Keys for Identification of Wildflowers, Ferns, Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of Northern California

(140a) (141a) Weeping Spruce Mountain Hemlock (141b) Douglas Fir Fig. 39. Spruce, Douglas Fir and Hemlock cones. 139a. Leaves in clusters (Fig 37, p. 143); bracts on cone minute, 139b. not evident………….…………………..…………………………..142 140a. Leaves not clustered (Fig. 37, p. 143) bracts on cone evident……..140 Tree with scaly bark; lower branches with slender, pendulous 140b. branchlets; cool slopes, 4500 to 7500 ft., not common; Trinity and 141a. Siskiyou Counties. WEEPING SPRUCE (Picea breweriana) Tree with fissured or smooth bark…………….………………...…141 Bract shorter than scale (Fig. 34, p. 128); cone 1 ½ in. long or more; 6000 to 10.000 ft. MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK (Tsuga mertensiana) 145

(142a) (144a) Lodgepole or Tamarack (145a) Pine cone and needles White Bark Pine cone (144a, and 145b ) (145b) Needles of Sugar and Silver Pine Silver Pine cone Sugar Pine cone (147b) (147a) Monterey Pine cone Knobcone Pine cone and needles Fig. 40. Pine cones and needles. 146

(148b) Digger (Foothill) Pine cone (149a) (149b) Western Yellow Pine cone Jeffrey Pine cone (149a), (149b) Fig. 40. Pine cones and needles (cont.). 147

141b. Bract longer than scale and with a spear-like point; cone 2 to 3 ½ 142a. in long; sea level to 6000 ft., Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north. 142b. DOUGLAS FIR (Douglas spr uce) (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 143a. Usually 2 needles in a cluster, 1 to 3 in. long; cones opening when 143b. mature; slender tree, 50 to 125 ft. high, of forest and mountains. 144a. LODGEPOLE PINE (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana) 144b. Usually more than 2 needles in a cluster……………….….………143 145a. Usually 3 needles in a cluster, 3 to 10 in. long or more……..……..146 145b. Usually 5 needles in a cluster, less than 5 in. long..…………….... 144 146a. Cone 13 to 20 in. long; 2500 to 9000 ft. 146b. SUGAR PINE (Pinus lambertiana) 147a. Cone less than 12 in. long………………….………………………145 147b. Cone 1 to 4 in. long, globose; small tree usually wind-blown; 8000 148a. to 12,000 ft., Sierra Nevada north. 148b. WHITE BARK PINE (Pinus albicaulis) Cone 5 to 10 in. long, slender ; 6000 to 9500 ft., Sierra Nevada 149a. north. 149b. SILVER PINE (Pinus monticola) Cone opening and falling when mature………….………………...148 Cone remaining closed and attached to the tree for years…...…….147 Cone ovoid; coastal species widely planted in Sacramento Valley. MONTEREY PINE (Pinus radiata) Cone rather elongated; middle altitudes; widely scattered, Siskiyou County south. KNOB-CONE PINE (Pinus attenuata) Tree with a single trunk; foliage green and thick.………...……… 149 Tree with branching trunk; foliage gray-green and thin; needles long; cones large, 6 to 10 in. long, their scales with recurved points (Fig. 40, p. 147); low foothills, bordering Sacramento Valley. FOOTHILL PINE (Pinus sabiniana) Cone 3 to 6 in. long; middle altitudes; Coast ranges and Sierra Nevada north. WESTERN YELLOW PINE (Pinus ponderosa) Cone 7 to 10 in. long; bark has vanilla fragrance when warm; 4000 to 9000 ft. JEFFREY PINE (Pinus jeffreyi) 148

Glossary Abscission: the dr opping of leaves, flower s, fr uits, or other plant par ts, usually following the formation of an abscission zone. Achene: a har d, dr y, indehiscent fr uit with a single cavity. Acorn: the har d fr uit of an oak containing a single seed and having a basal cap formed from bracts. Acute: With a shar p point (less than a r ight angle), but not dr awn out. Adnate: gr own together with an unlike par t, as the calyx tube with an infer ior ovary. Adventitious: r efer r ing to a str uctur e ar ising fr om an unusual place, such as buds at other places than leaf axils, or roots growing from stems or leaves. Aggregate Fruit: der ived fr om many ovar ies of a single flower . Examples include blackberries, and strawberries. Alkaline: r efer r ing to a substance that gives a basic as opposed to an acid r eaction; e.g. lye. Alpine: above timber line on high mountains. Alternate: r efer r ing to bud or leaf ar r angement in which ther e is one bud or one leaf at a node. Angiosperm: a seed bor ne in a vessel; thus one of a gr oup of plants whose seeds are borne within a mature ovary. Annual: a plant in which the life cycle is completed in a single gr owing season. Anther: the pollen-bearing portion of a stamen. Apex: the tip or summit, as the tip of a leaf or the gr owing point of a stem. Apical Dominance: the influence exer ted by a ter minal bud in suppr essing the growth of lateral buds. Apical Meristem: the mer istem at the tip of the r oot or shoot in a vascular plant. Appressed: pr essed tightly against another str uctur e. Aquatic: living in water . Arched: cur ved like a bow. Aromatic: possessing a spicy ar oma. Ascending: r ising obliquely or cur ving upwar ds. Asexual: r epr oduction that does not involve the union of a sper m and an egg. Auricled: having an ear like appendage. Autotroph: an or ganism that is able to synthesize the nutr itive substances it r e- quires from inorganic substances in its environment. Auxin: a plant gr owth-regulating hormone; controls cell elongation, among other effects. Axil: the upper angle between a twig or leaf and the stem fr om which it gr ows. Banner: the upper , br oad, mor e or less er ect petal of a pea flower . Barbed: bear ing shar p, r igid, r eflexed points like the bar b of a fishhook. Basal tuft: a dense cluster of stems, or other str uctur es, ar ising fr om the base of the plant. Beaked: ending in a fir m elongated tip. Bearded: bear ing long stiff hair s. Berry: a multi-seeded fruit derived from a single ovary. Examples include grapes, kiwi, tomatoes, bananas and persimmons. Biennial: a plant that nor mally r equir es two gr owing seasons to complete its life cycle, flowering and fruiting in its second year. Bipinnate: said of leaves when both the pr imar y and the secondar y divisions ar e pinnate. Blade: the br oad, expanded par t of a leaf; the lamina. 149

Bloom: a usually waxy, whitish or bluish powder cover ing the sur face of a leaf, stem, fruit, or other organ. Bract: a r educed or modified leaf subtending a flower or inflor escence. Bristle: a stiff, shar p hair . Bud: an embr yonic shoot, often pr otected by young leaves. Bulb: a shor t under gr ound stem cover ed by enlar ged and fleshy leaf bases contain- ing stored food. Bulbet: a small bulb, especially one bor ne in a leaf axil. Callus: undiffer entiated tissue; a ter m used in tissue cultur e, gr afting, and wound healing. Calyx: the outer most ser ies of flower par ts composed of separ ate or united sepals. Campanulate: bell-shaped, like an inverted church bell; rounded at the point of attachment with a broad flaring rim. Capitate: head-shaped; collected into very dense clusters or heads. Capsule: a dr y, many-seeded fruit splitting lengthways at maturity. Carpel: a simple pistil, or one of the modified leaves for ming a compound pistil. Cell: the str uctur al unit of or ganisms; in plants, cells consist of the cell wall and the protoplast. Cellulose: a car bohydr ate; the chief component of the cell wall in plants and some protests; and insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules attached end to end. Cell Wall: the r igid outer most layer of the cells found in plants, some pr otists, and most bacteria. Chaffy: having thin, dr y scales or br acts. Chaparral: a dense gr owth, usually on dr y slopes, composed mostly of stiff, ever - green shrubs. Chlorophyll: The gr een pigment of plant cells, which is the r eceptor of light ener gy in photosynthesis; also found in algae and photosynthetic bacteria. Chloroplast: a plastid in which chlor ophylls ar e contained; the site of photosynthe- sis. Chloroplasts occur in plants and algae. Clasping: leaf par tly or wholly sur r ounding the stem to which it is attached. Cleft: cut about half-way to the midrib of a leaf. Complete Flower: a flower having four whor ls of flor al par ts – sepals, petals, sta- mens, and carpels. Compound Leaf: a leaf whose blade is divided into sever al distinct leaflets. Compound Ovary: an ovar y which has mor e than one placenta or point or ar ea of attachment of ovules; i.e., more than one carpel. Cone: the pollen or seed bear ing str uctur es of most of the gymnosper ms. Confluent: blending of one par t into another . Congested: cr owded together . Conifer: a cone-bearing tree. Constricted: tightened or dr awn together . Coriaceous: leather y in textur e, tough. Cork: a secondar y tissue pr oduced by a cor k cambium; made up of polygonal cells, nonliving at maturity, with walls infiltrated with suberin, a waxy or fatty material resistant to the passage of gases and water vapor. Cork Cambium: the later al mer istem that for ms the per ider m, pr oducing cor k toward the surface of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside; common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicots. Corm: a thickened under gr ound stem, upr ight in position, in which food is accumulated, usually in the form of starch. Corolla: the petals collectively; usually the conspicuously color ed flower whor l. Corolla Lobe: The outer fr ee par ts of the petals that ar e united to for m the cor olla. 150

Cortex: gr ound tissue r egion of a stem or root bounded externally by the epidermis and internally by the vascular system. Cotyledon: seed leaf; gener ally stor es food in dicotyledons and absor bs food in monocotyledons. Crest: an elevated appendage, or r idge at a pr ominent point of a str uctur e or or - gan. Cuticle: waxy or fatty layer on outer wall of epider mal cells, for med of cutin and wax. Cylindric: elongated with a cir cular cr oss section. Cytoplasm: the living matter of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus; the pr otoplasm. Deciduous: falling off, as petals fall after flower ing, or as leaves of non -evergreen trees in autumn. Decompound: mor e than once divided, such as the divisions of leaflets of a com- pound leaf. Decumbent: r eclining but with the tip ascending. Dehiscent: opening spontaneously along definite lines when r ipe to dischar ge the contents, such as anthers and certain fruits. Dichotomously: br anching into two for ks, the successive segments r epeatedly twice forking. Diffuse: widely or loosely spr eading. Dilated: flattened and br oadened. Dioecious: unisexual; having the male and female elements on differ ent individuals of the same species. Discrete: separ ate, not coalescent. Disk Flowers: tubular flower s of a composite (Aster aceae) Dissected: deeply divided into numer ous fine segments. Dissimilar: when similar or gans assume differ ent for ms in the same individual. Divergent: extending away fr om each other by degr ees. Dorsal: per taining to the back; the sur face tur ned away fr om the axis, hence the under side of a leaf. Drupe: a fleshy, one-seeded fruit containing a stone with a kernel and derived entirely from an ovary. Examples include peaches, plums, and cherries. Elongate: dr awn out in length. Entire margin: undivided; the mar gin continuous, not incised or toothed. Epidermis: the outer most layer of cells of the leaf and of young stems and r oots; primary in origin. Epigynous: bor ne on the ovar y that is then infer ior . Escape: a cultivated plant found gr owing wild. Ethylene: a simple hydr ocar bon that is a plant hor mone involved in r ipening of fruit. Evergreen: bear ing gr een foliage thr oughout the year . Leaves ar e shed gr adually so that the plant is never bare as with deciduous plants. Exserted: extending beyond, as stamen pr ojecting beyond the cor olla. Fascicle: bor ne as though in bundles tied at base, or as though br anching fr om a common base. Fertilization: the union of a male cell with a female r epr oductive cell, as the sper m nucleus of the pollen grain uniting with the egg nucleus, ultimately resulting in a seed. Fibrous: having har dened woody thr eads or fiber s. Filament: the stalk of a stamen. Fleshy: thick and juicy; succulent. Floral cup: a cup bear ing on its r im the sepals, petals and stamen; for med by the receptacle. Floral tube: an elongated, slender tube usually for med by the fusion of the sepals and petals edge to edge; a tubular floral cup. Flower: the r epr oductive str uctur e of angiosper ms; a complete flower includes calyx, corolla, stamens, and carpels, but all flowers contain at least one stamen or one carpel. 151

Foliage: the leafy cover ing of a plant, especially tr ees. Follicle: a dr y fr uit, usually developing fr om a simple ovar y and dehiscing along one margin. Frond: the leaf of a fer n. Fruit: in angiosper ms, a matur e, r ipened ovar y, containing the seeds, together with any adjacent parts that may be fused with it at maturity; sometimes applied informally, and misleadingly, as in “fruiting body,” to the reproductive structures of other kinds of organisms. Galea: that par t of an ir r egular cor olla (usually the upper lip) or calyx that is ex- tended upward as a spur or helmet. Glabrous: without pubescence (hair s) of any kind. Glandular: bear ing glands, small cellular or gans secr eting oils, tar s, r esins, etc. Often only the secretion is visible. Globular: spher ical, or r ounded. Glutinous: cover ed with a sticky substance. Grooved: with fur r ows or gr ooves on the sur face. Herb: a plant that the par ts above gr ound ar e not woody. Herbaceous: not woody; having the textur e of a foliage leaf; dying to the gr ound each year. Herbage: all the abovegr ound, non-woody part of a plant. Hood: a hood-like structure, often formed from one or more petals or sepals. Hormone: a chemical substance pr oduced usually in minute amounts in one par t of an organism, from which it is transported to another part of that organism on which it has a specific effect. Hypogynous: bor ne on the r eceptacle below or fr ee fr om the pistil; said of petals or stamens. Imbibition: adsor ption of water into substances such as wood, which causes to swell and increase in volume. Imperfect Flower: a flower lacking either stamens or car pels. Incised: having the mar gin deeply cleft. Incomplete Flower: a flower lacking one or mor e of the four kinds of flor al par ts. Incurved: bending fr om without inwar ds. Indehiscent: said of fr uits that r emain closed when matur e and do not shed their seeds. Indeterminate: of indefinite gr owth; said of inflor escences in which the ter minal flowers open last. Indoleacetic Acid (IAA): natur ally occur r ing auxin, a kind of plant hor mone. Indusium: the scale-like covering of the sorus of some ferns. Inferior Ovary: an ovar y that is completely or par tially attached to the calyx; the other floral whorls appear to arise from the ovary’s top. Inflated: appear ing as though blown up with air . Inflorescence: the ar r angement of flower s on the flower ing stalk. Insectivorous: consuming insects; i.e. by dissolving out the or ganic par ts. Inserted: attached to or gr owing upon. Internode: the r egion of a stem between two successive nodes. Involucre: a gr oup of closely placed, fr ee, or united br acts that subtend or enclose an inflorescence. Keel: a r idge along the outside of a fold, like a keel on a boat; the fused lower pet- als of a pea flower. Keeled: having a r idge like the keel of a boat. Lanceolate: much longer than br oad, taper ing fr om below the middle to the apex and more sharply to the base. Lateral Root: a r oot that ar ises fr om another r oot; also called a br anch r oot. Lax: loose and often scatter ed, as sometimes of flower s in an inflor escence. 152

Leaflet: one of the par ts of a compound leaf. Leaf Scar: a scar left on a twig when a leaf falls. Life Cycle: the cour ses of development fr om any given stage to the same again, as from the seed to the seed once more. Lignin: one of the most impor tant constituents of the secondar y wall of vascular plants, although not all secondary walls contain lignin; after cellulose, lignin is the most abundant plant polymer. Linear: r esembling a line; long and nar r ow, of unifor m width, as the leaf-blade of grasses. Long-day Plants: plants that must be exposed to light per iods longer than some critical length for flowering to occur; they flower in spring or in summer. Magenta: a r eddish shape of pur ple. Maroon: a r eddish blue to r eddish yellow, or low br illiance. Membranous: thin, soft, pliable and tr anslucent. Meristem: the undiffer entiated plant tissue fr om which new cells ar ise. Mesophyll: the gr ound tissue of a leaf, located between the layer s of epider mis; mesophyll cells generally contain chloroplasts. Midrib: the centr al vein of a leaf or other or gan. Monocotyledon: a plant whose embr yo has one cotyledon; one of two gr eat classes of angiosperms, often abbreviated as monocots. Monoecious: having the anther s and car pels pr oduced in separ ate flower s on the same individual. Montane: per taining to mountains, usually r efer r ing to moder ate elevations. Multiple Fruit: der ived fr om the fusion of many ovar ies and r eceptacles of many flowers. Examples include mulberries and figs. Nectary: a gland which secr etes nectar , a sugar solution that attr acts insects. Nerve: a simple vein or slender r ib of a leaf or br act. Net veined: having the veins intr icately br anched, the br anches connection with braches of other veins. Nitrogen Fixation: the incor por ation of atmospher ic nitr ogen into nitr ogen com- pounds; carried out by certain free-living and symbiotic bacteria. Node: the par t of a stem wher e one or mor e leaves ar e attached. Notched: a nick or indentation in the mar gin of a leaf or petal. Nucleus: a specialized body within the eukar yotic cell bounded by a double mem- brane and containing the chromosomes. Nut: der ived fr om the fusion of an ovar y and a per ianth. Examples include wal- nuts, pecans, and pistachios. Nutlet: diminutive of nut; often applied to any small, dr y nutlike fr uit. Oblanceolate: pointed at the apex, br oadest above the middle, and taper ing to the base; refers to flat structures like a leaf. Obtuse: blunt or r ounded at the end. Opposite: ter m applied to buds or leaves occur r ing in pair s at nodes. Organ: a str uctur e composed of differ ent tissues, such as r oot, stem, leaf, or flower parts. Ovary: the par t of the pistil that contains the ovar y. Ovate: shaped like a longitudinal section of a hen’s egg, the broader end basal. Ovoid: egg-shaped; 3-Dimensional ovate. Panicle: a compound inflor escence in which the axis is br anched one or mor e times. Pappus: the chaffy, scaly, br istle-like or feathery structure at the juction of the achene and the corolla in the Sunflower family. Parallel Venation: the patter n of venation in which the pr incipal veins of the leaf are parallel or nearly so; characteristic of monocots. 153

Parenchyma: a tissue composed of par enchyma cells; gener ally thin -walled cells of variable size and form; the most abundant cell type in plants. Pedicle: the stalk of a single flower in a flower cluster . Peduncle: the stem of a solitar y flower or the main stem of a flower cluster . Perennial: a plant that per sists and pr oduces r epr oductive str uctur es year after year. Perfect Flower: a flower having both stamens and car pels; her maphr oditic flower . Perianth: the petals and sepals taken together . Perigynous: bor ne ar ound the ovar y instead of beneath it, as when the stamen and corolla are inserted on the floral tube which is not adnate to the ovary. Petal: a flower part, usually conspicuously colored; one of the units of the corolla. Petiole: the stalk of a leaf. Phenotype: the physical appear ance of an or ganism; the phenotype r esults fr om the interactions between the genetic constitution (genotype) of the organism its environment. Phloem: the food conducting tissue of vascular plants, which is composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclerids. Photoperiodism: r esponse to dur ation and timing of day and night; a mechanism evolved by organisms for measuring seasonal time. Photosynthesis: the conver sion of light ener gy to chemical ener gy; the pr oduction of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll by using light energy. Phototropism: gr owth in which the dir ection of the light is the deter mining factor , as the growth of a plant toward a light source; turning or bending in response to light. Pigment: a substance that absor bs light; often selectively. Pinnate: a compound leaf having the leaflets ar r anged along each side of a com- mon axis. Pistil: a ter m sometimes used to r efer to an individual car pel or a gr oup of fused carpels. Pith: the gr ound tissue occupying the center of the stem or r oot within the vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma. Placenta: the str uctur e or tissues in an ovar y which bear s the ovules. Plane: sur face flat and even, not cur ved. Plasma Membrane: outer boundar y of the pr otoplast, next to cell wall; consists of a single membrane; also called cell wall. Plumose: feather y, having fine hair s on each side as a plume or feather . Pod: a dr y, and many seeded dehiscent fr uit, as a legume. Pollen: a micr ospor e containing a matur e or immatur e micr ogametophyte (male); occurs in seed plants. Pollination: in angiosper ms, the tr ansfer of pollen fr om an anther to a stigma. In gymnosperms, the transfer of pollen from a pollen-producing cone directly to an ovule. Pome: der ived fr om the fusion of the ovar y and the r eceptacle. Examples include apples, pears, and pomegranates. Primary Growth: in plants, gr owth or iginating in the apical mer istems of shoots and roots; growth results in an increase in length. Procambium: a pr imar y mer istematic tissue that gives r ise to pr imar y vascular tissue. Procumbent: tr ailing or lying flat, but not r ooting. Prothallus: a flattened, leafy str uctur e r esulting fr om a developing spor e and bear - ing sexual organs, as in the life cycle of the fern. Protoderm: pr imar y mer istematic tissue that gives r ise to epider mis. Pubescent: cover ed with shor t soft hair s, downy. Raceme: a simple, elongated, indeter minate inflor escence with flower pedicels of approximately the same length. 154

Ray Flowers: the showy, mar ginal flower s in Aster aceae as opposed to the centr al tubular disk flowers. Receptacle: that par t of the axis of a flower stalk that bear s the flor al or gans. Recurved: tur ned backwar d or downwar d in a cur ving manner . Reduced: small but pr obably der ived fr om lar ger for er unner s. Reflexed: bent abr uptly backwar d or downwar d. Regular flower: said of a flower or par ts of a flower , when the member s within each whorl are alike. Rhizome: a mor e or less hor izontal under gr ound stem. Rib: a pr imar y vein of a leaf or r idge on a fr uit. Root: the usually descending axis of a plant, nor mally below ground, which ser ves to anchor the plant and to absorb and conduct water and minerals into it. Root Cap: a thumb-like mass of cells that covers and protects the growing tip of a root. Root Pressure: the pr essur e developed in r oots as the r esult of osmosis, which causes guttation of water from leaves and exudation from cut stumps. Rosette: a gr oup of or gans, such as leaves, in cr owded cluster s ar ound a common point of attachment. Runner: a slender tr ailing stem r ooting at the nodes or end (a stolon). Sac: a pocket-like or bag-like indentation or swelling. Sagittate: shaped like an ar r owhead with the basal lobes tur ned downwar d. Samara: a dr y, indehiscent, winged fr uit, as in the elms or maples. Scale: a thin, dr y, membr anous str uctur e, a chaff-like bract. Seed: a matur ed ovule containing the embr yo plant. Segment: a division or par t of a leaf or other or gan that is cleft or divided but not truly compound. Sepal: one of the segments of the calyx. Sessile: attached dir ectly by the base; not stalked. Sexual: per taining to sex as concer ned in r epr oductive pr ocesses. Sheathing: cover ing or enclosing, as the basal par t of a gr ass leaf sur r ounds the stem. Simple ovary: one having one cell with one placenta, one style and one stigma; a carpel. Sorus (plural, sori): a cluster of spor e cases (spor angia) found on the back of fer n frounds. Spaculate: like a spatula, r ounded above and gr adually nar r owed to the base. Spicate: having the for m of or ar r anged in a spike. Spike: a slender , shar p-pointed projection. An elongated inflorescence in which the flowers are numerous and sessile. Spine: a shar p pointed, stiff, woody base der ived fr om a stem, leaf, or stipule. Sporangium: a sac in which spor es ar e pr oduced; a spor e case, as in fer ns. Spore: a cell which becomes fr ee and is capable of development, as in fer ns. Spur: A hollow, elongate outgr owth of the cor olla or calyx, usually nectar bear ing. Stamen: The male or gan of the flower which bear s the pollen in the anther . Staminodium: a ster ile stamen or what cor r esponds to a stamen. Sterile: not fer tile; bar r en; said of flower s which for any r eason ar e not bear ing fruits. Stigma: the r eceptive par t of the pistil on which the pollen ger minates. Stipe: the leaf-stalk of a fern, the stalk beneath a ovary. Stipule: one of a pair or mor e of less leaf-like appendages found at the base of the petiole of many plants. Style: the usually slender par t of the pistil between the ovar y and the stigma. Subtend: to be below and close to, as a leaf subtends a bud bor ne in its axil. Succulent: fleshy; composed of soft, water y tissue. Superior ovary: one that is above and fr ee fr om other flor al or gans which ar e at- tached beneath it. 155

Tendril: a modified stem, leaf, or par t of a leaf, in a climbing plant, that twines around an object and thus supports the plant. Ternate: in thr ees, as a leaf consisting of thr ee leaflets. Terrestrial: gr owing on land. Throat: the mor e or less expanded par t of the cor olla tube immediately below the lobes. Toothed: with minor pr ojections and indentations alter nating along the mar gin. Trailing: pr ostr ate but not r ooting. Translucent: allowing the passage of light but not tr anspar ent. Trifoliate: with thr ee leaves, as tr illium. Trifoliolate: with thr ee leaflets, as clover . Tripinnate: thr ee times pinnate, with pr imar y, secondar y, and ter tiar y leaflets. Tubular: shaped like a hollow cylinder . Turbinate: top-shaped. Umbel: a flat or convex flower cluster in which the pedicels ar ise fr om a common point, like the rays of an umbrella. Unisexual: flower s having only stamens or pistils; of one sex. Vegetative organs: a r oot, stem, leaf, or other non-reproductive part of a plant. Vernal: occur r ing dur ing the spr ingtime, as a pool which dr ies up later . Viscid: sticky, fr om a coating or secr etion. Whorl: a r ing of smaller or gans r adiating fr om a single node. Winged: bear ing a wing. 156

Index A Abies concolor (White Fir), 143 Abies magnifica (Shasta Fir, Red Fir), 143 Acer circinatum (Vine Maple), 138 Acer glabrum (Sierra Maple), 138 Acer macrophyllum (Big-Leaf Maple), 137 Acer negundo (Box Elder), 130 Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), 106 Achyrachaena mollis (Blow-Wives), 101 Aconite (A conitum columbianum), 26 Actaea rubra (Baneberry), 26 Adenostoma fasciculatum (Chamise), 137 Adiantum aleuticum (Five-Finger Fern), 121 Adiantum jordani (California Maidenhair), 121 Adobe Lily, see Fritillaria pluriflora, 53 Aesculus californica (Buckeye), 127 Agastache urticifolia or A. parviflora (Spearmint), 65 Ageratina occidentale (Western Thoroughwort), 101 Agoseris, 100 Agrimonia gryposepala (Western Burnet), 94 Ailanthus altissima (Tree of Heaven), 127 Alder, see Alnus, 136 Alder-Leafed Coffeeberry (Rhamnus alnifolia), 135 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), 77 Alisma plantago-aquatica (Water Plantain), 115 Alkali Goldfields (Lasthenia platycarpha), 105 Alkali Mallow (Malvella leprosa), 57 Allium (Wild Onion), 17 Allophyllum divaricatum (Skunk Gilia), 82 Allophyllum gilioides (Violet Gilia), 82 Allophyllum integrifolium (Straggly Gilia), 82 Alnus incana (Mountain Alder), 136 Alnus rhombifolia (White Alder), 136 Alpine Beauty (Clintonia uniflora), 51 Alpine Beech Fern (Athyrium alpestre), 119 Alpine Smelowskia (Smelowskia ovalis), 66 Alum-Root, see Heuchera, 95 Alyssum alyssoides (Small Alyssum, Yellow Alyssum, et al), 67 Amaryllis and Lily Family (Liliaceae), 17 Amelanchier utahensis (Western Service Berry), 132 American Microcala (Cicendia quadrangularis), 45 Ammania coccinea (Long-Leafed Ammania), 56 Amsinckia menziesii (Rancher’s Fireweed), 21 Anagallis arvensis (Scarlet or Red Pimpernel, Eye-Bright, et al), 89 Anaphalis margaritacea (Pearly Everlasting), 101 Anemone deltoidea (Three-Leaf Anemone), 27 Anemone drummondii (Moraine Anemone), 27 Anemone multifida (Globose Anemone), 27 Anemone occidentalis (Western Pasque Flower), 27 Anemone oregana (Western Wood Anemone), 27 157

Angelica argute (Lyall’s Angelica), 74 Antelope Brush (Purshia tridentate), 131 Antennariai (Pussytoes), 100 Anthemis cotula (Mayweed), 106 Anthricus caucalis (Bur-Chervil), 74 Antirrhinum cornutum (Snapdragon), 43 Aphanes occidentalis (Western Lady’s Mantle), 94 Apiaceae (Parsley Family), 73 Apocynaceae (Dogbane Family), 28 Apocynum androsaemifolium (Mountain Hemp), 28 Apocynum cannabinum (Clasping-Leaf Dogbane), 28 Aquilegia formosa (Red Columbine), 26 Arabis (Rock Cress), 69 Aralia californica (Spikenard), 129 Arbutus menziesii (Madrone, Madrona), 133 Arctostaphylos (Manzanita), 133 Arenaria (Sandwort), 87 Arenaria congesta (Ballhead Sandwort), 87 Argemone munita (Hedgehog Prickly Poppy, Chicalote, et al), 88 Aristolochia californica (Pipe Vine, Dutchman’s Pipe), 134 Arnica, 105 Arrowhead, Common (Sagittaria latifolia), 115 Artemisia tridentate (Basin Sagebrush), 131 Aruncus dioicus (Goat’s Beard), 94 Asclepias cordifolia (Purple Milkweed), 60 Asclepias eriocarpa, (Creek Milkweed, Showy Milkweed), 60 Asclepias fascicularis (Silkweed, Mexican Milkweed, et al), 60 Asclepias solanoana (Solono Milkweed), 60 Ash, see Fraxinus, 129 Aspen (Populus tremuloides), 136 Aspidotis californica (California Lace Fern), 121 Aspidotis densa (Oregon Cliff-Brake), 122 Aster, 103 Asteraceae, 98 Astragalus (Rattleweed, Locoweed), 77 Athyrium alpestre (Alpine Beech Fern), 119 Athyrium filix-femina (Lady Fern), 117 Athysanus pusillus (Petty Athsyanus, Dwarf Athsyanus), 66 Austin Woodland Nemophila (Nemophila parviflora), 111 Avens, Big-Leafed or Yellow (Geum macrophyllum), 93 Azolla filiculoides (Duckweed Fern), 117 B Baby Blue-Eyes, Baby Eyes (Nemophila menziesii), 112 Baby’s Breath, Wild (Linanthus harknessii), 81 Baccharis pilularis (Chaparral Broom, Coyote Brush), 131 Baccharis salicifolia (Mule Fat), 133 Bachelor’s Buttons (Centaurea cyanus), 102 Baker’s Linanthus (Linanthus bolanderi), 81 Baker’s Mallow (Iliamna bakeri), 57 Ball-Head Gilia (Ipomopsis congesta), 83 Balsam Root (Balsamorhiza), 106 Baneberry (A ctaea rubra), 26 Barbarea orthoceras (Winter Cress), 68 Barnaby’s Thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), 102 Basin Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate), 131 Bay Laurel, Bay Tree (Umbellularia californica), 134 Bear Grass (X erophyllum tenax), 55

Beavertail Grass (Calochortus coeruleus), 52 Bedstraw (Galium), 57 Bee Plant, California (Scrophularia californica), 36 Beggar Gilia (Phlox gracilis), 80 Bellflower Family (Campanulaceae), 20 Berberis (Oregon Grape), 127 Bermuda Buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae), 73 Berula erecta (Water Parship), 75 Betula (Birch), 136 Big-Flowered Gilia (Collomia grandiflora), 83 Big-Root (Marah fabacee), 48 Bilberry, Sierra (V accinium cespitosum), 48 Bilberry, Red (V accinium parvifolium), 134 Birch (Betula), 136 Bird Checker (Sidalcea glaucescens), 58 Bird’s Beak (Cordylanthus), 36 Bird’s Eyes (Gilia tricolor), 82 Bird’s Foot Trefoil (Lotus), 77 Bird’s-Foot Fern (Pellaea mucronata), 121 Bitter Cherry (Prunus emarginata), 135 Bitter Clover (Melilotus indicus), 77 Bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), 90 Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), 136 Black Walnut (Juglans hindsii), 127 Blackberries (Rubus), 130 Bladder Fern (Cystopteris fragilis), 119 Blazing Star (Mentzelia laevicaulis), 56 Bleeding Heart, California (Dicentra pauciflora), 44 Blennosperma nanum (Yellow Carpet), 107 Blow-Wives (Achyrachaena mollis), 101 Blue Dicks (Dichelostemma capitatum), 19 Blue-Eyed Grass, Idaho (Sisyrinchium idahoense), 49 Blue Larkspur (Delphinium), 26 Blue Lettuce (Lactuca tatarica), 99 Blue Mirror (Githopsis specularioides), 20 Blue Star (Brodiaea minor), 19 Blue Vervain (V erbena hastate), 108 Blue Weed (Aconitum columbianum), 26 Bluebell (Campanula rotundifolia), 20 Bluebell, Oblong-Leaf (Mertensia oblongifolia), 23 Bluebell, Sierra Mountain (Mertensia ciliata), 23 Bluebell, Small (Mertensia longiflora), 23 Blue-Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium bellum), 50 Bog Asphodel (Narthecium californicum), 54 Bog Kalmia (Kalmia polifolia), 48 Bog-Bean (Menyanthes trifoliate), 45 Boisduvalia (Spike Primrose), 30 Bolander’s Wyethia (W yethia bolanderi), 104

Borage Family (Boraginaceae), 21 Boschniakia strobilacea (Manzanita Cancer Root), 24 Botrychium multifidum (Grape Fern), 117 Bouncing Bet (Saponaria officinalis), 86 Box Elder (Acer negundo), 130 Boykinia major (Sierra Boykinia), 95 Boykinia occidentalis (Brook Foam), 95 Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum), 119 Brasenia schreberi (Water Shield), 115 Brassica nigra (Black Mustard), 68 Brassica rapa (Field Mustard, Common Yellow Mustard), 68 Brassicaceae (Mustard Family), 66 Brewer’s Cliff-Brake (Pellaea breweri), 121 Brickellia grandiflora (Thoroughwort, Tassel-Flower Brickellia), 102 Bride’s Bonnet (Clintonia uniflora), 51 Bridges Cliff-Brake (Pellaea bridgesii), 121 Brittle Fern (Cystopteris fragilis), 119 Brodiaea appendiculata (Valley Brodiaea), 19 Brodiaea californica (California Brodiaea), 19 Brodiaea coronaria or B. elegans (Harvest Brodiaea), 19 Brodiaea minor (Blue Star), 19 Brodiaea, Bridge’s (Triteleia bridgesii), 20 Brodiaea, Golden (Triteleia ixioides), 20 Brodiaea, Many-Flowered (Dichelostemma multiflora), 17 Brodiaea, Twining (Dichelostemma volubilis), 17 Bronze Bells (Fritillaria atropurpurea or F. micrantha), 53 Brook Foam (Boykinia occidentalis), 95 Broom-Rape Family (Orobanchaceae), 24 Brown Bells or Brown Lily (Fritillaria micrantha), 53 Brush Gilia (Linanthus nuttallii), 81 Brush Pea (Lathyrus brownie), 76 Buck Brush (Ceanothus cuneatus), 138 Buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliate), 45 Buckeye (A esculus californica), 127 Buckhorn (Plantago lanceolata), 87 Buckthorn Family (Rhamnaceae), 24 Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae), 25 Buffalo-Berry (Shepherdia argentea), 139 Bur Clover, see Medicago, 78 Bur-Chervil (Anthricus caucalis), 74 Bush Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), 127 Bush Poppy (Dendromecon rigida), 133 Butte Calycadenia (Calycadenia oppositifolia), 106 Butter-and-Eggs (Triphysaria eriantha), 34, or (Linaria vulgaris), 43 Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae), 25 Butterfly Tongue (Pedicularis groenlandica), 35 Button Snakeroot (Eryngium), 75 Button Willow (Cephalanthus occidentalis), 141 C Calandrinia ciliate (Red Maids, Wild Portulaca), 91 California Hesperochiron (Hesperochiron californicus), 111 California Honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula), 138 California Lace Fern (Aspidotis californica), 121

California Laurel (Umbellularia californica), 134 California Maidenhair (Adiantum jordani), 121 California Meconella (Meconella californica), 88 California Mosquito Bills (Dodecatheon hendersonii), 89 California Nutmeg (Torreya californica), 141 California Polypody (Polypodium californicum), 119 California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica), 88 California Silene (Silene californica), 85 California Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), 94 Calocedrus decurrens (Incense Cedar), 141 Calochortus albus (White Globe Lily, White Fairy Lantern, et al), 53 Calochortus argillosus (Supurb Mariposa Lily), 53 Calochortus bruneaunis (Sego Lily), 52 Calochortus coeruleus (Beavertail Grass), 52 Calochortus leichtlinii (Leichtlin’s or Smokey Mariposa), 52 Calochortus luteus (Yellow Mariposa), 52 Calochortus macrocarpus (Green-Banded Star Tulip), 52 Calochortus monophyllus (Yellow Star Tulip, Yellow Pussy Ears), 52 Calochortus nudus (Sierra Star Tulip, Naked Star Tulip), 52 Calochortus pulchellus (Golden Lantern), 53 Calochortus tolmiei (Pussy Ears), 52 Calochortus vestae (Purdy’s Mariposa Lily), 53 Caltrop Family (Zygophyllaceae), 27 Calycadenia oppositifolia (Alkali Goldfields), 106 Calycanthus occidentalis (Spice Bush), 141 Calypso bulbosa (Calypso, Deer-Head Orchid), 72 Calyptridium umbellatum (Pussy Paws), 90 Calystegia malacophylla (Woolly Morning-Glory), 65 Camas (Camassia), 55 Camissonia andina (Plateau Primrose), 31 Camissonia contorta (Contorted Primrose), 31 Camissonia lacustris (Field Primrose), 31 Campanula (Bellflower), 20 Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell, Bluebell), 20 Camphor Weed (Trichostema lanceolatum), 62 Cancer Root, Manzanita (Boschniakia strobilacea), 24 Cancer-Root, California (Orobanche californica), 24 Cancer-Root, Pinon (Orobanche fasciculate), 24 Candy Flower (Claytonia sibirica), 91 Caper Family (Capparidaceae), 28 Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family), 49 Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd’s Purse), 66 Cardamine californica (Milkmaids), 69 Cardamine nuttallii (Slender Toothwort), 69 Cardamine pachystigma (Stout-Beaked Toothwort), 69 Cardaria draba (Hoary Cress), 66 Carpenter’s Weed (Prunella vulgaris), 65 Carrot-Leafed Horkelia (Horkelia daucifolia), 93 Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family), 85 Cascara Sagrada (Frangula purshiana), 135 Cassiope mertensiana (Mertens Cassiope), 48 Castanopsis (Chinquapin), 136 Castilleja angustifolia (Desert Indian Paint Brush), 33 Castilleja applegatei (Wavy-Leafed Indian Paint Brush), 33 Castilleja arachnoidea (Cobwebby Indian Paint Brush), 32 Castilleja attenuata (Valley-Tassels), 35 Castilleja campestris (Field Orthocarpus), 34

Castilleja lacera (Cut-Leaf Orthocarpus), 34 Castilleja linariaefolia (Wyoming Painted Cup), 33 Castilleja miniata (Scarlet Painted Cup), 33 Castilleja payneae (Pumice Indian Paint Brush), 32 Castilleja pilosa (Hairy Indian Paint Brush), 33 Castilleja pruinosa (Pruinose Indian Paint Brush), 33 Castilleja psittacina (Parrot’s Head Paint Brush), 33 Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides (Cream Sacs), 34 Castilleja subinclusa (Long-Leafed Indian Paint Brush), 33 Cat’s Breeches (Hydrophyllum capitatum), 112 Catchfly, Common, English, or Small-Flowered (Silene gallica), 85 Ceanothus cuneatus (Buck Brush), 138 Ceanothus lemmonii (Ceanothus), 133 Ceanothus prostrates (Squaw Carpet, Mahala Mat), 24 Cedar, Port Orford (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), 143 Centaurea cyanus (Bachelor’s Buttons, Cornflower), 102 Centaurea melitensis (Napa Thistle, Tocalote, et al), 102 Centaurea solstitialis (Yellow Star Thistle, Barnaby’s), 102 Centaurium venustum (Chanchaluga, Pink Centaury, et al), 46 Centaury, see Centaurium, 46 Cephalanthera austiniae (Phantom Orchid), 71 Cephalanthus occidentalis (Button Willow), 141 Cerastium glomeratum (Mouse-Eared Chickweed, Sticky Cerastium), 87 Cercis occidentalis (Redbud), 131 Cercocarpus betuloides (Mountain Mahogany), 132 Cercocarpus ledifolius (Desert Mahohany), 133 Chaenactis, 101 Chain Fern (Woodwardia fimbriata), 117 Chamaebatia foliolosa (Mountain Misery), 127 Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Desert Sweet), 127 Chamaesaracha nana (Dwarf Chamaesaracha), 70 Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), 137 Chamomilla suaveolens (Pineapple Weed), 102 Chaparral Clematis (Clematis lasiantha), 130 Chaparral Honeysuckle (Lonicera interrupta), 138 Chaparral Pea (Pickeringia montana), 130 Chatter-Box (Epipactis gigantean), 72 Checker Lily, see Fritillaria, 53 Checker, see Sidalcea, 59 Cheese-Weed (Malva parviflora), 57 Cheilanthes gracillima (Lace Fern), 121 Chia (Salvia columbariae), 62 Chicalote (Argemone munita), 88 Chickweed, Common (Stellaria media), 86 Chickweed, Mouse-Eared (Cerastium glomeratum), 87 Chickweed, Red (Anagallis arvensis), 89 Chicory (Cichorium intybus), 98 Chicory Lettuce (Lactuca tatarica), 99 Chilean Clover (Medicago sativa), 77 Chillicothe (Marah fabaceus), 48 Chimaphila menziesii (Pipsissewa), 116 Chimaphila umbellate (Western Prince’s Pine), 116 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford Cedar), 143 Chinese Houses, see Collinsia, 39

Chinese Pursley (Heliotropium curassavicum), 21 Chinquapin (Castanopsis), 136 Chlorogalum (Soap Plant), 55 Chorizanthe (Turk’s Rug), 25 Christmas Horns (Delphinium nudicaule), 26 Chrysopsis (Golden Aster), 102 Chrysothamnus (Rabbit-Brush), 131, 137 Cicendia quadrangularis (Tim-Wort, American Mirocala), 45 Cichorium intybus (Chicory, Blue Sailors, et al), 98 Cicuta douglasii (Douglas’ Water Hemlock), 75 Cinquefoil, Silver, Northwest, or Slender (Potentilla gracilis), 93 Cinquefoil, Sticky or Gland (Potentilla glandulosa), 93 Cirsium (Thistle), 103 Clarkia arcuate (Kellogg Godetia), 30 Clarkia biloba (Lobed Godetia), 29 Clarkia concinna (Fringed Clarkia, Red Ribbons), 29 Clarkia gracilis (Farewell-To-Spring), 30 Clarkia heterandra (California Gaura), 30 Clarkia lassenensis (Lassen Godetia), 30 Clarkia mildrediae (Mildred’s Clarkia), 29 Clarkia purpurea (Purple Godetia), 30 Clarkia rhomboidea (Rhomboid Clarkia), 29 Clarkia unguiculata (Elegant Clarkia), 29 Claytonia lanceolata (Lance-Leafed Spring Beauty), 92 Claytonia perfoliata (Miner’s Lettuce), 91 Claytonia sibirica (Candy Flower), 91 Claytonia umbellate (Great Basin Claytonia), 92 Clematis lasiantha (Pipe-Stem, Chaparral Clematis), 130 Clematis ligusticifolia (Yerba De Chivata, Wild Clematis, et al), 127 Cleome platycarpa (Stink Clover), 28 Clintonia uniflora (White Clintonia, Bride’s Bonnet, et al), 51 Clover (Trifolium), 77, 78 Clover Fern (Marsilea vestita), 117 Coffee Fern (Pellaea andromedaefolia), 121 Coffee-Berry (Rhamnus tomentella), 133 Collinsia bartsiaefolia (White Chinese Houses), 39 Collinsia heterophylla (Chinese Houses, Pagoda Collinsia), 39 Collinsia parviflora (Small Blue-Eyed Mary), 39 Collinsia sparsiflora (Foothill Collinsia), 39 Collinsia tinctoria (Brownstain Collinsia), 39 Collinsia torreyi (Torrey’s Blue-Eyed Mary), 39 Collomia grandiflora (Big-Flowered Gilia), 83 Collomia heterophylla (Dainty Collomia), 83 Collomia linearis (Narrow-Leafed Collomia), 83 Collomia tinctoria (Yellow-Staining Collomia), 83 Columbine, see Aquilegia, 26 Common Wood Fern (Dryopteris argute), 119 Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family), 48 Conium maculatum (Poison-Hemlock), 73 Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory Family), 65 Convolvulus arvensis (Bindweed, Wild Morning-Glory, et al), 65

Convolvulus occidentalis, Calystegia occidentalis (Brush Morning-Glory), 65 Convolvulus polymorphus (Modoc Morning-Glory, Variable Glory-Bind), 65 Copa de Oro (Eschscholzia californica), 88 Coral Root, see Corallorhiza, 71 Corallorhiza maculate, (Spotted Coral Root), 71 Corallorhiza striata (Striped Coral Root), 71 Cordylanthus pilosus (Hansen’s Bird’s Beak), 36 Cordylanthus ramosus (Bushy Bird’s Beak), 36 Cordylanthus tenuis (Slender Bird’s Beak), 36 Cordylanthus tenuis spp. viscidus (Viscid Bird’s Beak), 36 Corn Lily (V eratrum californicum), 54 Corn Salad (Plectritis macrocera), 107 Corn-Bind (Convolvulus arvensis), 65 Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), 102 Cornus (Creek Dogwood), 138 Cornus nuttallii (Mountain Dogwood), 139 Cornus sessilis (Miner’s Dogwood), 139 Corydalis caseana (Sierra Corydalis, Fitweed Corydalis), 44 Corylus cornuta (Hazel), 135 Cottonwood, see Populus, 136 Cow Cabbage (V eratrum californicum), 54 Cow Cockle, Cowherb, Cow Soapwort (V accaria hispanica), 86 Cow Parsnip (Heracleum lanatum), 74 Coyote Brush (Baccharis pilularis), 131 Coyote Mint (Monardella sheltonii), 64 Coyote Tobacco (Nicotiana attenuate), 71 Cranesbill (Geranium carolinianum), 47 Crassula connate (Sand Pygmy), 97 Crassulaceae (Stonecrop Family), 97 Crataegus douglasii (Western Black Haw), 132 Cream Cups (Platystemon californicus), 88 Cream Sacs (Castilleja rubicundula ssp. lithospermoides), 34 Creeping Jenny (Convolvulus arvensis), 65 Creeping Mallow (Malvella leprosa), 57 Crepis (Hawksbeard), 99 Cress, Bitter (Cardamine), 69 Cress, Hoary (Cardaria draba), 66 Cress, Penny Cress (Noccaea fendleri ssp. glauca), 67 Cress, Rock Cress (Arabis), 69 Cress, Water-Cress (Nasturtium officinale), 69 Cress, Winter (Barbarea orthoceras), 68 Cress, Yellow (Rorippa), 68 Cryptantha (Nievitas), 22 Cryptogramma acrostichoides (Rock-Brake, Parsley Fern), 119 Cup Sidalcea (Sidalcea diploscypha), 58 Cupressus bakeri (Modoc Cypress), 143 Cupressus macnabiana (Macnab Cypress), 143 Currant (Ribes), 131 Cuscutaceae (Dodder Family), 28 Cycladenia humilis (Smooth Cycladenia), 28 Cycladenia, Smooth (Cycladenia humilis), 28 Cynoglossum grande and occidentale (Western Hound’s Tongue), 23 Cypress, see Cupressus, 143

Cypripedium californicum (California Lady’s Slipper), 72 Cypripedium fasciculatum (Clustered Lady’s Slipper, Brownie Lady Slipper), 72 Cypripedium montanum (Mountain Lady’s Slipper), 72 Cystopteris fragilis (Brittle Fern, Bladder Fern), 119 Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom), 130 D Dainty Collomia (Collomia heterophylla), 83 Daisy, Wild (Erigeron), 103 Damasonium californicum (California Damasonium), 115 Dandelion, Common (Taraxacum officinale), 100 Darmera peltata (Umbrella Plant, Indian Rhubarb), 94 Datura stramonium (Purple Thorn Apple), 71 Daucus pusillus (Rattlesnake Weed), 74 Deadly Zygadene (Zigadenus venenosus), 55 Death Camas, (Zigadenus venenosus), 55 Deer Tongue (Swertia radiate), 46 Deer-Head Orchid (Calypso bulbosa), 72 Delphinium nudicaule (Red Larkspur, Christmas Horns, et al), 26 Delphinium (Blue Larkspur), 26 Dendromecon rigida (Bush Poppy) Descurainia richardsonii (Tansy Mustard), 68 Desert Mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), 133 Desert Sweet (Chamaebatiaria millefolium), 127 Devil’s Bit (V eratrum californicum), 54 Devil’s Claw, Yellow (Proboscidea lutea), 59 Dianthus armeria (Grass Pink), 86 Dicentra formosa (Pacific Bleeding Heart, Pink Dicentra), 44 Dicentra pauciflora (California Bleeding Heart), 44 Dicentra uniflora (Steer’s Head), 44 Dichelostemma capitatum (Blue Dicks), 19 Dichelostemma ida-maia (Fire-Cracker Flower), 19 Dichelostemma multiflora (Many-Flowered Brodiaea), 17 Dichelostemma volubilis (Twining Brodiaea), 17 Disporum hookeri (Hooker’s Fairy Bell), 56 Dock (Rumex), 25 Dodder Family (Cuscutaeae), 28 Dodecatheon alpinum (Alpine Shooting Star), 89 Dodecatheon clevelandii (Lowland Shooting Star), 89 Dodecatheon conjugens (Bonneville Shooting Star), 89 Dodecatheon hendersonii (California Mosquito Bills), 89 Dodecatheon jeffreyi (Sierra Shooting Star), 90 Dodecatheon pulchellum (Few-Flowered Shooting Star), 89 Dogbane Family (Apocynaceae), 28 Dogbane, Clasping-Leaf (Apocynum cannabinum), 28 Dogbane, Low or Mountain (Apocynum androsaemifolium), 28 Dog-Tooth Violet, Yellow (Erythronium grandiflorum), 51 Dogwood, see Cornus, 138-139 Douglas Spiraea (Spiraea douglasii), 133 Douglas’ Water Hemlock (Cicuta douglasii), 75 Downy Mimetanthe (Mimulus pilosus), 40 Draba, 66 Draperia systyla (Draperia), 112

Dryopteris argute (Common Wild Fern), 119 Duckweed Fern (Azolla filiculoides), 117 Dudleya cymosa (Spreading Dudleya), 97 Dutchman’s Pipe (Aristolochia californica), 134 Dwarf Athysanus (Athysanus pusillus), 66 Dwarf Chamaesaracha (Chamaesaracha nana), 70 Dwarf Hesperochiron (Hesperochiron pumilus), 111 Dyer’s Woad (Isatis tinctoria), 67 E Eaton’s Shield Fern (Polystichum scopulinum), 119 Elderberry, Mexican (Sambucus mexicana), 129 Elderberry, Montane Red (Sambucus racemosa), 129 Elephant Heads (Pedicularis groenlandica), 35 Elephant Snouts (Pedicularis attollens), 35 Elephant’s Trunk (Pedicularis racemosa), 35 Elk Grass (X erophyllum tenax), 55 English Scorpion Grass (Myosotis versicolor), 23 English Thistle (Lactuca serriola), 99 Epilobium (Willow-Herb Cottonweed), 30 Epilobium angustifolium (Fire Weed), 30 Epilobium obcordatum (Sierra Rock-Fringe, Rose Epilobium), 31 Epipactis gigantean (Mottled Swamp Orchid, False Lady Slipper, et al), 72 Eremocarpus setigerus (Turkey Mullein), 96 Ericaceae (Heath Family), 48 Ericameria, 137 Ericphyllum lanatum (Common Woolly Sunflower), 103 Erigeron (Fleabane, Wild Daisy), 102-103 Eriodictyon californicum (Toyon, Yerba Santa), 132 Eriodictyon lobbii (Woolly Nama, Lobb’s Nama), 110 Eriogonum, 25 Erodium botrys (Big Heronbill or Long-beaked Filaree), 46 Erodium cicutarium (Red-Stemmed Filaree, Alfilaria, et al), 47 Erodium macrophyllum (Large-Leafed Filaree), 46 Erodium moschatum (White-Stemmed Filaree, Musk Heronbill), 47 Eryngium (Button Snakeroot), 75 Erysimum capitatum (Sierra Wallflower), 68 Erysimum capitatum (Western Wallflower), 67 Erysimum repandum (Treacle Mustard), 68 Erythronium grandiflorum (Yellow Lamb’s Tongue or Fawn Lily, et al), 51 Erythronium hendersonii (Henderson Fawn Lily), 51 Erythronium multiscapoideum (Sierra Fawn Lily, Hartweg’s Fawn Lily), 51 Erythronium purpurascens (Purple Fawn Lily, Sierra Fawn Lily), 51 Eschscholzia caespitosa (Foothill Poppy), 88 Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy, Torosa, Copa de Oro), 88 Eschscholzia lobbii (Frying Pans, Rough-seeded Eschscholzia), 88 Escobita (Orthocarpus purpurascens), 34 Euonymus occidentalis (Western Burning Bush), 139 Euphorbaceae, Euphorbia (Spurge), 96 European Glory-Bind (Convolvulus arvensis), 65 Euthamia occidentalis (Western Goldenrod), 104 Evening Primrose, see Oenothera, 31, 32 Evening Snow (Linanthus dichotomus), 81 Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus latifolius), 76 Explorer’s Sedum (Sedum stenopetalum), 98

Eye-Bright (Anagallis arvensis), 89 F Fabaceae (Pea Family), 75 Fairy Lantern, White (Calochortus albus), 53 False Agoseris (Taraxacum officinale), 100 False Bugbane (Trautvetteria caroliniensis), 26 False Hellebore, California (V eratrum californicum), 54 False Lady Slipper (Epipactis gigantean), 72 False Lupine (Thermopsis californica var. argentata), 77 False Mermaid (Floerkea proserpinacoides), 59 False Pimpernel (Hypericum anagalloides), 96 False Solomon’s Seal (Smilacina racemosa), 55 Farewell-To-Spring (Clarkia gracilis), 30 Fawn Lily, see Erythronium, 51 Felwort (Gentianella amarelle), 45 Fendler Meadow Rue (Thalictrum fendleri), 25 Ferns, 117-124 Field Mint (Mentha arvensis), 62 Figwort Family (Scrophulariaceae), 32 Filaree, see Erodium, 46 Fir, see Abies, 143-148, Douglas Fir, see Pseudotsuga menziesii, 148 Fire Lily (X erophyllum tenax), 55 Fire Weed (Epilobium angustifolium), 30 Fire-Cracker Flower (Dichelostemma ida-maia), 19 Five-Finger Fern (Adiantum aleuticum), 121 Flannel-Bush (Fremontia californica), 131 Flat-Pod (Idahoa scapigera), 66 Flax Family (Linaceae), 43 Fleabane (Erigeron), 102, 103 Floerkea proserpinacoides (False Mermaid), 59 Foeniculum vulgare (Sweet Fennel), 73 Foothill Ash, Flowering Ash (Fraxinus dipetala), 129 Foothill Poppy (Eschscholzia caespitosa), 88 Four-O’clock Family (Nyctaginaceae), 44 Fragaria vesca (California Strawberry), 94 Fragaria virginiana (Broad-Petaled Strawberry), 94 Frangula purshiana (Cascara Sagrade), 135 Frasera (Frasera albicaulis), 46 Fraxinus dipetala (Foothill Ash, Flowering Ash), 129 Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon Ash) Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii), 136 Fremont’s Baeria (Lasthenia fremontii), 105 Fremont’s Layia (Layia fremontii), 106 Fremont’s Smelowskia (Polyctenium fremontii), 69 Fremontia californica (Flannel-Bush), 131, 132 French Silene (Silene gallica), 85 French Tamarisk (Tamarix pentandra), 125 Friar’s Cap (Aconitum columbianum), 26 Fringe Cups, False Alumroot (Tellima grandiflora), 95 Fringe Pod (Thysanocarpus curvipes), 67 Fringed Pine-Sap (Pleuricospora fimbriolata), 115 Fritillaria agrestis (Stink Bells, Ill-Scented Fritillaria), 53 Fritillaria atropurpurea (Purple Fritillaria, Bronze Bells, et al), 53 Fritillaria eastwoodiae (Butte Checker Lily), 53

Fritillaria micrantha (Brown Lily, Mission Bells, Rice Root), 53 Fritillaria pluriflora (Adobe Lily, Pink Fritillaria), 53 Fritillaria pudica (Yellow Fritillary), 53 Fritillaria recurve (Scarlet Fritillary), 53 Frying Pans (Eschscholzia lobbii), 88 Fuchsia, California Broad-leafed (Zauschneria californica), 29 Fumitory Family (Fumariaceae), 44 G Galium (Bedstraw), 57 Garden Lippia (Phyla nodiflora), 108 Garrya fremontii (Silk-Tassel Bush), 138 California Gaura (Clarkia heterandra), 30 Gayophytum (Groundsmoke), 30 Gentian Family (Gentianaceae), 45 Gentiana affinis (Prairie, Rocky Mountain Pleated Gentian et al), 45 Gentiana calycosa (Explorer’s, Rainier Pleated Gentian, et al), 45 Gentiana newberryi (Newberry’s or Alpine Gentian), 45 Gentianella amarelle (Felwort, Ranger’s, Gentian), 45 Gentianopsis simplex (Hiker’s Gentian), 45 Geranium carolinianum (Carolina Geranium, Cranesbill), 47 Geranium dissectum (Sticky Geranium), 47 Geranium Family (Geraniaceae), 46 Geranium oreganum (Woodland Geranium), 47 Geranium richardsonii (Richardson’s or Little-Dick Geranium), 47 Geranium viscosissimum (Sticky or Teton Geranium), 47 Geum macrophyllum (Big-Leafed Avens, Yellow Avens), 93 Geum triflorum (Prairie-Smoke), 93 Giant Hellebore (Epipactis gigantean), 72 Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), 143 Gilia brecciarum (Marble Gilia), 84 Gilia capillaris (Smooth-Leafed Gilia), 83 Gilia capitata (Globe Gilia), 83 Gilia leptalea (Hairstem Gilia), 83 Gilia modocensis (Modoc Gilia), 84 Gilia sinuate (Sinuate Gilia), 82 Gilia tricolor (Bird’s Eyes), 82 Gill-Over-The-Ground (Glecoma hederacea), 62 Giraffe Head (Lamium amplexicaule), 62 Githopsis specularioides (Blue Mirror), 20 Glandular Rock-Spiraea (Holodiscus microphyllus), 132 Glecoma hederacea (Gill-Over-The-Ground), 62 Globe Gilia (Gilia capitata), 83 Globe Lily, White (Calochortus albus), 53 Gnaphalium (White Everlasting), 101 Goat’s Beard (Aruncus dioicus), 94 Godetia, see Clarkia, 29-30 Golden Aster (Chrysopsis), 102 Golden Lantern (Calochortus pulchellus), 53 Golden Pea (Thermopsis gracilis), 77 Goldenrod, see Solidago, 104 Goldenweed (Haplopappus), 104 Goodyera oblongifolia (Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain), 72 Gooseberry (Ribes), 131

Gordon’s Ivesia (Ivesia gordonii), 93 Gourd Family (Cucurbitaceae), 48 Grand Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum grande), 23 Granite Gilia (Leptodactylon pungens), 81 Grape Fern (Botrychium multifidum), 117 Grass Nut (Triteleia laxa), 19 Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia), 95 Grass Pink (Dianthus armeria), 86 Grass Poly (Lythrum hyssopifolia), 57 Gratiola (Hedge Hyssop), 43 Gray’s Campion (Silene grayi), 86 Gray’s Lovage (Ligusticum grayi), 74 Greene’s Four-O’clock (Mirabilis greenei), 44 Grimsel (Senecio vulgaris), 102 Grindelia camporum (Gum Plant), 103 Groundsel, Common (Senecio vulgaris), 102, 104 Groundsmoke (Gayophytum), 30 Gum Plant (Grindelia camporum), 103 H Habenaria (Rein-Orchis), 71 Hackelia bella (Showy Stickseed), 22 Hackelia californica (California Stickseed), 22 Hackelia micrantha (Jessica’s Stickseed), 22 Hackelia nervosa (Sierra Stickseed), 23 Hackelia setosa (Bristly Stickweed), 23 Hairstem Gilia (Gilia leptalea), 83 Hairy Agrimony (Agrimonia gryposepala), 94 Hairy Fringe Pod (Thysanocarpus curvipes), 67 Hairy Gilia (Linanthus ciliates), 82 Hansen’s Bird’s Beak (Cordylanthus pilosus), 36 Haplopappus (Goldenweed), 104 Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia), 20 Hastingsia alba (Schoenolirion), 55 Hawksbeard (Crepis), 99 Hawkweed (Hieracium), 99 Hazel (Corylus cornuta), 135 Heath Family (Ericaceae), 48, 115 Heather, see Phyllodoce, 49 Heather, Western Mountain or White Heather (Cassiope mertensiana), 48 Hedge Hyssop (Gratiola), 43 Hedge-Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), 69 Hedge-Nettle, Short-Spiled (Stachys pycnantha), 64 Helianthella californica (Nevada False Sunflower), 107 Helianthus annuus (Common Sunflower), 105 Heliotropium curassavicum (Salt Heliotrope, Chinese Pursley), 21 Hellebore, White (V eratrum californicum), 54 Hemieva (Hemieva ranunculifolia), 95 Hemizonia fitchii (Fitch’s Spikeweed), 107 Hemlock Water Parsnip (Sium suave), 75 Heracleum lanatum (Cow Parsnip), 74 Hesperochiron californicus (California Hesperochiron), 111 Hesperochiron pumilus (Dwarf Hesperochiron), 111 Hesperolinon californicum (California Dwarf Flax), 44 Hesperolinon micranthum (Small-Flowered Dwarf Flax), 44 Hesperomecon linearis (Narrow-Leafed Meconella), 88 Heterocodon rariflorum (Heterocondon), 20

Heuchera micrantha (Crevice Alum-Root, Small-flowered Heuchera), 96 Heuchera rubescens (Jack-O’-The Rocks, Red Alum-Root), 95 Hieracium (Hawkweed), 99 Hill Checker (Sidalcea malvaflora), 58 Hirschfeldia incana (Mediterranean Mustard), 68 Hog-Fennel (Lomatium), 74 Hoita orbicularis (Scurfpea), 77 Holly Fern (Polystichum lonchitis), 122 Holocarpha virgate (Virgate Tarweed), 104 Holodiscus microphyllus (Glandular Rock-Spiraea), 132 Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae), 49 Honeysuckle, see Lonicera, 138 Hooker’s Fairy Bell (Disporum hookeri), 56 Hop Tree (Ptelea crenulata), 129 Horkelia daucifolia (Carrot-Leafed Horkelia), 93 Horkelia tridentate (Three-Toothed Horkelia), 93 Horsebrush (Tetradymia glabrata), 137 Howell’s Lousewort (Pedicularis howellii), 35 Huckleberry, Little-Leaf (V accinium scoparium), 48 Huckleberry, Red (V accinium parvifolium), 134 Huckleberry, Thin-Leaf (V accinium membranaceum), 135 Hummingbird Trumpet (Zauschneria latifolia), 29 Hydrocotyle (Marsh Pennywort), 75 Hydrophyllum capitatum (Baldhead Waterleaf, Cat’s Breeches, et al), 112 Hydrophyllum fendleri (White Waterleaf), 112 Hydrophyllum occidentale (Squaw Lettuce, Western Waterleaf), 112 Hymenoxys lemmonii (Hymenoxys), 106 Hypericum anagalloides (False Pimpernel, Creeping St. John’s Wort), 96 Hypericum concinnum (Gold-Wire, California St. John’s Wort), 96 Hypericum formosum (California Hypericum, Scouler’s St. John’s Wort), 97 Hypericum mutilum (River St. John’s Wort), 96 Hypericum perforatum (Klamath Weed, Common St, John’s Wort), 97 Hypochoeris glabra (Smooth Cat’s-Ear), 99 Hyssop Loosestrife (Lythrum hyssopifolia), 57 I Idahoa scapigera (Flat-Pod), 66 Iliamna bakeri (Lava Mallow, Baker’s Globe Mallow), 57 Imbricated Sword Fern (Polystichum imbricans), 122 Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), 141 Indian Melilot (Melilotus indicus), 77 Indian Paint Brush, see Castilleja, 32-33 Indian Pink (Silene californica), 85 Indian Poke (V eratrum californicum), 54 Indian Rhubarb (Darmera peltata), 94 Indian Tobacco (Nicotiana quadrivalvis), 71 Indian Warrior (Pedicularis densiflora), 35 Innocence (Collinsia heterophylla), 39 Ipomopsis aggregate (Scarlet Gilia), 82 Ipomopsis congesta (Ball-Head Gilia), 83 Iris Family (Iridaceae), 49-50 Iris hartwegii (Hartweg’s Iris, Plumas Iris), 50 Iris macrosiphon (Ground Iris), 50 Iris missouriensis (Western Blue-Flag), 50 Iris tenuissima (Shasta Iris), 50

Isatis tinctoria (Dyer’s Woad), 67 Isopyrum occidentale (Western Rue-Anemone), 26 Isopyrum stipitatum (Siskiyou Rue-Anemone), 26 Ithuriel’s Spear (Triteleia laxa), 19 Ivesia gordonii (Gordon’s Ivesia), 93 Ivesia webberi (Sibbaldia), 93 J-K Jack-O’-The Rocks (Heuchera rubescens), 95 Jacob’s Ladder, Western (Polemonium occidentale), 85 Johnny-Jump-Up (V iola pedunculata), 109 Johnny-Tuck, (Triphysaria eriantha), 34 Juglans hindsii (Black Walnut), 127 Juniper, see Juniperus, 141 Juniperus californica (California Juniper), 141 Juniperus communis (Dwarf Juniper), 141 Juniperus occidentalis (Western Juniper), 141 Kalmia polifolia (Swamp Laurel or Bog Kalmia), 48 Keckiella breviflora (Gaping Penstemon), 138 Keckiella corymbosa (Redwood Penstemon, Thyme-Leaf Penstemon), 37 Kelloggia galioides (Rose Kelloggia), 57 Kisses (Calandrinia ciliate), 91 Knotweed (Polygonum), 25 Kumlienia hystricula (Bearded Kumlienia), 26 L Labrador Tea (Ledum glandulosum), 134 Lace Fern (Cheilanthes gracillima), 121 Lace Pod (Thysanocarpus curvipes), 67 Lactuca serriola (Prickly Lettuce, Common Wild Lettuce, English Thistle), 99 Lactuca tatarica (Blue Lettuce, Chicory Lettuce, Wild Lettuce), 99 Ladies’ Tresses (Spiranthes), 72 Lady Fern (Athyrium filix-femina), 117 Lady’s Mantle, Western (Aphanes occidentalis), 94 Lady’s Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), 66 Lady’s Slipper, see Cypripedium, 72 Lamb’s Tongue, Yellow (Erythronium grandiflorum), 51 Lamiaceae (Mint Family), 61 Lamium amplexicaule (Giraffe Head), 62 Lance-Leafed Spring Beauty (Claytonia lanceolata), 92 Lappula redowskii (Western Stickweed), 23 Larkspur, Red (Delphinium nudicaule), 26 Lasthenia californica ssp. californica (Valley Goldfields), 105 Lasthenia fremontii, L. platycarpha (Alkali Goldfields), 105 Lasthenia glabrata (Yellow-Rayed Lasthenia), 105 Lathyrus brownie (Brush Pea), 76 Lathyrus lanszwertii (Nevada Pea), 76 Lathyrus lanszwertii var. tracyi (Tracy’s Pea), 76 Lathyrus latifolius (Everlasting Pea), 75 Lathyrus nevadensis (Sierra Nevada Pea), 75 Lathyrus sulphureus (Snub Pea), 76 Lava Mallow (Iliamna bakeri), 57 Layia chrysanthemoides (Smooth Layia), 106 Layia fremontii (Tidy-Tips, Fremont’s Layia), 106 Ledum glandulosum (Labrador Tea), 134 Lemmon’s Campion (Silene lemmonii), 85 Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis), 63 Lepechinia calycina (Pitcher Sage), 141

Lepidium (Peppergrass), 67 Leptodactylon pungens (Granite Gilia), 81 Lesquerella (Physaria occidentalis), 66 Lessingia, 102 Lettuce, Common Wild (Lactuca serriola), 99 Leucanthemum vulgare (Ox-Eye Daisy), 106 Leucocrinum montanum (Sand Lily, Common Star Lily, Mountain Lily), 51 Leucothoe davisiae (Sierra Laurel), 133 Lewisia cantelowii (Pink Lewisia), 91 Lewisia cotyledon (Striped Lewisia), 91 Lewisia kelloggii (Kellogg’s Lewisia), 90 Lewisia leana (Pink Lewisia), 91 Lewisia nevadensis (Nevada Lewisia), 91 Lewisia pygmaea (Alpine Lewisia), 90 Lewisia rediviva (Bitterroot), 90 Lewisia triphylla (Three-Leafed Lewisia), 90 Ligusticum grayi (Gray’s Lovage), 74 Lilium humboldtii (Humboldt’s Lily), 54 Lilium kelleyanum (Purdy’s Lily), 54 Lilium pardalinum (Tiger or Leopard Lily), 54 Lilium parvum (Small Tiger Lily, Sierra lily, Little Alpine Lily), 54 Lilium rubescens (Chaparral Lily, Redwood Lily et al), 54 Lily Family (Liliaceae) see Lilium, 50 Limnanthaceae (Meadow-Foam Family), 59 Limnanthes alba (Shasta Meadow Foam, White Meadow Foam), 59-60 Limnanthes douglasii (Valley Foam, Rose-flowered Meadow Foam), 59 Limnanthes floccose (Woolly Meadow-Foam), 59 Linaceae (Flax Family), 43-44 Linanthus bicolor (Bicolored Linanthus), 81 Linanthus bolanderi (Baker’s Linanthus), 81 Linanthus ciliates (Hairy Gilia), 82 Linanthus dichotomus (Evening Snow), 81 Linanthus harknessii (Harkness Linanthus, Wild Baby’s Breath), 81 Linanthus montanus (Mustang-Clover), 82 Linanthus nuttallii (Brush Gilia), 81 Linanthus parviflorus (Cherokee Linanthus), 81 Linaria vulgaris (Butter-And-Eggs), 43 Linear-Leafed Phacelia, Thread-Leaf Phacelia (Phacelia linearis), 114 Linnaea borealis (Twin Flower), 49 Linum digynum (Northwestern Yellow Flax), 43 Linum perenne (Western Blue Flax or Lewis Flax), 43 Listera convallarioides (Twayblade), 72 Lithocarpus densiflora (Tan Oak), 136 Lithophragma (Woodland Star), 95 Lithophragma tenellum (Prairie Star), 95 Lithospermum californicum (Shasta Puccoon), 22 Lithospermum ruderale (Columbia Puccoon, Wayside Gromwell), 22 Little Brooms (Orthocarpus purpurascens), 34 Little Elephant Head (Pedicularis attollens), 35 Loasa Family (Loasaceae), 56 Locoweed (Astragalus), 77

Locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia), 129 Lomatium (Hog-Fennel), 74 Longhorn Plectritis (Plectritis macrocera), 107 Long-Leafed Ammania (A mmania coccinea), 56 Long-Stalked Starwort (Stellaria longipes), 86 Lonicera cauriana (Blue Fly Honeysuckle), 139 Lonicera ciliosa (Orange Honeysuckle), 139 Lonicera conjugialis (Double Honeysuckle), 139 Lonicera hispidula (California Honeysuckle), 138 Lonicera interrupta (Chaparral Honeysuckle), 138 Lonicera involucrate (Twinberry), 139 Loosestrife Family (Lythraceae) see Lythrum, 56 Loosestrife, Creeping (Lysimachia nummularia), 89 Loosestrife, Tufted or Water Loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora), 89 Lotus (Bird’s Foot Trefoil), 77 Lousewort, Leafy (Pedicularis racemosa), 35 Lousewort, Pine Woods (Pedicularis semibarbata), 35 Lucern (Medicago sativa), 77 Ludwigia peploides (Yellow Waterweed or California Water Primrose), 29 Luetkea pectinate (Partridge Foot), 92 Lungwort, Leafy (Mertensia oblongifolia and vars.), 23 Lungwort, Long-Flowered (Mertensia longiflora), 23 Lupine, see Lupinus, 78-80 Lupines albifrons (Silver Lupine), 127 Lupinus albicaulis (Sickle-Keeled Lupine), 79 Lupinus arbustus (Douglas’ Spurred Lupine), 79 Lupinus argenteus (Kellogg’s Spurred Lupine), 79 Lupinus bicolor (Small-Leafed Lupine), 80 Lupinus breweri (Brewer’s Lupine), 80 Lupinus croceus (Mt. Eddy Lupine), 78 Lupinus formosus (Summer Lupine), 79 Lupinus grayi (Gray’s Lupine), 80 Lupinus lepidus (Prairie Lupine), 80 Lupinus lepidus (Lyall’s Lupine), 80 Lupinus leucophyllus (Woolly-Leaved Lupine), 79 Lupinus nanus (Valley Sky Lupine), 79 Lupinus polyphyllus (Superb Lupine), 79 Lupinus stiversii (Rose-And-Yellow Lupine, Harlequin, Stiver’s Lupine), 78 Lupinus succulentus (Succulent Lupine), 79 Lyall’s Angelica (Angelica argute), 74 Lycopus americanus (Cut-Leaf Water-Hoarhound), 63 Lycopus asper (Pacific Water-Hoarhound), 63 Lygodesmia stephanomeria (Spiny Lygodesmia, Thorn Skeleton Plant), 99 Lysimachia nummularia (Moneywort, Creeping Loosestrife), 89 Lysimachia thyrsiflora (Tufted Loosestrife, Water Loosestrife), 89 Lythrum hyssopifolia (Hyssop Loosestrife, Grass Poly), 57 M Machaeranthera canescens (Shasta Aster), 103 Madder Family (Rubiaceae), 57 Madia elegans (Common Madia), 105 Madrono, Madrone (Arbutus menziesii), 133 Mahala Mat (Ceanothus prostrates), 24

Malacothrix, 100 Mallow Family (Malvaceae), 57 Malta Centaurea (Centaurea melitensis), 102 Malva neglecta (Running Mallow, Round-Leafed Mallow), 58 Malva nicaeensis (Bull Mallow), 58 Malva parviflora (Cheese-Weed, Little Mallow), 57 Man-Root (Marah fabaceus), 48 Many-Flowered Tobacco (Nicotiana acuminate), 71 Manzanita (Arctostaphylos), 133 Manzanita Cancer-Root (Boschniakia strobilacea), 24 Maple, see Acer, 137-138 Marah fabaceus (Chillicothe, Wild Cucumber, Man Root), 48 Marah watsonii (Taw Man-Root), 48 Marble Gilia (Gilia brecciarum), 84 Mariposa Lily, see Calochortus, 52-53 Marrubium vulgare (White Hoarhound), 62 Marsh Pennywort (Hydrocotyle), 75 Marsilea vestita (Clover Fern), 117 Martynia Family (Martyniaceae), 59 Mayweed, Dog-Fennel (Anthemis cotula), 106 Meadow-Foam Family (Limnanthaceae), see Limnanthes, 59-60 Meconella californica (California Meconella), 88 Medicago arabica (Spotted Medick, Spotted Bur Clover), 78 Medicago hispida (California Bur Clover), 78 Medicago polymorpha (Smooth Medick, Screw Clover, et al), 77 Medicago sativa (Alfalfa, Lucern, Chilean Clover), 77 Melilotus albus (White Melilot, White Sweet Clover), 77 Melilotus indicus (Yellow Melilot, Yellow Sweet Clover, et al), 77 Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm), 63 Mentha arvensis (Field Mint), 62 Mentha spicata (Spearmint), 65 Mentzelia albicaulis (White-Stemmed Stick-Leaf, Kuha), 56 Mentzelia congesta (Ventana Stick-Leaf), 56 Mentzelia dispersa (Nada Stick-Leaf), 56 Mentzelia laevicaulis (Blazing Star), 56 Mentzelia micrantha (Small-Flowered Stick-Leaf), 56 Menyanthes trifoliate (Buckbean or Common Bog-Bean), 45 Menzies’Campion, Menzies’ Silene (Silene menziesii), 86 Mertensia ciliate (Sierra Mountain Bluebell) 23 Mertensia longiflora (Long-Flowered Lungwort, Small Bluebell), 23 Mertensia oblongifolia (Leafy Lungwort, Oblong-Leaf Bluebell), 23 Microseris (Scorzonella), 100 Milk Thistle, Blessed Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), 103 Milkmaids (Cardamine californica), 69 Milkweed Family (Asclepiadaceae), see A sclepias, 60 Milkwort Family (Polygalaceae), see Polygala, 61 Miltitzia (Phacelia adenophora, inundata, and tetramera), 113 Mimulus angustatus (Narrow-leafed Pansy Monkey Flower), 42 Mimulus bicolor (Two-Toned Mimulus), 40 Mimulus bifidus (Bush Monkey-Flower), 138 Mimulus bifidus (Plumas Bush Monkey Flower), 36 Mimulus breviflorus (Short-Flowered Monkey Flower), 40 Mimulus cardinalis (Scarlet Mimulus), 40

Mimulus douglasii (Purple Mouse Ears or Brownies), 42 Mimulus floribundus (Floriferous Monkey Flower), 41 Mimulus gattatus (Snouted Monkey Flower), 41 Mimulus glaucescens (Shield-Bracted Monkey Flower), 41 Mimulus guttatus (Common Monkey Flower), 41 Mimulus kelloggii (Cowslip Mimulus), 42 Mimulus latidens (Broad-Toothed Monkey Flower), 40 Mimulus layneae (Laynes Monkey Flower), 42 Mimulus leptaleus (Least-Flowered Monkey Flower), 42 Mimulus lewisii (Pink Mimulus), 40 Mimulus mephiticus (Skunk-Leaf Monkey Flower), 41 Mimulus moschatus (Musk Flower or Musk Plant), 41 Mimulus nanus (Dwaft Monkey Flower), 42 Mimulus pilosus (Downy Mimetanthe), 40 Mimulus primuloides (Little Yellow Monkey Flower), 40 Mimulus pygmaeus (Pygmy Monkey Flower), 40 Mimulus suksdorfii (Suksdorf’s monkeyflower) 40 Mimulus tilingii (Larger Mountain Monkey Flower), 41 Mimulus torreyi (Torrey’s or Little Pink Monkey Flower), 42 Mimulus tricolor (Tri-Leaved Monkey Flower), 43 Miner’s Lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), 91 Mint Family (Lamiaceae), 61 Mirabilis greenei (Greene’s Four-O’clock), 44 Mission Bells (Fritillaria micrantha), 53 Mitella (Mitre Wort), 95 Mock Orange (Philadelphus lewisii), 141 Modoc Gilia (Gilia modocensis), 84 Monardella glauca (Mountain Monardella), 64 Monardella lanceolata (Mustang Mint), 64 Monardella sheltonii (Coyote-Mint), 64 Moneywort (Lysimachia nummularia), 89 Monkey Flower, see Mimulus Monkshood, Columbia or Western (Aconitum columbianum), 26 Monotropa hypopitys (Pinesap), 116 Montia chamissoi (Toad Lily), 91 Montia dichotoma (Dichotomus Montia), 92 Montia fontana (Water Chickweed), 91 Montia linearis (Linear-Leafed Montia), 92 Montia parvifolia (Small-Leafed Montia), 92 Morning-Glory Family (Convolvulaceae), 65 Mottled Swamp Orchid (Epipactis gigantean), 72 Mountain Alder (Alnus incana), 136 Mountain Balsamea (Zauschneria latifolia), 29 Mountain Blue-Curls (Trichostema oblongum), 62 Mountain Campion (Silene bernardina), 86 Mountain Hemp (Apocynum androsaemifolium), 28 Mountain Lily (Leucocrinum montanum), 51 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides), 132 Mountain Misery (Chamaebatia foliolosa), 127 Mountain Monardella (Monardella glauca), 64 Mountain-Ash (Sorbus), 129 Mule Ears, Dwarf Sunflower (W yethia), 106 Mule Fat (Baccharis salicifolia), 133 Mullein, see V erbascum, 43

Mullein, see V erbascum, 43 Musk Flower or Musk Plant, see Mimulus, 41 Mustang Mint (Monardella lanceolata), 64 Mustang-Clover (Linanthus montanus), 82 Mustard Family (Brassicaceae), 66 Mustard, Black (Brassica nigra), 68 Mustard, Mediterranean (Hirschfeldia incana), 68 Mustard, Yellow (Brassica rapa), 68 Myosotis versicolor (English Scorpion Grass, Turncoat Forget-Me-Not), 23 Myrica hartwegii (Sierra Sweet Bay), 135 Myrtle (Umbellularia californica), 134 N Naked Sword Fern (Polystichum imbricans), 122 Nama densum (Matted Nama), 111 Nama, Lobb’s (Eriodictyon lobbii), 110 Nama, Matted (Nama densum), 111 Nama, Woolly (Nama lobbii), 110 Napa Thistle (Centaurea melitensis), 102 Narrow-Leafed Collomia (Collomia linearis), 83 Narrow-Leafed Meconella (Meconella linearis), 88 Narrow-Petaled Stonecrop (Sedum lanceolatum), 98 Narthecium californicum (Bog Asphodel), 54 Nasturtium officinale (Water-Cress), 69 Navarretia, 83 Nemophila breviflora (Great Basin Nemophila), 112 Nemophila heterophylla (Canyon Nemophila, Variable-Leaf Nemophila), 111 Nemophila maculate (Spotted Nemophila, Sierra Five-Spot), 112 Nemophila menziesii (Baby Blue-Eyes), 112 Nemophila parviflora (Austin Woodland Nemophila, Small-Flowered Nemophila), 111 Nemophila pedunculata (Meadow Nemophila), 111 Nemophila spatulata (Sierra Nemophila), 111 Nettle-Leaved Horse-Mint (Agastache urticifolia or A. parviflora), 65 Nevada Pea (Lathyrus lanszwertii), 76 Nicotiana acuminate (Many-Flowered Tobacco), 71 Nicotiana attenuate (Coyote Tobacco), 71 Nicotiana glauca (Tree Tabacco), 134 Nicotiana quadrivalvis (Indian Tobacco), 71 Nievitas (Cryptantha), 22 Nightshade Family (Solanaceae) see Solanum, 70 Nine-Bark (Physocarpus capitatus), 130 Noccaea fendleri ssp. Glauca (Penny Cress), 67 Nuphar luteum (Yellow Pond-Lily), 115 Nuttall’s Coldenia, (Tiquilia nuttallii), 21 Nyctaginaceae (Four-O’clock Family), 44 O Oak, see Quercus, for Tan Oak see Lithocarpus densiflora, 136 Odontostomum hartwegii (Hartweg’s Odontostomum), 51 Oenanthe sarmentosa (Pacific Oenanthe, Water Parsley), 75 Oenothera alyssoides (Alyssum-Like Primrose), 31 Oenothera deltoids (Piper’s Evening Primrose), 32 Oenothera elata (Tall Evening Primrose), 31 Oenothera flava (Yellow Evening Primrose), 32 Oenothera heterantha (Sun Cup), 31

Oenothera tanacetifolia (Tansy-Leaf Evening Primrose), 31 Old Fern (Pentagramma triangularis), 117 Old Man of Spring (Senecio vulgaris), 102 Onagraceae (Evening Primrose Family), 29 One-Sided Wintergreen (Orthilia secunda), 116 Onion, Wild (Allium), 17 Orchid Family (Orchidaceae), 71 Oregon Ash (Fraxinus latifolia), 127 Oregon Boxwood (Paxistima myrsinites), 138 Oregon Checker (Sidalcea oregano), 58 Oregon Cliff-Brake (A spidotis densa), 122 Oregon Grape (Berberis), 127 Oregon Wintergreen (Pyrola asarifolia), 116 Orobanchaceae (Broom-Rape Family), 24 Orobanche californica (California Cancer-Root), 24 Orobanche fasciculate (Pinon Cancer-Root), 24 Orobanche grayana (Gray’s Broom-Rape), 24 Orobanche uniflora (Naked Broom-Rape, Ghost Plant), 24 Orthilia secunda (One-Sided Wintergreen), 116 Orthocarpus bracteosus (Pink or Rosy Orthocarpus), 34 Orthocarpus copelandii (Copeland’s Orthocarpus), 34 Orthocarpus imbricata (Mountain Orthocarpus), 34 Orthocarpus linearilobus (Pallid Owl’s Clover), 35 Orthocarpus luteus (Yellow Orthocarpus), 34 Orthocarpus purpurascens (Purple Owl’s Clover, Little Brooms), 34 Osmaronia cerasiformis (Oso Berry), 135 Osmorhiza (Sweet-Cicely), 74 Oso Berry (Osmaronia cerasiformis), 135 Owl’s Clover, see Orthocarpus, 34-35 Oxalis corniculata (Yellow Sorrel), 73 Oxalis Family (Oxalidaceae), 73 Oxalis pes-caprae (Bermuda Buttercup), 73 Oxalis trilliifolia (Columbia Oxalis), 73 Ox-Eye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), 106 Oxypolis occidentalis (Western Cowbane), 75 Oxyria digyna (Mountain Sorrel), 25 P Pacific Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum grande), 23 Pacific Oenanthe (Oenanthe sarmentosa), 75 Paeonia brownie (Western Paeony), 73 Paeony Family (Paeoniaceae), 73 Pansy, Wild (V iola pedunculata), 109 Papaveraceae, 88 Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus), 95 Parrot’s Head Paint Brush (Castilleja psittacina), 33 Parsley Family (Apiaceae), 73 Parsley Fern (Cryptogramma acrostichoides), 119 Partridge Foot (Luetkea pectinate), 92 Parvisedum pumilum (Rock Sedella, Sierra Sedella), 97 Pasque Flower, Western (Anemone occidentalis), 27

Paxistima myrsinites (Oregon Boxwood), 138 Pea Family (Fabaceae), 76 Pearly Everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea), 101 Pectocarya setosa (Prickly Combseed), 22 Pedicularis attollens (Elephant Snouts), 35 Pedicularis groenlandica (Elephant Heads), 35 Pedicularis howellii (Howell’s Lousewort), 35 Pedicularis racemosa (Leafy Lousewort, Sickle-Top Pedicularis), 35 Pellaea andromedaefolia (Coffee Fern), 121 Pellaea brachyptera (Sierra Cliff Break), 121 Pellaea breweri (Brewer’s Cliff-Brake), 121 Pellaea bridgesii (Bridges Cliff-Brake), 121 Pellaea mucronata (Bird’s-Foot Fern), 121 Penstemon azureus (Sierra Azure Penstemon), 37 Penstemon cinicola (Ash Penstemon), 38 Penstemon davidsonii (Creeping Penstemon), 37 Penstemon deustus (Hot Rock Penstemon, Scabland Penstemon), 36 Penstemon filiformis (Thread-Leaved Penstemon), 38 Penstemon gracilentus (Slender Penstemon), 38 Penstemon heterodoxus (Shasta Penstemon), 38 Penstemon heterodoxus (Sierran or Heretic Penstemon), 38 Penstemon heterophyllus (Purdy’s Foothill Penstemon, Tinted Penstemon), 37 Penstemon humilus (Gray or Ashen Penstemon), 38 Penstemon janishiae (Golden-Tongued Penstemon), 37 Penstemon laetus (Gay Penstemon), 38 Penstemon neotericus (Derived Penstemon, Keck Penstemon), 38 Penstemon newberryi (Mountain Pride, Newberry Penstemon), 37 Penstemon procerus (Small-Flowered Penstemon), 38 Penstemon rupicola (Rock Penstemon), 37 Penstemon rydbergii (Meadow Penstemon, Small-Flowered Penstemon), 38 Penstemon speclosus (Showy Penstemon, Royal Penstemon), 37 Pentogramma triangularis (Old Fern), 117 Peony, see Paeony Family (Paeoniaceae), 73 Peppergrass (Lepidium), 67 Pepperwood, (Umbellularia californica), 134 Peraphyllum ramosissimum (Squaw Apple), 134 Perideridia gairdneri (Squaw Root), 73 Periwinkle (V inca major), 28 Petty Athysanus (Athysanus pusillus), 66 Petunia parviflora (Wild Petunia), 70 Phacelia cicutaria (Caterpillar Phacelia), 114 Phacelia ciliate (Great Valley Phacelia), 113 Phacelia egena (Rock Phacelia and others), 113 Phacelia glandulifera (Ives’ Phacelia), 114 Phacelia humilis (Low Phacelia), 114 Phacelia hydrophylloides (Waterleaf Phacelia), 113 Phacelia procera (Tall Phacelia), 113 Phacelia purpusii (Purpus’ Phacelia), 114 Phacelia racemosa (Racemose Phacelia), 114 Phacelia ramosissima (Branching Phacelia, White Heliotrope), 113 Phacelia rattanii (Rattan’s Phacelia), 114 Phacelia sericea (Silky Phacelia, Mountain Phacelia), 114 Phacelia tanacetifolia (Tansy Phacelia), 113

Phacelia thermalis (Hot Spring Phacelia), 114 Phantom Orchid (Cephalanthera austiniae), 71 Philadelphus lewisii (Syringa, Mock Orange), 141 Phlox diffusa (Alpine Phlox), 84 Phlox douglasii (Douglas Phlox), 84 Phlox Family (Polemoniaceae), 80 Phlox gracilis (Beggar Gilia), 80 Phlox speciose (Showy Phlox), 84 Phlox stansburyi (Stansbury’s Phlox), 84 Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides (Common Phoenicaulis), 69 Phyla nodiflora (Garden Lippia), 108 Phyllodoce breweri (Brewer’s Mountain Heather, Hiker’s Heather), 49 Phyllodoce empetriformis (Cascade Heather, Pink Mountain Heather), 49 Physaria occidentalis (Lesquerella), 66 Physocarpus capitatus (Nine-Bark), 130 Pickeringia montana (Chaparral Pea), 130 Pine Checker (Sidalcea robusta), 58 Pine Drops (Pterospora andromedea), 115 Pine Pink (Silene lemmonii), 85 Pine, see Pinus, 148 Pineapple Weed (Chamomilla suaveolens), 102 Pinesap (Monotropa hypopitys), 116 Pink Cockle (V accaria hispanica), 86 Pink Family (Caryophyllaceae), 85 Pinus albicaulis (White Bark Pine), 148 Pinus attenuate (Knob-Cone Pine), 148 Pinus contorta (Lodgepole Pine), 148 Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey Pine), 148 Pinus lambertiana (Sugar Pine), 148 Pinus monticola (Silver Pine), 148 Pinus ponderosa (Western Yellow Pine, Poderosa Pine), 148 Pinus radiate (Monterey Pine), 148 Pinus sabiniana (Foothill Pine), 148 Pipe Vine (Aristolochia californica), 134 Pipe-Stem (Clematis lasiantha), 130 Pipsissewa (Chimaphila menziesii), 116 Pitcher Sage (Lepechinia calycina), 141 Plagiobothrys (Popcorn Flowers), 22 Plantago erecta (California Plantain), 87 Plantago lanceolata (Ribgrass, English Plantain, Buckhorn), 87 Plantago major (Common Plantain), 87 Plantain Family (Plantaginaceae), 87 Platanus racemosa (Western Sycamore), 130 Platystemon californicus (Cream Cups), 88 Plectritis ciliosa (Rose Plectritis), 107 Plectritis macrocera (Longhorn Plectritis, Corn Salad), 107 Pleuricospora fimbriolata (Sierra Sap, Fringed Pine-Sap), 115 Pogogyne, 65 Poison Oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), 129 Poison-Hemlock (Conium maculatum), 73 Polemoniaceae (Phlox Family), 80 Polemonium californicum (Low Polemonium), 85 Polemonium chartaceum (Mason’s Polemonium), 84 Polemonium micranthum (Annual Polemonium, Little Bells Polemonium), 84

Polemonium occidentale (Western Jacob’s Ladder), 85 Polemonium pulcherrimum (Showy Polemonium), 85 Polyctenium fremontii (Fremont’s Smelowskia), 69 Polygala cornuta (Sierra Milkwort), 61 Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family), 25 Polygonum (Knotweed), 25 Polypodium californicum (California Polybody), 119 Polystichum imbricans (Imbricated Sword Fern), 122 Polystichum imbricans (Naked Sword Fern), 122 Polystichum imbricans (Sword Fern), 122 Polystichum lemmonii (Shasta Fern), 119 Polystichum lonchitis (Holly Fern), 122 Polystichum scopulinum (Eaton’s Shield Fern), 119 Pond-Lily, Yellow (Nuphar luteum), 115 Poor Man’s Weatherglass (Anagallis arvensis), 89 Popcorn Flowers (Plagiobothrys), 22 Poppy Family (Papaveraceae), 88 Populus balsamifera (Black Cottonwood), 136 Populus fremontii (Fremont Cottonwood), 136 Populus tremuloides (Aspen), 136 Porterella (Porterella carnosula), 21 Poteridium annuum (Western Burnet), 94 Portulaca oleracea (Common Purslane), 90 Portulaca, Wild (Calandrinia ciliate), 91 Portulacaceae, 90 Potentilla fruticosa (Bush Cinquefoil), 127 Potentilla glandulosa (Sticky Cinquefoil, Gland Cinquefoil), 93 Potentilla gracilis (Silver Cinquefoil, Slender Cinquefoil), 93 Prairie Star (Lithophragma tenellum), 95 Prairie-Smoke (Geum triflorum), 93 Pretty Face (Triteleia ixioides), 20 Prickly Combseed (Pectocarya setosa), 22 Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola), 99 Prickly Poppy, Hedgehog or Broad-Horned (Argemone munita), 88 Primrose Family (Primulaceae), 88-89 Primrose, Alyssum-Like (Oenothera alyssoides), 31 Primrose, California Water Primrose (Ludwigia peploides), 29 Primrose, Contorted (Camissonia contorta), 31 Primrose, Field (Camissonia lacustris), 31 Primrose, Plateau (Camissonia andina), 31 Primula suffrutescens (Sierra Primrose), 89 Proboscidea lutea or P. louisianica (Yellow Unicorn Plant, Yellow Devil’s Claw), 59 Prunella vulgaris (Self Heal, Carpenter’s Weed, Hook-Heal, Sicklewort), 65 Prunus emarginata (Bitter Cherry), 135 Prunus subcordata (Sierra Plum), 134 Prunus virginiana (Western Choke Cherry), 135 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas Fir, Douglas Spruce), 148 Ptelea crenulata (Hop Tree), 129 Pteridium aquilinum (Brake, Bracken Fern), 119 Pterospora andromedea (Pine Drops), 115 Pterostegia drymarioides (Pterostegia), 25 Pteryxia terebinthina (Turpentine Pteryxia), 74 Puccoon, Columbia (Lithospermum ruderale), 22 Puccoon, Shasta (Lithospermum californicum), 22

Puncture Vine (Tribulus terrestris), 27 Purdy’s Chaparral (Penstemon heterophyllus), 37 Purple Thorn Apple (Datura stramonium), 71 Purple-Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium douglasii), 49 Purshia tridentate (Antelope Brush), 131 Purslane Family (Portulacaceae), 90 Purslane, Common (Portulaca oleracea), 90 Pussy Ears (Calochortus), 52 Pussy Paws (Calyptridium umbellatum), 90 Pussytoes (Antennaria), 100 Pycnanthemum californicum (Sierra Mint), 63 Pyrola asarifolia (Oregon Wintergreen), 116 Pyrola picta (Shin-Leaf), 116 Q Queen Cup (Clintonia uniflora), 51 Quercus chrysolepis (Maul Oak, Canyon Live Oak, Golden-Cup Oak), 136 Quercus douglasii (Blue Oak), 137 Quercus dumosa (Scrub Oak), 137 Quercus garryana (Oregon Oak), 137 Quercus kelloggii (California Black Oak), 137 Quercus lobate (Valley Oak), 137 Quercus vaccinifolia (Huckleberry Oak), 137 Quercus wislizenii (Interior Live Oak), 136 R Rabbit-Brush (Chrysothamnus), 131, 137 Radish, Garden or Wild (Raphanus sativus), 67 Ragwort (Senecio vulgaris), 102 Rancher’s Fireweed (A msinckia menziesii), 21 Ranger’s Button (Sphenosciadium capitellatum), 75 Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family), 25 Ranunculus aquatilis (Water Buttercup), 27 Raphanus sativus (Wild Radish), 67 Rattlesnake Plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia), 72 Rattlesnake Weed (Daucus pusillus), 74 Rattleweed (Astragalus), 77 Red Maids (Calandrinia ciliate), 91 Red Ribbons (Clarkia concinna), 29 Red-Berry (Rhamnus ilicifolia), 132 Redbud (Cercis occidentalis), 131 Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), 143 Rein-Orchis (Habenaria), 71 Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn Family), 24 Rhamnus alnifolia (Alder-Leafed Coffeeberry), 135 Rhamnus ilicifolia (Red-Berry), 132 Rhamnus rubra (Sierra Coffeeberry), 135 Rhamnus tomentella (Coffee-Berry), 133 Rhododendron occidentale (Western Azaela), 134 Rhus trilobata (Squaw Bush), 129 Ribbed Fringe Pod (Thysanocarpus radians), 67 Ribes (Gooseberry, Currant), 131 Ribgrass (Plantago lanceolata), 87 Rice Root (Fritillaria micrantha), 53 Rigid Hedge Nettle (Stachys rigida), 61 Robinia pseudo-acacia (Locust), 129 Rock Sedella (Parvisedum pumilum), 97

Rock-Brake (Cryptogramma acrostichoides), 119 Romanzoffia sitchensis (Sitka Mist-Maiden), 111 Rorippa (Yellow Cress), 68 Rose Family (Rosaceae), 92 Rose Plectritis (Plectritis ciliosa), 107 Rubiaceae (Madder Family), 57 Rubus (Blackberries), 130 Rubus leucodermis (Western Raspberry), 130 Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry), 131 Rudbeckia occidentalis (Western Rudbeckia), 101 Rudbeckia, Western (Rudbeckia occidentalis), 101 Rue-Anemone, Siskiyou (Isopyrum stipitatum), 26 Rue-Anemone, Western (Isopyrum occidentale), 26 Rumex (Dock), 25 S Sage, see Salvia, 61 Sagebrush Pansy (V iola beckwithii), 110 Sagittaria latifolia (Tule Potato, Common Arrowhead), 115 Salix (Willow), 136 Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius), 98 Salvia aethiopsis (Mediterranean Sage), 61 Salvia columbariae (Chia), 62 Salvia dorrii (Desert Salvia, Desert Sage), 61 Salvia sonomensis (Creeping Sage), 61 Sambucus mexicana (Maxican Elderberry), 129 Sambucus racemosa (Montane Red Elderberry), 129 Sand Lily (Leucocrinum montanum), 51 Sand Pygmy (Crassula connate), 97 Sand-Corn (Zigadenus paniculatus), 55 Sandwort (Arenaria), 87 Sandwort, Ballhead (Arenaria congesta), 87 Sanicula (Sanicle, Snakeroot), 74 Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet), 86 Sarcodes sanguinea (Snow Plant), 115 Satin Bell (Calochortus albus), 53 Satin Flower (Stellaria media), 86 Saxifrage Family (Saxifragaceae), 94 Scarlet Gilia (Ipomopsis aggregate), 82 Scarlet or Red Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), 89 Scarlet Painted Cup (Castilleja miniata), 33 Schoenolirion (Hastingsia alba), 55 Scorpion Grass, Yellow-and-Blue (Myosotis versicolor), 23 Scorzonella (Microseris), 100 Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius), 130 Screw Clover (Medicago polymorpha), 77 Scrophularia californica (California figwort), 36 Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family), 32 Scullcap, see Scutellaria, 63 Scurfpea, Round-leafed Psoralea (Hoita orbicularis), 77 Scutellaria anterrhinoides (Snapdragon Skullcap), 63 Scutellaria bolanderi (Sierra Skullcap, Bolander’s Skullcap), 64 Scutellaria californica (California Skullcap), 64 Scutellaria galericulata (Marsh Skullcap), 63

Scutellaria galericulata (Marsh Skullcap), 63 Scutellaria nana (Dwarf Skullcap), 64 Scutellaria siphocampyloides (Austin’s Scullcap), 63 Scutellaria siphocampyloides (Gray-Leafed Skullcap), 64 Scutellaria tuberosa (Dannie’s Skullcap, Tuberous Skullcap), 63 Sedum lanceolatum (Narrow-Petaled Stonecrop), 98 Sedum obtusatum (Sierra Gormania), 97 Sedum spathulifolium (Moss Sedum), 97 Sedum spathulifolium (Purdy’s Sedum), 98 Sedum stenopetalum (Explorer’s Sedum), 98 Sego Lily (Calochortus bruneaunis), 52 Self Heal (Prunella vulgaris), 65 Senecio (Groundsel), 104 Senecio vulgaris (Old Man of Spring, Common Groundsel, Ragwort), 102 Sequoia sempervirens (Redwood), 143 Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant Sequoia), 143 Shasta Aster (Machaeranthera canescens), 103 Shasta Fern (Polystichum lemmonii), 119 Shasta Thermopsis (Thermopsis gracilis), 77 Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), 66 Shepherdia argentea (Buffalo-Berry), 139 Shin-Leaf (Pyrola picta), 116 Shooting Star, see Dodecatheon, 89-90 Sibbaldia (Sibbaldia procumbens), 93 Sibbaldia procumbens (Sibbaldia), 93 Sicklewort (Prunella vulgaris), 65 Sida hederacea=Malva hederacea=Malvella leprosa (Alkali Mallow, Creeping Mallow, Star Mallow), 57 Sidalcea calycosa (Swamp Checker), 59 Sidalcea diploscypha (Cup Sidalcea), 58 Sidalcea glaucescens (Bird Checker), 58 Sidalcea hartwegii (Valley Sidalcea), 58 Sidalcea hirsute (Wallow Checker), 58 Sidalcea malvaeflora (Hill Checker), 58 Sidalcea oregano (Oregon Checker), 58 Sidalcea robusta (Pine Checker), 58 Sierra Bladder-Nut (Staphylea bolanderi), 130 Sierra Boykinia (Boykinia major), 95 Sierra Cliff-Brake (Pellaea brachyptera), 121 Sierra Coffeeberry (Rhamnus rubra), 135 Sierra Five-Spot (Nemophila maculate), 112 Sierra Golden-Eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium elmeri), 49 Sierra Gormania (Sedum obtusatum), 97 Sierra Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum occidentale), 23 Sierra Laurel (Leucothoe davisiae), 133 Sierra Mint (Pycnanthemum californicum), 63 Sierra Nevada Pea (Lathyrus nevadensis), 76 Sierra Plum (Prunus subcordata), 134 Sierra Primrose (Primula suffrutescens), 89 Sierra Rock-Fringe (Epilobium obcordatum), 31 Sierra Sap (Pleuricospora fimbriolata), 115 Sierra Sedella (Parvisedum pumilum), 97 Sierra Sweet Bay (Myrica hartwegii), 135 Sierra Wallflower (Erysimum capitatum), 68

Sierra Wood Fern (Thelypteris nevadensis), 119 Silene bernardina (Mountain Campion), 86 Silene californica (Indian Pink, California Silene), 85 Silene gallica (Windmill Pink, French Silene, Small-Flowered Catchfly), 85 Silene grayi (Gray’s Campion), 86 Silene lemmonii (Pine Pink, Lemmon’s Campion), 85 Silene menziesii (Menzies’ Campion, Menzies’ Silene), 86 Silene occidentalis (Western Campion), 85 Silk-Tassel Bush (Garrya fremontii), 138 Silkweed (Asclepias fascicularis), 60 Silver Lupine (Lupines albifrons), 127 Silvery Thermopsis (Thermopsis argentata), 77 Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle, Blessed Milk Thistle), 103 Simson (Senecio vulgaris), 102 Sinuate Gilia (Gilia sinuate), 82 Siskiyou Blue-Curls (Trichostema simulatum), 62 Sisymbrium altissimum (Tumble-Mustard), 69 Sisymbrium officinale (Hedge-Mustard), 68 Sisyrinchium bellum (Blue-Eyed Grass), 50 Sisyrinchium douglasii (Purple-Eyed Grass), 49 Sisyrinchium elmeri (Sierra Golden-Eyed Grass), 49 Sisyrinchium idahoense (Idaho Blue-Eyed Grass), 49 Sitka Mist-Maiden (Romanzoffia sitchensis), 111 Sium suave (Hemlock Water Parsnip), 75 Skunk Gilia (Allophyllum divaricatum), 82 Skyrocket (Ipomopsis aggregate), 82 Slender Bird’s Beak (Cordylanthus tenuis), 36 Slender Tropidocarpum (Tropidocarpum gracile), 68 Small Blue-Eyed Mary (Collinsia parviflora), 39 Smelowskia ovalis (Alpine Smelowskia), 66 Smilacina racemosa (False Solomon’s Seal), 55 Smilax californica (California Similax, Greenbrier), 50 Smooth Cat’s-Ear (Hypochoeris glabra), 99 Smooth Layia (Layia chrysanthemoides), 106 Smooth Medick, Smooth Bird Medick (Medicago polymorpha), 77 Smooth-Leafed Gilia (Gilia capillaris), 83 Snakeroot (Sanicula), 74 Snapdragon (Antirrhinum cornutum), 43 Snow Berry (Symphoricarpos), 139 Snow Plant (Sarcodes sanguinea), 115 Snow-Drop Bush (Styrax officinalis), 134 Snub Pea (Lathyrus sulphureus), 76 Soap Plant (Chlorogalum), 55 Solanaceae (Nightshade Family) see Solanum, 70 Solanum americanum (Small-Flowered Nightshade), 70 Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade), 70 Solanum parishii (Parish’s Nightshade), 70 Solanum triflorum (Cut-Leaf Nightshade), 70 Solanum xantii (Chaparral Nightshade), 70 Solidago californica (Common Goldenrod, California Goldenrod), 104 Solidago Canadensis (Narrow Goldenrod, Creek Goldenrod), 104 Solidago multiradiata (Alpine Goldenrod), 104 Sonchus (Sow-Thistle), 99 Sonoma Hedge Nettle (Stachys stricta), 61

Sorbus (Mountain-Ash), 129 Sorrel, Mountain (Oxyria digyna), 25 Sour Clover (Melilotus indicus), 77 Sour Grass (X erophyllum tenax), 55 Sow-Thistle (Sonchus), 99 Spearmint (Mentha spicata), 65 Speedwell (V eronica), 43 Sphenosciadium capitellatum (Ranger’s Button, White Heads), 75 Spice Bush (Calycanthus occidentalis), 141 Spike Primrose (Boisduvalia), 30 Spikenard (Aralia californica), 129 Spikeweed, Fitch’s (Hemizonia fitchii), 107 Spiraea densiflora (Subalpine Spiraea), 133 Spiraea douglasii (Douglas Spiraea), 133 Spiranthes (Ladies’ Tresses), 72 Spoke Pod (Thysanocarpus radians), 67 Spotted Medick, (Medicago arabica), 78 Spreading Dudleya (Dudleya cymosa), 97 Spring Cockle (V accaria hispanica), 86 Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae), 96 Squaw Apple (Peraphyllum ramosissimum), 134 Squaw Bush (Rhus trilobata), 129 Squaw Carpet (Ceanothus prostrates), 24 Squaw Grass (X erophyllum tenax), 55 Squaw Root (Perideridia gairdneri), 73 St. James Weed (Capsella bursa-pastoris), 66 St. John’s Wort Family (Hypericaceae) see Hypericum, 96-97 Stachys pycnantha (Short-Spiled Hedge-Nettle), 64 Stachys rigida (Rigid Hedge Nettle), 61 Stachys stricta (Sonoma Hedge Nettle), 61 Staphylea bolanderi (Sierra Bladder-Nut), 130 Star Lily (Leucocrinum montanum), 51 Star Mallow (Malvella leprosa), 57 Star Tulip (Calochortus), 52 Star Weed (Stellaria media), 86 Star Zygadene (Zigadenus fremontii), 55 Star-Flower, Western (Trientalis latifolia), 88 Steer’s Head (Dicentra uniflora), 44 Stellaria jamesiana (Sticky Starwort, Tuber Starwort), 87 Stellaria longipes (Long-Stalked Starwort), 86 Stellaria media (Common Chickweed, Starwort, Star Weed, Satin Flower), 86 Stephanomeria, 99 Stick-Leaf, see Mertzelia, 56 Stickseed, see Hackelia, 22 Stickweed, Western (Lappula redowskii), 23 Sticky Cerastium (Cerastium glomeratum), 87 Stink Bells (Fritillaria agrestis), 53 Stink Clover (Cleome platycarpa), 28 Stonecrop Family (Crassulaceae), 97 Straggly Gilia (Allophyllum integrifolium), 82 Strawberry, Broad-Petaled (Fragaria virginiana), 94 Stream Orchis (Epipactis gigantean), 72 Streptanthus, 67 Styrax officinalis (Snow-Drop Bush), 134

Sun Cup (Oenothera heterantha), 31 Sun-Drops, Andean (Camissonia andina), 31 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae), 98 Sunflower, Common (Helianthus annuus), 105 Sunflower, Common Woolley (Ericphyllum lanatum), 103 Sunflower, Dwarf (W yethia), 106 Sunflower, Nevada False (Helianthella californica), 107 Swamp Checker (Sidalcea calycosa), 59 Swamp Laurel (Kalmia polifolia), 48 Sweet Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), 73 Sweet-Cicely (Osmorhiza), 74 Swertia radiate (Deer Tongue or Giant Swertia), 46 Sword Fern (Polystichum imbricans), 122 Symphoricarpos (Snow Berry), 139 Syringa (Philadelphus lewisii), 141 T Tamarix pentandra (French Tamarisk), 125 Tan Oak (Lithocarpus densiflora), 136 Tansy Mustard (Descurainia richardsonii), 68 Taraxacum officinale (Common Dandelion, False Agoseris), 100 Taw Man-Root (Marah watsonii), 48 Taxus brevifolia (Western Yew), 141 Tellima grandiflora (Fringe Cups, False Alumroot), 94 Tetradymia glabrata (Horsebrush), 137 Thalictrum fendleri (Fendler Meadow Rue), 25 Thelypodium, 69 Thelypteris nevadensis (Sierra Wood Fern), 119 Thermopsis argentata (Silvery Thermopsis, False Lupine), 77 Thermopsis gracilis (Golden Pea, Shasta Thermopsis), 77 Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), 131 Thistle (Cirsium), 103 Thorn Skeleton Plant, Wooly-Based (Lygodesmia stephanomeria), 99 Thoroughwort, Western (Ageratina occidentale), 101 Three-Toothed Horkelia (Horkelia tridentate), 93 Thysanocarpus curvipes (Hairy Fringe Pod, Lace Pod), 67 Thysanocarpus radians (Spoke Pod, Ribbed Fringe Pod), 67 Tidy-Tips (Layia fremontii), 106 Tim-Wort (Cicendia quadrangularis), 45 Tinker’s Penny (Hypericum anagalloides), 96 Toad Lily (Montia chamissoi), 91 Tocalote (Centaurea melitensis), 102 Tonella (Tonella tenella), 39 Toothwort, Slender (Cardamine nuttallii), 69 Toothwort, Stout-Beaked (Cardamine pachystigma), 69 Torosa (Eschscholzia californica), 88 Torrey’s Blue-Eyed Mary (Collinsia torreyi), 39 Torreya californica (California Nutmeg), 141 Toxicodendron diversilobum (Poison Oak), 129 Toyon (Eriodictyon californicum), 132 Tiquilia nuttallii (Nuttall’s Coldenia), 21

Tracy’s Pea (Lathyrus lanszwertii var. tracyi), 76 Tragopogon porrifolius (Salsify, Oyster-Root, Vegetable Oyster), 98 Trautvetteria caroliniensis (False Bugbane), 26 Treacle Mustard (Erysimum repandum), 68 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), 127 Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), 134 Triantha occidentalis (Western Tofieldia, Tall Tofieldia), 55 Tribulus terrestris (Puncture Vine), 27 Trichostema lanceolatum (Turpentine Weed, Vinegar Blue-Curls), 62 Trichostema oblongum or T. simulatum (Mountain Blue-Curls), 62 Trientalis latifolia (Western Star-Flower), 88 Trifolium (Clover), 77-78 Trillium, 50 Triodanis biflora (Venus Looking-Glass), 21 Triphysaria eriantha (Johnny-Tuck), 34 Triteleia bridgesii (Bridge’s Brodiaea), 20 Triteleia crocea (Yellow Tritellia), 20 Triteleia hyacinthina (White Brodiaea), 19 Triteleia ixioides (Golden Brodiaea), 20 Triteleia laxa (Grass Nut, Ithuriel’s Spear), 19 Triteleia montana (Slender Triteleia), 20 Tropidocarpum gracile (Slender Tropidocarpum), 68 Tuber Starwort (Stellaria jamesiana), 87 Tule Potato (Sagittaria latifolia), 115 Tumble-Mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum), 69 Turk’s Rug (Chorizanthe), 25 Turkey Mullein (Eremocarpus setigerus), 96 Turkey-Beard, Western (X erophyllum tenax), 55 Turncoat Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis versicolor), 23 Turpentine Pteryxia (Pteryxia terebinthina), 74 Turpentine Weed (Trichostema lanceolatum), 62 Twayblade (Listera convallarioides), 72 Twin Flower (Linnaea borealis), 49 Twinberry (Lonicera involucrate), 139 U-V Umbellularia californica (California Bay Laurel, Peppertree, Myrtle), 134 Umbrella Plant (Darmera peltata), 94 Unicorn Plant, Yellow (Proboscidea lutea), 59 Vaccaria hispanica (Cowherb, Cow Soapwort, Cow Cockle), 86 Vaccinium cespitosum (Sierra Bilberry), 48 Vaccinium membranaceum (Thin-Leaf Huckleberry), 135 Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. occidentale (Western Blueberry), 135 Vaccinium parvifolium (Red Huckleberry, Red Bilberry), 134 Vaccinium scoparium (Little-Leaf Huckleberry), 48 Valerian Family (V alerianaceae), 107 Valeriana californica (Wood Valerian), 107 Valley Goldfields (Lasthenia californica ssp. californica, 105 Valley Man-Root (Marah fabaceus), 48 Valley Sidalcea (Sidalcea hartwegii), 58 Valley-Tassels (Castilleja attenuata), 35 Venus Looking-Glass (Triodanis biflora), 21 Veratrum californicum (California False Hellebore, India Poke), 54 Verbascum blattaria (Moth Mullein), 43 Verbascum Thapsus (Common, Woolly, Flannel Mullein), 43

Verbena hastate (Blue Vervain), 108 Verbena lasiostachys (Western Verbena), 108 Veronica, (Speedwell), 43 Vervain Family (V erbenaceae), 107 Vetch, V icia, 78 Vicia americana (American Vetch, California Vetch), 78 Vicia sativa (Spring Vetch), 78 Vicia villosa (Winter Vetch), 78 Vinca major (Periwinkle), 28 Vinegar Blue-Curls (Trichostema lanceolatum), 62 Vinegar Weed (Trichostema lanceolatum), 62 Viola adunca (Western Dog Violet), 109 Viola bakeri (Baker’s Violet), 109 Viola beckwithii (Sagebrush Pansy), 110 Viola cuneate (Butterfly Violet), 108 Viola douglasii (Gold Violet), 110 Viola glabella (Pioneer Violet), 108 Viola lobate (Wood Violet), 109, 110 Viola macloskeyi (Western Verbena), 108 Viola ocellata (Two-Eyed Violet), 108 Viola pedunculata (Johnny-Jump-Up, Wild Pansy), 109 Viola praemosa (Sheep Violet), 109 Viola purpurea (Oak Violet, Pine Violet), 109 Viola sheltonii (Fan Violet), 110 Viola sororia (Cimarron Violet), 109 Viola tomentosa (Woolly Violet), 109 Violet Family (V iolaceae), 108 Violet Gilia (Allophyllum gilioides), 82 Virgate Tarweed (Holocarpha virgate), 104 Viscid Bird’s Beak (Cordylanthus viscidus), 36 Vitis californica (Wild Grape), 131 W Wallflower, Western (Erysimum capitatum), 67 Wallow Checker (Sidalcea hirsute), 58 Water Chickweed (Montia fontana), 91 Water Parship (Berula erecta or Oenanthe sarmentosa), 75 Water-Hoarhound, Cut-Leaf (Lycopus americanus), 63 Water-Hoarhound, Pacific (Lycopus asper), 63 Waterleaf Family (Hydrophyllaceae), 110 Waterleaf, see Hydrophyllum, 112, or Phacelia 113 Water-Lily Family (Nymphaeaceae), 115 Water-Plantain Family (Alismataceae), 115 Water-Shield (Brasenia schreberi), 115 Waterweed, Yellow (Ludwigia peploides), 29 Wayside Gromwell (Lithospermum ruderale), 22 Webber’s Ivesia (Ivesia webberi), 93 Western Azalea (Rhododendron occidentale), 134 Western Black Haw (Crataegus douglasii), 132 Western Blueberry (V accinium uliginosum ssp. occidentale), 135 Western Blue-Flag (Iris missouriensis), 50 Western Burnet (Poteridium annuum), 94 Western Burning Bush (Euonymus occidentalis), 139 Western Campion (Silene occidentalis), 85

Western Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana), 135 Western Cowbane (Oxypolis occidentalis), 75 Western Goldenrod (Euthamia occidentalis), 104 Western Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum grande and occidentale), 23 Western Monkshood (Aconitum columbianum), 26 Western Prince’s Pine (Chimaphila umbellate), 116 Western Raspberry (Rubus leucodermis), 130 Western Service Berry (A melanchier utahensis), 132 Western Sycamore (Platanus racemosa), 130 Western Virgin’s Bow (Clematis ligusticifolia), 127 Whispering Bells (Emmenanthe penduliflora), 112 White Alder (Alnus rhombifolia), 136 White Everlasting (Gnaphalium), 101 White Heads (Sphenosciadium capitellatum), 75 White Heliotrope, see Phacelia ramosissima, 113 White Hoarhound (Marrubium vulgare), 62 Whiteweed (Heliotropium curassavicum var. oculatum), 21 Wild Clematis (Clematis ligusticifolia), 127 Wild Cucumber (Marah fabaceus), 48 Wild Grape (V itis californica), 131 Willow (Salix), 136 Willow-Herb Cottonweed (Epilobium), 30 Windflower, Western (Anemone oregano), 27 Windmill Pink (Silene gallica), 85 Wood Valerian (V aleriana californica), 107 Woodland Star (Lithophragma), 95 Woodwardia fimbriata (Chain Fern), 117 Woollen Breeches (Hydrophyllum capitatum), 112 Wyethia (Balsam Root, Mule Ears, Dwarf Sunflower), 106 Wyethia bolanderi (Bolander’s Wyethia), 104 Wyoming Painted Cup (Castilleja linariaefolia), 33 X-Y-Z Xerophyllum tenax (Elk Grass, Sour Grass, Western Turkey Beard), 55 Yarrow, Milfoil (Achillea millefolium), 106 Yellow Carpet (Blennosperma nanum), 107 Yellow Melilot (Melilotus indicus), 77 Yellow Sorrel (Oxalis corniculata), 73 Yellow Star Thistle (Centaurea solstitialis), 102 Yellow Sweet Clover (Melilotus indicus), 77 Yellow-Rayed Lasthenia (Lasthenia glabrata), 105 Yellow-Staining Collomia (Collomia tinctoria), 83 Yerba De Chivata (Clematis ligusticifolia), 127 Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon californicum), 132 Yew, Western (Taxus brevifolia), 141 Zauschneria latifolia (Mountain Balsamea), 29 Zeltnera davyi (June Centaury), 46 Zeltnera exaltata (Desert or Great Basin Centaury), 46 Zeltnera tricantha (Alkali Centaury), 46 Zigadenus exaltatus (Giant Zygadene), 55 Zigadenus fremontii (Star Zygadene, Star Lily), 55 Zigadenus paniculatus (Sand-Corn), 55 Zigadenus venenosus (Death Camas, Deadly Zygadene), 55 Zygophyllaceae (Caltrop Family), 27