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Order CHARACIFORMES (characins). راسته تیز دندان ماهی شکلان
Teeth usually well developed (most are carnivores); adipose fin usually present; body almost always scaled; ctenoid or ctenoidlike scales in some; pelvic fin present (with 5–12 rays); anal fin short to moderately long (fewer than 45 rays); lateral line often decurved, sometimes incomplete; upper jaw usually not truly protractile; pharyngeal teeth usually present, but not usually specialized as in cypriniforms (anostomids have highly modified pharyngeal teeth); barbels absent; branchiostegal rays 3–5; usually three postcleithra; first hypural separated from the centrum by a gap in adults (most other primitive teleosts lack such a gap); usually 19 principal caudal fin rays. Some characiforms lack the adipose fin (it may be present or absent among congeneric species). Maximum length about 1.4 m, attained by Hydrocynus goliath of the Congo. At the opposite extreme, many members are under 3 cm, and the smallest reach a maximum size of about 13 mm. Some members of this order are extremely colorful (many are silvery). Many species are popular aquarium fishes (often known as tetras). In South America, many are also important food fishes (e.g., Brycon).
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Family DISTICHODONTIDAE (distichodontids).
Freshwater, Africa.
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Family CITHARINIDAE (citharinids).
Freshwater; Africa.
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Family PARODONTIDAE (parodontids).
Freshwater, benthic; mountain streams of eastern Panama and most of South America.
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Family CURIMATIDAE (toothless characiforms).
Freshwater; southern Costa Rica to northern Argentina.
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Family PROCHILODONTIDAE (flannel-mouth characiforms).
Freshwater; South America, primarily the northern half, south to Ecuador and Brazil.
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Family ANOSTOMIDAE (toothed headstanders).
Freshwater; southern Central America and South America.
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Family CHILODONTIDAE (headstanders).
Freshwater; northern South America.
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Family CRENUCHIDAE (South American darters).
Freshwater; eastern Panama and South America. Family HEMIODONTIDAE (hemiodontids). Freshwater, usually pelagic; northern South America, south to the Paraná-Paraguay Basin.
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Family ALESTIIDAE (ALESTIDAE) (African tetras).
Freshwater; Africa. Family GASTEROPELECIDAE (freshwater hatchetfishes). Freshwater; Panama and South America (absent in Chile).
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Carnegiella strigata
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Family CHARACIDAE (characins).
Freshwater; southwestern Texas, Mexico, and Central and South America.
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Family ACESTRORHYNCHIDAE (acestrorhynchids).
Freshwater; South America (greatest diversity in Orinoco and Amazon basins). Family CYNODONTIDAE (cynodontids). Freshwater; South America.
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Family ERYTHRINIDAE (trahiras).
Freshwater; South America.
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Family LEBIASINIDAE (pencil fishes).
Freshwater; Costa Rica, Panama, and South America.
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Family CTENOLUCIIDAE (pike-characids).
Freshwater; Panama and South America.
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Family HEPSETIDAE (African pikes).
Freshwater; tropical Africa.
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Order SILURIFORMES (Nematognathi) (catfishes).
Symplectic, subopercular, basihyal, and intermuscular bones absent; parietals probably present but fused to supraoccipital; mesopterygoid very reduced; preopercle and interopercle relatively small; posttemporal probably fused to supracleithrum but thought by some to be present as a separate element in many families; vomer usually toothed (as is the pterygoid and palatine); dorsal- and anal-fin pterygiophores lacking middle radial ossification, distal radial also absent in silurids; adipose fin usually present; spinelike (= spinous) rays often present at the front of the dorsal and pectoral fins (referred to as spines in family descriptions) (the dorsal fin of most catfishes technically has two spines—the first being very short and forming a locking mechanism for the second spine, which is usually the only one referred to in the family descriptions); body naked or covered with bony plates; normally up to four pairs of barbels on head, one nasal, one maxillary, and two on chin (i.e., on the lower jaw or mandible), the nasal and chin barbels may be variously absent; maxilla toothless and rudimentary (except in Diplomystidae), supporting a barbel; principal caudal fin rays 18 or fewer (most with 17); caudal skeleton varying between having six separate hypural plates to complete fusion of caudal elements; eyes usually small (barbels are important in detecting food); air-breathing organs in Clariidae and Heteropneustidae. Vertebrae are as few as 15 in some pangasiids to over 100 in some clariids, not including the Weberian vertebrae. There are many cave species.
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Family DIPLOMYSTIDAE (velvet catfishes).
Freshwater; southern South America, Chile and Argentina.
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Family CETOPSIDAE (whalelike catfishes).
Freshwater; South America.
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Family AMPHILIIDAE (loach catfishes).
Freshwater; tropical Africa.
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Family TRICHOMYCTERIDAE (Pygidiidae) (pencil catfishes or parasitic catfishes).
Freshwater; Costa Rica, Panama, and throughout South America.
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Family NEMATOGENYIDAE (mountain catfishes).
Freshwater; central Chile.
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Family CALLICHTHYIDAE (callichthyid, armored catfishes).
گربه ماهیان زره پوش Freshwater; Panama and South America. Body with two rows of overlapping bony plates on each side; swim bladder encased in bone; mouth small and ventral; one or two pairs of well-developed barbels present, and shorter processes usually on upper jaw and on lower jaw; dorsal and pectoral fins with strong spine; spine at anterior border of adipose fin. Some species can move short distances on land by utilizing air in vascular hindgut. Two subfamilies with eight genera and about 177 species.
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Family SCOLOPLACIDAE (spiny dwarf catfishes).
Freshwater; South America (Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay).
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Family ASTROBLEPIDAE (Argidae) (climbing catfishes).
Freshwater; Panama and South America (Andean region).
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Family LORICARIIDAE (suckermouth armored catfishes).
گربه ماهیان مکنده Freshwater; Costa Rica, Panama and South America. Body with bony plates; mouth ventral, with or without noticeable barbels; ventral lip papillose; adipose fin, when present, usually with a spine at anterior border; relatively long intestine; 23–38 vertebrae. Members of this family may be found from low elevations to swift-flowing streams up to 3,000 m. “Pleco” or “plecostomus” is a name used in the aquarium trade for species in several genera of this family.
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Family AMBLYCIPITIDAE (torrent catfishes). گربه ماهیان سیلابی
Freshwater; southern and eastern Asia (Pakistan across northern India to Malaysia and to Korea and southern Japan). Dorsal fin covered by thick skin; adipose fin present, confluent with caudal fin in some species; dorsal fin base short, spine in fin weak; anal fin base short, with 9–18 rays; four pairs of barbels; lateral line poorly developed or absent. These small fish inhabit swift streams. Three genera, Amblyceps (11), Liobagrus (13), and Xiurenbagrus (2), with about 26 species
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Family AKYSIDAE (stream catfishes).
Freshwater; southeastern Asia.
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Family SISORIDAE (Bagariidae) (sisorid catfishes). قیچی گربه ماهیان
Freshwater; southern Asia (from Turkey and Syria to South China and Borneo, primarily in Oriental region). Body usually with small unculiferous tubercles; adipose fin present (confluent with caudal in some genera and consisting of a small spine in the elongate Sisor); dorsal fin base short, fin with or without a spine; adhesive apparatus in thoracic region present or absent; four pairs of barbels (however, the monotypic Sisor has one maxillary pair and five pairs on the lower jaw). Mostly small forms occurring in mountain rapids; maximum length 2 m. Seventeen genera with at least 112 species
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Genus Glyptothorax This genus is characterised by a flattened head, an adipose fin of moderate length, a short dorsal fin with a strong spine, the spine serrated anteriorly or posteriorly, or smooth, pectoral fin spine serrated posteriorly and in some with plicate skin ventrally, 4 pairs of barbels, maxillary barbels broadly based, an inferior and transverse mouth, villiform teeth on the roof of the mouth in two patches, eyes small and partly obscured by skin, gill openings wide, gill membranes joined to the isthmus, and an adhesive apparatus on the chest formed from plaits or folds of skin, often with a central depression.
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Glyptothorax kurdistanicus
Key characters Berg (1931a) separates this species from G. armeniacus by the broader than long adhesive apparatus which does not have pinnate lateral branches and these characters also contrast with G. silviae. The caudal peduncle is short ( in standard length compared to in G. Silviae.
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Glyptothorax silviae Key characters The head and body dorso-laterally lack striated or elongate tubercles (present in G. kurdistanicus). The thoracic adhesive apparatus is longer than wide (the reverse in G. kurdistanicus). The caudal peduncle is long ( in standard length, in G. kurdistanicus).
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Family ERETHISTIDAE (erethistid catfishes).
Freshwater; southern Asia. Family ASPREDINIDAE (banjo catfishes). Freshwater (some brackish); tropical South America.
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Family PSEUDOPIMELODIDAE (bumblebee catfishes).
Freshwater; South America. Family HEPTAPTERIDAE (heptapterids). Freshwater; Mexico to South America. Family CRANOGLANIDIDAE (armorhead catfishes). Freshwater; Asia, China and Vietnam (mainly large rivers).
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Family ICTALURIDAE (Ameiuridae) (North American catfishes).
گربه ماهیان آمریکایی Freshwater; North America (southern Canada to Guatemala). Four pairs of barbels on head; skin naked; dorsal (except in Prietella) and pectoral fins with a spine; dorsal fin usually with six soft rays; palate toothless except in fossil Astephus. Four species of blind (eyeless) catfishes are known; two (Satan and Trogloglanis) from deep artesian wells and associated ditches near San Antonio, Texas, and two (Prietella) from northeastern Mexico. Maximum length about 1.6 m, attained in Ictalurus furcatus and Pylodictis olivaris.
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Ictalurus punctatus
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Family MOCHOKIDAE (squeakers or upside-down catfishes).
Freshwater; Africa.
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Family DORADIDAE (thorny catfishes).
Freshwater; South America (primarily in Brazil, Peru, and the Guianas).
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Family AUCHENIPTERIDAE (driftwood catfishes).
Freshwater (one species in brackish water); Panama and tropical South America (to Argentina).
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Family SILURIDAE (sheatfishes). اسبله ماهیان
Freshwater; Europe and Asia. Dorsal fin usually with fewer than seven rays, sometimes absent, not preceded by a spine; adipose fin absent; pelvic fins small, sometimes absent; anal fin base very elongate, 41–110 rays; nasal barbel absent, one or two pairs of barbels on lower jaw, and maxillary barbels usually elongate.
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The largest species of siluriform is the commercially important European wels, Silurus glanis, which commonly reaches 3 m (maximum recorded length is 5 m and weight 330 kg). This species is native in Europe, east of the Rhine, and in some areas occurs in brackish water and in inland saline seas.
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Key characters This species differs from S. triostegus by having weaker and shorter teeth, the upper and lower jaws meet at an antero-dorsal position (dorsal and superior position in S. triostegus), a less serrate pectoral fin spine posteriorly, and a darker colour. Maxillary barbel length is much longer on average, although there is some overlap. Anterior mandibular barbels are alwayslonger than posterior mandibular barbels while in S. triostegus the posterior mandibular barbels are always longer (Ünlü and Bozkurt, 1996). Morphology The lower jaw is longer than the upper. Adults have one pair of maxillary barbels and two pairs of mandibular barbels, for a total of 6 barbels. The maxillary barbel is much longer than the head (equal to head length in Silurus triostegus). The pectoral fin spine is finely serrated or smooth on its inner surface and smooth on its outer surface. Vomerine teeth form a single broad patch, not two as in S. triostegus (Kobayakawa, 1989). Dorsal fin branched rays 3-5, usually 4, anal fin branched rays , pectoral rays with 1 spine (generally higher on average than in S. triostegus but still overlapping), and pelvic rays 1 unbranched followed by 9-14 branched rays (Coad and Holčík, 2000; Reshetnikov, 2002). Vertebrae and total gill rakers 9-17 (counts of 9 and 10 may be lower arch rakers only). Total vertebrae In specimens examined by me dorsal fin branched rays 3-4, anal fin branched rays 83-87, pectoral rays with 1 spine, and pelvic rays 1 unbranched followed by branched rays. Vertebrae = Total gill rakers 12, reaching the raker below when appressed. The gut has a large stomach and an intestine with 3 about loops. Chromosome number is 2n=60 (Ráb et al., 1994; Klinkhardt et al., 1995).
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Silurus triostegus Key characters This species differs from S. glanis by having robust and longer teeth (snaggly, catching on flesh), the upper and lower jaws meet at a dorsal and superior position (antero-dorsal in S. glanis), a distinctly and coarsely serrate pectoral fin spine posteriorly, and a lighter colour. Maxillary barbel length is about equal to head length while in S. glanis it is much longer on average, although there is some overlap. Anterior mandibular barbels (when present) are always shorter than posterior mandibular barbels while in Silurus glanis the anterior mandibular barbels are always longer (Ünlü and Bozkurt, 1996).
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Family MALAPTERURIDAE (electric catfishes).
Freshwater; tropical Africa and Nile.
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Family AUCHENOGLANIDIDAE (auchenoglanidids).
Freshwater; Africa. Family CHACIDAE (squarehead, angler, or frogmouth catfishes). Freshwater; eastern India to Borneo.
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Family PLOTOSIDAE (eeltail catfishes). گرزک ماهیان
Marine, brackish, and freshwater; Indian Ocean and western Pacific from Japan to Australia and Fiji. Body eel-like, tail pointed or bluntly rounded; usually four pairs of barbels; no adipose fin; caudodorsal fin rays may extend far forward (i.e., two dorsal fins, the second of which is confluent with the caudal), and lower procurrent caudal rays join the long anal fin to form a continuous fin; branchiostegal rays 7–14. As with some other catfishes, some of these can inflict painful wounds. Ten genera, Anodontiglanis (1), Cnidoglanis (3), Euristhmus (2), Neosiluroides (1), Neosilurus (12), Oloplotosus (3), Paraplotosus (2), Plotosus (7), Porochilus (2), and Tandanus (2), with about 35 species.
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Family CLARIIDAE (airbreathing catfishes). گربه ماهیان دودمی
Freshwater; Africa, Syria, and southern and western Asia (Philippines to Java). Dorsal fin base very long, usually with more than 30 rays, not preceded by a spine, separate or continuous with caudal fin; pectoral and pelvic fins variously absent in some species; caudal fin rounded; gill openings wide; usually four pairs of barbels; air-breathing labyrinthic organ arising from gill arches . About 14 genera, Bathyclarias (possibly 12, Africa), Channallabes (1, Africa), Clariallabes (16, Africa), Clarias (32, Africa and probably synonym Xenoclarias 1, Africa, and 8, Asia), Dinotopterus (1, Africa), Dolichallabes (1, Africa), Encheloclarias (6, SE Asia), Gymnallabes (3, Africa), Heterobranchus (4, Africa), Horaglanis (1, India), Platyallabes (1, Africa), Platyclarias (1, Africa), Tanganikallabes (1, Africa), and Uegitglanis (1, Africa), with about 90 species.
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Family HETEROPNEUSTIDAE (Saccobranchidae) (airsac catfishes).
گربه ماهیان ششدار Freshwater; Pakistan to Thailand (primarily India, Ceylon, and Myanmar). Body elongate, compressed; head greatly depressed, strongly resembling that of clariids; four pairs of barbels; long air sac, serving as a lung, extends posteriorly from the gill chamber; dorsal fin short, without a spine; adipose fin absent or represented as a low ridge. One genus, Heteropneustes, and about three species.
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Heteropneustes fossilis
Key characters The 4 pairs of barbels, short and spineless dorsal fin, absence of an adipose fin, and the long anal fin are distinctive. The head is small and very flattened and tapers both dorsally and ventrally to a terminal mouth.
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Family AUSTROGLANIDAE (austroglanids).
Freshwater; southern Africa. Family CLAROTEIDAE (claroteids). Freshwater; Africa.
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Family ARIIDAE (Tachysuridae) (sea catfishes). گربه ماهیان دریایی
Mainly marine (to 100 m depth), many fresh or brackish water; worldwide, tropical to warm temperate. Caudal fin deeply forked; adipose fin present; usually three pairs of barbels, rarely two (no nasal barbels); some bony plates on head and near dorsal fin origin; pectoral and dorsal fins with a spine; anal fin with 14–40 soft rays; in most, if not all species, the male carries the relatively large eggs in its mouth until hatching. Many species of the sea catfishes enter freshwater and some only occur in freshwater. About 21 genera, Ariopsis, Arius (synonym Tachysurus), Aspistor, Bagre, Batrachocephalus, Cathorops, Cinetodus, Cochlefelis, Doiichthys Galeichthys, Genidens, Hemipimelodus, Hexanematichthys (synonym Selenaspis and possibly Sciades), Ketengus, Nedystoma, Netuma, Notarius (synonym Sciadeops), Osteogeneiosus, Paradiplomystes, Potamarius, and Tetranesodon, with about 150 species.
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Family SCHILBEIDAE (SCHILBIDAE) (schilbeid catfishes).
Freshwater; Africa and southern Asia.
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Family PANGASIIDAE (shark catfishes). خنجر گربه ماهیان
Freshwater; southern Asia (Pakistan to Borneo). Usually two pairs of barbels (maxillary and one pair of mandibular or mental barbels present, nasal barbels always absent, only maxillary barbels in adult Pangasianodon gigas); body compressed; adipose fin present, small, never confluent with caudal fin; dorsal fin far forward with one or two spines and 5–7 soft rays; anal fin with 26–46 rays; vertebrae 39–52. Maximum length about 3 m and maximum weight 300 kg, attained in the plant-eating, toothless (in adults) Pangasianodon gigas. Three genera, Helicophagus (3), Pangasianodon (2), and Pangasius (23), with 28 species.
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Pangasius hypophthalmus
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Family BAGRIDAE (bagrid catfishes). گربه ماهیان آسیایی
Freshwater; Africa and Asia (to Japan and Borneo). Dorsal fin preceded by a spine, usually with 6 or 7 soft rays (rarely 8–20) (except in Olyra, which lacks a spine and has seven or eight soft rays); adipose fin present and highly variable in size between species; pectoral spine serrated; body naked; usually four pairs of well-developed barbels. Some species are kept as aquarium fishes, while others are large and important as food fishes. Maximum length about 1.5 m. About 18 genera, e.g., Bagrichthys, Bagroides, Bagrus, Batasio, Hemileiocassis, Hyalobagrus, Hemibagrus, Leiocassis, Mystus, Nanobagrus, Neotropius, Olyra (shown in the lower figure), Pelteobagrus, Pseudobagrus, Pseudomystus, Rama, Rita, and Sperata, with about 170 species.
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Mystus pelusius Key characters The 4 pairs of barbels, a strong spine in both the dorsal and pectoral fins, elongate and strong adipose fin are distinctive. The head tapers but is not as flattened as in Heteropneustes fossilis, and the mouth is subterminal.
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Family PIMELODIDAE (long-whiskered catfishes).
Freshwater; Panama and South America (north to southernmost Mexico).
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Order GYMNOTIFORMES (American knifefishes). کارد ماهی شکلان
Body eel-like (compressed or cylindrical); pelvic girdle and fins absent; dorsal fin absent (but see family Apteronotidae); anal fin extremely long (more than 100 rays and extending from near pectoral-fin origin to near posterior tip of body) and employed in forward and backward movements; caudal fin absent or greatly reduced (present only in the apteronotids); restricted gill openings; anal opening under head or pectorals; basal pterygiophores to anal fin with only one section (radial) and a hemispherical cartilaginous head that articulates the fin rays (allowing them to move in a circular motion); electric organs present; suboperculum absent; palatine not ossified; maxilla rudimentary (except Electrophorus). The electric organs are derived from muscle cells in most groups (myogenic), or from nerve cells in adult apteronotids (neurogenic). Like catfishes, gymnotiforms are nocturnal.
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Suborder Gymnotoidei. One family, two genera, Gymnotus (32) and the monotypic Electrophorus, with 33 species Family GYMNOTIDAE (nakedback knifefishes). کارد ماهیان پشت برهنه Freshwater; North (southern Mexico only), Central, and South America. Body rounded or partially so (adult body depth greater than half the body width at the anal-fin origin); body cavity very long with 31–51 (more than 100 in Electrophorus) precaudal vertebrae. Maximum length about 2.2 m TL, attained in Electrophorus electricus; species of Gymnotus reach up to 100 cm. Small scales present; mouth superior; anal fin terminating at a point near the tip of the tail; body subcylindrical; weak electrical discharge. The genus Gymnotus, currently with 32 species
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Suborder Sternopygoidei. زیرراسته دشنه ماهی ریخت ها
Body compressed (rarely cylindrical); precaudal vertebrae 12–26 (except Sternopygus, which can have as many as 30). Four families, 28 genera, and 101 species. Family RHAMPHICHTHYIDAE (sand knifefishes). Freshwater; South America. Family HYPOPOMIDAE (bluntnose knifefishes). Freshwater; Panama and South America.
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Family STERNOPYGIDAE (glass knifefishes). دشنه ماهیان
Freshwater; Panama and South America. Villiform teeth present on the upper and lower jaws; infraorbital bone series complete, bones enlarged, partial cylinders with slender osseous arches, and with an enlarged sensory canal; snout relatively short; eye relatively large (diameter equal to or greater than distance between nares); anal-fin origin at isthmus. Eigenmannia vicentespelaea of Brazil is the only cave-inhabiting gymnotiform. Maximum length 140 cm, attained in Sternopygus macrurus. Five genera, Archolaemus (1), Distocyclus (2), Eigenmannia (8), Rhabdolichops (8), and Sternopygus (9), with about 28 species.
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Family APTERONOTIDAE (ghost knifefishes). روح کارد ماهیان
Freshwater; Panama and South America. Small caudal fin (with fin rays) present that is not united to the anal fin; fleshy dorsal organ (a longitudinal strip attached to posterodorsal midline, resembling an adipose fin); neurogenic electric organ in adults. Maximum length 1.3 m, attained in Apteronotus magdalenesis. Thirteen genera (with another being described), Adontosternarchus (4), Apteronotus (19, synonyms Tembeassu and Ubidia), Compsaraia (1), Magosternarchus (2), Megadontognathus (2), Orthosternarchus (1), Parapteronotus (1), Platyurosternarchus (1), Porotergus (2), Sternarchella (4), Sternarchogiton (1), Sternarchorhamphus (1), and Sternarchorhynchus (6), with about 45 species
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