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Pinus monticola pathogenesis-related gene PmPR10-2 alleles as defense candidates for stem quantitative disease resistance against white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola)

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Abstract

White pine blister rust, caused by the invasive fungus Cronartium ribicola, has been responsible for extremely high mortality of native western white pine (Pinus monticola) and other five-needle pines in natural stands throughout western North America. The presence of this non-native fungus has also led to greatly restricted use of western white pine for reforestation. A few families of defense proteins have been found as functional candidates involved in tree resistance to rust infection. Here we report genetic variation of a gene encoding a family 10 pathogenesis-related (PR) protein (PmPR10-2) in open-pollinated seed families with different levels of stem quantitative disease resistance (QDR). Six novel alleles and five common genotypes were identified inside the PmPR10-2 locus: these genetic variations included 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) throughout the gene regions and copy variation of a rare octanucleotide simple sequence repeat (SSR), 5′-AATTATTT-3′, in the gene intron. PmPR10-2 exhibited a moderate level (average r 2 = 0.42) of linkage disequilibrium. Two-thirds of the identified SNPs and the SSR marker were significantly associated with stem QDR levels. The PmPR10-2 genotype (H3:H3) exhibited the highest level of stem QDR (P < 0.01). Cost-effective and co-dominant SSR markers were developed and used for genotyping the PmPR10-2 locus using simple PCR, providing a potential molecular tool for accelerating screening efforts of white pine resistance against C. ribicola.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported, in part, by the Canadian Forest Service and the CFS–GRDI fund awarded to JJL. We thank A. Zamany, J. Hutchinson, and L. Baerg at CFS for support on genotyping; J. Hill, A. Kegley, and the technicians at DGRC for support on phenotyping; and B. Crawford for critical review of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada

    Jun-Jun Liu & Craig Hammett

  2. Dorena Genetic Resource Center, USDA Forest Service, 34963 Shoreview Road, Cottage Grove, OR, 97424, USA

    Richard A. Sniezko

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  1. Jun-Jun Liu
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  2. Craig Hammett
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Correspondence to Jun-Jun Liu.

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Communicated by J. Dean

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Supplementary Fig. S1

Alignment analysis of PmPR10-2 nucleotide sequences. Multiple sequence alignment analysis was performed using an on-line ClustalW2 program provided by the European Bioinformatics Institute (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2/) (PDF 120 kb)

Supplementary Fig. S2

Phylogenetic analysis of the PmPR10-2 genomic sequences. Based on PmPR10-2 nucleotide sequence alignment result as shown in Fig. S1, a representative of phylogenetic trees was generated by MEGA 5.0 software using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method (PDF 174 kb)

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Liu, JJ., Hammett, C. & Sniezko, R.A. Pinus monticola pathogenesis-related gene PmPR10-2 alleles as defense candidates for stem quantitative disease resistance against white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola). Tree Genetics & Genomes 9, 397–408 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-012-0561-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-012-0561-0

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