mangrove plants. RESULTS The breeding habitat The nest site was located on a river bend 20 km upriver from the coast in the Sembilang area in South Sumatra Province, on the boundary between mangrove and freshwater swamp forest (3"50'-2"20'N, 104"-105"E). The river was 1 m deep and 8-12 m wide. The nest was 8.3 m above the ground on the second lateral branch of an 18-m-high Bakau Kurap Rhizophora rnurronata mangrove tree (Fig. 2). The surrounding vegetation was dominated by other mangrove plants. mainly Nypafrurticans mixed with Nyireh Bunga Xglocurpus grunutum. Within 5 km of the nest, 17% of the area was covered by mangrove (along rivers) and 82% by primary freshwater swamp forest, the remaining areas being rivers and creeks (based on 1988 SPOT satellite photo: interpretation by Danielsen & Verheugt 1990). The mangrove vegetation had a distinct zonation. Closest to the river, 8-10-m-tall N. fruc- Figure 1. Observation periods (black bars) and feeding times of Storm's Stork chicks (triangles) on a 13-h scale (06.00-19.UOh) per observation day. ticans dominated. There was no undergrowth and the area was regularly flooded. About 300 m from the river, the forest was dominated by 20-2 5-m-tall Berus Bruguieru cylindrica with a dense undergrowth of Acrostichum ferns. The forest gradually changed to swamp forest vegetation approximately 500 m from the river. This zone was dominated by 20-25-m-tall Nibong Oncosperrna sp., mixed with Pandanusfurcata and swamp forest trees. The freshwater swamp forest vegetation was dominated by the dipterocarps Shorm spp. and Alstoniu spp., which together totalled more than 10%of all trees having a diameter at breast height exceeding 35 cm (Directorate of Forest Planning 1973, 1974, 1977, Danielsen et al. 1996). The nest and eggs The nest was 3 0 4 0 cm in diameter and 10-15 cm in height. It was made predominantly of twigs of Rhizophoru sp. The twigs were 15-25 cm long and 0.5-1 cm in diameter. The inner lining of the nest was composed of small 24-cm-long leaflets of Xylocarpus sp. The sides of the nest were camouflaged by three species of unidentified epiphytes. When the nest was examined on 2 5 June at the end of the June observation period, two chicks and an infertile egg were present. The egg measured 41.9 X 60.2 mm and was white but had olive-brown and black areas caused by soiling. This egg, apparently the only one of this species known, is preserved at the Zoological Museum of Bogor. Development of the young The chicks were first seen on 6 June. Their plumage was white. Based on their size and from personal observations of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Europe, they were assumed to have hatched between 20 and 25 May. There were no eggs in the nest when it was discovered on 26 April, which meant that incubation must have taken less than 29 days. There was no noticeable size difference between the chicks. When the chicks were first observed (at 12-17 days old), the down was white except for a black crown and forehead (Fig. 3 ) . The first down was dense and rather short and the 1997 69 STORM’S STORK I N 1NI)ONESIA zyxwvutsrqpo zyxwvuts second was somewhat longer. First signs of developing dark feathers on ear-coverts and wings (Fig. 4) were observed at 25-30 days, while dark feathers on the rest of the body (Fig. 5 ) were seen from 30-35 days. One chick was fully feathered at 52-5 7 days: it was seen flying on 2 1July, when about 57-62 day old. The other chick disappeared between the June and July study periods. The iris of the chicks was brown. The bill was first dark grey and black but later turned light grey. The tip of the bill was yellow-orange. The pouch was yellow with small black spots. The legs were light yellow, gradually changing to pink, with a darker area around the knees. The orbital skin was dark grey. The young when 52-57 days old had pink legs with dark knees and the bill was light grey with yellow-orange tip. Forehead, crown, wings, chest and upper breast were uniformly black. Foreneck and lower breast were mottled, while ear-coverts, side of neck and hindneck were white. In comparison, the adult had red legs with dark knees and the bill was red with a yellow tip. The iris was red and the orbital skin was yellow. Forehead, crown, foreneck, chest, breast, wings and tail were all glossy black, while the ear-coverts, sides of the neck and hindneck were white. Food choice In the June observation period, food was brought to the nest every 2 4 h (mean interval 198 min), while in July food was brought to the nest less frequently (mean interval 404 min). In June, the adults returned to the nest with food throughout the day (Table l),while in July there were significantly more visits with food after 15.00 h than at other times of the day (Bonferroni’s z-test, P < 0.05). When arriving at the nest, the food was regurgitated into the bottom of the nest and picked up and swallowed by the chicks. Because the nest was deep, it was sometimes difficult to observe the type of food, but on 1 5 of 29 occasions the food brought to the nest was identified (Table 2). On ten of these occasions, the food was small fish. The fish were 5-7 cm long and estimated to weigh 10-30 g. On five occasions, worms, aquatic insect larvae and frogs were brought to the nest. The worms were about 10-15 cm long. The favoured feeding area was in primary swamp forest 2-3 km from the nest, on the mud bank of a small creek surrounded by N.Jructicans and swamp forest trees. the late morning (08.00-11.00 h) and the afternoon (13.00-18.00 h) than during early morning and midday (Table 4). Every evening in June, both adult birds returned to the nest and slept perched on the nest or on a branch in the same tree. In July, only the female slept on or near the nest. The bird on the nest spent most of the daytime preening itself or the chicks (for a few seconds, 5-7 timedmin). In addition, insects were regularly flicked away with a sharp movement of the head (up to 8-10 timedmin). When a bird returned to the nest with food, the chicks called like a frog, skhrekeh . . . keh . . . keh . . . keh . . . (repeated several times), audible at 50 m. The adult birds were silent. In the morning, in the evening and following heavy showers, the adults spent much of their time repairing the nest. Green leaves from a nearby Xylocarpus granatum tree were collected and brought to the nest, along with larger sticks and epiphytes. If a Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis, a Slenderbilled Crow Corvus enca or a raptor came close to the nest, the adult bird would spread its wings to cover and protect the chicks. When there was noise from chain saws or motorized boats, the adult bird present would press its head and body into the nest, forming a ball of black feathers with only the eyes exposed. If humans came within sight of the bird on the nest, the adult bird would leave the nest and not return until 2-3 h after the intruder had departed (for details on the behaviour at the nest, see Danielsen et al. 1996). While feeding, Storm’s Storks were always solitary, walking slowly and picking up suitable prey. The species is gregarious when roosting or soaring. Several Storm’s Storks roosted in the top of some of the tallest swamp forest trees a few kilometres from the nest. zyxwvu zyxwvuts zyxwvutsr Behaviour When the chicks were 21-35 days old, the female stayed at the nest for 60% of the observation periods (Table 3). The male attended the nest for only 20% of the time. The adults attended the nest simultaneously for 2% of the time (0-30 midday, mean 9 midday), and the nest was left unattended for the remaining 18% of the time. Just before fledging, the female spent only 5510% of the time at the nest and the male was not observed at the nest at all. In both observation periods, the female tended to stay at the nest more during Local numbers The breeding site was located within the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve (Fig. 6). Several observations were made of Storm’s Storks passing over rivers or circling up to a height of several hundred metres, exclusively between 10.00 h and 12.00 h. A maximum of seven birds were seen together, approximately 100 km from the nest site. Despite considerable fieldwork in the coastal forests of the province, including expeditions for several kilometres on most of the rivers, the species was recorded only once in other areas of the province (two in Padang Sugihan Wildlife Reserve in May 1989). From the records, we conclude that the species is rare in south Sumatra but still occurs in low numbers, with 2 0 4 0 birds within the 110,000 ha of primary swamp forest in the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve. Threats While the density of the human population in the swamps of south Sumatra is relative low (below 20 persondkml), almost all people living or working in the swamps are fo- zyxwvutsrqpon zyxwvutsrqp zyx zy 70 F. I I A N I E L S E N E T A L . IBIS 139 zyxwvutsrqp Figure 2. Storm's Storks at the nest in the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve, south Sumatra, Indonesia. 1 3 June 1989. Figure 3 . Storm's Stork with two chicks at the nest (23-28 days old), 1 7 June 1989. 1997 STORM'S STORK I N INDONESIA 71 zy zyxwvutsrqp zyxwvutsr Figure 4. The chicks of Storm's Stork at 28-33 days old, 22 June 1989. Figure 5. The chicks of Storm's Stork at 36-41 days old, 30 June 1989. 72 zyxwvutsrqponm zyxwvutsrqpo zyxwvutsrqpo zyx zyxwv zyxwvutsrqpon IRIS 1 3 9 P DANIFl.5bN ET AL. Table 1 . Number ( ~ visits j by Storm’s Stork adults to the nest with jbod per observation hour (in hour-’) Hour: June ]ulv ma. = 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 0 n.a. 0.3 0 0.5 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 0.3 0.1 0 0.2 0 0.3 0 0.4 0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 n.a. 0.6 0 no information available. cused on gathering of forest products and hunting or poaching of wildlife. Storm’s Storks are occasionally caught for consumption by people that collect latex from the Jelutung Tree Dyera costulata. The storks are caught in baited traps set for Monitor Lizards Varanus salvato,: Lizard trapping is intensive, as shown by the fact that along two small rivers a total of 67 lizards were caught in 9 days. The extent of this threat to Storm’s Stork is unknown. The most significant threat to the species is logging and deforestation of lowland forests. In south Sumatra, largescale exploitation of the forests in the coastal region started around 197 5 . Since 1 98 2, two-thirds of the remaining primary swamp forest has been logged. Of 23 rivers surveyed in south Sumatra, only one still has undisturbed patches of riverine swamp forest habitat. Presently, formations of primary freshwater swamp forest and peat swamp forest are found in 12 areas, comprising 7.5%of the original forested swamps (Fig. 6). Three pockets of freshwater swamp forest are located in the northern part of the province within the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve and constitute 50% of the remaining undisturbed swamp. All remaining areas of primary swamp forest in the province are under concession for selective logging and will probably be logged within the Table 2. Food jtrms braught l o the nest of Storm’s Stork next 9 years. By July 1990, logging trails had already been prepared in the forest around the breeding site of Storm’s Stork. DISCUSSION Breeding site Like the closely related Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus (Hancock et al. 1992),the Storm’s Stork is a solitary breeder and does not nest in colonies as claimed by MacKinnon and Phillipps (1993). The only other known breeding site of Storm’s Stork was located in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Thailand on a bank of a river (Nakhasathien 1987). In comparison with the nest in this study, the two nests in Thailand were located higher (19 m and 30 m) and in taller trees, Habitat use Storm’s Storks have been recorded from lowland forest, usually along rivers or streams or near ponds or freshwater swamps (Collar et al. 1994). All the present observations were below 25 m a d . , but the Stork has been seen at 180240 m a d . in other parts of its range (Ulu Segama Forest Reserve, Sabah; Lambert, 1992). In Sumatra, the species is known from dense riverine and swampy lowland forest (van Marle & Voous 1988), including freshwater swamp forest and peat swamp forest. Present information is insufficient to determine if the optimal habitat is riverine or swamp forest. It is not known to what extent Storm’s Stork is confined to primary forest. In south Sumatra, it was recorded in swamp forests, which were severely degraded by drainage canals and forest fires. The species has also been recorded in logged riverine forest (Lambert 1992, F. Danielsen, pers. obs.). Survival of existing Storm’s Storks in degraded forests, however, does not mean that there is sufficient food available in the long term or that the species will breed there. More information is needed, for instance by assessing the status of the species in areas which have been logged for many years (e.g. in Lampung or south Kalimantan). While the species has been reported to eat earthworms in Borneo (Smythies 1981),the present study and unpublished observations from Lampung (Kudyanto in litt. 1992) indicate that the main prey is small fish and other aquatic organisms taken in small ponds and creeks in dense forest. zyxwvutsrqpo zyxwvutsrqp Time Ilatc (h) Item 17‘ June 19 June 1c, JUIIC 2 0 June 2 2 June 24 June 24 June 1 5 July 1h July 1 7 July 1 7 July 1s July 19 luly L O July LO July 15.00 11.30 15.10 15.20 n.a. 13.10 14.30 16.00 17.20 11.30 18.30 17.20 17.00 09.40 17.30 Worm 3 fish Frog Fish Larvae Fish Worm n.a. 3 fish n.a. n.a. 6 fish n.a. Fish Fish Size (cm) 15 5-7 5-8 5-7 Other information Alive when fed Aquatic insect 5 10-1 5 7 5-7 Perhaps a black frog Perhaps a fish Perhaps a fish 3-5 5-7 4-6 2- 3 Perhaps a fish n.a. = no information available. The size given is the estimated lcngth or the item. I997 zyxwvuts zy zyxwvutsrq zyxwvutsrqpon zyxwvutsrqpo zyxwvutsrqponmlkj 73 STORM’S STORK I N INDONESIA Table 3. I’c.rrmtugr o j duytimr sprnt at nest by Storm’s Stork June Fen1ale 16 17 19 20 22 24 15 16 17 79 70 63 18 39 22 31 23 3 0 6 0 11 30 63 17 59 h Male zyx zyxw July I5 0 Construction and maintenance of roads and other activities associated with logging substantially increase soil loss and result in a decrease in the abundance and diversity of aquatic organisms in rivers (Skarb~vik1993). For Storm’s Stork, an important problem caused by logging is probably its impact on the aquatic fauna of small ponds and creeks. 20 21 10 6 0 0 14 0 0 7 Conservation While in Indonesia the most serious threat to the species is logging and deforestation in the lowlands, another potential threat is capture for the international zoo trade. During 1988 and 1989, four Storm’s Stork from Sarawali were sold to German and Malaysian zoos. In previous years, the same dealer had sold a further four birds, but their origin is not known. As a result of increased interest in the Storm’s Stork, the price of the species on the markets in Singapore is reported to have doubled (from S$300 to S$600. equivalent to t.275). Since 1989, however, there is no indication that Storm’s Storks have entered the international trade (K. Brouwer in Zitt. 1994). Although Storm’s Stork is listed as a protected species in Sabah (Davies & Payne 1982), Sarawak, Indonesia and Thailand (Hancock et al. 1992), such designation has brought no real protection or conservation action. The only hope for the survival of the species is for totally protected areas to be established, not only against the destruction of the trees for commercial use or for conversion, but also against hunters (Hancock et al. 1992). In south Sumatra, which seems to hold an appreciable part of the population, the most important area to the species is the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve. A proposal to establish this reserve has been prepared (Danielsen & Verheugt 1990), and formulation of a management plan is presently being undertaken by the Ministry of Forestry with foreign financial assistance from a World Bank loan. Establishment of this protected area as an extension of the Berbalc National Park will contribute to maintaining numbers of 35 globally threatened species of mammals and Numbers Records of Storm’s Stork are extremely scarce in Indonesia, even in areas which are relatively frequently surveyed, Its behaviour of sometimes circling at great height and its habit of often roosting in trees or Pandanus sp. along river sides should make it easier to see than the White-winged Duck Cutnnu scutulutu. yet Storm’s Stork is seen less frequently (e.g. Burn & Brickle 1992). By considering the remaining potential suitable habitats, the numbers in south Sumatra had previously been estimated as “fewer than 1 5 0 birds” (Verheugt et al. 1993) and the total population in Indonesia (i.e. Kalimantan and Sumatra) as “less than 300” (Silvius & Verheugt 1989). One of these authors, however, recently considered the latter figurc to be too high (M.J. Silvius in Zitt. 1994). Our rough estimate of the population in the proposed Sembilang Reserve is equal to one bird per 3000-6000 ha of primary swamp forest. If this density is representative of primary swamp forest habitat in Sumatra, there would be 48-97 birds within the 290,000 ha of primary swamp forests in south Sumatra. Hence, the population estimate of Verheugt rt al. (1993) is perhaps high. We think the Indonesian population of Storm’s Stork is between 100 and 300 birds. 0 19 18 zyxwvutsr Tahlr 4. Puwntagc Hour: June kernale Ilalc 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 0 32 3 51 19 60 28 34 11 18 34 30 h0 33 17 54 13 90 11 97 6 74 26 n.a na 0 0 12 0 77 0 12 0 10 0 0 5 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 na hlale n d = euch duylight hour spent at nest by Storm’s Stork 6-7 Julv I emale na (I/ zyxwvu no information available. 74 zyxwvutsrqp zyxwvutsrqpo zyx zyx zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedc zyxwv zyxwvutsrqp zyxwvutsr P. D A N I E I . S E N E T AI.. IBIS 139 REFERENCES FOREST I N 1932 NT EXTENT OF Figure 6. Location 01 the proposed Sembilang Wildlife Reserve and present earlier extent of swamp forest in South Sumatra Province (van Steenis 1935. Laumonier rt nl. 1983. Danielsen Rr Verheugt 1990. 17 birds. It will be one of the most important conservation measures for those endangered wildlife species which occur normally in low densities and have large territorial or home r a n g e s . including Storm's Stork, Tiger Puntkera tigris and Tapir Tupirus indicus. Local human communities will benefit from conservation of the most important spawning areas for shrimp and demersal fish in the province. Combined, Sembilang Reserve and Berbak National Park would comprise the largest protected area of freshwater swamp forest, peat swamp forest and mangrove swamp forest in Sumatra. study was carried out within the survey program of The Directorate Gcricral of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PIIPA) and Asian Wetland Bureau (AWB, now Wetlands International) in Indonesia. The study of the breeding biology was financed by grants from AWB. the Danish Ornithological Society and Mr Harold Love. Most nest observations were made by a team led by Mr Riza Kadarisman and consisting of Mr Ziil. Mr Haerul and Mr SVambing from PHPA and the Environmental Study Center at Iiniversiti Sriwijaya. Palembang. Photos were taken by F. Danielsen and R. Kadarisman. The study of population numbers and conservation was undertaken as part of a project financed by the Danish International Development Agency and the World Wide Fund for Nature (Denmark). The authors are indebted to D. Baltewell. N. Burgess. J. Payne. C'. Poole and M. J. Silvius for critical revicw of a n earlier draft. We also thank J. Bolding. T. Carlberg.:, K. Talk. J. I:jeldsa. M. Heegaard. N. Knudsen, M. K. Poulsen and the former Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Subbalai Z. Makmur for support and advice. M. J. Silvius and L. Ferdinand were involved throughout all phases of the project. including project development and suprrvision. Production of colour plates was financed by the Zoological Museum. IJnivcrsity of Copenhagen. 'I'hc Andrew. I? 1992. The Birds of Indonesia-A check-list (Peters' sequence). Jakarta: Indonesian Ornithological Society. Burn, J. & Brickle. N. (eds). 1992. Status and Notcs on the ikology of Crririna sciitulatu (Whitcwinged Wood Duck) and Cicoriicc storttii (Storm's Stork) in the Sumatran Provinces of Kiau and Jambi. Indonesia. W W r Unpublished Report. Slirnbridgr: The Wildhwl and Wetlands Trust. Chapman. VJ. 1976. Mangrove Vegetation. Vaduz. Germany: J. Cramer. A.R. Gantner Verlag Kommanditgesellschatt. Collar. N., Croshy, M.J. & Stattersfield. A.J. 1994. Birds to Watch 2. The world list of threatened birds. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 4. Cambridge: Birdlife International. Danielsen, F. 8.Verheugt. W.J.M. 1 990. Integrating Conservation and Land-use Planning in the Coastal Region of South Sumatra, Indonesia (with contributions from H. Sltov, K.Kadarisman. I J . Suwarman Clr A. Purwoko). Uogor: The Ilircctorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation arid Asian Wetland Bureau-Indonesia and Copenhagen: Danish Ornithological Society. Danielsen. F.. Kadarisman. K.. Skov. H.. Suwarman, U. & Verheugt. W.J.M. 1 9 9 5. On the Breeding Ecology of Storm's Stork Cic~oiiici storrni. Bogor: The Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation and Asian Wetland Bureau-Indonesia. Copenhagen: Danish Ornithological Society. Davies. A.G. 81 Payne. J. 1982. A Faunal Survey of Sabah. IUCN/ WWF Project No. 1692. Kuala IJunipur: World Wide Fund for Nature-Malaysia. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1 9 7 3. Survey Report on the Sungai Terusan Ilalam-Sungai Sembilang Forest Complex. Province of South Sumatera. Report No. 430. Jakarta: Department of Agriculture. Directorate General of Forestry. Directorate of Forest Planning. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1 9 7 4 . Survey Report on the Sungai Lalang-Sungai Sembilang Forest Complex. Province of South Sumatera. Report No. 441. Jakarta: Department of Agriculture, Directorate General of Forestry. Ilircctorate at' Forest Planning. Directorate of Forest Planning. 1 9 77. Survey Keport on the Sungai Merang Forest Complex. Province of South Sumatera. Keport No. 41 8 A. Iakarta: Department of Agriculture. 1)irectoratc General o f Forestry, Ilirectorate 01 Forest Planning. Hancoclc. J.A., Kushlan. ].A. (G Kahl, M.P. 1992. Storks. Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. London and San Diego: Academic Press. IIICN. 1993. 1 9 9 4 IUCN Red List of Threatened Ariimals. Clarid. Switzerland: International IJnion for the Conservation of Nature. Lambert. F.R. 1992. The consequences of selective logging for Bornean lowland forest birds. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lorid. B 3 3 5 : 443457. Laumonier, Y.. Gadrinab. A. & Purnajaya. 1983. Southern Sumatra: Map of vegetation and environmental conditions. 1: 1.000.000. Bogor: Institut de la Carte International du 'I'apis Vegetal/SEAMEO-BIOTKOP. 1,uthin. C. 1987. Status and conservation priority for the world's stork species. Colonial Watcrbirds 10: 181-202. MacKinnon. J. (G Phillipps. K. 1 9 9 3. A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo. Sumatra. Java. and Bali. Oxford: Oxford llniversity Press. Nakhasathien. S. 1987. The discovcry of Storin's Stork Cicoui[i storrni in Thailand. Forktail 3 : 43-49. Round. P. 1988. Threatened Forest Birds of Thailand. ICBP Tcch- lY97 zyxwvutsrqponml zyxwvutsrqpo zyxw zyxw zyxwvutsr zyxwv STORM'S STORK IN INDONESIA nical Publication No. 8 . Cambridge: International Council for Bird Preservation. Silvius. M.J. & Verheugt. W.J.M. 1989. The status of storks, ibises and spoonbills of Indonesia. Kukila 4: 119-132. Skarbnvik. E. 1Y93. Sedimcnt yield and land use activities in the tropics: A Sumatran case study. Rapp. Ser. Hydrologi 36: i-xiii, 1-64. Smythics. R.E. 1981. Birds of Borneo. 3rd ed. Kuala Lumpur: MaIavaii Nature Society. van Msrle. J.G. & Voous, K.H. 1988. 'rhc Birds of Sumatra. An annotated chcck-list. KOU Check-list No. 10. 'hirig: British Ornithologists' Union. 75 van Steenis. C.G.G.J. 1935. Maleische vegetatie-schetsen. Tijd. K. Ned. Aard. Gen. 52: 25-67, 171-203, 363-398. Verheugt. W.J.M.. Skov, H. & Danielsen, F. 19Y 3 . Notes on the birds of the tidal lowlands and floodplains of South Sumatra Province. Indonesia. Kukila 6: 53-84. Watson, J.G. 1928. Mangrove Forests of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Records No. 6. Singapore: Federated Malay States Government. Submitted 20 March 2 995; rwision acwptutl 12 ]nriuarq I996