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Phylogeography, morphology and ecological niche modelling to explore the evolutionary history of Azure-crowned Hummingbird (Amazilia cyanocephala, Trochilidae) in Mesoamerica

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Abstract

The Pleistocene climate cycles and mountain uplift both affected the diversification of taxa in Mesoamerica. Yet, phylogeographic breaks and demographic responses of co-distributed taxa are not congruent. Investigation of more species with widespread distributions across Mexico and Central America will help shed light on how Earth historical events shaped biodiversity in this region. The Azure-crowned Hummingbird (Amazilia cyanocephala) is widely distributed from eastern Mexico into Central America and has been divided into three subspecies by morphology and geographic isolation. To investigate the evolutionary history of the species, we sequenced a non-coding mtDNA fragment along with a nuclear marker across its distribution, and analysed morphological and ecological variation and distributional projections derived from ecological niche modelling. Overall, mtDNA supported genetic differentiation among A. cyanocephala populations, which generally supports the existence of four lineages: two A. c. cyanocephala lineages separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (east and west), A. c. guatemalensis populations separated by the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán fault system, and the isolated A. c. chlorostephana in Honduras and Nicaragua. However, morphological data were not consistent with this phylogeographic result. The potential distribution of suitable habitat for A. cyanocephala was expanded during the Last Glacial Maximum and more contracted and fragmented during the Last Inter-Glacial and the Present. These models are consistent with a preglacial demographic expansion in A. c. cyanocephala. Mitochondrial genetic diversity and current precipitation seasonality were negatively correlated when analysing all populations. We suggest that isolation and habitat differences have both played a role in the recent diversification of A. cyanocephala. Inferences about the demographic consequences of isolation and subspecies recognition await further study.

Zusammenfassung

Phylogeographie, Morphologie und ökologische Nischenmodellierung zur Erforschung der Evolutionsgeschichte der Blaukopfamazilie ( Amazilia cyanocephala Trochilidae)

Sowohl die Klimazyklen des Pleistozäns als auch die Hebung der Gebirge beeinflussten die Diversifizierung der Taxa in Mesoamerika. Dennoch sind die phylogeographischen Brüche und die demographischen Reaktionen von sich parallel verbreitenden Taxa nicht kongruent. Eine Untersuchung von mehr Arten mit großflächiger Verbreitung in Mexico und Zentralamerika wird bei der Aufklärung helfen, wie erdgeschichtliche Prozesse die Biodiversität in diesen Regionen geformt haben mögen. Die Blaukopfamazilie (Amazilia cyanocephala) ist von Ost-Mexico bis nach Zentralamerika weit verbreitet und wird entsprechend ihrer Morphologie und geographischen Isolierung in drei Unterarten eingeteilt. Zur Untersuchung der Evolutionsgeschichte dieser Arten sequenzierten wir ein nicht-kodierendes mtDNA-Fragment zusammen mit einem Marker über die ganze Verbreitung hinweg und analysierten die morphologischen und ökologischen Unterschiede sowie die Verbreitungsvorhersagen aus Modellen für ökologische Nischen. Insgesamt unterstützte die mtDNA die genetische Differenzierung zwischen den A. cyanocephala-Populationen, die wiederum generell das Vorhandensein von vier Linien unterstützt: zwei A. c. cyanocephala-Linien, die durch den Isthmus von Tehuantepec in Ost und West getrennt sind, eine A. c. guatemalensis-Population, getrennt durch die Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán-Verwerfung und die isolierte A. c. chlorostephana-Population in Honduras und Nicaragua. Die morphologischen Daten stimmten jedoch nicht mit den phylogeographischen überein. Die Verbreitung potentiell geeigneter Habitate für A. cyanocephala vergrößerte sich während des Letzteiszeitlichen Maximums und schrumpfte wieder und fragmentierte sich während des letzten Interglazials und der Gegenwart. Diese Modelle passen zu einer voreiszeitlichen Ausbreitung von A. c. cyanocephala. Mitochondriale genetische Vielfalt und die aktuelle Niederschlagssaisonalität waren in der Analyse bei allen Populationen negativ korreliert. Wir nehmen an, dass sowohl die Isolation als auch Habitatunterschiede bei der jüngsten Diversifizierung von A. cyanocephala eine Rolle gespielt haben. Schlussfolgerungen zu den demographischen Folgen der Isolation und der Anerkennung von Unterarten sind von weiteren Untersuchungen abhängig.

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Data availability

All unique sequences used in this study have been deposited in Genbank under accession numbers: 20454 locus: MT674641–MT674667, CR: MT674632–MT674640. The full data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Moore Laboratory of Zoology at Occidental College for access to specimens and tissue sampling. Whitney Tsai helped in the lab with data collection and Ernesto A. López-Huicochea with data analysis. We also thank John McCormack, Carina Carneiro de Melo Moura and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable criticisms and suggestions. We obtained collecting permits to conduct this work from the Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Dirección General de Vida Silvestre (permit numbers: INE, SEMARNAT, SGPA/DGVS/02038/07, 01568/08, 02517/09) and the Guatemalan Government through the Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala collecting permits granted to R. A. Jiménez (permit numbers: 1-005-2010, 14815). FRG was supported by a postdoctoral scholarship (237125) from the CONACyT Becas al Extranjero program.

Funding

Financial support was provided by grants 25922-N and 61710 (awarded to JFO) from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) and UDG-PTC-1476 (awarded to FRG) from the Incorporación de Nuevos Profesores de Tiempo Completo program (Secretaría de Educación Pública).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales, División de Electrónica y Computación, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

    Flor Rodríguez-Gómez & Luis Silva-Cárdenas

  2. Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, AC (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, 91073, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Yuyini Licona-Vera & Juan Francisco Ornelas

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  1. Flor Rodríguez-Gómez
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  2. Yuyini Licona-Vera
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  3. Luis Silva-Cárdenas
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  4. Juan Francisco Ornelas
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan Francisco Ornelas.

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Communicated by M. Wink.

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Rodríguez-Gómez, F., Licona-Vera, Y., Silva-Cárdenas, L. et al. Phylogeography, morphology and ecological niche modelling to explore the evolutionary history of Azure-crowned Hummingbird (Amazilia cyanocephala, Trochilidae) in Mesoamerica. J Ornithol 162, 529–547 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01853-x

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