Determined according to the botanical keys provided by Amaral Franco in Tutin et al. (1964) and Micevski (1985).
Lifeform: Evergreen tree; phanerophyte (megaphanerophyte) according to the Raunkiær system.
Distribution: Native to Europe according to the Plants of the World Online portal (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Habitat: Coniferous plantations in the montane/ subalpine belt and occasionally mixed with European beech. Native to North Macedonia, but not to the Osogovo region. Introduced species used for forestation.
Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – habit. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – branch with twigs. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – branches. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – branches. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – branches. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – spent male inflorescences. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – spent male inflorescences. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – cones. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – cone scales. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – cone scales. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – cone scales. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – cones from the previous year. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twigs. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twigs. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twigs. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twigs. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twig with leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twig with leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – twig with leaves. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – older twigs. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – branch. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – trunk with branches. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – trunk with branches. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – trunk. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – trunk. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.Picea abies – trunk. Osogovo, Ponikva, 16.10.2022. Photo by Trajche Dimitrovski.
References:
Micevski, K. (1985). The Flora of SR Macedonia Vol. 1, Book 1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
