Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Two blue-stain fungi colonizing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees infested by bark beetles in Slovakia, Central Europe

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Excessive mortality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees has recently been observed in the Záhorská nížina lowland in western Slovakia, Central Europe. Continuous drought, bark beetles and blue-stain fungi are likely to play a crucial role in this dieback of pines in a warm sandy area. Two blue-stain fungi, Ophiostoma ips and Ophiostoma minus, were found here on Scots pine trunks infested by bark beetles. These fungi were isolated and identified based on morphological properties and DNA sequences (ITS, LSU, β-tubulin). They colonized the inner bark, phloem and blue-stained sapwood, and were recorded in the galleries of Orthotomicus longicollis and other species of this genus. The occurrence of O. minus was massive; the fungus was found to produce perithecia abundantly in dying pines. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and global distribution of the two fungal species on host pine species are provided. The records of O. ips and those of O. minus are new for the mycoflora of Slovakia. Undetermined mycophagous nematodes were found inside the perithecia of O. ips. The role of bark beetles as real and potential vectors (Ips spp., Orthotomicus spp., Tomicus spp., Hylurgus ligniperda, Hylastes sp.) of blue-stain fungi in a declining pine forest is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvarez G, Fernandez M, Diez JJ (2015) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with declined Pinus pinaster stands in Spain. Forest Syst 24:1–9. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2015241-05707

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1960) Index of plant diseases in the United States. USDA Agric Handb 165:1–531

  • Anonymous (1964) Diseases of widely planted forest trees. Forest Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

  • Anonymous (2016) Pine nematodes. Primefact 1466. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange

  • Arhipova N, Jansons A, Zaluma A, Gaitnieks T, Vasaitis R (2015) Bark stripping of Pinus contorta caused by moose and deer: wounding patterns, discoloration of wood, and associated fungi. Can J For Res 45:1434–1438. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bencheva S, Doychev D, Ovcharov D (2009) Study on ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles on Pinus sylvestris L. in Malashevska Planina Mt. For Sci 2:101–114

  • CABI/EPPO (2015) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases. Map 789 (Edition 2). CABI, Wallingford

  • Campbell RN (1960) Some sap-stain fungi found in Minnesota. Plant Dis Rep 44:625–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Cech T, Perny B (1998) Kiefernsterben in Tirol. Forstschutz Aktuell 22:12–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho WD, Shin HD (2004) List of plant diseases in Korea. Korean Society of Plant Pathology, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciesla WM (2011) Forest entomology. A global perspective. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crous PW, Phillips AJL, Baxter AP (2000) Phytopathogenic fungi from South Africa. University of Stellenbosch, Department of Plant Pathology Press, Stellenbosch

  • Davidson RW (1978) Staining fungi associated with Dendroctonus adjunctus in pines. Mycologia 70:35–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/3758684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davydenko K, Vasaitis R, Menkis A (2017) Fungi associated with Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ukraine with a special emphasis on pathogenicity of ophiostomatoid species. Eur J Entomol 114:77–85. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2017.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (2013) Emerging lineages in the Ophiostomatales. CBS Biodivers Ser 12:21–46

  • De Beer ZW, Seifert KA, Wingfield MJ (2013) A nomenclator for ophiostomatoid genera and species in the Ophiostomatales and Microascales. CBS Biodivers Ser 12:245–322

  • De Beer ZW, Duong TA, Wingfield MJ (2016) The divorce of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma: solution to a problematic relationship. Stud Mycol 83:165–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2016.07.001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dori-Bachash M, Avrahami-Moyal L, Protasov A, Mendel Z, Freeman S (2015) The occurrence and pathogenicity of Geosmithia spp. and common blue-stain fungi associated with pine bark beetles in planted forests in Israel. Eur J Plant Pathol 143:627–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-015-0713-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farr DF, Rossman AY (2017) Fungal databases. U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/. Accessed 12 April 2017

  • Farr DF, Bills GF, Chamuris GP, Rossman AY (1995) Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Foister CE (1961) The economic plant diseases of Scotland: a survey and check list covering the years 1924–1957. Tech Bull Dept Agric Fish Scotl 1:1–210

  • Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.1993.tb00005.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginns JH (1986) Compendium of plant disease and decay fungi in Canada 1960–1980. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Glass NL, Donaldson GC (1995) Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1323–1330

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goidanich G (1936) Il genere di Ascomiceti ‘Grosmannia’ G. Goid. Boll Staz Patol Veg Roma 16:26–60

  • Gonthier P, Nicolotti G (2013) Infectious forest diseases. CABI, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gorton C, Webber JF (2000) Reevaluation of the status of the bluestain fungus and bark beetle associate Ophiostoma minus. Mycologia 92:1071–1079. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorton C, Kim SH, Henricot B, Webber J, Breuil C (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of the bluestain fungus Ophiostoma minus based on partial ITS rDNA and β-tubulin gene sequences. Mycol Res 108:759–765. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204000012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin HD (1968) The genus Ceratocystis in Ontario. Can J Bot 46:689–718. https://doi.org/10.1139/b68-094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gubka A, Galko J, Vakula J, Kunca A, Zúbrik M, Leontovyč R, Rell S, Longauerová V, Maľová M, Nikolov Ch (2016) Výsledky monitoringu inváznych druhov hmyzu a húb v roku 2015. In: Kunca A (ed) Aktuálne problémy v ochrane lesa. National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, Zvolen, pp 71–75

  • Hanlin RT (1963) A revision of the Ascomycetes of Georgia. Georgia Agric Exp Stn Mimeo Ser 175:1–65

  • Hausner G, Reid J, Klassen GR (1993) Ceratocystiopsis: a reappraisal based on molecular criteria. Mycol Res 97:625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81188-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hausner G, Reid J, Klassen GR (2000) On the phylogeny of members of Ceratocystis s.s. and Ophiostoma that possess different anamorphic states, with emphasis on the anamorph genus Leptographium, based on partial ribosomal DNA sequences. Can J Bot 78:903–916. https://doi.org/10.1139/b00-068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heiniger U, Theile F, Rigling A, Rigling D (2011) Blue-stain infections in roots, stems and branches of declining Pinus sylvestris trees in a dry inner alpine valley in Switzerland. For Pathol 41:501–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00713.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Himelick EB (1982) Pine blue-stain associated with the pine wilt syndrome. J Arboric 8:212–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter RW, Moser JC, Blomquist SR (2013) Mites associated with bark beetles and their hyperphoretic ophiostomatoid fungi. CBS Biodivers Ser 12:165–176

  • Hubka V, Kolařík M (2012) β-Tubulin paralogue tubC is frequently misidentified as the benA gene in Aspergillus section Nigri taxonomy: primer specificity testing and taxonomic consequences. Persoonia 29:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158512x658123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison LJ, Reid J (1988) Taxonomy of some potential wood-staining fungi from New Zealand 1. Ophiostomataceae. N Z J Bot 26:63–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1988.10410099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak R (2006) Fungi associated with Tomicus piniperda in Poland and assessment of their virulence using scots pine seedlings. Ann For Sci 63:801–808. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak R (2012) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips sexdentatus on Pinus sylvestris in Poland. Dendrobiology 68:43–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak R, Bilanski P (2013) Association of the pine-infesting Pissodes species with ophiostomatoid fungi in Poland. Eur J For Res 132:523–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0693-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak R, Hilszczański J (2005) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in North-Eastern Poland. Acta Soc Bot Pol 74:345–350. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2005.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak R, Kolařík M (2011) Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from fallen shoots of Scots pine pruned by Tomicus species in Poland. Acta Mycol 46:201–210. https://doi.org/10.5586/am.2011.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak R, Rossa R (2007) Filamentous fungi associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis and Acanthocinus aedilis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Scots pine. Pol Bot J 52:143–149

  • Kim JJ, Kim SH, Lee S, Breuil C (2003) Distinguishing Ophiostoma ips and Ophiostoma montium, two bark beetle-associated sapstain fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 222:187–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00304-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim GH, Kim JJ, Young WL, Breuil C (2005) Ophiostomatoid fungi isolated from Pinus radiata logs imported from New Zealand to Korea. Can J Bot 83:272–278. https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Harrington TC, Lee JC, Seybold SJ (2011) Leptographium tereforme sp. nov. and other Ophiostomatales isolated from the root-feeding bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda in California. Mycologia 103:152–163. https://doi.org/10.3852/10-096

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirisits T (2007) Fungal associates of European bark beetles with special emphasis on the ophiostomatoid fungi. In: Lieutier F, Day KR, Battisti A, Grégoire JC, Evans HF (eds) Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 181–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi T (2007) Index of fungi inhabiting woody plants in Japan. Host, distribution and literature. Zenkoku-Noson-Kyoiku Kyokai Publishing Co., Tokyo

  • Kobayashi T, de Guzman ED (1988) Notes on tree diseases and associated microorganisms observed from 1977 to 1985 in the Philippines. Japan Agric Res Q 22:65–70

  • Långström B, Solheim H, Hellqvist C, Gref R (1993) Effect of pruning young Scots pine on host vigour and susceptibility to Leptographium wingfieldii and Ophiostoma minus, two blue-stain fungi associated with Tomicus piniperda. Eur J For Pathol 23:400–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1993.tb00820.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leontovyč R (1992) Výskyt a problematika fytopatogenních hub čeledi Ophiostomataceae na lesních dřevinách Slovenska. In: Holubová V, Prášil K (eds) Ophiostomatales – výsledky současného taxonomického a fytopatologického výzkumu. Československá vědecká společnost pro mykologii při ČSAV, Prague, pp 30–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieutier F, Yart A, Garcia J, Ham MC, Morelet M, Levieux J (1989) Champignons phytopathogènes associés à deux coléoptères scolytidae du pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) et étude préliminaire de leur agressivité envers l'hôte. Ann For Sci 46:201–216. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19890301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieutier F, Garcia J, Yart A, Vouland G, Pettinetti M, Morelet M (1991) Ophiostomatales (Ascomycètes) associées à Ips acuminatus Gyll (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) sur le pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) dans le Sud-Est de la France et comparaison avec Ips sexdentatus Boern. Agronomie 11:807–817. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19910911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieutier F, Day KR, Battisti A, Grégoire JC, Evans HF (2007) Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe, a synthesis. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnakoski R, De Beer ZW, Ahtiainen J, Sidorov E, Niemela P, Pappinen A, Wingfield MJ (2010) Ophiostoma spp. associated with pine- and spruce-infesting bark beetles in Finland and Russia. Persoonia 25:72–93. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158510x550845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Linnakoski R, De Beer ZW, Niemelä P, Wingfield MJ (2012) Associations of conifer-infesting bark beetles and fungi in Fennoscandia. Insects 3:200–227. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3010200

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lombardero MJ, Ayres MP, Hofstetter RW, Moser JC, Lepzig KD (2003) Strong indirect interactions of Tarsonemus mites (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) and Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scylytidae). Oikos 102:243–252. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12599.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu M, Zhou XD, Sun JH (2009) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the invasive pine-infesting bark beetle, Dendroctonus valens, in China. Fungal Divers 38:133–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lygis V, Vasiliauskaite I, Matelis A, Pliura A, Vasaitis R (2014) Fungi in living and dead stems and stumps of Pinus mugo on coastal dunes of the Baltic Sea. Plant Prot Sci 50:221–226. https://doi.org/10.17221/25/2014-pps

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuya H, Yamaoka Y, Wingfield MJ (2013) Ophiostomatoid fungi and their associations with bark beetles in Japan. CBS Biodivers Ser 12:77–89

  • Mathre DE (1964) Pathogenicity of Ceratocystis ips and Ceratocystis minor to Pinus ponderosa. Contrib Boyce Thompson Inst 22:363–388

  • Matusick G, Menard RD, Zeng Y, Eckhardt LG (2013) Root-inhabiting bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their fungal associates breeding in dying loblolly pine in Alabama. Fla Entomol 96:238–241. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minter DW (1981) Microfungi on needles, twigs and cones of pines in Czechoslovakia. Česká Mykol 35:90–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Muskett A, Malone J (1983) Catalogue of Irish fungi – IV. Ascomycotina. Proc Roy Irish Acad 83:151–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Olšovský T, Zach P, Kulfan J, Juríková-Matulová Z (2013) Spatial occurrence and abundance of five phloeophagous beetle species (Coleoptera) in Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) growing on sandy soils. Folia Oecol 40:84–90

  • Pérez-Vera OA, Alvarado-Rosales D, Cárdenas-Soriano E, Equihua-Martinéz A, Cibrián-Tovar D, Álvarez-Moctezuma JG, Mejia-Sánchez D, Harrington TC (2009) Ophiostoma ips asociado al insecto descortezador (Dendroctonus adjunctus) del pino de las alturas (Pinus hartwegii). Rev Mex Mic 30:9–18

  • Pfeffer A (1995) Zentral- und Westpaläarktische Borken- und Kernkäfer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae). Pro Entomologia, c/o Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel

  • Rane KK, Tattar TA (1987) Pathogenicity of blue-stain fungi associated with Dendroctonus terebrans. Plant Dis 71:879–883. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reay SD, Thwaites JM, Farrell RL (2006) Survey of Ophiostomataceae associated with Hylurgus ligniperda (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in New Zealand. N Z Entomol 29:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2006.9722137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romón P, Zhou XD, Iturrondobeitia JC, Wingfield MJ, Goldarazena A (2007) Ophiostoma species (Ascomycetes: Ophiostomatales) associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scotylinae) colonizing Pinus radiata in northern Spain. Can J Microbiol 53:756–767. https://doi.org/10.1139/w07-001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romón P, De Beer ZW, Fernandez M, Diez J, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2014) Ophiostomatoid fungi including two new fungal species associated with pine root-feeding beetles in northern Spain. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 106:1167–1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-014-0286-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumbold CT (1931) Two blue-stain fungi associated with bark-beetle infestation of pines. J Agric Res 43:847–873

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelton J, Jusino MA, Li Y, Bateman C, Thai PH, Wu C, Lindner DL, Hulcr J (2018) Detecting symbioses in complex communities: the fungal symbionts of bark and ambrosia beetles within Asian pines. Microb Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1154-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solheim H, Långström B (1991) Blue-stain fungi associated with Tomicus piniperda in Sweden and preliminary observations on their pathogenicity. Ann For Sci 48:149–156. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19910203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solheim H, Långström B, Hellquist C (1993) Pathogenicity of the blue-stain fungi Leptographium wingfieldii and Ophiostoma minus to Scots pine: effect of tree pruning and inoculum density. Can J For Res 23:1438–1443. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solheim H, Krokene P, Langström B (2001) Effects of growth and virulence of associated blue-stain fungi on host colonization behaviour of the pine shoot beetles Tomicus minor and Tomicus piniperda. Plant Pathol 50:111–116. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00541.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spaulding P (1961) Foreign diseases of forest trees of the world. USDA Agric Handb 197:1–361

  • Stone C, Simpson JA (1990) Species associations in Ips grandicollis galleries in Pinus taeda. N Z J For Sci 20:75–96

  • Suh DY, Hyun MW, Kim JJ, Son SY, Kim SH (2013) Ophiostoma ips from pinewood nematode vector, Japanese pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus), in Korea. Mycobiology 41:59–62. https://doi.org/10.5941/myco.2013.41.1.59

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sychrová E (1992) Interakce mezi houbami a hmyzem – cesty šíření hub řádu Ophiostomatales. In: Holubová V, Prášil K (eds) Ophiostomatales – výsledky současného taxonomického a fytopatologického výzkumu. Československá vědecká společnost pro mykologii při ČSAV, Prague, pp 80–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Thwaites JM, Farrell RL, Duncan SM, Reay SD, Blanchette RA, Hadar E, Hadar Y, Harrington TC, McNew D (2005) Survey of potential sapstain fungi on Pinus radiata in New Zealand. N Z J Bot 43:653–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2005.9512982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyay HP (1981) A monograph of Ceratocystis and Ceratocystiopsis. University of Georgia Press, Athens

    Google Scholar 

  • Vakula J, Gubka A, Galko J, Rell S, Úradník M (2013) Plošné odumieranie borovíc v Záhorskej nížine. In: Kunca A (ed) Aktuálne problémy v ochrane lesa 2013. National Forest Centre, Zvolen, pp 105–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Vertui F, Tagliaferro F (1998) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) die-back by unknown causes in the Aosta Valley, Italy. Chemosphere 36:1061–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(97)10172-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalberg ME (2015) Fungi associated with three common bark beetle species in Norwegian Scots pine forest. Master thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

  • White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, pp 315–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingfield MJ, Marasas WFO (1980) Ceratocystis ips associated with Orthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Pinus spp. in the Cape Province of South Africa. Phytophylactica 12:65–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XD, De Beer ZW, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2001) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with three pine-infesting bark beetles in South Africa. Sydowia 53:290–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XD, De Beer ZW, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2002) Infection sequence and pathogenicity of Ophiostoma ips, Leptographium serpens and L. lundbergii to pines in South Africa. Fungal Divers 10:229–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XD, De Beer ZW, Cibrian D, Wingfield BD (2004a) Characterisation of Ophiostoma species associated with pine bark beetles from Mexico, including O. pulvinisporum sp. nov. Mycol Res 108:690–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756204009918

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XD, De Beer ZW, Ahumada R, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2004b) Ophiostoma and Ceratocystiopsis spp. associated with two pine-infesting bark beetles in Chile. Fungal Divers 15:261–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XD, Burgess TI, De Beer ZW, Lieutier F, Yart A, Klepzig K, Carnegie A, Mena Portales J, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2007) High intercontinental migration rates and population admixture in the sapstain fungus Ophiostoma ips. Mol Ecol 16:89–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03127.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou XD, De Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ (2013) Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with conifer-infesting bark beetles in China. CBS Biodivers Ser 12:91–98

  • Zipfel RD, De Beer ZW, Jacobs K, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ (2006) Multi-gene phylogenies define Ceratocystiopsis and Grosmannia distinct from Ophiostoma. Stud Mycol 55:75–97. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.55.1.75

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zúbrik M, Kunca A, Novotný J (2008) Hmyz a huby: Atlas poškodení lesných drevín. National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, Zvolen

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was initiated by foresters from the Military Forests and Estates of the Slovak Republic, the Branch Office in Malacky. We sincerely thank Gretchen Freed (Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA) for kindly correcting the English. Slavomír Adamčík (Plant Science and Biodiversity Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia) is acknowledged for his kind help with sequence editing and aligning. We would like to thank the reviewer for his/her positive and insightful comments on the manuscript. The Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and of Slovak Academy of Sciences provided financial support to this study under the projects VEGA 2/0071/14 and VEGA 2/0052/15.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 2, SK-94901, Nitra, Slovakia

    Katarína Pastirčáková & Katarína Adamčíková

  2. National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská 122, SK-92168, Piešťany, Slovakia

    Martin Pastirčák

  3. Institute of Forest Ecology, Department of Animal and Ecosystem Interactions, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Štúrova 2, SK-96053, Zvolen, Slovakia

    Peter Zach

  4. National Forest Centre, Forest Protection Service, Lesnícka 11, SK-96901, Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia

    Juraj Galko

  5. Military Forests and Estates of the Slovak Republic, SOE, Branch Office Malacky, Zámocká 7, SK-90118, Malacky, Slovakia

    Martin Kováč & Juraj Laco

Authors
  1. Katarína Pastirčáková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katarína Adamčíková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Martin Pastirčák
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peter Zach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juraj Galko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Martin Kováč
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Juraj Laco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katarína Pastirčáková.

Ethics declarations

All authors are aware with the content of the manuscript and have agreed upon its submission to Biologia. The manuscript has not been published previously, and is not under consideration (in whole or in part) for publication elsewhere.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pastirčáková, K., Adamčíková, K., Pastirčák, M. et al. Two blue-stain fungi colonizing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees infested by bark beetles in Slovakia, Central Europe. Biologia 73, 1053–1066 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-018-0114-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-018-0114-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation