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Population Genomics Advances and Opportunities in Conservation of Kiwi (Apteryx spp.)

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Population Genomics: Wildlife

Part of the book series: Population Genomics ((POGE))

Abstract

Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) are highly threatened flightless birds endemic to New Zealand. They are members of the most basal extant avian lineage, the paleognaths, and exhibit a suite of traits that are unusual in birds. Despite their iconic and imperiled status, there have been only four genomic studies of kiwi to date with only two of these aimed at improving conservation. There is, therefore, massive opportunity to use genomic techniques to elucidate the genetic basis and consequences of the strange ecology and evolution of kiwi and to inform their intensive management. In this chapter, we review genomic studies in paleognaths, assess prospects for the future of kiwi genomics, and define some lessons for population genomics and conservation of at-risk taxa generally. We also present an analysis of genomic signatures associated with the evolution of Apterygidae and the genes involved in diversification of kiwi via comparison of 3,774 orthologous protein coding genes among 28 avian species. We found strong signals of selection in genes associated with dwarfism, neurogenesis, retinal development, and temperature regulation. Our results provide clues as to why kiwi have such small body size (relative to other paleognaths), large egg size (relative to their body size), excellent olfaction, and poor vision. The data further suggest that coping with highly divergent temperature regimes may be a defining feature of the spotted kiwi clade which includes the only kiwi species that inhabits the alpine zone. Considerable genomic resources are now available for kiwi, including whole-genome sequences, transcriptome assemblies, thousands of SNP markers, and numerous candidate genes. There is also a myriad of outstanding questions about kiwi that genomic studies can inform. The challenge now is to bring these new genomic tools to bear on conservation and management of kiwi.

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Acknowledgments

Thank you to the editors for the invitation to contribute to this book and guidance in preparing this chapter. Many thanks to Hugh Robertson and Rogan Colbourne, collaborators, and Kiwi Whisperers extraordinaire, for collection of and access to archived kiwi samples and for sharing their invaluable insight into kiwi ecology and management. Thanks also to Helen Taylor and Duncan Kaye for many helpful kiwi conversations. Funding for this work was provided by the Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution (KMR), the University of South Carolina (KMR), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/M00208X/1, LTD), and an ERC grant (ERC-2014-STG-638333, LTD). Permission for sample collection and genetic research and cultural guidance in working with tāonga was generously provided by Kaitiaki o Kapiti Trust, Te Rūnanaga Ngāi Tahu, Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust, Te Ātiawa Manawhenua Ki Te Tau Ihu Trust, Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio, and Waiorua Bay Trust.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Geology, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken, SC, USA

    Kristina M. Ramstad

  2. Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Luke T. Dunning

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  1. Kristina M. Ramstad
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Correspondence to Kristina M. Ramstad .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA

    Paul A. Hohenlohe

  2. Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada

    Om P. Rajora

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Ramstad, K.M., Dunning, L.T. (2020). Population Genomics Advances and Opportunities in Conservation of Kiwi (Apteryx spp.). In: Hohenlohe, P.A., Rajora, O.P. (eds) Population Genomics: Wildlife. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/13836_2019_71

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/13836_2019_71

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