Folia Malacol. 21(2): 99–103
http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/folmal.021.011
ON THE SPELLING OF TROCHULUS LUBOMIRSKII VS.
LUBOMIRSKI (ŒLÓSARSKI, 1881)
(GASTROPODA: PULMONATA: HYGROMIIDAE) –
THE OPPOSITE POINT OF VIEW
ANDRZEJ LESICKI1, MA£GORZATA PROÆKÓW2, WOJCIECH MAGOWSKI3
1
Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznañ, Poland (e-mail: alesicki@sun.amu.edu.pl)
2
Museum of Natural History, Wroc³aw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroc³aw, Poland
(e-mail: mprockow@biol.uni.wroc.pl)
3
Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology,
Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznañ, Poland (e-mail: magowski@amu.edu.pl)
ABSTRACT: The paper discusses arguments for the preservation of the original spelling of the species-level
name for Trochulus lubomirski (Œlósarski, 1881) versus arguments for the preservation of the amended spelling
lubomirskii. The authors argue that the obvious “prevailing usage” of the spelling lubomirskii should be taken as
the decisive argument to preserve this form of spelling under Art. 33.3.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
KEY WORDS: Trochulus lubomirskii, correct spelling, zoological nomenclature
INTRODUCTION
PALL-GERGELY et al. (2013) encountered a nomenclatural problem with the correct spelling of the species-level name of the land snail Trochulus lubomirskii
(Œlósarski, 1881). They argued for the spelling
“lubomirski” because such spelling was used by
ŒLÓSARSKI (1881) in his original description of the species. They analysed the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) considering that Arts.
31.1, 32.2, 32.3, 33.3, 33.4 and 33.5 as well as Recom-
mendation 31A were relevant to the case, and moreover supported their point of view that the correct
spelling is “lubomirski”. On the other hand they have rejected Art. 33.2.3.1 that permits preservation of the
spelling “lubomirskii” when this form of spelling is considered to be in “prevailing usage”. After the analysis of
the same Articles of the Code (ICZN 1999) we have
come to the opposite conclusion, namely, that the
spelling “lubomirskii” should be preserved instead.
OUTLINE OF THE NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEM
The species was originally described (and spelled)
by ŒLÓSARSKI (1881) as Helix (Fruticicola) Lubomirski.
The specific name was corrected by spelling with
lower case at the beginning of the 20th century
(POLIÑSKI 1914, 1917, 1919, WAGNER 1915) which is
nowadays in accordance with Art. 28 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN
1999). The current generic placement of the species
is questionable as it is placed in either the genus
Trochulus Chemnitz, 1786 (being itself a replacement
name for Trichia Hartmann, 1840) (PROÆKÓW 2009,
WELTER-SCHULTES 2012) or Plicuteria Shileyko, 1978
(SHILEYKO 2006, PALL-GERGELY et al. 2013).
100
Andrzej Lesicki, Ma³gorzata Proæków, Wojciech Magowski
The arguments that the original spelling
“lubomirski” is correct and should be preserved can be
found in the following Articles of the Code:
– 31.1. Species-group names formed from personal
names: “31.1.2. A species-group name, if a noun
in the genitive case (see Article 11.9.1.3) formed
directly from a modern personal name, is to be
formed by adding to the stem of that name –i if
the personal name is that of a man […].”
– 32.2. Correct original spelling: “The original spelling of a name is the “correct original spelling”,
unless it is demonstrably incorrect as provided in
Article 32.5.”
– 32.3. Preservation of correct original spelling:
“The correct original spelling of a name is to be
preserved unaltered, except where it is mandatory to change the suffix or the gender ending under Article 34 […].”
– 32.5.1. Spellings that must be corrected (incorrect original spellings): “[…] Incorrect […] latinization […] are not to be considered inadvertent errors”.
– 33.4. Use of -i for -ii and vice versa, and other alternative spellings, in subsequent spellings of species-group names: “The use of the genitive ending -i in a subsequent spelling of a species-group
name that is a genitive based upon a personal
name in which the correct original spelling ends
with -ii, or vice versa, is deemed to be an incorrect
subsequent spelling, even if the change in spelling is deliberate […].”
– 33.5. Cases of doubt: “In any case of doubt whether a different subsequent spelling is an emendation or an incorrect subsequent spelling, it is to
be treated as an incorrect subsequent spelling
(and therefore unavailable), and not as an emendation.”
However, we consider that there are some arguments rendering the alternative spelling “lubomirskii”
correct. They can be found in the Articles:
– 31A (Recommendation). Avoidance of personal
names as nouns in apposition: “An author who establishes a new species-group name based on a
personal name should preferably form the name
in the genitive case and not as a noun in apposition, in order to avoid the appearance that the
species-group name is a citation of the authorship
of the generic name.”
– 33.3. Incorrect subsequent spellings: “[...] but
33.3.1. when an incorrect subsequent spelling is
in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent
spelling and attribution are to be preserved and
the spelling is deemed to be a correct original
spelling.”
EXPLANATORY COMMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS
In our opinion it would be important to consider
the intention of the name’s author. ANTONI ŒLÓSARSKI (1881) honoured his fellow malacologist
Prince W£ADYS£AW LUBOMIRSKI creating the name
“Helix Lubomirski”. The original paper was written in
Polish, with diagnosis in Latin. It is not possible to infer today whether ŒLÓSARSKI (1881) had used the
name as a noun in apposition or as in a genitive case.
Generally, the use of a noun in apposition is rare in
the Polish language; it would seem forced, and potentially even offensive if such a noble name were translated directly from Latin into Polish. The natural
form would be the genitive (Lubomirskiego).
The specific name was repeated several times in
the original publication; therefore it certainly did not
represent an erroneous spelling, e.g. lapsus calami or
printer’s error. Unfortunately, it is not also used in
Polish in the text, which would indicate the intention
of the author to use it as a noun in apposition or genitive. ANTONI ŒLÓSARSKI wrote in total seven scientific
papers on molluscs of the Polish Kingdom
(POKRYSZKO & RIEDEL 1999, RIEDEL & POKRYSZKO
1999), five of the them (listed in: RIEDEL 1988) were
published before 1881. The only one published later
(ŒLÓSARSKI 1883) did not mention Helix Lubomirski.
Therefore we cannot confirm that ANTONI ŒLÓSARSKI
used the name in any of his texts again.
KIMAKOWICZ (1890) was the first author to use the
specific name spelled with –ii several times as
Fruticicola (Trichia) Lubomirskii, citing the original
spelling Helix Lubomirski of ŒLÓSARSKI (1881) as a synonym. Therefore, it is evident that he amended the
name intentionally. Anyway, the author of emendation (and followers) could have acted with two considerations in mind:
1) the specific name should not be the noun in apposition, but genitive instead;
2) the specific name, if coined from the person’s last
name, should take the Latin genitive suffix -i.
Thus, the family name proper “Lubomirski”
should be expressed as a specific name in
Latinized genitive “lubomirskii”.
It is worth noting that several other species dedicated to W. LUBOMIRSKI about the same time, namely
Pipreola lubomirskii Taczanowski, 1879 (Aves,
Passeriformes), Breda lubomirskii (Taczanowski, 1878)
(Arachnida), Hyalella lubomirskii (Wrzeœniowski, 1879)
(Crustacea) or Mycetophila lubomirskii Dziedzicki, 1884
(Diptera) were named in that way from the outset.
This indicates that even in the times of ŒLÓSARSKI’s
Spelling of Trochulus lubomirskii vs. lubomirski
original description other Polish authors were using
the genitive. The name of the snail could have been
seen as wrong very early.
Polish malacologists of the first half of the 20th
century used the Latin name with the amended spelling “lubomirskii” in papers written only in Polish (see:
P OLIÑSKI 1914, 1917, 1919, M £ODZIANOWSKADYRDOWSKA 1928, KAZNOWSKI 1938, 1939) or in other
languages (WAGNER 1915, POLIÑSKI 1924,
DYRDOWSKA 1926), probably following KIMAKOWICZ
(1890). They also colloquially called it “œlimak Lubomirskiego (Lubomirski’s snail)” in Polish; this is the
natural form in Polish. Both the Polish name “œlimak
Lubomirskiego” and the Latin name with spelling
“lubomirskii” were used in the major Polish malacological catalogues and keys (URBAÑSKI 1957, WIKTOR
2004). There are other important Polish publications
in which spelling “lubomirskii” was used (RIEDEL 1988,
PIECHOCKI & RIEDEL 1997, RIEDEL & POKRYSZKO
1999, SULIKOWSKA-DROZD 2008). Moreover, RIEDEL
(1988) in his catalogue of the Polish gastropod fauna
stressed that ŒLÓSARSKI (1881) had used the wrong
spelling citing among synonyms of Trichia (Plicuteria)
lubomirskii (Œlósarski, 1881) its original name as “Helix
(Fruticicola) Lubomirski [sic!] Œlósarski, 1881”.
Since the time when modern nomenclatural rules
have applied, the later form of the species name spelling (lubomirskii) has been universally accepted as if
correct (even if it was not). It has prevailed in the vast
majority of scientific literature to date. We suspect
that, except for the original publication of ŒLÓSARSKI
(1881), the name spelled lubomirski was not used intentionally before 2012 (WELTER-SCHULTES 2012).
PALL-GERGELY et al. (2013) mentioned other papers
in which the spelling “lubomirski” was used. We can
even extend this list (LOZEK 1971, KORALEWSKAB AT U R A 1 9 9 2 , B Á B A 2 0 0 5 , D O M O K O S 2 0 0 7 ,
BARGA-WIÊC£AWSKA 2011a, b)1. However, we suggest
that whenever the name “lubomirski” appears (apart
from WELTER-SCHULTES 2012 and PALL-GERGELY et
al. 2013), this spelling was used unintentionally.
RIEDEL (1988) stressed that JAECKEL (1939) used the
incorrect spelling. SHILEYKO (1978a) used the spelling “lubomirski” only once in his paper introducing
genus-level name Plicuteria with Plicuteria lubomirski as
the only species of the genus (see: SHILEYKO 1978a:
30). In every other place in his paper “lubomirskii” is
used (pp. 2, 31, 45, 49, 51, 54), therefore it may be inferred that it was a printer’s error or lapsus calami on
page 30. This is confirmed by the fact that the author
used “lubomirskii” consistently in his other publications (SHILEYKO 1978b, 2006, SYSOEV & SHILEYKO
2009). LOZEK used both spellings in his different papers (1956 vs. 1971). Although GROSSU (1983) used
1
101
“lubomirski”, he stated that he had followed the data of
KIMAKOWICZ (1890) and POLIÑSKI (1914) but both
latter authors used the spelling “lubomirskii”. Both
spellings are used in the same paper of
BARGA-WIÊC£AWSKA (2011a) and DOMOKOS (2007),
although lubomirskii is the only spelling in the later
paper of DOMOKOS & PELBÁRT (2011) It appears that
several authors have been careless over spelling.
WELTER-SCHULTES (2012: 563) stated that “original
spelling was not lubomirskii, the correct spelling
lubomirski was used in some recent Polish sources”. We
have listed above several recent fundamental Polish
malacological publications with the spelling
“lubomirskii”. We have also found usage of the spelling
“lubomirski”, but only in very few local Polish papers
with doubtful quality of peer-reviewing. On the other
hand, even in the book by WELTER-SCHULTES (2012)
himself, the spelling “lubomirskii” can be found (see:
p. Q64 of the Appendix “The most frequent species in
Europe”) which illustrates how easily errors may appear.
Apart from a long list of publications in which the
spelling “lubomirskii” was used we can list numerous
Internet resources using this spelling, e.g.
– Biodiversity Heritage Library BHL:
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Trochulus (Plicuteria) lubomirskii;
– BioLibCZ: http://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id
2924/;
– CBIS: http://www.carpates.org/cbisec/zoo. php?
id=10208;
– Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD):
http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=taxon&acc=
934985;
– Encyclopedia of Life: http://eol.org/pages/213
79524/overview;
– Fauna Europaea: http://www.faunaeur.org/
index.php;
– Fauna Europaea: http://www.faunaeur.org/
full_results.php?id=428055;
– Protein Knowledgebase (UniProtKB): http://
www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/934985;
– Ruthenica (Russian Malacological Journal):
http://www.ruthenica.com/documents/
Continental_Russian_molluscs_ver2-3-1.pdf;
– Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Trochulus_lubomirskii.
To our knowledge, the only Web page with the
spelling “lubomirski” is:
– AnimalBase: http://www.animalbase.uni-goettin
gen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/
speciestaxon?id=14933, authored by WELTERSCHULTES.
We can also add some papers with spelling “lubomirskii” to those listed by PALL-GERGELY et al. (2013) – HESSE (1921),
BOETTGER (1926), KLEMM (1954, 1974), HUDEC (1964), REISCHÜTZ (1982), WITKOWSKI et al. (2003), KANTOR & SYSOEV
(2005), JUNGBLUTH & KNORRE (2009), CAMERON et al. (2010), HORSÁK et al. (2010), CUTTELOD et al. (2011).
102
Andrzej Lesicki, Ma³gorzata Proæków, Wojciech Magowski
Based on the above premise and the fact that spelling of the species name has fundamental significance
in browsing through electronic resources, we are of
the opinion that the amended name, even if discordant with the above mentioned articles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature should be
preserved, invoking the opportunity created by the
Exception 33.3.1. We suggest that the spelling
“lubomirski” has not been used intentionally in any major publication for over 130 years since its introduc-
tion in 1881 by Œlósarski. In our opinion it is clear that
the spelling “lubomirskii” is in “prevailing usage” and
that this term has an obvious, self-explanatory meaning as inferred from both the letter and the spirit of
the Code (ICZN 1999). Based on this interpretation,
the species-group name “lubomirskii” should be preferred as available over the original spelling
“lubomirski”.
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Received: March 1st, 2013
Accepted: April 18th, 2013