Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cedrus libani A. Rich

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Novel Drug Targets With Traditional Herbal Medicines

  • 803 Accesses

Abstract

Cedrus is a vital member of the Pinaceae family, with elegant, decorative, evergreen, high, and monoecious conifer members that grow widely on mountains, particularly in the South, Southeast Mediterranean, and Western Himalaya. Cedrus libani (A. Rich), one of the four species, is currently found in only a few locations around the Eastern Mediterranean. It is a biologically significant species with one of the earliest ethnobotanical values in history of mankind, and it still attracts attention due to the ethnobotanical uses prevalent in its expanding range. Numerous studies on various parts of Cedrus libani shed light on its chemical composition (mostly terpenic structures) and pharmacological properties (anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing, and cytotoxic activities); however, there are undoubtedly many more discoveries to be made with further studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alamgir ANM. Therapeutic use of medicinal plants and their extracts: volume 1. Springer International Publishing AG; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold N, Baydoun S, Chalak L, Raus T. A contribution to the flora and ethnobotanical knowledge of Mount Hermon, Lebanon. Fl Medit. 2015;25:13–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baydoun S, Chalak L, Dalleh H, Arnold N. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by the communities of Mount Hermon, Lebanon. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;173:139–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baytop T. Treatment with plants in Turkey (in the past and today). Ankara: Nobel Med Books; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilir N, Avci AB. Essential oil in Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani a. rich) seeds. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 2013;16(4):538–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boydak M, Calikoglu M. Biology and silviculture of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.). Ankara: OGEM – VAK; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulut G, Haznedaroğlu MZ, Doğan A, Koyu H, Tuzlacı E. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Acipayam (Denizli-Turkey). J Herb Med. 2017;10:64–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çepel N. Lübnan sediri, Lübnan’daki 5000 yıllık tahribatı, Anadolu’da bugünkü yayılış sahası ve bu ağaç türünün Alplere tekrar getirilmesi hakkında düşünceler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 1959:111–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaney WR, Basbous M. The cedars of Lebanon witnesses of history. Econ Bot. 1978;32(2):118–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevallier A. The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. London: Dorling Kindersley; 1996. ISBN 9-780751-303148

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 3. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diğrak M, Ilçim A, Hakki AM. Antimicrobial activities of several parts of Pinus brutia, Juniperus oxycedrus, Abies cilicia, Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra. Phytother Res. 1999;13(7):584–7. PMID: 10548751.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan G, Bagci E. Elazığ’ın Bazı Yerleşim Alanlarında Halkın Geleneksel Ekolojik Bilgisine Dayanarak Kullandığı Bitkiler ve Etnobotanik Özellikleri. Firat Univ J Sci. 2011;23(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Beyrouthy M, Nelly A, Annick D-DA, Dupont F. Plants used as remedies antirheumatic and antineuralgic in the traditional medicine of Lebanon. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;120(3):315–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias A, Shebaby WN, Nehme B, Faour W, Bassil BS, Hakim JE, Iskandar R, Dib-Jalbout N, Mroueh M, Daher C, Taleb RI. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of 2-Himachelen-7-ol isolated from Cedrus libani. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12855. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49374-9. PMID: 31492934; PMCID: PMC6731217.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fahed L, Khoury M, Stien D, Ouaini N, Eparvier V, El Beyrouthy M. Essential oils composition and antimicrobial activity of six conifers harvested in Lebanon. Chem Biodivers. 2017 Feb;14(2) https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600235. Epub 2017 Feb 4. PMID: 27685246.

  • Fakir H, Korkmaz M, Güller B. Medicinal plant diversity of western Mediterranean region in Turkey. J Appl Biol Sci. 2009;3(2):33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farjon A. A handbook of the world’s conifers. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farjon A, Filer D. An atlas of the world’s conifers: an analysis of their distribution, biogeography, diversity and conservation status. Brill; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisher A, Fleisher Z. The volatiles of the leaves and wood of Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich) aromatic plants of the holy land and the sinai. Part XIV. J Essent Oil Res. 2000;12(6):763–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner M. Cedrus libani. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013:e.T46191675A46192926; 2013. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T46191675A46192926.en. Downloaded on 13 April 2021.

  • González-Minero FJ, Bravo-Díaz L. The use of plants in skin-care products, cosmetics and fragrances: past and present. Cosmetics. 2018;5(3):50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güneş S, Savran A, Paksoy MY, Koşar M, Çakılcıoğlu U. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Karaisalı and its surrounding (Adana-Turkey). J Herb Med. 2017;8:68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafizoglu H. Studies on the chemistry of Cedrus libani A. Rieh. Holzforschung. 1987;41:141–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajar L, François L, Khater C, Jomaa I, Déqué M, Cheddadi R. Cedrus libani (A. Rich) distribution in Lebanon: past, present and future. C R Biol. 2010;333(8):622–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayta S, Polat R, Selvi S. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;154(3):613–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillier Nurseries (Winchester) Ltd. The hillier manual of trees and shrubs. Melksham: Redwood Press Ltd.; 1991. p. 704.

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN. IUCN red list categories and criteria: version 3.1. 2nd ed. Gland/Cambridge: IUCN; 2012. iv + 32pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilic Pekgozlu A, Kustas S, Mercan B, Bicer A. Chemical characterization of Lebonan Cedar Tar. Drvna industrija: Znanstveni časopis za pitanja drvne tehnologije. 2017;68(2):107–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kizil M, Kizil G, Yavuz M, Aytekin C. Antimicrobial activity of the resins obtained from the roots and stems of Cedrus libani and Abies cilicica. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2002;38(2):166–8. PMID: 11962214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocabaş YZ, Gedik O. Kahramanmaraş il merkezi semt pazarlarında satılan bitkiler hakkında etnobotanik araştırmalar. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016;6(4):41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurt Y, Kaçar MS, Isik K. Traditional tar production from Cedrus libani A. Rich on the Taurus Mountains in Southern Turkey. Econ Bot. 2008;62(4):615–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loizzo MR, Saab AM, Statti GA, Menichini F. Composition and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of essential oils from Cedrus libani. Fitoterapia. 2007;78(4):323–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.006. Epub 2007 Apr 11. PMID: 17499940.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loizzoa MR, Saabb A, Tundisa R, et al. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro evaluation of the biological activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) of Cedrus libani A. Rich Phytomed. 2008;15:79–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer H, Sevim M. Lübnan sediri, Lübnan’daki 5000 yıllık tahribatı, Anadolu’da bugünkü yayılış sahası ve bu ağaç türünün Alplere tekrar getirilmesi hakkında düşünceler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. 1959:111–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norin T, Winell B. Diterpenoids of cones from two Cedrus species. Phytochemistry. 1971;10:2818–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paksoy MY, Selvi S, Savran A. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Ulukışla (Niğde-Turkey). J Herb Med. 2016;6(1):42–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panetsos KP, Christou A, Scaltsoyiannes A. First analysis on allozyme variation in cedar species (Cedrus sp.). Silvae Genet. 1992;41(6):339–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pijut PM. Cedrus-the true cedars. J Arboric. 2000;26(4)

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiao CY, Ran JH, Li Y, Wang XQ. Phylogeny and biogeography of Cedrus (Pinaceae) inferred from sequences of seven paternal chloroplast and maternal mitochondrial DNA regions. Ann Bot. 2007;100:573–80.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raber AG, Peachey-Stoner RJ, Cessna SG, Siderhurst MS. Headspace GC-MS analysis of differences in intra- and interspecific Terpene profiles of Picea pungens Engelm. and P. abies (L.) Karst. Phytochemistry. 2021;181:112541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112541. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PMID: 33099223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reunanen M, Holmbom B, Edgren T. Analysis of archaeological birch bark pitches. Holzforschung. 1993;47:175–7. https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.2.175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saab AM, Harb FY, Koenig WA. Essential oil components in heart wood of Cedrus libani and Cedrus atlantica from Lebanon. Minerva Biotec. 2005;17:159–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saab AM, Lampronti L, Grandini A, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Sacchetti G, Gambari R, Guerrini A. Antiproliferative and erythroid differentiation activities of Cedrus libani seed extracts against K562 human chronic myelogenus leukemia cells. Int J Pharm Biol Arch, 2011;2.6: 1744–1748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saab AM, Guerrini A, Sacchetti G, Maietti S, Zeino M, Arend J, Gambari R, Bernardi F, Efferth T. Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxicity towards multidrug-resistant leukemia cells of essential oils derived from Lebanese medicinal plants. Planta Med. 2012a;78(18):1927–31. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1327896. Epub 2012 Nov 15. PMID: 23154840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saab AM, Lampronti I, Borgatti M, Finotti A, Harb F, Safi S, Gambari R. In vitro evaluation of the anti-proliferative activities of the wood essential oils of three Cedrus species against K562 human chronic myelogenous leukaemia cells. Nat Prod Res. 2012b;26(23):2227–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.643885. Epub 2011 Dec 14. PMID: 22168262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saab AM, Gambari R, Sacchetti G, Guerrini A, Lampronti I, Tacchini M, El Samrani A, Medawar S, Makhlouf H, Tannoury M, Abboud J, Diab-Assaf M, Kijjoa A, Tundis R, Aoun J, Efferth T. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of essential oils from Cedrus species. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(12):1415–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1346648. Epub 2017 Jul 3. PMID: 28670915.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sargin SA. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Bozyazı district of Mersin, Turkey. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;173:105–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargin SA, Büyükcengiz M. Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin, Turkey. J Herb Med. 2019;15:100224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaltsoyiannes A. Allozyme differentiation and phylogeny of cedar species. Sillvae Genet. 1999;48(2):61–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senkardes I, Tuzlaci E. Some ethnobotanical notes from Gundogmus District (Antalya/Turkey). Clin Exp Health Sci. 2014;4(2):63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senol FS, Orhan IE, Ustun O. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant effect of selected coniferous tree species. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8(4):269–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60329-1. PMID: 25975497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sezik E, Yeşilada E, Honda G, Takaishi Y, Takeda Y, Tanaka T. Traditional medicine in Turkey X. Folk medicine in Central Anatolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75(2–3):95–115.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shebaby W, Elias A, Mroueh M, Nehme B, El Jalbout ND, Iskandar R, Daher JC, Zgheib M, Ibrahim P, Dwairi V, Saad JM, Taleb RI, Daher CF. Himachalol induces apoptosis in B16-F10 murine melanoma cells and protects against skin carcinogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;10(253):112545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112545. Epub 2020 Jan 7. PMID: 31918014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tumen I, Akkol EK, Süntar I, Keleş H. Wound repair and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils from cones of Pinaceae: preclinical experimental research in animal models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1215–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.046. Epub 2011 Jul 26. PMID: 21816214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuzlacı E. A dictionary of Turkish plants. Istanbul: Alfa Publishing; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuzlacı E. Türkiye bitkileri geleneksel ilaç rehberi. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usta M, Kara Z. The chemical composition of wood and bark of Cedrus libani A. Rich Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff. 1997;55:268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidakovic, M. Conifers: Morphology and variation. Grafičko Zavod Hrvatske, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch HJ, Ouden PD. The conifer manual. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeşilada E, Gürbüz I, Shibata H. Screening of Turkish anti-ulcerogenic folk remedies for anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;66(3):289–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00219-0. PMID: 10473175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yılmaz N, Alma M, Nıtz KH, Efe FT. Chemical composition of the essential oils from oleoresin on cones of Cedrus libani. Asian J Chem. 2005;17(4):2300–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zgheib R, El Beyrouthy M, El Rayess Y, Dahi M, Nehme N, Azzi-Achkouty S, Iriti M. Effect of geographical origin on yield and composition of cone essential oils of Cedrus libani A. Rich. growing in Lebanese protected areas and variability assessment in comparison with literature survey. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2020;75(7–8):255–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2019-0172. PMID: 32092041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Meltem Güleç

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Selin Aktar Kiremitci

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Abdullah Olgun

Authors
  1. Meltem Güleç
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Selin Aktar Kiremitci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdullah Olgun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Meltem Güleç .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacognosy-Faculty of Pharmacy, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

    Fatma Tuğçe Gürağaç Dereli

  2. Pharmacognosy-Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey

    Mert Ilhan

  3. Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Tarun Belwal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Güleç, M., Kiremitci, S.A., Olgun, A. (2022). Cedrus libani A. Rich. In: Gürağaç Dereli, F.T., Ilhan, M., Belwal, T. (eds) Novel Drug Targets With Traditional Herbal Medicines. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07753-1_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation