The Building Conservation Directory 2013 by Jonathan Taylor

The Building Conservation Directory 2013

20th

anniversary edition

ART CONSERVATORS

HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS Conservation of painted and applied decoration on plaster, stone, canvas, wood and metal substrates.

Cleaning and stabilisation of interior and exterior building surfaces Historic paint research and recreation of historic decorative schemes Survey, specification and analysis services available. Laughton, Sleaford, Lincolnshire, ng34 0he Telephone: 01529 497449 Fax: 01529 497518 e-mail hirst@hirst-conservation.com Website www.hirst-conservation.com

The Building Conservation Directory 2013 20th anniversary edition

A guide to specialist suppliers, consultants and craftsmen in traditional building conservation, refurbishment and design

The Building Conservation Directory the building conServation directory

The twentieth edition of the directory Published december 2012 iSbn 978 1 900915 65 6 PubliShed by cathedral communications limited, high Street, tisbury, Wiltshire, england SP3 6ha tel 01747 871717 Fax 01747 871718 email info@buildingconservation.com www.buildingconservation.com Managing director gordon Sorensen executive editor Jonathan taylor Marketing director elizabeth coyle-camp dePuty editor david boulting Production co-ordinator Sara collinson adMiniStration lydia Porter carla Winchcombe advertiSing dePartMent claire northcote nicholas rainsford tyPeSetting & deSign xendo

The Building Conservation Directory provides specifiers of works to historic buildings, their contents and surroundings a starting point in the search for appropriate products and services and expert advice. Approximately 1,000 different companies and organisations are represented in this edition. The many technical editorial articles are written by leaders in this field and cover a wide range of important issues. The articles are not intended to be comprehensive but rather to raise awareness and stimulate dialogue amongst those involved with old buildings. Other reference information points the way on current legislation, continuing education and sources for further information and advice. How To FinD wHaT You neeD 1 The table of contents on page 6 together with the products and services index and the specialists index at the back should help you find the product, service or supplier you are looking for. Products/Services Selector tables, listing suppliers and their products and services head up each main section. 2 Follow the index or Selector table page reference to the appropriate section or company and start the specification process. It may be helpful to contact more than one supplier. And please remember to tell each that you found them in The Building Conservation Directory. 3 If you still can’t find what or who you need, don’t despair. You can visit our industry leading website at www.buildingconservation.com or ring us on 01747 871717 and we’ll try to put you in touch with a supplier who can help. All suppliers in the Directory pay a fee to be included and although Cathedral Communications does not formally approve or recommend them we do screen out inappropriate suppliers and products to maintain the established integrity of the Directory. This ensures that it remains a useful and credible forum in which appropriate suppliers can promote their businesses. Directory users should seek more detailed information and advice from suppliers before undertaking any sensitive project. We are always looking for ideas to improve the Directory so please write to let us know if you have any suggestions for improvements to its content or presentation which will help you in your work with old buildings. And don’t forget, our website at www.buildingconservation.com is the primary Internet gateway to the building conservation and restoration industry and offers loads of supplier and technical information. And new for this edition, we’ve put the Directory in its entirety on the website as a flippingpage digital book, one more way to access the useful information it contains. Please see page 208 of this edition for more information on the website, or why not click in to have a look for yourself?

Printing optichrome Front cover images – see key on page 7 The many companies and specialist groups advertising in The Building Conservation Directory have been invited to participate on the basis of their established involvement in the field of building conservation and the suitability of some of their products and services for historic buildings. Some of the participants also supply products and services to other areas of the building market which have no application in the building conservation field. The inclusion of any company or individual in this publication should not necessarily be regarded as either a recommendation or an endorsement by the publishers. although every effort has been made to ensure that information in this book is correct at the time of printing, responsibility for errors or omissions cannot be accepted by the publishers or any of the contributors. © copyright 2012 cathedral communications limited all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordings, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of cathedral communications limited.

£16.95

The paper used for The Building Conservation Directory is Satimat Silk from wood fibre originating from sustainably managed forests.

TwenTieTH anniversarY eDiTion

Acknowledgements For this and the past 20 years The Building Conservation Directory has relied on the generous assistance of a wide range of individuals and organisations. For their contributions to this 20th edition of the Directory we would particularly like to thank the author of the foreword, Penelope, Viscountess Cobham, our advertisers for their continuing support, and our dedicated production team. Special mention goes also to all those who have contributed articles, illustrations or information, including: Tim Bowden, Ramboll Mark Challis, Bircham Dyson Bell Jamie Coath, Purcell Richard Doughty, Cutty Sark Trust Craig Frew, Craig Frew Building Conservation Kate Gunthorpe, English Heritage Edmund Harris, London Diocesan Fund David Harrison, Hayles and Howe Terry Hughes, Slate & Stone Consultants Ian Hume Robert Jameson, Foster and Pearson Emma Joice Martin Kern, FBFX

Robin Kent, Robin Kent Architecture & Conservation Alan Lamb, City & Guilds of London Art School Graham Lott, British Geological Survey Richard MacCullagh, RMA Heritage James Miller, Ramboll Tim Nicholson, Nicholson Price Associates David Odgers, Odgers Conservation Consultants Jenny Orton, Royal Museums Greenwich Julian Potts, Landmark PT Brian Roberts Robin Russell, Corbel Conservation Léonie Seliger, The Cathedral Studios Aysha Taylor

Foreword E

ngland boasts a fascinating heritage rich in royal pageantry and historic buildings, which attracts millions of visitors every year from both home and abroad. From St Michael’s Mount to bamburgh castle, england’s

built heritage is a hugely valuable element of this country’s tourism offering as well as a vital part of our daily lives. We know that britain’s rich culture and heritage are a major draw for visitors from overseas, attracting around £4.5 billion in spend from international visitors. our research shows that brits took over 20 million day trips to historic buildings in england in 2011, worth more than £950 million to the economy and demonstrating that the national appetite for exploring our past is alive and well. The exciting events of last year served to showcase our unique architecture to an international audience. The Queen’s diamond Jubilee highlighted the wonderful pomp and pageantry that is unique to england, but the torch relay in particular shone a light on some of our most iconic buildings, such as the tower of london, Warwick castle and blenheim Palace. visitengland works with organisations such as english heritage, the historic houses association and the national trust, to promote our wonderful historic properties, and ensure they delight and inspire more visitors than ever

Young visitors at Penshurst Place, Kent

before – whether they have travelled from across the globe or just down the road. indeed, it is from personal experience that i write this foreword since i opened my former home, hagley hall, to the public for 20 years.

another 20-year milestone is marked by this edition of The Building Conservation Directory, and it is a unique tool, bringing much needed information to owners of historic buildings and their consultants. by sharing technical conservation information and providing access to specialist products and services, the directory supports the very fabric of our historic environment. congratulations to cathedral communications for this anniversary edition.

Penelope, viscountess cobham chairman

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The Building ConservaTion direCTory’s 20th anniversary Gordon SorenSen

“It all started in 1992 with a good idea to help fill the information gap in the emerging building conservation and restoration industry. Jonathan Taylor, Elizabeth Coyle-Camp and I thought that if we could compile a comprehensive source of specialist products and services and other need-toknow information and put it in the hands of the people on the front lines, that would go a long way to helping the cause of preserving our national heritage. For The Building Conservation Directory to be commercially sustainable and so successful has been a welcome bonus.” Wow, 20 years! My last written submission to this directory was a decade ago marking its first significant anniversary. Well, we’re still here and there is obviously still a need for the information we provide since the directory and its website buildingconservation.com continue to flourish. We’ve always promoted The building conservation directory as ‘the first step in the specification process’ for work with historic buildings and their surroundings but it has become much more than this. The directory’s usefulness to owners and specifiers is well established, helping them find the right products and services for old buildings, and it has proven its worth year after year to our specialist advertisers in promoting their organisations and businesses.

information to help our industry hasn’t changed a bit. at cathedral in the next 20 years we will continue to embrace new technologies and methods of communicating our messages, together with those of our authors and advertisers. and we will do what we can to promote the interests of our industry and the dedicated individuals, companies and organisations who represent the front line in the protection and managed evolution of our historic built environment. of course one of the greatest innovations for the conservation industry has been the internet. The building conservation directory was one of the first online resources in our field following the launch in 1999 of buildingconservation.com. The site immediately gave worldwide access to all building conservation directory participants

InnovAtIons The modern methods of communication and production we now use are more hightech and ‘efficient’ than when we started but, when you strip these and a few other business innovations back, our core approach of providing useful and high quality

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by providing descriptions of their products and services online, and the site is still the only comprehensive resource of its kind. core information from the printed volumes from the past 20 years has also been compiled on the site and presented free to the world of conservation in the uk and beyond. With over 400 technical articles it is an unrivalled resource for our industry (see Readers’ Top Ten Articles, 1993–2013 on page 201). all the relevant conservation organisations, courses and lots of other information are also provided there so if you haven’t already been on the site you really should give it a run through and start using it regularly in your work alongside this printed version. another recent innovation is that we now publish The building conservation directory as a digital flipping-page book, again free on the internet. The flipping-page

Other publications from Cathedral Communications

twentieth anniversary edition

The Building Conservation Directory team 2013: front – Jonathan Taylor, Gordon Sorensen, Liz Coyle-Camp, middle – Sara Collinson, Claire Northcote, Lydia Porter, back – Nicholas Rainsford, David Boulting, Carla Winchcombe (BCD roles, see page 2)

version of this 2013 edition is available at www.buildingconservation.com/books/ directory2013/, further extending its impact nationally and internationally. the DIrectory At work each year we send out over 10,000 printed copies of The building conservation directory to people and organisations engaged in conservation work including owners and managers of historic buildings, their specifiers and contractors, conservation officers and advisory organisations, as well as to the main reference libraries. by no means are all the recipients conservation specialists: many are ordinary architects, surveyors, estate owners and building contractors whose regular workload includes historic and listed buildings. For this group in particular The building conservation directory has been designed to provide a lifeline, giving them direct access to all the specialist contractors or sub-contractors, specialist consultants and sources of information and advice they need, as well as training opportunities. it is impossible to quantify how many historic buildings have been saved from damaging repairs by the timely appearance of the directory however, for the past 20 years it has been the only conservation resource to be sent free to the full spectrum of construction professionals working with historic buildings, including many who have had little or no training in this field. not only has our heritage of historic buildings benefited from the direct distribution of the directory, but so too have the craftspeople and suppliers of specialist products and services it contains. by facilitating the market for these services, products and skills, the directory has

enabled hundreds of specialist conservation businesses to flourish. in an era of craft skills shortages in so many areas, the impact of the directory in supporting demand and encouraging specialism has been priceless. thAnk you We love what we do and we really enjoy working with the dedicated and enthusiastic people in our industry, and yes, we still get excited every time a new edition is released. We are grateful for the support we have received from our advertisers and are delighted that we have been able to contribute to their commercial success. The past 20 editions came about through the dedication of all those involved in the directory’s production including my hardworking and enthusiastic colleagues in cathedral communications, our expert authors, our talented designers at xendo and our printers optichrome, who have been intimately involved with every edition of the directory. i am very grateful for their valuable input and i do hope you agree it’s been worth the effort. i intend to write again in ten years time to bring you up to date for the 2023 edition. until then, keep up the good work everybody!

Gordon Sorensen Managing Director

AlliAnces The Building ConservaTion direCTory Foreword ConTriBuTors 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010/11 2012 2013

The earl of shelburne Marcus Binney, President, save Britain’s heritage Charles, The Prince of Wales John gummer, secretary of state for the environment dame Jennifer Jenkins, Chairman, architectural heritage Fund Chris smith, secretary of state for Culture, Media & sport Martin drury, director-general, national Trust sir neil Cossons, Chairman, english heritage liz Forgan, Chairman, heritage lottery Fund Malcolm airs, President, ihBC george Ferguson, President, riBa andrew Mcintosh, Minister for Media & heritage Bonnie Burnham, President, World Monuments Fund roger Flanagan, President, CioB david Tuffin, President, riCs The lord hankey, President, iCoMos uK sir Michael latham, Chairman, CiTB John Penrose, Minister for Tourism & heritage loyd grossman, Chairman, The heritage alliance lady Cobham, Chairman, visitengland

it is through alliances and co-operation with other organisations that everyone in conservation can help each other meet common objectives. This industry is special in the level of co-operation shown by all its serious participants. and because it is not tied to any one amenity group with a single point of view, The building conservation directory enjoys the unique position of acting as a solid platform from which all the significant voices in building conservation can be heard. airing a wide range of points of view to educate and encourage informed debate is one of the prime reasons for The building conservation directory’s longevity and wide acceptance.

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foreword by Penelope, Viscountess Cobham

The Cutty sark by Jonathan Taylor

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES

BUILDING CONTRACTORS

The Building Conservation directory’s 20th anniversary by Gordon Sorensen

selector tAble: Professionals arChiTeCTural hisTorians arChaeologisTs scheduled Monument Consent – a conservation architect’s view by Robin Kent laser sCanning & rePliCaTion Measured surveys non-desTruCTive invesTigaTions extending listed Buildings – Principles and practice by Richard MacCullagh arChiTeCTs Corrugated iron architecture by Tim Nicholson heriTage ConsulTanTs Marine engineers enabling development – a look at the position post-nPPF by Mark Challis surveyors QuanTiTy surveyors MaTerials analysTs Planning ConsulTanTs sTruCTural engineers Masonry structures – structural investigation and assessment by Ian Hume

Chapter 3 Structure & fabric

Chapter 2 Building contractors

Chapter 1 Professional services

selector tAble: ContraCtors ProJeCT Managers roPe aCCess TiMBer FraMe Builders structural Timber repairs by Robin Russell Building ConTraCTors MeChaniCal engineers

12 14 14

15 18 18 18

19 23 35 39 42

43 45 47 48 48 49

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twentieth anniversary edition

56 57 57 58 59 62 74

STRUCTURE & FABRIC

3.1 selector tAble: roofing detailing and Conservation of vernacular slate and stone roofs by Terry Hughes rooFing ConTraCTors Clay Tiles & rooF FeaTures MeTal sheeT rooFing ThaTChers rooF lighTs rooF drainage sTeePleJaCKs 3.2 selector tAble: Masonry BriCK suPPliers CasT sTone BriCK serviCes TerraCoTTa The sands of Time – Britain’s building sandstones by Graham Lott sTone sandstone – Conservation and repair by Jamie Coath sCulPTure Bronze sTaTuary sTaTuary 3.3 selector tAble: Metal, wood & glass Carved Joinery – The conservation and repair of historic timber carvings by Alan Lamb Wood Carvers TiMBer suPPliers Fine Joinery WindoWs & doors MeTal WindoWs garage doors seCondary glazing grilleWorK door & WindoW FiTTings Cleaning historic stained glass Windows by Léonie Seliger deCoraTive & sTained glass WindoW glass MeTalWorK 3.4 selector tAble: external works glasshouses – history and conservation of victorian and edwardian greenhouses and cold frames by Robert Jameson ConservaTories & glasshouses gaTes & railings CloCKs garden & sTreeT FurniTure eCologisTs landsCaPe arChiTeCTs 3.5 selector tAble: general Building Materials general Building MaTerials arChiTeCTural salvage

75 76

77 81 82 83 84 84 86 86 88 89 91 91 92

94 98 106 109 110 110 111

112 116 117 117 118 120 122 122 122 123 124 127 130 131 135

136 141 142 142 142 143 143 144 144 144

Chapter 4 Services & treatment

SERVICES & TREATMENT 145

4.1 selector tAble: ProteCtion & reMedial treatMent 146 steam Cleaning by David Odgers 148 PainT reMoval 151 Masonry Cleaning 151 daMP & TiMBer deCay 154 environMenTal MoniToring 154 ePoxy resin rePairs 154 nails 154 general Fixings & FasTeners 154 sTruCTural rePairs & sTaBilisaTion 155 sTruCTural TiMBer TesTing 155 lime harling by Craig Frew 156 MorTars & renders 159 MorTar Tools & Mixers 162 PoinTing 162 PainTs & Finishes 162 Bird & PesT ConTrol 162 4.2 selector tAble: heating & lighting serviCes 163 Fire ProTeCTion 163 insuranCe 163 lighTing ConsulTanTs 163 sensible heating – Balancing energy consumption, comfort and conservation by Tim Bowden 164 heaTing 166 Building serviCes ConsulTing engineers 166

Chapter 5 Interiors INTERIORS

Chapter 6 Useful information 167

selector tAble: interior ProduCts & serviCes 168 inTeriors ConsulTanTs & ConservaTors 169 PainTers & deCoraTors 170 Fine arT ConservaTors 171 FirePlaCes 172 19th-Century radiators and heating systems by Brian Roberts 173 Wall PainTing ConservaTors 176 PainT researCh 177 TexTiles & uPholsTery 177 gilders 178 anTiQue & FurniTure resTorers 178 anTiQue & FurniTure resTorers MaP 179 Tiles 180 MosaiCs 180 CarPeT & TaPesTry ConservaTors 180 TiMBer Flooring 180 scagliola by David Harrison 182 sCagliola 184 PaPier MâChé 184 PlasTerWorK 185

USEFUL INFORMATION 189 Building Traditional skills by Kate Gunthorpe Courses & Training Course lisTings evenTs PuBliCaTions readers’ Top Ten articles, 1993–2013 by David Boulting vaT update by Julian Potts useFul ConTaCTs

InDIces sPeCialisTs index suBJeCT index

190 192 193 197 199 201 203 204

209 212

Cover images

The images on the cover of this edition of The Building Conservation Directory are taken from past editions of the Directory:

Row 1: Stone carver Willie Drouet of Boden & Ward – photo by Michael Hesketh-Roberts, National Monuments Record © English Heritage; Queen Square, Bath; Architects Robert Seymour and Gillian Kuruber of Robert Seymour Conservation; Conservator Ricky Green of Howell & Bellion – photo by Darren Stammers Row 2: Nimbus Conservation at St James the Less, St Peter’s Port – photo by kind permission of the States of Guernsey Board of Administration and Ingram Consultancy; IHBC members at St George’s Hall, Liverpool; Laurencekirk Station, Aberdeenshire – Railway Heritage Trust, photo by Milepost 92½; Mosaic conservator Trevor Caley Row 3: Conservator Hannah Moffatt of Minerva Conservation; Urban regeneration in Laganside, Belfast – photo by Laganside Corporation; Rich Mogle of Coyle Timber Products, Bath; MoLAS archaeologists at St Lawrence Jewry, London – photo by MoLAS, © Museum of London

Row 4: Eric Beardow of Smith of Derby with a turret clock – photo by Mike Fitchett, Smith of Derby; St Anne’s Church Manchester – Buttress Fuller Alsop Williams; The Kennet & Avon Canal, Sydney Gardens, Bath; Jason Nurding and Chris Barwick of Ward & Co at Hailes Abbey Row 5: Thatcher Brian Chalk; Carrek’s conservators at Berkeley Castle; Blagdon pumping station. (Where no credit is given above the photo is by Jonathan Taylor.)

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Cutty Sark T

He uK is rich in feats of victorian architecture and engineering, from brunel’s graceful and elegant suspension bridge at bristol, to the vast arches of station roofs like St Pancras, and from grand civic architecture to palatial palm houses. however, of the hundreds of clippers to be built in the early 19th century, only two remain with any degree of integrity; Cutty Sark has recently been restored, while the other, City of Adelaide is awaiting restoration. The innovation of the victorian engineers who designed clippers was to combine state of the art materials with a sleek hydro-dynamic hull shape that could slip through the water with least resistance. Cutty Sark’s hull was of composite construction with rock elm planks below the water line and teak above, fixed to a wrought iron framework. This composite construction gave her narrow hull far more cargo space than would have been possible with an all-timber construction, and the rigidity to support three huge masts – the tallest 152 feet. The hull was sheaved in Muntz metal, a type of brass designed primarily as an anti-fouling measure, reducing the growth of weed and barnacles. by the time it was launched in 1869, propeller-driven steam-powered shipping was already competing with sailing craft for the global trade routes. Furthermore, the Suez canal was completed in the same year. as the canal was unsuitable for sailing ships, it was only steamers that benefitted from the shortcut to eastern africa, india and the Far east. as a result this clipper belongs to the final generation of great sailing ships designed for cargo, and she was among the fastest ever to be built. hIstory The term ‘clipper’, which simply means a fast ship, had previously been associated with the schooners and brigs used by the americans to beat the british naval blockade during the War of 1812. The term was adopted to describe the fast, three-masted, narrow-hulled ships of american merchants which emerged in the 1830s and were quickly adopted by the british too. With masts as tall as a 20 storey building, each bearing a number of huge, square sails and with triangular stay sails between, clippers had the ability to carry their cargo much faster than any previous sailing ship. With good winds they could cover 250 miles a day. Cutty Sark was commissioned by the magnate Jock Willis in the 1860s and designed by hercules linton of ship builders Scott and linton at dumbarton, Scotland. however, the firm had never built anything of this size before and went bankrupt before the hull was

Cutty Sark, 1872 by Frederick Tudgay (Photo: Cutty Sark Trust)

finished. construction had to be completed by neighbouring shipbuilders William denny & brothers. on 22nd november 1869, the ship was launched at dumbarton, towed to greenock for closing work on her mast and rigging, and then sailed to london where she was packed and loaded for Shanghai with barrels of alcohol. Cutty Sark set sail on the 16th of February 1870 on the first of eight voyages to carry tea from china. Cutty Sark never lived up to her commissioner’s hopes of winning the race to bring tea back to england, but in 1883 the ship started transporting wool from australia, and it was here that she found her forte. her first trip from gravesend to newcastle nSW was completed in just 83 days. This was 25 days faster than other vessels on that route at that time. Then, in 1885 the ship, loaded with wool, made a name for herself by covering the distance from england to Sydney in 77 days, and her return voyage took just 73 days. This was the start of a ten-year reign in which every merchant would know her name. on the night of 25th July 1889 the ship overtook the steam ship Britannia doing 17 knots to the amazement of its crew. robert olivey, second officer on the Britannia recorded the incident in the ship’s log: ‘Sailing ship overhauled and passed us!’ by 1895 steamships were taking over every route and Cutty Sark’s owner, who was now making little profit out of her, sold the vessel to a Portuguese firm. in 1916, a year after Portugal declared war on germany, the ship, which was now named The Ferreira, was badly damaged in heavy seas. With her masts broken, she was hauled into table bay,

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twentieth anniversary edition

The hull prior to lifting in March 2011, supported on steel props off the sides of the dry dock (Photo: Tim Keeler Photography)

South africa and re-rigged as a barquentine due to the high war-time price of masts. in this arrangement only her foremast was square-rigged while the other two were rigged fore-and-aft. in 1922 the ship was spotted by an englishman named Wilfred dowman while again being repaired, and a year later he bought her for substantially more than she was worth. The vessel was brought back to britain for restoration and she returned to her original name.

The ship today with replica masts and rigging and a painstakingly conserved hull, rises from the roof of Grimshaw’s visitor centre (Photo: Jonathan Taylor)

The floor of the ’tween deck was the principal casualty of the fire in 2007 and is now laid with Douglas fir and caulked as in the past, but the ironwork survived (Photo: National Maritime Museum)

sAvIng cutty sArk for the nAtIon despite the shortage in materials caused by the first world war, dowman did well, restoring much of the clipper’s original beauty, and he opened the vessel to the public. after his death in 1936 the ship was sold to Thames nautical training college in greenhithe, kent where she was used for training cadets. during the second world war Cutty Sark’s masts were dismantled to reduce her visibility, leaving just the stumpy lower sections, and little maintenance was carried out. it was in this condition that the now redundant ship attracted the attention of the national Maritime Museum and, with the help of the duke of edinburgh, the cutty Sark Preservation Society was formed in 1953. after some preparatory repairs the Cutty Sark was moved a new purpose-built dry dock at greenwich. The plan was to preserve the clipper as a memorial to the Merchant navy, including those who had lost their lives in the two world wars. a programme of restoration and repair followed, primarily to keep out the rain and to consolidate her surviving fabric. by this time the iron frame no longer provided the rigidity required to support her masts, the lower sections of which were of wrought iron and integral with the structure of the hull. repairs focussed on arresting the decay of the surviving timbers and metalwork, and two of the deck houses which provided the living accommodation for the crew were completely reconstructed. however, the work did not address the fundamental problem posed by the high salt content retained in the structure, which acts as a catalyst for corrosion, and for the next 30 years the ironwork continued to deteriorate. a survey carried out in the 1980s by Three Quays Marine Services found that the structure was dangerous. Props supporting the sides of the ship had begun to cause the hull to deform, some 60 per cent of its fastenings had failed and the surveyors concluded that there was a risk of catastrophic collapse.

the conservAtIon phIlosophy by definition, ‘restoration’ means to return a structure to the form it had at a particular point in the past. according to internationally recognised principles set out in the burra charter, this may include the removal of accretions or the reassembly of existing components without the introduction of new material. The addition of new material is termed ‘reconstruction’ by the charter, while ‘conservation’, on the other hand, means ‘all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance’. traditional boat restoration, where the vessel is to be kept sailing, generally involves a much greater degree of renewal than is associated with building restoration. both the functionality of the boat and the safety of the crew depend on the ability of structure and fabric to withstand constant exposure to abrasion, uv radiation, often violent seas and even collisions. The least intervention possible may therefore involve the replacement of large elements of fabric. a bid made in 1998 to the heritage lottery Fund for assistance with restoration did not take full account of the ship’s new environment and its change in status. not only was the ship no longer afloat, Cutty Sark had been a grade i listed ‘building’ since 1973. The hlF rejected the bid but encouraged a further application that was more conservative in its approach. The cutty Sark trust, as the preservation society was now known, formed a limited company to manage the work in 2000, and engineering consultancy buro happold was appointed to oversee the conservation and restoration aspects. in turn, a conservation steering group was set up with representatives of the trust and its professional consultants, with meetings attended by representatives of the hlF, english heritage and greenwich council’s conservation officer. The programme commenced in 2002 with a programme of investigation and assessment that lasted four years.

Prime considerations were: to stop degradation, including corrosion promoted by chloride • to preserve fabric from her sailing days (ie pre 1922) • to prevent further distortion of the hull. The heritage lottery Fund agreed a programme of restoration in January 2005 and contributed £11.25 million towards an estimated cost of £25 million. This included a visitor centre with a controversial glass bubble designed by eden Project architects grimshaw. The programme of investigation continued following funding approval. clinker concrete ballast in the hull was hacked out and boards were carefully removed to expose the extent of corrosion. Then, in May 2007, a fire broke out in the ’tween deck, which is the large cargo deck immediately below the top deck. it raged for several hours and initially it was feared that the ship would be lost. Fortunately by then most of the original timberwork had been taken down and stored. The main casualty was the timber flooring of the ’tween deck and some from the main deck, which were to have been reused. Some of the wrought iron of the hull was also damaged, including areas of horizontal plating which braced the frame. although badly distorted, the wrought ironwork was found to be sound, and some areas of damage were left unstraightened to tell the story. •

corrosIon The need to halt deterioration of the composite hull structure proved to be one of the most difficult conservation challenges. investigations had discovered that some timbers retained levels of sodium chloride similar to those of seawater (20,000 parts per million). as it was not feasible to remove the salt content from all the timbers, the focus was on cleaning and desalinating the ironwork, and on isolating it from its environment with the best paintwork possible. Preliminary trials indicated that desalination could be achieved using

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electrolysis, with small containment tanks constructed around the metal frame. The process was originally developed for ferrous archaeological artefacts recovered from shipwrecks. in essence it involves attaching the negative terminal of a battery to the ferrous artefact (in this case the frame) and the positive terminal to a separate metal object such as titanium mesh. both are immersed in water so that the artefact becomes the cathode and the titanium mesh becomes the anode. Salt (sodium chloride) breaks down in the electrically charged solution (or ‘electrolyte’), with chloride ions drawn to the anode and sodium ions drawn to the cathode. in the event the process proved impractical for a structure as complicated as this, as well as being expensive and time consuming, and adequate results were found to be achievable through the cleaning process alone. after the timber boards of the hull had been carefully removed, the wrought ironwork was therefore cleaned, first with a low-pressure air abrasive to remove corrosion products, and then by grit-assisted water jetting, again at low pressure. The surface was then tested for residual salts using a saltcontamination meter. if the level exceeded acceptable levels, further cleaning was carried out until a satisfactory level was reached. The metalwork was painted immediately after cleaning to prevent further corrosion using two-pack epoxy zinc phosphate primers, two-pack epoxy micacious iron oxide intermediate coats and two-pack acrylic urethane gloss-finish top coats. Film thickness of the paint system was meticulously controlled throughout. original ironwork was painted white, as originally, and new steelwork which was introduced alongside to supplement the originals without altering them, was painted grey. rAIsIng the hull to prevent further distortion it was essential to remove all the props and take the weight off the keel. The chosen solution was to suspend the hull, once repaired and consolidated, from a series of beams that pass though it from side to side just above her waterline. each beam has two cables just inside the hull on either side of the ship which are fixed to the keel at the bottom – in essence forming a series of giant inverted coat hangers within the hold of the ship. each beam is supported off the sides of the dry dock by struts. The system raised the keel off the floor of the dry dock so that it was held in suspension, and the decision was taken to raise Cutty Sark by a further three metres, creating a large visitor facility below and enabling the sleek shape of the hull to be admired from below. however, from outside the appearance of the raised ship now surrounded by grimshaw’s glass bubble is bizarre, and the design was derided by both the architectural press and the historic ship fraternity. inside the ship the new structural support does not detract from the original architecture. Much of the wrought ironwork of the hull is heavily corroded, and the use of

The raised hull after completion with information panels in the converted dry dock (Photo: National Maritime Museum)

Section through the hull at the entrance to the ship showing one new timber and a conserved original, packed out to restore the shape of the hull. The bolts were fitted into the original holes to avoid damaging original work. Caulking was left out to enable the structure to breathe. (Photo: Jonathan Taylor)

the additional ribs has enabled the original wrought ironwork to be retained. keepIng out the rAIn although the new roof over the dry dock enables the environment surrounding the hull to be controlled, the environment inside depends on keeping out the rain. in particular leaks in the deck and the drainage system had meant that salt used in frosty weather to keep the main deck safe had contributed to metalwork corrosion below. The integrity of the main deck was essential. as the fire destroyed what little remained of the teak stored for reuse on the deck, Cutty Sark’s main deck was replaced with a modern composite material with a teak veneer. This, combined with traditional leadwork particularly in the scuppers, and repairs to the structural framework ensured its integrity. The degree of renewal necessitated by the fire and by the loss of fabric during her latter years in service means that some parts of Cutty Sark’s fabric have been added to make sense of those elements that are historic. The rigging and masts for example are a reconstruction of her days as a clipper. other elements have been added simply to maintain

T H e B u i l D i n g C o n s e r vaT i o n D i r e C T o r Y 2 0 1 3

twentieth anniversary edition

Designed as a tea clipper, Cutty Sark was a dry ship. The reinstated lead flashings and the new composite main deck ensure that rainwater is once again excluded from the structure below (Photo: Steve Perryman, English Leadworks)

its structural integrity and to avoid further loss of fabric, or for fireproofing. The results may leave the visitor feeling a little uneasy at times, unsure exactly what is original and what isn’t. below deck, the history is clearer. like it or not, the reconstruction and restoration work does provide an extraordinary illustration of the different philosophical and practical considerations of conservation. the Author: this article was prepared by executive editor Jonathan taylor with the help of Cutty sark Trust director richard Doughty, steve perryman of english leadworks (see page 83) and conservation engineer Jim solomon of Buro Happold. Historical research was carried out by Aysha taylor.

New Wardour, Tisbury, Wiltshire: the conservation of the camellia house and walled garden was enabled by development in the grounds of the 18th century stately home â&#x20AC;&#x201C; see article, page 43. Photo: Jonathan Taylor

Chapter 1 Professional services

Acanthus Clews Architects Ltd

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Archaeology South-East Architects 4 Listed Buildings

The Architectural History Practice Limited Arctic Surveys Ltd

Arrol & Snell Ltd

Bailey Partnership Bare, Leaning & Bare Barry Stow Architect Ltd Bates Zambelli Beacon Planning Blackett-Ord Conservation Architecture Blackett-Ord Conservation Bosence & Co Brading Butt Chartered Quantity Surveyors Brock Carmichael Architects

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Heritage Testing Ltd Hibbs & Walsh Associates Ltd

Hirst Conservation

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Hurst Peirce & Malcolm LLP

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Historic Building Advisory Service Historic Metalwork Conservation Consultancy Ltd Hockley & Dawson Consulting Engineers Ltd Hodkinson Mallinson Ltd

Ingram Consultancy Ltd

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Huntley Cartwright

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Ferguson Mann

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Fugro Aperio Ltd

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Feilden & Mawson LLP

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Catherine Woolfitt Associates

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Douglas Willis Associates Limited Drury McPherson Partnership Ellis & Moore Consulting Engineers Eura Conservation Ltd

Fothergill

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Carthy Conservation Ltd

Donald Insall Associates Ltd

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David Le Lay Architects Demaus Building Diagnostics Ltd Alan Dickinson Chartered Building Surveyor

The Floyd Consultancy

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Brundell Woolley Peregrine Bryant

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Crick Smith Conservation

Adrian Cox Associates

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James Brennan Associates

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John C Goom Architects

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Aaron Evans Architects Ltd

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A K S Ward Lister Beare A R P Anthony Richardson & Partners A R P L Architects

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PROFESSIONAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

Survey & Investigation

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John Wardle Limited

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Jonathan Rhind Architects K B 2 Consulting Civil & Structural Engineers LLP

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Stuart Little Lloyd Evans Prichard

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Mann Williams Martin Ashley Architects

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Martin Thomas Associates McGregor Bowes

The Morton Partnership Ltd N G M Surveys LLP Nicholas Jacob Architects

Nick Joyce Architects LLP

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Plaster Restorations (UK) Ltd

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Press & Starkey

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Priory Heritage Limited

Stone Central (NW) Ltd

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Stonewest Limited

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T R A C Structural Ltd

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T R A D A Technology Ltd Timber Framing and Conservation Turley Associates

The Wall Paintings Workshop Ward & Dale Smith Chartered Building Surveyors Watson Bertram & Fell Ltd Weald & Downland Open Air Museum

Reliable Effective Research

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1. Design services architects interior designers & consultants urban designers 2. Survey & investigation laser scanning & replication archaeologists dendrochronology heritage science & technology historical researchers materials analysis measured surveys non-destructive investigations paint research and analysis photogrammetry photographic services conservation plans and policy consultants structural engineers surveyors structural timber testing

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Wiles and Maguire Ltd Woodhall Planning & Conservation Andrew PK Wright

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R M A Heritage

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Radley House Partnership

St Ann’s Gate Architects LLP

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Verity & Beverley W C P (The Whitworth CoPartnership LLP) W R Dunn & Co Ltd

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Stow and Beale Conservation Architects LLP Stride Treglown plc

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Nye Saunders Ltd Odgers Conservation Consultants Lisa Oestreicher Oliver West and John Scott Architects Limited Owlsworth I J P

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Nimbus Conservation Limited

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Robert Seymour Conservation Robert Woodhead Ltd Robin Kent Architecture & Conservation Robin Wolley Chartered Architect Rodney Melville & Partners

The Scagliola Company

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Mel Morris Conservation Michael Heaton Heritage Consultants Mildred, Howells & Co

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McCurdy & Co

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KingsLand Surveyors Limited

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Kathryn Sather & Associates Bernard Kelly

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Design Services

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PROFESSIONAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

Professional services

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

Survey & Investigation

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14 ■ 3. Development services architectural technicians project management access audits environmental consultants fire safety consultants health & safety insurance legal services planning consultants quantity surveyors

A full key to the two-character codes used in the product/service selector tables which appear throughout the Directory can be found on our website at: www.buildingconservation.com/ home/pscodes.htm

T w e n T i e T h a n n i v e r s a r y e d i T i o n t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS

ARCHAEOLOGISTS

Professional services

I N S T I T U T E f or A R C H A E O LO G I S T S Setting StandardS in archaeology

research and analysis conservation plans significance assessments heritage statements historic area assessments Marion Barter ba ma ihbc Neil Burton ba ihbc Andrew Derrick ba ihbc Clare Hartwell ba ma Frank Kelsall ma ihbc Architectural History Practice Ltd 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 01483 208633 mail@architecturalhistory.co.uk www.architecturalhistory.co.uk

The IfA advances the practice of archaeology and allied disciplines by promoting professional standards and ethics for conserving, managing, understanding and promoting enjoyment of heritage. Cathedral Communications publishes the IfA yearbook, a useful working guide to the UK’s archaeology profession including complete listings of IfA members along with essential industry contacts and a directory of specialist services Institute for Archaeologists 0118 378 6446 admin@archaeologists.net

www.archaeologists.net ◾ RELIABLE EFFECTIVE RESEARCH 33 Queen Anne House, Admiralty Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 3GT Tel 023 9285 1789 Fax 023 9285 1789 Email rerodrigues@hotmail.co.uk

◾ ARCHAEOLOGY SOUTH-EAST 2 Chapel Place, Portslade, East Sussex BN41 1DR Tel 01273 426830 Email fau@ucl.ac.uk www.archaeologyse.co.uk

SPECIALIST IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH: Robert E Rodrigues through

ARCHAEOLOGISTS: See also: display entry in Heritage Consultants, page 39

Reliable Effective Research (RER) provides a personal and efficient research service for those wishing to establish a better understanding of their property in its historical context. RER helps owners understand the history and form of their building using data derived from a variety of sources. Desk-top research is relied on extensively to reduce the need for disruptive site visits. Please write to or fax RER to discuss how you can get to know your property better for historical reasons, or for enlightening background information for conservation project planning.

◾ WEALD AND DOWNLAND OPEN AIR MUSEUM Singleton, Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0EU Tel 01243 811464 Fax 01243 811475 Email courses@wealddown.co.uk www.wealddown.co.uk CONSERVATION SUPPLIES AND SERVICES: See also: profile entry in Courses

& Training, page 193.

◾ ANDREW P K WRIGHT 16 Moy House Court, Forres, Moray IV36 2NZ Tel 01309 676655 Fax 01309 676609 Email andrewpkw@aol.com Contact Andrew Wright OBE BArch RIBA PPRIAS FRSA FSA Scot CHARTERED ARCHITECT AND HERITAGE CONSULTANT: Highly experienced

and profile entry in Measured Surveys, page 39.

◾ HIRST CONSERVATION MATERIALS LTD Laughton, Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 0HE Tel 01529 497517 Fax 01529 497518 Email materials@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com ANALYSIS OF PLASTER AND PAINT LAYERS: See also: display entry on the inside front cover and profile entry in Building Contractors, page 68.

◾ MICHAEL HEATON HERITAGE CONSULTANTS Eversfield House, Station Road, Warminster, Wiltshire BA12 9BP Tel 01985 847791 Email mike@michaelheaton.co.uk www.archaeology.demon.co.uk PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUPPORT: Heritage practice established in 1996, providing professional and technical archaeological support in the planning and management of works to archaeological sites and historic buildings across the South of England. Specialists in building analysis, recording and surveying.

in evaluating complex, multi-layered heritage sites Andrew Wright is accredited in conservation architecture at the highest level and is a member of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain. Archival research and site analysis is carried out to academic standards, leading to the preparation of conservation plans, management plans, conservation area appraisals and heritage reports setting out the case for the management of change in the planning system. Authoritative guidance is provided on project funding and the procurement of conservation skills. Clients include local authorities, the National Trust for Scotland, building preservation trusts, private clients and developers.

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

A conservation architect’s view

Professional services

SCHEDULED MONUMENT CONSENT ROBIN KENT

he 1913 Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act was the first legislation in Britain to require consent for works to monuments of national importance (scheduled monuments on which a preservation order had been served). Its centenary is a good moment to consider the protection of Britain’s scheduled monuments. WHAT IS PROTECTED? The 1913 act built on the 1882 Ancient Monuments Protection Act, Britain’s first heritage legislation, which initiated the shift in legal perception from monuments as private property to the communal shared heritage that we now take for granted. The 1882 act made it a criminal offence to damage any of the 69 monuments detailed on the schedule, which then included earthworks, burial mounds, stone circles and standing stones. Today’s schedule protects over 200 ‘classes’ of monument, including castles, monasteries, abandoned medieval farmsteads and villages, collieries and wartime pillboxes (churches in use and dwellings are generally excluded). A total of over 34,000 monuments are now included, with more than 200 around the UK being added to the schedule each year out of nearly one million known nationally important archaeological sites.1 However, the basis of protection provided remains the same as in the 1882 act, and the current act, the Scheduled Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, requires Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC) to be obtained before carrying out almost any works. APPLICATIONS The works which require SMC are comprehensively defined in the 1979 act and summarised as any works that result in demolition, destruction or damage, removal, repair, alteration or addition, flooding or tipping (Section 2(2)). The use of metal detectors also requires prior written consent (Section 42). Works outside the area outlined on the designation map for the scheduled monument do not require SMC unless they directly affect the monument, but SMC may be required for works to machinery attached to it and the surrounding ground if they

A modern intervention in a ruined medieval house which is now a wildflower garden (All illustrations: Robin Kent)

could affect the monument (for example by providing support). Although there is no protection under the act for the visual setting of a scheduled monument to parallel the zones protégés which French monuments enjoy, planning authorities are obliged to adopt a positive conservation strategy and give ‘great weight’ to the conservation of designated heritage assets in local plans and development proposals (Section 12(132), National Planning Policy Framework). Planning authorities also consult the relevant determining body if development affects the setting of a scheduled monument. The basic requirements for applications are set out in the act (Schedule 1 to the 1979 act and the Ancient Monuments (Applications for Scheduled Monuments) Consent Regulations 1981). However, the legislation is slightly different in each of the four home countries, and may well diverge further over time, so the current online guidance of the appropriate determining body2 should always be consulted before applying. Anyone can submit an application for SMC providing the usual notifications

are given. About 1,400 are submitted each year3 and the majority are approved. Since the preservation of irreplaceable monuments of national importance is the aim, proposals usually require detailed technical consideration and the determining bodies strongly encourage pre-application discussions with the inspector of ancient monuments (or equivalent) for the area. For standing buildings a suitably experienced conservation architect or surveyor should take the lead in these discussions on behalf of the owner and an archaeologist would usually be needed for field monuments. The pre-application discussions and the application itself are free and professional fees for working up schemes of repair can sometimes be grant-aided. If the monument is also a listed building and the works include alterations, SMC will take precedence and listed building consent will not be required. Scheduled monuments are also exempt from the need for Building Regulations approval or a building warrant in Scotland. However, if the works are part of larger proposals that require planning permission, approval will still be required. This will ideally be dealt with in parallel with SMC, with the determining body (English Heritage for example) liaising with the local planning authority. Although the level of detail required for SMC applications may in some cases be no more than for a planning application, experience suggests that considerably more is usually required by the determining body to ensure that the proposals are properly described and to safeguard the monument. For standing structures such as ruined monuments, the application is likely to require detailed drawings and specifications at least to RIBA stage E, Technical Design, if not F, Production Information standard. Measured survey drawings may be required to enable this, although annotated photographs can be accepted depending on the nature of the works. To ensure the heritage significance of the monument is properly safeguarded, other information may also be required. This may include a statement of significance, a condition report, a statement of justification,

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1 Professional services

or an impact assessment and mitigation strategy. Reports may also be required from structural engineers, conservators and ecologists (such as bat and other protected species surveys), as well as from archaeologists. WSIs (written schemes of investigation) or archaeological specifications may also be needed, for example if clearance of overburden or excavation is proposed for footings or underpinning. All this underlines the need for proper professional advice and means that the application can take several months to put together. Often preparatory clearance of vegetation, investigative works or trials are required to ensure sufficient knowledge of the monument has been accumulated before finalising the proposals, and these preparatory works may require separate SMCs in advance of the main application. Once the application has been completed and submitted, around four months should be allowed for the approval process (Mynors, p443) but there is no time limit (one application lay dormant for almost five years while the monument changed owners and new proposals were discussed). Fast track digital applications are also available in Scotland but may be time-limited and can result in a refusal if the proposals have not been thoroughly discussed beforehand. Professionally prepared proposals can be processed in as little as two months. The determining body does not have to consult but, in practice, inspectors often do notify neighbours and tenants, the local authority and specialist bodies such as the Council for British Archaeology, local archaeological trusts, the Royal Commission (in Scotland) and the Ancient Monuments Society, before reaching a provisional decision. The decision, together with any proposed conditions, is communicated to the applicant and must be agreed before SMC is formalised, since there is no appeal after this except to the High Court on a point of law. If agreement cannot be reached at this point, a public inquiry can be held, which can cause delay and additional cost and, as Mynors notes, ‘very few indeed are held’ (p444). The best approach is to ensure that the proposals are fully discussed beforehand. CONDITIONS Conditions attached to SMC can specify a time limit (otherwise five years) within which the work must be commenced and by whom, and include specific requirements. These might include the need to notify the authorities prior to commencement to enable inspections, the approval of mortar mixes and other materials, the need for excavations or inspections of particular parts of the work after safe access has been formed, and the need for photographic recording and archiving records of the work. No work should be started until the formal consent has been received and all pre-conditions satisfied, and this has been confirmed in writing by the determining body. Even after works have commenced, the determining body has extensive powers

of access, advice and ‘superintendence’ (Section 25) and architects should ensure that required changes to specifications are recorded to safeguard their liability. Changes in the approved scheme that occur after commencement, such as unforeseen additional work of similar character, can be granted a variation of consent to avoid repeating the application process. Where grants are being provided, the conditions may also include a maintenance plan usually based on quinquennial (fiveyearly) inspections and there will be public access conditions. In a few rare circumstances, compensation may be claimed for refusal of SMC or onerous conditions, or if SMC is modified or revoked. If unauthorised alterations are carried out there is currently no legal redress short of criminal conviction but in Scotland the government has recently acquired powers of enforcement similar to those for listed buildings (under the Historic Environment (Amendment)(Scotland) Act 2011). CLASS CONSENTS The legislation provides for ten ‘Class Consents’ or exemptions from the need to obtain SMC (The Ancient Monuments (Class Consents) Order 1994). The first of these (Class 1) covers certain works of regular agricultural, horticultural or forestry land management although specific management agreements under Section17 are increasingly preferred as they provide more precision. Class 4 allows machinery fixed to the monument to be repaired or maintained providing it does not result in material alteration of the monument, and this is increasingly important as more of our industrial heritage is recognised. One of the most important class consents is Class 5, which permits urgent works in the interests of health and safety, for example if a monument is in imminent danger of collapsing into a busy road. Under its requirements only the minimum necessary work should be carried out, and a letter should be sent to the relevant determining body ‘as soon as is reasonably practicable’ justifying the works. In practice, the earlier the determining body is consulted the better, ideally before the work is carried out. Class 9 applies where works are grantaided by the determining bodies. Consent can be granted under this class as part of the grant offer (this is likely to be phased out in Scotland), but parts of the works that are grant-aided by other national grantmaking bodies such as the Heritage Lottery Fund, Rural Development Programme, local authorities or charities will still require SMC. Works carried out by the determining bodies themselves, for example on the 1,062 monuments they care for on behalf of the nation under ownership or guardianship arrangements,4 benefit from Class 6 consent but still need written consent internally (one determining body is currently investigating a case of unauthorised works by its own works department). Other monuments owned or

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Ruin of a 16th-century windmill and, below, the interior of the mill which was converted to a dovecote in the 18th century

cared for by government departments such as the MOD, or agencies such as the Forestry Commission, require Scheduled Monument Clearance (also referred to as SMC and still referred to as Scheduled Monument Consent in Scotland) from the determining bodies in a process which is meant to exactly parallel Scheduled Monument Consent, although without the criminal sanctions. Under the Planning Act 2008 a development consent order can replace the need for SMC for nationally significant infrastructure projects affecting scheduled monuments although the need for consent prior to works and compliance with conditions still apply (DCMS, Scheduled Monuments, Section 2(27)). CHALLENGES Unfortunately the act does not require owners to look after their scheduled monuments. Even

though they are our most important national monuments, it is perfectly legal simply to leave them to fall down (although there may be legal implications in terms of public safety and insurance, for example under the occupiers’ liability acts). Nor is there any law that requires owners of other historic or listed buildings to maintain them, and urgent works notices and repair notices do not apply to scheduled monuments. Not surprisingly many are in poor condition. In addition to employing inspectors and other staff, the determining bodies employ small numbers of officers 5 (often known as field advisers or monument wardens) to monitor the condition of scheduled monuments and English Heritage estimates that 17 per cent (3,337) in England are currently ‘at risk’ (about five times the percentage of I and II* listed buildings at risk), while Historic Scotland estimates that over 38 per cent (3,116) in Scotland have ‘significant localised problems’ or worse. There are no tax concessions, VAT exemptions, or other incentives for positive management. Against this depressing picture, grants of up to 100 per cent may be available for repairs to some ‘at risk’ scheduled monuments where a convincing financial case is made, and can include project development costs. There is also the possibility under the act of a monument being directly repaired by the state (Section 5), parts of it being removed for preservation, or the monument being compulsorily purchased or taken into guardianship. However, the stretched resources of government tend to make these cases exceptional. Instead, more co-operative approaches are being explored, such as stakeholder heritage

partnerships which build on the provision for management agreements in Section 17 of the act. For example, owners might in future be permitted to carry out certain agreed maintenance tasks without the need to apply for SMC each time. Until the law is changed, however, these will still require SMC. There are also other grounds for optimism. Increased public mobility and the exponential rise of heritage tourism over the past century have made a few scheduled monuments significant income generators. There is also increasing recognition that ‘the life of a building can be prolonged but not indefinitely’ (Sir Charles Peers, Inspector of Ancient Monuments, quoted in Thompson, p64). Appropriate new sustainable uses may therefore be considered acceptable in some cases, where they preserve the heritage significance of scheduled monuments for the enjoyment and education of future generations. Such solutions often involve imaginative design interventions and even some measure of restoration. Over 500 architects in Britain are now accredited in building conservation, providing a pool of expertise, and there are increasing numbers of other specialists in the private sector with the traditional building skills needed for the repair of scheduled monuments. A century since the 1913 act, the requirement for consent for works to scheduled monuments tends to be viewed in a positive light by officials because of the advice and grants that are available, but negatively by some owners, who still see SMC as costly bureaucratic interference. It is the job of the conservation architect to find a path between these extremes that preserves and enhances scheduled monuments in a practical and economic way that will bring long term benefits to us all. recommended reading British Standards Institution, BS 7913:1998 A Guide to the Principles of the Conservation of Historic Buildings, London, 1998 DCLG, Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment, TSO, London, 2010 DCMS, Scheduled Monuments: Identifying, protecting, conserving and investigating

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A proposal for a new house attached to the ruined windmill (facing page), which is a scheduled monument. The innovative new use will help to ensure that the structure is maintained for posterity. The work to the monument has been granted SMC and planning permission has been granted for the house.

nationally important archaeological sites under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, London, 2010 English Heritage, Scheduled Monuments: A Guide for Owners and Occupiers, London, 1999 English Heritage, A Charter for English Heritage Planning and Development Advisory Services, London, 2009 English Heritage, Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance, London, 2008 J Fawcett (ed), The Future of the Past, Thames and Hudson, London, 1976 Historic Scotland, Works on Scheduled Ancient Monuments, 2011 Historic Scotland, Managing and Protecting our Historic Environment: What is Changing? The Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2011 Explained, APS Group Scotland, Edinburgh, 2011 C Mynors, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas and Monuments, Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2006 M Thompson, Ruins Reused: Changing Attitudes to Ruins Since the Late Eighteenth Century, Heritage Marketing and Publications, King’s Lynn, 2006 acknowledgements This article represents the personal views of the author; it is not official guidance, or a statement of the law. Each monument is unique and will require individual consideration and consultation with the appropriate determining body. The kind assistance of English Heritage, Historic Scotland, Cadw and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency is gratefully acknowledged. ROBIN KENT diplarch(oxf) Ma riba rias aabc ihbc rMaPs is a conservation accredited chartered architect with wide experience of works to scheduled monuments for government and private clients (see page 32). notes 1 The distribution of scheduled monuments is: Scotland 8,201; England 19,748; Wales 4,179; Northern Ireland 1,876 (figures obtained from relevant bodies, 2012). The distribution of nationally important archaeological sites is: Scotland 300,000; England 400,000; Wales 243,984; Northern Ireland 35,000 2 I have borrowed the term ‘determining body’ from Charles Mynors. They are currently: Historic Scotland for Scottish Ministers, English Heritage on behalf of the DCMS, Cadw for the Welsh Government and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency on behalf of the Department of the Environment Northern Ireland (DOENI). 3 Scotland 245; England 1027; Northern Ireland: 40 4 Historic Scotland 345; English Heritage 409; Cadw 127; DOENI 181 5 Historic Scotland 9; English Heritage 16; Cadw 4; DOENI 40

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LASER SCANNING & REPLICATION

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◾ JAMES BRENNAN ASSOCIATES Castle Top Farm, Bow Wood, Lea Bridge, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 5AB Tel 01629 530716 Email mail@jbrennanassociates.co.uk www.jbrennanassociates.co.uk CHARTERED SURVEYORS AND PHOTOGRAPHERS: Historic building and

Original

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monument specialists. Services: laser scanning, measured building and topographic surveys, rectified photography, photogrammetry, deformation monitoring, digital modelling including 3D, BIM and REVIT, archival photographic records, 360 panoramas and buildings archaeology. Wide experience in the recording and analysis of historically significant buildings throughout the UK.

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MEASURED SURVEYS ◾ ARCHAEOLOGY SOUTH-EAST 2 Chapel Place, Portslade, East Sussex BN41 1DR Tel 01273 426830 Email fau@ucl.ac.uk www.archaeologyse.co.uk MEASURED BUILDING AND SITE SURVEYS: An expert team provides a

variety of historic building and site services including: accurate measured building survey, topographic survey, historic building recording and interpretation and mitigation strategies. Clients include English Heritage, National Trust, local authorities, development companies, architects and property owners. See also: display entry in Heritage Consultants, page 39.

◾ ARCTIC SURVEYS LTD Woodcotes, Ulting Road, Hatfield Peverel, Essex CM3 2LU Tel 01245 386657 Mobile 07834 458231 Email design@arcticsurveys.co.uk www.arcticsurveys.co.uk MEASURED SURVEYS: Arctic Surveys Limited specialises in alterations and extensions to historic and contemporary properties for private and commercial clients. The company offers listed building, conservation and planning advice including: measured surveys; feasibility studies; budget proposals; design services; plan preparation and submission of local authority planning and building regulation applications; coordination of specialist contractors and engineers and contract administration of projects. Arctic Surveys provides impartial advice based on sound technical knowledge and an understanding of clients’ individual requirements.

◾ KINGSLAND SURVEYORS LIMITED Granary House, 18a North Street, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7AW Tel 01372 362059 Fax 01372 363059 Email mail@kingslandsurveyors.co.uk www.kingslandsurveyors.co.uk SURVEYORS: Land, building, architectural, photogrammetry, rectified photography, rights of light and monitoring surveys. Producing 2D and 3D digital floor plans and detailed elevations for comprehensive and accurate records, Kingsland has undertaken a wide range of survey works on major contracts for banks, NHS trusts, local authorities, police, water companies, military, architects, planners and consultants.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATIONS ◾ DEMAUS BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS LTD Stagbatch Farm, Leominster, Herefordshire HR6 9DA Tel 01568 615662 Email info@demaus.co.uk www.demaus.co.uk NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATIONS, TIMBER TESTING, INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY, MICRODRILLING, ULTRASOUND AND ENDOSCOPY:

Demaus Building Diagnostics Ltd specialises in the non-destructive investigation and assessment of historic structures using a wide range of advanced techniques which, combined with 30 years practical experience in building conservation, often lead to very significant cost savings. The company has particular expertise in the assessment and conservation of timber, including the preparation of specifications and methodologies for repair conservation. Thermographic surveys are essential to identify heat loss in old buildings, as well as locating concealed structure and defects. Regular clients include English Heritage, the National Trust, architects, engineers, surveyors and owners.

◾ FUGRO APERIO LTD Focal Point, Newmarket Road, Bottisham, Cambridge CB25 9BD Tel 0870 600 8050 Fax 0870 600 8040 www.fugro-aperio.com NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATIONS: Highly experienced specialists investigating buildings, structures and monuments using advanced techniques such as radar, thermography, ultrasonics, metal detection and endoscopy. Non-destructive investigations are conducted to determine structural condition and arrangement without damage to the fabric, supported by a comprehensive construction materials testing capability. With UK and international experience on buildings of national significance, the team combines investigation skills, materials knowledge and an understanding of historic building methods. Recent commissions include Lambeth Palace, Sir John Soane’s Museum, The British Museum, Hampton Court Palace and Buckingham Palace. Clients include consultants and private and public property owners including the National Trust and Historic Scotland.

◾ HUTTON + ROSTRON ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS LIMITED Netley House, Gomshall, Surrey GU5 9QA Tel 01483 203221 Fax 01483 202911 Email ei@handr.co.uk www.handr.co.uk CONSULTANTS ON BUILDING FAILURES AND ENVIRONMENTS: See also:

profile entry in Damp & Timber Decay, page 154, and Resurgam® profile entry in Heritage Consultants, page 41.

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EXTENDING LISTED BUILDINGS

Principles and practice RICHARD MacCULLAGH

he historic environment has evolved and will continue to evolve over time through natural processes and human interventions. As a society we have come to collectively value and protect elements of this inheritance and these are now described in the most recent United Kingdom national planning policies as ‘heritage assets’. These assets include historic buildings, monuments, sites, places and landscapes of significance that merit special consideration in planning decisions because of their heritage interest. Heritage assets include those that are designated, such as listed buildings, scheduled monuments and conservation areas; and undesignated assets, such as local lists of buildings of local interest. This article considers the principles and practice of extending buildings which have been designated as heritage assets by being listed for their special architectural or historic interest. Most historic buildings reflect the cumulative changes of different ownership and uses and these in themselves can add to the special interest of a listed building, reflecting social and individual values and needs. Unlike today, such decisions were historically made without the constraints of planning authorities but may have been controlled by other factors. While listing introduces a much greater degree of control, it does not mean a historic building should be frozen in time but calls for well-informed and intelligent management of changes so the listed building can sustain its heritage value. This applies as much to the decision-making body as to the owner, architect or heritage consultant who develops any proposed scheme. Any works of alteration, extension or demolition will require listed building consent (LBC) if they affect its character and in determining this the local planning authority or secretary of state ‘shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest it possesses’ 1 . If the listed building is in a conservation area then there is also a duty to ensure that ‘special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of the conservation area’.2

Ulster Museum, Stranmillis, Belfast – Frances Pym 1962–4 A brutalist cantilevered masterpiece added to the front facade of James Cumming Wynne’s 1929 building. Some extensions break all the rules and still work. The part Heritage Lottery Fund funded 2006–9 refurbishment and remodelling has been criticised for dramatically altering the internal character of the 1960s museum.

Most extensions will also require planning permission and statutory government guidance will apply. In England the current guidance is contained in the new National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) which provides a presumption in favour of sustainable development.3 It states that one of the 12 core principles that underpin both planmaking and decision-taking is that planning should conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations. It also says that account should always be taken of: the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; their potential to contribute to sustainable communities; and the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to the historic environment’s local distinctiveness. Significance, as defined by the NPPF glossary

‘includes archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic interest. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting’. North of the border, Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP, 2010) contains similar policies to England’s NPPF. Significance, for example, is a major theme in both SHEP and the NPPF, but the concept does not appear in the Welsh equivalent, Planning Policy Wales. This refers to the ‘character’ of listed buildings and the need to ‘safeguard’ their ‘special architectural or historic interest’. Nevertheless, differences are generally in emphasis rather than substance. As well as national planning policy, every planning authority has a local plan and the policies in this will be a material consideration in determining a planning application. The local plan will have relevant policies on design and the historic environment and may have some more detailed design guidance in the form of supplementary planning documents.

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1 Professional services West Down Conference Centre University of Winchester – Feilden Clegg, 2001 This Grade II listed building was on the Buildings at Risk Register with a very uncertain future when it was acquired by Winchester University. Feilden Clegg was commissioned to turn it into a conference centre with student accommodation and studio space for the university’s performing arts school. A fairly nondescript wing was removed to make way for a glazed foyer, staircase and lift linking the original 1880 Thomas Stopher preparatory school to the 1905 Arts and Crafts hall and chapel by John Simpson. New flat-roofed dormers were added to the front elevation of the main building. This is a successful contemporary interventionist approach that still conserves much of the building’s original character and gives it a new lease on life.

KEY ISSUES Given the great variety of historic building types and their individual characteristics, design advice shouldn’t be too prescriptive as what might work for one site may not necessarily work for another. Some listed buildings will be much more sensitive to change than others, so each case should be considered on its individual merits. A good starting point, however, is to develop a thorough understanding of the significance of the listed building and its setting. Only by going through this process will one be able to make value judgements about what survives and its capacity for change. The NPPF requires an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. It states that: ‘the level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance’.4 This will normally involve both desktop and historic building analysis and in some cases careful opening up of building fabric may be required

(with the agreement of the planning authority). It is essential to use appropriate heritage expertise in this assessment. It is as important to understand the historic plan form of a listed building as its external envelope, so that any addition can be added without compromising the special interest of a historic interior. A value judgement must be made regarding the significance of what is opened up or covered over by the extension. An appreciation of the building’s setting and context is also essential as in many cases the extension will be visible in the public realm and may also impact on other historic buildings. Listed buildings are often the product of more than one period. In some cases it may be relatively easy to add a further addition provided it is sensitive to the scale and detail of the existing fabric. Others may already have been extended to such a degree that a further extension would harm their character, or the site might be too tightly constrained by its boundary. In some cases it might be desirable to remove recent additions of low quality

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and replace them with a better-designed extension. However, later additions can be difficult to evaluate. For example, alterations made to a Georgian building in the Victorian period are more likely to be considered part of the building’s history than those made in the 1960s, but there are exceptions in both cases and many grey areas between. Some listed buildings present bigger challenges for adding extensions than others because of their sensitivity to change. For example, in the case of a church built in one single-phase or one that enjoys a degree of architectural completeness, it might be preferable to place facilities inside as part of an internal re-ordering or provide a freestanding building (both solutions will present challenges). It is also possible that archaeological resources survive within or beneath the listed building’s curtilage and decisions will be required regarding preservation in situ or recording. Others such as gate lodges and tollhouses present challenges of scale due to their diminutive size but may need an extension to keep them in viable use. Pre-application consultation with the planning authority’s conservation and planning officers is important. The statutory heritage body should be consulted where the building concerned is listed at the highest grade (eg English Heritage for Grade I and II* buildings 5) as they will be commenting on the planning and LBC applications. In more challenging schemes or ones that are likely to be contentious, it is worth considering wider public consultation or contacting relevant national or local amenity societies. The quality of response can vary but consultations are useful if all parties are prepared to engage constructively. Planning decisions should not ‘stifle innovation, originality or initiative’ (NPPF para 60), and planners are required to be objective in their deliberations. Many conservation officers are not themselves from a design background and benefit from seeking the views of design professionals. In some local authorities they have access to a panel of architects and designers, and this can prove beneficial particularly on larger or more challenging schemes. Acknowledging the above caveats, most listed buildings can be altered or extended sympathetically to some degree to accommodate continuing or new uses. Some will present the opportunity to promote a design intervention that would not have been possible without the listed building to inspire it. Such high quality work can delight and add to the historic building’s interest. There are various definitions of good design, but the criterion set by Vitruvius over 2,000 years ago, that architecture should be functional, durable and attractive 6, has stood the test of time and can be applied equally to any building, object or designed space, at any scale. Architectural style is less important than how the extension relates to the existing building and its context in terms of scale, mass, form, siting, proportions, details and materials.

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Winchester College Dormitory – Seymour and Bainbridge, 2007 A successful 3-storey addition to a 17th century dormitory which adjoins the 14th century St Mary’s Chapel and uses a combination of solid flint walls and large frameless corner windows, together with copper butterfly roof and glazed atrium next to Chambers. The glazed link enables minimal alterations to the existing fabric and adds interest to the transition from old to new internally. The result is a delight to behold! London Town House – Waugh Thistleton Architects, 2011 This Grade II listed early Victorian townhouse was in a very dilapidated state. The design proposals were informed by a heritage significance statement and included a side extension to first and second floors and an elegant contemporary double-height glass infill extension to the rear. The historic cellular floor plan was retained, and cornices, staircase and architectural joinery were repaired or reinstated. A contemporary approach was taken in the basement and it was possible to provide a small subterranean extension to the side and rear wing, which had to be underpinned anyway. London Town House – Found Associates, 2010 A six-storey Grade II listed early 19th-century townhouse in Belgravia Conservation Area. The proposals involved demolition of poor quality first floor additions and the construction of a three-storey glazed infill extension and a first floor extension over the closet wing, both in a contemporary style. There was also extensive internal remodelling and refurbishment including removal of a poor quality reproduction staircase and panelling, installation of a new staircase in the closet wing and introduction of air-conditioning and underfloor heating.

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1 Professional services Winchester College Music School – Nugent Vallis Brierley, 2004 An architectural tour de force providing much needed studio space to ES Prior’s 1904 Arts and Crafts building. The distinctive roof design provides optimum acoustics and creates an interesting skyline feature, which complements the original architect’s very individual design.

BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR ExTENDING LISTED BUILDINGS The design and construction of the extension should: • show an understanding of the heritage significance of the listed building and its setting • seek to minimise any harm to the listed building’s heritage value or special interest • normally play a subordinate role and not dominate the listed building as a result of its scale, mass, form, siting or materials • fulfil a function that is in the listed building’s long-term interest • sustain and add value to the listed building’s significance by being of high quality design, craftsmanship and materials. DESIGN APPROACHES It is important for new work to acknowledge the old and in Extensions (see Recommended Reading) Historic Scotland has produced useful guidance on five different approaches to contextual design: • restoration • replication • complementary addition • deferential contrast • assertive contrast. Restoration This involves well-documented reconstruction of missing elements and, in some cases, the removal of later additions – for example where an original frontage has become hidden behind later extensions. However, if later extensions have special interest and contribute to the significance of the building, then the presumption is normally to retain them. Replication New work is designed specifically to match the original building and does so in all respects, replicating not only materials but also style.

Complementary addition This takes design cues from the profile, massing, bay rhythm, scale and proportion of the existing building, but without the replication of details. Quite substantial extensions can be added to some buildings without detracting from the character of the original. The same additions to other buildings would result in imbalanced design or straggling composition. In those cases, a well-designed modern addition that will not read as part of the original building will affect its appearance less radically. Deferential contrast This is where the new becomes a modest backdrop against the old. Even if it is large, it seeks not to be assertive. It might be achieved by reflective glass, for example. Assertive contrast This means affirmation of the new as a more or less equal partner to the old. New and old combined should be of greater lasting value than either on its own. As the examples illustrated here show, extending listed buildings can be challenging but it often inspires delightful, purposeful and enduring designs which add to the vitality and interest of the original building. There is clearly a need to understand and respect the original building’s character and significance, but good design is a creative process and needs to be considered objectively on an individual basis. Good judgement and quality in both design and execution are the keys to producing results that will be appreciated both now and for many years to come. recommended reading Managing change in the historic environment: Extensions, Historic Scotland, 2010 (www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/ extensions.pdf)

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RICHARD MacCULLAGH MrtPi ihbc ba(hons) Msc diptP is Principal of rMa heritage (see page 41), a historic environment consultancy, which is based in hampshire. he previously managed the conservation and design team at Winchester city council and has worked in scotland, northern ireland and dublin. references 1 Sections 16 and 66, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, and Sections 14 and 49, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 2 Section 72, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, and Section 64, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 3 Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own planning policy documents 4 The equivalent policy in Scotland states: “In general the more extensive the intervention which is proposed, the more supporting information applications should provide”. (SHEP 3.43.) No comparable advice is given in Welsh and NI planning policy documents, but varying the level of information according to the nature of the proposal reflects good practice. 5 Historic Scotland, Cadw or the Built Heritage Directorate of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency should be consulted where appropriate on their higher graded buildings. 6 Vitruvius proposed that architecture should display three qualities: utilitas, firmitas and venustas. These were elegantly rendered into English as ‘commodity, firmness and delight’ by Sir Henry Wotton in 1624. However, the message grows more obscure with the evolution of language, and ‘functional, durable and attractive’ would perhaps be a more fitting translation for the 21st century.

ARCHITECTS sustaining the environment for the future

ARCHITECTS, QUANTITY SURVEYORS, PROJECT MANAGERS, PROJECT COORDINATORS: A R P Anthony Richardson and Partners offers a service

for the repair and alteration of old buildings and sites. The practice has wide experience in surveying, specifying and managing building works and projects throughout the UK.

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◾ A R P ANTHONY RICHARDSON AND PARTNERS 31 Oval Road, London NW1 7EA Tel 020 7485 0991 Fax 020 7482 4622 Email mail@arparchitects.co.uk www.arparchitects.co.uk

◾ A R P L ARCHITECTS 11 Wellington Square, Ayr, Scotland KA7 1EN Tel 01292 289777 Fax 01292 288896 Email architects@arpl.co.uk www.arpl.co.uk CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: The firm has a long tradition of conservation works to historic buildings and scheduled ancient monuments. ARPL is currently handling a wide variety of projects throughout Scotland, from Orkney to Galloway and throughout the Western Isles involving structures which date from the 12th to 20th centuries. Clients include the Church of Scotland, NTS, BPTs, local and national authorities along with private individuals. The firm has in-house quantity surveyors and CDM supervisors, and maintains close working relationships with specialist engineers, archaeologists and other conservators. Patrick Lorimer and Lynne Yuille have attained RIAS conservation accreditation.

◾ AARON EVANS ARCHITECTS LTD 3 Argyle Street, Pulteney Bridge, Bath BA2 4BA Tel 01225 466234 Fax 01225 444364 Email office@aaronevans.com www.aaronevans.com ARCHITECTS: Aaron Evans Architects Ltd is an award-winning practice

based in Bath and working throughout the South and West of England and Wales. The practice has specialist experience of repairs to listed buildings, enabling development, conversion to new uses, sustainable refurbishment and the careful design of new buildings for the historical environment. A full range of services is offered from measured surveys and feasibility studies to contract administration, urban regeneration and master planning. Clients include the Duchy of Cornwall, Bath Preservation Trust, St John’s Hospital, local authorities, private individuals and companies. Senior Associate Richard Neville is RIBA/ AABC accredited.

◾ ACANTHUS CLEWS ARCHITECTS LTD Acanthus House, 57 Hightown Road, Banbury, Oxfordshire Ox16 9BE Tel 01295 702600 Fax 01295 702601 Email architects@acanthusclews.co.uk www.acanthusclews.co.uk ARCHITECTS: See also: display entry on this page.

www.acanthusclews.co.uk 2012 Building Conservation Directory options.indd 1 ◾ ANDERSON & GLENN

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Mill Tower, Kirton End, Boston, Lincolnshire PE20 1SP Tel 01205 724047 Fax 01205 723792 Email mary@andersonandglenn.com www.andersonandglenn.com Contact Mary Anderson BA BSc AADipCons AABC IHBC RIBA Dr John Glenn PhD (Architecture) AADipCons MIHort MCMI

ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE CONSULTANTS: Anderson & Glenn offers a comprehensive range of services for historic buildings, parks and gardens. Recent projects include works to a wide variety of listed buildings and registered gardens of all grades, conservation plans, repairs and grant aided works, garden restorations and specialist horticultural advice on formal landscapes.

◾ ANTHONY SHORT AND PARTNERS LLP 34 Church Street, Ashbourne, Derbyshire DE6 1AE Tel 01335 340890 Fax 01335 300624 Email info@asap-architects.com www.asap-architects.com CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Established in 1966, Anthony Short and Partners specialises in conservative repair and reuse of historic buildings. The firm’s client list includes private individuals, church and cathedral bodies, trusts, societies, country estates and local authorities. It is currently appointed architect for some 130 churches, including Grade I and II*, in two dioceses, and has successfully completed numerous church re-orderings and repairs. Secular work includes sympathetic listed building repair and refurbishment, conversions and extensions, surveys and feasibility and conservation studies. CAD facilities are used where appropriate. Client satisfaction and attention to detail are the highest priorities.

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◾ ANTHONY SWAINE ARCHITECTURE LTD The Bastion Tower, 16 Pound Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT1 2BZ Tel 01227 462680 Fax 01227 472743 Email mail@anthonyswaine.co.uk www.anthonyswaine.co.uk

◾ BLACKETT-ORD CONSERVATION ARCHITECTURE 33 Chapel Street, Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria CA16 6QR Tel/Fax 01768 352572 Email architecture@blackett-ordconservation.co.uk www.blackett-ordconservation.co.uk

CONSERVATION ARCHITECT AND CONSULTANT: Specialising in traditional and classical design; works to historic buildings; shop front design and traditional joinery detailing; oak framed building repair and new construction; urban design in the historic context and planning advice. The practice undertakes a variety of schemes for private clients, developers and local government and although it specialises in historic buildings the practice also produces designs for contemporary projects in historic settings thus bringing the same care and detail to modern design.

ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: AABC and CARE accredited experts in the repair and conservation of historic buildings, particularly medieval to 19th-century buildings, ruins and churches. Blackett-Ord Conservation Architecture applies a strong conservation philosophy of conservative repair and re-use using traditional materials. Considerable expertise in managing and realising HLF and EH funded schemes. See also: profile entry for Blackett-Ord Conservation Limited in Structural Engineers, page 49.

◾ ARCHITECTS 4 LISTED BUILDINGS t/a The Victor Farrar Partnership The Folly, 2 Loak Close, Clapham, Bedfordshire MK41 6GQ Tel 01234 353012 www.architects4you.co.uk www.victor-farrar.co.uk

◾ BROCK CARMICHAEL ARCHITECTS 19 Old Hall Street, Liverpool L3 9JQ Tel 0151 242 6222 Fax 0151 236 4467 Email watkins.d@brockcarmichael.co.uk www.brockcarmichael.co.uk Contact David Watkins DipArch AADiplCons RIBA

CONSERVATION ACCREDITED CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Conservation award-winning, RIBA chartered

ARCHITECTS AND PLANNERS: Brock Carmichael Architects is an award-

practice celebrating 50 years in business. Specialising in sensitive repairs, alterations and extensions to listed buildings, buildings at risk, memorials, churches and schools. Quinquennial inspections, English Heritage grant work and all architectural services from survey to completion.

◾ ARROL & SNELL LTD St Mary’s Hall, St Mary’s Court, Shrewsbury SY1 1EG Tel 01743 241111 Fax 01743 241142 Email admin@arrolandsnell.co.uk www.arrolandsnell.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Over 30 years experience of high-end conservation work

and challenging new-build developments in historic settings. Major schemes include those at Chester Cathedral and York Minster. Clients include English Heritage, many historic buildings preservation trusts, local authorities and private bodies. Services offered include building and landscape design, grant applications, feasibility studies, building surveys and historical research.

◾ BARRY STOW ARCHITECT LTD 6 Harrowdene Court, Belvedere Drive, Wimbledon, London SW19 7BY Tel 020 8946 1375 Email mail@barry-stow.com www.barry-stow.com ARCHITECT: The practice specialises in the conservation, repair

and adaptation of listed buildings, monuments and churches, and conservation strategies for World Heritage sites and historic towns. Recent projects include: a series of repairs to Grade I Wiston House, Sussex; the reconstruction of Wyatville’s Roman temple folly at Windsor Great Park; advice on the repair of masonry walls at Dover Castle and assessments/proposals for World Heritage sites in Oman, at Liverpool docks and Merton Priory.

◾ BATES ZAMBELLI 106 Hatton Square, Baldwin Gardens, London EC1N 7RJ Tel 020 7404 0588 Fax 020 7404 0589 Email info@bateszambelli.com www.bateszambelli.com ARCHITECTS, PLANNING AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS, PROJECT MANAGERS AND SAFETY CONSULTANTS: Bates Zambelli designs high

quality, innovative buildings and offers conservation, architecture and urban design. The company believes the interrelationship of building and setting is important and that the historic fabric of our towns and countryside is precious. With extensive experience from medieval to 20th century buildings including churches, country houses and listed secular public buildings, Bates Zambelli undertakes feasibility studies, historic research, conservation management plans, sympathetic repairs, extension and remodelling of listed buildings and new design in a historic context. It also offers in-house planning consultancy, development advice and CDM coordination. Sherry Bates is AABC registered.

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winning practice in the conservation, refurbishment, extension and adaptation of historic and listed buildings, and the appropriate and imaginative design and integration of new buildings within sensitive and historic sites. Operating on a national and international basis, a comprehensive range of services is provided including building surveys and analysis, feasibility studies, conservation plans, master planning, full architectural and planning services and interior design. Clients include English Heritage, the National Trust, local authorities, charitable trusts and public and private sector clients.

◾ BUTLER HEGARTY ARCHITECTS LTD Unit 208A2, Belgravia Workshops, 159–193 Marlborough Road, London N19 4NE Tel 020 7263 8933 Fax 020 7263 4477 Email mail@butlerhegartyarchitects.co.uk www.butlerhegartyarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Butler Hegarty Architects Ltd offers an unusual fusion

of skills as sensitive contemporary designers and experienced conservation specialists. The practice specialises in extending and altering historic buildings to revitalise existing fabric. It prioritises careful consideration of clients’ needs, and complements this with a thorough understanding of their buildings and the craft techniques used to create them. To all aspects of its varied work, the practice aims to bring a culturally informed and poetic resonance by inventing practical and beautiful solutions.

◾ CARDEN & GODFREY ARCHITECTS 33 Clerkenwell Close, London EC1R 0AU Tel 020 7490 0300 Fax 020 7490 0004 Directors Richard Andrews MA Dip Arch FSA RIBA Ian Angus Dip Arch RIBA AABC Andy Burrell BSc BArch RIBA Email mail@cardenandgodfrey.co.uk www.cardenandgodfrey.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Specialists in all aspects of historic architecture:

conservation, repairs, new buildings in sensitive sites, sympathetic alterations and additions, interior design and landscape design. Sound technical knowledge with a scholarly approach to historic detail and innovative design. Clients include the Parliamentary Estate, Worcester College, Historic Royal Palaces, Rochester Cathedral, National Trust, English Heritage, churches, developers and private clients, on projects ranging from small to large.

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◾ CAROE AND PARTNERS ARCHITECTS 18 Deane House Studios, 27 Greenwood Place, London NW5 1LB Tel 020 7267 9348 Fax 020 7267 9344 Email admin@london.caroe.co.uk ▪ Penniless Porch, Market Place, Wells, Somerset BA5 2RB Tel 01749 677561 Fax 01749 676207 Email wells@caroe.co.uk ▪ 98 Cardiff Road, Llandaff, Cardiff CF5 2DT Tel 02920 577585 Fax 02920 555106 Email llandaff@caroe.co.uk ▪ Sear House, Bye Street, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 2AA Tel 01531 634848 Fax 01531 633273 Email ledbury@caroe.co.uk www.caroe.co.uk CHARTERED ARCHITECTS: Caroe & Partners has nationally recognised expertise in the conservation of historic and listed buildings and the design of imaginative new buildings in sensitive sites, with a large portfolio of work on churches, cathedrals, National Trust and other charitable trust properties, major historic buildings and private houses. The company is passionate about preserving historic buildings and working closely with clients. Caroe’s philosophy is to repair and conserve the fabric of a building, with minimum disturbance to the structure, whilst offering creative and sustainable proposals for alterations as required. The company also offers an archaeological service for analysis and recording of standing buildings. See also: display entry on this page.

◾ CAROE ARCHITECTURE LTD Unit 8, 23–25 Gwydir Street, Cambridge CB1 2LG Tel 01223 472237 Email info@caroe.com www.caroe.com CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS:

Caroe Architecture Ltd is dedicated to the care and conservation of historical places and the creation of innovative new buildings, including complex urban, educational and healthcare environments. Oliver Caroe is Surveyor of the Fabric to St Paul’s and Ripon cathedrals. Recent projects include major HLF-funded works for St Mary the Virgin, Oxford, the new narthex porch for Ripon Cathedral and a new archive for St John’s College, Cambridge, within the 13th-century School of Pythagoras.

◾ CAZENOVE ARCHITECTS 32 Clarence Mews, London E5 8HL Tel 020 8525 5520 Email contact@cazenove-architects.com www.cazenove-architects.com

◾ CHEDBURN DUDLEY Limpley Mill, Limpley Stoke, Bath BA2 7FJ Tel 01225 859999 Fax 01225 723990 Email chedburn@chedburn.com www.chedburn.com ARCHITECTS: The conservation practice, Chedburn Dudley, aims to

CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Cazenove Architects works with old buildings and landscapes, engaging with communities, owners and users. The practice is expert in adaptive re-use, conservation construction skills and the regulatory framework. Cazenove connects communities to their landscapes, historic and physical, by re-working existing buildings and environments to meet contemporary needs.

◾ CHARLES KNOWLES DESIGN 80–82 Chiswick High Road, London W4 1SY Tel 020 8742 8322 Fax 020 8742 8655 Email ck@charlesknowles.com www.charlesknowles.com CHARTERED ARCHITECTS: Established in 1984. The practice has a

reputation for high quality architectural design. From pure conservation, through refurbishment and additions to listed and historic properties, integrating contemporary design in an historical context. Philosophy: intelligent planning, good design, sound construction and the greatest attention to detail produce timeless solutions.

produce imaginative, sensitive and environmentally-aware design solutions, set within the historic built environment. The practice’s work covers the conservation, restoration, alteration and refurbishment of historic buildings that require a specific set of skills and rigorous attention to detail. With over 40 years experience across a broad spectrum of projects, Chedburn Dudley offers an alternative to the larger practices in this field.

◾ CHRISTOPHER RAYNER ARCHITECTS Apple Cross House, 52 The Rise, Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 1RN Tel 01732 461806 Email info@raynerarchitects.co.uk www.raynerarchitects.co.uk Principal Christopher Rayner BA MArch(California) RIBA CHARTERED ARCHITECTS: Christopher Rayner Architects is a small architectural practice specialising in all aspects of work to churches and other historic buildings. Projects have included conservation, repairs and sympathetic alterations/extensions to Wealden hallhouses, post-medieval domestic buildings, barns, churches and buildings at risk.

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DONALD INSALL ASSOCIATES CHARTERED ARCHITECTS HISTORIC BUILDING & PLANNING CONSULTANTS

◾ CONSERVATION PD LTD SR Office 2, 114–118 Parkway, London NW1 7AN Tel 020 7096 1504 Fax 020 7504 1701 Mobile 07789 988484 Email elenimakri@conservationpd.com www.conservationpd.co.uk CONSERVATION PLANNING AND DESIGN: The practice offers

comprehensive and accredited conservation architect expertise which has achieved national awards. Services include the repair and re-use of listed buildings, sensitive designs in conservation areas, the appraisal, management and regeneration of the historic environment, buildings at risk, grants, listed building consent applications, appeals and energy saving measures.

Sarah Duncan

◾ DAVID LE LAY ARCHITECTS 39 Old Church Street, Chelsea, London SW3 5BS Tel 020 7351 5456 Fax 020 7351 7839 Email architects@davidlelay.co.uk www.davidlelay.co.uk

Upper Library, Christ Church, Oxford

Donald Insall Associates have over 50 years’ experience of caring for Britain’s historic buildings and towns including both repair and adaptation, as well as in the design of new buildings in sensitive sites. With a head office in London and six branches, work is undertaken throughout the country, in Europe and beyond. 12 DEVONSHIRE STREET LONDON W1G 7AB Tel: 020 7245 9888 Email: london@insall-architects.co.uk BATH BELfAST CAmBRIDGE CHESTER CONWy SHREWSBuRy

CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: David Le Lay Architects is a Chelsea based practice offering a range of specialist services for the conservation and refurbishment of historic buildings. The practice has a core philosophy rooted in traditional building methods, an intimate understanding of historic context and a belief in fostering skilled craftsmanship to execute high quality repairs and construction. The practice’s experience of surveying, planning and construction puts it at the centre of the process, reviving and enhancing our built heritage. David Le Lay Architects has successfully provided listed building owners and occupiers with condition surveys, conservation repairs, refurbishments and extensions.

◾ DONALD INSALL ASSOCIATES LTD 12 Devonshire Street, London W1G 7AB Tel 020 7245 9888 Fax 020 7235 4370 Email london@insall-architects.co.uk www.insall-architects.co.uk ARCHITECTS AND PLANNING CONSULTANTS: See also: display entry on

this page.

◾ CLAGUE LLP 62 Burgate, Canterbury, Kent CT1 2BH Tel 01227 762060 Fax 01227 762149 ▪ 1 Kinsbourne Court, Luton Road, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 3BL Tel 01582 765102 Fax 01582 462149 Email andrewclague@clague.co.uk

◾ FEILDEN+MAWSON LLP 21–27 Lambs Conduit Street, London WC1N 3NL Tel 020 7841 1980 Email london@feildenandmawson.com www.feildenandmawson.com

ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Founded in 1936 and

established in two offices, Clague provides a full range of architectural and historic building services, including conservation repair and alterations, contemporary alternative uses for historic buildings, the preparation of conservation plans, the design of new buildings in sensitive historic settings, surveys and measured drawings and advice on building legislation and grant applications. Members of the practice are appointed to many parish churches, and act as Inspecting Architects in five Anglican dioceses. Clague specialises in the repair and alteration of churches, historic country houses, hotels, redundant farm buildings and military structures. Three members of the practice are accredited to the AABC register.

◾ CONSERVATION ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING Wey House, Standford Lane, Headley, Hampshire GU35 8RH Tel 01420 472830 Fax 01420 477346 Email jack@capstudios.co.uk www.capstudios.co.uk Contact Jack Warshaw BArch DipTP AADipCons ARB RIBA (SCA) RTPI IHBC FRSA RPUDG CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND PLANNERS

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ARCHITECTS, HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANTS, PROJECT MANAGERS:

Feilden+Mawson believes in the necessity of preserving the integrity of these buildings and sites, yet also of keeping them alive and relevant, balancing conservation issues with sustainability. The practice’s knowledge of historical construction methods and materials informs its work in like-for-like repairs and restoration. This technical expertise, combined with commercial acumen and experience in all statutory matters, underpins Feilden+Mawson’s approach to adaptation and design of new build in historic sites. Key clients include the Ministry of Justice, the Cabinet Office, the Parliamentary Estate, Portman Estate and Gray’s Inn.

◾ FERGUSON MANN ARCHITECTS 18 Great George Street, Bristol BS1 5RH Tel 0117 929 9293 Email info@fm-architects.co.uk www.fm-architects.co.uk DESIGN AND CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Ferguson Mann has developed a conservation team with a national reputation, passionately committed to safeguarding the long-term future of historic buildings through the careful repair of their fabric and appropriate adaptations to fulfil contemporary requirements. The practice provides a full range of architectural services from master planning and regeneration to finding solutions for buildings at risk and planned maintenance. It adopts a positive, creative attitude to the challenges presented by disability, health and safety and energy conservation legislation.

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ARCHITECTS: Recent projects undertaken by GLM’s busy team of

architects include: extensive works to a castle that had previously been unoccupied for many years; the restoration of a derelict baronial hotel rescued after lying unused for decades; and a comprehensive upgrading of a large family home that has been in the same family for hundreds of years. GLM has also returned to an ancient castle which it transformed over 20 years ago to build new facilities and convert the stables. Biomass and air source heating feature prominently in the works currently being undertaken by GLM. See also: profile entry in Surveyors, page 46.

◾ GILES QUARME & ASSOCIATES 7 Bishops Terrace, London SE11 4UE Tel 020 7582 0748 Fax 020 7793 8807 Email mail@quarme.com www.quarme.com CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS AND PLANNING CONSULTANTS: The team is

led by Giles Quarme AABC, Dr Archie Walls AABC and Julian Cripps who are architects, designers and historians with considerable planning experience. The practice has worked on a wide variety of historic buildings and prides itself on providing the same care and attention to the repair of small historic buildings as for large country mansions. It provides radical solutions combining innovation with traditional conservation methods. Responsible for the Princess Diana Museum at Althorp and advising Foster & Partners on the Great Court project at the British Museum, other projects include Chilham Castle, Hawksmoor’s St Mary Woolnoth, Wren’s St Edmund, King & Martyr, Royal Naval College Greenwich and Voysey’s White Cottage. See also: display entry on this page.

Giles Qua r m e & a ssoci ates

Professional services

◾ GIBBON, LAWSON, McKEE LTD 58 Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3LU Tel 0131 225 4235 Fax 0131 220 0499 Email david.gibbon@glmglm.co.uk www.glmglm.co.uk

Architects and conservAtion speciAlists

Award winning practice combines both art historical and design expertise with a commercial understanding of building regeneration and reuse.

◾ GILMORE HANKEY KIRKE LTD (GHK ARCHITECTS) 528 Fulham Road, London SW6 5NR Tel 020 7471 8000 Fax 020 7736 0784 Email mail@ghkarchitects.co.uk www.ghkarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS AND CONSERVATION SPECIALISTS: Established in 1973,

GHK Architects has extensive experience in the conservation, repair, refurbishment and re-use of listed and historic properties as well as the design of new buildings for sensitive and historic sites both in the UK and abroad. Current work includes the conversion into luxury apartments of an historic warehouse building in Moscow; the refurbishment of barristers’ chambers at the Temple, London; remodelling and extension of historic houses for private clients and work for Historic Royal Palaces. Awards include the RICS Conservation Award, which honours outstanding work in the conservation of a single building, awarded to Richard Young for his work on Lulworth Castle, Dorset.

◾ HIBBS AND WALSH ASSOCIATES 53 High Street, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1AR Tel 01799 523660 Fax 01799 520651 Email office@hibbsandwalsh.co.uk www.hibbsandwalsh.co.uk Contact Mike Hibbs ARB, Janet Hayes ARB, Sebastian Walsh BSc Arch

professional services include: Architecture

restoration, repairs and alterations Alternative uses and new buildings

survey

Quinquennial inspections, measured drawings and conservation plans

research

historical research, materials analysis and authentication

planning

Advice on listed building legislation Feasibility studies and expert witness

ARCHITECTS: Hibbs and Walsh Associates is an architects practice

based in Saffron Walden, an area which has the highest percentage of listed buildings in Essex. Its work ranges from sensitive renovation and extension of the many 17th century timber framed houses in the area to the more unusual projects involving conservation and repair; amongst others a medieval dovecote, an Elizabethan hunting lodge and a locally listed 1960s church. Other work includes new projects in conservation areas, and advising on sustainability and the reuse of listed buildings.

Giles Quar me & associates Winner of civic trust commendations and the european conservation Award: the europa nostra order of Merit. 7 Bishops terrace, london se11 4Ue tel: 020 7582 0748 Fax: 020 7793 8807 e-mail: mail@quarme.com Website: www.quarme.com

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◾ JOHN C GOOM ARCHITECTS 108 High Street, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 4EJ Tel 01386 761224 Email info@johncgoom.co.uk www.johncgoom.co.uk

◾ KNOx-McCONNELL ARCHITECTS 9 Victoria Park, Saltaire, Bradford BD18 4RL Tel 01274 773388 Email info@knoxmcconnell.com www.knoxmcconnell.com

ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: The practice is

Architects offers design expertise and vision that provides solutions to make sense of historic sites and make them work in the context of changing client requirements. The practice approaches problems laterally and innovatively, and designs new additions, alterations and repairs with sensitivity and care. (AABC registered.)

widely experienced in conservation, repair and adaptation of historic buildings and the sensitive design of new buildings in historic settings. John C Goom Architects has built a reputation for working in urban and rural environments with active projects throughout the Midlands and the South of England. Work ranges from large conservation projects to small domestic works and includes repair and conservation of churches, country houses, adaptation and extension of many listed properties and redundant buildings as well as new buildings in historic settings. Please visit the website or telephone to discuss your project.

◾ JOHN D CLARKE ARCHITECTS 2 West Terrace, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 4Qx Tel 01323 411506 Fax 01323 410064 Email admin@jdcarchitects.co.uk www.jdcarchitects.co.uk CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: The practice was established in 1909 and one of its first projects was the restoration of the 13th-century Lamb Inn at Eastbourne following a fire. The practice has a reputation for sensitive conservation and repair of historic buildings as part of a portfolio which includes work for local authorities, pubs, shops, hotels and many churches of all denominations. John D Clarke Architects has received many Sussex Heritage Trust and Civic Trust awards. Other projects include: alterations and extension of listed retail premises in a conservation area for Steamer Trading Cookshop; work for Harveys Brewery in Lewes for which the practice received a Civic Trust Commendation for its Brewery Tower extension; and extensions and reordering of many listed churches. The firm also works with English Heritage and other amenity societies.

◾ JOHNSTON AND WRIGHT 15 Castle Street, Carlisle, Cumbria CA3 8TD Tel 01228 525161 Fax 01228 515559 Email alastair.mcgregor@jwarchitects.co.uk www.jwarchitects.co.uk CHARTERED ARCHITECTS: Founded in 1885, award-winning Johnston and Wright has an extensive track record in repair, restoration, conservation and alteration of historic buildings and their surroundings utilising practical experience of traditional building materials and innovative contemporary design. Conservation plans, feasibility studies, design proposals, maintenance, repair and development management. AABC accredited.

◾ JONATHAN RHIND ARCHITECTS The Old Rectory, Shirwell, Barnstaple, Devon Ex31 4JU Tel 01271 850416 Fax 01271 850445 ▪ Coach House, Rumwell Hall, Taunton, Somerset TA4 1EL Tel 01823 462300 Fax 01823 462301 Email architects@jonathan-rhind.co.uk www.jonathan-rhind.co.uk CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Detailed local knowledge of English Heritage/conservation/planning issues and skilled/ reliable builders. High quality design and imaginative solutions for the upgrade and re-use of all historic buildings. Advice on best conservation practice supported by continued professional education. Initial guidance on project planning and budget.

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HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Knox-McConnell

◾ LATHAMS St Michael’s, Queen Street, Derby DE1 3SU Tel 01332 365777 Fax 01332 290314 Email enquiries@lathamarchitects.co.uk www.lathamarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Lathams is a specialist in the repair, conservation and

creative re-use of listed buildings, with an approach guided in equal measure by the demands of context and design. Services by AABC and SCA registered architects include research, surveys, conservation and maintenance plans, statements of significance, phasing and master plans, repair schedules/production information and grant applications.

◾ LEE EVANS PARTNERSHIP LLP St John’s Lane, Canterbury, Kent CT1 2QQ Tel 01227 784444 Fax 01227 819102 Email architects@lee-evans.co.uk www.lee-evans.co.uk CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: An award-winning practice operating throughout London and the South East. The practice has a specialist interest in ecclesiastical projects and a reputation for balancing imaginative adaptations of historic buildings against the highest standards of conservation and restoration. With an extensive knowledge of the heritage grant system, DDA, planning and relevant legislation the Lee Evans Partnership offers clients value for money and a friendly service which includes ecclesiastical reordering, listed building alterations, repairs and extensions, as well as the design of new buildings within sensitive historic settings. RIBA registered conservation architect (SCA) and Managing Partner, Nick Lee Evans heads up the conservation team.

◾ LLOYD EVANS PRICHARD 5 The Parsonage, Manchester M3 2HS Tel 0161 834 6251 Fax 0161 832 1785 Email post@lep-architects.co.uk www.lep-architects.co.uk CHARTERED ARCHITECTS: Lloyd Evans Prichard is a general architectural practice with proven skills in the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. The team has broad experience which enables Lloyd Evans Prichard to combine expertise in historic building work with an extensive commercial background. The practice is led by directors John Prichard and Adrian Pearson who, along with all senior staff, are accredited in conservation (AABC, RIBA or RICS). Recent commissions include: Ordall Hall; Manchester Cathedral; John Rylands Library; Heaton, Birkenhead, Sefton and Stanley parks; Bramhall Hall and the Sir John Barrow Monument in Ulverston.

◾ T C R MacMILLAN-SCOTT, CHARTERED ARCHITECT 11 Lansdowne Road, Alton, Hampshire GU34 2HB Tel/Fax 01420 549233 Email tom.macscott@btinternet.com

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DESIGN AND CONSERVATION CONSULTANTS

ARCHITECTS & CONSERVATION

Professional services

MARTIN ASHLEY ARCHITECTS

CONSULTANTS Award winning practice specializing in the repair, conservation & creative re-use of historical fabric. Innovative and pragmatic design solutions to meet the needs of the client.

Restoration of The Great Kitchen, Kew Palace Kitchens Photograph by kind permission of Historic Royal Palaces

Martin Ashley Architects are specialists in the field of conservation and regeneration of outstanding historic buildings and provide expertise in contemporary design for new buildings in historic contexts.

3 King Street Cloisters, Clifton Walk, London W6 0GY 020 8748 3755 / office@mrda.co.uk / www.mrda.co.uk

◾ McGREGOR BOWES 41 Learmonth Grove, Comely Bank, Edinburgh EH4 1Bx Tel 0131 332 7572 Mobile 07527 121131 Email chrisb@mcgregorbowes.com www.mcgregorbowes.com

LAMB HOUSE, CHURCH STREET, CHISWICK, W4 2PD Tel. 020 8948 7788 email: enquiries@ma-arch.co.uk www.ma-arch.co.uk

� A R C H I T E C T U R E � P L A N N I N G � U R B A N D E S I G N � C O N S E R VAT I O N � E C O N O M I C R E G E N E R AT I O N �

ARCHITECT AND CDM CO-ORDINATOR: Award winning practice

established by Chris Bowes, a chartered architect and registered CDM co-ordinator with experience of projects in some of Scotland’s most significant landmarks, including St Giles’ Cathedral and Edinburgh Castle. McGregor Bowes’ projects include: conservation architect for The Highlanders’ Museum project at Fort George, a scheduled monument; architect for the conservation works of category A listed Scotsman Steps, and CDM co-ordinator and clerk of works for the artwork at the Scotsman Steps, Martin Creed’s Work No 1059. The Scotsman Steps has been awarded a Civic Trust Award, a Scottish Design Award and an RIAS Award.

◾ NICHOLAS JACOB ARCHITECTS 89 Berners Street, Ipswich, Suffolk IP1 3LN Tel 01473 221150 Fax 01473 255550 Email nicholas.jacob@njarchitects.co.uk www.njarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: The practice specialises in the repair, conservation and

sensitive alterations or extension of ecclesiastical and secular historic buildings in East Anglia; imaginative design solutions for sensitive locations. The principal of the practice Nicholas Jacob is an Architect Accredited in Building Conservation.

Conservation Planning | Repairs & Renovation Sustainability Appraisals | AABC & Conservation Trained Staff Historic Appraisals Appeals | Public Enquiries & Expert Witness 23a Sydney Buildings Bath BA2 6BZ

01225 442424

www.nashpartnership.com

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◾ NICK COx ARCHITECTS 77 Heyford Park, Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire Ox25 5HD Tel 01869 238092 Fax 01869 238093 Email info@nickcoxarchitects.co.uk www.nickcoxarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Nick Cox Architects combines experience and expertise in

conservation with an enthusiasm for new design. As well as working on new buildings in historic contexts, the practice advises on architectural matters for Blenheim Palace, Woburn Abbey, the National Trust and the Churches Conservation Trust. The practice adopts a creative approach to finding appropriate solutions to construction and design problems. Nick Cox has over 20 years experience working on historic buildings, developing an eye for design, detail and finish.

◾ NICK JOYCE ARCHITECTS LLP 5 Barbourne Road, Worcester WR1 1RS Tel 01905 726307 Fax 01905 726307 Email enquiries@nickjoycearchitects.co.uk www.nickjoycearchitects.co.uk CONSERVATION AND DESIGN ARCHITECTS, HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Specialising in the repair, alteration and extension of

historic buildings as well as new build projects. The practice provides a high level of service to its larger clients such as National Trust and English Heritage as well as to its private clients. Other services include quinquennial/condition surveys, feasibility studies and building recording and managing grant-aided projects. Two of the partners are AABC accredited.

◾ NYE SAUNDERS CHARTERED ARCHITECTS 3 Church Street, Godalming, Surrey GU7 1EQ Tel 01483 418600 Fax 01483 418655 Email info@nyesaunders.co.uk www.nyesaunders.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Practice established for over 40 years with extensive

experience in the conservation, repair, conversion and sympathetic extension of all types of historic buildings. Principal with RIBA Accredited Conservation Architect status. Nye Saunders now incorporates Brewer Jewel Chartered Architects.

◾ OLIVER WEST AND JOHN SCOTT ARCHITECTS LIMITED The Studio, 3a Bath Road, Bedford Park, London W4 1LL Tel 020 8995 4275 Email studio@westscottarchitects.co.uk www.westscottarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Architects experienced in sensitive repair and imaginative

alteration of historic buildings and design of new buildings in sensitive locations. Clients include churches in the dioceses of London, Exeter, Bath and Wells and others, Church Commissioners and private clients. The restoration of landscape buildings and new café building at Hawkstone Park won a Civic Trust Award and Europa Nostra Diploma in 1995. Experienced in working with private clients on domestic projects and in communicating with English Heritage and conservation organisations. The firm is committed to providing a personal and practical approach, and high quality design. John Scott is an Architect Accredited in Building Conservation (AABC).

◾ P D P GREEN CONSULTING Calenick House, Truro Technology Park, Heron Way, Newham, Truro, Cornwall TR1 2xN Tel 01872 265400 Fax 01872 276356 Email reception@pdpgreen.co.uk www.pdpgreen.co.uk CHARTERED DESIGN AND CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: An integrated architectural and engineering firm, the practice is involved in all aspects of building conservation, including repairs, alterations, extensions, design of new buildings in the context of historic buildings, and conversions to new uses. In addition to design services, the practice also undertakes condition surveys and feasibility studies. Conservation projects are led by a director with an MA in Architectural Conservation, whose experience covers all grades of listed buildings together with scheduled ancient monuments. Clients include the National Trust, Cornwall Buildings Preservation Trust, MoD, local authorities and private individuals. Roger Green is an AABC registered architect.

◾ P W P ARCHITECTS Newnham House, 61 South Street, Havant, Hampshire PO9 1BZ Tel 023 9248 2494 Fax 023 9248 1152 Email design@pwp-architects.com www.pwp-architects.com Contact Jeremy Sayer ARCHITECTS AND PLANNING CONSULTANTS: Established in 1921 the

practice handles the conservation, restoration and re-development of historic buildings in sites of special landscape interest, working with a broad range of conservators, landscape architects, archaeologists and environmentalists. PWP’s clients use the firm repeatedly because it balances budget and time constraints against essential and urgent conservation needs. The practice has special expertise adapting and extending Grade I and Grade II buildings at risk, and negotiating viable new uses with English Heritage and the amenity societies. The practice carries out developments across the country and also undertakes feasibility studies and concept designs.

◾ PEREGRINE BRYANT LLP The Courtyard, Fulham Palace, Bishop’s Avenue, London SW6 6EA Tel 020 7384 2111 Fax 020 7384 2112 Email peregrine@bryant.net www.peregrine-bryant.co.uk ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING CONSERVATION: Peregrine Bryant

specialises in building conservation, the repair and sensitive alteration of historic and listed buildings, quinquennial reports, grant aided heritage work and high quality ecological new build. The practice offers full architectural services, in collaboration with trusted structural engineers and other specialists as necessary. It also advises on interior fitting and landscape design. Commended in the 2011 Georgian Group Architectural Awards for a new building in the classical tradition. Previous clients include the National Trust, Landmark Trust, Vivat Trust, Royal Hospital Chelsea, Crown Estate and Duchy of Cornwall, as well as London clubs and private owners of historic buildings.

◾ PETER CODLING ARCHITECTS 7 The Old Church, St Matthews Road, Norwich, Norfolk NR1 1SP Tel 01603 660408 Fax 01603 630339 Email office@petercodlingarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Church repairs, reordering and extensions; quinquennial

reports. Repair and conversion of buildings of all ages and types. Housing for individual clients and special needs groups.

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richard griffiths architects ltd 5 Maidstone Mews Buildings, 72-76 Borough High Street London SE1 1GN Tel: 020 7357 8788, Fax: 020 7403 7887 Email: admin@rgarchitects.com Website:www.rgarchitects.com Richard Griffiths Architects has an outstanding reputation for the creative adaptation of historic buildings, providing new community uses and access for all, including Eastbury Manor, Southwark Cathedral, Lambeth Palace and St Pancras Hotel.

Architectural conservation that protects a building’s past, present and future Purcell. Thoughtfully designed evolution.

www.purcelluk.com Purcell® is the trading name of Purcell Miller Tritton LLP

◾ PURCELL (formerly Purcell Miller Tritton) 15 Bermondsey Square, London SE1 3UN Tel 020 7397 7171 Fax 020 7397 7172 Email info@purcelluk.com www.purcelluk.com

Richard Griffiths Architects also carries out conservation and development plans to map out a sustainable future for historic buildings and to form the basis for successful Heritage Lottery funding applications. The practice has been awarded RIBA, Civic Trust and Europa Nostra awards.

◾ REES BOLTER ARCHITECTS New North House, 202 New North Road, London N1 7BJ Tel 020 7354 8347 Fax 020 7354 8366 Email mail@reesbolter.co.uk www.reesbolter.co.uk

ARCHITECTS, HERITAGE CONSULTANTS AND BUILDING SURVEYORS: Purcell

has helped to evolve some of the best loved buildings and places in the UK for over six decades. The company’s approach to architecture is bespoke – it puts a lot of thought and care into crafting intelligent outcomes. There is great passion among its people, and its clients, to develop communities in need of conservation and new buildings. Spread across 11 regional studios, the talented team has the local knowledge and sector expertise to handle projects of all types and sizes. Purcell actively seeks opportunities that stand out, and that will best benefit its clients, the community and the environment. See also: display entry on this page.

◾ RADLEY HOUSE PARTNERSHIP Radley House, St Cross Road, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 9Hx Tel 01962 842228 Fax 01962 842401 Email architects@radleyhouse.co.uk www.radleyhouse.co.uk CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: AABC registered accredited architects. Founded in 1933. Expert in the conservation and adaptation of historic buildings, as well as new design in an historic context. Management plans. Clients include English Heritage, Historic Royal Palaces, local authorities, well-known country houses and their estates, churches and private clients.

CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Founded in 1989 the practice specialises in the conservation, repair and sensitive alteration of historic buildings and buildings in historic settings. Clients include the Churches Conservation Trust, many Anglican churches, the National Trust and many of the London boroughs.

◾ RICHARD CROOKS PARTNERSHIP 14 Calverley Lane, Horsforth, Leeds LS18 4DZ Tel 0113 281 8080 Fax 0113 258 4070 Email info@rcparchitects.net www.rcparchitects.net CHARTERED ARCHITECTS: Historic buildings experience under the personal direction of Richard Crooks, AABC accredited in building conservation and member of EASA and SPAB. Current projects encompass repairs, reorderings, alterations, extensions and new use of redundant church buildings. Quinquennial inspections and guidance regarding the ongoing care of historic buildings.

◾ RICHARD GRIFFITHS ARCHITECTS LTD 5 Maidstone Mews, 72–76 Borough High Street, London SE1 1GN Tel 020 7357 8788 Fax 020 7403 7887 Email admin@rgarchitects.com www.rgarchitects.com ARCHITECTS: See also: display entry on this page.

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Rodney Melville + Partners C H A RT E R E D A R C H I T E C T S H I S TO R I C B U I L D I N G C O N S U LTA N T S

Building Conservation New Design Contract Administration Conservation Plans Planning and Consent Advice Sustainability Disaster Management Materials Science Feasibility Studies Leamington Spa T: 01926 881311

www.rmpuk.com Bristol T: 0117 316 9451

Image of Apethorpe Hall Dovecote, Courtesy of English Heritage

ROGER MEARS ARCHITECTS SPECIALISTS IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS

◾ ROBERT KILGOUR ARCHITECTS LTD 4 Park Lane, Bewdley, Worcestershire DY12 2EL Tel 01299 409040 Email office@robertkilgour.co.uk www.robertkilgour.co.uk ARCHITECT: The practice specialises in the repair and conservation of

historic buildings. Clients include the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield Cathedral, Hereford Cathedral and Derby Cathedral, the Churches Conservation Trust, churches in the diocese of Worcester and the National Trust, working at Powis Castle, Croft Castle, Hidcote Manor Gardens and Berrington Hall. (AABC registered.)

◾ ROBERT SEYMOUR CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS The Merchants House, 10 High Street, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5RY Tel 01803 868568 Fax 01803 866937 Email info@robertseymour.co.uk www.robertseymour.co.uk ▪ Branch offices in London and Dartmouth ACCREDITED CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: The practice has over 25 years experience carrying

out sympathetic, appropriate repairs to a wide range of historic and listed buildings. It has strong links with English Heritage and SPAB, working with private clients, local authorities, charitable trusts, almshouse associations, churches and other groups. Detailed surveys, evaluations and repair programmes undertaken, often in sensitive urban conservation areas, throughout the South of England.

◾ ROBIN KENT ARCHITECTURE & CONSERVATION Newtown Street, Duns, Scottish Borders TD11 3AS Tel 01361 884401 Email rk@robinkent.com www.robinkent.com CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS, BUILDINGS ARCHAEOLOGISTS: Robin Kent

Architecture & Conservation specialises in works to scheduled ancient monuments and listed buildings, including exciting new designs that enhance historic settings. The consultancy also prepares conservation plans, character appraisals, quinquennial/condition surveys and defects investigations, as well as carrying out recording and research. Conservation accredited in England and Scotland. See: Scheduled Monument Consent, page 15.

◾ RODNEY MELVILLE & PARTNERS 10 Euston Place, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire CV32 4LJ Tel 01926 881311 Fax 01926 451766 ▪ 7 Unity Street, Bristol BS1 5HH Tel 0117 316 9451 Email architects@rmpuk.com www.rmpuk.com CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: See also: display entry on this page.

◾ ROGER MEARS ARCHITECTS 2 Compton Terrace, London N1 2UN Tel 020 7359 8222 Fax 020 7354 5208 Email rma@rmears.co.uk www.rmears.co.uk CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS: Founded in 1980, the practice has built up a reputation for sensitive work to historic and domestic buildings, guided by the principles of the SPAB. Past work includes alterations, repairs and extensions to listed houses in London, Essex, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire and Dorset. Among them are Tudor House, Cheyne Walk, listed Grade II* (formerly Rossetti’s house and studio) and a terrace of Grade I listed houses in Newington Green dating from 1658. Current work includes alterations and repairs to a variety of houses and churches of different periods. See also: display entry on this page.

We provi de sen s it ive s o l u t io n s to t h e re pa ir and al ter a ti ons of b u il d in gs b o t h l a rge an d s ma l l . 2 Compton Terrace London N1 2UN tel 020 7359 8222 rma@rmears.co.uk www.rmears.co.uk

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◾ SMITHS GORE Exchange House, Petworth, West Sussex, GU28 0BF Tel 01798 345980 Fax 01798 345998 Email jane.jones-warner@smithsgore.co.uk www.smithsgore.co.uk CONSERVATION AND DESIGN ARCHITECTS AND BUILDING SURVEYORS: Offices throughout England and Scotland. Specialising in all aspects of works to historic buildings including Grade I buildings and scheduled ancient monuments. Works range from designing individual pieces of furniture for small cottages to large scale conservation projects and new build projects in sensitive historic settings. Smiths Gore has carried out a considerable number of English Heritage grant aided repair projects to churches and is currently implementing a large project with grant aid to a privately owned house. It is able to offer additional services including planning and sustainability advice. See also: profile entry for Smiths Gore, Exeter in Surveyors, page 46.

◾ STOW AND BEALE CONSERVATION ARCHITECTS LLP 1 Compton Road, London SW19 7QA Tel 020 8946 4141 Email Barry.Stow@stowandbeale.com www.stowandbeale.com ARCHITECTS: Stow and Beale brings meticulous methodology and

elegant design to the repair and development of listed buildings, monuments, world heritage sites and historic landscapes. The practice has an established reputation for conservation and the imaginative adaptation of buildings in the UK and overseas, and has won many awards for both. Recent projects include: the repair of Westminster Abbey Chapter House and Dover Castle for English Heritage; a master plan and redevelopment of buildings for Oriel College, Oxford; a master plan and four design projects for New College, Oxford; the repair and improvement of Staple Inn, High Holborn and proposals for visitor centres at Great Windsor Park and the remodelling of three London churches.

◾ STRIDE TREGLOWN PLC The Promenade, Promenade House, Clifton Down, Bristol BS8 3NE Tel 0117 974 3271 Fax 0117 974 5207 www.stridetreglown.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Stride Treglown recognises that our national heritage is

one of our most valuable assets. The practice takes a sensitive approach to the preservation and regeneration of our built environment and its experience extends to every type and scale of conservation work and to all listed grades. Stride Treglown is a top 15 multi-disciplinary practice of architects with nine offices throughout the UK and UAE. It provides award-winning, innovative and sustainable design and expertise to private and public sector clients, investing heavily in specialist services that react to the needs of its clients.

Architects and Historic Building Specialists ■ 01909 500710 ■ contact@soularchitects.co.uk ■ www.soularchitects.co.uk ■ Soul Architects Limited, 13 Sparken Hill, Worksop, Nottinghamshire S80 1AX

ST.ANN’S GATE A RCHIT ECTS A R C H I T E C T S C O N S E R VAT I O N D E S I G N St Ann’s Gate Architects has established a reputation over the past 30 years for award winning, imaginative design solutions within sensitive historic settings. The practice is responsible for the care of some of the country’s most important historic buildings; existing

clients

include

owners

listed

properties, parish churches and cathedrals, the Churches Conservation Trust and the National Trust.

Work includes conservation

planning, management of long-term repair campaigns, access consultancy, adaptations and re-ordering of existing buildings, completely new design work and pure conservation and repair.

Conservation, sustainability and sensitive design for change within the historic context are the practice’s hallmarks applied equally to all projects, however large or small.

When contacting companies listed here, please let them know that you found them through

The Building Conservation Directory

St Ann’s Gate Architects LLP The Close Salisbury Wiltshire SP1 2EB

T: 01722 555200 E : info@stannsgate.com

F: 01722 555201 W: www.stannsgate.com

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◾ STUART PAGE ARCHITECTS Forge House, The Green, Langton Green, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN3 0JB Tel 01892 862548 Fax 01892 863919 Email info@stuartpage.co.uk www.stuartpage.co.uk

◾ WEST WADDY ADP The Malthouse, 60 East St Helen Street, Abingdon, Oxfordshire Ox14 5EB Tel 01235 523139 Fax 01235 521662 Email p.waddy@westwaddy-adp.co.uk www.westwaddy-adp.co.uk

ARCHITECTS AND INTERIOR DESIGNERS: Historic buildings require

ARCHITECTS, PLANNING AND CONSERVATION CONSULTANTS: A long

economic and appropriate uses to ensure their survival. Stuart Page Architects undertakes architectural and interior design projects for new buildings and the conservation and repair of historic and listed buildings. The practice believes the architect’s role to be especially important when working in conservation areas or with historic buildings to ensure sympathetic buildings integrated with their surroundings and which satisfy the client’s brief. Projects include work for the National Trust, Historic Royal Palaces, English Heritage, local authorities and private owners of historic buildings.

◾ VERITY & BEVERLEY 55 Long Street, Tetbury, Gloucestershire GL8 8AA Tel 01666 503516 Email info@verity-beverley.co.uk www.verity-beverley.co.uk CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS: Established in 1871 the practice

is experienced in the conservation, restoration and refurbishment of listed buildings, churches, modern structures within historic environments, and architectural interior design.

◾ W C P (The Whitworth Co-Partnership LLP) 18 Hatter Street, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 1NE Tel 01284 760421 Fax 01284 704734 ▪ 1 The Close, Norwich NR1 4DH Tel 01603 626782 Email info@whitcp.co.uk www.wcp-architects.com Contact Matthew Stearn CHARTERED ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS: Services include extensions

and alterations to existing buildings, new build, surveys and defect analysis, conservation and repair of historic buildings, planning, party wall and expert witness appointments. Each project is approached with care and sensitivity, bringing together a range of expertise appropriate for the project. The partners, Philip Orchard (a Lethaby Scholar), Matthew Stearn and Mark Cleveland are chartered architects, and Tony Redman and Stephen Boniface are chartered surveyors. Philip Orchard, Tony Redman and Stephen Boniface are all conservation accredited.

◾ W R DUNN & CO LTD 27 Front Street, Acomb, York YO24 3BW Tel 01904 784421 Fax 01904 784679 Email info@wrdunn.co.uk www.wrdunn.co.uk

established, AABC registered practice of architects, planning consultants and conservation specialists with significant experience in heritage projects including conservation assessments, specialist restoration and listed building works. Recent projects include the restoration of Grade II listed barns at Eling Farm for the Englefield Estate, conservation and restoration of scheduled ancient monuments and Grade II* buildings at Ruislip Manor for the London Borough of Islington funded via the Heritage Lottery Fund with English Heritage. Awards include an Oxford Preservation Trust Award for the conversion and restoration of a Grade II timber framed granary and a Vale of White Horse District Council Millennium Award for the conversion and restoration of a Grade II orangery.

◾ WILES AND MAGUIRE LTD The Danesmead Wing, 33 Fulford Cross, York YO10 4PB Tel 01904 655447 Fax 01904 624570 Email office@wamarchitects.co.uk www.wamarchitects.co.uk ARCHITECTS: Wiles and Maguire works exclusively in the repair and

adaptation of historic buildings. The practice has a large portfolio of church commissions and is as comfortable designing bold, new interventions as it is with specialist conservation. Its client base is quite broad and includes the National Trust, Castle Howard Estate, the Churches Conservation Trust and several local authorities. There are several AABC registered architects in the practice and Andrew Wiles has particular experience with listed concrete and 20th century buildings. He was also holder of the EASA King of Prussia gold medal for church conservation in 2008 and 2010.

◾ ROBIN WOLLEY CHARTERED ARCHITECT The Studio, Efenechtyd, Ruthin, Denbighshire LL15 1PW Tel 01824 703279 Fax 01824 705523 Email robin.wolley@btconnect.com CHARTERED ARCHITECT AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANT: Extensive experience in the conservation, repair and regeneration of buildings. Quinquennial inspections, surveys, feasibility studies, HLF, Cadw and English Heritage grant-assisted projects. Conservation area appraisals and local authority planning consultancy. Listed building advice. Clients include dioceses of Chester, Liverpool and St Asaph, Historic Chapels Trust, United Reformed and Methodist Churches. Surveyor to St Asaph Cathedral.

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS, ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANTS: See also: profile entry in Surveyors, page 47.

◾ WATSON BERTRAM & FELL LTD 5 Gay Street, Bath, Somerset BA1 2PH Tel 01225 337273 Email mail@wbf-bath.co.uk www.wbf-bath.co.uk ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS: Watson Bertram & Fell has an enviable

reputation in the restoration and alteration of listed buildings and the creation of new buildings in conservation areas. The practice has a fine design team led by Mark Watson, experienced in designing innovative and traditional extensions and alterations to important listed buildings and new houses in highly sensitive areas. It also has widespread conservation experience founded on sound ecological principles, specialising in works to numerous historic buildings, whether small rural dwellings or grand mansions.

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CORRUGATED IRON ARCHITECTURE TIM NICHOLSON

oathe it or love it, corrugated iron (CI) has woven its way into our cultural landscape. Its unique qualities have captured the imagination of engineers, designers and ordinary people for almost 180 years, resulting in a diverse architectural legacy that has touched the lives of millions around the globe. The significance of CI is now recognised particularly in countries such as Australia and Iceland where it is commonly found in both historic and modern contexts. In contrast, the UK has been comparatively slow to accept the cultural value of CI, many observers considering it subordinate to more permanent and traditional materials. Considerable numbers of historic CI structures still survive, but many of these are under increasing threat from neglect, development pressures and changing social and economic conditions. This article explores the development of corrugated iron and considers the problems and opportunities for conserving existing historic structures and adapting them for economically viable and sustainable alternative uses.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT Henry Robinson Palmer, who recognised its potential for covering wide span roofs, patented corrugated iron in 1829. The following year, Palmer, who was an engineer and architect with the London Dock Company, built a large shed at the docks roofed entirely of self-supporting corrugated iron sheets and spanning 40 feet. The use of CI quickly proliferated and notable examples from this early period include parts of Chatham Dockyard in Kent and Liverpool Lime Street Station. Eminent engineers including Isambard Kingdom Brunel embraced its unique characteristics in iconic structures such as Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Paddington Station. The iron building revolution was inexorable in its influence on architects, engineers and progressive members of the manufacturing community who saw the wider potential and developed a type of construction that is uniquely resonant in the collective architectural consciousness: prefabricated corrugated iron buildings. EARLY PREFABRICATION By the 1840s the production of fully prefabricated CI buildings was established in Britain. Many of these buildings fed the

Herd Groyne Lighthouse (1881), South Shields, Tyne and Wear (Photo: Emma Joice)

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1 Professional services Corrosion of corrugated iron cladding is often the result of changes in ground level.

corrugated iron. As a consequence, local vernacular styles were partially eroded but, paradoxically, CI also extended the lives of many rural buildings.

Poor maintenance can lead to the loss of important visual elements.

Regular painting is often all that is needed to ensure that iron cladding remains in good condition. Simple features such as this decorative ridge piece require particular attention to ensure the character of the building is preserved.

requirements of colonial expansion into countries such as Australia and South Africa. The domestic market for prefabricated buildings was also growing, and as transport links improved, the pallet of locally available materials was expanded to include sheet iron. Public fascination with this new and exciting material was such that in 1845 an ‘iron palace’ built in Liverpool for export to Africa was displayed to the public, who paid a small fee to view it. However, the public love affair with corrugated iron during the first half the 19th century does not appear to have been unanimous or unconditional. Contemporary reports suggest that some bishops were unwilling to consecrate iron churches and that the public would not tolerate it in their towns and cities. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCES The latter half of the 19th century was characterised by increasing industrialisation and a steady migration from the country

into the towns and cities. Many of these urban settlers endured difficult working and living conditions, and found comfort in religion which played an increasingly important part in people’s lives during much of the 19th century. Companies such as William Cooper and Boulton & Paul helped to feed the demand for chapels, churches and Sunday schools along with many other types of CI building, which were sold in large numbers and transported across the country. Many of these religious buildings survive today as a visible reminder of the prevalence of CI buildings during the 19th and early 20th centuries. CI AS A REPLACEMENT MATERIAL Rural landscapes changed forever during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as corrugated iron replaced materials that had persisted in local building traditions for centuries. Thatch in particular, which had become associated with rural poverty, was often replaced or sheeted over with

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MILITARY USES Until the early 20th century most military structures had been permanent. However, the first world war acted as a catalyst to the development of one of the once most ubiquitous of CI buildings, the Nissen hut. Named after their designer, Captain Peter Nissen, these distinctive structures were cheap to manufacture, easy to transport and simple to erect, and they solved the huge logistical problem of housing millions of troops. Nissen huts continued in military service through both world wars and beyond. Following the first world war, attempts were made to develop the Nissen hut design for the residential housing market but this proved to be uneconomical and only a handful were ever built. Many Nissen huts survive today and have been successfully adapted to a wide variety of uses, a testament to their versatility and robustness. New building types proliferated in Britain during and between the two world wars. Many were associated with the newly formed RAF, but one in particular was produced on an enormous scale. At least 1½ million Anderson shelters were distributed to British households during the second world war to help protect the population from German bombing, making it possibly the most widely produced prefabricated structure ever seen in Britain and one that is deeply embedded in the memories of a generation. SIGNIFICANCE The idea that corrugated iron could have any sort of cultural significance has been slow to take hold in Britain. This has been a particular problem for the smaller prefabricated structures, many of which have been demolished. Nevertheless, the architectural and historic significance of CI is now more widely recognised and there is a greater understanding of the less obvious attributes of these structures such as innovation in design and construction, associations with people and places, positive contribution to urban and rural landscapes, and economic value. Some examples have been given statutory protection and several have been carefully dismantled and erected at open air museums.

VULNERABILITY The threats to historic CI structures are not as obvious as those facing more mainstream buildings. Climate change legislation may lead to the loss of CI buildings as unimaginative owners, designers and planners fail to appreciate how many of these buildings can be successfully adapted to provide valuable, efficient and comfortable spaces. Long-term vacancy and often minimal security leaves many historic CI buildings vulnerable to theft, vandalism and arson. The relatively high fire loads of CI buildings and the often secluded locations may mean that any arson attack would very quickly lead to total destruction of the building. Many former religious buildings are located in picturesque rural locations, and although there is normally a presumption in favour of retaining existing buildings, the arguments for demolition and redevelopment can be persuasive. The same buildings are often sold subject to a number of restrictive covenants which can severely restrict their market appeal and lead to further problems associated with long term vacancy. The single biggest threat to corrugated iron is undoubtedly neglect. Fluctuating economic fortune, the abandonment of buildings, and a failure to undertake even the most basic maintenance all precipitate the decline and, in some cases, loss of these vulnerable buildings. TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION Historic CI sheets were produced in a variety of lengths, widths, weights and profiles. Typically sheet sizes are 3-10 feet long and 1830 inches wide although other sizes were made to order. Profiles tend to conform to the ridge and furrow or wave pattern with an average pitch of 3–5 inches. Historically, CI sheets were produced according to the Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) system of measurement. Sheets used for roofing were typically 18 SWG (1.2mm) thick and weighed around 1.2kgs per square foot. This compares with commonly available modern sheets which weigh around 0.7kgs per square foot. Most corrugated iron was galvanised but sheets were occasionally supplied as ‘black iron’ (ungalvanised). The quality of the metal varied along with the quality of the materials and the proficiency of the workers employed in the galvanising process. Along with other factors, this variation in quality has undoubtedly had an impact on the long term survival of corrugated iron. Prefabricated buildings of all shapes and sizes were constructed using simple lightweight timber and metal frames to support the CI cladding.

While many agricultural and industrial buildings merely required the corrugated iron to form a weather-tight shell, large numbers of CI buildings were constructed with elaborate interiors. Most of the chapels, pavilions, mission rooms and other small prefabricated buildings that survive are constructed using a framework of 100 x 50mm (4 x 2 inch) softwood timber. Floors are usually suspended timber, with the entire building normally sitting on a masonry plinth which was built prior to the arrival of the building. Many of these buildings have surprisingly comfortable, sometimes even elaborate, interiors. Roof structures vary enormously, from simple scissor trusses to impressive arched-braced collar trusses. COMMON DEFECTS Often thought of as an ephemeral material, corrugated iron has in many cases far exceeded its expected service life, but condition is often a reflection of the building’s use and the owner’s willingness to undertake simple but regular maintenance. Galvanising was perfected in this country soon after CI was introduced and offered a long-lasting and economical means of preventing corrosion by applying a thin coat of zinc to the metal sheets. Ultimately this coating degrades or becomes damaged in some way allowing the unprotected metal to become exposed to the atmosphere, resulting in corrosion. Corrosion often begins where two sheets overlap, the small gap setting up a capillary attraction which allows the joint to hold water. This can lead to an electrochemical reaction that causes the zinc coating to preferentially corrode beneath the overlapping sheets. This type of reaction can also occur in positions where fixings made from a different type of metal have been used. This process is likely to be accelerated in marine locations and areas subject to acid rain due to the increased conductivity of the electrolyte solution that connects the metals and allows the electrochemical reaction to occur. Rapid and extensive corrosion can also be found where CI wall cladding has been partially buried due to changes in ground

levels or alterations to the plinth. Most corrugated iron will have been painted at some point during its life, if this has been done regularly the incidence of serious corrosion is normally far lower. MECHANICAL DAMAGE Holes can sometimes be seen in the CI cladding where sheets have been removed or replaced and fixing bolts placed in different locations. This can lead to water ingress and accelerated corrosion around the hole. Impact damage caused by vehicles can often be seen on industrial or military buildings, and it is common to see sheets peeling away from their supporting structure where fixings have been damaged.

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Despite greater awareness and understanding, however, the significance of many CI buildings remains undervalued. In some cases comparatively good but isolated examples remain quietly undiscovered, while other examples may fail to become part of the historic environment records due to difficulties in making comparative value judgements.

SUPPORTING STRUCTURES Large CI buildings often have iron or steel frames supporting the cladding. Metal ties, rods and brackets are also common, and where these components are concealed they are at particular risk from undetected water ingress. The majority of small prefabricated buildings are constructed with softwood frames and a large number of other timber components. Simple maintenance is often all that is required to ensure the timber remains in good condition. Unfortunately, neglect is common and timber decay is often found in external joinery items such as windows, doors, barge boards and fascia. Unless there has been long term neglect and water ingress, the timber frames and floors are often in excellent condition. REPAIR AND CONSERVATION Regardless of the type or age of a structure, the principles of conservation and maintenance are largely the same. The process must start with a clear understanding of the structure gained through documentary research and physical examination and recording. The significance of the structure needs to be identified at an early stage in order to assess how any repairs, alterations or changes in use will impact on the special qualities of the building. Typically this will involve retaining the visual characteristics and as much of the historic building fabric as possible. Clearly it is important that any historic

The significance of a building is not always apparent from its appearance. Stripped of its corrugated iron cladding, this early 20th-century structure forms part of a peat processing plant and is a rare survivor of an industry dating back to medieval times. The structure is Grade II* listed and a scheduled ancient monument.

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1 Professional services This semi-derelict estate church manufactured by Boulton & Paul Ltd during the 19th century demonstrates how some corrugated iron roofs imitated roof structures of a much grander status.

corrugated iron is repaired whenever possible. There are several appropriate techniques. Where there has been a total failure of the paint system, this should be taken back to sound metal. This can be achieved in situ by using a combination of hand tools and the application of a suitable chemical paint stripper. If the CI sheets are to be removed from the building a wet blast system may be useful for removing large areas of paint. This approach has the advantage of eliminating any toxic dust where lead paints have been used. Localised areas of damaged paint should be rubbed back (using a wet abrasive for the same reason) and repainted. If the metal has started to corrode, areas of light rusting can be removed with wire brushes or abrasive papers and any remaining rust treated with a rust converter. More serious corrosion can be removed by carefully controlled low pressure wet or dry blasting or by the application of an acid gel, although these techniques are best carried out in a controlled environment. Where there has been extensive corrosion, these areas can be repaired by welding in new sections of CI, ideally cut from a sacrificial sheet salvaged from the same building. This approach requires that one or more sheets will probably need to be replaced but ensures that the material used in the repair is totally compatible. When new sheets are required to make up any shortfall these should be an exact match in size, weight and profile, and the type of fixings and method used to attach the sheets should also match the original.

Similarly, gutters, downpipes and gullies should also be checked to ensure they are working properly. Many prefabricated buildings have large voids or undercrofts beneath the floor and it is important to check that air bricks or other openings are kept clear to enable the ventilation of these spaces. Arguably the most important task is to ensure that all the exterior paintwork is kept in good order. Localised failures, especially in external joinery, can allow water to penetrate into the structural frame and lead to corrosion of the corrugated iron inside the wall cavity. Many modern paints now have excellent anti-corrosion properties and long renewal cycles. However, these need to be considered carefully in light of any important historic decorative schemes.

MAINTENANCE CI buildings require only basic measures to ensure their long term survival, but as many are left unoccupied for long periods it is important to ensure that regular planned maintenance is carried out. Organic or other types of debris left lying on a roof creates areas where moisture can become trapped. Steeply pitched roofs tend to be self-clearing, shallower pitches should be inspected and cleared on a regular basis.

ADAPTING CI BUILDINGS FOR ALTERNATIVE USES Increasing pressure to develop existing sites, climate change legislation, and changing economic and social trends mean more CI buildings are threatened with demolition or inappropriate alteration. With a little imagination and the political will, many of these buildings could provide viable and sustainable spaces for a wide range of alternative uses. Large numbers of CI aircraft

Part of a former historic iron works: notice the distinctive pattern of corrosion to the roof covering, which corresponds with the fixing points and sheet overlaps.

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hangars are being used for storage, light engineering, transport and leisure purposes. The London Science Museum, for example, has successfully used a former RAF hangar to house its large object collection. The exteriors of CI buildings are sensitive to change and if they are to retain their special qualities and visual identity all external elements normally need to be retained. Internal spaces are usually less sensitive to change and provide a flexible space capable of sub-division. Many smaller prefabricated CI buildings offer opportunities for adaptation to residential, business, leisure and community uses. If done with sensitivity and imagination, redundant mission rooms, chapels, hospitals and other CI structures can be adapted to provide energy-efficient, sustainable buildings that respond to the increasing pressure to conserve energy. Most small prefabricated buildings are built on a simple modular timber framework that provides a clear cavity between the inner and outer cladding of around four inches. Inserting rigid or other forms of insulation into this cavity can be achieved with little or no visual impact and can enable the thermal performance of the building to comply with current building codes. Obtaining insurance and finance for CI buildings adapted for residential and other uses can be challenging but is possible through a number of companies which specialise in buildings of non-standard construction. Typically, insurance premiums will be higher and the number of risks covered will be limited. Mortgage companies are also likely to require detailed surveys and ask for larger deposits. THE FUTURE With improved understanding and a greater awareness and interest in these once ubiquitous buildings, the future looks brighter for the relatively few remaining examples. Buildings that until recently were often considered eyesores and unfit for purpose are now being rescued as their contribution to our architectural landscape is more widely appreciated. recommended reading J Davies, Galvanized Iron: Its Manufacture and Uses, E & FN Spon, London, 1899 G Herbert, Pioneers of Prefabrication, Johns Hopkins University Press, London, 1978 A Mornement and S Holloway, Corrugated Iron: Building on the Frontier, Francis Lincoln, London, 2007 I Smith, Tin Tabernacles: Corrugated Iron Mission Halls, Churches and Chapels of Britain, Camrose Organisation, Pembroke, 2004 B Walker, Historic Scotland, Technical Advice Note – Corrugated Iron and other Ferrous Cladding, Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, 2004 TIM NICHOLSON Mscche is a historic building consultant with nicholson Price associates (see page 41). email info@ npaheritage.co.uk

HERITAGE CONSULTANTS

ASE

DESIGNERS AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANTS: IHBC recognised

Historic Environment Service Provider (HESPR). The practice specialises in the careful repair of old buildings, carrying out inspections and administering conservation work on site. The practice also prepares historic building and historic area assessments and advises on alterations to the public realm, including civil engineering works. Work is carried out for public sector clients and for private individuals with historic structures of all types, both in Jersey and the United Kingdom. Clients include English Heritage, the Crown Estate, Jersey Heritage, National Trust for Jersey, Port of Jersey and the States of Jersey.

Professional services

Archaeology South-East

◾ ANTONY GIBB LTD Ballarat, La Route de la Trinité, Trinity, Jersey JE3 5JN Tel 01534 863922 Fax 01534 832200 Email mail@antonygibb.co.uk www.antonygibb.co.uk

◾ THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY PRACTICE LIMITED 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel/Fax 01483 208633 Email mail@architecturalhistory.co.uk www.architecturalhistory.co.uk ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIANS: See also: display entry in Architectural

Historians section, page 14.

● Historic building recording, heritage statements, surveys and impact assessments

◾ BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT LTD Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, Hertfordshire WD25 9xx Tel 01923 664200 Fax 01923 664991 Email construction@bre.co.uk www.bre.co.uk

● Research & historical analysis ● 35 years of eldwork experience ● A wide range of integrated specialist services

CONSERVATION CONSULTANCY: Effective building conservation needs to extend the life of a structure without compromising its special character. BRE’s considerable knowledge of repair, refurbishment and maintenance of historic buildings and structures has helped preserve and protect some of the best known heritage buildings in the country. With a core of experts specialising in engineering, architecture, surveying, geology, material science and archaeology, BRE provides a multi-disciplinary conservation consultancy service that appreciates the historical value of a building and its environment. The company’s work is supported by the other 400-plus construction specialists at BRE and by a range of UKAS accredited analytical and test facilities.

● Reliable professional solutions in all areas of work and for all types of client

A division of the Centre for Applied Archaeology, University College London

www.archaeologyse.co.uk Units 1 & 2, 2 Chapel Place, Portslade, East Sussex, BN41 1DR, 01273 426830

◾ CATHERINE WOOLFITT ASSOCIATES LTD Tobacco Factory, Raleigh Road, Bristol BS3 1TF Tel 0117 966 4223 Email catherine@cwoolfittassociates.co.uk www.cwoolfittassociates.co.uk HERITAGE CONSULTANTS: The practice specialises in the cleaning, conservation and repair of masonry buildings, ancient monuments and sculpture, providing practical guidance on conservation planning, management and implementation. Building archaeology, recording, assessment, condition survey, technical documentation and supervision of specialist contractors are key areas of work. Technical advice encompasses investigation and identification of existing materials with cleaning and repair options, including trial work as required. Clients include Cardiff Council, Historic Royal Palaces, the States of Guernsey, Interserve FM and the Edward James Foundation.

◾ THE CONSERVATION STUDIO Brackendene House, Carron Lane, Midhurst, West Sussex GU29 9LD Tel 01730 816710 Email info@theconservationstudio.co.uk www.theconservationstudio.co.uk CONSERVATION MANAGERS AND HERITAGE CONSULTANTS: The

Conservation Studio is an architectural and planning practice which can provide advice on conservation area management, grant bids, characterisation studies, listed and locally listed buildings, training and locum support. In addition, the practice has experience in the provision of conservation plans, statements of significance and public inquiry work. Both directors have worked for English Heritage and can provide advice and technical guidance on all aspects of conservation planning. See also: display entry on this page.

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◾ INGRAM CONSULTANCY LIMITED Holly Cottage, Lower Street, Upton Noble, Somerset BA4 6BB Tel 01749 850900 Email enquiries@ingram-consultancy.co.uk www.ingram-consultancy.co.uk

Drury McPherson Partnership Historic environment policy and practice We are a small specialist practice with particular expertise in ■ the development and review of heritage policy and guidance for public bodies ■

historic building and landscape analysis, and preparing conservation statements and management plans

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understanding and assessment of historic areas, including characterisation and appraisals

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advising on development proposals affecting all types of heritage assets, including enabling development

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preparing heritage impact assessments/statements

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acting as expert witness at public inquiries and hearings

We work throughout the UK and in Europe. Our clients range from government and public bodies to private owners and developers, and include English Heritage, the Heritage Lottery Fund, local authorities and major charitable organisations. Paul Drury FSA MRICS IHBC

Anna McPherson DipArch RIBA IHBC FRSA

Drury McPherson Partnership

114 Shacklegate Lane, Teddington TW11 8SH tel: 020 8977 8980 fax: 020 8977 8990 e-mail: amcpherson@dmpartnership.com www.dmpartnership.com

◾ GROSVENOR, MEEHAN & LAING ASSOCIATES LTD Lower Monkhall, Monkhopton, Shropshire WV16 6xF Tel 07883 205704 Email enquiries@ gml-associates.com www.gml-associates.com HISTORIC METALWORK CONSULTANTS: GML Associates was formed to

provide a service to heritage and conservation professionals. Its role is to ensure the highest standards are maintained in the conservation and restoration of historic metalwork. GML Associates can prepare condition and conservation reports, work specifications and budget costings; provide specialist advice; undertake research; prepare storage, object care and maintenance regimes and provide teaching for CPD courses. GML Associates was founded by three historic metalwork conservation specialists with over 30 years experience of working in the public and private sector.

◾ HISTORIC BUILDING ADVISORY SERVICE PO Box 2140, Tisbury, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 2DW Tel 01747 873803 Fax 01747 871919 Email info@historicbuilding.co.uk www.historicbuilding.co.uk

CONSULTANTS IN THE CONSERVATION AND REPAIR OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS, ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND THEIR SITES: Ingram Consultancy is a

specialist practice of historic building consultants dealing in all aspects of the conservation, repair, adaptation and reuse of historic buildings and ancient monuments. Services include condition surveys, historic building assessments, building recording and analysis, preparation of reports, specifications, schedules of work and tender documents, and project supervision and management. The practice works in the following ways: as partners and sub-consultants to other building professionals, supplementing their skills in specialist areas, particularly on large complex projects; building teams of specialists with a proven track record of experience to complete specific tasks or provide ongoing technical support; accepting direct appointments as designers and project managers to complete smaller programmes of work. For more information please refer to the website.

◾ J P F BUILT HERITAGE 40 Church Street, Maiden Bradley, Warminster, Wiltshire BA12 7HW Tel 01985 844519 Mobile 07712 484900 Email enquiries@jpfbuiltheritage.co.uk www.jpfbuiltheritage.co.uk BUILT HERITAGE CONSULTANTS: JPF Built Heritage provides consultancy

and project services for historic buildings and monuments. Consultancy services include practical, technical and cost advice and condition survey, conservation report and budget estimate provision. Project services include specification, schedule of work and procurement support, and construction management for minor building conservation contracts or built heritage works packages as part of major projects. The company offers best practice consultancy services, tailored to the unique requirements of each and every historic structure, whether providing a one-off service, or more integrated programme of project-wide support. Please contact JPF Built Heritage for further information or with any enquiries.

◾ KATHRYN SATHER & ASSOCIATES 87 Oldfield Road, Altrincham WA14 4BL Tel 0161 941 1414 Email ksa@ksaconservation.co.uk www.ksaconservation.co.uk HERITAGE CONSERVATION CONSULTANTS: Principal consultant Kathryn Sather has over 22 years extensive experience in the field of building conservation. Associate consultants include an archaeologist and a heritage conservation professional. The practice offers a wide range of heritage conservation services specialising in the preparation of conservation management plans, conservation statements, heritage statements, conservation area character appraisals and historic area appraisals. Additional services include: expert witness at planning appeals (both public inquiries and informal hearings); preparation of heritage interpretation strategies; audience development plans and educational programmes; advice on fundraising and preparation of grant applications for building conservation and heritage education projects.

HERITAGE CONSULTANT: An independent advisory service for all those who own, manage or have an interest in any type of historic building, man-made structure or landscape, dating from before 1945; ranging from Iron Age forts to Art Deco flats. Historic Building Advisory Service’s expert advice covers building methods, materials and specifications, repairs, conservation, restoration, re-use, and planning; specialist survey and analysis, archaeology; and feasibility studies. The company helps professionals and members of the public across the UK and Europe in all sectors of the built heritage including domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, religious, and transport.

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HERITAGE CONSULTANCY: Mel Morris Conservation, established in 2001, is based in the North Midlands but has a national coverage. The consultancy is led by Mel Morris (IHBC, MRTPI) who has over 25 years experience in heritage management. It advises both public and private sectors, undertaking statements of significance, heritage impact assessments, conservation statements and management plans, supporting lottery bids and writing specifications for historic building repairs. The practice takes pride in its attention to detail and its integrated approach to conservation, putting together skilled teams for complex projects, with associates in archaeology, collections care and environmental monitoring, measured survey and conservation accredited architects.

Nicholson Price Associates

Historic Building and Heritage Consultants Nicholson Price Associates provide a broad range of professional services and advice to private and public sector clients involved in the management and development of historic places

Professional services

◾ MEL MORRIS CONSERVATION 67 Brookfields Road, Ipstones, Staffordshire ST10 2LY Tel 01538 266516 Email mel@melmorris.co.uk www.melmorrisconservation.co.uk

Building surveys, recording and research. Defect diagnosis, specialist investigations and scientific analysis. Feasibility studies and option appraisals.

◾ ODGERS CONSERVATION CONSULTANTS LTD Peacock Hill House, Barton St David, Somerton, Somerset TA11 6BN Tel 07725 658185 Email david@odgersconservation.co.uk www.odgersconservation.co.uk

Conservation statements and management plans. Conservation area and characterisation studies. Buildings at risk surveys. Specification preparation and procurement.

HERITAGE CONSULTANTS: Having been involved in all aspects of historic

building and monument conservation for over 25 years, David Odgers now provides knowledge, advice and support to all those involved in the ownership and care of the built heritage. Services include condition assessment and reports, recommendations and specifications for repair, historical and archive research, environmental monitoring, technical advice including analysis, tendering and contractual advice, project management, training and CPD, small scale trials and conservation.

◾ PRIORY HERITAGE LTD The Old Clay Works, Little Staughton, Bedfordshire MK44 2Bx Tel 01234 376866 Email davidllewellyn@prioryheritage.co.uk www.prioryheritage.co.uk

Funding and grant aid advice. Expertise in Historic shop fronts and corrugated iron structures.

For further information please contact: Tim Nicholson or Clare Price 01978 447101 E: info@npaheritage.co.uk

www.npaheritage.co.uk

TRADITIONAL DESIGN, CONSERVATION SURVEYORS AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANTS: Regularly working with English Heritage, the

practice supplies sensitive repair and conservation advice for all types of historic buildings. Priory Heritage provides historic significance reports, impact assessments, urgent works and repair notice advice for individual owners and as consultants to general practice. With over 25 years experience in the heritage sector, the practice principal is conservation accredited for grant aided projects and the company also undertakes quinquennial church inspections. Listed building repairs and traditional new works are managed for private clients from survey to completion.

◾ RESURGAM Netley House, Gomshall, Surrey GU5 9QA Tel 01483 203221 Fax 01483 202911 Email ei@handr.co.uk www.handr.co.uk Contact Dr David Watt BSc (Hons) Dip Arch Cons PhD MSc FRICS IHBC ARCHITECTURAL, HISTORICAL AND TECHNICAL CONSERVATION CONSULTANTS: Resurgam®, a division of H+R Environmental

Investigations Limited, consists of a group of independent experts and scientists. Resurgam® carries out research, conservation management plans or statements, heritage impact assessments, condition surveys and analysis of traditional buildings and sites, combining extensive architectural and construction experience with innovative investigative technology. Stone, mortar, plaster and decorative finishes are specialities as well as advising on the condition of traditional materials and methods of construction. Remedial specifications, schedules and contract administration can be provided. Resurgam® provides conservation consultancy and can advise on procurement and project management for refurbishment projects. Clients include The Royal Household, English Heritage, National Trust, Natural England, Crown Estate, architects, surveyors and property managers. See also: Hutton+Rostron profile entry in Damp & Timber Decay, page 154.

RMA Heritage provides effective specialist conservation, planning, design and landscape advice. We have significant experience of working on complex and innovative projects in the historic environment and have advised on many successful development schemes. Please contact: Richard MacCullagh MRTPI IHBC T. 023 80 760043 E. richard@rmaheritage.com www.rmaheritage.com

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Managing change in the historic environment

Contact: Roger Mascall E: rmascall@turleyassociates.co.uk DD: 020 7851 4045

Heritage, visual impact and townscape assessment

◾ T F T WOODExPERTS LTD Low Mills Unit 1, Phoenix Business Centre, Low Mill Road, Ripon, North Yorkshire HG4 1NS Tel 01765 601010 Fax 01765 608081 www.woodexperts.com

◾ WOODHALL PLANNING AND CONSERVATION LTD Woodhall, Woodhall Lane, Leeds LS28 5NY Tel 0113 2554660 Email info@woodhall.co.uk www.woodhall.co.uk

HERITAGE TIMBER SERVICES: Established in 1991, TFT’s principal consultant, Jim Coulson, has over 35 years experience, is a member of ICOMOS (International Committee on Monuments and Sites), and is a past president of the Institute of Wood Science. TFT Woodexperts carries out condition surveys, offers recommendations on remedial work and advises on the correct materials and design for the replacement or repair of existing woodwork. The company can help with specifying appropriate types of wood for both structural strength and decorative appearance. In addition TFT can assist with sourcing materials; visiting suppliers, helping to approve workmanship and ensuring budgets are spent wisely.

HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Woodhall has built a strong reputation for providing responsive and focused advice to a wide client base which includes building owners, architects, the legal profession and public bodies including the National Trust. Services include: research and appraisals; surveys and repairs; appeals, inquiries and disputes; heritage impact assessments; design and alterations.

◾ TURLEY ASSOCIATES 25 Savile Row, London W1S 2ES Tel 020 7851 4045 Fax 020 7851 4020 Email rmascall@turleyassociates.co.uk www.turleyassociates.co.uk in promoting and managing change in the built environment. Turley Associates believes that informed and intelligently managed change is vital in securing the future of heritage assets and complementary to the principles of sustainable development and successful place-shaping. Its heritage service comprises experienced conservation planning professionals with backgrounds in consultancy at English Heritage and in local government. Turley Associates has a proven track record for positively promoting change in the historic environment working in all sectors across England, Scotland and Wales. See also: display entry on this page.

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◾ EURA CONSERVATION LTD Unit H2, Halesfield 19, Telford, Shropshire TF7 4QT Tel 01952 680218 Fax 01952 585044 Email enquiries@eura.co.uk www.eura.co.uk MARINE CONSERVATION: The team at Eura Conservation includes

PLANNING CONSULTANTS: Heritage assets are increasingly encountered

MARINE ENGINEERS

accredited conservators with experience of preserving, conserving and restoring metal and wooden maritime objects. Sole conservators of the 322 foot wrought iron hull of the ss Great Britain, its 104 foot iron main yard and its 16 tonne rudder. Eura has restored the National Maritime Museum’s aluminium speedboat Miss Britain III, Gravesend Pier, canal boats and completed a survey and condition report for the 1789 yacht Peggy. Eura has extensive experience in the preparation of conservation management plans and applications for Heritage Lottery Funding and were Icon prize winners in 2010 for innovation. See also: display entry in Metalwork, page 132.

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ENABLING DEVELOPMENT

A look at the position post-NPPF MARK CHALLIS

The price of conservation: a classic example of enabling development

he terM ‘enabling development’ is not a statutory one. It generally refers to a state of affairs in which development that would otherwise be considered harmful is considered acceptable because it would facilitate (or ‘enable’) benefits that outweigh that harm. Typically the benefits in question are the generation of funds that will be used to pay for work to be done to a listed building or other heritage asset that is in pressing need of substantial repairs. Enabling development cases are rarely straightforward and there are a number of reasons for this. First, as a matter of public policy, enabling development should not provide an easy way out for owners of listed

buildings (or other heritage assets) who have failed to take reasonable care of them. Nor should enabling development act as a lifeboat to rescue property owners from ill-judged transactions, such as overpaying for a property in the first place. Generally, therefore, enabling development should be seen as a long-term solution of last resort, with proposals coming forward when other solutions have been tried but have failed. This tends to mean that enabling development cases come forward with a certain amount of past history or ‘baggage’. There is a further difficulty in that, public policy considerations aside, the welfare of the heritage asset in distress is at the heart

of enabling development cases. Everyone concerned will be aware that the longer it takes to find a solution, the more the asset will deteriorate and the more money will be needed to repair it. In short, there will be pressure to find a solution even if it is an imperfect one. The classic enabling development case is one where new houses are proposed in the grounds of a listed building in disrepair, with the owner claiming that this is the only way to fund desperately needed repairs. It may be that the new houses are perfectly acceptable in planning terms in any event. They might have no adverse impact on the setting of the building and be in a location

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1 Professional services Development enabled the conservation of this camellia house at New Wardour, Wiltshire (Photo: Jonathan Taylor)

where house-building is perfectly acceptable. That being the case, the new houses will not be ‘enabling development’ in the terms of this article. However, if, for example, the property is in the green belt then new housing would not normally be allowed and the issue becomes one of whether the new houses are nonetheless acceptable as ‘enabling development’. Until the publication of PPS5 (Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment) in March 2010, which contained a single policy on enabling development (Policy HE11), there was no government policy on the subject. English Heritage (EH), however, issued its own enabling development policy in 1999. It reissued it in 2001 together with a detailed practical guide that drew heavily on planning appeal decisions involving enabling development proposals, many of which are quoted from the guidance. The 2001 policy and guidance were both updated in 2008 and reissued as Enabling Development and the Conservation of Significant Places, not least to bring them into line with EH’s thinking on the historic environment in Conservation Principles issued earlier that year. The 2008 guidance still stands for now (as a revision is in prospect) as it was broadly but not wholly consistent with PPS5, which has in any event been superseded by paragraph 140 of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) which says, simply, that: Local planning authorities should assess whether the benefits of a proposal for enabling development, which would otherwise conflict with planning policies but which would secure the future conservation of a heritage asset, outweigh the disbenefits of departing from those policies. The NPPF policy is expressed as a straightforward balancing exercise: will the proposal do more harm than good? In reality many local planning authorities have approached enabling development cases in this way for years. The EH policy is, however, more sophisticated but also more stringent than the one-sentence NPPF policy and also the now superseded policy in PPS5. The EH policy requires enabling development proposals to meet eight criteria if they are to be considered acceptable. It is thereby more than a ‘good v harm’ balancing exercise and

more proposals are likely to fail the test than under the NPPF, particularly as the first EH criterion is that the proposal will not materially harm the heritage values of the place or its setting. However, as is the case with much of the NPPF, the simple expression of the policy position belies the complexity of the issues in practice. It is for this reason that EH’s practical guide will continue to have a useful role to play, as enabling development cases throw up some thorny issues, some of which are discussed briefly below. First, how much enabling development is appropriate? What if on an NPPF “good v harm” analysis 30 new houses in the grounds would do more good than harm, but then so would 20? To meet the EH criteria the enabling development must be demonstrated to be the minimum necessary to secure the future of the asset. An understanding of the financial position is therefore necessary to get to the bottom of the conservation deficit (the amount by which the cost of repairs exceeds the market value of the asset when repaired) and how much money is likely to be generated by the scheme. Although this can never be an exact science, the EH guide provides a useful overview of the sorts of costs involved, the extent to which they can legitimately be included in the calculations and how to factor in profit margins and site value. It urges local authorities to take professional advice on the financial aspects if they do not have an in-house capability and points out that developers who seek permission for enabling development will need to be open about the financial situation. Second, it is essential that there is a means by which the benefits claimed for an enabling development materialise. This will involve the use of planning conditions and usually a section 106 agreement as well. Phasing will often be an important factor, with the section 106 agreement stipulating not only the works to be done to the heritage asset but the sequence in which they are done alongside the new development. The situation that the local planning authority will want to avoid is one in which the new development proceeds too far ahead of the repair work, with enforcement of the repair work obligations being difficult,

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particularly if the developer has run out of money. Accordingly, restrictions upon the occupation or construction of the new development are often appropriate, as is the requirement to enter into a bond that can be called upon by the local authority if all else fails. In these cases there is no one-size-fits-all section 106 agreement, but the EH guidance identifies the main issues to take into account. Third, would the enabling development be needed at all in the hands of another owner? To deal with this point, the EH guide, when re-issued in 2008, contained a new section on ‘market testing’ and how it ought to be done. The market testing issue is consistent with the notion that enabling development generally ought to be a solution of last resort and that a new owner might be willing to approach the conservation deficit issue from a different perspective without the need for enabling development. It is also a means of testing the existence of a conservation deficit, as this would ordinarily deter buyers. Fourth, what to do about the long term? This is a particularly difficult issue because of the inherent uncertainty over what may happen in years or decades to come, but the starting point is that enabling development ought to be a one-off long-term solution, even though there can be no generally applicable definition of the ‘long term’. There are, therefore, difficult judgements to be made about the extent of repair work that ought to be financed by enabling development, bearing in mind that the greater the extent of those repairs, the greater the amount of (otherwise harmful) enabling development that will be required to produce the necessary funds. That said, the local authority will want to avoid a situation in which, having permitted enabling development, in a few years time the developer or a future owner comes back and asks for more (referred to in the EH guidance as a ‘second bite of the cherry’). Ideally, as well as permitting the appropriate amount of development, there will be arrangements in place, probably in the section 106 agreement, whereby the ongoing management of the asset may be assured. This also implies that the new development will not become wholly separated from the heritage asset in ownership terms, a concern described as ‘fragmentation’ in the EH guidance, that term also being used in Policy HE11 of PPS5. The historic environment has rightly been accorded a high priority in the planning system from the start and that priority is maintained by the NPPF. Although enabling development is dealt with in short order in the NPPF, it retains the thrust of the PPS policy it replaced. In a difficult economic climate, enabling development is potentially a solution in an increasing number of situations. Not least for the reasons mentioned in this article, however, it remains a solution that is not for the faint hearted. MARK CHALLIS is a partner at bircham dyson bell llP. he was a member of the drafting group assembled by english heritage to write the 2001 and 2008 guidance mentioned in this article.

SURVEYORS ◾ CRAWFORD SURVEYING SERVICES (CSS) 30 St Paul’s Square, Birmingham B3 1QZ Tel 01480 471621 Fax 0870 1642281 Email heritage@crawco.co.uk www.crawfordandcompany.com

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYOR, HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANT:

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS, PROJECT MANAGERS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: CSS is experienced in serving the historic built

◾ BAILEY PARTNERSHIP Bridge House, Mill Lane, Basted, Borough Green, Sevenoaks, Kent TN15 8SE Tel 01732 885835 Fax 01732 885490 Email r.sutch@baileyp.co.uk ▪ Exeter office Tel 01392 433241 Fax 01392 413296

◾ CUBE PROPERTY SURVEYORS & ARCHITECTS Unit 502, Birchwood One Business Park, Dewhurst Road, Birchwood, Warrington WA3 7GB Tel 01925 831710 Fax 01925 839129 www.cubepsl.co.uk

Andrews Building Conservation (ABC) is a specialist building surveying company providing a comprehensive range of services to maintain and encourage usage of historic buildings. Andrew Shenton is a building conservation accredited surveyor in property pathology, defect surveys, adaptation, diversification, disability access, feasibility studies, project management, quinquennial inspections and planned maintenance programs. He was shortlisted for a RICS 2012 Regional Award in the building conservation category. ABC has a traditional and team approach to projects, bringing 25 years of practical experience to deliver projects within realistic cost and programme parameters.

environment throughout UK. A comprehensive range of professional services is available covering the residential, commercial, industrial, health, agricultural and ecclesiastical sectors. CSS works on listed buildings and conservation areas and can offer assistance and advice on building regulation applications, historic repair schedules and restoration schemes. The company’s heritage team has worked on all grades of protected buildings in England, Wales and Scotland. CSS specialises in reinstating, project managing and repairing listed buildings for the insurance industry. Further services include; party wall, specification writing, feasibility studies, alterations/adaptations, scheme designs, contract administration and defects diagnosis reporting.

HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANCY: This specialist consultancy is soundly

based upon many years of experience in dealing sympathetically with listed buildings and scheduled ancient monuments. A comprehensive range of professional services is available covering aspects of surveying, repair and conservation, adaptation and management. The practice has experience in dealing with a wide range of building types including: residential, commercial, industrial, ecclesiastical, prisons, palaces, military, farm buildings, museums, standing ruins and archaeological sites. The consultancy is headed by Richard Sutch BSc DipBldgCons MRICS, RICS Conservation Accredited.

HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Cube is a multi-disciplinary architectural and surveying practice, which offers advice on all aspects of historic and listed buildings including conversion, refurbishment, extension and adaptations. Working nationally, services include: feasibility studies; condition surveys; quinquennial surveys; detailed building design; interior design; contract administration; project management; cost consultancy and CDM co-ordination. The historic building consultancy is led by Stuart Prescott BSc DipBldgCons IHBC MRICS, who has experience working on world heritage sites, scheduled ancient monuments and listed buildings.

◾ BOSENCE & CO Oxenham Farm, Sigford, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ12 6LF Tel 01626 821609 Email info@bosenceandco.com Contact Oliver Bosence MA DipBldgCons(RICS)

◾ ALAN DICKINSON, MRICS GradDiplCons(AA) 1 The Grove, Rye, East Sussex TN31 7ND Tel 01797 225139 Fax 01797 227956 Email surveyor@alandickinson.com www.alandickinson.com

REPAIR SPECIFICATIONS AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT: Schedules of work

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYOR, HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANT: Sussex and Kent-based practice specialising in building surveys and architectural services to period buildings backed by an understanding of historical development. Heritage statements, assessments of significance and archaeological interpretive reports are also offered for planning and research purposes.

for historic building repair, especially masonry, slatework, renders and plasters. Defects analysis. LBC applications. Experienced advice on specifications, programming, contract and site management. Energy efficiency and renewables in historic buildings.

◾ COURT DESIGN AND CONSERVATION The Coach House, Lightcliffe, Private Road, Staplegrove, Taunton, Somerset TA2 6AJ Tel 01823 272155 Fax 01823 272197 Email courtdesign@globalnet.co.uk www.courtdesign.co.uk HISTORIC BUILDING CONSERVATION CONSULTANCY: A conservation-based philosophy is adopted with a sympathetic approach to the care and repair of historic buildings, aided by the use of traditional working methods and materials. Sensitive design for alterations and refurbishment, including new build where appropriate. A full range of professional services is provided including repair schedules, measured surveys, construction drawings, specification and monitoring of building works, listed building, planning and building control approvals. The principal, Andrew Hayes, is a chartered building surveyor and is accredited by the RICS in building conservation. He holds the RICS postgraduate diploma in building conservation and is a member of SPAB and the IHBC.

Professional services

◾ ANDREWS BUILDING CONSERVATION LTD 20 Wendover Road, Birmingham B23 5GG Tel 0121 377 7698 Mobile 07703 811381 Email andrew@andrewsbuildingconservation.co.uk www.andrewsbuildingconservation.co.uk Contact Andrew Shenton BSc(Hons) DipCons MRICS BCAS

◾ DOUGLAS WILLIS ASSOCIATES LIMITED 3 Cabot Close, Saltford, Bristol BS31 3LQ Tel 01225 873854 Fax 01225 872682 Email info@dwa-bristol.co.uk www.dwa-bristol.co.uk CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN SERVICES:

Dealing with all aspects of listed buildings including measured and condition surveys, defect analysis, repair and maintenance planning, party wall matters, refurbishment, alteration and extension. Listed building, conservation area, planning and building regulation applications and advice. Preparation of drawings, specifications, tendering and contract administration.

◾ THE FLOYD CONSULTANCY 14 Church Street, Hagley, Stourbridge, West Midlands DY9 0NA Tel 01562 885806 Mobile 07762 614364 Email info@thefloydconsultancy.co.uk www.thefloydconsultancy.co.uk CHARTERED SURVEYOR: See also: profile entry in Structural Timber Testing,

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Professional services

◾ GIBBON, LAWSON, McKEE LTD 58 Castle Street, Edinburgh EH2 3LU Tel 0131 225 4235 Fax 0131 220 0499 Email david.gibbon@glmglm.co.uk www.glmglm.co.uk CONSERVATION BUILDING SURVEYORS: GLM’s building surveyors

specialise in due technical diligence for existing owners and prospective purchasers of historic buildings. With a conservation accredited in-house building surveyor, GLM is able to provide clients with realistic, costed advice. GLM also provides professional conservation support to external architects. See also: profile entry in Architects, page 27.

◾ HALL & ENSOM, CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS 3 Meadow Court, High Street, Witney, Oxfordshire Ox28 6ER Tel 01993 774995 Email mail@hallandensom.co.uk www.hallandensom.co.uk Contact M C Hall FRICS IHBC PG Dip Conservation of Historic Buildings CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS, ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN SERVICES, PLANNING ADVICE: Listed buildings are an important part of the

practice workload and the directors, Martin Hall and David Ensom, have between them over 70 years experience, much of it in relation to historic buildings. Hall & Ensom’s services include surveys, maintenance planning, repairs, alterations and major refurbishment projects. The practice has worked on all grades of protected buildings and can provide a service tailored to clients’ needs including quantity surveying and architectural design. Hall & Ensom provides a personal service throughout the Cotswolds, Thames Valley and southern England.

◾ HERITAGE SURVEYS LIMITED 20 Hanover Square, London W1S 1JY Tel 07944 927380 Email jon.evans@heritage-surveys.com www.heritage-surveys.com

◾ N G M SURVEYS LLP Norwich House, 14 North Street, Guildford, Surrey GU1 4AF Tel 01483 459317 Email guildford@ngmsurveys.co.uk Contact Ross Macaulay MRICS ▪ Williamson Court, 2 Foundry Court, Worcester, Worcestershire WR1 2BJ Tel 01905 23381 Email worcester@ngmsurveys.co.uk www.ngmsurveys.co.uk Contact Duncan Geary BSc (Hons) CHARTERED LAND SURVEYORS: NGM Surveys LLP is an established chartered land surveying practice. The firm’s experience in land and measured building surveys, with particular attention to historic buildings and structures, is reflected in the wide range of services that are available. Surveys of all types of buildings, including historic buildings and structures, are carried out in methodical and detailed manner. Laser scanners are used where appropriate to collect data and record historic elements, enabling the production of detailed survey drawings for a variety of clients. Recent projects have included Victorian chapels, ancient monuments and castle walls.

◾ PRIORY HERITAGE LTD The Old Clay Works, Little Staughton, Bedfordshire MK44 2Bx Tel 01234 376866 Email davidllewellyn@prioryheritage.co.uk www.prioryheritage.co.uk SURVEYORS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: See also: profile entry

in Heritage Consultants, page 41.

◾ RICKARDS CONSERVATION Hill House, Eynsford Rise, Eynsford, Kent DA4 0HR Tel 01732 741677 Email rickardsconservation@mac.com

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS: Heritage Surveys Limited is a chartered building surveying practice which specialises in the care, conservation and restoration of historic buildings and ancient monuments. Services include: historic building consultancy, project management/contract administration, historic building surveys/ condition surveys, quadrennial/quinquennial inspections, building defect investigations, planned preventive maintenance management, conservation plans/manuals, planning and listed building consent applications, significance statements under PPS5 and cost consultancy.

◾ HISTORIC BUILDING ADVISORY SERVICE PO Box 2140, Tisbury, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP2 2DW Tel 01747 873803 Fax 01747 871919 Email info@historicbuilding.co.uk www.historicbuilding.co.uk INTERNET BASED CONSULTANCY: See also: profile entry in Heritage

Consultants, page 40.

◾ HODKINSON MALLINSON LTD 1 Derby Place, Hoole, Chester CH2 3NP Tel 01244 329505 Fax 01244 312403 Email surveyors@hodmal.co.uk www.hodkinsonmallinson.co.uk CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS:

The practice has expertise in the conservation and restoration of historic buildings including designs for contemporary structures and for appropriate forms of repair with minimal intervention. All aspects are dealt with, including the preparation of detailed surveys, specifications, architectural drawings and contract administration.

◾ INGRAM CONSULTANCY LIMITED Holly Cottage, Lower Street, Upton Noble, Somerset BA4 6BB Tel 01749 850900 Email enquiries@ingram-consultancy.co.uk www.ingram-consultancy.co.uk CONSULTANTS IN THE CONSERVATION AND REPAIR OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS, ANCIENT MONUMENTS AND THEIR SITES: See also: profile entry in Heritage

HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANCY: Rickards Conservation is an

independent professional building conservation practice providing a comprehensive range of services to care for historic and listed buildings. The practice undertakes surveys, defects analysis, repair, adaptation and design; can advise on significance and provide conservation plans and sustainable solutions. Stephen Rickards GradDiplCons(AA) FRICS IHBC ARPS is a chartered building surveyor, RICS conservation accredited, and holds the Architectural Association postgraduate diploma in building conservation. He was responsible for conservation work praised by the Civic Trust in Chatham Historic Dockyard and a Conservation Award winner in 1999. Clients include English Heritage, National Trust, SPAB, dioceses and private owners.

◾ SMITHS GORE 8 Southernhay West, Exeter, Devon Ex1 1JG Tel 01392 278466 Fax 01392 412467 Email mark.ledgard@smithsgore.co.uk www.smithsgore.co.uk CHARTERED SURVEYORS: Smiths Gore is one of the UK’s leading firms of rural chartered surveyors and property consultants. The company’s knowledge in the area of conservation and historic buildings has been developed over many years of working on and developing historic and listed buildings of all grades across the country. Services include feasibility studies, project management, planning supervisor services CDM and conversion of redundant or agricultural buildings. Smiths Gore works with public sector bodies and institutions as well as private clients. See also: profile entry for Smiths Gore, Petworth in Architects, page 33.

◾ STRIDE TREGLOWN PLC The Promenade, Promenade House, Clifton Down, Bristol BS8 3NE Tel 0117 974 3271 Fax 0117 974 5207 www.stridetreglown.co.uk SURVEYORS: See also: profile entry in Architects, page 33.

Consultants, page 40.

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QUANTITY SURVEYORS

◾ STUART LITTLE 88 Abbots Road, Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire WD5 0BH Tel 01923 260147 Email stuart@sjlittle.co.uk www.sjlittle.co.uk

◾ BARE, LEANING & BARE Part of the Synergy Group 2 Bath Street, Bath BA1 1SA Tel 01225 461704 Email d.ball@synergyllp.com www.synergyllp.com

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYOR AND CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYOR: Specialising in building conservation. Services include

historic building surveys, listed building surveys, repair of historic buildings, conservation works and advice, adaptive reuse and conversion, historic analysis and research, and advice on buildings at risk. Repairs are carried out using sustainable traditional materials and techniques, and where possible Stuart Little adopts the philosophy of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Based in Hertfordshire the practice undertakes historic building consultancy work in all areas.

◾ T R A D A TECHNOLOGY LTD Chiltern House, Stocking Lane, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP14 4ND Tel 0845 520 5514 Fax 01494 565487 Email information@trada.co.uk www.trada.co.uk TIMBER CONSERVATORS: TRADA Technology’s consultants offer a cost-

effective holistic approach to conserving timber in historic buildings. TRADA Technology conducts in situ timber strength assessments using bespoke visual strength grading with engineering support where enhanced timber strength values are required. Timber surveys are undertaken using non-destructive techniques including decay detection drilling. Partnerships allow TRADA Technology to examine the condition of the full range of building materials. Where practicable the firm recommends drying down wood to control fungal decay. However, where remedial treatment or timber repairs are required, TRADA Technology can assist with preparing appropriate specifications, source repair specialists and oversee works. Clients include the National Trust and Cutty Sark Trust.

◾ W C P (The Whitworth Co-Partnership LLP) 22a North Street, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 2LW Tel 01279 507775 Email wcp.boniface@btinternet.com www.wcp-surveyors.com Contact Stephen Boniface HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANCY: See also: profile entry in Architects,

page 34.

◾ W R DUNN & CO LTD 27 Front Street, Acomb, York YO24 3BW Tel 01904 784421 Fax 01904 784679 Email info@wrdunn.co.uk www.wrdunn.co.uk

QUANTITY SURVEYORS: The partners and staff of Bare, Leaning & Bare

have many years experience in the repair, alteration and conservation of listed buildings, churches and cathedrals throughout the UK. A full range of quantity surveying and project management services are offered to clients for work being undertaken by contractors, conservators or direct labour. Applications for grant aid are prepared and cost advice given on maintenance programmes, quinquennial reports and VAT liability. Clients include English Heritage, National Trust, Landmark Trust, cathedrals, Anglican, Roman Catholic and non-conformist churches, preservation trusts, local authorities and private owners.

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◾ BRADING BUTT CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS 3 Meadow Court, High Street, Witney, Oxfordshire Ox28 6ER Tel 01993 771974 Email mail@bradingbutt.co.uk www.bradingbutt.co.uk Contact Andrew Bird MRICS MAPM, Rowland Butt MCIOB QUANTITY SURVEYORS AND PROJECT MANAGERS: Listed buildings are a prominent feature of the practice workload and the directors, Andrew Bird and Rowland Butt, have over 60 years combined experience. The practice has worked on all grades of protected buildings with schemes ranging from small extensions to multi-million pound refurbishments of country houses. It is able to offer a full range of services including cost management, project management, design team co-ordination and contract administration, so can provide a service tailored to the client’s requirements. From offices in Witney and Basingstoke the practice is able to provide a personal service throughout the southern half of the country.

◾ BRUNDELL WOOLLEY The Old Orchard, Walesby, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire LN8 3BZ Tel 01673 838000 Fax 01673 838111 Email info@brundellwoolley.co.uk www.brundellwoolley.co.uk Contact Richard Woolley BSc (Hons) MRICS CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS: Based in the Lincolnshire Wolds

CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS, ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Established in 1986, W R Dunn & Co Ltd undertakes

commissions throughout the UK on behalf of English Heritage, the Home Office, the MoD, the Church of England Church Commissioners, the Archbishop of York, Harewood House Trust Ltd, several local authorities and councils and many private and commercial clients. The managing director is RICS accredited in building conservation. Past schemes include re-roofing a Grade I listed stately home, repairs/ alterations to a Grade I listed stable block and repairs to castles, lodges, halls, monuments, walled gardens, dwellings and other structures.

◾ WARD & DALE SMITH LIMITED, CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS The Walker Hall, Market Square, Evesham, Worcestershire WR11 4RW Tel 01386 446623 Fax 01386 48215 Email enquiries@wds.gb.com www.wds.gb.com HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANCY: Services include: condition surveys;

structural surveys; planning, listed building and building regulation applications; flood refurbishment; building design for alterations/ extensions including obtaining tenders and contract administration; development and planning advice; dilapidations; and Construction Design and Management co-ordination. See also: profile entry in Damp & Timber Decay, page 154.

◾ WATSON BERTRAM & FELL LTD 5 Gay Street, Bath, Somerset BA1 2PH Tel 01225 337273 Fax 01225 448537 Email mail@wbf-bath.co.uk www.wbf-bath.co.uk

Brundell Woolley specialises in the cost management of historic buildings, monuments and landscapes throughout the Midlands and the North. Each commission is handled with great enthusiasm and a high degree of client care. Clients include cathedrals, parochial church councils, private individuals and estates, preservation trusts and local authorities. The firm has provided services on numerous projects funded by English Heritage, the Heritage Lottery Fund and other grant aiding bodies and has much experience with the preparation of feasibility estimates for use with grant submissions.

◾ HUNTLEY CARTWRIGHT Victoria House, Harestone Valley Road, Caterham, Surrey CR3 6HY Tel 01883 347004 Fax 01883 342607 Email geoffstallard@huntleycartwright.co.uk www.huntleycartwright.co.uk Contact Geoff Stallard MRICS ▪ Branch office in Maidstone, Kent

MULTI-DISCIPLINARY QUANTITY SURVEYORS: Huntley Cartwright offers quantity surveyor, cost consultancy, employer’s agent, contract administrator, fund monitoring, project management, expert witness and CDM-coordinator services. The practice is renowned for its expertise in the conservation, repair, alteration and upgrading of listed buildings and structures, ecclesiastical buildings, scheduled ancient monuments and historic parks and gardens. Clients include The Royal Household, The Royal Collection, English Heritage, Historic Royal Palaces, The Royal Parks, Parliamentary Works Directorate, Crown Estate, Home Office and museums, ecclesiastical authorities, preservation trusts, private country homes and estates. A full range of services has been provided on projects ranging from £100,000 to £20 million in construction value.

ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS: See also: profile entry in Architects, page 34.

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MATERIALS ANALYSTS

◾ K S P CONSULTANCY LLP 16 Little Park Farm Road, Segensworth West, Fareham, Hampshire PO15 5TD Tel 01489 578811 Fax 01489 577123 Email enquiries@ksp-fareham.co.uk www.ksp-consultancy.co.uk

◾ CLIVEDEN CONSERVATION WORKSHOP LTD South East, Head office – The Tennis Courts, Cliveden Estate, Taplow, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6 0JA Tel 01628 604721 Fax 01628 660379 ▪ West, Bath office – Home Farm, Ammerdown Estate, Kilmersdon, Bath, Somerset BA3 5SN Tel 01761 420300 Fax 01761 420400 Email info@clivedenconservation.com ▪ East and North, Houghton office – The Old Coach House, Houghton, Norfolk PE31 6TY Tel 01485 528970 Fax 01485 529336 Email enq.houghton@clivedenconservation.com www.clivedenconservation.com

QUANTITY SURVEYORS: Formerly King Sumners Partnership, founded

in 1976 KSP operates from offices in Fareham and Winchester, and offers quantity surveying, project management, party wall surveyor services and CDM coordinator services throughout the southern half of the UK. Current appointments in Wales, Devon, and London indicate the current geographical range, and current clients include diocesan boards, churches and private estates. The practice philosophy is to provide a high quality, cost effective, value for money professional service to its clients, which is specifically tailored to suit the requirements of each individual project.

◾ MILDRED, HOWELLS & CO Royal Colonnade, 14 Great George Street, Bristol BS1 5RH Tel 0117 929 2894 Fax 0117 929 3655 Email bristol@mildredhowells.co.uk www.mildredhowells.co.uk CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS AND COST CONSULTANTS: Mildred, Howells & Co has many years experience in the repair, alteration and conservation of a wide variety of listed buildings, undertaking work from its Bristol, Swansea and Saltash offices. A full range of QS services is offered including cost advice, preparation of suitable tender documents, advice on procurement methods, assistance with grant applications, advice on VAT liability, maintenance programmes etc. Clients include English Heritage, the National Trust, churches, local authorities, preservation trusts and private owners.

◾ PRESS & STARKEY 9–12 Stonehills House, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL8 6NH Tel 01707 325408 Fax 01707 338333 Email trevorgroom@pressandstarkey.com www.pressandstarkey.com

SCULPTURE, STONE AND MATERIALS ANALYSIS: See also: display entry and

profile entry in Stone, page 100.

◾ HERITAGE TESTING LTD Unit 43, The Old Brickworks, Plumpton Green, East Sussex BN7 3DF Tel 01273 891785 Fax 01273 256545 Mobile 07714 006916 Email consultant@heritagetesting.co.uk www.heritagetesting.co.uk SPECIALISED CONSULTANCY AND LABORATORY TESTING SERVICE: In support of construction, conservation and preservation, restoration and remediation. Lime mortar, render and plaster analysis. Wattle and daub, cob, adobe and pise (rammed earth). Roman cement and early Portland cement concrete. Moisture and soluble salt testing. The company’s portfolio ranges from unlisted vernacular/ conservation area houses to listed historic churches, abbeys, castles, forts, industrial buildings and ruin consolidations. Projects include the Church of the Nativity, Westminster Palace, Syon House, Flaxley Abbey, St Mary Le Bow Church and The Royal Pavilion.

◾ HIRST CONSERVATION MATERIALS LTD Laughton, Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 0HE Tel 01529 497517 Fax 01529 497518 Email materials@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com

CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS, HISTORIC CONSERVATION COST CONSULTANTS: Established in 1960 with offices in Welwyn Garden

City and Maidstone, the practice serves clients in both the public and private sectors in all aspects of construction. A wealth of experience has been gained in the conservation, consolidation and presentation of historic buildings providing the full range of QS services and advice on the valuation for fire insurance, detailed costing of quinquennial and other maintenance plans and reports and Value Added Tax. Clients include Historic Royal Palaces, English Heritage, Cadw, National Trust, private estates, preservation trusts and churches. The practice provides a professional service tailored to the specific requirements of each client in compliance with BS/EN/ISO9002.

◾ SAWYER & FISHER Unit B, Aviary Court, 138 Miles Road, Epsom, Surrey KT19 9AB Tel 01372 742815 Fax 01372 729710 Email qs@sawyerfisher.co.uk Contact Stephen Scammell BSc FRICS

ANALYSIS OF PLASTER AND PAINT LAYERS: See also: display entry on the

inside front cover and profile entry in Building Contractors, page 69.

PLANNING CONSULTANTS ◾ L U C (Land Use Consultants) 43 Chalton Street, London NW1 1JD Tel 020 7383 5784 Fax 020 7383 4798 Email luc@landuse.co.uk www.landuse.co.uk ▪ Branch offices in Bristol, Edinburgh and Glasgow

PLANNING CONSULTANTS: See also: Profile entry in Landscape Architects,

page 143.

CHARTERED QUANTITY SURVEYORS/CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANTS:

Established in 1959 and based in Epsom for over 50 years, the practice provides a full range of professional services on all aspects of building work, both in the private and public sectors. It works with other members of the design team to provide sound advice on contract procurement and construction costs and to maintain financial control from project inception to completion. This includes developing feasibility studies and preparing applications for funding or grant aid. The practice has a great deal of experience in refurbishment particularly with high profile projects where continued public use of the buildings needs to be maintained. Clients include private individuals and organisations such as the National Trust, the Landmark Trust, local authorities, churches of various denominations and cathedrals.

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PLANNING CONSULTANTS continued

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: AKS Ward Lister Beare is a team of 80 engineers with wide experience of conservation, new build and refurbishment. The team includes two CARE-registered engineers and has been actively involved on many of the country’s major buildings as well as numerous smaller projects. The practice aims to apply its knowledge of construction techniques to create innovative solutions that are sympathetic to the original. Offices in Hitchin, London, Oxford and Southampton.

Professional services

◾ A K S WARD LISTER BEARE Manor Court, 26 Bancroft, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 1JW Tel 01462 420668 Fax 01462 438630 Email centre@listerbeare.co.uk www.aksward.com

◾ ADRIAN COx ASSOCIATES The Studio, 3 Bayham Road, Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 3xA Tel 01732 462640 Fax 01732 740893 Email engs@adriancox.co.uk www.adriancox.co.uk STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: As a small team of engineers experienced in historic structures the practice seeks to achieve the best solutions aided by extensive knowledge of traditional and modern repair techniques and use of the latest computer software where appropriate. Projects have included numerous historic structures including houses, museums, churches, schools and castles.

◾ BLACKETT-ORD CONSERVATION LIMITED 33 Chapel Street, Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria CA16 6QR Tel/Fax 01768 352572 Email engineering@blackett-ordconservation.co.uk www.blackett-ordconsulting.co.uk Contact Charles Blackett-Ord CEng FICE FConsE CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS: The practice,

accredited in conservation by CARE and AABC, works throughout the North of England and southern Scotland on repair and conservation of historic buildings and ancient monuments, including listed railway viaducts, 18th century grand houses, churches, medieval buildings and ruins. Projects have won RICS Conservation Awards and Ian Allan Railway Heritage and Civic Trust Awards. The use of traditional materials both in repairs and new work is encouraged and the practice has considerable expertise, particularly in the use of lime mortars and renders. See also: profile entry for Blackett-Ord Conservation Architecture in Architects, page 24.

Grover Lewis Associates is an independent planning consultancy specialising in matters relating to the historic environment.

We understand the needs of both developers and those responsible for protecting the historic environment, and have a proven record of unlocking the potential of challenging sites.

For further information please contact us: Telephone: 01636 640505 Email: info@groverlewis.co.uk

◾ THE BUDGEN PARTNERSHIP 56 Lisson Street, London NW1 5DF Tel 020 7224 8887 Fax 020 7224 8883 Email mail@budgenpartnership.com www.budgenpartnership.com STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS: Founded in 1959,

The Budgen Partnership has earned a significant reputation for works to Grade I and II listed buildings. Important works include the Foreign Office, Royal Albert Hall, Parliament Hill Mansions, St Pancras Chambers, Armourers’ Hall and an historical Park Lane property. The partnership has received awards for design excellence in both new building and conservation work.

◾ CAPSTONE CONSULTING ENGINEERS Home Farm, Hollinsclough, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 0RH Tel 01298 83151 Email conservation@capstone-uk.com www.capstone-uk.com Contact John Ruddy BEng(Hons) MA(Conservation Studies York) CEng MICE MIStructE Engineer Accredited in Conservation CONSERVATION ENGINEERS: From a small, friendly office, Capstone offers

www.groverlewis.co.uk

a flexible and professional service on a broad range of projects, large and small. Innovation and creativity play key roles in providing good quality conservation-led solutions. Recent work encompasses repair, adaptation and new build with ecclesiastical, domestic, civic, rural and historic park buildings and structures.

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Professional services

◾ HOCKLEY & DAWSON CONSULTING ENGINEERS LTD The Great Barn, Smithbrook Barns, Cranleigh, Surrey GU6 8LH Tel 01483 548784 Fax 01483 268765 Email admin@hockleyanddawson.co.uk www.hockleyanddawson.co.uk

◾ CONISBEE 1–5 Offord Street, London N1 1DH Tel 020 7700 6666 Fax 020 7700 6686 ▪ 9–10 Redwell Street, Norwich NR2 4SN Tel 01603 628074 Email design@conisbee.co.uk www.conisbee.co.uk CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Conisbee provides the full range of

heritage engineering services including appraisals of structure and fabric, feasibility studies, expert witness, forensic engineering, conservation and repair assessment/design. Terry Girdler, Head of Heritage Engineering, joined Conisbee following 30 years with English Heritage and is accredited under the Conservation Accreditation Register for Engineers (CARE). Clients include English Heritage, the Royal Albert Hall, the British Museum, Royal Parks, Delfont Mackintosh Theatres Ltd, local authorities and private clients.

◾ CURTINS CONSULTING ENGINEERS Curtins House, Columbus Quay, Riverside Drive, Liverpool L3 4DB Tel 0151 726 2000 Fax 0151 726 2001 Email info@curtins.com www.curtins.com CONSERVATION STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Established over 50 years ago,

Curtins Consulting Engineers is independently owned and works as one business from 11 strategically-chosen locations across the UK. CARE accredited, the firm provides specialist structural engineering advice on conservation and historic structures and monuments. The company’s work covers large and small conservation projects including remodelling and extension works in historic settings and it has extensive experience in all traditional materials including masonry, iron and timber. Recent large projects include Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, John Rylands Library, Tate Gallery and Vaughan’s Mansion in Shrewsbury. Other projects have included appraisal, monitoring and repair of churches, museums, mills, maritime structures, castles, forts, masonry bridges as well as domestic properties.

◾ ELLIS & MOORE CONSULTING ENGINEERS 9th Floor, Hill House, 17 Highgate Hill, London N19 5NA Tel 020 7281 4821 Fax 020 7263 6613 Email lachlan.mcdonald@ellisandmoore.com www.ellisandmoore.com CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Ellis & Moore is an award-

winning structural and civil engineering practice, established in 1977, that delivers enterprising and coherent design solutions. The practice is experienced in large and complex projects as well as working on intricate and delicate structures across the breadth of the historic environment.

◾ FOTHERGILL 62 Hill Street, Richmond, Surrey TW9 1TW Tel 020 8948 4165 Fax 020 8948 5105 Email info@fothergill.uk.com www.fothergill.uk.com

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◾ HURST PEIRCE & MALCOLM LLP Celtic House, 33 John’s Mews, Holborn, London WC1N 2QL Tel 020 7242 3593 Fax 020 7405 5274 Email enquiries@hurstpm.co.uk www.hurstpm.co.uk CHARTERED CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Founded 1910, Hurst Peirce & Malcolm has extensive experience in the refurbishment and conservation of historic buildings and structures. Senior partner Andrew Dutton is one of the few engineers accredited under the Conservation Accreditation Register of Engineers (CARE), which is becoming a prerequisite for conservation work for clients such as English Heritage. Projects are undertaken in London, the South East, across the UK and internationally. Recent projects include the Nelson Monument, Trafalgar Square, The Palace of Westminster, Old George Inn, Salisbury, Althorp House and many old but not listed properties.

◾ JOHN WARDLE LIMITED 5 Lotus Road, Biggin Hill, Kent TN16 3JL Tel 01959 540696 Email jwardlese@aol.com www.johnwardleltd.co.uk CONSULTANT STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: John Wardle BSc CEng MIStructE is experienced in building conservation, having worked on historic and listed buildings for 30 years. John Wardle Limited takes a conservation minded approach to preserve the historic fabric of all buildings and structures, including timber framed and stone built barns, churches, castles and canal structures.

◾ KB2 CONSULTING CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS LLP 12 Dowry Square, Hotwells, Bristol BS8 4SH Tel 0117 929 7949 Fax 0117 927 3269 Email kenbrown@kb-2.co.uk www.kb-2.co.uk CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Established 30 years ago with

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Experienced in the conservation, refurbishment and repair of historic and listed buildings including loading assessments and advice on strengthening methods sympathetic to the original structure and building fabric. Projects include work at The Natural History Museum, Somerset House and The King’s School Canterbury.

CONSULTING ENGINEERS: Hockley & Dawson has many years experience providing structural engineering solutions for the care and repair of historic and sensitive structures. The company combines significant experience with innovation in the use of traditional and modern materials and techniques to ensure sympathetic, proportionate and economic solutions with an emphasis on minimum intervention. This approach can be seen on a diverse array of structures, including the Tower of London, Windsor Castle, Hardwick Hall and the Airship Hangar at Farnborough. Hockley & Dawson’s approach has resulted in a number of awards and long term relationships with conservation architects, surveyors and client bodies.

considerable experience in the conservation, alteration and repair of historic buildings. Services include structural surveys and appraisal along with designs for minimal intervention. Ken Brown is a member of SPAB and ASCHB and the practice coordinates proposals through open dialogue with conservation officers and English Heritage. KB2 works on new buildings in historic settings such as the extension to the Grade I listed John Wesley’s chapel, Bristol. Projects include Grade I listed Rook Lane chapel, Frome and Allt-y-Bela, Monmouthshire. Ken Brown has advised on earthquake damage to historic cultural buildings in Gyumri, Armenia.

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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS continued ◾ RAMBOLL 60 Newman Street, London W1T 3DA Tel 020 7631 5291 Fax 020 7323 4645 Email london@ramboll.co.uk www.ramboll.co.uk

CONSULTING STRUCTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERS: Working nationally on

historic structures and ancient monuments since 1986. Mann Williams has built an impressive portfolio of clients in conservation. Projects range from work on cathedrals at Exeter, Winchester and St David’s together with major works at Chatsworth, Sir John Soane’s Museum, Mount Stewart House, Northern Ireland and Castle Drogo. Mann Williams has had a term commission with Cadw for several years working throughout Wales, and act for the NIEA in Northern Ireland. With offices in Bath and Cardiff, Mann Williams is able to provide effective consultancy throughout the UK.

◾ THE MORTON PARTNERSHIP LTD Old Timber Yard House, 55 The Timber Yard, Drysdale Street, London N1 6ND Tel 020 7324 7270 Fax 020 7729 1196 Email london@themortonpartnership.co.uk ▪ Leonardo House, 11 Market Place, Halesworth, Suffolk IP19 8BA Tel 01986 875651 Fax 01986 875085 Email halesworth@themortonpartnership.co.uk www.themortonpartnership.co.uk

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Ramboll is a leading consultancy with award-winning specialists in conservation and structural engineering, mechanical and electrical services and archaeology. The company’s multidisciplinary approach allows it to deliver an integrated service to clients managing historic buildings and landscapes. Prestigious commissions include Westminster Hall, Chiswick House, Wells Cathedral and Whitehall for clients such as English Heritage, the National Trust, Parliamentary Estates and the Royal Household. With offices throughout the UK, specialisms include structural performance and laser scanning assessment, building fabric and energy conservation, environmental control, remedial geotechnical engineering, historic building recording and conservation management plans.

Professional services

◾ MANN WILLIAMS 7 Old King Street, Bath BA1 2JW Tel 01225 464419 Fax 01225 448651 ▪ 53 Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff CF10 5LR Tel 02920 480333 Fax 02920 435920 www.mannwilliams.co.uk

◾ IAN RUSSELL CEng MICE MIStructE Shulbrede Priory, Lynchmere, Haslemere, Surrey GU27 3NQ Tel 01428 653049 Fax 01428 645068 Email ian@russellconsult.co.uk CONSULTANCY IN CIVIL/STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND BUILDING CONSERVATION: Compatible repairs and alterations to historic buildings

STRUCTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERS: The Morton Partnership practice

was founded in 1966. It is now almost completely involved in minimum repair solutions to preserve historic buildings. Current work includes: work to Canterbury Cathedral, repairs and restoration to the seriously fire damaged All Saints Church, West Dulwich, the new tower at Bury St Edmonds Cathedral, work to many parish churches, barns and domestic buildings, work for the Crown Estate in Regents Park, and National Trust properties. The practice carries out a considerable amount of work for local authorities, and is well known to all the national amenity groups. Work to small buildings is an important part of its work. Services include preliminary advice, structural surveys and presentation of the most cost effective solution to the proper repair of historic buildings and structures.

◾ PAUL TANNER ASSOCIATES 8 Upper High Street, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 8UT Tel 01962 859800 Email paul@paultannerassociates.co.uk www. paultannerassociates.co.uk Contact Paul Tanner BSc CEng FIStructE MICE STRUCTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERS: A practice providing private and

public clients with a personal service on a variety of projects and which has CARE accredited engineers. Experienced in sensitive and innovative conservation and repair of all types of historic buildings and scheduled monuments in a wide range of materials. Services include structural design, surveys and appraisals. The practice works closely with clients, architects and others to develop appropriate solutions for historic and new-build projects in an historic setting. Projects include all grades of listed buildings, stately homes, town and country house adaptations, ecclesiastical work, rural conversions and historic park buildings.

and structures. Typical projects: roof repairs, Michelham Priory; Marlipins Museum extension, Shoreham; Lewes Castle repairs; Church spire repairs, Blendworth; modern extension to hall house, Haslemere; fort repairs, Shoreham; furnace pond bay wall stabilisation, Fernhurst and historic mill building repairs, Passfield. Party wall matters.

◾ S F K CONSULTING Unit 24, Basepoint Enterprise Centre, Andersons Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 5FE Tel 02380 682460 Fax 02380 682461 Email admin@sfkconsulting.co.uk CONSERVATION STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: Specialising in structural

engineering to historic buildings or new buildings in historic settings. Current clients include the Royal Household Property Section, the Dean and Canons of St George’s Chapel, the National Trust, English Heritage and The Landmark Trust. Other clients include The Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt and UNESCO. Richard Swift, Richard Fewtrell and Mark Ketteringham are the three partners of the practice.

◾ URS 6–8 Greencoat Place, Victoria, London SW1P 1PL Tel 020 7798 5000 Fax 020 7821 4178 Email clive.richardson@urs.com www.ursglobal.com CONSERVATION ENGINEERS: Conservation accredited specialists in

structural surveys, design of structural repairs, alterations and extensions and the design of new structures in historic settings. Assessment of cracks, distortions, subsidence, decay, damp, fire damage and floor loadings. Movement monitoring, forensic investigations, temporary works and scaffolding designs. Expert advice for planning inquiries and litigation. The URS national conservation service is known to English Heritage and led by Clive Richardson, Engineer to Westminster Abbey and visiting lecturer in building conservation at the Architectural Association, London. Offices throughout the UK and overseas.

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MASONRY STRUCTURES

Structural investigation and assessment IAN HUME

here are essentially two approaches to the investigation and assessment of masonry structures. The first involves basic, low-tech methods, while the second uses much more sophisticated, and therefore more expensive, techniques. This article looks mainly at the less expensive methods available. It also looks briefly at the questions raised by investigative work and where to go for further help. THE AIM OF INVESTIGATION Appropriate investigation and assessment will help ensure that repairs to historic masonry are carried out where necessary and that unnecessary work is not undertaken, minimising the loss of original fabric and ensuring that money is wisely spent. Not everything is as bad as it sometimes seems but, conversely, structures which might initially seem sound can have hidden problems. Considering the condition of individual stones or bricks to estimate their remaining lifespan is a fairly straightforward part of masonry investigation and assessment. The condition of the small elements that make up a masonry wall rarely affects its overall condition. Figure 2, which show stones at Dunstanburgh Castle in Northumberland, illustrates this point. The much decayed stone (figure 2, opposite) cannot have much life left in it, but it could probably erode away entirely without threatening the stability of the wall. However, if a whole series of stones decays then problems will arise, which is why the repair to the right was carried out. The same argument does not apply where loads are greater. In a column, for example, the serious decay of one stone can affect the stability of the whole column (figure 3), with potentially serious consequences for the entire building. SIMPLE INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES The basic techniques described below are used for the initial investigation and assessment of most masonry structures. Further, more sophisticated assessment techniques may also be useful, but when the assessment is of a local church, a vernacular house in private ownership or a small commercial property, the funds available may only be sufficient for the basic techniques. ➊ Historic research Assessing the date of the structure is a sensible place to start as this will give clues to the likely construction of the masonry. For example, medieval masonry is likely to be very thick but may consist of two well constructed

Figure 1: Roof thrust or foundation problems? Investigation is required.

skins of cut masonry or random rubble with a rubble and mortar core. The wall core might be well built but, to quote the Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, it is more likely to include ‘a lot of broken stone and mortar thrown in anyhow’. Georgian and Victorian walls may not be as well constructed as they might at first appear because they may contain ‘snap headers’ (bricks with the short face visible as if bonding inner and outer leafs, but which are in fact half-bricks). This was a cost-cutting measure which enabled cheaper bricks to be used for the whole of the inner leaf, at

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the expense of reducing the effectiveness of bonding between the face and the main body of the masonry. If the building is a substantial one built around 1800 it may contain bonding timbers, which are prone to decay. ➋ Visual inspection This will involve looking for cracks, signs of settlement, leans and other distortions as well as inspecting the condition of the individual stones that make up the walls or columns. It is important to look at and along the face of the wall seeking out signs of bowing or bulging. This may indicate movement of the body of

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Figure 2 A decayed stone (left), as yet causing no structural problems and (right) these stones were undermining the courses above

a very hard material set in soft mortar it is sometimes possible to inadvertently drive flints into the wall. The wall shown in figure 5 looked very sound and a hammer inspection confirmed this but experience and the presence of a bulge suggested otherwise. ➍ Monitoring Where there are fractures and signs of movement it is vital to ascertain whether these are active and ongoing movements or merely indications of historic problems that settled down long ago and only need some local pointing. The structure may need to be monitored by a structural engineer experienced in conservation to finally establish whether or not it is moving. Figure 4 shows a classic example of historic movement. This brick gable wall belongs to a Georgian house but the major crack does not pass through the Victorian plaster cornice, indicating that the crack existed before the ceiling was installed and has not moved since.

investigated. It is important to seek further information, initially by searching the internet (see Further Information below) and then, most importantly, by discussing the work with experienced practitioners before embarking on an expensive and possibly futile procedure. Will the method proposed work on the type of structure concerned? Are there better methods available? What access is needed? How much will it cost? These questions will need to be answered and there may be other concerns to be addressed that are specific to each technique. Nevertheless, the results of good nondestructive testing can be extremely useful. For example, It is often useful to ascertain whether there is any metal in the structure either in the form of cramps (these will usually give themselves away by breaking the corners off stones due to the expansion of rust) or buried metal ties (see figure 6). The latter may be present as wrought iron rings around towers and domes to resist outward thrust or as hoop iron used as bed joint reinforcement.

Figure 3 A column threatened by the corrosion expansion of iron cramps: no serious masonry decay but more than enough to threaten the stability of the column and, in turn, that of much of the structure

the whole wall or, more likely, ‘face separation’ where the outer skin parts company with the core, often known as delamination. ➌ Hammer inspection Tapping (not hitting) the face of the structure with a lump hammer or similar tool may reveal evidence of deterioration. If the wall is sound there should be a good ‘ring’ but a dull thud can indicate delamination. However, like so many things in conservation this sort of test relies on experience. The sound of a hammer striking a wall can also depend on the state of the mortar and the size of the individual brick or stone elements. This particularly affects the sound of a flint wall, where there is a much higher ratio of mortar to stone than in a brick or stone wall. Being

➎ Excavation Removal of small elements of the wall allows the assessor to properly consider the condition of the core of the wall. This may just involve cutting out a few bed joints here and there (using a pointing chisel or quirk) or perhaps carefully removing the occasional brick or stone. It is important to remember that this sort of intrusive inspection may well require listed building consent. ➏ Borescope inspection Consider using a borescope (endoscope) to inspect the core of the wall. These instruments, which come in a variety of lengths and may be rigid or flexible, can be inserted into existing cracks in the wall or it may be necessary to purpose-drill small holes. MORE SOPHISTICATED, NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS There is a range of more sophisticated (and therefore more expensive and timeconsuming) methods of investigating masonry structures. These methods are not examined in detail here as they are highly technical and the outcome of any survey using them can depend on the type of structure being

OPTIONS radar An echo-sounding method which uses radar (radio waves) to detect voids or buried metals, ground penetrating radar (GPR) offers greater penetration than metal detectors but is more expensive. GPR can also determine something of the corrosion level, whereas a metal detector will not respond successfully to a pile of corrosion product which is perhaps all that remains of buried metal. • ultrasonics An echo-sounding method which uses ultrasound, this technology is also used for seeking voids in masonry. • thermal imaging The use of thermal imaging cameras can highlight delamination and moisture penetration due to fine variations in surface temperature, and may be carried out remotely. • video surveys A wide range of video capture services are available for remote inspections and detailed surveys, from drain surveys to aerial inspections. Video survey cameras have been mounted on dirigibles and helicopters, wheeled robots and telescopic masts, and hand-held cameras can be used •

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by steeplejacks and abseilers to record otherwise inaccessible faces of buildings. It may well be useful to have the benefit of input from more than one method to supplement what your eyes and experience tell you. HAVING USED THESE METHODS, WHAT THEN? The next step is to determine why the structure has moved or deteriorated in the way it has, as there is little point in repairing a defect if the cause is not addressed. In the case of structural movement, typical issues to consider are outlined below. • Which part of the structure is settling and which is essentially stable? • Could the cause be ground related? This may seem unlikely in an old building but movement can be related to inadequate foundations, recent changes in water table levels or the root systems of nearby trees. • Does the whole of the wall lean from foundation level or does it emerge from the ground essentially plumb but then curve? • Is it roof-thrust? Has there been any impact, storm or bomb damage? Have nearby building works affected the structure? • Has excessive water ingress weakened the structure? Do the gutters leak? • What changes has the structure undergone and were any of these so poorly designed as to cause movement? • Have thermal and or climatic changes affected the structure? Is there sulphate attack or have flue gasses caused expansion of mortar bed joints? The list of possible causes of movement is almost endless and no amount of detailed or sophisticated investigation can identify all the issues in every case, but efficient investigation adds enormously to the body of evidence that can provide the answers. SOURCING ExPERTISE It is clearly advisable to speak to architectural and engineering consultants who specialise in historic building work and who are accredited in conservation, and to other specialist investigation consultants. A directory of building conservation professionals is available at buildingconservation.com and the conservation accreditation registers (see Further Information) list accredited architects, surveyors and structural/civil engineers. These registers list practitioners who have a proven track record in conservation, have been judged by their peers to have kept up-to-date with continuing professional development and have the right background of a sound conservation philosophy. A number of courses in the UK teach the basic conservation skills needed by craftsmen and professionals. There are several excellent post-graduate conservation courses run by various universities (see page 193) that cover the skills discussed in this short article. More targeted short courses are also provided by a small number of specialist organisations such as West Dean College

Figure 4 A classic example of old movement in a wall of a Georgian house

Figure 5 Face delamination of a flint wall that seemed, on first inspection, to be in very sound condition

Figure 6 Metal ties embedded in stonework can cause damage when they rust.

in Sussex (see Events, page 196). The college runs short courses on masonry work and structural repairs to historic buildings that cover aspects of investigation and assessment. West Dean courses can also make use of a ‘ruinette’, built around 20 years ago using an eclectic mix of medieval, Tudor and Victorian masonry materials and techniques. Trainees are given the opportunity to carry out repairs such as pointing and grouting, rebuilding and repairs without risking damage to authentic historic fabric.

accreditation registers

Further information BuildingConservation.com publishes a selection of articles on non-destructive investigations at www.buildingconservation.com/articles/ articles.htm#nondestructive Historic Scotland’s Technical Advice Note 23, Non-Destructive Investigation of Standing Structures (GB Geotechnics Ltd, 2001) is available at http://conservation.historic-scotland.gov. uk/publication-detail.htm?pubid=8551

structural engineers

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architects

• •

The Register of Architects Accredited in Building Conservation The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland, Conservation Accreditation The Royal Institute of British Architects, Conservation Register

•

surveyors

•

Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Building Conservation Accreditation Scheme Institution of Civil Engineers, Conservation Accreditation Register for Engineers

For a full list of accrediting organisations see http://bc-url.com/aic IAN HUME is a former chief engineer for english heritage and retired conservation engineering consultant who now concentrates on teaching conservation engineering.

Inspection of historic ironwork at Grade II listed Tynemouth Station, Tyne and Wear Photo: Ramboll

Chapter 2 Building contractors

A K S Ward Lister Beare

A R P Anthony Richardson & Partners cm A R P L Architects cm A R T Ltd bu A V V Solutions Limited bu Aaron Evans Architects Ltd cm Acanthus Clews Architects Ltd cm Andrews Building Conservation Ltd cm B Antoniw Joinery Bailey Partnership cm Bakers of Danbury Ltd bu Bare, Leaning & Bare cm Bates Zambelli cm Bennie Historic Conservation bu Between Time Ltd bu Bonsers (Nottingham) Limited bu Bosence & Co bu cm Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd bu Brading Butt Chartered Quantity Surveyors cm Brick-Tie Preservation Ltd Bullen Conservation Ltd bu Burrows Davies Limited bu Busby’s Builders bu C & D Restoration Ltd bu C E L Ltd bu C R Crane & Son Ltd bu Carrek Limited bu Cathedral Works Organisation bu Charterbuild Ltd bu Chiverton bu cm Christopher Rayner Architects cm Cintec International Limited Clague LLP cm Collins & Curtis Masonry Ltd bu Conservation Building Services Ltd bu Country House Renovations Limited bu Crawford Surveying Services cm Cube Property Surveyors & Architects cm D B R (London) Limited bu Daedalus Conservation bu David Le Lay Architects cm Donald Insall Associates Ltd cm Dunne and Co Ltd bu Eura Conservation Ltd cm Fairhurst Ward Abbotts bu Feilden & Mawson LLP cm Fisher Bullen bu Four Walls Building Company Ltd bu Gibbon, Lawson, McKee Limited cm Gilmore Hankey Kirke Ltd cm Grosvenor Construction Ltd bu H & W Sellors Ltd bu H K Askew & Son bu Hall & Ensom Chartered Bldg Surveyors cm Hall Construction Limited bu Heritage Cob & Lime bu Heritage Project Management cm Heritage Restoration Ltd bu Heritage Stone Access ax bu Heritage Surveys Limited cm High Level Maintenance (Lancs) Ltd ax Hirst Conservation bu Huntley Cartwright cm Inspire Conservation Ltd bu cm Ivinghoe Building Services Ltd bu J & W Kirby bu J P F Built Heritage cm J P Ladell Ltd bu

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MIDLANDS

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Building ContraCtors 56

MAIN CONTRACTORS

Aerial access Building contractors Project managers Millwrights Steeplejacks Structural repair Timber framing Page

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J Rigg Construction Ltd bu 70 W ▪ ▪ Johnston and Wright cm 28 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ K S P Consultancy LLP cm 48 ▪ Kent Conservation and Restoration Ltd bu 69 Knowles & Son (Oxford) Ltd bu 69 W H SH Stuart Little cm 47 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ W H Lloyd Evans Prichard cm 28 Luard Conservation Limited bu 170 L Magenta Building Repair Ltd bu ml 70 Martin Ashley Architects cm 29 H ▪ Mathias Restoration Ltd bu 92 E ▪ ▪ McCurdy & Co bu rp tf 58 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Mike Wye & Associates Ltd bu 160 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Nash Partnership cm 29 Oakwrights Limited tf 58 HS Odgers Conservation Consultants cm 41 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Owlsworth I J P bu cm ml rp tf 70 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ P D P Green Consulting cm 30 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ P W P Architects cm 30 ▪ P Webb Roofing & Building Services Ltd bu 82 Paxton Restoration Ltd bu 119 L ▪ ▪ Paye Stonework bu rp 70 Penybryn Engineering ml 74 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Period Property Solutions bu tf 72 W ▪ W Peter Cox Ltd rp 72 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Plaster Restorations (UK) Ltd cm 188 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ L Priory Heritage Limited cm 41 R J Smith & Co bu 72 H ▪ R V M & Associates cm 57 R W Armstrong bu cm rp 72 ▪ ▪ ▪ Recclesia Ltd bu 104 Resurgam cm 41 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Richard Coles Builders Ltd bu cm tf 73 H Richard Crooks Partnership cm 31 Y ▪ ▪ Richard Griffiths Architects Ltd cm 31 ▪ ▪ ▪ Robert Woodhead Ltd bu cm 74 ▪ S J Specialist Brickwork rp 92 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Sally Strachey Conservation sj 104 Sandy & Co (Contractors) Ltd bu tf 73 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Sawyer & Fisher cm 48 WY ▪ Timothy J Shepherd bu 92 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Smiths Gore cm 33 Splitlath Building Conservation Ltd bu tf 71 W ▪ St Astier Ltd bu rp 72 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Stonewest Limited ax bu cm rp 71 ▪ W T R A C Structural Ltd ax rp 155 L ▪ Taliesin Conservation bu 72 Thackway & Cadwallader Builders bu 73 W Timber Framing and Conservation rp tf 58 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Traditional Oak Carpentry Ltd tf 58 Traditional Technologies LLP bu 144 Treasure & Son Ltd bu rp tf 73 W Triton Conservation bu 73 L Twyford Lime Products bu rp 161 U R S Ltd cm 51 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ V A Conservation bu 104 ▪ bu rp tf 74 Valley Builders Ltd W P D Productions bu 170 L W R Dunn & Co Ltd cm 57 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Weald & Downland Open Air Museum tf 58 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ H ▪ West Waddy ADP cm 34 William Anelay Ltd bu tf 62 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ William Taylor Stonemasons bu 74 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Key Region codes N Cumbria, Durham and counties to the north NORTH OF W North West ENGLAND Y Yorkshire and the Humber E East Midlands MIDLANDS W West Midlands E East Anglia EAST H Northern Home Counties Greater London SOUTH EAST HL Southern Home Counties S Berks, Hants and Oxfordshire SOUTH WEST W Glos, Wilts, Dorset and counties to the west

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Key Main contractors ax aerial access bu building contractors cm project management ml millwrights rp structural repair and stabilisation sj steeplejacks tf timber frame builders

PROJECT MANAGERS

project management

Project Management of Cultural Heritage and Historic Buildings.  Project and Cost Management  Conservation Management Plans  Collections Management  Project Re-Engineering  Heritage Contract Works

Heritage Project Management TELFORD (01952) 458000 www.heritageprojectmanagement.com

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01372 371 110

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Fe tc h am Park H o use, Lowe r R o ad, Fe tc h am , Sur rey K T2 2 9 HD

ROPE ACCESS ◾ A R P ANTHONY RICHARDSON AND PARTNERS 31 Oval Road, London NW1 7EA Tel 020 7485 0991 Fax 020 7482 4622 Email mail@arparchitects.co.uk www.arparchitects.co.uk

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ARCHITECTS, QUANTITY SURVEYORS, PROJECT MANAGERS, PROJECT COORDINATORS: See also: profile entry on page 23.

◾ FEILDEN+MAWSON LLP 21–27 Lambs Conduit Street, London WC1N 3NL Tel 020 7841 1980 Email london@feildenandmawson.com www.feildenandmawson.com ARCHITECTS, HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANTS, PROJECT MANAGERS:

See also: profile entry on page 26.

◾ W R DUNN & CO LTD 27 Front Street, Acomb, York YO24 3BW Tel 01904 784421 Fax 01904 784679 Email info@wrdunn.co.uk www.wrdunn.co.uk CHARTERED BUILDING SURVEYORS, ARCHITECTS AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONSULTANTS: See also: profile entry in Surveyors, page 47.

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TIMBER FRAME BUILDERS

Building ContraCtors Pilton Barn

McCurdy & Co.

info@mccurdyco.com www.mccurdyco.com 0118 9744866 25 years of the highest standards in the conservation of historic timber buildings and the design and construction of new timber structures. Advice, surveys, reports, specification and practical repairs carried out by our own craftsmen.

◾ J & W KIRBY 37 Slack Lane, Crofton, Wakefield, West Yorkshire WF4 1HH Tel 01924 862713 www.jwkirby.co.uk TIMBER FRAME CONSERVATION: Specialists in the conservation and repair of historic timber framed buildings, using in-depth knowledge and skills gained over 20 years. Working primarily on prestigious conservation and restoration projects for both private clients and professional organisations.

◾ OAKWRIGHTS LTD West End Lane, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 3EP Tel 01252 794325 Fax 01252 795947 Email rob.wight@oakwrights.com www.oakwrights.com TIMBER FRAME BUILDERS: Oakwrights is a team of craftsmen and a civil engineer specialising in design, construction and restoration of timber framed buildings. With combined in-house professional and technical skills Oakwrights provides cost-effective solutions avoiding the need for independent architects and engineers. Complex conservation and new-build projects are undertaken from planning through to completion and Oakwrights can also provide services in support of a main contractor or architect. Work carried out includes design and construction of new houses, extensions and outbuildings and repair of historic houses and barns.

◾ TIMBER FRAMING AND CONSERVATION Manor Farm, Main Road, Nether Broughton, Leicestershire LE14 3HB Tel/Fax 01664 823209 Email jrc@jamescrane.net www.timberframing.org.uk TIMBER FRAME CONSERVATION: A father and son business specialising in green oak framing and conservation of ancient timber frames offering 50 years combined experience blended with an enthusiasm for challenging new or conservation projects. This small team of experienced framers led by qualified staff relishes difficult building rescue work as well as traditional new frames. The company has facilities for detailed design and engineering, negotiations with planners and conservation officers, listed building applications as required and can work from clients’ sketch ideas or together with architects to produce practical and cost effective solutions. SPAB members. CIOB, IHBC and MBEng qualified consultancy service.

& Training, page 193.

◾ SPLITLATH BUILDING CONSERVATION LTD Forest Lawn, Craswall, Herefordshire HR2 0PL Tel 01497 821921 Email enquiries@splitlath.com www.splitlath.com OAK FRAME REPAIRS: See also: display entry in Building Contractors, page 71.

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2 Building ContraCtors

Structural timber repairS robin ruSSell

imber has been used in building structures for centuries, whether for roofs, floor beams and joists, posts and lintels for windows and doors, or for complete timber framed buildings, including loadbearing walls and screen partitions. The use and form of the timber elements and signs of how they were shaped are useful in dating historic buildings because the type of joints, framework design and tool technology changed over the centuries. Whether or not they are visible, timbers are intrinsic to the historic and archaeological interest of the building. Structural timbers may deteriorate as a result of decay, over-loading, or as a result of poor design and alterations carried out in the past. A common problem is decay brought about by moisture, often owing to a leak, poor maintenance or condensation. This allows fungi (dry rot for example) or wood-boring insects (such as woodworm and deathwatch beetle) to colonise the timber and by their action reduce its strength. Over-loaded structural members fail by cracking, bending or crushing. The over-loading may arise either as a result of weakening following decay, or because they were designed poorly or frugally, or because they were meant to take a different set of loads than they are currently bearing. For example, a roof structure designed for thatch or slate may not be capable of supporting the weight of heavy tiles. REPAIR OPTIONS Repairing failed structural timbers is, of course, not a new practice. For centuries repairs have been fashioned using carpentry methods or with blacksmith-made splints, brackets and ties, and these ancient repairs certainly add character and help tell the story of the building. In more recent times we have also utilised modern materials such as steel, epoxy resins, carbon fibre rods and wire rope to reinforce structures. Building repairs can also be effected by completely replacing timbers with new timber or, where used appropriately and sympathetically, materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. It may also be possible to reduce the loads through the design of secondary structures and in-fills such as brick panels, or packingup under partly decayed timbers. The relative merits of each form of repair largely depend on the situation. Although

Final tightening of side-planted timbers which were bolted to the ends of joists to re-establish their bearing into the masonry. The ends were removed following a severe dry rot attack.

there is no right or wrong method, there is always a solution that is most appropriate to the circumstances presented by the building. The art is to identify it. When dealing with historic structures, the principles which come into play are: • Structural integrity – ensure the structural members are capable of taking the loads they may have to bear • Minimal intervention – retain the maximum amount of historic timber and minimise alteration or introduction of new elements. Consider the impact •

•

of the repair process on the component and the structure, including access issues, the viability of moving the timbers for repair, and the extent of damage which might be done to other building elements in executing the repair Reversibility – try to ensure that alterations and additions can be undone without harm to the fabric Like for like – where possible, use the same materials and techniques as previously used. Honesty – make the solution honest but

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2 Building ContraCtors

aesthetically and architecturally elegant and either neat or invisible: there is no justifiable reason why modern repairs should not add character and appeal in the same way as the historic ones • Documentation – record the fabric before intervention and document the intervention itself so that future conservation work is well informed. In choosing the right approach and repair mechanism you must take all the evidence into account, including the type of failure that has been observed and, by deduction, the reason for it. Things to look for might include the source of extra loading, or the reason why a beam end is getting wet. So, for example, you might look at a cracked upper floor beam in a barn where the crack at the end of the beam is in an area of severe insect attack. In this case you would need to consider the presence of moisture in

the wall in which the timber is embedded, and whether there is a leak in the roof, an overflowing gutter or some other source. You will also need to consider whether the upper floor is being asked to take particularly high or increased loads. Perhaps a huge amount of hay or straw is sometimes stored in the barn, or maybe there is a repair post mounted onto the beam which is transferring additional load, perhaps following a change in the roof covering and the subsequent deflection of the roof. Another factor for consideration is the impact of any particular repair. If the timber were removed, how much damage or loss of fabric would occur around it? Often these observations, decisions and design solutions are the realm of specific professional consultants, such as structural engineers or building surveyors. Obviously when dealing with historic fabric, it becomes

These jetty beams had decayed, as had the timber screen wall which they originally rested on. They were renewed and suspended instead from a steel channel hidden in the floor void above. The hanging bolts are finished with square steel plates rebated on the underside.

A crude means of strengthening the junction between truss and beam: obviously not a repair that should be on show

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absolutely essential to choose the right specialist, that is: one who is well-versed in devising sympathetic solutions with minimal intervention, and who is used to working with historic construction methods and materials. However, it has to be said that if you have the right contractor doing the work, this also helps greatly. A specialist conservation contractor who is familiar with executing such repairs can work most effectively with the engineer and may well be able to give guidance on what options are achievable. The wrong team will invariably result in a clumsy and/or expensive solution or the excessive loss of historic fabric. LIKE FOR LIKE REPAIRS Sometimes the simplest repair is a straightforward replacement of the whole timber, like for like: for example a completely rotten lintel or exposed verge rafter. At times, replacement provides the opportunity to fit a stronger or more substantial piece of timber or to slightly adjust the design to prevent future failure. However, as a matter of principle it is important to try to retain as much historic fabric as possible, so the best solution is usually to repair rather than replace components. A common technique is to scarf-in a new piece of timber to the old, like for like. The new section can be connected by a lightning bolt joint (pegged or bolted) or, if in compression, a V-shaped splice. Scarfed joints are particularly useful in cases where one section of the timber has rotted out, such as the foot of a post or jamb, or the ends of a rafter, truss or beam which have been affected by damp. They provide a nice neat repair, in keeping with the character of the original, but require a reasonably high level of carpentry skill if they are to be done well. REINFORCEMENT OPTIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY STRUCTURES It’s often possible and preferable to leave historic timber in place and either take or help take the strain with an alternative structural member. For example, the spreading of a roof truss may be restrained by adding a second collar, or a rafter may be doubled up with a new timber either close by or attached to the original. In some cases the right roof repair solution is a new framework built around or over the old. This is sound conservation practice because it saves the original fabric and is generally reversible, although it can look a little clumsy if it is on show. Where beams or joists are not deep enough for their loading, the result is excessive bending, bouncing floors, and possibly even cracks. One option is to increase the effective depth by fixing additional timber to the top of the component to increase its stiffness. If the depth of a beam only needs to be increased marginally, one very neat solution is to firmly attach the floorboard material to the top of the beam. However, fixing the rest of the floorboards around it can be a head-scratcher. When the ends of beams or joists are decayed, or in cases where either the beam or its support has moved, leaving too little

STEEL AND RESIN OPTIONS Where beams are in need of a little more assistance, flitch plates can be inserted along part or the whole length of the beam. This method involves cutting a slot into the timber and making the beam a composite of steel and timber. The plate may also take a T-shape either the right way up (top of the beam) or upside down (underside of the beam). From an engineering viewpoint, the steel section is best let into the underside of the beam and fixed upside down, so the wide part of the T is positioned to carry the greatest tensile forces. From a practical viewpoint, these are difficult repairs to carry out in situ, requiring overhead cutting of the slot by multiple drillings or chain-morticer or chain-saw cutting. The risk assessment alone takes some serious thought. Despite its higher cost, stainless steel is highly suitable for this kind of repair: it offers higher strength for its size than plain steel, and it withstands corrosion in oak beams. (Even in ancient timbers, the tannic acid present will corrode many metals.) The downside to using any steel is that the parts which show may not be as aesthetically pleasing as with other solutions. However, with a bit of forethought elegant solutions are possible (albeit at a slight extra cost), such as recessing nuts and bolt heads and plugging the holes with timber, or just rounding the ends of brackets. Adding a simple blacksmith-style decoration can make the repair much more elegant, while keeping the repair â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;honestâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and its history clear. Where the ends of fastenings are on show, square plates can be neatly welded to the ends of threaded bar or bolt-heads and rebated into the surface of the timber. Another method of strengthening timbers in a similar way is to let in steel bars or carbon fibre rods. These are usually fixed with an epoxy resin. The letting-in can involve cutting slots or drilling holes lengthwise from the end of the timber or diagonally across cracks. When the timber to be repaired is historically significant, a partial replacement is vital. To preserve the character of the original timber, one option is to remove the face as a veneer for later reapplication over a newly inserted piece. Where there is limited access or risk of damage to the surrounding

Building ContraCtors

bearing, it is essential to increase the junction between the two. Extending the end of the timber can be done with side-planting or splicing-in but the alternatives are many and varied. The bearing can be extended by introducing steel or timber bolted under the beam; by forming a whole box section steel shoe attached into the beam; by adding a timber, steel or masonry post under the end of the beam, down to the ground; or by creating a timber or steel corbel on the wall beneath the end of the timber. Similarly, a beam pulling out of an adjacent beam can be picked up with a fabricated strap like a joist hanger. Another place for simple splints like these is where overloaded purlins have split. Side-planted steel sections or timbers bolted across the failure and attached to sound timber often work well.

Timber scarfed to existing, wedged and bolted top to bottom

Stainless steel flitch plate let into beam and bolted side to side

Timber splints planted on either side and bolted through

Typical solutions where a beam end has decayed

Scarf repair to the base of a post: note the inverted V-shape to ensure water is not channelled into the joint (left) Hoisting a replacement support beam into place (right)

plaster, it is possible to treat a beam which has been eaten away to within an inch of its life by building up a laminated resin and timber beam in situ. The face can then be consolidated with resin poured into the beetle flight holes before being reattached to the beam. Such solutions tend to be very satisfying, but obviously complex, expensive and unnecessary for most repairs. A combination of replacing rotten or failed timber with new timber and strengthening with resin bonded steel or carbon fibre rods can be adopted to good effect in many situations. Some companies will even supply pre-shaped repair pieces with the rods already bonded in place, ready to fix to the prepared end of a failed timber. Resins offer a variety of advantages: minimal loss of fabric, versatility, gap-filling and the opportunity to carry out certain repairs which are impossible by other methods. However, they are not particularly reversible and can be prone to failure in humid environments.

SPREADING ROOF STRUCTURES Turning our attention to roof structures, spreading out of the A-frame is often indicative of inadequate ties or decay at eaves level. Inserting additional, often lower collars (tie beams) between the trusses or rafters, assists greatly in reducing roof-spread, and this consequently restrains the outward thrust on walls. Timber is commonly used but an alternative is steel wires bolted in a substantial, but sensible way to the timber and tensioned. Improved rigidity can also be achieved by securely bolting a gusset made of ply to a nearby truss or rafter and to a ceiling joist below. This strengthens the joint and triangulates the roof. The technique is especially useful in roof spaces where the collars are necessarily high for headroom. It is an effective solution but shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really be on show. Where the junction of trusses and collars have weakened or slipped, a simple steel Y-shaped plate bolted in place can stabilise the structure.

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BUILDING CONTRACTORS

Building ContraCtors

◾ ANELAYS William Anelay Limited, Murton Way, Osbaldwick, York YO19 5UW Tel 01904 412624 Fax 01904 413535 Email info@williamanelay.co.uk www.williamanelay.co.uk BUILDING AND RESTORATION CONTRACTORS: Founded in 1747,

A simple plate repair to withstand roof-spread by preventing the collar from pulling further out of its morticed joint with the truss-leg

William Anelay Ltd is a building contractor that specialises in the refurbishment, restoration and conservation of historic and listed buildings and properties, delivering award-winning projects throughout the UK. The company employs in-house stonemasons, joiners, leadworkers, bricklayers and roofers, many of which are heritage CSCS card holders, supported by a customer focused management and staff team. CHAS accredited, Constructionline registered, LCA and FTMRC vetted and member of the Stone Federation Great Britain. Recent projects include Althorp House, Chatsworth House, York Minster Chapter House, Astley Castle, churches and listed private residential properties.

◾ BAKERS OF DANBURY LTD Eves Corner, Danbury, Essex CM3 4QB Tel 01245 225876 Fax 01245 226821 Email enq@bakersofdanbury.co.uk www.bakersofdanbury.co.uk HISTORIC BUILDING CONSERVATION AND SPECIALIST JOINERY MANUFACTURERS: Established in 1878 Bakers is a traditional

contractor specialising in conservation and repair of historic buildings, churches, ancient monuments and residential properties. The company’s expert masons, carpenters, joiners and stone masons have long been associated with many of the region’s fine buildings. The specialist joinery department provides a full design and manufacture service for high quality joinery and furniture for civic, private and ecclesiastical clients.

The whole end of this beam had decayed. An inverted T-shaped stainless steel flitch plate was let into the underside of the beam and bolted through to the top side of the beam. The end of the flitch plate was formed into a box section which extended the end of the beam to a point where it could bear on the substantial window lintel. The repair was dog-legged to sit behind the sloped soffit.

Stainless or other wire ropes can also be employed to withstand lateral movement such as where all the rafters are ‘racking’ – that is to say the apex of the roof has shifted sideways at right angles to the line of the trusses. In that case tensioned wires fixed diagonally across the rafters can add some triangulation, which will prevent further movement. Timber or solid steel straps can be used in a similar way, but it is frequently a neater and more easily installed solution to use wires. However, the strength of the wire in tension must be able to withstand the loads involved in service or they will simply stretch and become ineffective. Clearly, there are many possibilities for repair. The right solution is the one which works for the building (and ideally for the client as well). Probably the conservation principle to which you should give most emphasis is minimising the extent of intervention. Each technique and each material has pros and cons, but we generally find that the minimal intervention approach will lead to a cost-effective solution which saves surrounding historic fabric. If this means the repair is visible, well at least it’s honest and with a spark of creativity can be made tidy and aesthetically pleasing. acknowledgement Working on timber repair solutions with Patrick Stow & Associates over the years has inspired me greatly, for which I’d like to thank him. ROBIN RUSSELL beng(hons) is director of corbel conservation ltd (www.corbelconservation.co.uk). he has over 25 years of management experience and believes that his firm of contractors can provide the best historic building repairs by ensuring that his managers fully understand the engineering options and the conservation approach.

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◾ BENNIE HISTORIC CONSERVATION Cranford Road, Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire NN15 5TB Tel 01536 720410 Fax 01536 723914 Email iain@bennieconservation.co.uk www.bennieconservation.co.uk CONSERVATION CONTRACTORS: Bennie Historic Conservation is

experienced in the field of conservation, restoration and enhancement of significant properties and monuments. It is established within the Peter Bennie group of companies and formed by a group of experienced individuals with specialist skills and resources to advise on, as well as maintain, some of the country’s most important buildings, monuments and works of art. Bennie Historic Conservation can manage everything from large estate restoration to the conservation of small local buildings and monuments delivered with careful consideration at all times. The company acts as main contractor or as a specialist to larger contracts if required. See also: display entry in this section, page 63.

◾ BETWEEN TIME LTD Bachelors Hall, High Street, Stanstead Abbotts, Nr Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 8AB Tel 01920 877822 Fax 01920 877933 Email info@betweentime.uk.com www.betweentime.uk.com BUILDING CONSERVATION CONTRACTORS: Specialising in the traditional

repair and extension of listed buildings and period properties, churches, museums and other heritage sites throughout Hertfordshire, West Essex and North and East London. Teams of skilled craftsmen work with lime renders, mortars, plasters and limewashes, renewing oak timber framing, architectural joinery, brickwork, leadwork and old tile roofing. Great care is taken to match original materials and use traditional methods where appropriate. Clients include the National Trust, English Heritage, museums, estates and private clients. Total project management up to £450,000, and specialist subcontractor contracts. See also: display entry in this section, page 63.

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BUILDING CONTRACTORS continued

Building ContraCtors

Specialist Restoration and Coatings

conservation withs tyle A.R.T’s specialist dedicated restoration division has carried out all types of work to graded listed buildings and conservation work such as: • • • •

Biological brick and stone cleaning Restoration of stonework • Restoration of timber Restoration of bricks • Restoration of steel Restoration of flooring • Restoration of windows A.R.T Ltd, Unit 210 K2 House, Heathfield Way, Northampton NN5 7QP

Experienced in the restoration & conservation of all historic fabric from traditional stonemasonry to intricate decorative elements including advice on & the supply of sympathetic materials

bennie historic conservation Cranford Road, Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire NN15 5TB

Telephone: 01536 720410 Fax: 01536 723914 Email: sales@bennieconservation.co.uk Web: www.bennieconservation.co.uk

Tel: 01604 752725

www.art-home-repairs.co.uk

With over 45 years experience in building restoration and conservation throughout the UK. We directly employ professional skilled craftsmen who hold current Heritage CSCS cards. Our projects include many listed, historic, ecclesiastical buildings and scheduled monuments.

Between Time Ltd offers conservation expertise and total project management, with teams of skilled craftsmen undertaking authentic repairs and reinstatements to the structures and fabric of listed buildings, private residences and churches.

CONSERVING TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS

Between Time, Bachelors Hall, High St, Stanstead Abbotts, Ware. SG12 8AB Tel: 01920 877822 Fax: 01920 877933 www.betweentime.uk.com Established 1984

❖ Stone masonry ❖ Lime mortars ❖ Lime plasters and renders ❖ Special brick replacement ❖ Masonry cleaning ❖ Façade surveys ❖ Terracotta and marble replacement/repairs

Tel. 01636 815986 Email. contact@bonsersrestoration.co.uk www.bonsersrestoration.co.uk Accredited Contractor

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BUILDING CONTRACTORS continued

Bullen Ad Mar 08 3

File: 171764-8-9RBHO Boshers New Ad size: A4 Product Size (210mm wide x 297mm high)

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Building ContraCtors

Masonry Conservation & Ecclesiastical Specialists Offering a complete conservation service by skilled craftsmen dedicated to maintaining our history for future generations

Est. 180 Yrs

• Façade Cleaning • Masonry Repointing • Stonework & Brickwork Restoration • Masonry Works • Masonry Stabilisation • Terracotta Works • Stucco/Façade Repair • Concrete Repairs • Timber Treatment • Timber Engineering • Chemical Damp Proof Courses • Specialist Waterproof Tanking • Façade Surveys

We specialise in high quality restoration and refurbishment of historic and listed properties and churches together with highly contemporary new buildings.

www.boshersltd.com

CONSERVATION & MA S O N R Y SPECIALISTS

Bullen Conservation Ltd, Lowerhouse Works, Lowerhouse St, Oldham, Lancs OL1 3NN Tel:0161 633 6528 Fax:0161 633 7064 email: sales@bullenconservation.co.uk www.bullenconservation.co.uk

Reading Road, Cholsey, Oxfordshire, OX10 9HN Telephone 01491 651242

171764-8-9RBHO Boshers New.indd 1

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◾ BULLEN CONSERVATION LTD Lowerhouse Works, Lowerhouse Street, Oldham, Lancashire OL1 3NN Tel 0161 633 6528 Fax 0161 633 7064 Email sales@bullenconservation.co.uk www.bullenconservation.co.uk

◾ C E L LTD Progress House, 256 Station Road, Whittlesey, Peterborough PE7 2HA Tel 01733 206633 Fax 01733 206644 Email enquiries@thecelgroup.co.uk www.thecelgroup.co.uk

BUILDING CONTRACTORS, STONE, TERRACOTTA, DAMP AND TIMBER DECAY:

TRADITIONAL BUILDING CONTRACTOR: CEL Ltd has a wealth of experience in the field of historic and ecclesiastical buildings and to date has completed many such projects both as principal contractor and subcontractor. CEL Ltd is a CITB registered company as well as a member of SPAB and the Men of The Stones, both of which provide good grounding and support for the type of project that the company undertakes. CEL Ltd employs directly all of the core trades required to undertake such projects; masons, tilers, carpenters and leadworkers, as well as working with experienced subcontractors. CEL Ltd also produces sand cast lead sheet.

See also: display entry on this page, and profile entry in Stone, page 99.

◾ BUSBY’S BUILDERS Buzwood, Basingstoke Road, Old Alresford, Hampshire SO24 9DL Tel/Fax 01962 732076 Email office@busbysbuilders.co.uk www.busbysbuilders.co.uk SPECIALIST BUILDING CONTRACTORS: A family firm with experienced

craftsmen specialising in work on listed and period buildings including churches. Sympathetic extensions and renovations as well as new oak buildings that complement existing structures combined with the use of modern and renewable technologies. Recent contracts include the structural repair and reinstatement of a medieval barn restoring the original character, the rebuilding of an oak barn structure following installation of a basement below and an octagonal extension with copper roof and lime render walls to a traditional farmhouse.

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◾ C R CRANE & SON LTD Manor Farm, Main Road, Nether Broughton, Leicestershire LE14 3HB Tel 01664 823366 Fax 01664 823534 Email enquiries@crcrane.co.uk www.crcrane.co.uk SPECIALIST BUILDING AND JOINERY CONTRACTORS: Chartered

builders established in 1910. Winner of conservation awards, specialising in traditional repair works using SPAB and English Heritage methods to churches, cathedrals, barns, follies – the company undertakes contracts up to £2 million. Apprentice trained craftsmen are experienced in timber framing, leadwork, masonry, ironworks, brickwork, lime mortars and plasters, backed up by CIOB qualified staff. Consultancy service for historical research, structural surveys, planning, feasibility studies and cost/value analysis. The company’s in-house joinery works produces traditional windows, doors, panelling, staircases and ecclesiastical joinery.

◾ CARREK LIMITED 1 St Andrew Street, Wells Cathedral, Wells, Somerset BA5 2UN Tel 01749 689000 Fax 01749 689089 Email enquiries@carrek.co.uk www.carrek.co.uk HISTORIC BUILDING REPAIRS: Carrek provides a full range of skills

and expertise for the conservation and repair of historic buildings, monuments and sculpture. Specialist trades include: stone and plaster conservation, sensitive cleaning (including JOS and DOFF systems), lime rendering, plain and decorative plastering, stonemasonry and carving, carpentry and traditional joinery and leadwork. Carrek can assist with the preparation of reports and specifications and act as consultants for the analysis of historic mortars, plasters and paints. Clients include; Historic Royal Palaces, Churches Conservation Trust, National Trust and English Heritage as well as numerous parochial church councils. Recent or current contracts include: The Tower of London; Windsor Castle; St John the Baptist, Cirencester; the Old Duchy Palace, Lostwithiel; Kilve Chantry; the Old Royal Cornwall Infirmary, Truro; Fardel Manor; Blackfriars, Cardiff and the Riding House, Wolfeton Manor.

◾ CATHEDRAL WORKS ORGANISATION (CHICHESTER) LTD Terminus Road, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8TX Tel 01243 784225 Fax 01243 785616 Email info@cwo.uk.com www.cwo.uk.com HISTORIC BUILDING RESTORATION CONTRACTOR, SPECIALIST STONEMASONRY CONSERVATION, NEW BUILD, SUPPLY AND CARVING:

Royal Warrant holder CWO has an annual turnover of £10 million and employs 100 staff and skilled masons within its West Sussex, Central London, Kent and Dorset offices. CWO’s workshop is equipped with the most advanced production facilities in the industry and supplies a full range of worked stone.

◾ CHIVERTON Unit 1a, Oakwood Business Park, nr East Ashling, Chichester, West Sussex PO18 9AL Tel 01243 865771 Fax 01243 860355 Email info@eachiverton.co.uk www.eachiverton.co.uk

Principal contractor for the conservation of St Peter’s Church, Stanton Lacy, Shropshire.

Repair & Conservation of Historic Buildings & Monuments

◾ COUNTRY HOUSE RENOVATIONS LIMITED Cedar Barn, Longborough, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 OQY Tel 01451 832554 Fax 01451 832257 Email enquiries@chr-ltd.co.uk www.countryhouserenovations.co.uk Contact Stephen Martin/Timothy Williams SPECIALIST TRADITIONAL BUILDERS: Conveniently located in the north Cotswolds to undertake projects throughout Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire and Oxfordshire. The company employs tradesmen skilled in the traditional crafts including Cotswold stone slate roofing, stone masonry and specialist decoration. They are backed by an adept management team, several with 30 years or more experience of working on listed and period property for clients including the National Trust and English Heritage together with architects established in this field of work. The company’s primary work is the alteration/restoration of domestic property for the discerning client where it aims to provide high quality workmanship with attention to detail and finishes.

BUILDING CONTRACTORS: Established in 1945, E A Chiverton Ltd has an excellent reputation for traditional quality building. It has extensive experience in the renovation, refurbishment and extension of historic buildings and homes, as well as the new build of bespoke houses. The company also undertakes community and commercial projects, including major capital works such as schools, village halls and offices. A number of projects have been recognised with architectural, historic building or Civic Trust Awards with the Sussex Heritage Trust Award having been won several times. Formerly family owned, the company became a subsidiary of R W Armstrong & Sons in 2009.

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Craftsman Builders Since 1885 By Appointment to Her Majesty The Queen Builders & Decorators Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Ltd

Fairhurst Ward Abbotts

Conservation . Refurbishment . Restoration Absolute Craftsmanship + Absolute Knowledge = Absolute Quality

www.fwaconservation.co.uk

‘Crafting quality for you’

Construction ■ Plumbing ■ Joinery ■ Restoration Ecclesiastical ■ Refurbishment ■ Conservation Alterations ■ Maintenance ■ Repairs email: conservation@fwagroup.co.uk tel: 01480 891980

Fakenham Office: Cromer Office: Email: Web:

Tel: 01328 862781 Tel: 01263 511264 mail@fisherbullen.co.uk www.fisherbullen.co.uk

◾ D B R (LONDON) LIMITED 104A Consort Road, London SE15 2PR Tel 020 7277 7775 Fax 020 7635 0556 Email mail@dbrlimited.com www.dbrlimited.com Contact Adrian Attwood

◾ DAEDALUS CONSERVATION Higher Barn, Holt Mill, Melbury Osmond, Dorset DT2 OXL Tel 01935 83923 Fax 01935 83924 Email info@daedalusconservation.co.uk www.daedalusconservation.co.uk

SPECIALIST CONSERVATION CONTRACTORS: DBR (London) Limited

contractors and specialist trade contractors, Daedalus Conservation provides a holistic approach to historical building repair offering a wealth of specialist knowledge, traditional craftsmanship and conservation skills to deliver exemplary standards of workmanship. The specialist team delivers informed solutions and has experience of all kinds of historical buildings in any condition facing all manner of threats and repair dilemmas, including stonemasonry, conservation, fine joinery, heavy oak carpentry, lime plaster, brickwork, leadwork, cob, wattle and daub. Privately owned by established building contractor R W Armstrong, the company has a fully equipped joinery workshop and operates throughout the UK.

specialises in the complete repair, conservation and regeneration of historic buildings, churches and scheduled monuments. Using traditional craft techniques with modern management philosophy, work can be assured to be of English Heritage exemplary standards. Specialist works include facade cleaning, stone masonry, plasterwork, internal floor conservation, joinery and internal and external decoration, external hard landscaping. Clients include English Heritage, Parliamentary Estates Directorate, Victoria and Albert Museum and parochial church councils. In addition to numerous significant private and commercial customers, DBR (London) holds term commissions for the care and maintenance of the Trafalgar and Parliament Squares for the GLA and the Old Royal Naval College for the Greenwich Foundation. See also: display entry in this section, page 67.

CONSERVATION AND REPAIR OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS: As principal

◾ DUNNE AND CO BUILDING & RESTORATION Ashbrooke, Chalkhouse Green, near Reading, Berkshire RG4 9AN Tel 0118 972 2364 Email info@dunneandco.co.uk www.dunneandco.co.uk PERIOD PROPERTY SPECIALIST: A long established company employing a

large team of skilled craftspeople including masons, joiners, roofers and decorators specialising in the restoration and renovation of period and listed buildings, including churches, using traditional materials. Winner of an LABC award for building excellence. Mainly working in Berkshire, Hampshire, Oxfordshire and London.

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â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Making sure the past has a futureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; An award winning company providing a full range of masonry, conservation and repair services for historic buildings and monuments.

020 7277 7775 mail@dbrlimited.com www.dbrlimited.com

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= Heritage Restoration is an established construction company

specialising in the restoration and extension of period properties and listed buildings.

= With our team of highly skilled and experienced experts, trained in all aspects of building and restoration, we take great pride in the excellence of our workmanship.

= We believe passionately in protecting and maintaining our

environment for present and future generations to enjoy and this commitment is reflected in the quality of our craftsmanship from stonemasonry to carpentry, joinery to plastering.

= As a client, you can be assured of a service that is of the highest

standard, tailored to your specific requirements, competitively priced and undertaken with a minimum of fuss.

building conservation & Masonry specialists grosvenor construction ltd, tir llwyd industrial estate, Kinmel bay, conwy ll18 5Ja t. 01745 560358 F. 01745 774928 enquiries@grosvenorconstruction.co.uk www.grosvenorconstruction.co.uk

= Based near Devizes in Wiltshire, we carry out building work throughout south-west England.

Robert T Cavill MIOC Director Heritage Restoration Ltd, Oaks Farm, St Ediths Marsh, Bromham, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN15 2DD Tel: 01380 852352 Fax: 01380 859741 Email: enquiries@heritagerestoration.biz www.heritagerestoration.biz

ANCHORING & REINFORCEMENT

â&#x2014;ž FOUR WALLS BUILDING COMPANY LIMITED 47 Princes Street, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire CV32 4TZ Tel 01926 337092 Mobile 07788 264782 Email info@fourwallsbuildingcompany.co.uk www.fourwallsbuildingcompany.co.uk SPECIALIST BUILDING CONTRACTORS: Based in Leamington Spa, the team

Since 1983 Hall Construction has been refurbishing & developing period properties. Committed to best practice and professionalism, Hall Construction is a Chartered Building Company and has won many awards for building projects completed to an exceptionally high standard. Our highly skilled tradesmen combine traditional building techniques with cutting-edge design and technology to seamlessly blend ancient and modern and ensure a first rate finished product.

Tel: 01993 822110

at Four Walls Building Company Limited has specialist knowledge and skills relating to brickwork, both modern and historic and is fully trained and experienced in the use of both lime and cement mortars, historic and modern pointing techniques, colour washing and gauged brickwork. In an age of heavy handed and inappropriate repairs and restoration, Four Walls Building Company aims to bring finesse and subtlety to all its projects. The company also undertakes extensions and alterations, associated groundworks and paving/hard landscaping.

â&#x2014;ž H K ASKEW & SON 9 South View, Droxford, Hampshire SO32 3QJ Tel 01489 877095 Mobile 07798 908628 BUILDING CONTRACTORS: H K Askew & Son uses traditional skills and a sympathetic approach in restoring properties dating up to 1912. Re-builds, repairs and extensions. Bespoke carpentry; wattle and daub; cob walls; lime brickwork/pointing; lime plastering; stucco ceilings; relaying floors with reclaimed tiles; under-floor and ground source heating; oak flooring; roof repairs and sash window overhauls. Works include maintenance and restoration of Swanmore Park House, the Alfred Waterhouse designed 1880s mansion and complete restoration of a circa 1540 four-bedroom cottage on a New Forest estate. Established 1962.

Hall Construction Ltd, Units 2 + 4 Tannery Yard, Witney Street, Burford, Oxon OX18 4DQ Tel: 01993 822110 Fax: 01993 823880 Email: enquiries@hallconstruction.co.uk Web: www.hallconstruction.co.uk

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IVINGHOE BUILDING SERVICES

IBS

Listed Building Specialists

Ivinghoe Building Services sensitively cares for heritage buildings. Services include:

Specialists in traditional lime mortars, gauged brickwork, stonemasonry and all associated crafts

Lime mortar and render works Oak frame rebuilds and repairs Re-roofing with clay tiles Chimney repairs and rebuilds Cast iron guttering Bespoke windows and doors Electrical and plumbing Redecoration. Recent refurbishment works include a project at Wallingford, filmed for BBC’s Original Features programme.

Visit our website for full listings and current projects

01622 859794 I www.kcrltd.com I 07831 236228 email: info@kcrltd.com

Please phone us, email us or visit our website.

Tel 07747 016757 / 01296 655553 Email ivinghoebuilders@aol.com

www.ivinghoebuilders.com ◾ HALL CONSTRUCTION LIMITED Units 2 & 4, Tannery Yard, Witney Street, Burford, Oxfordshire OX18 4DQ Tel 01993 822110 Fax 01993 823880 Email enquiries@hallconstruction.co.uk www.hallconstruction.co.uk

Knowles & Son BUILDING CONTRACTORS

01865 249681

www.knowlesandson.co.uk

Established 1797

CHARTERED BUILDING COMPANY: See also: display entry in this section,

page 68.

◾ HIRST CONSERVATION Laughton, Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 0HE Tel 01529 497449 Fax 01529 497518 Email hirst@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com SPECIALIST BUILDING AND ART CONSERVATORS: Consultancy and conservation work to painted and applied decoration on plaster, stone, canvas, wood and metal substrates. Restoration and recreation of historic decorative schemes. Also specialist building works including joinery, sculpture, marble, stonework, stone cleaning, stucco, pargetting, wall and floor plasters. Surveys, specifications and analysis services available. Hirst Conservation’s policy is to provide a conservation service that is second to none. The company takes great pride in ensuring that it remains at the forefront of contemporary conservation ethics and thinking. The highly professional and dedicated team represents many different conservation skills and disciplines, and through its combined knowledge and experience is constantly striving to enhance current and develop future conservation practices. See also: entry on the inside front cover.

Winner of the RICS South East Conservation Award 2011

Knowles and Son, Oxford builders providing craftsmen since 1797, sympathetically conserving and restoring Historic Buildings.

Oxford Castle Saxon Crypt

Christ Church Library

The Company has an extensive portfolio of work on historic buildings, houses and churches, together with an enviable reputation for integrity, quality and reliability. Restoration, Design & Build, New Build, Refurbishment & Maintenance

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Your building in good hands... - Established for over 20 years and regarded as experts - Extremely experienced management team - Directly employed and highly skilled craftsmen - All principal conservation skills covered: - Timber framing - Lime plastering - Stonemasonry - Brick & flint work - Millwrighting - Traditional metal work - Stained glass work

Specialist Building Conservation Company Hampstead Farm, Binfield Heath, RG9 4LG

T: 0118 969 6949 E: info@ijp.co.uk

www.owlsworthijp.co.uk ◾ J P LADELL LTD Green Sleeves, Swan Lane, Coney Weston, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP31 1DW Tel/Fax 01359 221424 Mobile 07710 906985 Email info@jpladellltd.co.uk www.jpladellltd.co.uk

◾ MAGENTA BUILDING REPAIR LTD Unit 4, Barnes Croft, Coles Lane, Milborne St Andrew, Blandford Forum, Dorset DT11 0LG Tel 01258 880016 Fax 01258 881544 Email admin@magenta-repair.co.uk www.magentabuildingrepair.co.uk

BUILDING CONTRACTORS: A small family-run firm, experienced in conservation and renovation of older buildings including listed buildings and churches. Working mainly in Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridgeshire but work is also considered outside these areas. Experienced in using lime mortars and pointing, lime washes, oak timber frame repairs and new build, lead sheet work. In-house damp proofing and timber treatments with guarantees. The company can supply specialist joinery from its own workshop. All work is carried out to a very high standard with a personal service.

BUILDING CONTRACTORS AND STONEMASONS: Magenta Building Repair Limited specialises in the repair of historic and ecclesiastical buildings using traditional building methods and materials. The company is based in Cornwall and Dorset and since its formation in 1995, Magenta has worked on many historic buildings and churches in the South of England. It works directly for English Heritage and the National Trust and regularly for a number of church architects. Magenta acts as a main contractor or specialist subcontractor in the following trades: stonemasonry, brickwork, lime plastering, conservation joinery and heavy oak carpentry, leadwork, millwrighting and engineering. IRATA rope access technicians. Magenta also carries out one-off new builds incorporating traditional construction methods.

◾ J RIGG CONSTRUCTION LTD Pry Lane, Cheltenham Road, Broadway, Worcestershire WR12 7LX Tel 01386 858085 Fax 01386 858095 Email jrigg@jriggconstruction.co.uk www.jriggconstruction.co.uk BUILDING CONTRACTORS: A Cotswold based building company experienced in the restoration of substantial period and listed buildings using its own highly qualified team of directly employed craftsmen. Established in 1974, the company has carried out a considerable number of very successful projects in the Midlands, some of which can be viewed on the company’s website.

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◾ PAYE STONEWORK Stationmaster’s House, Mottingham Station Approach, London SE9 4EL Tel 020 8857 9111 Fax 020 8857 9222 Email robertgreer@paye.net www.paye.net MASONRY CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR SPECIALIST: See also: display entry in Stone, page 102 and profile entry in Masonry Cleaning, page 153.

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Splitlath Building Conservation Ltd

Hay-on-Wye 01497 821921

A Family tradition since 1867. We specialise in all forms of conservation work and contracts of all sizes

Principal & Specialist Contractors in Restoration, Conservation & New Build Masonry

• Consultation & Design • Principal Contracting • Brickwork & Terracotta • Cob, Wattle & Daub • Conservation • Fine Joinery • Heavy Oak Carpentry

• Internal & External Decoration • Lime Plaster • Marble & Interior Finishing • Masonry, Restoration & Cleaning • New Build Masonry

• Paving & Hard Landscaping • Redecoration • Roofing & Leadwork • Small & Special Works • Stucco & Mortar • Term Maintenance

www.stonewest.co.uk T: 020 8684 6646

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Building ContraCtors We are an integrated conservation company based in South Wales, that employ Craftspeople and Tradespeople with specialist skills who are able to undertake any building project. From minimum intervention repairs to complete integrated conservation, planned alterations and reinstatement following major loss, we bring together the highest standard of traditional building craft skills, supplemented with a considered approach to project management.

For more information visit our website

www.taliesin-conservation.com ◾ PERIOD PROPERTY SOLUTIONS BUILDING CONSERVATION LTD Graig Wen Farm, Brymbo Road, Bwlchgwyn LL11 5UB Tel 0845 8382162 Mobile 07985 919012 Email tim@period-property-solutions.co.uk www.period-property-solutions.com PRINCIPAL AND SPECIALIST SUB-CONTRACTOR: Period Property

Solutions provides conservation, restoration and maintenance solutions for the heritage sector. The team of craftsmen works closely with a range of clients including the National Trust, to deliver a range of services throughout Wales, The Borders and the North West of England. Sound conservation philosophy combined with good organisational and practical problem solving skills has enabled the company to undertake a diverse range of projects from simple repairs and maintenance to multi-disciplinary conservation projects. The company is particularly experienced in the conservation of timber frame and other vernacular buildings.

◾ PETER COX LTD Aniseed Park, Broadway Business Park, Chadderton, Manchester OL9 9XA Tel 0800 789 500 Fax 0161 684 8305 Email marketing@petercox.com www.petercox.com BUILDING CONTRACTORS: Peter Cox Ltd has over 60 years experience in providing a wide range of property services throughout the UK. The company can provide specialist advice and effective repair solutions for damp control, basement and structural waterproofing, timber preservation, remedial wall ties and masonry stabilisation. The company is well versed in the necessary liaison with heritage and conservation bodies, their professional advisers and property guardians such as the National Trust. Peter Cox Ltd is also sensitive to the specific needs of historic fabric and understands the importance of developing the most appropriate repair specifications and treatment formulations where it is continually researching new products.

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◾ R J SMITH & CO Manor Court, Bloswood Lane, Whitchurch, Hampshire RG28 7BN Tel 01256 892276 Fax 01256 893993 Email email@rjsmith.co.uk www.rjsmith.co.uk BUILDING CONTRACTORS: Specialists in the conservation of historic

buildings.

◾ R W ARMSTRONG & SONS LIMITED Armstrong House, Aldermaston Road, Sherborne St John, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 9JZ Tel 01256 850177 Fax 01256 851089 Email info@rwarmstrong.co.uk www.rwarmstrong.co.uk SPECIALIST IN THE RENOVATION, EXTENSION AND REFURBISHMENT OF PERIOD AND COUNTRY HOMES: Over the past 50 years R W Armstrong

& Sons has established an enviable reputation as a traditional building company of the highest standard. The company has achieved this through the selection of prestige projects requiring a variety of services and the commitment of its large team of well-trained craftsmen and management. More recently, this reputation has resulted in the new build of several bespoke homes to one-off designs, often in the classical style. R W Armstrong & Sons also has long-term relationships with reliable subcontractors, and its workshops are highly regarded for producing joinery of the finest quality.

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Lancaster House conservation project, winner of the Georgian Group Architectural Award

Conserving our Heritage Specialist building conservation contractors and façade refurbishment specialists.

Triton Building Conservation is fast becoming one of the leading façade refurbishment specialists in and around the London area. Acting as both Principal Contractor and sub-contractor we have undertaken projects up to a value of £1.5m. Drawing upon the extensive experience of our management team and supported by a direct labour force of skilled masons, restorers, bricklayers and carpenters, we are able to impart our expertise towards the preservation of the nations built environment and national monuments. Triton Building Conservation have widespread experience in: Bath and Portland Stone, Terracotta and Faience, Kentish Ragstone, Flint, Granite and Marble, Lime plastering and mortars and are able to offer a range of services from masonry cleaning, stone and brick consolidation and repair, building conservation, steel frame treatment, specialist joinery and ornamental leadwork.

triton BuiLDing Conservation LtD 2 red Lion square, London sW18 4Ls t: 020 8871 4048 F: 020 8871 4088 www.tritonconservation.co.uk

◾ RICHARD COLES BUILDERS LTD The Briary, Plough Lane, Ewhurst, Surrey GU6 7SG Tel 01483 548856 Fax 01483 548458 Mobile 07801 259949 Email richard@rcoles.co.uk www.rcoles.co.uk

◾ SPLITLATH BUILDING CONSERVATION LTD Forest Lawn, Craswall, Herefordshire HR2 0PL Tel 01497 821921 Email enquiries@splitlath.com www.splitlath.com

CHARTERED BUILDING COMPANY: Richard Coles Builders Ltd is a medium-sized Chartered Building Company based in Surrey and working principally for private clients. The company specialises in high quality extensions, refurbishments and alterations to country houses, barn conversions, timber framed constructions and individual new homes. It aims to deliver a quality finish on time and to budget. Richard Coles, a corporate member of the Chartered Institute of Building, and his colleagues offer a personal service and recognise the importance of strong teamwork. Over the years the team has forged good working relationships with many architects, surveyors, engineers and other professionals involved in the creation of a sound built environment.

OAK FRAME REPAIRS: See also: display entry in this section, page 71.

◾ SANDY & CO (CONTRACTORS) LIMITED Grey Friars Place, Stafford ST16 2SD Tel 01785 258164 Fax 01785 256526 Email info.sandy@sandy.co.uk www.sandy.co.uk HISTORIC BUILDING CONTRACTORS: Established in 1903, Sandy & Co is a

well known firm of high quality building contractors which specialises in work on historic buildings and churches. Conservation, restoration and repair services are provided throughout the Midlands and across the United Kingdom for a wide variety of projects. Sandy & Co works with English Heritage, local government and private individuals, and has recently completed work for the National Trust at Hanbury Hall and Shugborough. The company has its own joinery workshop and painting and decorating division and its dedicated team of experienced craftsmen enjoys its contribution to conserving our heritage.

◾ TREASURE & SON LTD Temeside, Ludlow, Shropshire SY8 1JW Tel 01584 872161 Fax 01584 874876 Email mail@treasureandson.co.uk www.treasureandson.co.uk CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION CONTRACTORS: Established in

1747 Treasure & Son is one of the region’s leading specialists in the conservation and restoration of historic buildings and monuments. The firm has a wealth of experience and was awarded the Building of the Year for the Mappa Mundi Library in Hereford and a Wood Award for the admissions building at Kenilworth Castle. Recently completed works include the new restaurant at Hidcote Manor, major works to the roof of Hagley Hall, the Cadbury’s Sports Pavilion, stone replacement works at Warwick Castle, repairs to St Mary’s Church, Thornton Le Moor and refurbishment work on many private houses in the Midlands and border counties. The firm has its own in-house joinery and stone masonry workshops.

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consult | conserve | restore

preserving the past protecting the future

01623 871 515

www.woodhead-heritage.co.uk

Image supplied by: Lincolnshire County Council

◾ VALLEY BUILDERS LTD The Old Granary, 214 London Road, East Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1HE Tel 01342 311377 Fax 01342 300251 Email enquiries@vbl.co.uk www.valleybuildersltd.co.uk BUILDING CONTRACTOR: Valley Builders celebrates 40 years of building

services and specialises in the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. The use of sympathetic, traditional, specialist and modern construction techniques together with quality management skills has enabled the company to build an enviable reputation for the quality of its work and client service.

◾ WILLIAM TAYLOR STONEMASONS Unit 2, Spencer Industrial Estate, Liverpool Road, Buckley, Flintshire CH7 3LY Tel 01244 550118 Fax 01244 550119 Email william@taylormasonry.co.uk www.taylormasonry.co.uk

SCAN HERE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ◾ PENYBRYN ENGINEERING LTD Penybryn Terrace, Penybryn, Hengoed CF82 7GG Tel 01443 813788 Email sales@penybrynengineering.co.uk www.penybrynengineering.com ENGINEERING SERVICES: Penybryn Engineering Ltd is a long-established,

family-run company which undertakes a wide range of mechanical and general engineering services. These include the restoration and conservation of large objects and machinery and access works to historic sites including bridges, stair cases and railings. The company can work with traditional and non-traditional materials including cast and wrought iron and offers services ranging from machining and fabrication to shot blasting and transport. Penybryn is happy to receive any enquiry, and covers the whole of the UK.

MASONRY RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION: William Taylor

Stonemasons has experience in all aspects of architectural masonry, building, restoration and conservation and works on all types of ecclesiastical and historic building projects involving stone masonry, joinery and leadwork, decorative plasterwork and traditional roofing. It also offers JOS and DOFF cleaning systems.

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When contacting companies listed here, please let them know that you found them through

The Building Conservation Directory

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The pulpit at Brompton Oratory being laser scanned for a three dimensional digital model of the sculpture Photo: Martin Kern, FBFX

Chapter 3 Structure & fabric

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KEy Roofing contractors

aerial access metal sheet roofing roofing contractors steeplejacks & lightning protection stone slate roofing thatch

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* Lead and other metal sheet roofing supplies KEy Roofing products

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battens, laths & tile pegs lead sheet oak shingles chimney pots roof drainage roof features roof lights & lantern lights roofing slates clay roof tiles stone roofing slates weathervanes

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

Weather vanes

Roof ligts & lanterns

Roof features

Roof drainage

Chimney pots

Oak shingles

Battens, lath & pegs

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A L R Ltd Aldershaw Handmade Clay Tiles Ltd Alumasc Rainwater Best Demolition Bosence & Co Brickfind (UK) The Bulmer Brick and Tile Company C & D Restoration Ltd C E L Ltd Calibre Metalwork Ltd Castaway Cast Products and Woodware Cathedral Works Organisation (Chichester) Limited Chalk Down Lime Ltd Chris Topp & Co Ltd The Cleft Wood Co Cornish Lime Company Ltd Country House Renovations Limited D B R (Leadwork) Limited E G Swingler & Sons George East, Master Thatcher Eura Conservation Ltd R Gilbertson Haddonstone Limited Heritage Project Management Inspire Conservation Ltd Ivinghoe Building Services Ltd J & J W Longbottom Ltd J H Porter & Son Ltd John Boddy Timber Ltd Lumen Rooflight Malbrook Conservatories Marsh Brothers Engineering Services Ltd Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Milestone Lime Plastering Nigel Saunders Windows Northwest Lead P Webb Roofing & Building Services Ltd Peter S Neale Blacksmiths Recclesia Stained Glass The Rooflight Company Saint-Gobain PAM UK Limited Sandtoft Roof Tiles Smithbrook Building Products Ltd The Standard Patent Glazing Co Limited The Traditional Lime Co West Meon Whippletree Hardwoods William Anelay Ltd Willow Tiles Ltd Womersley’s Limited

Clay roof tiles

ROOFING PRODUCTS & MATERIALS

Page

Thatchers

Stone slate roofing

Steeplejacks*

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Roofing contractors

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Metal sheet roofing

A L R Ltd Bardsley & Brown Between Time Ltd (Conservation Builders) Bonsers (Nottingham) Limited Bosence & Co Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd Busby’s Builders C & D Restoration Ltd C E L Ltd Carrek Limited Cathedral Works Organisation (Chichester) Limited Chiverton Country House Renovations Limited D B R (Leadwork) Limited Dunne and Co Ltd E G Swingler & Sons George East, Master Thatcher English Leadworks & Conservation Roofing R Gilbertson H & W Sellors Ltd Hall Construction Limited Heritage Stone Access High Level Maintenance (Lancashire) Ltd Ivinghoe Building Services Ltd J P Ladell Ltd J Rigg Construction Ltd John Williams & Co Ltd Northwest Lead P Webb Roofing & Building Services Ltd Pembrokeshire Thatch & Carpentry Services R W Armstrong Sally Strachey Conservation Stonewest Limited T R A C Structural Ltd Taliesin Conservation Triton Conservation Twyford Lime Products Wessex Thatchers William Anelay Ltd

Aerial access

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

ROOFING CONTRACTORS

Page

3.1

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3.1

TERRy HUGHES

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

DETAILING AND CONSERvATION Of vERNACULAR SLATE AND STONE ROOfS P

resented with a roof like the one shown in Figure 1, owners and contractors often decide to strip it and dump it in the nearest skip. More than just the loss of a historic roof, this represents a missed opportunity. Buildings like this which have been neglected or poorly maintained can provide valuable (and increasingly rare) information about historic roof construction. Although we may disparage Turnerising (covering the roof with mesh and bitumen) as the ruination of a good roof, and even be a bit sniffy about grouted roofs (which are covered with mortar) in spite of their contribution to landscapes, they are flies in amber: they preserve the slating for recording and authentic reconstruction more or less as constructed. Happily the Pembrokeshire cowshed roof shown in Figure 1 has benefited from the care of a conservation-minded owner and a sympathetic contractor. The outcome has not only seen the roof conserved but the process has also advanced our knowledge of vernacular detailing and provided training for tomorrow’s slaters.

RecoRding Roofs Any intervention in a roof should start with an understanding of the existing roof. This can be very difficult because the slating may have deteriorated to the point where the original construction is completely hidden or where movement in the structure might mask an inherent flaw in the construction. It isn’t always clear whether a lath failure has resulted in slates slipping, or the slates slipped first causing the laths to rot. For these reasons and because he or she will recognise any special details as they are exposed, the person doing the work must thoroughly understand how slating works (Figure 2). If the roof has deteriorated substantially, if for example the laths and slates have moved, the best option may be to try to establish the original slater’s intention when the roof was laid rather than what is there now. Photographs taken perpendicular to the slope and including a scale and course numbers will show the present condition. By manipulating the image it is also possible to work out the original detail (Figures 3 and 4). The reason for the survey is probably that the roof needs attention but it is important to give the surveyor a clear explanation of what is required. It is a much bigger job to produce a detailed description of a roof and its importance than to decide whether it is

Figure 1 This Pembrokeshire cowshed has been reconstructed with all its original detailing. This was only possible because it was carefully recorded before dismantling.

Figure 2 To understand an old roof ’s construction, the surveyor must first understand how slating works. Water penetration is prevented by having adequate laps between slates but in some traditions additional precautions such as placing small pieces of slate or shales over the slates’ heads are used to keep out water.

beyond repair and maintenance. In practice, it is rare for a formal survey to be requested until the roof is beyond repair and needs stripping and re-laying, so besides recording the present condition and the original detailing it will be vital to decide whether any changes are needed. Leaving aside the issues of installing underlays or insulation and ventilation, the key question is whether the roof was weather-tight as originally constructed and whether the same specification will be satisfactory for the future. This will require experience and judgment on the part of the surveyor and specifier and was a good deal easier to determine before our BS/EN codes of practice began to anticipate an increase in the frequency and intensity of deluge rain.

Figure 3 Where the slating has become displaced it is possible to digitally ‘reconstruct’ the original arrangement. Slates 21, 22, 23, 24 have slipped off their laths.

Figure 4 Slipped slates digitally repositioned onto their laths to show the original triple lap construction – course 21 overlaps slate course 24 etc.

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3.1 Structure & Fabric : rooFing Figure 5 Mortar is used in traditional slating to improve wind resistance, to help slates to sit well together without gaps and to prevent draughts. KEY A, spot bedding; B & C, tail bedding without and with the perpendicular joints included; D, head bedding; E, full torching; F, half torching.

Figure 6 In the UK there are three basic lapping systems and some minor variations. Double lap is the most common but single and triple are important vernacular methods and should not be substituted by double lap when a roof is renewed.

Cussome slate set under the last lath

Stone beam filling

Figure 7 A ‘cussome’ eaves detail

RecoRding technical details The survey should record all the materials used and the constructional details. For a modestly sized building this can be accomplished in a day provided there is not too much variation in the roof slopes. Access with roof ladders from a parapet, horizontal valley or a scaffold tower is normally adequate and it is wise to have a roofer in attendance to help with handling slates and to reinstate work without delaying the survey. It is possible to use a cherry picker but work is much slower and the lack of space on the platform can be a problem.

Forms to help with recording are included in the English Heritage Technical Advice Note Stone Slate Roofing (see Recommended Reading) but making written notes is not easy on a roof ladder and the best option is voice recording. A methodical approach is essential. When recording head and side laps, lath or batten gauges and specific details about perhaps 50 courses it is very easy to get lost. A consistent format such as ‘Head lap three inches, course six over four’ will avoid errors. Every course should be photographed, ideally showing three or four courses raked back. If the recording does go wrong the photographs will usually save the day. Besides the arrangement of the slates the roof pitch should be measured for each slope and the constructional details at the eaves, valleys, ridge, hips and abutments examined. Finally, the type of mortar and the way in which it has been used should be checked. Externally, this can be as spot-bedding or tail-bedding with or without the mortar carried up the perpendicular joints and internally as head-bedding or torching (Diagram 1). It is important to distinguish between original tail-bedding and pointing carried out later, often to prevent drafts, and to check whether there is continuity between exterior and interior mortar which will have drawn moisture to the laths. External grouting and slurrying is almost always a repair to try to save a failing roof. VeRnaculaR details There are two aspects to the vernacular detailing of roofs: the lapping system employed and the way intersections are constructed. Although these are regional in character they can be similar to roofs in distant places and may reveal a continuity of craft skill over hundreds of years and thousands of miles. Broadly there are three slate-lapping systems encountered in Britain: single, double and triple lap (Figure 6), with some variations. There are also variations for single size (tally) and random size slates and between slates and stone slates. Double lap tally slating is the most familiar system and accounts for the majority of roofs and needs little explanation. All the manufacturers can supply details for this system. Single lap exists in the far north of Scotland and close to quarries elsewhere. It uses very large slates which wouldn’t have survived transport over long distances. It has links with techniques seen in Norway and Sweden and was also ‘invented’ by Charles Rawlinson of Lostwithiel, patented in 1772, promoted by James Wyatt and adopted for many prominent buildings (including the Reform Club, London, Charles Barry, 1841, and Penoyre House, Brecon, Anthony Salvin, 1848) and most notably as a modular system on cast-iron frame buildings such as the Church of St Michael in the Hamlet, Aigburth, Liverpool. Single lapping is also used for Horsham stone-slating but with smaller slates. Triple lap is best known from Devon and Cornwall where it is principally used in very

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Figure 8 Wrestler ridge removed from a roof in Pembrokeshire. In this region the top of the slates is filled with mortar

Figure 9 Crow steps set into a gable wall as a damp course and to throw water onto the roof away from the vulnerable slate abutment. This example is in Mid Wales

Figure 10 Slating which is only carried half-way onto the gable wall will have always leaked so it is difficult to understand why it is so common. This crude attempt to seal the junction is in Mid-Wales. It is speculated that the slating has replaced a thatch roof where the raised abutment would have secured the thatch as in Figure 13.

exposed locations, although one example is known from North Wales which may be the last remaining example here. It can be used with or without mortar bedding. Each of these systems has distinctive ways of dealing with intersections such as valleys. Before lead was adopted as the solution to intersections on roofs, slaters used their skill and ingenuity to devise watertight details using the slates or stones. The effort and effectiveness was proportional to the exposure of the detail so valleys, which carry more water, were more complex and effective than ridges and hips, which carry little.

3.1

VeRnaculaR mateRials The materials that should be conserved when repairing roofs include laths, fixings (pegs or nails), mortar and the slates or stones slates. Only where there is a good technical reason should a different material be adopted. For example, for durability copper nails are preferred to iron, but there is no technical reason to replace riven laths with sawn battens. For health and safety reasons, 50 x 25mm battens are accepted as a safe working platform but riven laths can be acceptable if sensible precautions are taken. For a roof that has performed satisfactorily in the past without an underlay there is probably no reason to include one when the roof is reinstated. In particular it should be remembered that a roof without an underlay has a better vapour permeability than one with a vapour permeable membrane. The greatest difficulty in roof conservation is obtaining authentic slates or stone slates. This topic has been discussed extensively elsewhere and is far too wide-

Figure 11 Carrying the slates over the outer face of the gable and bedding on a stone cope secures the slates but also avoids leaks.

Figure 12 A thatched verge abutment at St Fagans National History Museum, Cardiff

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

There is little variety in eaves construction. The main variation being how far they overhang the wall, this being larger where there are no gutters and water needs to be cast well away from the wall. With heavy materials such as Cotswold stone slates this has necessitated the ‘cussome’ detail (Figure 7) in which the eaves slates are set under the first lath to prevent them tilting over. Ridges were often constructed using slates rather than ridge tiles or stone. They either simply overlap from the windward side onto the leeward side or are interlocked and known as ‘wrestlers’ (Figure 8). On older hips the slates are simply mitred together and bedded in clay, mortar or mastic. At abutments with walls the technique is to try to direct water away from the vulnerable junction. One solution is to build the wall with stones projecting out over the junction, either neatly following the line of the roof or as ‘crow steps’ which cast water onto the main slope (Figure 9), and by tilting up the slating by raising the last rafter. The junction would then be covered with mortar often with a further line of slates or ‘listings’ bedded on. Interestingly, on the Pembrokeshire roof shown in Figure 1 the abutment was found to have an open channel formed with slates under the mortar. Abutments with verge copings apply similar methods. But it is surprising that some verges were formed with the outer leaf of the wall carried up above the slating introducing a vulnerable joint (Figure 10). Protecting the slates from wind-lift is obviously a factor but it could be provided by bedding copings onto slating carried through to the outer face of the wall (Figure 11). This may be a detail unaltered from a previous thatch roof (Figure 12). Valleys have two basic forms: the slates or stones are carried around the junction in their courses, or the slates form a lining similar to a lead valley (Figures 13 to 20). The latter can be open- or close-mitred. These are very prominent on a roof and should always be re-instated when re-slating.

Figure 13 Slaters used great ingenuity to devise effective valleys without using lead. This mitred example in Denbighshire which uses slate ‘soakers’ was described as a common method by Hughes and North (The Old Cottages of Snowdonia, 1908) but they have now almost completely disappeared.

Figure 14 The Welsh valley is common throughout Mid Wales and the Marches in metamorphic slates and stones. It is lined with courses of the same material which may be open or more rarely close mitred as in Figure 15.

Figure 15 A close-mitred Welsh valley in Denbighshire. The main slates have been removed in the upper courses to expose the lining slates. This is thought to be a rare detail but as it can only be confirmed by opening the valley there may be more examples yet to be found.

ranging to address here. Suffice it to say, many slates and stones are still available (Hughes, 2008; Emerton, 2000) and there is a protocol for deciding what to use as a substitute where the original is out of production (Hughes, 2009). When trying

to source roofing slates or stones, claims of unavailability made by importers and roofers should always be checked with the source quarry. For anything out of the ordinary it is essential to draw up a product specification with the quarry. Failure to do so may result

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3.1 Structure & Fabric : rooFing

in a radical difference of appearance in the finished roof or laying problems during construction.

Figure 16 The Pennine chevron valley differs from the Welsh in having single stone slates laid as a lining and cut to sit against the main slates on either side.

Figure 17 The West Country collar and tie uses very narrow slates in the valley but it works because the slating is triple lapped. A similar valley is known from Pembrokeshire.

Figure 18 The distinctive Cotswold swept valley carries tapered slates across the courses.

Figure 19 Half-swept valleys are common in Wales especially on dormers where the slating is swept across from the main slope and underneath a raking cut.

Figure 20 Laced valleys where the stone slates are turned up to fit against a lozenge shaped slate in the valley are always used for Collyweston slating.

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TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

the futuRe of Roof conseRVation The 20th century saw many regrettable developments in roofing. New materials were adopted which often proved to be detrimental. Specifications for re-slating often included default details such as lead valleys because it was assumed that the vernacular detail was inadequate or slaters have been left to make their own poorly informed decisions on what was appropriate. Happily this is changing. Guidance on vernacular roofing is being published increasingly regularly, training is being provided for slaters, and an accreditation scheme for roofers which includes the principles of conservation is being run by the National Federation of Roofing Contractors. Those responsible for maintaining historic buildings (especially main contractors with an eye to keeping to programme above all else) now need to take advantage of these initiatives and recognise that good work costs more and shouldn’t be rushed. They should also recognise that high quality work pays off in the long run. Of all the things that have resulted in problems for re-slated roofs, the culture of accepting the cheapest tender has been the greatest culprit. recommended reading F Bennett and A Pinion, Roof Slating and Tiling, Donhead, Shaftesbury, 2000 G Emerton, The Pattern of Scottish Roofing, Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, 2000 English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Roofing, Ashgate, Farnham, 2013 English Heritage, Stone Slate Roofing, Technical Advice Note, 2005 (available online via http://bc-url.com/eh-stoneslates) TG Hughes, ‘Vernacular Slate and Stone Roofs in England’ in England’s Heritage in Stone, English Stone Forum, Folkestone, 2008 (available online via http://bc-url.com/ hughes-vernacular) TG Hughes, ‘Sourcing Roofing Slates’, The Building Conservation Directory, Cathedral Communications, Tisbury, 2009 (available online via http://bc-url.com/ sourcing-slates) The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, SPAB Regional Advice Note 2: Slating in South West England Stone Roofing Association, Horsham Stone Roofs, 2009 (available online at http://www. stoneroof.org.uk/horshamguide.html) Stone Roofing Association, Glossary of Stone Slate Roofing, 2010 (available online via http://bc-url.com/ssr-glossary) teRRY hughes bsc Fior dpMan is the secretary of the stone roofing association and a specialist consultant. his company, slate & stone consultants, based in caernarfon, advises on slate and stone roofing construction, materials and conservation, and on sourcing new material to match the existing.

3.1

Roofing contRactoRs

Roofing

inglers

Specialists in period and listed buildings

Over 3 ge

neration

s of Sw

SpecialiStS in: • lead works • clay & concrete tiles • slates, natural & manmade

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

E.G. SwinGlEr & SonS

EstablishEd 1964 — family businEss Portfolio of PrEvious work availablE all nEw work guarantEEd Grade II* Listed Gothic Revival Country House Ecton, Northamptonshire

all insurancE & grant work undErtakEn

unit 2 • birds yard • bugbrookE • northamPton nn7 3Qa

tel: 01604 833500 fax: 01604 833600

website www.swinglerroofing.co.uk Email info@swinglerroofing.co.uk cElEbr ating ovEr 40 yEars of businEss and looking forward to continuing succEss

From Henry VIII to Queen Victoria...

◾ countRY house RenoVations limited cedar Barn, longborough, moreton in marsh, gloucestershire gl56 oQY tel 01451 832554 fax 01451 832257 email enquiries@chr-ltd.co.uk www.countryhouserenovations.co.uk contact stephen martin/timothy Williams

our time team often pay a visit

STONEWORK AND JOINERY: See also: profile entry in Building Contractors,

page 66.

ROOFING CRAFTSMEN RESTORING FOR THE PRESENT IN SYMPATHY WITH THE PAST

◾ d B R (leadWoRK) limited 104a consort Road, london se15 2PR tel 020 7277 7775 fax 020 7635 0556 email mail@dbrlimited.com www.dbrlimited.com contact nigel Passey TRADITIONAL ROOFING: DBR (Leadwork) Limited provides a

comprehensive traditional roofing service for the conservation and new build markets where the services of artisan roofing trades are required. Its traditional roofing service is built upon the outstanding reputation of DBR (London) Limited delivering exemplary standards of workmanship in the conservation and heritage market place. This service includes the installation of roof drainage and associated ground works. This highly experienced organisation also provides surveys and reports on problematical roofs and a consultation service during the design period of projects. DBR (Leadwork) has recently completed projects at The Old Royal Naval College; Ionic Temple, Chiswick; St Bartholomew’s Church, Smithfield and the Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy. See also: display entry in Building Contractors, page 67.

JOHN WILLIAMS & Company (Contracting) Ltd ESTABLISHED 1870

Stone Street, Lympne, Hythe, Kent. CT21 4LD.

Tel 01303 265198 Fax 01303 261513 john@johnwilliamsroofing.co.uk

www.johnwilliamsroofing.co.uk

A company using traditional materials and techniques

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3.1

Roofing contRactoRs continued

claY tiles & Roof featuRes

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

◾ aldeRshaW handmade claY tiles ltd Pokehold Wood, Kent street, sedlescombe, east sussex tn33 0sd tel 01424 756777 fax 01424 756888 email tiles@aldershaw.co.uk www.aldershaw.co.uk

by appointment to her majesty the queen roofing contractors p. webb roofing and building services berkshire

HANDMADE CLAY TILES: Truly handmade clay tiles and fittings in

P. Webb

roofing and building services ltd.

• Specialists in modern & historical leadwork • Slating • Tiling • Experienced in the sympathetic restoration & conservation of historical, ecclesiastical & period buildings • Member of the LCA Fairfield Lodge 74 London Road Datchet Berkshire SL3 9LQ Telephone 01753 544854 Mobile 07973 198696 email paul@pwebb.net www.lead-roofing.com

◾ e g sWingleR & sons unit 2 Birds Yard, eastcote Road, Bugbrooke, northamptonshire nn7 3Qa tel 01604 833500 fax 01604 833600 email info@swinglerroofing.co.uk www.swinglerroofing.co.uk SPECIALIST ROOFING: E G Swingler & Sons, established in 1964, is a

family business which for the past 30 years has worked almost exclusively on historic and listed buildings. Within a 50 mile radius of Northampton, the company offers the full range of traditional roofing services with special emphasis on traditional slate, tile and lead roofing commissions, in the £10,000 to £250,000 range. There are currently nine in-house craftsmen who work under the close supervision of Robert Swingler. The craftsmen’s work is supported by a ready supply of the best reclaimed and new materials. Recently the company has completed the re-roofing of listed buildings in Norfolk, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. See also: display entry in this section, page 81.

◾ english leadWoRKs & conseRVation Roofing 2 amyris, main Road, marlpit hill, edenbridge, Kent tn8 6Jh tel 01732 860447 mobile 07881 641244 email info@englishleadworks.com www.englishleadworks.com LEADWORK: See also: display entry in Metal Sheet Roofing, page 83 and

◾ the cleft Wood comPanY the old dairy, Pond farm, calvert Road, steeple claydon, Buckingham mK18 2hd tel 01296 730930 email enquiries@cleftwood.com www.cleftwood.com TILE PEGS, ROOFING BATTENS, CLEFT OAK GATES, CLEFT OAK POST AND RAIL AND PALING FENCING: See also: profile entry in Timber Suppliers,

page 117.

◾ sandtoft Roof tiles sandtoft, doncaster dn8 5sY tel 0844 9395 900 fax 0844 9395 950 email heritage@sandtoft.co.uk contact nigel dyer ROOF TILES: Sandtoft’s history of excellence in clay roof tiles stretches back more than 100 years. Sandtoft’s Heritage Service has provided tiles for some of the finest historic roofs in the country, including the Victoria and Albert Museum, Cambridge University Library and Eton College, as well as many churches and the Scottish Parliament building. With knowledge of clay gained from long serving craftsmen, traditional techniques have been combined with CAD design and the latest ceramic technology, to produce some of the most complex bespoke tiles, decorative ridges and finials.

◾ smithBRooK Building PRoducts limited Po Box 2133, shoreham-by-sea Bn43 9Bd tel 01273 573811 fax 01273 689021 email info@smithbrookproducts.com www.smithbrookproducts.com GLAZED CLAY PANTILES AND GLAZED BRICKS, AVAILABLE IN ANY COLOUR: These are some of the speciality clay products offered by Smithbrook Building Products. Of particular interest to conservation officers and architects are the glazed pantiles to match colours used predominantly on 1930s buildings, and non-interlocking black glazed pantiles used extensively in East Anglia. Unobtrusive modern ventilation systems are also available.

◾ West meon PotteRY church lane, West meon, Petersfield, hampshire gu32 1JW tel 01730 829434 www.westmeonpottery.co.uk

The Cutty Sark, page 8.

ARCHITECTURAL CERAMICS: See also: profile entry in Terracotta, page 92.

◾ R gilBeRtson Paddock cottage, murcott, near malmesbury, Wiltshire sn16 9eX tel 01666 577645 mobile 07941 680552 email rhyddiangilbertson@yahoo.co.uk www.naturalstonetilers.co.uk

◾ WilloW tiles ltd monks meadow oast, appledore Road, tenterden tn30 7dB tel 07809 847135 email willowtiles@webplus.net www.willowtiles.co.uk

COTSWOLD STONE TILER: Established for 25 years, the company specialises

traditional moulds to ensure a distinctive rustic look. The tiles are dried naturally before being fired in a kiln using renewable energy sources. Traditional firing techniques ensure that the tiles meet EN/British Standards in respect of frost, strength and impermeability. Tiles also retain an aged finish necessary for blending in with existing materials, as often required in conservation areas.

in all aspects of traditional Cotswold stone roofing and natural slate work. Re-roofing work on churches and listed buildings is undertaken, together with subcontract to conservation builders. Associated lead work and chimney repairs carried out. Roof surveys, consultation and repair service provided. The company is on the local authority approved contractors list.

12 colours are manufactured from Aldershaw’s own Wadhurst clays in the heart of the Sussex countryside. Aldershaw’s roofs have a patina normally only associated with a bygone age. The company specialises in restoration and conservation, producing mathematical tiles, nib tiles, peg tiles and all fittings. Bespoke products are a speciality. Special sizes and shapes are no problem. Sussex Terracotta floor tiles are made in a vast range of colours, shapes and sizes. The tiles are made to look mature from the day they are laid. The company also manufactures terracotta ware and handmade glazed wall tiles.

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CLAY ROOF TILES: Handmade Kent Pegs and Sussex Nibs developed using

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

Ad. Conservation Directory:English Leadworks metal sheet Roofing

3.1

08/10/2012 09:40 Page 1

Lead Conservation

Pictures: The Cutty Sark’s bell hanging from the restored Pawl Bit. Lead guttering leading to the Liverpool House.

Specialist renovation and repair of historic buildings.

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

Heritage

As master leadworkers we carry out heritage quality leadworks, conservation roofing and construction to all historic buildings of any size. English Leadworks are proud of the work we carried out on this historic ship, which included restoration of lead dressings, cappings, decorative lead facings and pipework connecting traditional ships fittings. (testimonial available).

For more details call:

English Leadworks C O N S E R V A T I O N

01732 860447

R O O F I N G

Mobile: 07881 641244 Email:info@englishleadworks.com

www.englishleadworks.com

◾ a l R ltd 49 Barker street, norwich, norfolk nR2 4tn tel 01603 626856 fax 01603 619171 email info@alr-ltd.co.uk www.alr-ltd.co.uk LEADWORK, METALSMITHS AND SAND CAST LEAD SHEET MANUFACTURERS:

With over 160 years experience in the field of ecclesiastical and heritage buildings, ALR is one of the country’s most experienced contractors. It is regularly chosen by some of the country’s most esteemed architect’s practices. Lead, copper, zinc and stainless steel roofing across the East Anglia region.

◾ anelaYs William anelay limited, murton Way, osbaldwick, York Yo19 5uW tel 01904 412624 fax 01904 413535 email info@williamanelay.co.uk www.williamanelay.co.uk BUILDING AND RESTORATION CONTRACTORS: See also: profile entry in

Building Contractors, page 62.

◾ J Rigg constRuction ltd Pry lane, cheltenham Road, Broadway, Worcestershire WR12 7lX tel 01386 858085 fax 01386 858095 email jrigg@jriggconstruction.co.uk www.jriggconstruction.co.uk METAL SHEET ROOFING: Cotswold specialist in lead roofing and cast iron

guttering. Work carried out to many substantial listed buildings in the Midlands by qualified craftsmen. See the company’s website for further information.

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3.1 Structure & Fabric : rooFing

thatcheRs

Roof lights

◾ BaRdsleY & BRoWn 1 marlston cottages, marlston, Berkshire Rg18 9un tel 01635 201546/255149 email barney@bardsleyandbrown.co.uk www.traditionalthatch.co.uk

◾ lumen Rooflight Rmd 1, dobles lane industrial estate, holsworthy eX22 6hl tel 0330 300 1090 email info@lumenrooflight.co.uk www.lumenrooflight.co.uk

THATCHERS: Over 30 years experience. Contractors to the National Trust and Historic Royal Palaces. Consultancy service available, surveys undertaken. Master Thatchers’ Association members.

ROOFLIGHTS: The Lumen range of rooflights includes designs for

conservation and contemporary projects for both pitched and flat roof applications. Lumen rooflights are manufactured to an industry leading standard and incorporate a wide range of Pilkington glazing, including self clean Activ. Manufactured in the UK to ISO9001:2008 and available in a range of standard or bespoke sizes.

◾ geoRge east, masteR thatcheR 25 lynfield Park, Weston, Bath Ba1 4eR tel 01225 480283 mobile 07536 105194 email george9east@btinternet.com THATCHERS: Offering 25 years experience and a conscientious, comprehensive

◾ the Rooflight comPanY tel 01993 833108 www.therooflightcompany.co.uk

◾ PemBRoKeshiRe thatch & caRPentRY seRVices

page 85.

and personal service. Impartial advice and surveys undertaken.

CONSERVATION ROOFLIGHTS: See also: display entry in this section,

can y mor, fishguard Road, newport, Pembrokeshire sa42 0uB tel 01239 820266 mobile 07971 705096 email pembsthatch@hotmail.com www.thatchingwales.co.uk contact alan Jones and dafydd drivor THATCHERS: Traditional thatching and conservation carpentry, experimental archaeology, historical reconstruction, museum and listed building work, consultation and design assistance, quality UK-grown materials used. Pembrokeshire Thatch & Carpentry Services provides training for many organisations, has 30 years experience across the UK and Europe and is fully insured and committed to preserving the best of our vernacular tradition.

◾ the standaRd Patent glaZing co limited flagship house, forge lane, dewsbury, Yorkshire Wf12 9el tel 01924 461213 email enquiries@patent-glazing.com www.patent-glazing.com/heritage.htm LEAD COVERED STEEL PATENT GLAZING BARS: See also: display entry on

this page.

◾ WesseX thatcheRs

2 trotts lane, eling, totton, hampshire so40 4ue tel 02380 667637 mobile 07901 597814 email enquiries@wessexthatchers.com www.wessexthatchers.com THATCHERS: Complete service. Water reed. Wheat reed. Longstraw. Proven quality service from experienced craftsmen. Fire protection specialist – Magma Firestop®. Fire retardant spray and Dorset Model. No VAT.

Botanical Gardens ~ Sheffield

the original patent glazing bar perfect for listed and historic buildings manufactured to original specification for over 100 years traditional cast brass furniture

hermetically sealed ‘Heritage’ lead covered steel glazing bar

supporting structural rail glazed infill (single and double glazed options available) Cast brass glazing bar stop

Our Heritage Lead Covered Steel Patent Glazing Bar is a unique product that encapsulates the very essence of the Patent Glazing tradition, the design originating from Victorian enterprise and ingenuity. The glazing bar consists of a rolled mild steel core with a minimum tensile strength of 355 N/mm2. The core is sprayed with a proprietary rust inhibitor before being inserted into its cover, a seamless lead extrusion that incorporates a twin wing weathering system and glass seatings. The ends of the cover are soldered to give a hermetic seal. Cast brass fixing plates and glass stop are screwed on to produce the finished glazing bar. The Heritage Lead Covered glazing bar range meets all the requirements of British Standard BS 5516 1991 and is ideally suited to replacement, refurbishment and upgrading of prestigious projects and for modern glazing schemes where traditional materials are appreciated.

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

The Standard Patent Glazing Co. Ltd Flagship House Forge Lane Dewsbury West Yorkshire WF12 9EL

Tel 01924 461213 Fax 01924 458083

www.patent-glazing.com/heritage.htm

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

Hoffman Building, London

“The Rooflight Company is a very professional company with a great service and an

outstanding product. I am extremely satisfied.” Independent Customer Survey, August 2011

The Original Conservation ® Rooflight

The Conservation Rooflight® remains faithful to its Victorian heritage whilst embracing continual technical developments to stay ahead of Building Regulations. Keep up to date with the Original Conservation Rooflight®. Call us or visit the website and download our brochures.

01993 833108 www.therooflightcompany.co.uk

Exceeds Part-L with high spec, Argon filled warm edged glazing. Exceeds BS 6375 weather-tightness requirements on air permeability. The UK’s widest range of sizes and formats as standard. Available in bespoke sizes to match the needs of your project. Specified by National Trust and English Heritage. Moisture resistant linings (for painting on-site) create a warm to the touch internal surface. Sleek blind system offering a darkening of the room.

New blind and lining system for neat

internal finish. “The blinds are first class. I am delighted with them and will order from the Rooflight Company again”.*

*Taken from customer satisfaction survey December 2010.

3.1

SGPL_116991 Classical Advert 124x178mm REPRO:Layout 1

Roof dRainage

31/7/09

15:17

Page 1

Structure & Fabric : rooFing

Stylish cast iron. The genuine article, the first choice. Every time. Aesthetic appearance that will never be matched by imitations Will last 4 times as long as imitations Robust strength to withstand all weather conditions Easy jointing kits for one-day installation with Classical Plus Minimal maintenance with Classical Plus finished coatings 8 gutter profiles with circular and rectangular downpipes The first choice for all listed properties

buildgreenbuildforlife

For a copy of our brochure please visit us at: www.saint-gobain-pam.co.uk/soil-ad

steePleJacKs & lightning PRotection ◾ d B R (leadWoRK) limited 104a consort Road, london se15 2PR tel 020 7277 7775 fax 020 7635 0556 email mail@dbrlimited.com www.dbrlimited.com contact nigel Passey

HIGH LEVEL MAINTENANCE LTD STEEPLEJACKS AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION ENG

TRADITIONAL ROOFING: See also: profile entry in Roofing Contractors, page 81.

We specialise in all types of traditional steeplejack activities, including laddered and rope access surveys, to all kinds of steeples, towers, tall structures and monuments. Our surveys include colour photographic and DVD inspections, accompanied by detailed written reports and estimates.

◾ J & J W longBottom limited (inc. sloan & davidson ltd) Bridge foundry, holmfirth, huddersfield hd9 7aW tel 01484 682141 fax 01484 681513 www.longbottomfoundry.co.uk CAST IRON RAINWATER AND SOIL: A traditional foundry, producing a

comprehensive range of pipes, gutters and all the necessary fittings for rainwater, soil (BS 416) and smoke. An extensive pattern range of moulded gutters (half round, ogee, box, valley – including curves) and ornamental rainwater heads is produced. Also air bricks and gratings. Substantial stocks of all products are continually maintained and prompt delivery throughout the UK can be effected. The company’s comprehensive catalogue is available on request.

◾ saint-goBain Pam uK lows lane, stanton-by-dale, ilkeston, derbyshire de7 4Qu tel 0115 930 5000 fax 0115 932 9513 www.saint-gobain-pam.co.uk CAST IRON RAINWATER SYSTEMS: The Classical range includes a choice of gutter profiles in standard half round, beaded and deep half round, and the more decorative ogee, moulded no 46 and Notts ogee. Downpipe systems are available in circular, square and rectangular profiles supplied in a black water based primer coat. Classical Plus is the rainwater and gutter systems supplied in a high performance polymer powder alloy finished coat (black semi-gloss from stock – standard range) ready for immediate installation. Saint-Gobain’s manufacturing site at Telford has been producing cast iron rainwater systems for nearly 100 years. BSEN ISO14001: (environmental) and BSEN ISO9001 accredited. Free take-off service. Free site visits. See also: display entry on this page.

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

serVices incluDe: Bird nuisance control • Pointing, Painting and stone restoration • supply and Maintenance of all types of Weather Vanes and Flagstaffs • High structural roof repairs • Design, installation, Testing and repairs of all lightning Protection systems in accordance with Bs en 62305:2011 standards •

We cover all of the UK Clayton Bank, Weasel Lane, Tockholes, Darwen BB3 0NJ. Tel: 01254 761910 24hr emergency: 07770 375486 E mail: hlmltd@yahoo.co.uk

www.highlevelmaintenanceltd.co.uk

Keeping costs down in high places, the steeplejack solution.

Bird Nuisance Protection

Church Restoration

Lightening Lightning Protection Protection

In extraordinary weather, ordinary rainwater systems just aren’t good enough.

Heritage Cast Aluminium

Oxted School

Heritage Cast Iron

St Pancras International

Up against Alumasc, the argument for any other system holds no water... If the scientists are right, one thing we can be sure of in the future is more frequent, heavier weather events putting extra strain on our rainwater infrastructure. That’s when it’s reassuring to know you’ve chosen a rainwater system that not only enhances the appearance of your conservation project,but is up to the task as well. Made from either corrosion resistant, lightweight aluminium or traditional long life cast iron, Alumasc Rainwater systems can be designed to withstand a 1 in 500 year weather event (BS EN 12056-3: 2000). So whatever else keeps you awake when the storm hits, it won’t be the worry of your rainwater system letting you down... Choose the market leader and call 01744

648 499

www.alumascrainwater.co.uk

McAllister Masonry Limited

104 sm

152 sm br

sw tc

Michael Major Sculpture Restoration

109

Andrew Doyle Past Plastering Services

185

Mike Wye & Associates Ltd

160

Antique Bronze Ltd

110

Nimbus Conservation Limited

102 sm br

Milestone Lime Plastering

187

Ornate Interiors Limited

188

Bakers of Danbury Ltd

99 sm

Between Time Ltd

Boden & Ward Stonemasons Ltd

99 sm

Bonsers (Nottingham) Limited

98 sm

tc ss

63 sm br 185

Owlsworth I J P

70 sm

pn ss

P D P Green Consulting

sw tc

Paye Stonework Period Property Solutions

pn ss pn

pn ss ge

102 sm

pn ss sw tc

72 sm

64 sm br

R J Smith & Co

72 sm br

Brickfind (UK)

R W Armstrong

Bullen Conservation Ltd

99 sm br

Burrows Davies Limited

99 sm br

Busbyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Builders

64 sm br

C & D Restoration Ltd

99 sm br

C E L Ltd

64 sm

pn cr dw

fk ge

pn ss

102 sm

Recclesia Ltd

104 sm

Richard Rogers Conservation Ltd

110

Rupert Harris Conservation

110

S J Specialist Brickwork Sally Strachey Conservation

152 sm

Sandy & Co (Contractors) Ltd

C R Crane & Son Ltd

118 sm

Shaws of Darwen Limited

Timothy J Shepherd

99 sm br

Carthy Conservation Ltd

100 sm

Cathedral Works Organisation

100 sm br

Catherine Woolfitt Associates Ltd Charterbuild Ltd Chiverton

100 sm br 100 sm

Collins & Curtis Masonry Ltd

100 sm

Conservation Building Services Ltd

65 sm

Country House Renovations Limited

65 sm

Simon Swann Associates Ltd

Splitlath Building Conservation Ltd

cr xm

Stone Edge Limited

103 sm

100 sm br

sw fk

110

F B F X Ltd

Fairhurst Ward Abbotts

66 sm br

Fisher Bullen

Four Walls Building Company Ltd

68 101 sm

H & W Sellors Ltd

101 sm

br lr dw

91 sm

Hall Construction Limited

69 sm br

Heritage Stone Access

57 sm

Heritage Testing Ltd

Herts Renovation

Hirst Conservation

110 sm br ea

Historic Brick Pointing Ltd

162

Inspire Conservation Ltd

101 sm

pn xm fk

lr pn

Kent Conservation and Restoration Ltd 101 sm br Kestell and Lewis Lambs Bricks & Arches

187 90

pn br

The Lime Centre

160

Gerard C J Lynch

Magenta Building Repair Ltd

70 sm

101 sm

Mather & Ellis Ltd

Twyford Lime Products

161

V A Conservation

104 sm

ea br

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

74 sm br

105 sm 188

Westland London

172

William Anelay Ltd

lr pn ss sw tc

73 sm br

Welsh Lime Works

144

Wells Masonry Services Ltd

ge br

lr pn ss

cr cr dw

170

72 sm

105 sm

ss dw

William Taylor Stonemasons

Haddonstone Limited

tc br

71 sm br ea cr dw xm fk

Weldon Stone Enterprises Ltd

Timber Framing and Conservation Triton Conservation

lr pn ss

105 sm

For Coade stone repairs see terracotta specialists For Pulhamite repairs see terracotta and stucco specialists

pn sw

pn ss

99 sm br

KEY Masonry services dw dry stone walling Stone sm stonemasonry xm exterior mouldings Sculpture lr stone letter cutting ss sculpture & statuary Flint fk flint knapping Terracotta tc terracotta Brick br brickwork Cob ea cob & earth construction Concrete cr concrete repairs pn lime pointing Mortars sw stucco Consultants ge geological advice

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

pn ss sw

155

W P D Productions tc

110

Valley Builders Ltd

ss pn

Taylor Pearce Restoration Services Traditional Technologies LLP

ss sw tc

Grinshill Stone Quarry

T R A C Structural Ltd Taliesin Conservation

120

101 sm

Stonewest Limited

ss br

72 sm 105 sm

pn ss sw

71 sm

Stone Central (NW) Ltd

Crittall Windows

The Fringe Workshop

St Astier Ltd

pn ss

109

D B R (London) Limited

Eura Conservation Ltd

ss fk ge lr pn ss ss br

Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd

George East, Master Thatcher

39 155

Coe Stone Ltd

Dunne and Co Ltd

104 sm

C Ginn Building Restoration Limited Carrek Limited

Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd

cr dw

Terracotta

ss ea

45 br

Stucco & render

Bosence & Co

Pierra Restoration Ltd

Sculpture & statuary

Pointing

Letter carving

Geological advice

Flint work

pn br

A V V Solutions Limited

Aura Conservation

Exterior mouldings

63 sm

Dry stone walling

A R T Ltd

Concrete repairs

Mathias Restoration Ltd

Cob & earth

Brick

133

98 sm

Stone

PAGE

Terracotta

Stucco & render

Mather & Smith Ltd/M J Allen Group

A F Jones Stonemasons Ltd

Brick

Bosence Building Conservation

Sculpture & statuary

Pointing

Letter carving

Geological advice

Flint work

Exterior mouldings

Dry stone walling

Concrete repairs

Cob & earth

Stone

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

MASONRy SERVICES

A D Calvert Architectural Stone Supplies 98 sm

MASONRy SERVICES

PAGE

3.2

tc pn

98 82 bk

Aura Conservation

Best Demolition

Brickfind (UK)

89 bk

The Bulmer Brick and Tile Company

89 bk

C & D Restoration Ltd

99 sq

160

D B R (London) Limited

100

101

H G Matthews

214 bk

kf es

160

es es

Inspire Conservation Ltd

101

90 bk

The Lime Centre

160

Mike Wye & Associates Ltd

160

The Mosaic Restoration Company

180

Multi Marque Production Engineering

162

Northcot Brick Limited

mt es mg mt

90 bk

Recclesia Ltd

104

S J Specialist Brickwork

Shaws of Darwen Limited

93 bk

Simon Swann Associates Ltd Smithbrook Building Products Ltd Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stonewest Limited

sq es at

109 82 bk 105

Twyford Lime Products

161 105

Wells Masonry Services Ltd

105

West Meon Pottery

mg cs es

172

William Taylor Stonemasons

105

Womersley’s Limited

162

The York Handmade Brick Company

90 bk

KEY Masonry products chalk or clunch knapped flint marble & granite stone (general) cobbles & setts flagstone paving cast stone terracotta bricks mathematical tiles cob & earth materials masonry tools/equipment

pv tn

92 bk

Westland London

◾ BRicK deVeloPment association the Building centre, 26 store street, london Wc1e 7Bt tel 020 7323 7030 fax 020 7580 3795 email brick@brick.org.uk www.brick.org.uk

Weldon Stone Enterprises Ltd

Earth Tools

Tools/equipment

110

Clay

Heritage Cob & Lime

Cast stone

Hirst Conservation Materials Ltd

Paving

Terracotta at

Grinshill Stone Quarry

Stone

Paving

90 bk

Cornish Lime Company Ltd

ck kf mg sq cq pv cs at bk tn es mt

100

Lambs Bricks & Arches

Mathematical tile

152 bk sq

Haddonstone Limited

Cathedral Works Organisation

Dunne and Co Ltd

Marble & granite

tn cs

C Ginn Building Restoration Limited Coleford Brick & Tile Co Ltd

Knapped flint

144 bk sq

Boden & Ward Stonemasons Ltd

Cobbles & setts

Cob & earth

Cast stone

Chalk

Stone, general

Brick

A D Calvert Architectural Stone Supplies Aldershaw Handmade Clay Tiles Ltd

3.2 Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

MASONRy PRODUCTS

PAGE

BRicK suPPlieRs

mg sq mt

BRICK AND PAVER CONSULTANTS: The role of the BDA is to ensure clay brick and pavers are recognised as the materials of choice by architects, regulators, developers, builders and property owners. In the UK the brick industry is worth £550 million to the economy and employs 4,500 people nationwide in manufacture and installation. The BDA represents the nation’s leading clay brick and paver manufacturers and is responsible for promoting the contribution that brick makes to the places and spaces that people live and work in today.

◾ BRicKfind (uK) Bentley house farm, copyholt lane, lower Bentley, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire B60 3Be tel 01527 540099 mobile 07860 230013 email stringergordon@yahoo.co.uk www.brickfinduk.co.uk SPECIALIST BRICK MATCHING, NATIONWIDE: As suppliers to English

Heritage and the National Trust, Brickfind (UK) prides itself on the personal service it provides and on its proven reliability in sourcing new and reclaimed materials. Additionally, Brickfind offers restoration solutions such as remedial tinting, re-facing and cleaning of brickwork. Special shapes, including non-standard, can be fast-tracked.

◾ hg mattheWs

See display entry on the outside back cover.

T w e n T i e T h a n n i v e r s a r y e d i T i o n t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

3.2

BRicK suPPlieRs continued

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

bricks & arches Lambs manufacture a unique range of both machine-made and traditional handmade bricks, arches and specials for restoration and new build projects. For expert advice on material selection, site surveys, samples and quotations, please call Lambs on +44 (0) 1403 785 141 To view examples of our specialist bricks please visit our website:

www.lambsbricks.com

northcot brick ltd is one of the ukâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foremost independent machine and handmade brick manufacturers, based in the heart of the cotswolds.

for more information, contact

Northcot Brick Ltd, Station Road, Blockley, Nr. Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 9LH tel: 01386 700551 fax: 01386 700852 email: sales@northcotbrick.co.uk

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

e: sales@lambsbricks.com f: 01403 784 663

Individually handmade bricks for truly unique buildings

Handmade bricks, arches & specials manufactured for restoration and new build projects along with terracotta floor tiles & landscape products. The York Handmade Brick Co Ltd Forest Lane, Alne, York YO61 1TU

www.northcotbrick.co.uk

100 YEARS COMMITMENT TO CRAFTSMANSHIP

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

Tel: 01347 838881

www.yorkhandmade.co.uk

BRicK seRVices

◾ lamBs BRicKs & aRches nyewood court, Brookers Road, Billingshurst, West sussex Rh14 9RZ tel 01403 785141 fax 01403 784663 email sales@lambsbricks.com www.lambsbricks.com

◾ anelaYs William anelay limited, murton Way, osbaldwick, York Yo19 5uW tel 01904 412624 fax 01904 413535 email info@williamanelay.co.uk www.williamanelay.co.uk

TRADITIONAL BRICKS AND RED RUBBERS: Lambs manufactures TLB red rubbers, from traditional washed brick earth, to a quality standard accepted by English Heritage and planning officers for historic buildings. Combined with Lambs’ tradition of craftsmanship the results are outstanding. Lambs surveys and then designs arches and specials for new or replacement work using specialist CAD software. From historic brickyards in Kent and Sussex Lambs hand-make an outstanding range of imperial and metric facing bricks that colour-match traditional existing work and surrounding conservation areas. Working closely with private clients, architects, surveyors and local authorities, Lambs delivers quality products to the very highest standard. See also: display entry in this section, page 90.

◾ shaWs of daRWen limited Waterside, darwen, lancashire BB3 3nX tel 01254 775111 fax 01254 873462 ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTA, FAIENCE AND GLAZED BRICKS: Manufacturers for over a century, Shaws offers traditional craftsmanship combined with the latest production technology for architectural restoration. For advice, surveys or quotations, please contact Jon Wilson. See also: display entry in Terracotta, page 93.

cast stone ◾ auRa conseRVation dunham house, 181 Wellington Road north, stockport, cheshire sK4 2PB tel 0161 442 9850 email enquiries@auraltd.co.uk www.auraltd.co.uk RESTORATION OF LISTED/HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CHURCHES: See also:

display entry in Stone, page 98.

BUILDING AND RESTORATION CONTRACTORS: See also: profile entry in

Building Contractors, page 62.

◾ cliVeden conseRVation WoRKshoP ltd south east, head office – the tennis courts, cliveden estate, taplow, maidenhead, Berkshire sl6 0Ja tel 01628 604721 fax 01628 660379 ▪ West, Bath office – home farm, ammerdown estate, Kilmersdon, Bath, somerset Ba3 5sn tel 01761 420300 fax 01761 420400 email info@clivedenconservation.com ▪ east and north, houghton office – the old coach house, houghton, norfolk Pe31 6tY tel 01485 528970 fax 01485 529336 email enq.houghton@clivedenconservation.com www.clivedenconservation.com

3.2 Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

BRicK suPPlieRs continued

SCULPTURE, STONE AND BRICK SERVICES: See also: display entry and

profile entry in Stone, page 100.

◾ heRts RenoVation 97 shephall View, stevenage, hertfordshire sg1 1RP tel 01438 352762 mobile 07775 925483 email info@hertsrenovation.co.uk www.hertsrenovation.co.uk QUALITY PERIOD BRICK CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: Gauged brickwork, arch repair and reconstruction, brick enrichment renovation, all aspects of conservation repointing, tuck pointing and colour washing. Other services include flintwork (new and repair), polychromatic brickwork and decorative bonding, all using traditional skills and materials. Lime mortars matched to suit.

◾ Kent conseRVation and RestoRation ltd 11 harrison drive, harrietsham, maidstone, Kent me17 1BZ tel 01622 859794 email info@kcrltd.com www.kcrltd.com CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: See also: display entry in Building

Contractors, page 69.

◾ dR geRaRd c J lYnch lcg cert ed ma(dist) Phd 10 Blackthorn grove, Woburn sands, milton Keynes mK17 8PZ tel/fax 01908 584163 email redmason@btinternet.com www.brickmaster.co.uk

Quality and Value

If you want cast stone that combines quality and value, Haddonstone redefines the standard. From balustrading, columns and landscape ornaments to replica designs.

New catalogue out now

New 204 page catalogue and Artificial Stone book available

01604 770711 • www.haddonstone.com QtrPage-BldgConservDirectoryBuildin.indd 1

HISTORIC BRICKWORK CONSULTANT: Gerard Lynch is an internationally

acknowledged historic brickwork consultant and master bricklayer, offering a comprehensive consultancy and bespoke craft training courses in his workshop or on site as required. He lectures on historic brickwork and its conservation, and runs master classes embracing his extensive practical skills, covering historic, modern, gauged and decorative brickwork and traditional pointing methods. He is frequently relied on by heritage bodies, architectural practices and lay people to provide reports on brickwork, methods of sympathetic repair and conservation, and training for craftsmen. Author of Gauged Brickwork a Technical Handbook; Brickwork: History, Technology and Practice volumes 1 & 2 (Donhead) and The History of Gauged Brickwork: Conservation, Restoration and Modern Applications.

entry in Stone, pages 102 and 104.

7/23/2012 2:38:54 PM T w e n T i e T h a n n i v e r s a r y e d i T i o n t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

3.2

BRicK seRVices continued

teRRacotta

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

are a family run business experienced in the conservative repair of historic brickwork and flintwork

RESTORATION OF LISTED/HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CHURCHES: See also:

Specialising in: All types of brick repair Gauged cut and rubbed All styles of historic pointing Tuck pointing Colour washing Brick and lime mortar matching Wide knowledge of Lime Mortars Skilled in Flintwork techniques: Knapping Random finish Flush work Chequer work Galleting Squared

5 Elmside, Kensworth, Dunstable, Bedfordshire LU6 3RR Telephone: 01582 872178 Mobile: 07710326625 Email: info@mathiasrestoration.co.uk

www.mathiasrestoration.co.uk

TRADITIONAL BESPOKE SERVICE: An experienced traditional bespoke

masonry service for all properties, including heritage/period and listed buildings. Specialists in the use of lime mortars, S J Specialist Brickwork can advise on appropriate materials to suit the property concerned. The firm’s craftsmen have an outstanding reputation for quality of workmanship and service. Members of the Guild of Master Craftsmen. Services include: fireplace restoration; re-pointing using traditional lime mortars; all types of brickwork/stonework repair and restoration; matching of mortars; period bricks and brickwork and bespoke brickwork to clients’ own designs. Consultancy and client tuition services in the use of traditional materials.

◾ timothY J shePheRd histoRic BRicKWoRK sPecialist 101 moffat Road, thornton heath, surrey cR7 8PZ tel/fax 020 8653 2438 email tim@histbric.demon.co.uk

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

display entry in Stone, page 98.

See also: display entry in Building Contractors, page 65 and profile entry in Stone, page 99.

◾ lamBs teRRacotta nyewood court, Brookers Road, Billingshurst, West sussex Rh14 9RZ tel 01403 785141 fax 01403 784663 email sales@lambsterracotta.com www.lambsterracotta.com ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTA: Lambs manufactures architectural terracotta using unique clays and traditional techniques while employing the best modern technology to improve the manufacturing process. Site surveys ensure that original details and colour matching are faithfully reproduced, and the company specialises in reproducing materials to match any architectural period. CAD drawings can be supplied in 3D to aid visual understanding of new designs or matching pieces. Contact the Lambs sales office today or visit the website for further details. See also: display entry in Brick Suppliers, page 90.

◾ shaWs of daRWen limited Waterside, darwen, lancashire BB3 3nX tel 01254 775111 fax 01254 873462

◾ s J sPecialist BRicKWoRK 70 all saints Road, lowestoft, suffolk nR33 0Jn tel 01502 560916 mobile 07876 348109 email sjbrickwork@aol.com www.specialist-brickwork.com

◾ auRa conseRVation dunham house, 181 Wellington Road north, stockport, cheshire sK4 2PB tel 0161 442 9850 email enquiries@auraltd.co.uk www.auraltd.co.uk

ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTA, FAIENCE AND GLAZED BRICKS: Manufacturers for over a century, Shaws offers traditional craftsmanship combined with the latest production technology for architectural restoration. For advice, surveys or quotations, please contact Jon Wilson. See also: display entry in this section, page 93.

◾ West meon PotteRY church lane, West meon, Petersfield, hampshire gu32 1JW tel 01730 829434 www.westmeonpottery.co.uk ARCHITECTURAL CERAMICS: This country workshop has the resources to reproduce practically any piece of architectural ceramic for conservation projects. Hand thrown chimney pots up to five feet tall are a speciality. Also, special bricks, terracotta blocks and mouldings, finials and ridge tiles, floor tiles and large garden pots. West Meon can mix different clays and aggregates to match the finish of an original example. Recent work includes pieces for The British Museum, Uppark House, Kensington Palace, Watts Memorial Chapel, Ishiya project, Japan; Kirby Hall; Kirklees Terrace, Glasgow; Shetland Amenity Trust, Ham House and other National Trust properties.

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Savoy Hotel, London.

Quadrant 3 Development, London. Formerly the Regent Palace Hotel.

Tottenham Court Road, London.

SHAWS ARCHITECTURAL TERRACOTTA & FAIENCE CRAFTSMANSHIP AT ITS VERY FINEST SINCE 1897

OUR TERRACOTTA HAS ADORNED SOME OF THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS BUILDINGS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, EUROPE, AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT JON WILSON TELEPHONE: +44 (0)7792 267483 OR EMAIL: JWILSON@SHAWSOFDARWEN.COM

Shaws of Darwen, Waterside, Darwen, Lancashire. BB3 3NX. Tel: +44 (0)1254 775111 Fax: +44 (0)1254 873462 Email: jwilson@shawsofdarwen.com Website: www.shaws-terracotta.com

3.2 Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

THE SANDS Of TIME

Britainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building sandstones GRAHAM LOTT

PRINCIPAL SANDSTONES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

Tertiary sandstones (small isolated occurrence) Cretaceous sandstones Jurassic sandstones Triassic sandstones Permian sandstones Carboniferous sandstones Devonian sandstones Silurian sandstones Ordovician sandstones Cambrian sandstones

Church Horbury, West Yorkshire: Local Carboniferous sandstone displaying natural cross-bedding to great effect

urrently there are around 200 active building sandstone quarries in Britain, more than enough one might think to supply current construction industry needs. However, in the mid 19th century there were more than 850 quarries supplying building sandstone, as well as many more unrecorded small producers meeting local vernacular needs. How has this dramatic decline in the production of building sandstone impacted on our building industry? The most fundamental change has been to restrict the choice of sandstones available, particularly for conservation repair and new build projects. Sandstone beds (see map, above) occur in all the main geological systems cropping out across Britain (Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic,

Cretaceous and Tertiary successions). Although not all beds produce suitable building stone, sandstones from each of these geological systems have been used for building stone to a greater or lesser extent. In general, most early quarries began as sources of vernacular building stone supplying a few local projects, but by the 19th century a small proportion had grown to become important national sandstone resources, supplying towns and cities far beyond their immediate vicinity. Outside London, in the south of England, the Midlands, Wales and in the north of Britain, our most recognisable historic buildings and structures are commonly constructed using local sandstones, many of which are now no longer quarried. The past success of the building sandstone industry has in more recent times been tempered by a marked decline in production

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in some areas. Many important sandstone resources have already been lost. One of the best documented examples is the Craigleith Sandstone, originally quarried and used extensively in the City of Edinburgh in the 18th and 19th centuries. Made inaccessible by redevelopment around the original quarries, the sandstone has not been available in the market place for several decades (Hyslop 2004 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; see Recommended Reading). Elsewhere in the UK, the problem is perhaps less well publicised but equally acute. The lack of active quarries has meant that in sourcing stone for repair and new build projects, architects frequently have to consider using sandstones quite alien to the local area. Stone matching in the heritage field is particularly affected, as it is becoming increasingly a case of using those sandstones that are currently available, rather than selecting a sandstone that best

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What is a sandstone? The term sandstone is used to describe a hard sedimentary rock formed by the weathering, erosion and accumulation of ‘sand-sized’ fragments from any pre-existing rock-type – igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary. Sand accumulations principally form as windblown desert dunes, coastal beaches or the beds of rivers and streams. Geologically, sand includes all particles between 00.063 microns and 2mm in size. Most sand deposits include a range of grain sizes within these limits (deposits which contain a wide range of grain sizes are described as ‘poorly sorted’). Over time, such sand deposits become gradually buried, compacted and cemented to form the sandstone beds quarried today. Geologists refer to this transformation from sand to sandstone as diagenesis, a process which takes place over millions of years. Understanding the mineral composition of building sandstones is not just of academic interest and should be of value to both the producer and user of the stone. The term sandstone provides no indication of the mineralogical composition of the rock. Most building sandstones comprise a mineralogical mix of grains including quartz, feldspar, mica and diverse rock fragments. They might also include other components in their framework such as fossil fragments, pebbles or clay layers. The presence of particular minerals in a sandstone can have important implications when considering its end-use as a building stone. Concentrated layers of micaceous clay minerals, for example, give natural fissility to the sandstone, allowing it to be split into flagstones or stone roofing slates. The sand grains are held together by a range of natural mineral cements that may include silica, calcium and magnesian carbonates or iron compounds. The type of cement present can markedly affect not only its visual

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

fits the ‘petrological fingerprint’ of the original stone. The risk is that an unsuitable replacement may well weather in a different manner, and in the worst case it may actually be physically incompatible, leading to the deterioration of either the new or the original stone. It is inevitable that sourcing sandstones for sympathetic use in new build projects and for future building conservation will become increasingly difficult should sandstone supplies continue to diminish and become much less diverse. How, therefore, from a geological point of view, do we persuade the planners and quarry-owners to improve the situation? We clearly need to make sure that mineral planners, producers and users all understand why this diversity is so important. Sandstones do have generic similarities but most show marked differences, from simple colour variations to contrasting mineralogies. We need to explain exactly what a sandstone is, how differences between sandstones arise and the consequences if mismatched sandstones are used in a building. Such differences can subsequently have a significant impact on the rate of decay and long-term durability of a sandstone in the building fabric.

Averham Church, Nottinghamshire: The fearsome profile of this massive gargoyle is enhanced by its ‘mask of pollution’

Coleorton Church, Leicestershire: Cavernous decay is a common feature of the weakly cemented, finegrained, white Permo-Triassic sandstones of the English Midlands

St Gregory the Great Church, Dawlish: Permian red sandstone from the local Dawlish Sandstone Formation with customised cross-bedding

House, Niton, Isle of Wight: Decoratively coursed and galleted, green-grey, glauconitic sandstone from the local Upper Greensand Formation (Cretaceous)

appearance but its durability and workability. When describing sandstones it is usual to first determine their dominant grain size (coarse-grained, fine-grained, etc) and then to identify any other distinctive features present. These may include colour variations (red, grey, green, purple sandstones, etc), grain composition (feldspathic, pebbly, fossiliferous, etc) or cement composition (calcareous or ferruginous for example). Sandstones dominated by quartz framework grains and cemented by silica, although likely to be hard and very weather resistant, may also prove to be difficult to cut or shape without suitable equipment, which can significantly increase production costs. By contrast, more porous sandstones with a variable mix of grains, together with a less pervasive cement (probably the most typical British building sandstone characteristics), can be worked and dressed by hand and still provide a durable stone cost-effectively. Sandstone beds may be thick and massive (freestones), show inclined layers or cross-bedding, parallel laminations or may include pebble layers, fossils and mineral concentrations. Such features give many building sandstones a distinctive visual character which in historic structures often helps in the determination of their original quarry source.

PoRositY and PeRmeaBilitY Sandstones commonly show considerable variability in their natural porosity and permeability, thus either restricting or encouraging fluid flow through the rock. Many porous British sandstones are important natural water aquifers, while others form reservoirs holding large reserves of oil and gas. Natural fluid trapped in pores within a sandstone generally reaches a chemical equilibrium with its framework minerals. However, the fluid may also absorb airborne pollutants such as sulphur dioxide. The negative impact of the presence of the airborne pollutants produced by industrial processes during the 19th and 20th centuries in encouraging sandstone decay has been extensively documented. Such acidic or alkaline pore waters can enlarge, damage or block pore systems and cause the disfiguring precipitation of gypsum and other mineral cements on stone surfaces. Mismatched sandstones used as part of a conservation repair can inhibit fluid flow, further enhancing stone decay. england England’s sandstones have been exploited for building stone for hundreds of years and much of its surviving stone heritage is constructed of sandstone. In London, which doggedly

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3.2 Structure & Fabric : MaSonry Sheriff ’s Court buildings, Central Glasgow: Massive stonework using the local Carboniferous ‘blonde’ sandstone

Southam Church, Warwickshire: Occasionally a building fabric exemplifies what can happen when the local sandstones are no longer available

Aislaby Quarry, North Yorkshire: The quarry remains an important source of Middle Jurassic (Saltwick Formation) sandstone in the North Yorkshire area

remains a limestone-dominated city, other British sandstones, with the exception of Kentish Ragstone and Reigate Stone, were not in general use in the city until the early 19th century, although Yorkshire sandstones were apparently imported for paving as early as the 18th century. In rural counties like Shropshire the need for local building stones was met by quarrying a range of variegated sandstones from the local Cambrian, Silurian or Ordovician successions, none of which ever travelled much further afield. The red-brown and green Devonian sandstones of Herefordshire are ubiquitous in buildings throughout the county and are used for both wall and roofing stones. A comparatively recent revival of the sandstone roofing stone industry has now successfully brought the stone back onto the local market. Until the 19th century British building sandstone production appears

Castle Gates Library, Shrewsbury (Formerly Shrewsbury School, 1630), constructed entirely of white Grinshill Sandstone (Triassic)

to have remained very localised with each county largely meeting its own needs. Subsequently, however, driven by booming industrial development in the North of England, sandstone production gradually centred on the Carboniferous successions of the Pennines. Today the heartland of Britain’s building sandstone industry is still concentrated on these Carboniferous sandstone resources with numerous active quarries in Derbyshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Northumberland and Durham. In contrast, the Permian and Triassic outcrops that dominate the Midland counties (Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire) and the north-west (Cheshire, Lancashire and Cumbria) have provided variegated sandstones for building since Roman times. The red sandstones are displayed in many cathedrals (Worcester, Lichfield, Coventry, Chester, Liverpool) and in countless village churches and houses throughout the area. Equally important but perhaps less evident are the ‘white’ sandstones of this region once extensively quarried in the Forest of Arden, around Warwick, Hollington, Colwich and in the Wirral (Storeton) but currently only available from Grinshill Quarry in Shropshire. The Jurassic succession in southern England includes many of our principal building limestones, with only a few locally important and distinctive ferruginous sandstone beds such as the Middle Jurassic Northampton Sand ironstones. By contrast, in north east Yorkshire the Middle Jurassic succession is dominated by sandstones which were extensively quarried along its outcrop for building stone in the past, notably around Scalby, Cloughton and in the North York Moors. The Jurassic sandstones of the Whitby area are still actively quarried for local use but in the distant past were occasionally shipped to London. Higher in the sequence, the finegrained sandstones of the Upper Jurassic were also extensively quarried in the past for local use, near Scarborough and in the Howardian Hills, principally for the construction of rural churches of the area. Currently there are no sandstones quarried in these areas. The Lower Cretaceous successions of southern England include a wide variety

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of sandstone beds, some of which were once extensively quarried for local use, although they were not generally exported beyond their source areas. These finegrained sandstones are commonly, but not always, characterised by the presence of the green mineral glauconite. Sandstones are very much in evidence in the vernacular architecture of Sussex, Kent, the Isle of Wight, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Dorset, Bedfordshire and Lincolnshire. However, only a small number of sandstone quarries are still active, including those at Maidstone (Kentish Rag), Chilmark, Tisbury and West Hoathly. The thin Wealden sandstone beds known locally as Horsham Stone are also still actively quarried for roofing stone. In Norfolk the succession is locally characterised by the strongly ferruginous Carstone, which was widely used in many villages and is still quarried at Snettisham. Sandstones occur within the Tertiary rocks of southern England and were common sources of vernacular building materials in Dorset, Wiltshire and Hampshire. In the past they have yielded coarse-grained, highly ferruginous sandstones (Heathstones) and the better-known grey Sarsen sandstones for building. The huge upright Sarsen sandstone blocks used in Stonehenge form perhaps one of the most recognisable historic structures in England. However, these siliceous sandstones were also extensively quarried and used locally in the 18th and 19th centuries in farm buildings, houses, churches and field walls around, for example, Marlborough and Avebury. scotland The building sandstone industry in Scotland has a long and significant history, which more recently has been tempered by a record of decline in the diversity of its sandstone production. The vernacular use of the variegated red-brown sandstones from the Devonian succession in the Orkneys, perhaps best displayed in St Magnus Cathedral (12th century), probably dates back to the Neolithic period. Today, however, despite their widespread use in the past across their outcrop in towns like Dundee, Perth and Inverness, they are no

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Wales Currently with only a few quarries in operation, the modern building sandstone industry in Wales is significantly smaller than in England or Scotland. The quarrying and use of local sandstone for building stone, however, dates back at least to medieval times. The local Cambrian Harlech Grit sandstone was used extensively in Harlech Castle. By contrast, in South Wales such early buildings made extensive use of the local red-brown and grey Devonian sandstones (Tintern Abbey and Raglan Castle) or the ‘blue’ Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone (Caerphilly Castle). While in North Wales the abbeys of Basingwerk and Talacre were constructed using the local yellow-brown Carboniferous Cefn y Fedw sandstones. By the 19th century, however, the Welsh building stone industry was firmly centred in the rapidly expanding coalfield areas of South and North Wales. In South Wales many small Pennant Sandstone quarries were used almost exclusively for constructing the thousands of terraced houses, shops, clubs and municipal buildings that typify the area. In each valley community extensive quarrying of the local sandstone crags produced the green- or blue-grey sandstones and flagstones that still characterise the architecture of the area. Currently, Pennant Sandstone

production is sourced from a few remaining small quarries in the coalfield and nearby in the Forest of Dean. In North Wales a similar demand saw sandstone production focus on the yellow-brown Carboniferous sandstones of the Millstone Grit and the Pennine Coal Measures. Sadly none of these sandstones are currently being worked for building stone in the area and any replacement sandstone is likely to be sourced from quarries in Yorkshire or Lancashire. In South Wales sandstone present in the Triassic succession was worked for building stone near Bridgend in the Quarella quarries. The fine, grey-green sandstones produced were used extensively for local buildings in the area. noRtheRn iReland Sandstones occur in the Silurian, Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic successions in Northern Ireland and have been quarried and used locally for building stone at a number of locations. The Silurian sandstones are generally grey, fine- to coarse-grained, poorly sorted and are commonly termed ‘greywacke sandstones’. They have been used in a number of notable historic buildings including Bangor Abbey in County Down. They are principally used as a vernacular rubblestone, but are not currently quarried for building stone. The Carboniferous succession of Northern Ireland includes the variegated, fine- to coarse-grained Ballycastle Sandstone of County Antrim which can range from pink to grey or white in colour. The sandstone was often used for bridge construction, for example in the Glendun Viaduct and the bridge at Ballycastle. The local red sandstone used in Northern Ireland is known as Dundonald Sandstone and was sourced from the Permo-Triassic succession in County Down. In general, however, the lack of indigenous sources suitable for building stone has resulted in extensive use of sandstones imported from mainland Britain and Ireland. recommended reading J Curran et al, Stone by Stone: A Guide to Building Stone in the Northern Ireland Environment, Appletree Press, Belfast, 2010 English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Stone, Ashgate, Farnham, 2012 JA Howe, The Geology of Building Stones, Edward Arnold, London, 1910 E Hyslop, The Performance of Replacement Sandstone in the New Town of Edinburgh, Technical Conservation, Research and Education Group, Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, 2004 E Hyslop et al, Stone in Scotland, UNESCO Publishing, 2006 GK Lott, ‘The Development of the Victorian Stone Industry’, in England’s Heritage in Stone, English Stone Forum, Folkestone, 2008 GK Lott, ‘The Building Stones of the Edwardian Castles’, in The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales, DM Williams and JR Kenyon (eds), Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2010 GK Lott, Building Stones of the Isle of Wight, Proceedings of the Geological Association, London, 2012 (forthcoming)

Wimborne Minster, Dorset: Coarse-grained, brown, ferruginous sandstone (Heathstone) from the local Tertiary succession

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

longer quarried to a significant extent. In contrast, however, the Devonian sandstone industry in Caithness is still thriving. Here several quarries actively produce the thinly bedded, dark-grey flagstones that have paved many of Scotland’s cities and towns for centuries and still provide one of its most significant building stone exports. A rather different story is evident in the Carboniferous sandstone successions that dominate the Midland Valley of Scotland. Currently the production of once ubiquitous Carboniferous ‘blonde’ sandstones has dwindled despite a clear need for adequate supplies of these sandstones for conservation, repair and new build projects in Glasgow and several other large towns in the Midland Valley. Glasgow city centre alone has some of Britain’s finest sandstone buildings. Further east a similar story unfolds, the once famous Craigleith Quarry of Edinburgh is probably the most prominent of its sandstone quarries to have been lost to developments within the city. There is no other British city in which so many of its most notable buildings are constructed of sandstones from a single source. Modern sandstone repair to its historic buildings and new build projects are now heavily dependent on Carboniferous sandstone quarries south of the border. The extensive red Permo-Triassic sandstone outcrops, most notably in Dumfrieshire and Ayrshire in south west of Scotland, remain one of Scotland’s most important sandstone producing areas. Quarries such as those at Locharbriggs, Spynie and Corncockle have long provided a range of red sandstones for local building and continue to export stone to England and occasionally further afield to the US and even Australia.

English Bridge, Shrewsbury: Discoloration, blistering, salt precipitation and aggressive biological growth, the consequences of poor maintenance of a Grinshill Stone fabric

Caerphilly Castle, Caerphilly: Local Carboniferous Pennant Sandstone stonework, with white Jurassic (Sutton Stone) limestone window dressings

Crosland Hill Quarry: Using the natural fissility of the sandstone to produce flagstone from the Rough Rock Flags

Further information English Stone Forum www.englishstone.org.uk English Strategic Stone Study, English Heritage and BGS www.bgs.ac.uk/ mineralsuk/mines/stones/eh_project.html The Natural Stone Database for Northern Ireland www.stonedatabase.com gRaham lott Phd is a sedimentary petrologist with the british geological survey.

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stone

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Carving a new doorway for Chipstead Church, Surrey

Established in 1858

A.F. Jones Stonemasons Limited

Specialists in Natural Stone ◼

Carving and Stone Repair

◼

Stone Cleaning

◼

Conservators for English Heritage, National Trust, Churches Conservation Trust and Historic Royal Palaces

33 BEDFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7EX Tel: 0118 957 3537 Fax: 0118 957 4334 info@afjones.co.uk www.afjones.co.uk ◾ a d calVeRt aRchitectuRal stone suPPlies ltd smithy lane, grove square, leyburn, north Yorkshire dl8 5dZ tel 01969 622296 fax 01969 622314 email stone@calverts.co.uk www.calverts.co.uk STONE MASONRY AND ARCHITECTURAL STONE SUPPLIER: From the heart

of the Yorkshire Dales A D Calvert supplies stone sawn six sides, profiled, lathed, laser etching, carved together with hand-finished walling, using eight types of sandstone and two limestone. This includes the company’s own local Witton Fell medium grained buff coloured sandstone which is highly recommended for new and renovation work. For further information contact Andrew Calvert who will be pleased to discuss your requirements.

◾ a f Jones stonemasons ltd 33 Bedford Road, Reading, Berkshire Rg1 7eX tel 0118 957 3537 fax 0118 957 4334 email angus@afjones.co.uk www.afjones.co.uk MASTER STONEMASONS: Established in 1858 by Arthur F Jones and

continued today by A G Jones, this firm has accumulated experience and expertise gained by five generations of stone masons. There are currently 20 highly skilled craftsmen, many of whom have spent their working lives with A F Jones, restoring, carving, cleaning and conserving stone facades. A F Jones offers a complete service from consultancy and specification to production and site fixing. Its management style is nonconfrontational and above all, fair and honest. A F Jones has worked for The Churches Conservation Trust, English Heritage, the National Trust and Historic Royal Palaces. See also: display entry on this page.

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Cr aFtsm en in stOne

BUILDING AND RESTORATION CONTRACTORS: See also: profile entry in

Building Contractors, page 62.

◾ BaKeRs of danBuRY ltd eves corner, danbury, essex cm3 4QB tel 01245 225876 fax 01245 226821 email enq@bakersofdanbury.co.uk www.bakersofdanbury.co.uk

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

BOden &Ward

◾ anelaYs William anelay limited, murton Way, osbaldwick, York Yo19 5uW tel 01904 412624 fax 01904 413535 email info@williamanelay.co.uk www.williamanelay.co.uk

STONE SPECIALISTS: Specialist stone conservators and stone masons for over 130 years. See also: profile entry in Building Contractors, page 62.

◾ Bullen conseRVation ltd lowerhouse Works, lowerhouse street, oldham, lancashire ol1 3nn tel 0161 633 6528 fax 0161 633 7064 email sales@bullenconservation.co.uk www.bullenconservation.co.uk CONSERVATION AND MASONRY SPECIALISTS: One of the North West’s most highly-regarded masonry and conservation companies, Bullen Conservation provides quality craftsmanship and has built strong working relationships with clients such as English Heritage and National Trust. Recent prestigious schemes include Nostell Priory, Wakefield and Haigh Windmill, which won an Urban Design Award for the quality of workmanship. With a varied scope of projects throughout its history, Bullen Conservation draws on its wide experience of working on all manner of structures; from the highly ornate Grade I listed St Georges Hall, Liverpool to busy city centre locations such as Manchester’s Royal Buildings or the isolated Tentering Tower, Lancashire. Working throughout the North West, Bullen Conservation can provide assistance with a variety of specialist conservation works including masonry carving, terracotta works, Cintec tie installation and masonry cleaning. See also: display entry in Building Contractors, page 65.

◾ BuRRoWs daVies limited the stoneyard, haxby moor Road, strensall, York Yo32 5Wh tel 01904 491849 email mail@burrowsdavies.co.uk www.burrowsdavies.co.uk STONEMASONS: Burrows Davies Limited carries out high quality

masonry, conservation and restoration works on historic properties and listed buildings, including churches, historic houses and monuments. Members of the Stone Federation Great Britain.

pytChley gates, nOrthamptOn

Historic Building repair & conservation contractors Ox-hOuse Farm • BringtOn rOad • FlOre nOrthamptOnshire nn7 4nQ telephOne 01327 349081 Fax 01327 349290

email: info@bodenandward.co.uk

www.bodenandward.co.uk The company has achieved award winning results on many projects in stone restoration.

Façade restoration, conservation and cleaning

◾ caRReK limited 1 st andrew street, Wells cathedral, Wells, somerset Ba5 2un tel 01749 689000 fax 01749 689089 email enquiries@carrek.co.uk www.carrek.co.uk

Specialist cleaning Stonework/precast/ marble and granite Brickwork

HISTORIC BUILDING REPAIRS: See also: profile entry in Building

Contractors, page 65.

Restoration Paint removal Render and stucco Budget costing/surveys Consultation and design

c&D restoration limited, 18 crook log, Bexleyheath, Kent DA6 8BP

T: 020 8304 3997 F: 020 8304 3996 e: enquiries@cdrestoration.co.uk W: www.cdrestoration.co.uk

When contacting companies listed here, please let them know that you found them through

the Building conservation directory

Approved by Stonehealth

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CLIVEDEN CONSERVATION

conservation of statuary, stone and plasterwork. Also serving English Heritage and the Royal Palaces. Notable projects include reinstatement of decorative plaster ceilings at Uppark and Highgate Cemetery chapel, repair of statuary at Stowe, Chatsworth and Polesden Lacey; archaeological conservation at Aphrodisias, Turkey; conservation of the chapels of Keble and Worcester colleges (Oxford) and Royal Holloway (London University). Consultancy service, specifications, security work and materials analysis. See also: display entry on this page.

◾ coe stone ltd ty gwyn Workshops, abernant, nr carmarthen sa33 5RR tel 01267 281166 fax 05601 509824 email enquiries@olivercoe.com www.olivercoe.com STONE MASONS: Coe Stone Ltd specialises in the repair and cleaning of

By appointment sculpture conservators to THE NATIONAL TRUST

◾ caRthY conseRVation ltd 18 alexandria Road, london W13 0nR tel/fax 020 8840 3294 mobile 07889 906613 email deborahcarthy@btinternet.com CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAIL AND SCULPTURE: Offering high quality conservation and consultancy in building and sculpture stone, alabaster and marble, terracotta, plaster, mosaic and wood and applied decoration. Strong links with conservation scientists and laboratories with established reputations in the field. Clients include architects, building consultants, cathedrals, churches, government and local authorities and private clients. Recent projects include the Doulton Fountain, Glasgow; St Paul’s Cathedral, London and the New West End Synagogue, London. Further information on projects is available on request.

◾ cathedRal WoRKs oRganisation (chichesteR) ltd terminus Road, chichester, West sussex Po19 8tX tel 01243 784225 fax 01243 785616 email info@cwo.uk.com www.cwo.uk.com HISTORIC BUILDING RESTORATION CONTRACTOR: See also: profile entry in

Building Contractors, page 65.

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stonework to historic buildings and monuments. The company offers exceptional carving skills, undertaking commission work ranging from sculptural carving and period fireplace reproductions to ecclesiastical work, in addition to the more rudimentary areas of masonry and traditional stone construction. Based in Carmarthenshire, the company works principally in Wales and the South West of England, however work is considered beyond this area. Consultation and advice available on request.

◾ collins and cuRtis masonRY ltd 8 greenwich close, landseer Road, ipswich, suffolk iP3 0dd tel 01473 250932 fax 01473 212598 email works@collinsandcurtis.co.uk SPECIALIST STONEMASONRY, CARVING, RESTORATION AND CLEANING: The company undertakes all types of stonemasonry on local and imported stone, slate, granite and marble, including restoration and cleaning of existing structures. It offers a complete service from survey to production and installation of architectural stonework, as either main or subcontractor. The company also specialises in ecclesiastical works, stone and brick cleaning, flint work and stone repairs. Recent projects include Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Canterbury Cathedral Education Centre, HMP Maidstone, Judge Institute, Cambridge; and St Helen’s Church, Bishopsgate.

◾ d B R (london) limited 104a consort Road, london se15 2PR tel 020 7277 7775 fax 020 7635 0556 email mail@dbrlimited.com www.dbrlimited.com contact adrian attwood CLEANING AND REPAIR: See also: profile entry and display entry in Building Contractors, pages 66 and 67.

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STONEMASONS

Mather & ellis ltd MASTER STONEMASONS Establ i shEd 1880

Didsbury Gate (formerly Withington Hospital)

Inspire Conservation ltd. • •

Specialists in stone restoration to listed and historic buildings Sandstones and limestones sawn, turned and masoned by time‑served master craftsmen in our comprehensive factory facilities Supply and fix contracts or supply only contracts undertaken

The conservation & restoration of historic buildings and monuments.

Stone cleaning and repairs

Decorative surface conservation

Lime & fibrous plaster, renders and repairs

Accredited conservator

T: 01908 586 661

Structure & Fabric : MaSonry

MATHER & ELLIS LTD

•

MAThER & ELLIS LTD MOSLEy ROAD TRAFFORD PARk MANchESTER M17 1QA

Tel: 0161 872 1546 Fax: 0161 876 5032

e-mail: info@matherellis-stonemasons.co.uk website: www.matherellis-stonemasons.co.uk

www.inspireconservation.co.uk

◾ the fRinge WoRKshoP Padley Wood lane, Pilsley, chesterfield, derbyshire s45 8el tel 01773 872541 mobile 07843 417228 email oldfield1@btinternet.com www.thefringeworkshop.co.uk

◾ h & W selloRs ltd milford Works, Bakewell, derbyshire de45 1dX tel 01629 812058 fax 01629 815138 email helen@hwsellors.co.uk www.h-w-sellors.co.uk

STONE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: The Fringe Workshop is a

ROOFING, RESTORATION AND BUILDING CONTRACTORS: A family firm

sculptural and architectural stone conservation practice specialising in historic building maintenance programmes. Other services include: lime mortar repairs, project management, monuments, stone masonry, Coade stone and period brickwork.

◾ gRinshill stone QuaRRY clive, shrewsbury, shropshire sY4 3lf tel 01939 220522 fax 01939 220285 email grinshillstone@btconnect.com www.grinshillstonequarry.co.uk NATURAL SANDSTONE QUARRY: For nine centuries Grinshill Stone Quarry has supplied durable, fine grained sandstone across the country. Grinshill is available in a range of creams, buff and red. The characteristic variations of colour and texture have made Grinshill an invaluable source of supply, particularly for restoration projects where the local stone supply is exhausted. The experienced staff at Grinshill are pleased to offer a full supply service that includes site visits and delivery of samples and literature. Whether your requirement is for slab, dimensional stone or architectural dressings, you will receive the technical advice and support necessary to specify Grinshill Sandstone confidently.

which was established in 1850 as a traditional stone slating contractor has expanded to undertake work in building conservation and conversion. The company undertakes a wide variety of work. Projects range from restoration of garden ornaments to barn conversions to alterations and maintenance of listed properties, including the restoration of the Cascade and Cascade House at Chatsworth Derbyshire. Stockists of natural hydraulic lime.

◾ haddonstone limited the forge house, east haddon, northampton nn6 8dB tel 01604 770711 fax 01604 770027 email info@haddonstone.co.uk www.haddonstone.com CAST STONE: Garden ornaments and architectural cast stone from planters, fountains, statuary and obelisks to balustrades, columns, doors and window surrounds, copings and follies. Bespoke service available. See also: display entry in Cast Stone, page 91.

Contractors, page 69.

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Nimbus Conservation Eastgate, Christchurch Street East,

Architectural conservators

Frome, Somerset BA11 1QD

specialising in the cleaning,

t: 01373 474646 f: 01373 474648

conservation, repair & replacement of all types of masonry & plaster, to

enquiries@nimbusconservation.com

a wide range of historic buildings,

www.nimbusconservation.com

monuments & structures.

Stationmasters House, Mottingham Station Approach, London SE9 4EL Telephone: 020 8857 9111 Fax: 020 8857 9222 E-mail: robertgreer@paye.net Website: www.paye.net

◾ lamBs susseX sandstone nyewood court, Brookers Road, Billingshurst, West sussex Rh14 9RZ tel 01403 785141 fax 01403 784663 email sales@lambsstone.com www.lambsstone.com

Specialising in the conservation of masonry to private, commercial and ecclesiastical buildings using highly skilled craftsmen. Traditional techniques are used to undertake a range of activities including: ● ●

Traditional and modern cleaning techniques Brick, limestone, sandstone, marble, granite & terracotta repairs / replacement

● ● ● ●

Stucco repairs Dilapidation surveys Consultation Principal contracting & specialist sub-contracting

PIERRA RESTORATION

QUARRY OPERATOR: Lambs Wealden Sussex Sandstone, from a centuries old quarry, has supplied many landmarks and such prominent historic buildings as Wakehurst Place, Gravetye Manor, Battle Abbey and Kew Gardens. Wealden Sussex Sandstone is coloured in autumn shades tinting to warm honey. Photographs and samples can be obtained from Lambs’ website or sales office. Working closely with private clients, architects, surveyors, local authorities and conservation officers, Lambs’ experienced staff will carry out surveys and make recommendations on design. Wealden stone can be cut for repairs or ashlar work, decorative carved panels, window and doors. Lambs also offers a wide range of natural stone for retaining structures, walling, paving, rockery and feature stones.

◾ matheR & ellis ltd mosley Road, trafford Park, manchester m17 1Qa tel 0161 872 1546 fax 0161 876 5032 email info@matherellis-stonemasons.co.uk www.matherellis-stonemasons.co.uk STONEMASONS: See also: display entry in this section, page 101.

Unit C4, Water House, Texcel Business Park, Thames Road, Crayford DA1 4TQ

Tel: 01322 556691 Fax: 01322 556692 enquiries@pierra.co.uk www.pierra.co.uk

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Accredited Contractor

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V A CONSERVATION Art Conservators & Consultants for Ecclesiastical, Private & Commercial Buildings • Decorative arts

• statuary

• MonuMents

• Masonry

Falcon House, 643 Stratford Road, Birmingham B11 4DY

tel: 07522 347 543 / 0121 778 4003 fax: 0121 778 6221 email: info@vaconservation.com

www.vaconservation.com

THE BUILDING CONSERVATION DIRECTORY

◾ mcallisteR masonRY limited the stoneyard, haresfield, gloucestershire gl10 3eQ tel 01452 723723 fax 01452 724499 email ronthestone@tesco.net www.mcallistermasonryltd.co.uk contact Ron mcallister STONE SPECIALISTS: For stone carving and repair of churches, historic buildings and monuments, the company works as both main contractor and subcontractor for local authorities, architects, parochial church councils and others. Registered operatives of JOS and DOFF cleaning systems.

◾ nimBus conseRVation limited eastgate, christchurch street east, frome, somerset Ba11 1Qd tel 01373 474646 fax 01373 474648 email enquiries@nimbusconservation.com www.nimbusconservation.com MASONRY CONSERVATION SERVICES: Nimbus provides an established and comprehensive masonry conservation service, from consultation to completion, with experience in the cleaning, conservation and carving of plain and decorative natural/cast stone, brick/terracotta and plaster, either as sympathetic main contractor or specialist sub-contractor. The dedicated London and SE and SW regional teams, co-ordinated from the head office and workshop facilities, offer a tailored approach to built heritage, from national to local monuments, secular to religious buildings and whole facades to individual statues. Key clients include English Heritage, the National Trust and Historic Royal Palaces. Previous projects include; Chapter House, Westminster Abbey, St Paul’s Cathedral and Blenheim, Tyntesfield and Highclere Estates. See also: display entry in this section, page 102.

◾ PaYe stoneWoRK stationmaster’s house, mottingham station approach, london se9 4el tel 020 8857 9111 fax 020 8857 9222 email robertgreer@paye.net www.paye.net MASONRY CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR SPECIALIST: See also: display entry in this section, page 102 and profile entry in Masonry Cleaning, page 153.

◾ Recclesia ltd unit 3 st ives Way, sandycroft, chester ch5 2Qs tel 01244 906002 fax 01244 906003 email admin@recclesia.com www.recclesia.com MASONRY CONSERVATION AND REPAIR: Recclesia specialises in the

conservation and repair of weathered building stone, architectural masonry, statuary and ancient monuments. The company has extensive experience working on historic churches, listed buildings, scheduled ancient monuments and archaeological sites. Recent projects include complex conservation work to the 13th-century Half Moon tower and 17th-century Frobisher’s workshops at Chester Castle for English Heritage and the rescue and repair of the Clive Engine House in North Wales, one of Wales’ last remaining lead mining engine houses, with Donald Insall Associates and Cadw. Recclesia also has its own stained glass conservation studio and metal repair and fabrication workshops. See also: Recclesia Stained Glass entries in Decorative & Stained Glass, page 128 and page 129.

◾ sallY stRacheY histoRic conseRVation the Barn, temple cross house, lower godney, Wells, somerset Ba5 1RZ tel 01458 832441 fax 01458 832567 email sally@sallystracheyconservation.co.uk www.sallystracheyconservation.co.uk

Like what you see?

Contact Cathedral Communications for more subscriptions subscriptions@buildingconservation.com advertising admin@buildingconservation.com

www.buildingconservation.com

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STONE: The Strachey practice operates as a main contractor and specialist subcontractor for the repair and conservation of architectural stonework, sculpture, monuments, decorative surfaces and plaster; the company offers a comprehensive consultancy service covering these aspects of conservation. The team is experienced in the full range of services on a project, from conservation reports, monitoring and surveys, through to high-quality delivery on site. Sally Strachey Historic Conservation offers an in house team of rope access conservators, who can respond to the need for fingertip surveys and emergency repairs.

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Weldon Stone

Wm.Taylor

Stonemasons Conservation and Restoration Contractors

Stonemasons & Historic Building Contractors Church and historic building restoration and conservation

Experienced specialist contractors undertaking projects of all sizes including design and carving to fixing, conservation and ancillary trades

Stone masonry Joinery and leadwork Decorative plasterwork Traditional roofing Jos and Doff cleaning systems

Tel 01244 550118 Fax 01244 550119 Unit 2, Spencer Industrial Estate, Buckley, Flintshire CH7 3LY

106 Kettering Road Weldon · Corby Northants · NN17 3JG

Telephone 01536 261545 Email peter@weldonstone. co.uk

www.taylormasonry.co.uk

www.weldonstone.co.uk

◾ stone centRal (nW) ltd unit 4 sedgley Park, trading estate, Prestwich, manchester m25 9Wd tel 0161 773 1349 fax 0161 773 4405 ▪ liverpool office 0151 280 0696 email info@stonecentral.co.uk www.stonecentral.co.uk

◾ Wells masonRY seRVices ltd ilsom farm, cirencester Road, tetbury, gloucestershire gl8 8RX tel 01666 504251 fax 01666 502285 email info@wells-group.co.uk www.wells-group.co.uk

STONEMASONS: Stonemasonry, restoration and facade cleaning,

including TORC (JOS) and DOFF systems. Operating throughout the North West, Stone Central provides a comprehensive technical and contractual service in all aspects of masonry restoration with an excellent reputation for traditional craftsmanship while effectively embracing modern repair/fixing technologies.

◾ V a conseRVation falcon house, 643 stratford Road, Birmingham B11 4dY tel 07522 347543 email info@vaconservation.com www.vaconservation.com

STONE RESTORATION SERVICES: A privately owned specialist masonry company, Wells Masonry Services provides specialist stone cleaning, restoration and carving services. Its team of capable masons handles a diverse and prestigious range of structural and decorative natural stonework particularly in the repair and conservation of historic buildings. Projects range from extensive restoration at Balliol College Oxford and stonework for the Queen Mother’s Commemorative Gates in Hyde Park to recent commissions at the Four Pillars Hotel, Tortworth Hotel near Bristol and Tewkesbury Abbey. Wells Masonry Services excels where quality workmanship is paramount. Wessex Stone Fireplaces, a subsidiary company, is a market leading producer of natural stone fire surrounds.

SCULPTURE, STONE AND ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION SPECIALISTS:

See also: display entry in this section, page 104.

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SANDSTONE CONSERvATION AND REPAIR

JAMIE COATH

Severe salt crystallisation decay to sandstone features at Wentworth Castle, Barnsley

“The time has come,” the Walrus said, “To talk of many crimes: Of cramps and cracks and sealing-wax Of cement matrix and limes And why the steam is boiling hot And what are the dwell times?”

rahaM lott in his article on Britain’s Building Sandstones (page 94) has highlighted the importance of selecting compatible replacement stone when repairing sandstone masonry and how this is becoming more difficult as suitable supplies diminish. This makes the effective conservation of our existing sandstone structures more and more significant. This article attempts to provide some brief practical guidance on the common aspects of the conservation and repair of sandstone, including for example cramp repairs and other indenting, the need for cleaning, friability and fissibility issues,

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porosity and the use of consolidants. The first step where any masonry is found to be deteriorating is to develop a clear understanding of the principal issues affecting the stonework and the mortar joints, including inherent defects, construction defects, and problems resulting from inappropriate maintenance and repair. tYPical defects In sandstones the purity and strength of the constituent minerals and the matrix that bonds them together vary greatly, as does grain size or texture, not only from one geological source to another, but also sometimes between beds in the same quarry. This has a significant effect upon the causes and mechanisms of decay and consequently upon the conservation issues that arise. There are pure siliceous sandstones in which both the grains and cementitious matrix are silica based. These

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could be more susceptible to alkaline chemical attack, making them vulnerable to materials used in their conservation and repair, such as pure reactive limes or particular cleaning and ‘degreasing’ chemicals. There are also the more borderline calcareous sandstones which may have siliceous grains but a partially lime based cement matrix, such as some of the regional ‘ragstones’, which may be more vulnerable to acid attack. There are also sandstones with significant clay content either distributed throughout the cement matrix which consequently makes them generally weaker in resisting decay, or in concentrated clay beds which differentially erode, sometimes in alarming fashion due to the action of salt crystallisation and wind abrasion. The top illustration (at Wentworth Castle) shows a particularly extreme example of salt crystallisation decay caused by over saturation of local sandstone that has high clay content.

3.2 Structure & Fabric : MaSonry Typical defects at St George’s Hall prior to conservation

is essential that proper research and analysis is essential so that a full understanding of the risks involved is gained before making any decisions regarding appropriate repair techniques and well before any action is taken. Some particular periods or stylistic traditions in architecture incorporated iron or steel elements in the masonry construction and some didn’t, so an intimate knowledge of their differences is essential when assessing the risk of long term damage and decay. sandstone conseRVation at st geoRge’s hall, liVeRPool Repairs carried out at St George’s Hall in Liverpool illustrate a pragmatic but informed approach to sandstone conservation. This highly significant 19th century Grade I listed Neo Classical civic building was suffering from all of the most common problems associated with sandstone, and a major conservation and restoration project was carried out in three phases between 1997 and 2008 under the direction of Purcell and with the substantial support of the Heritage Lottery Fund. These included extensive sensitive repair and conservation measures to the entire external fabric, which consisted of mainly sandstone faced masonry.

St George’s Hall after completion of the conservation and cleaning project

In this case it was concluded that the masonry was beyond any consolidation as all strength had been lost in the cement matrix, and the sandstone was rapidly reverting to a pile of sand grains. It had to be renewed entirely. Sandstones generally pose particular challenges when it comes to conservation and repair due to this variation in their constitution. The methods of repair and philosophy of conservation that are appropriate depend, therefore, on a detailed analysis and understanding of the stone characteristics involved, the physical and environmental conditions that prevail and detailed historical research into previous repairs or other influences that may have affected the chemical integrity or equilibrium of the material. Other factors affected by the physical properties of the sandstone include vulnerability to staining by natural weathering

and atmospheric pollution. If they are also vulnerable to inappropriate cleaning techniques, changes to their appearance can be permanent. Some sandstones may also be highly porous, making them vulnerable to oversaturation and subsequent frost damage. In view of these characteristics and the fact that weaker beds of stone are very vulnerable to salt crystallisation decay and subsequent wind erosion or other chemical attack, it is clear that replacement stone requires careful selection. However, harder beds of stone may be more durable to erosion or chemical attack, but they also tend to be more brittle and consequently more vulnerable to mechanical damage or fracturing, often due to corrosion (rusting) of ferrous materials embedded within them. This issue of ironwork corrosion within the masonry is a prime example of where it

cRamP RePaiRs The illustration top right shows one of several hundred similar fracture defects before the stonework conservation and repairs. The corroding cramp set into the top face of the ashlar course below the cornice had corroded and shards of hard, brittle stone were about to fall off the building. In contrast however, the moulded course above was selected from a softer bed to make the working of the stone face easier for the banker masons; this course had suffered from salt crystallisation decay around the vertical joint due to over-saturation and continual evaporation cycles caused by an open joint in the sky surface of the cornice above. The black patch was a previous cement repair which had been coloured to match the pre-existing pollution-soiled facade. This patch was almost detached due to the salt action behind and the characteristic permanent picture-framing stain pattern caused by the exacerbated evaporation at the joints can be seen on the ashlar and fascia stone faces. The conventional repair solution adopted widely beforehand, both on this building and many other similar cases where rusting

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Indents gone mad at St George’s Hall prior to conservation

Repairing cramp damage at St George’s Hall

prior to conservation

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fractured piece released to be reinstated

corroded cramp and sound stone behind fracture

resulting cramp repair on right hand side

metal cramps need to be removed, is to cut a square opening across the connected stones, replace the cramp, and cover with an indented section of stone. However, this method causes significant conservation issues, particularly where many repairs are required, as it can lead to the loss of the original jointing pattern over time as original stone sizes are reduced or rationalised. In some areas of St George’s Hall (see illustration top right) the approach had already resulted in the introduction of more vertical joints, repairs which bridged the original vertical joint entirely, and miss-matching of stone colour or weathering patterns in the indent. The result was a patchwork appearance, with greater loss of original material than was necessary to effect the repairs. The enormous number of cramp repairs required for the new repair programme raised significant concerns both over the supply of new stone and the visual and structural

impact of the work. This led the architects to develop a repair technique that differed from the normal rectangular indent, retaining the original joint lines and as much of the original stone as possible, as illustrated on the left. The bottom right illustration in the series shows the final repair on the far right of the view as well as a more conventional but angular indent to the centre which was adopted where the fractured stone was in more pieces and could not be pinned back in situ once the cramp been replaced. Also visible in this image is a small grey rectangle on the corner of a stone. This is an example of a hydraulic lime repair which was used for minor edge damage and to consolidate the areas of decay around the cornice joints, after first dressing back the friable stone to a sound surface. WateR ingRess Where decay around the joints of the cornices required ‘plastic’ repairs with lime mortars,

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Algal staining down the facade at St George’s Hall prior to conservation

the essential requirement was to arrest the water penetration. It was found that the sky surfaces of the enormous coping stones were in perfect condition; even the tooling marks were as crisp as the day in the 1840s when they were cut. The water was just getting in through the open joints between them. Where the copings had been previously covered with lead weatherings, these had caused problems with differential run-off and consequent algal soiling on the facades (illustrated above). Where weatherings had not been used, the wetting and drying capacity of the exposed copings had moderated and evened out the run-off onto the facades. It was therefore decided to reverse this alteration, keep the sky surfaces exposed and fill the open joints with molten lead (illustrated opposite) which would resist thermal movement, UV degradation and frost action better than mortar or poly sulphide joints. There was much debate about whether the areas of friable stone should be treated with a stone consolidant such as an alkoxysilane. However, in this case consolidation was felt to be unnecessary because the original worked face had already been lost and, once the cause of saturation had been rectified, the porosity and sacrificial nature of a mortar repair would be more effective at desalinating the stonework. Had the upper surfaces of the copings shown signs of delamination or of becoming more porous, then the use of a consolidant might have been justified, but

sculPtuRe

SCULPTURE: See also: display entry and profile entry in Stone, page 100.

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◾ michael maJoR sculPtuRe and conseRVation 10 Randall garth, driffield, east Yorkshire Yo25 5Pe tel 01377 250382 fax 01377 250382 mobile 07929 798825 email michaelmajorsculpture@hotmail.com www.majorsculpturerestoration.co.uk

Molten lead filling to coping sky joints at St George’s Hall

thankfully this was not the case. The effectiveness of consolidation of this kind outside the museum environment is still widely held to be unproven and should only be attempted as a last resort. Descaling is another issue that often requires consideration on sandstone masonry projects. Graham Lott (p95) refers to the characteristic of some sandstones to be more fissile along the natural bed due to layers of micaceous particles. This has the benefit of enabling paving flags and thackstone for roofs to be riven rather than sawn, but it can pose a serious problem in masonry walls if the stone is ‘face-bedded’ with its natural bed parallel to the face as it has a tendency to delaminate in scales. (Face-bedding sometimes happens when the quarry has limited bed depth available for the face sizes desired.) Once delamination starts there is little that can be done to stop it, as moisture penetration leads to freeze thaw action and/or salt crystallisation, causing the stone to cleave along its weak point. It helps to keep the stone as dry as possible from above and below, and by ensuring that the surface remains as porous as possible, as this moderates water vapour pressure in the surface layers of the stone. Consolidation, on the other hand, is virtually impossible to achieve without exacerbating the pressure between the layers of stone. One drastic option is descaling so that water is not retained between the layers, but this is a highly destructive and disfiguring process. Descaling should only be done with considerable care or where there is imminent risk of injury from falling masonry.

SCULPTURE CONSERVATION: Michael Major Sculpture and Conservation,

established in 1993, is located on the Castle Howard Estate in North Yorkshire. Michael Major has completed several projects for historic houses and the main area of work involves conserving 18th- and 19th-century lead sculpture. Limited edition, high quality, new lead or composite sculpture can also be commissioned, and a full mould making service is available. The workshop uses traditional and modern materials and original sculpture is also created, from concept to completion.

entry in Stone, pages 102 and 104.

◾ RuPeRt haRRis conseRVation studio 5, no 1 fawe street, london e14 6Pd tel 020 7515 2020 fax 020 7987 7994 email mail@rupertharris.com www.rupertharris.com CONSERVATORS OF FINE METALWORK AND SCULPTURE: See also: display

entry in Bronze Statuary, page 110 and profile entry in Metalwork, page 134.

cleaning Finally some points about cleaning of sandstone as this is still a hotly debated subject. There have certainly been some serious errors made in the past and not least at St George’s Hall where previous attempts at both chemical and air abrasive cleaning have left permanent damage. The use of acidic cleaning agents caused etched runs and ferric oxide blotches where mixtures were too strong, dwell times too long and neutralisation not good enough, while the use of abrasives led to ‘leopard skin’ patterning and physical pitting. There was also algal soiling which was partly caused by the use of chemicals of too great a strength. As the high quality siliceous Derbyshire Gritstone on this building had generally proved to be an extremely resistant and durable stone, it was considered that there was justification on this project to try to rectify some of the previous aesthetic damage. After a great deal of discussion and trial sampling, a combination of hot steam and chemical cleaning was developed. The steam removed and moderated the reappearance of algae, slimes, moulds and lichens, while a series of very weak well neutralised hydrofluoric acid treatments with short dwell times evened out the variation in soiling left by the previous attempts. This combined low impact cleaning approach has been very successful at St George’s Hall and on similar buildings, but caution should always be applied to the use of ‘standard’ cleaning methods without extensive investigation and trialling due to the variations in the constitution of sandstones.

◾ V a conseRVation falcon house, 643 stratford Road, Birmingham B11 4dY tel 07522 347543 email info@vaconservation.com www.vaconservation.com

Jamie coath is a partner with Purcell (see page 31).

See also: display entry in Stone, page 104.

REPAIR AND CONSERVATION OF SCULPTURE: See also: profile entry in Stone, page 104.

◾ simon sWann associates ltd avocet cottage, West end corner, Wrentham, suffolk nR34 7nf tel 01502 676044 mobile 07941 827310 email simon@swannassociates.co.uk www.swannassociates.co.uk CONSERVATION OF SCULPTURE, ORNAMENT AND DECORATIVE SURFACES:

Simon Swann Associates works on historic buildings, churches and monuments across a range of materials providing the hand skills and technical knowledge to conserve and restore fine architectural detailing. Specialist areas include sculpture; conservation of architectural ornament in stone; plaster; terracotta and Coade stone, including historic brickwork and lime mortars. Reports and investigations for listed building consent etc. The firm has specialist knowledge of Pulhamite rockwork, Parker’s Roman cement, and related early cement usage in 19th-century architecture and garden landscapes.

SCULPTURE, STONE AND ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION SPECIALISTS:

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RUPERT HARRIS CONSERVATION CONSERVATORS OF FINE METALWORK, HISTORIC AND MODERN SCULPTURE

By Appointment to Her Majesty The Queen Conservators of Metalwork and Sculpture Rupert Harris Conservation London

◾ haddonstone limited the forge house, east haddon, northampton nn6 8dB tel 01604 770711 fax 01604 770027 email info@haddonstone.co.uk www.haddonstone.com CAST STONE: Classical busts, statuary, fountains, planters, obelisks, sundials and finials in classical and traditional styles. Bespoke service available. See also: display entry in Cast Stone, page 91.

◾ hiRst conseRVation laughton, sleaford, lincolnshire ng34 0he tel 01529 497517 fax 01529 497518 email materials@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com MONUMENTS AND SCULPTURE CONSERVATION: See also: display entry on the inside front cover and profile entry in Building Contractors, page 68.

entry in Stone, pages 102 and 104.

◾ RichaRd RogeRs conseRVation limited unit 2, mole Business Park, Randalls Road, leatherhead, surrey Kt22 7Ba tel 01372 805751 Workshop 01372 388222 email richard@rrconservation.co.uk www.rrconservation.co.uk

www.rupertharris.com tel: 020 7515 2020 or 020 7987 6231 mail@rupertharris.com Appointed Advisor to The National Trust since 1982

Accredited Member of ICON

◾ RuPeRt haRRis conseRVation studio 5, no 1 fawe street, london e14 6Pd tel 020 7515 2020 fax 020 7987 7994 email mail@rupertharris.com www.rupertharris.com

◾ antiQue BRonZe ltd 44 hillway, holly lodge estate, london n6 6eP tel 020 8340 0931 fax 020 8340 0743 email info@antiquebronze.co.uk www.antiquebronze.co.uk

CONSERVATORS OF FINE METALWORK AND SCULPTURE: See also: display

entry on this page, and profile entry in Metalwork, page 134.

BRONZE CONSERVATION: Conservation, restoration, repair and

maintenance of architectural features, monuments and fine-art sculpture in situ. Patination of new bronze features to match traditional and contemporary colours is a speciality. Experts in mould making in situ and casting of original features. Tailor-made itineraries can be arranged to restore and maintain all bronze on historic buildings and sculptures. Previous projects include Nelson’s Column, Eros, Cleopatra’s Needle, The British Library, University of London, London Fire Brigade, Clarence House and many others.

◾ euRa conseRVation ltd unit h2, halesfield 19, telford, shropshire tf7 4Qt tel 01952 680218 fax 01952 585044 email enquiries@eura.co.uk www.eura.co.uk CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF BRONZE STATUES AND MEMORIALS:

Eura Conservation has more than 25 years experience of working with bronze statuary, memorials, plaques and windows. Whether gentle or deep cleaning and re-waxing or re-lacquering, remodelling and casting missing and stolen items or replicating existing styles, fonts and patinas. Clients include museums, art galleries and local authorities along with the National Trust and private collectors. Items include pieces as diverse as Barbara Hepworth’s ‘Two Forms Divided Circle’ and Anthony Gormley’s ‘Rock’ to bronze windows in the National Trust’s Castle Drogo and war memorials and plaques almost too numerous to mention. PACR accredited conservators and technicians. See also: display entry in Metalwork, page 132.

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CONSERVATION OF METALWORK AND FINE ART OBJECTS: See also: profile

entry in Fine Art Conservators, page 171.

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◾ taYloR PeaRce RestoRation seRVices limited fishers court, Besson street, london se14 5as tel 020 7252 9800 fax 020 7277 8169 email admin@taylorpearce.co.uk www.taylorpearce.co.uk STATUARY AND ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTS CONSERVATORS: Specialist in the restoration, conservation and installation of stone statuary and ornaments, architectural statuary, architectural ceramics, mosaic work and church monuments. Taylor Pearce has a reputation for professional conservation practice executed to the highest standards. Projects have been carried out for the V & A, The Royal Academy, English Heritage, National Trust, Imperial War Museum, Kew Gardens, Westminster Abbey (Chapter House annunciation group), Westminster Cathedral and The Royal Collection. Because the company’s projects are executed to museum standards within commercial parameters it also numbers top architectural and surveying practices amongst its regular clients.

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KEY Metalwork ci cast iron wr wrought ironwork bs brass restoration bz bronze restoration GLASS Barley Studio Ltd Best Demolition C J L Designs The Cathedral Studios Charles Lightfoot Ltd The Cotswold Casement Company Clifford G Durant & Son Fabco Sanctuary Ltd Heritage Project Management Illumin Glass Studio Jim Budd Stained Glass John Corley ACR Stained Glass Studio John Yeo Stained Glass The London Crown Glass Company Nick Bayliss (Architectural Glass) Nigel Saunders Windows Norgrove Studios Ltd Paul Bradbury Stained Glass Artist Paxton Restoration Ltd Peter S Neale Blacksmiths Recclesia Stained Glass Salisbury Cathedral Stained Glass Sash Restoration Co (Hereford) Ltd Steve Sherriff Tatra Glass (UK) William J Gowar & Company Ltd The York Glaziers Trust KEY Glass ef etched or frosted glass gp glass protection ll leaded lights sg stained glass wg window glass

gs mr pb pk wi

Pg 83 87 110 131 131 131 144 63 131 131 132 64 131 117 132 123 132 132 121 133 154 133 110 57

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gold & silver metal sculpture conservation decorative leadwork pattern making wirework Pg 127 144 127 127 128 120 127 121 57 127 128 128 128 130 128 122 130 129 119 134 129 128 120 129 130 122 130

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WINDOWS & DOORS Architectural Bronze Casements Best Demolition Bramah Britannia Architectural Metalwork Ltd Bronzework C J L Designs C R Crane & Son Ltd Calibre Metalwork Ltd Castaway Cast Products and Woodware Charles Collinge Chiverton Chris Topp & Co Ltd The Cotswold Casement Company Crittall Windows Envirosash Ltd Fabco Sanctuary Ltd Fortis & Hooke Glasgow Steel Nail Co Ltd Heritage Project Management Innoglaze Ltd John Boddy Timber Ltd Joseph Giles, Croydon Kierson Sash Window and Timber Restoration Knowles & Son (Oxford) Ltd Longden MBL Malbrook Conservatories Marsh Brothers Engineering Services Ltd Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Mumford & Wood Ltd Nick Bayliss (Architectural Glass) Ltd Nigel Saunders Windows Norgrove Studios Ltd Paxton Restoration Ltd Peter S Neale Blacksmiths R W Armstrong Recclesia Stained Glass Refurb-a-Sash Rundum Meir Sash Restoration Co (Hereford) Ltd Sash Window Consultancy Scotts of Thrapston Limited Selectaglaze Ltd Steel Window Service and Supplies Ltd Steve Sherriff Stained and Leaded Glass KEY 1. Windows & doors mw metal windows tw timber windows rl roof lights & lantern lights td timber doors 2. Accessories dr draught stripping lk locksmiths sk secondary glazing wf window & door fittings

Pg 122 144 123 131 132 127 118 131 132 123 65 132 120 120 118 121 118 154 57 122 117 123

Windows & doors mw tw mw tw td mw rl mw tw

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69 213 123 141 134 160 119 128 122 130 119 134 72 129 118 122 120 120 119 122 121 129

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FINE JOINERY & CABINET MAKING Agrell Architectural Carving B Antoniw Joinery Bakers of Danbury Ltd Between Time Ltd (Conservation Builders) Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd Busby’s Builders C R Crane & Son Ltd Carrek Limited Carvers & Gilders Ltd Charles Oldham Fine Woodcarving Chiverton Clive Beardall Restorations Ltd Clough Harris Limited Country House Renovations Limited D B R (London) Limited Dunne and Co Ltd Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Fisher Bullen Grosvenor Construction Ltd H K Askew & Son Hall Construction Limited J & W Kirby J P Ladell Ltd Knowles & Son (Oxford) Ltd Longden Luard Conservation Limited McCurdy & Co Owlsworth I J P Paxton Restoration Ltd Pembrokeshire Thatch & Carpentry Services Period Property Solutions Building Conservation Limited R J Smith & Co R W Armstrong Romark Interiors Sandy & Co (Contractors) Ltd Sash Restoration Co (Hereford) Ltd Stonewest Limited Taliesin Conservation Treasure & Son Ltd Triton Conservation W Thomas Restorations Ltd Westland London William Anelay Ltd

Pg 116 117 62 63 64 64 118 117 116 116 65 178 169 65 67 66 66 66 68 68 69 58 70 69 213 170 58 70 119 84

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72 72 179 cb 73 120 cb 71 cb 72 73 73 178 172 117

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Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

METALWORK A L R Ltd Alumasc Rainwater Antique Bronze Ltd Anwick Forge Architectural Metal Designs Limited Barr & Grosvenor Ltd Best Demolition Between Time Ltd Bristol Foundry Britannia Architectural Metalwork Ltd Bronzework C E L Ltd Calibre Metalwork Ltd Carrek Limited Castaway Cast Products and Woodware Charles Collinge Chris Topp & Co Ltd Eura Conservation Ltd Fabco Sanctuary Ltd George James & Sons, Blacksmiths Glasgow Steel Nail Co Ltd Grosvenor, Meehan & Laing Haddonstone Limited Heritage Project Management Historic Metalwork Conservation Consultancy J & J W Longbottom Ltd J H Porter & Son Ltd J Rigg Construction Ltd Lumen Rooflight MBL Marsh Brothers Engineering Services Mather & Smith Ltd/M J Allen Group McGregor Patterns Michael Major Sculpture Restoration Norgrove Studios Ltd Northwest Lead Owlsworth I J P Peter S Neale Blacksmiths Richard Rogers Conservation Ltd Rupert Harris Conservation Saint-Gobain PAM UK Limited Shepley Engineers Limited Stonewest Limited Triton Conservation William J Gowar & Company Ltd

wc wc

jo jo jo jo

wc wc

KEY Fine joinery & cabinet making cb cabinet making jo fine joinery jp timber panelling jw joinery workshops wc wood carving & turning TIMBER SUPPLIERS Agrell Architectural Carving Antique Bronze Ltd Antique Buildings Limited Artisan Plastercraft Ltd Best Demolition Bosence & Co Chalk Down Lime Ltd The Cleft Wood Co Clive Beardall Restorations Ltd Cornish Lime Company Ltd E G Swingler & Sons E I Flood & Sons Longden Inspire Conservation Ltd John Boddy Timber Ltd Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Milestone Lime Plastering Ransfords Conservation and Reclaimed Building Supplies The Traditional Lime Co Vastern Timber Co Ltd Weald and Downland Open Air Museum Weldon Contracts Limited Whippletree Hardwoods Womersley’s Limited

Pg 116 110 144 185 144 45 160 117 178 160 82 186 213 101 117 160 187

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161 bt 117 117 181 117 bt 161 bt

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KEY Timber suppliers bt battens, lath & pegs ti timber suppliers tm timber mouldings tp timber & parquet flooring ve veneers

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3.3 Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

CARvED JOINERy

The conservation and repair of historic timber carvings ALAN LAMB

ur historic buildings contain an extraordinary variety of carving on joinery, from the Rochester choir stalls of 1227 and the fine wood carving of Grinling Gibbons (1648â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1721), to the interiors of the Arts and Crafts movement. Carving styles and joinery components have undergone many changes but the basic techniques used in their making have generally remained remarkably consistent. The technical issues faced by conservators are therefore generally the same whatever the age of the carving, but the ethical issues can be highly contentious, particularly where the question of whether and when to replace missing carving arises. In historic buildings that have remained in constant use, ongoing small losses to delicate carvings are almost inevitable. In this context the replacement of missing carving is a necessary step if our first priority is to stabilise ongoing aesthetic deterioration and preserve a space that we value highly for its appearance. Different priorities would apply when considering a museum piece in un-restored condition, preserved in a protected environment. The decision to replace a missing component in a historic building should always be a considered one. The question assumes the conservator has the skill and sensitivity to produce a carving that matches the quality of the original and that there is a good reason for the intervention. In all cases the decision has to balance the competing priorities of the aesthetic, historical and physical integrity of the object in a way that is appropriate to the objectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s setting and use. Aesthetic and historical considerations might include the general level of finish in the room, how much the losses detract from the original design intention, the symmetry of the object, and how closely we can reference the new carving to existing features or other evidence. Physical considerations might include the current use of the room, the condition of its support, and the state of its environment. A diagnostic assessment or treatment plan should always look at the carving in the context of both the structure it is part of or attached to, and the fabric of the building that supports and contains that structure. histoRic constRuction techniQues and mateRials Mortice and tenoned frames with unglued pegged joints and panels were the most fundamental component in the construction

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Scribing a template for replacement carving, New College Chapel, Oxford

of screens, wall panelling and choir stalls in the Middle Ages. The frames could be decorated with carved or pierced panels and the jambs could be extended with other layers of timber to form arches and other carved decorative features. In 17th- and 18th-century joinery, doors, reveals, shutters, soffits and box pews were framed, while architraves, entablatures and chimneypieces were often of simple plank or box-frame construction, with elaborate carving fixed to them with nails or metal pins. Carved elements could be made up of several layers glued together, either before or during the carving process. The species of timber commonly used in carved joinery are outlined below. european oak Quercus robur Until the last quarter of the 17th century oak

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was by far the most commonly used timber in carved joinery. Most would be English in origin but from the mid-14th century onwards high quality quarter-sawn oak boards known as wainscot were imported from Europe. These sawn boards were used for doors, window shutters and panelling. deal (Pine, spruce and fir) From the 16th century, the term deal was used to describe any, ready-sawn coniferous timber imported from the Baltic. Red deal or yellow deal implied European redwood, Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine). This is by far the most common imported species encountered in carving and joinery. Deal is light, stable, fast to carve and takes paint or gesso (a fine plaster bound with size used for gilding and paint finishes) better than oak.

3.3 Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

Repaired 16th-century panelling with new panel in background, and (below) the back of the panelling showing its repair.

Carving repair on an early 16th-century dais screen

lime Tilia vulgaris Lime, with its ability to take detail, is the finest of all the carving woods. However, it lacks the stability needed for the structural elements of joinery and is slower to carve than pine. From the third quarter of the 17th century lime was used extensively for carved decoration on oak or deal joinery. Walnut Juglans regia Walnut was used extensively for furniture in the first quarter of the 18th century and occasionally for joinery. mahogany Swietenia macrophylla From the second half of the 18th century mahogany from Central America was occasionally used for carved joinery. It looks good, works easily and is extremely stable. It may be hard to obtain suitable varieties to match early work. timBeR PRocessing Native hardwoods such as oak would be riven (split using wedges). Timber was then cut using a two-man saw with the tree trunk set on trestles or over a saw-pit with one sawyer above and one below the piece being sawn. Deal was machine sawn using water-powered sawmills before importation. After seasoning, air-dried timber has a moisture content of about 17 per cent. The wood retains its ability to lose and regain moisture as the relative humidity in its environment varies. As it dries it shrinks or ‘moves’. The greatest shrinkage takes place along the circumference of the annular growth rings of the tree. The thickness of the rings is slightly reduced and the length of the timber along the grain moves very

15th-century screen showing constructional layers

little. This differential shrinkage is the source of cupping and bowing in timber. The traditional way to minimise these problems is to ‘quarter-saw’ the timber to create even shrinkage within the plank. RePaiR mateRials timber selection When choosing timber for a repair it is important to try to match the species of wood, the moisture content, the grain width and the grain direction. This matching will make the repair look less obvious and will ensure the minimum of differential movement between the repair and the original piece. If replacing an entire component it is best to select timber as near quarter-sawn as possible, and essential to reject any timber which has hairline cracks and compression shakes, sap wood and large or dead knots.

glue selection If the relative humidity in the room is within reasonable limits and good contact surfaces have been achieved, a traditional protein glue such as pearl glue will prove as strong as any modern alternative and is easily reversible. It should be considered before other options. Fresh glue should be made regularly in small batches and should be heated in a traditional glue pot. If the glue is old or if it is overheated the collagen links on which its strength depends will break down. Microballoons (a lightweight filler) can be added to improve the glue’s gap-filling properties but will cause a small reduction in strength. Epoxy resins give a strong bond and can prove useful if gap-filling properties are required. In some cases there may be a tradeoff between poor reversibility and the need to avoid the loss of original material at the glued joint. A small amount of pigment can be added

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Epoxy microballoon fill and dowel, and (right) the two halves combined

Carving replacement after consolidating charred area with Paraloid B72

The use of unglued wooden biscuits to hold a twopiece spandrel panel in line while allowing movement

to colour the glue line to match the object. Quick-setting epoxy resins can prove useful in a situation where effective clamping can only be achieved by hand. Fish glue and liquid protein glues applied cold are reversible and convenient but are not reliable unless environmental conditions are good. PVA is only semi-reversible in practice, has poor gap-filling properties and should not be used if a joint is under shearing pressure as the glue line may creep. An aliphatic resin (a common constituent of wood glue which is more rigid than PVA) is a better alternative.

lighting Unsuitable lighting can result in an unhelpful increase in temperature near a carving. Sunlight and strong artificial lighting can cause bleaching to timber or cause deterioration of surface finishes. Fitting a window film that provides ultraviolet protection can be an effective solution.

tYPical defects and causes of damage damp The greatest enemy of carved joinery is damp due to poor building maintenance. Damp can lead to decay by wet rot, dry rot and insects such as woodworm. It can cause the warping of timber and the failure of protein glues. Damp may still be a problem in some historic buildings and should be addressed by a good building maintenance programme, before attempting other conservation work. low relative humidity In many historic buildings today, better maintenance and central heating mean that low relative humidity is a very common problem. This leads to cracking and warping, loose joints and desiccation of glue. A relative humidity of between 40 and 65 per cent is best, and ideally the temperature should be no more than seven degrees above external conditions. However, this is likely to prove unacceptably cold at times for the occupants of the building. There are several possible solutions to the problem. For further information consult English Heritageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Environmental Management Performance Standards (see Recommended Reading).

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People Woodcarving is subject to depressingly regular damage and loss at the hands of cleaners or contractors working in historic buildings. People are often unaware of its vulnerability. A short induction and written guidelines for contractors stressing the historic value and fragility of the fittings will go some way to addressing the problem where access cannot be restricted. insect attack Damage by wood boring insects such as furniture beetle, house longhorn beetle or deathwatch beetle can cause considerable damage. The drier conditions found in most buildings today are less attractive to these insects but if new flight holes or the insects themselves are spotted, seek advice promptly. Poor original design Damage can also be caused by a failure of short grain (where the cut ends of the grain are exposed) on pieces of timber under stress, or fixings that do not allow for movement in the timber. tReatment oPtions cleaning The surface finishes on carved joinery vary widely and it is unwise to assume the piece retains its original finish. Early carving that was originally painted and gilded may have been stripped and treated with wax,

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linseed oil, French polish or oil varnish. Test cleaning and inspection under ultraviolet light for variations in fluorescence can help to identify varnish layers and components such as natural resins and drying oils. Once the identification of the surface to be cleaned has been made and the remains of any earlier schemes noted, it should be possible to formulate a suitable cleaning method. If a piece retains its original finish this should be preserved with great care. consolidation If the timber has suffered extensive insect or fungal attack the careful injection of a consolidant may re-establish the structural integrity of the carving or impart enough strength to allow the piece to be re-backed with timber. Two-part low viscosity epoxy will impart considerably more strength to the object than solvent-based consolidants and will be easier to apply effectively. The risk of spillage onto the surface of the piece can be reduced by filling any insect flight holes with wax of an appropriate colour before consolidation. Paraloid B72 can be useful for surface consolidation. Conservators should be realistic about the practical reversibility of anything other than surface consolidation whichever consolidant is chosen. fillers Wax can be a useful filler for small cracks and gaps in situations with unpredictable relative humidity, where there may be the potential for excess movement. In more stable situations a narrow crack or joint injected with glue then filled with wax may sometimes be less visually obtrusive than a colour-matched wooden fillet. Wax is an ideal filler for insect flight holes. Good results can be obtained using microcrystalline wax, which is less sticky than beeswax and gives a harder finish. The wax should be melted and tinted with good quality oil colours to match the colour of the surface to be filled. It can be scored into thin strips and these can be worked with the fingers until soft enough to apply. It then can be levelled to the surface of the work with a plastic scraper. Epoxy filled with microballoons can be used in a situation where the surface of a badly decayed carving is intact and re-backing the piece with new timber is deemed impractical. This will not be reversible but it may strengthen the piece sufficiently to save it.

3.3 Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

Re-backing When a fragile carved object is structural it may be possible to reinforce it by replacing a badly decayed area on the back with new timber leaving the appearance on the front relatively unchanged. It may be necessary to consolidate the piece before this is possible. RePlacement caRVing carving The most common type of intervention will involve replacing carved leafs and other small ornamental details. If the piece is part of a symmetrical scheme, a pattern can be taken from its mirror image. A small piece of clear plastic such as a CD case can be held over the surviving carving and the outline established with a fine marker pen. This can be instantly reversed and marked out on the new timber. A small band saw with a fine blade will prove invaluable for this sort of work. The outline can be cut on the band saw and then fixed to a small board with a hot glue gun or a paper joint. The board can then be clamped to the workbench and carving commenced. It is useful to have a photograph of the work being copied on the bench as an instant reference during the carving process. Once the carving of the front is complete, the carving can be removed from the board to allow the reverse to be carved back and any undercutting to be added. The final touches will take place after the piece is glued in position, taking great care to cut away from the original at all times. In some situations a carver may be working from photographs of the carving taken before the losses occurred. In these cases a working drawing will prove essential. fixing The area where the new carving meets the old should be left slightly oversize and any extra wood needed to achieve the joint taken into account. A clean flat surface needs to be created on the piece being repaired. Often the carving will have broken off along the grain. If the timber is straight grained and of good quality the break may well have a nearly flat surface. If this is the case, a paring chisel can be used to create a good surface with virtually no loss of original wood. If more wood has to be removed it is better to fit the repair to the shape of the break. Carbon paper can be used to mark high points which are removed in stages until the piece fits. In some cases it will prove very difficult to get a perfect match in which case the use of a gap-filling glue such as an epoxy will create a better fix than a more reversible alternative. In some cases a mechanical fixing such as a small dowel or wooden biscuit will create a much more secure joint and will allow the repair to be removed and replaced during the carving process. For small repairs wooden kebab sticks are excellent for this purpose. Made of split cane with long fibres they are strong for their diameter. To mark the centres to be drilled, a pin can be taped across one of the pieces to be joined, with the pinhead where the dowel will centre. Pressing the two pieces together firmly will cause the sides of

Carving replacement New College Chapel, Oxford

Replacement 14th-century stiff-leaf at New College Chapel

the pinhead to indent both pieces. The adhesive can be applied and the new carving clamped in position using spring clamps or masking tape.

S Rivers and N Umney, Conservation of Furniture, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003

recommended reading V Dorge and F Carey Howlett, Painted Wood: History and Conservation, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 1998 Environmental Management Performance Standards: Guidelines for Historic Buildings, English Heritage, Swindon, 2009

alan lamB (www.alanlambconservation. co.uk) studied at the london college of Furniture and has worked as a carver and conservator for 25 years. From 1997 to 2007 he taught at the city and guilds of london art school and was head of historic carving at the school until 2012. he is now independent.

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3.3

Wood caRVeRs

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

“The level of craftsmanship shown is amazing. How you can produce something of such quality from a simple lump of wood is beyond me. Many thanks.” David Shiress, Design Manager, Taylor Made Joinery Interiors, Ltd.

“The quality of the carving your company has provided for Bishop Sherlock’s Room is, by common consent, simply outstanding. The craftsmanship on display is extraordinary and the appearance of the room is remarkable as a result.” Dr. Scott Cooper, Director, Fulham Palace

Agrell Architectural Carving provides bespoke, high quality architectural woodcarving, consultation and design services. Wood carving: With offices in the UK, New York and San Francisco and a capacity of over 50,000 hours of hand carving a year, we proudly stand by our reputation for producing high quality woodcarving on time and within budget, regardless of project size or location. Consultation and Design: With over 50 years expertise in woodcarving and design, Ian Agrell provides a unique service that if utilised during the planning stages can result in significant time and monetary savings. Contact: UK: (01233) 500252 New York and San Francisco: (415) 457 4422 www.agrellcarving.co.uk

The Human Touch

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◾ agRell aRchitectuRal caRVing ltd 5 oaklands, the street, mersham, Kent tn25 6ne tel 01233 500252 email kate@agrellcarving.co.uk www.agrellcarving.co.uk

◾ chaRles oldham fine Wood caRVing 25 Vicarage street, frome, somerset Ba11 1Pu tel 01373 300152/01373 469888 www.charlesoldhamwoodcarving.co.uk

WOOD CARVING: Agrell Architectural Carving provides bespoke, high

Map, page 179.

quality architectural wood carving, consultation and design services. With offices in the UK, New York and San Francisco and a capacity of over 50,000 hours of hand carving a year, Agrell Architectural Carving proudly stands by its reputation for producing high quality wood carving on time and within budget regardless of project size or location. Impress current and future clients by engaging Agrell Architectural Carving’s consulatation and design services. With over 50 years expertise in wood carving and design, Ian Agrell provides a unique service that if utilised during the planning stages can result in significant time and monetary savings. See also: display entry on this page.

WOOD CARVING: See also: entry on the Antique & Furniture Restorers

◾ W thomas RestoRations ltd 201 avro house, havelock terrace, london sW8 4as tel 020 7627 4001 fax 020 7627 4241 mobile 07957 482266 email info@thomasrestorations.com www.thomasrestorations.com WOOD CARVING AND GILDING: See also: profile entry in Gilders, page 178.

◾ caRVeRs & gildeRs ltd unit 44, spaces Business centre, ingate Place, london sW8 3ns tel 020 7498 5070 fax 020 7498 1221 email bcd@carversandgilders.com www.carversandgilders.com CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: Specialists in the conservation and restoration of fine decorative woodcarving and giltwood furniture. Designers and makers of commissioned carved and gilded furniture, mirror frames and ornamental pieces, in period and contemporary styles. Consultancy service offered. Royal Warrant holder, Accredited Member of the Institute of Conservation, member of the Master Carvers Association and Guild of Master Craftsmen. Clients include major organisations such as The Royal Collection, Historic Royal Palaces, English Heritage and the National Trust, and also private collectors, and British and international architects and designers.

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When contacting companies listed here, please let them know that you found them through

the Building conservation directory

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

2734 Whippletree EO 124x86.FIN:Whipple EO Advert 124mmx86m 3.3

timBeR suPPlieRs

For the repair & conservation of historic buildings

Sustainable British grown timber products • Structural oak beams • Curved and shaped oak sections • Oak, sweet chestnut, larch and cedar cladding • Traditional solid English hardwood flooring Contact us or visit our website for the full product range Wootton Bassett Wiltshire T 01793 853 281

Studley Wiltshire T 01249 813 173

vastern.co.uk

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

ENGLISH OAK

Joinery quality oak air & kiln-dried Sawn oak & larch plaster lath Hand riven battens & laths in oak & sweet chestnut Green & air-dried structural beams New wide oak floor boarding

01763 208 966

www.whippletree.co.uk fine JoineRY

◾ the cleft Wood comPanY the old dairy, Pond farm, calvert Road, steeple claydon, Buckingham mK18 2hd tel 01296 730930 email enquiries@cleftwood.com www.cleftwood.com

◾ anelaYs William anelay limited, murton Way, osbaldwick, York Yo19 5uW tel 01904 412624 fax 01904 413535 email info@williamanelay.co.uk www.williamanelay.co.uk

ROOFING BATTENS, CLEFT OAK GATES, CLEFT OAK POST AND RAIL AND PALING FENCING: Traditional green woodsmen, the Cleft Wood Company

Building Contractors, page 62.

sources its timber from well managed English woodlands, much cut by the company itself which has been supplying the conservation trade for over ten years. Clients include the National Trust, major museums, wholesalers and builders large and small around the country. Special commissions also undertaken.

◾ John BoddY timBeR ltd Riverside sawmills, Boroughbridge, north Yorkshire Yo51 9lJ tel 01423 322370 fax 01423 324334 email info@john-boddy-timber.ltd.uk www.john-boddy-timber.ltd.uk TIMBER SUPPLIER: John Boddy Timber has supplied the joinery and

furniture trade with hardwoods for over 75 years for projects such as the new Scottish Parliament building. With full machining facilities Boddy’s can supply joinery prepared hardwoods and solid hardwood flooring graded and machined in an extensive range of timbers. Floorboards come in a choice of finished edge; plain, bevel, arris, or planed tongue and grooved with or without a secret nail pattern and end matched for a seamless finish. Engineered flooring includes a handcrafted range, where every board is hand finished. Mouldings, profiles, skirting and architraves are ex-stock or to client specification.

BUILDING AND RESTORATION CONTRACTORS: See also: profile entry in

◾ B antoniW caRPenteR & JoineR 14 Woodseer street, london e1 5hd tel 020 7241 5069 email bohdan.antoniw@btinternet.com REPAIRS AND RESTORATION IN TIMBER: Established in 1976, this is a small family firm specialising in the repair and restoration of 18th century buildings to English Heritage standards. Joinery and mouldings are produced in the company’s central London workshop and it holds a wide range of original patterns and mouldings. Previous commissions include buildings in Spitalfields, Carnaby Street and Bloomsbury.

◾ c R cRane & son ltd manor farm, main Road, nether Broughton, leicestershire le14 3hB tel 01664 823366 fax 01664 823534 email enquiries@crcrane.co.uk www.crcrane.co.uk SPECIALIST BUILDING AND JOINERY CONTRACTORS: See also: profile entry

in Building Contractors, page 65.

◾ Weald and doWnland oPen aiR museum singleton, chichester, West sussex Po18 0eu tel 01243 811464 fax 01243 811475 email courses@wealddown.co.uk www.wealddown.co.uk

◾ caRReK limited 1 st andrew street, Wells cathedral, Wells, somerset Ba5 2un tel 01749 689000 fax 01749 689089 email enquiries@carrek.co.uk www.carrek.co.uk

CONSERVATION SUPPLIES AND SERVICES: See also: profile entry in Courses

HISTORIC BUILDING REPAIRS: See also: profile entry in Building

& Training, page 193.

Contractors, page 65.

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Envirosash’s experienced team specialise in the renovation and fabrication of timber windows on period properties.By using and maximizing the latest glazing technology available on the current market it is now possible to install a Slim Double Glazed unit into your existing windows C meaning no need for replacement. Envirosash combines traditional restoration M and innovative fabrication techniques to a high standard. Turning cold inefficient single Y glazed windows into windows that are energy efficient, condensation free and meet current CM building regulations whilst still maintaining the original appearance. MY Our team believes very strongly in operating CY professionally and ethically and take great pride in conducting ourselves in a professional wayCMY in customers’ homes. A s well as the domestic sector, we have K gained a wealth of experience in the needs and requirements of the commercial sector. From specification and tender through to project management. Envirosash works with developers, main contractors, architects as well as planners and conservation officers so we are well aware of what’s required. We have two branches located in Oxford and Kent and cover various parts of the south east including all of London. Call us on 0800 292 2309 for a free, no-obligation survey.

Fortis & Hooke Painters & Decorators of Distinction

Specialising in the sympathetic decoration, repair and draught proofing of traditional windows

0800 313 4688 www.fortishookedecorators.com

Or visit our site at envirosash.co.uk

in Building Contractors, page 65.

◾ longden 55 Parkwood Road, sheffield s3 8ah tel 0114 270 6330 email enquiries@longdendoors.co.uk www.longdendoors.co.uk HAND-FINISHED DOORSETS: See also: display entry on the inside back cover.

◾ RefuRB-a-sash clock tower Road, isleworth tW7 6dt tel 020 8568 3382 fax 020 8847 3470 email sales@refurbasash.co.uk www.refurbasash.co.uk

Pre-Paint Timber Repairs and Draughtproofing Heritage, Commercial, Private and Public Work Undertaken

Gold Heritage Skills

Blackstopes Farm • Bracken Lane • Retford • Notts • DN22 0PJ. Tel: 01777 706363 • Site Office: 07711 718601 • Email: sales@kierson.co.uk

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TRADITIONAL SASH WINDOW SPECIALISTS: London based, award-winning company established in 1992. Refurb-a-sash is BSI approved and FENSA registered offering specialist services for traditional timber windows and doors. Services include: operational overhauls, draught proofing, full or part replacement in single or double glazing and reinstatement of original designs. Experts in acoustic noise reduction and providing guidance for listed building owners. All products are produced by time-served craftsmen faithfully replicating original features and using traditional joinery methods. All selected timber is preservative treated, hand prepared and finished. Corporate members of the Glass and Glazing Federation and The Glazing Ombudsman complying with their codes of ethical practice.

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…choose Scotts Scotts can produce French doors, glazed and panelled doors as well as period sliding sash and casement windows, ideal for listed properties and restoration projects.

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

For Period Doors & Windows For PeriodOf Doors & Windows of Quality & Distinction… Quality & Distinction… …choose Scotts

Scotts has the expertise to handle a wide range of requirements to ensure that all doors and windows meet your precise project needs and blend in with your property.

Call us on 01832 732366 today or view our photo gallery online at www.scottsofthrapston.co.uk

10240_Scotts_JoineryAd.indd 1

11/10/2012 09:35

Paxton Restoration Ltd Sash window refurbishment and replacement of box frames and sash pairs in Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian period buildings.

THE FINEST TIMBER WINDOWS & DOORS Enhance the quality and prestige of your conservation project with bespoke, single or double glazed, engineered timber windows, doors and conservatories. Superb thermal performance and security with authentic period profiles, traditional sightlines and elegant mouldings. Acknowledged as the sash window specialist, we would be delighted to hear from you. Visit us at the Building Centre, London or at our Essex showroom.

01621 818155 sales@mumfordwood.com

www.mumfordwood.com

Extensive experience with historic buildings, commercial and residential projects from £1,000–£50,000, including easing and adjusting windows, remedial repairs, draught proofing and installing narrow profile double glazed units in existing windows. Paxton also offers high quality painting and decorating, are Dulux Select Accredited and backed by the Government’s Trust Mark Scheme meaning all decorating works are covered by a two year insurance backed guarantee.

171 Anerley Road, London SE20 8EF T 0208 778 110 E info@paxtonrestoration.co.uk www.paxtonrestoration.co.uk

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metal WindoWs

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

the sash restoration co.

COTSWOLd CASEMENTS OVER 100 yEARS OF PROVIdING WINdOWS FOR ENGLANdS hERITAGE

SPECIALIST CRAFTSMEN SINCE 1888 • Steel Windows • Leaded Lights

tel: 01432 359562 • Custom made traditional sliding box sash windows • Specialists in refined double glazed windows and doors • Full painting and fitting service Visit our website for further information

www.sash-restoration.co.uk

• Window Repairs & Refurbishment The Cotswold Casement Co. Cotswold Business Village London Road Moreton-in-Marsh Gloucestershire GL56 0JQ

Fax: 01432 269749 email: sales@sash-restoration.co.uk Unit 6d, The Thorn Business Park, Rotherwas, Hereford HR2 6JT

◾ sash WindoW consultancY 3 the dairy, Priston mill farm, Bath Ba2 9eQ tel 01761 470870 fax 01761 470777 email admin@sashconsultancy.co.uk www.sashconsultancy.co.uk

Tel: 01608 650568 STEEL WINDOW ASSOCIATION Fax: 01608 651699 Website: www.cotswold-casements.co.uk

Directory Ad May 2010

18/5/10

12:09 pm

Page 1

Crittall Steel Windows

TRADITIONAL TIMBER WINDOWS: Manufacturers of Slenderglaze slim-

profile, double-glazed insulating units, the Sash Window Consultancy also specialises in the repair, restoration, replacement and partial replacement of traditional timber sliding sash, casement windows and doors. High quality, pre-finished bespoke joinery in hardwood and Accoya. Slenderglaze is a slim-profile sealed unit that can be installed into traditionally rebated glazing bars as little as 16mm wide without the need for inappropriate plant-on beads and can be glazed with a traditional style putty line. See also: profile entry for Innoglaze Ltd in Secondary Glazing, page 122.

◾ steel WindoW seRVice and suPPlies ltd 30 oxford Road, finsbury Park, london n4 3eY tel 020 7272 2294/6391 fax 020 7281 2309 email post@steelwindows.co.uk www.steelwindows.co.uk SUPPLY AND FIX, SERVICING AND REPAIR OF STEEL WINDOWS: See also:

display entry in Metal Windows, page 121.

Peerless pedigree, matchless performance Crittall designed and manufactured the first steel standard windows in the 1920s. Today’s units replicate that same classic elegant slimline styling whilst offering superb thermal performance and extremely low levels of maintenance. For more information and FREE guide, contact: Crittall Windows Limited Francis House, Freebournes Road, Witham, Essex CM8 3UN Tel: 01376 530800 www.crittall-windows.com

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New & Restored Period Metal Windows

Restoration & Conser vation of Windows

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

fabco Sanctuary Ltd

Fabco Sanctuary is a trusted specialist in the manufacture of beautifully crafted steel windows which are designed to cover all periods of historic fenestration. Whether preserving a property’s history or embarking on a radical contemporary design, we can provide professional advice and glazing solutions to create stunning windows to suite every project. Working with such bodies as The National Trust, English Heritage and Historic Scotland we have helped restore & redesign new replacement casements for some of the country’s most prestigious buildings. Detailed information about our window ranges can be found on our website www.fabcosanctuary.com

tel: 01903 718808 fax: 01903 718903

e: enquiries@fabcosanctuary.com w: www.fabcosanctuary.com Unit 1 Hobbs New Barn • Climping • Littlehampton • West Sussex • BN17 5RE

◾ cRittall WindoWs ltd francis house, freebournes Road, Witham, essex cm8 3un tel 01376 530800 fax 01376 530801 email hq@crittall-windows.co.uk www.crittall-windows.com

The Steel Window Company New & Bespoke Window Design

Steel WindoW Service

STEEL WINDOWS: Crittall Windows, based in Witham, Essex is one of the

world’s largest producers of steel windows and has been in existence for over 160 years. Its modern ISO 9001 factory produces a range of advanced hot dipped galvanised, polyester powder coated double glazed steel windows that are designed to meet all of the latest requirements of Part L of the Building Regulations. Products offer ultra thin sightlines, exceptional strength and durability and excellent thermal and acoustic performance. Windows are suited to both replica refurbishment and new build projects and can offer the same sizes and styles as original imperial units. See also: display entry in this section, page 120.

◾ faBco sanctuaRY ltd unit 1, hobbs new Barn, climping, littlehampton, West sussex Bn17 5Re tel 01903 718808 fax 01903 718903 email enquiries@fabcosanctuary.com www.fabcosanctuary.com NEW AND RESTORED METAL WINDOWS: See also: display entry on

this page.

Steel Window Service has been established for over fifty years and is recognised as a leading Company specialising in the supply and fix, servicing, repair and replacement of steel windows in the London and Home Counties area for both private and commercial clients. Contact us or visit our website for full details

Restoration / Refurbishment / Upgrading Replica Replacement / Servicing / Consultancy 30 Oxford Road, Finsbury Park, London N4 3EY

Tel 020 7272 2294/6391

Fax 020 7281 2309 Email post@steelwindows.co.uk www.steelwindows.co.uk

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secondaRY glaZing

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

BESPOKE WINDOWS AND DOORS

◾ innoglaZe ltd 3 the dairy, Priston mill farm, Bath Ba2 9eQ tel 01225 424434 fax 01761 470777 email info@innoglaze.co.uk www.innoglaze.co.uk SUPPLEMENTARY GLAZING: A new concept for secondary glazing – unobtrusive, frameless panels consisting of low E slim-line insulating units with an integral opaque border. Traditionally secondary glazing has had a reputation for being cumbersome, with aluminium or PVC extrusions, but Innoglaze is different. It is understated, thermally efficient, noise absorbing and draught proof. Innoglaze’s clean lines complement any period or listed property without altering the fabric of the building or detriment to the facade. Innoglaze is fully bespoke so can be customised and colour matched. Available in fixed, hinged, vertical sliding and horizontal sliding formats. Supply or supply and fix. See also: profile entry for Sash Window Consultancy in Windows & Doors, page 120.

◾ selectaglaZe ltd alban Park, hatfield Road, st albans, hertfordshire al4 0JJ tel 01727 837271 fax 01727 844053 email enquiries@selectaglaze.co.uk www.selectaglaze.co.uk THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION: Established since 1966, Royal

B Y VA L E G A R D E N H O U S E S

T E L : 0 14 7 6 5 6 4 4 3 3 www.br onzecasements.com

Warrant Holder Selectaglaze is the UK’s leading specialist designer of secondary glazing systems. Secondary glazing units are recommended by heritage bodies for use in listed buildings and conservation areas. These inner windows offer significantly improved energy efficiency, noise insulation and draught proofing. The range also includes high security insurance rated products for protection against forced entry or bomb blast. Selectaglaze’s ‘Heritage’ hinged casement unit blends imperceptibly with the original windows, allowing shutters to remain fully operational. Product literature and data sheets covering performance research results are available upon request.

gRilleWoRK

◾ nigel saundeRs WindoWs Workshop: unit 5a ditchford farm industrial estate, moreton-in-marsh, Warwickshire gl56 9Rd ▪ office: 28 greenfield avenue, stourbridge, West midlands dY8 1sY tel 01384 440740 fax 01384 364639 mobile 07727 601988 email nigelsaunders@blueyonder.co.uk www.nigelsaunderswindows.co.uk

◾ faBco sanctuaRY ltd unit 1, hobbs new Barn, climping, littlehampton, West sussex Bn17 5Re tel 01903 718808 fax 01903 718903 email enquiries@fabcosanctuary.com www.fabcosanctuary.com

STEEL WINDOWS: Nigel Saunders Windows has over 20 years experience

See also: display entry in Metal Windows, page 121.

in producing and fitting steel windows and specialises in listed buildings. All windows are galvanised, polyester coated and weather-stripped. Double or single glazing is available as well as traditional leaded lights and security locks. Refurbishments and repairs are also undertaken.

PERIOD WINDOW CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND PROTECTION:

◾ William J goWaR & comPanY ltd 32–34 Rheidol mews, Rheidol terrace, london n1 8nu tel 020 7226 3644 www.radiatorcovergrilles.com HANDWOVEN GRILLES: Family-run company manufacturing bespoke

gaRage dooRs

hand-woven brass grilles since 1850. Decorative brass grilles for radiator cabinets and vents in various finishes. Also specialist manufacturers of stainless steel church window protection grilles which fit to the exact shape of the glass.

◾ Rundum meiR tel 0151 280 6626 fax 0151 737 2504 email info@rundum.co.uk www.rundum.co.uk COACH HOUSE/MEWS STYLE GARAGE DOORS: Rundum Meir specialises in

traditional looking, side-gliding garage doors for coach house and mews style properties. The doors can include glazed panels, different types of joinery details and full factory finish. Rundum Meir’s doors can be manual or automated and come as a complete system. The company has worked nationwide on numerous listed properties and properties located in conservation areas. Call the number above to receive a free brochure.

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Charles Collinge The original cast iron strap hinge

Two hundred years of history. Still opening doors on the most exclusive properties

Brand new hinges and cups available in 8 sizes from 18” to 72”

 Restoration, reproduction and

Mews House, Central London

renovation of locks and ironmongery

 Design and manufacture of bespoke ironmongery, locks and fittings

 Ironmongery specification and scheduling service Quality service to architects, contractors, clients, restoration and preservation agencies on listed and historic buildings

01462 811212 TELEPHONE

www.mblai.co.uk

01432 850100

www.charlescollingehinges.com

Unit 3c, St Francis Way, Shefford, Bedfordshire SG17 5DZ Cathedral ADVERT_86x124mm_10052011 10/05/2012 15:12 Page 1

◾ BRamah 31 oldbury Place, marylebone, london W1u 5Pt tel 08700 272624 fax 020 7935 2779 email lock.sales@bramah.co.uk www.bramah.co.uk being built in the early 1800s. Today the company still makes high security locks using the unique Bramah key. Its locks include deadlocks for secure areas, cabinet locks, cylinder locks and escape nightlatches to work with access control systems. All Bramah locks may be mastered or keyed alike and are available in a variety of finishes, with black or bronze often being used. Bramah also manufactures the Rola range of window locks and bolts.

◾ mBl 3c st francis Way, shefford industrial Park, shefford, Bedfordshire sg17 5dZ tel 01462 811212 fax 01462 811901 email info@mblai.co.uk www.mblai.co.uk RESTORATION ARCHITECTURAL IRONMONGERS AND LOCKSMITHS: Founded

in 1990, MBL has developed an outstanding reputation in providing a specialist service for restoration and replication of all types of door and window ironmongery and obscure, obsolete fittings. Services include design, manufacture, restoration and supply of bespoke and standard ironmongery and full architectural ironmongery scheduling service from MBL’s GAI trained staff. From cottage to castle, MBL is able to help clients achieve the final style and finish they desire. Recent and ongoing projects include: Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire; Chatsworth House, Derbyshire; Ickworth House, Suffolk; Strawberry Hill, London and various private houses. See also: display entry on this page.

T 0845 074 0040 W www.josephgiles.com E info@josephgiles.com

SASH WINDOW LOCKS AND HIGH SECURITY RIM AND MORTICE DOOR LOCKS: Bramah first made locks for historic buildings when they were

Restoration of existing ironmongery

Bring it back to its former glory and to full working order

Re-creation of existing ironmongery

Create additional pieces to exactly match the originals

Supply of new ironmongery

Bespoke and stocked solutions to fulfil your period requirements

Schedule for detailed project needs

Full ironmongery scheduling service offered

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CLEANING HISTORIC STAINED GLASS WINDOWS LĂŠONIE SELIGER

Lichens on the external surface of medieval stained glass

Limescale deposits

Mould growth

tained glass and leaded windows in churches do not normally require regular cleaning. There are, however, reasons why cleaning may become necessary. This article provides an introduction to the types of soiling found on the internal and external faces of stained glass, when and how to clean them safely and sympathetically, and the kinds of damage that can result from inappropriate cleaning.

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suRface dePosits Surface deposits and accretions on windows come in a great variety of forms, on both internal and external surfaces. on the external surface Rainwater running down the outside of the building and onto the windows slowly deposits particles of the surrounding materials onto the glass surfaces. These deposits include limescale

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from render, mortar and limestone; and rust from ironwork. Over time they form a thin but very tough patina. On stained glass windows this usually just mellows the intensity of the sunlight passing through the glass but on clear windows a dense patina can be quite intrusive. Airborne particles can attach themselves to the glass surface and to the leads. Heavy traffic or industrial pollution can deposit thick crusts, which are most visible in those areas that are protected from direct rain, such as at the top of a lancet, in small tracery panels or under a horizontal bar. These crusts can be quite loose and flaky, but they can also be extremely hard. Tree sap may regularly coat a window in sticky droplets, which then allow dust to adhere to the glass. Over time, this can result in similar crusts. Bird guano is another frequent nuisance. Because there are serious health risks associated with bird guano, it should only be removed by trained people who are aware of the risks and use the appropriate safety equipment. Organic growth such as algae and lichens (top right) can also be found on the outside ofÂ windows.

3.3 Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

Typical corrosion damage to the exterior face of a medieval stained glass window

on the internal surface Even if a window is not leaking, water in the form of condensation will regularly run down the inside surface and can create thick limescale deposits (facing page). Soot from decades of burning candles can gradually cause window glass to darken. Algae, fungi and moulds (facing page) are more often found on the inside of a window, as there they have a regular supply of condensation water but are not washed away by rain. coRRosion of medieVal glass Medieval glass will often show corrosion damage and weathering crusts on the inside as well as the outside. On medieval glass, corrosion processes can result in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;weathering crustsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. These can cover entire pieces evenly with brownish or whitish crusts but they also often erupt from distinct pits, covering the surface in white spots (above). These crusts are the result of a chemical interaction between the glass and the atmosphere under the influence of water. Underneath the weathering crusts the medieval glass surface is always severely damaged and very fragile. damage caused BY dePosits Some glass types are more prone to damage than others and medieval glass is particularly vulnerable. Some deposits can be harmful to the glass while others are not. Patina and some hard crusts, although they can be unsightly, are unlikely to cause damage to the underlying glass. Soft deposits that attract and hold water on the surface, and particularly organic growth, can actively damage the glass by keeping it damp. Organic growth often has acidic metabolic by-products and, over time,

Loose flaking paint on medieval glass

can trigger corrosion damage even on postmedieval glass and paint. Painted decoration is particularly at risk. Glass paint is similar to a pottery glaze and is fused to the glass surface in a kiln before the window is assembled. Windows of all ages can have problems with poorly fired, damaged or decaying glass paint (above and right), and it takes an expert to tell whether or not the paint is stable. hoW to clean stained glass Assessing the condition of glass and painted decoration and advising on a suitable cleaning method should always be carried out by an accredited conservator, even if the actual cleaning can in some cases be carried out by non-professionals. Even plain unpainted glass may be very old and can be damaged by the wrong choice of cleaning method or by unskilled hands. Church windows consist of a mosaic of small glass pieces which are held together with lead profiles and weather-proofed with a grout. They are typically inserted into stone surrounds and strengthened against wind pressure with horizontal metal bars that are inserted into the surrounding stonework and attached to the windows with wire. The complicated construction of church windows means that they have to be cleaned by hand, piece by piece. Depending on the nature of the deposits, cleaning can be time consuming and potentially damaging, and may need to be carried out by skilled professionals. In some cases, gentle and comparatively quick cleaning with cotton wool and distilled water can remove simple loose dirt and bring a window back to its original splendour. In other cases, cleaning may be impossible, or can only be done under a microscope in a conservation studio.

Paint loss on 19th-century glass

Rust staining before and after cleaning

Deposits on windows can include bits of grit from surrounding stonework or rust from iron bars, which could be trapped in the other dust deposits. These can easily act like an abrasive powder and scratch the glass surface. Limescale is also often present and this can leave very unsightly smear marks that may

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only become visible once the window has dried completely. The safest and most effective way to clean historic windows that have no painted decoration, or where the decoration is in sound condition, is to roll (not rub) cotton buds dampened with a little de-ionised water over the glass surfaces. The slightly damp cotton fibres collect the dirt from the surface very effectively. Cotton buds of the required size can be made quite easily using bamboo skewers and raw cotton, which is available from most pharmacies. This enables the cotton buds to be rolled to suit the size of the piece of glass to be cleaned. On unpainted glass, once the cotton bud has stopped collecting dirt, a final polish can be carried out to help the glass regain its brilliance. It is always inadvisable to polish painted glass. In exceptional circumstances, for example where dense rust staining (previous page, bottom right) has caused unsightly discolorations on plain glazing, more abrasive methods like bristle brushes and plastic pot scourers may be used as a last resort, but only after taking professional advice. damage caused BY cleaning The surface of glass is surprisingly prone to scratches. It is quite wrong to assume that only diamonds are hard enough to scratch glass: wire wool, glass-fibre brushes, abrasive powders and metal tools can cause serious damage. While the damage may not be immediately visible, very small scratches can cause corrosion, particularly in medieval glass. The removal of corrosion deposits on medieval glass is controversial, because overcleaning can expose very fragile corroded glass surfaces. Cleaning of corroded glass should only be attempted by appropriately trained, skilled and experienced conservators, and should be done in moderation. A corroded window will never look as good as new, nor should it. Time has left its mark and that change is part of the window’s history. Over-cleaning of windows that have fragile paint can result in severe and irreversible damage, such as the loss of painted detail, and can leave a window unreadable. Unlike paintings on canvas or paper, it is very difficult to touch-in lost glass paint. dos and don’ts Cleaning can improve the legibility and help the long-term survival of a window, but it must be done carefully and correctly. Do seek the advice of an expert before deciding to clean a window. It is always worth getting good advice at the start – once damage is done it cannot be undone. For churches, the local diocese can often help by recommending an advisor who specialises in stained glass. Icon, the Institute of Conservation, has a searchable online register of accredited conservators (www. conservationregister.com). Do provide safe access. Church windows tend to be tall and are often at great height.

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A Henry Holiday window in St Mary’s Church before and after cleaning

Details of one of the Henry Holiday windows before and after cleaning

Safe access is important; it’s not worth risking injury or worse for a clean window. Don’t use harsh abrasive pads or household cleaners and never use acids or wire wool. Even the removal of cobwebs should only be done extremely carefully and

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the duster should never touch a window that contains painted stained glass. Don’t attempt to clean medieval stained glass if you are not a trained and experienced stained glass conservator. And finally: if in doubt, don’t clean.

decoRatiVe & stained glass

The congregation of a small medieval parish church in Kent was delighted to learn that their church contained fine stained glass windows by Henry Holiday (1839–1927). Holiday was a Pre-Raphaelite painter, designer, sculptor and illustrator, who succeeded Edward Burne-Jones as designer of stained glass windows at Powell’s Glass Works in London in 1861 and set up his own studio in 1891. One of his best windows can be seen in Westminster Abbey. The three small windows in St Mary’s Church were so densely covered with dirt and microbial growth that no-one had given them a second glance in decades. Ivy had invaded the space between the rusting safety grilles, covering the stained glass even further. The church is situated in a deep and damp valley, and is surrounded by trees that grow very close to the building. This created a sheltered and stagnant micro-climate with very high humidity and low light levels. All of the church’s windows therefore showed dense micro-organism growth on the inside of the glass. In 2005, a survey of the stained glass windows was commissioned. It was then that the partially obscured Henry Holiday glass was identified. Close inspection revealed that the stained glass was not only covered with dirt deposits, microbial growth and ivy, but that underneath it all the delicate paintwork was in very poor condition. The long exposure to stagnant condensation and to acidic metabolic products from the micro-organisms had resulted in patchy losses of the decoration. Losses were particularly severe where water was pooling on the glass above horizontal lead profiles. The thin washes and the very fine applied skin tone were mottled with patchy losses where algal mats and moulds had invaded the surfaces. The severity of the damage, the fragility of the remaining decoration and the importance of the windows led to the relatively unusual decision to protect them with external protective glazing. This decision was not taken lightly, as it constituted a change to the building’s historic fabric. Protective glazing is more usually installed where corroded medieval stained glass needs protection from the elements. In St Mary’s, however, even with planned improvements to the heating system and some thinning out of the trees around the building, the levels of humidity were going to remain high enough to cause more damage to the already badly affected glass. The stained glass was therefore removed from the glazing grooves and taken to the conservation studio. The first treatment was the repeated application of a fine mist of an ethanol-water mixture to kill any active micro-organisms. Careful cleaning with small sable brushes was then carried out, mostly under the microscope to avoid dislodging any of the unstable paint. Loose paint flakes were consolidated with minute droplets of acrylic resin. At times it was deemed too hazardous to remove the dead micro-organisms from very flaky paint layers. In those cases they were left in place and consolidated together. The protective glazing was installed into the original glazing groove and sealed in. A condensation tray was installed at the bottom of the outer glazing, with a drainage pipe that would evacuate run-off to the exterior. After conservation, the now beautifully crisp and jewel-like Henry Holiday windows were framed with narrow bronze profiles and attached to the stonework about 50mm behind the outer glazing. Small slots at the bottom and at the top of the frames allow air to circulate around the stained glass, keeping it completely dry and free from condensation. The external appearance of these three windows has certainly changed, as the protective glazing has a much more reflective surface than the historic stained glass. The western end of the church is surrounded by trees and is little visited, however, so this change was deemed acceptable. Seen from the inside of the building, the west wall looks just as it did before, except that Henry Holiday’s figures of patriarchs and angels now shine again, and will continue to do so for a very long time to come. léonie seligeR Ma acr is director of the cathedral studios, canterbury cathedral (see profile entry on this page). the studio offers stained glass conservation, restoration and design services throughout the british isles.

◾ BaRleY studios ltd church Balk, dunnington, York Yo19 5lh tel/fax 01904 489093 mobile 07711 635014 email keith@barleystudio.co.uk www.barleystudio.co.uk www.helenwhittakerart.com STAINED GLASS CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND CREATION: Keith Barley, Icon accredited conservator, established Barley Studio, York, 40 years ago. The studio has gained an international reputation for the high standard of its stained glass conservation and restoration for the nation’s cathedrals, stately homes and parish churches. Barley Studio is also known for its new work, with artist Helen Whittaker winning commissions for many prestigious buildings across the UK. The studio covers all aspects of stained glass and related metalwork: environmentally protective isothermal glazing systems, restoration and supply of ferramenta and opening casements, stainless steel wire guards, period style plain glazing and antique glasses, consultation, surveys and reports.

◾ c J l designs 36 Vinney lane, Blatchbridge, frome, somerset Ba11 5eh tel 01373 472008 mobile 07968 175069 email cjldesigns@macunlimited.net www.leadlight.co.uk

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

the henRY holidaY WindoWs in st maRY’s chuRch, stoWting, Kent, a case studY

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STAINED GLASS AND LEADED LIGHTS: Established in 1988, CJL Designs

restores and manufactures windows in all settings. The company offers a professional service and advice for restoring existing glass, frames and furniture and a bespoke design service for new commissions in private and public buildings; condition surveys and recommendations for remedial work. It maintains and refurbishes leaded lights and frames, including Crittal type, cast iron and hoppers, and advises on water ingress, vandalism and protective grilles. Work is undertaken both in situ and in the studio. Projects have included: churches within the Oxford, Winchester and Guildford dioceses; work for Cadw; the Falkland Islands Chapel, Pangbourne; Roundway Hospital, Devizes; Littlecote House, Hungerford; Worcester Cottage, Brecon; Herriard and Rushmore estates and other listed buildings.

◾ the cathedRal studios 8a the Precincts, canterbury, Kent ct1 2eg tel 01227 865265 fax 01227 865222 email cathedralstudios@canterbury-cathedral.org www.stained-glass-studio.org.uk SPECIALISTS IN STAINED GLASS CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION:

The Cathedral Studios looks back on 38 years of successful conservation of the medieval, post medieval and Victorian heritage in Canterbury Cathedral and in many other cathedrals, churches and buildings throughout the country. The studio’s team of eight highly trained conservators will be pleased to advise on the conservation and protection of your glass. Two of the studio’s conservators are PACR accredited.

◾ cliffoRd g duRant & son the glasshouse studio, new street, horsham, West sussex Rh13 5du tel 01403 264607 mobile 07860 310138 fax 01403 264607 email cliff@clifforddurant.co.uk www.clifforddurant.co.uk STAINED AND LEADED GLASS: Accredited stained glass and leaded glass conservators. Quality and professional service, surveys, installation, using fine hand-drawn lead and fine lime mortars.

◾ illumin glass studio 57 Prestbury Road, macclesfield, cheshire sK10 1au tel 01625 613600 STAINED GLASS WINDOWS AND LIGHTING: Illumin has been making and repairing leaded-glass windows and lighting since 1979, and can also supply antique and other sheet glass. The studio can provide services including etching, bevelling and brilliant-cutting, and can repair or supply wooden, metal or stone window frames. It covers about a 30 mile radius area around Macclesfield. Recent work includes: complete re-glazing of a 16th century farmhouse and a 17th century cottage; repairs to local churches; repairs and new panels at Chetham School, Manchester; and repairs and new windows for private houses of various ages.

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◾ Jim Budd stained glass the foyce, gladestry, Kington, hereford hR5 3ns tel 01544 370690 email mail@jimbudd.co.uk www.jimbudd.co.uk www.jimbudd.tel

Lightfoots

CHArlES liGHTFooT lTD GlASS worKS & STAinED GlASS STUDio Est 1890 PRE-EMINENT IN CHURCH GLAZING FOR OVER 100 YEARS Expert restoration of stained glass and traditional leaded lights by qualified craftsmen New stained glass commissions undertaken Protection with wire guards, toughened glass or polycarbonate Toughened glass doors & screens and other specialist glazing orchard House, Heywood road, Sale, Cheshire M33 3wB Tel: 0161 973 6565 Fax: 0161 962 5335 website: www.charleslightfoot.co.uk E-Mail: info@charleslightfoot.co.uk

nick bayliss

(architectural glass) ltd. artists & craftsmen in stained & leaded glass we design, make and install stained glass windows and leaded lights to the highest standards of craftsmanship. we provide a comprehensive and efficient service, backed by years of experience. showroom/workshop five minutes from city centre we also specialise in the restoration of period timber and iron framework

design:manufacture:restoration 152 Warstone Lane, Hockley, Birmingham B18 6NZ Tel: 0121 233 1985 Fax: 0121 233 9921 E-mail: nickbayliss@tiscali.co.uk www.baylissglass.co.uk

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HISTORIC GLAZING SPECIALISTS: Established for over 27 years, specialising in the manufacture, repair and conservation of stained glass and leaded lights, the glazing of old buildings, traditional window ironwork and the supply of mouthblown cylinder glass. Work also includes the manufacture of stainless steel wire guards and isothermal glazing. Key clients include: English Heritage, National Trust, Churches Conservation Trust, Historic Chapels Trust, Jersey Heritage Trust, Hereford Cathedral and The Duchy of Cornwall. Services also include consultation, surveys and condition reports. The studio designs and manufactures new stained glass to commission.

◾ John coRleY stained glass studio 57 West street, deal, Kent ct14 6eB tel/fax 01304 365160 email john.corley@btinternet.com CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND NEW COMMISSIONS OF STAINED GLASS: John Corley Dip AD ACR, Icon accredited conservator, studio

established 1978. Condition reports, isothermal glazing systems, treatment of ferramenta and protective guards are all undertaken.

◾ John Yeo stained glass Roseland cottages, ham lane, Bowlish, somerset Ba4 5JW tel 01749 342552 email info@jysg.co.uk www.jysg.co.uk STAINED GLASS: Ecclesiastical commissions, specialist restoration, repairs and leaded lights. The company has worked extensively with the dioceses of Bath and Wells, Bristol, Salisbury, Winchester and Exeter and completed work for Royal Navy and United States Air Force churches.

◾ Recclesia stained glass unit 3 st ives Way, sandycroft, chester ch5 2Qs tel 01244 906002 fax 01244 906003 email admin@recclesia.com www.recclesia.com/glass STAINED GLASS CONSERVATION, REPAIR AND DESIGN: Recclesia Stained Glass is one of the UK’s largest glass studios and undertakes the conservation and repair of stained and painted glass, leaded lights and historic glazing. Recently the company has been working on the Manchester Town Hall extension and Central Library transformation project where it has removed all 400 stained and leaded glass windows for extensive studio conservation and repair work. Recclesia has also worked on several English Heritage projects including the East Window works at St John the Baptist Church in Kinlet, Shropshire. The company has its own metal workshop which produces protective guards and isothermal glazing systems and repairs traditional metal casements. See also: display entry in this section, page 128 and Recclesia Ltd profile entry in Stone, page 104.

◾ salisBuRY cathedRal stained glass the Works department, the close, salisbury, Wiltshire sP1 2en tel 01722 555144 fax 01722 555140 email glass@salcath.co.uk www.salisburycathedralstainedglass.com STAINED GLASS CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: At Salisbury Cathedral

the studio takes pride in the conservation and restoration of stained glass of all periods, providing a service for churches, architects and private customers as well as the cathedral itself. This includes conservation and restoration of existing stained glass and lead lights, the design and production of new stained glass and lead lights, and associated metalwork. The studio also carries out the design and execution of protective glazing for ancient glass, glazing condition reports and protection from vandalism in toughened glass or wire guards. The head of the studio is ACR accredited.

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Bentley, Redditch, Worcestershire B97 5UH Tel: 01527 541545 Fax: 01527 403692

PAUL BRADBURY STAINED GLASS ARTIST specialising in

New commissions Stained glass conservation

STAINED AND DECORATIVE GLASS ARTISTIC/CONTEMPORARY DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL GLASS

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

norGrove stuDios

PLAIN LEADED LIGHTS

Historic plain glazing restoration

RESTORATION

Window protection

REPAIR WORK METAL CASEMENT WINDOWS

Conservation studios

PROTECTIVE GUARDS CLEANING/MAINTENANCE

www.norgrovestudios.co.uk Email: bsinclair@norgrovestudios.co.uk

M: 07932 610852 E: info@paulbradburyglassartist.com W: www.paulbradburyglassartist.com

Recclesia Stained Glass STAINED GLASS CONSERVATION & REPAIR LEADED LIGHTS SPECIALIST GLAZING STAINED GLASS COMMISSIONS PROTECTIVE GUARDS & METALWORK CAST LEAD FANLIGHTS SURVEYS & CONDITION REPORTS

Conservation of Medieval & Victorian Stained Glass St. John the Baptist Church, Kinlet, Shropshire An English Heritage Funded Project, 2011

A full portfolio of projects and company details are available on our website at www.recclesia.com Brochures are available by post or by emailing admin@recclesia.com

WORKING ACROSS THE UK & INTERNATIONALLY

A fully comprehensive stained glass design studio offering repair,

Recclesia Ltd

in situ repairs. All attendant restoration of metal frames and fitting into

CHESTER STUDIO: Unit 3, St. Ives Way, Sandycroft, Chester CH5 2QS Tel: 01244 906002 Fax: 01244 906003

restoration and new design of all leaded lights and stained glass including metal, wood or stone a speciality. One company for a complete service

10 Brackenhill Road, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 2LT Tel/Fax 01202 882208 www.lead-windows.co.uk

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597-11-12RBCON York Glaziers A4 1/4P (90mm wide x 130mm high)

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Glass for period windows

THE YORK GLAZIERS TRUST

The London Crown Glass Company specialises in providing authentic glass for the windows of period buildings. This glass, handblown using the traditional techniques of the glass blowers, is specified by The National Trust, the Crown Estates and indeed many others involved in the conservation of Britain’s heritage. Specify authentic period glass for your restoration projects.

• Expert Advice, Conservation Plans, Grant Applications • Stained Glass Conservation for the Twenty-First Century • Environmental Protective Glazing • External Protection • For Cathedrals, Parish Churches, Historic Buildings • The care and conservation of stained glass of all periods

The London Crown GLass Company

6 Deangate, York YO1 7JB Tel. 01904 557228 Email: info@yorkglazierstrust.org www.yorkglazierstrust.org

21 Harpsden Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire RG9 1EE Tel 01491 413227 Fax 01491 413228 londoncrownglass@gmail.com www.londoncrownglass.co.uk

WindoW glass 197597-11-12RBCON York Glaziers.indd 1

18/9/12 10:12:01

◾ noRgRoVe studios ltd Bentley, Redditch, Worcestershire B97 5uh tel 01527 541545 fax 01527 403692 email bsinclair@norgrovestudios.co.uk www.norgrovestudios.co.uk

tatra Glass (u.K.) Until the 20th Century window glass developed two methods of production. Cylinder glass & Crown glass. The latter ceased manufacture in the 1930s & is not available anywhere in the world as present. Three factories in Europe can still produce cylinder glass. Tatra G lass solely im por t Polish Cylinder glass, of which there are approximately 200 colours, including 30 tints for restoration. 10,000m2 yearly is brought in from Poland making us the largest stockist of antique glass in the UK.

SPECIALIST GLAZING STUDIO: Plain glazing for 17th, 18th and 19th

century windows. Repair and rebuilding of all early periods of glasswork. New handmade glass supplied to match originals. Ferramenta and casement repairs. Copies in wrought iron or stainless steel, leaded glazing in handmade glass only. Norgrove Studios is a small specialist glazing studio whose core business is stained glass, both restoration and newly commissioned work, with a specialist knowledge of vernacular buildings and glazing. The studio can help with any building restoration, from advice and consultancy to practical works. Handmade glass supplied for sash windows. See also: display entry in Decorative & Stained Glass, page 129.

Importers of polIsh CylINder Glass, rouNdels & BullIoNs. Duke street, Loughborough, Leicestershire Le11 1eD www.tatraglass.co.uk email: contact@tatraglass.co.uk

telephone: 01509 235387, 01509 230433 Fax: 01509 232218

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metalWoRK

TRADITIONAL SKILLS: Conservation, restoration and reinstatement of

historical architectural and decorative wrought and cast ironwork using traditional skills. Consultancy and specification. Recent commissions include the design and production of driveway gates for a period residence in Cambridge and the reinstatement of ironwork for a listed grammar school in Louth, Lincolnshire and former RAF station Bentley Priory in Middlesex.

Britannia Architectural Metalwork Ltd Specialists in the restoration and repair of cast iron in historic buildings Octavius Barn, Parkway Farm, Northleach, Gloucestershire GL54 3JL Phone 01420 84427 Fax 01285 721042 Website www.britannia.uk.com

◾ aRchitectuRal metal designs ltd 224–227 fielding street, london se17 3he tel 020 7703 6633 fax 020 7703 2626 email patricia.southwell@virgin.net www.architecturalmetaldesigns.co.uk ARCHITECTURAL IRONWORK USING TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES: Over

Structure & Fabric : Metal, Wood & GlaSS

◾ anWicK foRge 62 main Road, anwick, sleaford, lincolnshire ng34 9su tel/fax 01526 830303 mobile 07718 316533/316394 email info@anwickforge.co.uk www.anwickforge.co.uk

the past 50 years Architectural Metal Designs has worked on some of the most prestigious historic buildings in London, manufacturing and site-fixing cast and wrought ironwork to exactly replicate the original in all aspects. The company also specialises in renovating ironwork, natural stone plinths and brick walls using only traditional techniques. Contracts have included museums, garden squares and churches, in one instance dating back to the Norman period, as well as a wide range of listed private dwellings.

◾ BaRR & gRosVenoR ltd Jenner street, Wolverhampton, West midlands WV2 2ae tel 01902 352390 fax 01902 871342 email enquiry@bng-conservation.com www.bng-conservation.com ARCHITECTURAL CAST IRON: Barr & Grosvenor Ltd is one of the few

remaining foundries with the skills and patience to produce complex items as used in Victorian times. The company is involved at all stages in restoration projects requiring castings, whether still existing or long since removed. Its services can help stabilise, restore or recreate castings for all purposes. Most of its work is made to order so that essential attention to detail is guaranteed. Specification advice, project management, pattern making, casting, machining, paint finishing and site fitting are all available. Group open days by appointment.

◾ BRistol foundRY unit 3, heath farm estate, ironmould lane, Brislington, Bristol Bs4 5sa tel 0117 980 3360 mobile 07796 067513 email bristolfoundry@btinternet.com www.bristolfoundry.com PRODUCERS OF ARCHITECTURAL AND DECORATIVE CASTINGS: Established in 2005, Bristol Foundry specialises in creating castings in ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The foundry can create castings from originals and can also supply patterns.

◾ BRitannia aRchitectuRal metalWoRK ltd octavius Barn, Parkway farm, northleach, gloucestershire gl54 3Jl tel 01420 84427 fax 01285 721042 email info@britannia.uk.com www.britannia.uk.com ARCHITECTURAL CAST IRON AND METALWORK: Britannia’s company of

architectural metalworkers not only has its own green sand foundry but also offers a complete metalwork service for all aspects of conservation and repair; from the initial site visit to final installation. The company offers a design consultancy service and owns a large collection of original Georgian and Victorian patterns, ideal for projects requiring replica castings. See also: display entry on this page.

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Eura Co nsErvatio n Ltd

PACR accredited conservators. We restore historic architectural metal, statues, glasshouses, war memorials, transport and industrial machinery. Our work includes conservation of the Albert Memorial and Railings, the ss Great Britain, and the Gladstone Pavillion at Stanley Park in Liverpool.

◾ BRonZeWoRK unit 15, martlesham creek industrial Park, sandy lane, Woodbridge, suffolk iP12 4sd tel 01394 380390 email info@bronzework.co.uk www.bronzework.co.uk STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE WORK IN BRONZE: A division of Classic

Marine, Bronzework specialises in the fabrication and casting of bronze and associated alloys. Design, patternwork, machining, fabrication and finishing are all undertaken in house to clients’ specifications. The range of surface finishes available, combined with natural or deliberate patination and/or plating, mean that bronze can be formed and finished to suit the customer’s needs. Bronzework’s pieces combine strength, attractiveness and longevity, finding their way into situations ranging from cathedrals to private homes.

◾ caliBRe metalWoRK limited hazel Knoll farm, torkington lane, hazel grove, stockport sK7 6nW tel 0161 427 4603 mobile 07739 407714 email steve.gort@calibremetalwork.co.uk www.calibremetalwork.co.uk ARCHITECTURAL METALWORK: Calibre Metalwork delivers conservation

and restoration works to the standard required by heritage professionals. The company also manufactures and fits bespoke, new-build installations where traditional craftsmanship is required, particularly for listed buildings and conservation areas. A consultancy service assists project specifiers at an early stage with condition reports and budget pricing. The team prides itself on meeting deadlines and budgets. Enquiries are welcomed from local authorities, heritage organisations, main contractors and private clients. See also: display entry in this section, page 131.

◾ castaWaY cast PRoducts & WoodWaRe Brocklesby station, Brocklesby Road, ulceby, north lincolnshire dn39 6st tel/fax 01469 588995 email castawaycastproducts@btinternet.com CAST METAL PRODUCTS INCLUDING BESPOKE ITEMS: Supplying nationwide, Castaway undertakes any cast metalwork project using aluminium, bronze and gun metal, grey and nodular (SG) iron, carbon steels and stainless steels. Castings for historic buildings include gutter sections and other drainage ware, airbricks, wall retaining plates, brackets, gates and railings, signage, window frames and much more. Items can be made from drawings, photographs or from sight of originals – broken, corroded or intact. Items can be made from standard existing patterns or to your own designs in any quantities; from one upwards. In house pattern making facilities are available if required. Contact John Wade to discuss any requirements in detail.

◾ chRis toPP & comPanY WRought iRonWoRKs lyndhurst, carlton husthwaite, thirsk, north Yorkshire Yo7 2BJ tel 01845 501415 fax 01845 501072 email enquiry@christopp.co.uk www.christopp.co.uk RESTORATION AND REPLICATION IN WROUGHT AND CAST IRON AND NON FERROUS METALS: Chris Topp and Company is a leading restorer of

ancient ironwork. Services offered by the company include: new work or replica in ancient or modern styles; complete in-house design service; consultancy and specification; supplier of genuine wrought iron and specialist sections to order; and work in ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Established for 30 years, Chris Topp & Company’s clients include: local authorities, main contractors, St Paul’s Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, Chatsworth and various private clients.

Tel 01952 680218 Email: enquiries@eura.co.uk www.eura.co.uk

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◾ euRa conseRVation ltd unit h2, halesfield 19, telford, shropshire tf7 4Qt tel 01952 680218 fax 01952 585044 email enquiries@eura.co.uk www.eura.co.uk ACCREDITED CONSERVATORS AND CONTRACTORS FOR ARTISTIC, ARCHITECTURAL AND MARINE METALWORK: Eura is highly experienced

in the repair and restoration of leaded, iron and bronze windows. It also undertakes repairs to historic timber windows, matching profiles of existing mouldings. The company has conserved the Lutyens bronze windows at Castle Drogo, and repaired and made safe the 17th century wrought iron windows in the Monument to the Great Fire of London. Eura has a modern glass kiln where it can replicate antique glass effects to closely match missing or broken panes. It also undertakes in situ lead repairs on historic roofs, steeples and rain goods. See also: display entry in this section, page 132.

◾ geoRge James & sons BlacKsmiths 22 cransley hill, Broughton, Kettering, northamptonshire nn14 1nB tel/fax 01536 790295 email jamesblacksmiths@aol.com www.blacksmiths-shop.co.uk BLACKSMITHS: George James & Sons is a family business with considerable experience in the restoration of historic wrought and cast ironwork. It was established in 1841 and is still working from the same forge in Northamptonshire. The firm has a reputation for producing specialist ironwork of a high quality using traditional skills and materials and has successfully undertaken a wide range of unusual projects. Examples of recent commissions and current projects are available on the company’s website. Services offered include assessment and condition report writing of historic ironwork, planned programmes of maintenance, sympathetic restoration and conservation.

◾ gRosVenoR, meehan & laing associates ltd lower monkhall, monkhopton, shropshire WV16 6Xf tel 07883 205704 email enquiries@gml-associates.com www.gml-associates.com HISTORIC METALWORK CONSULTANTS: See also: profile entry in Heritage

Consultants, page 40.

◾ histoRic metalWoRK conseRVation consultancY 16 King alfred street, chippenham, Wiltshire sn15 1nP tel 07883 205704 email peter.meehan@hm-cc.co.uk www.hm-cc.co.uk HISTORIC METALWORK CONSULTANTS: Historic Metalwork Conservation

Consultancy (HMCC) was established to provide conservation advice to all those charged with the care, management and preservation of historic metalwork in all its various forms, but with a particular emphasis on historic ironwork. HMCC can provide condition surveys, conservation reports, project specifications, budget costings for conservation work, and provide specialist conservation advice. The company was founded by Peter Meehan, a conservator with over 25 years experience working in both the public and private heritage sector.

◾ J h PoRteR & son ltd 13 cranleigh mews, cabul Road, london sW11 2Ql tel 020 7978 5576 fax 020 7924 7081 email info@jhporter.co.uk www.jhporter.co.uk BLACKSMITHS: After 60 years in Kensington J H Porter & Son moved its forge to larger premises. The company manufactures, restores, reproduces and repairs gates, railings, balustrades, balconies and staircases, together with security grilles, antiques, indoor/outdoor furniture etc. J H Porter & Son works to its own or to clients’ traditional or modern designs. Commissions include work for antique restorers, architects, artists, builders, churches, designers, English Heritage, estate managers, London Transport, the National Trust, photographers, shopfitters and the general public. A workforce of five blacksmiths produces ironwork to a very high standard.

RESTORATION PATTERN MAKING We create patterns from drawings, samples and photographs, all patterns are made to suit foundry specifications and range from finials, balusters, panels and gates. With over 50 years experience we have been supplying some of the UK's most prestigious landmark restorations.

Tel: 07713 149 432 Email: david@mcgregorpatterns.co.uk

www.mcgregorpatterns.co.uk

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Peter S Neale BlackSmithS

SpecialiStS in the reStoration and conServation of hiStoric metalwork

◾ maRsh BRotheRs engineeRing seRVices ltd Po Box 3, Bakewell, derbyshire de45 1lt tel 01629 636532 fax 01629 636003 email info@marshbrothers.co.uk www.marshbrothers.co.uk STRUCTURAL AND DECORATIVE CAST IRON: Marsh Brothers provides a specialist service to restore decorative and structural cast iron components. The work undertaken includes staircases, railings, gates, windows and cast iron roof structures for lantern and atrium roofs. Also, restoration and repair of cast iron bridge parapets, facades and arch castings. Marsh Brothers provides a bespoke supply and design service to restore and manufacture identical replacement parts where loss or damage has occurred. The company covers all areas of the UK and principal customers include county councils, Crown Estates and major civil contractors.

◾ matheR & smith ltd hilton Road, cobbs Wood industrial estate, ashford, Kent tn23 1eW tel 01233 616550 fax 01233 632979 email sales@mjallen.co.uk www.mjallen.co.uk IRON FOUNDER ARCHITECTURAL: Mather & Smith is probably the oldest

architectural metalworkerS drive and eState GateS • railinGS • StaircaSeS caSementS • canopieS etc reproduction of period deSiGnS – both handforGed and caSt ironwork

Clays Road, Sling, Coleford, Gloucestershire GL16 8LJ Phone: (01594) 837309 Email: info@peterneale.co.uk

Website: www.peterneale.co.uk

established architectural iron founding and metal working specialist in the UK, dating back to 1675. Mather & Smith specialises in the conservation and restoration of all cast iron and wrought iron structures utilising its in house black smith, ferrous and non ferrous foundries. Recent works include the restoration of railings at a heritage castle, restoration and gold leafing of an astrolabe globe and iron works at a prominent cathedral. See also: display entry in this section, page 133.

entry in Fine Art Conservators, page 171.

Shepley Engineers Limited Metalwork Specialists Restoring & Conserving Our Heritage Westlakes Science Park Robinson House, Moor Row Cumbria CA24 3HY Tel: +44 01946 599022 Fax: +44 01946 591933 Email: engineers@shepley.vhe.co.uk www.shepleyengineers.co.uk

lead, zinc and electrotype, contemporary art, fine ironwork, casting, replication, security fixings and maintenance. Advisor to the National Trust since 1982. Other clients include museums, art galleries, architects and private collectors. Accredited member of Icon. See also: display entry in Bronze Statuary, page 110.

◾ shePleY engineeRs limited Phoenix house, hawthorn Park, coal Road, leeds ls14 1PQ tel 01946 599022 fax 01946 591933 email engineers@shepley.vhe.co.uk www.shepleyengineers.co.uk ARCHITECTURAL METALWORK RESTORERS AND CONSERVATORS: Shepley

Engineers has been responsible for engineering faithful and innovative solutions for many major architectural restoration projects. The company offers a comprehensive range of services acting as consultant, designer, contractor or as principal contractor depending on the size and specific requirements of the scheme. Major projects completed or in progress include: Smithfield Market, London; The Curvilinear Range at the Botanical Gardens, Dublin; The Palm House at Sefton Park, Liverpool; The Paxton Pavilions, Sheffield Botanical Gardens; The Palm House, Botanical Gardens, Dublin, St Pancras Station, London, Kibble Palace, Glasgow and Westminster Palace. See also: display entry on this page.

A renew Group compAny

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3.4 Pg 98 98 110 131 62 131 144 99 89 131 64 99 64 131 100 132 65 39 132 117 100 100 90 65 67 142 121 18 141 101 133 101 142 57 69 101 133 90 163 141 134 142 133 109 102 70 102 134 142 129 171 109 104 119 134 109 84 105 71 110 142 104 141 172 105 90

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KEY Landscape/townscape consultants ed environmental consultants ei ecologists gd garden design/restoration consultants ho horticultural consultants la landscape architects ln landscaping ud urban designers

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Pg 23 143 23 45 24 24 24 65 65 26 39 67 66 84 27 143 40 28 143 28 29 30 41 72 32 42 34 42

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LANDSCAPE/TOWNSCAPE CONSULTANTS Aaron Evans Architects Ltd Access Ecology Ltd Anderson & Glenn Andrews Building Conservation Ltd Arrol & Snell Ltd Bates Zambelli Brock Carmichael Architects LLP Cathedral Works Organisation (Chichester) Limited Chiverton Conservation Architecture & Planning The Conservation Studio D B R (London) Limited Dunne and Co Ltd George East, Master Thatcher Gilmore Hankey Kirke Ltd Hilary Taylor Landscape Associates Ltd Historic Building Advisory Service Johnston and Wright L U C (Land Use Consultants) Lathams Nash Partnership P D P Green Consulting R M A Heritage R W Armstrong Robin Kent Architecture & Conservation Turley Associates West Waddy ADP Woodhall Planning & Conservation

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Structure & Fabric : external WorkS

GARDEN/TOWNSCAPE PRODUCTS A D Calvert Architectural Stone Supplies Ltd A F Jones Stonemasons Ltd Antique Bronze Ltd Architectural Metal Designs Limited Bakers of Danbury Ltd Barr & Grosvenor Ltd Best Demolition Boden & Ward Stonemasons Ltd Brickfind (UK) Britannia Architectural Metalwork Ltd Bullen Conservation Ltd C & D Restoration Ltd C E L Ltd Calibre Metalwork Ltd Carthy Conservation Ltd Castaway Cast Products and Woodware Cathedral Works Organisation Catherine Woolfitt Associates Ltd Chris Topp & Co Ltd The Cleft Wood Co Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Coe Stone Ltd Coleford Brick & Tile Co Ltd Conservation Building Services Ltd D B R (London) Limited Eura Conservation Ltd Fabco Sanctuary Ltd FBFX Ltd Foster and Pearson Limited The Fringe Workshop George James & Sons, Blacksmiths Grinshill Stone Quarry Haddonstone Limited Heritage Project Management Hirst Conservation Inspire Conservation Ltd J H Porter & Son Ltd Lambs Bricks & Arches Light & Design Associates Ltd Malbrook Conservatories Marsh Brothers Engineering Services Ltd Mather & Smith Ltd/M J Allen Group McGregor Patterns Michael Major Sculpture Restoration Nimbus Conservation Limited Owlsworth I J P Paye Stonework Peter S Neale Blacksmiths Public Clocks Ltd Recclesia Ltd Richard Rogers Conservation Ltd Rupert Harris Conservation Sally Strachey Conservation Scotts of Thrapston Limited Shepley Engineers Limited Simon Swann Associates Ltd The Standard Patent Glazing Co Limited Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stonewest Limited Taylor Pearce Restoration Services Limited Thwaites & Reed V A Conservation Vale Garden Houses Ltd Westland London William Taylor Stonemasons The York Handmade Brick Company Limited

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KEY Garden/townscape products cn conservatories 1 gb garden buildings gn greenhouses & glasshouses cl clockmakers el exterior lighting fe fencing, timber 2 gt gates & railings sf street furniture si signage bp brick pavers 3 pv pavers & flagstones go garden ornaments mr metal sculpture conservation 4 sn sundials ss sculpture & statuary

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GLASSHOUSES

History and conservation of Victorian and Edwardian greenhouses and cold frames ROBERT JAMESON

rior to the mid 19th century a ‘glasshouse’ was an object of awe to the majority of the population. The combination of the window tax (imposed on dwellings) and the glass tax (levied by weight) made even the smallest conservatory remarkable and put glasshouses far beyond the reach of the average squire. The construction of large glasshouses designed by the likes of Joseph Paxton (1803–65) were strictly for the social elite, and their commissioning was a powerful expression of wealth and status. The word ‘glasshouse’ evokes the grand kitchen gardens of the major estates, but in the Victorian period efforts were soon made to satisfy increasing demand from the rising middle classes. Manufacturers produced plain, functional, self-assembly glasshouses for this emerging market. Surviving glasshouses and their surrounding gardens represent a unique legacy of Victorian and Edwardian society. Significant in terms of their architecture and design, they are also expressions of social and industrial progress during those periods. developments The rapid emergence of glasshouses was due to a combination of factors. Social changes brought about by new wealth generated from the industrial revolution and Britain’s

expanding empire enabled an increasing number of people to pay for such luxuries. The demand for glasshouses also increased in response to the fashion for cultivating exotic plants, and the need to extend the growing season for more ordinary food for home consumption. Meanwhile, the repeal of the glass tax in 1845 and of the window tax in 1851 dramatically reduced the cost of glasshouses, as did manufacturing innovations of the industrial revolution. The principal technical advances that were incorporated into the manufacture of glasshouses included: • innovations in the machine tool industry • the mass production of paints • mechanisation of brick manufacture • greatly increased production of wrought and cast iron • growth of the railway network, enabling the efficient distribution of goods • improved shipping, reducing the cost of imported timber. design Earlier bespoke designs, which used larger and heavier components and so admitted less sunlight, were rapidly displaced by standard products of much lighter construction. Iron framed buildings and composite wood and iron framed buildings began

A typical walled garden with conservatories down one side, in this case at Heligan, Cornwall

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to be manufactured as new materials and production methods were introduced. Extensive product ranges soon developed, some for very specific purposes and others for a variety of uses. Houses for the cultivation and display of exotic and ornamental plants varied significantly from those built for the more functional production of food. Products included conservatories, display houses, palm houses, vineries, ferneries, orangeries, cut flower houses, peach houses, hot houses and cold frames. Glasshouses of all types have survived along with ancillary buildings including potting sheds, tool sheds, cutting rooms, mushroom houses, fruit and other storage facilities. Winter gardens became very popular in larger establishments, often being attached directly to the main house (other glasshouses tended to be further away). Winter gardens were essentially large conservatories which allowed residents and visitors to take exercise in bad weather. Glasshouses can be divided into two simple categories, large and small. The larger permanent group includes greenhouses, conservatories and hot houses, which were generally constructed to one of the following patterns: • lean-to: the cheapest design, with the structure built against a high south-facing

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•

wall (often the garden wall) and fitted with full-length front and ridge ventilation three-quarter span: requiring a lower back wall than a lean-to and therefore less brickwork, this design has the advantage of enabling longer periods of sunlight penetration clear-span house: a free-standing building with full length ventilation along both sides and the ridge. Small designs include forcing pits, hot and cold garden frames (many of which were movable), and glazed shelters (fixed to the wall with brackets and projecting above trained fruit trees). siting and aspect Ranges of glasshouses were often sited far from the main house and encircled by kitchen garden walls. These high walls were frequently used to support lean-to and three-quarter span houses as well as providing walls for glazed shelters. The aspect of glasshouses is of paramount importance and they generally followed these principles: • span houses should have their ridges running north-south • lean-to and three-quarter span houses should face south • ferneries and other houses for shade-

tolerant plants should face north. The inclination of the roof is also important. Roof slopes varied from 30-45 degrees depending on the time of year at which the most sunlight was required, with the angle increasing where the requirement was for greater light penetration earlier and later in the year. At these times the sun’s rays will strike more squarely on a steeper pitch as the sun is closer to the horizon. general principles Victorian glasshouse manufacturers aimed to produce durable structures that would give maximum infiltration of sunlight with a minimum of shadowing, good ventilation and heating, and minimal maintenance. With the exception of heating technology, the general design principles were set by the mid 1800s and changed very little thereafter. Most glasshouses used frames that incorporated both wood and metal, with only a small proportion being entirely cast and wrought iron due to the high initial cost and the more intensive maintenance requirements. Exclusively iron-framed glasshouses tended to be used for curvilinear work because this is difficult to produce in wood. Metal houses were also difficult to seal making them cold and difficult to fumigate. As cast and wrought iron became

more readily available, they were combined with wood to produce rigid, lightweight constructions. For example, the use of cast iron truss brackets and wrought iron ties enabled far shallower sections of timber to be employed which reduced shadowing and painting requirements. Surprisingly, small sections of timber also proved to be more durable than larger sections in humid conditions as the deeper sections retain more moisture making them prone to decay. The increasing use of iron simplified glasshouse design because cheap but attractive multi-functional components, which were often surface mounted, could be used. A fine example was the muntin produced by Messenger & Co Limited which combined a muntin with additional functions which included a projection to receive hinges for the front ventilators, together with mountings for their operating mechanisms, support for the eaves plate and rafter, a shoe to receive a rooftensioning rod and carriers for vine strainers. Wherever possible, simple designs were employed such as cup hinges for ventilators (below right) which were virtually maintenance free and reasonably resistant to corrosion.

Structure & Fabric : external WorkS

An original Foster & Pearson clear-span cold frame at the Lost Gardens of Heligan, and, right, a new example of the same design with beaver tail glass. The lever at the end operates the ridge ventilator

Brickwork A sound foundation was essential, especially where stable high walls were required for

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lean-to glasshouses. Walls built from brick or stone reduced to a single skin to permit sills of reasonably shallow depth to be placed on them and be weathered on both sides. In some structures underground boiler rooms had to be incorporated because the heating systems were not pumped and relied on thermo-cycling (the natural rise of warmer water leaving the boiler and the fall of the cooling water in the return pipe), with drainage/heating channels below floor level and chimneys above. Decorative cast iron gratings or wooden slats covered these channels. Galvanised steel or lined brick tanks were used to harvest rainwater. Housing the tanks inside the glasshouse had the advantage of maintaining the stored water at ambient temperature. timber choices Straight-grained Scandinavian red deal (a softwood) was the most commonly used timber because of its inherent stability and durability and it tends to receive paint more readily than most hardwoods. However, the increasing availability of Burmese teak in the mid 1880s meant this could be used in the finest work or where additional durability was required, for example in the tropical conditions found in orchid and other hot houses.

A new Foster & Pearson three-quarter span glasshouse with attached boiler house

Cast iron staging with a grating below covering the cast iron hot water heating

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Ventilation Ventilation arrangements progressed from the inconvenient opening of individual ventilators, which frequently disturbed plants, to remotely operated mechanisms activating full length side and roof ventilators. Front ventilators were generally top-hung, whereas types of roof ventilator included top-hung arrangements, sliding sashes running on rollers (manually operated or remotely operated by chains) and, in the case of Foster and Pearson’s patent design, a full length lifting ridge ventilator which afforded weathering when open. glazing Glazing was generally carried out using 21oz (per sq ft) glass in the roofs and 15oz glass for vertical work (with average thicknesses of approximately 2.8mm and 2mm respectively). ‘Wet glazing’, introduced from Holland in the 1770s, using linseed putty was the norm but some manufacturers preferred ‘dry glazing’. Here the glass was retained either by the incorporation of metal clips, channels and caps, or in some instances folded lead T-sections. These lead strips had the advantage of being available in very long continuous lengths. The advantage of the dry system was that panes could be replaced more easily. Various attempts were made to help shed water more readily and joint the panes satisfactorily, with experiments ranging from simply butting the panes together to cutting the glass into hexagons to help throw water away rapidly both internally and externally. The most common and attractive practice for glazing roofs was to use beavertailed panes (left) laid with minimal lap. Cut with curved rather than straight upper and lower edges, beaver-tailed panes encourage

3.4 Structure & Fabric : external WorkS

the water to flow away from the wooden glazing bars towards the centre of the pane and increase the rate at which rainwater is shed. heating From the early 18th century decomposing dung or bark was used to produce background warmth in hot frames and pit houses. The sunken houses were surrounded by pits to receive the dung, which was periodically renewed. Heating using stoves or other means of burning solid fuels dates back to the 17th century. During the Victorian era, boiler technology advanced from simple stoves at the start of the century to very sophisticated segmental cast iron boilers using pressurised systems by the end of the century. Coke was preferred as it was cleaner-burning than coal and therefore produced fewer smuts on the glasswork. Edwardian systems relied on thermo-cycling and pumped systems were not used in glasshouses until later in the 20th century. Experimental heating systems using oil lamps and gas were also produced but these were comparatively rare and used in smaller glasshouses. The use of stoves in glasshouses proved unpopular mainly because the fumes were detrimental to the plants and the distribution of heat was very uneven.

Above-ground heating pipes and remote operating mechanism for front ventilators in a vinery

common PRoBlems timber decay As with any timber construction, and particularly in the warm and damp conditions encountered in glasshouses, the threat of decay was always present. This tended to result from neglect rather than poor design, manufacturers having made every effort to minimise the number of exposed joints and to introduce internal and external weatherings wherever possible. Biological decay in timber takes several forms with wet and dry rot and beetle attack being the most common. Wet and dry rot are both caused by forms of fungi. Their spores germinate on damp timber and grow into fine threads of mycelium which spread through the timber, drawing nutrients and causing it to decay. Usually the first visible sign of decay is surface crazing of the timber. The mushroom-body of a fungi, the sporophore, only appears in the most advanced stages of decay. Dry rot (Serpula lacrymans) requires moisture contents in excess of 28 per cent, but once established the fungi can remain active at moisture contents of more than 20 per cent, and it can remain dormant at still lower levels. More problematically, dry rot can transport moisture from the source, enabling it to colonise dry timber further afield, often travelling between the masonry plinth and the timber above. This makes eradication very difficult in a glasshouse, and the removal of some timbers may be required. However, the application of fungicides such as ethylene glycol (common anti-freeze) is an effective preventative as well as killing the fungus.

A lean-to conservatory with top-hung roof ventilator and, below, the quadrant operating gear for a 100-foot roof ventilator

Wet rot is caused by several different forms of fungi. Generally its spread is not as rapid as dry rot, and it requires higher moisture content level (50 per cent and above) as well as consistently damp conditions. It is therefore easier to eradicate. Beetle infestations, such as common furniture beetle or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;woodwormâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, cause damage when the larvae bore through timber as they feed on it. Fungal decay often promotes beetle infestation because it changes wood into a more digestible form. Insecticide treatments are readily available, but ensuring the environment is low in moisture and humidity and that the conditions are light, well ventilated and clean will prevent infestation. corrosion When exposed to air and water, cast iron, wrought iron and steel corrode in an

electrochemical process. The result is a layer of hydrated iron oxide known as rust. Unlike aluminium and lead which form a passive oxide layer protecting the metal from further corrosion, rust is porous, admitting both water and air, so the metal continues to corrode beneath the surface.

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Cast and wrought iron tend to resist corrosion far better than mild steel due to impurities in the metal and the formation of a protective surface skin in the casting or forging process. Nevertheless, all iron relies on the integrity of its paint layer to prevent corrosion, particularly when used externally, and wrought iron is more vulnerable than cast iron. It is vital to maintain protective coatings, particularly on wrought iron. maintenance Maintaining good drainage and weathering is essential. Care should be taken to ensure that brickwork, copings and lead flashings are kept in good order and that gutters and drainage pipes are running freely. Glass should be kept clean and, as with timber, free from lichen and mould. Putty work should be regularly inspected. Replacement glazing should be laid on putty but not face puttied, with the panes secured by galvanised or stainless steel glazing sprigs (flat metal spikes) as pins tend to split the delicate glazing bars. Beaver tailed panes can be hand cut using a hardboard template. When fitted, their overlap should be no more than half an inch. ironwork In the interior of a glasshouse cast iron needs relatively little maintenance and is more susceptible to physical damage than corrosion as old cast iron can be quite brittle. However, it is susceptible to frost damage from trapped water, particularly in rainwater pipes, and rust-jacking (where rust expands between components), both of which can cause fractures. Broken castings can be welded by skilled craftsmen, but as it can fracture when heated, mechanical repairs such as pinning and stitching are often preferred. Alternatively, new components may be cast using existing ones as patterns if only one or two replacements are needed. The co-efficient of shrinkage in iron is only 1 in 96, so the original pattern would have been only fractionally larger than the finished component, and copies made in this way generally suffice. Brittle castings can have their structure modified to make them less brittle through regulated heating (normalising). Wrought iron is more susceptible to corrosion, particularly in glazing bars and in those areas that are difficult to paint. The fibrous structure makes it extremely difficult to weld, and although mechanical reinforcement may be possible in some instances, a high degree of replacement is often unavoidable. Paint and rust may be removed from cast iron by the selective and careful use of grit blasting, although there are risks attached to the process, not least of which is damage to the protective skin formed in the casting or forging process. If this method is to be used, it is important to select a grit suitable for cast iron as some types contain chemicals that impregnate the porous iron and promote corrosion. It is important to warm cast iron before blasting to drive out residual moisture.

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Rust is best removed by careful heating until it can be removed by brushing.

Simple seize-proof hinges for a top-hung opening light

Abandoned glasshouses at a stately home in Devon, showing fine cast iron spandrel brackets

An Edwardian seed safe

Hot zinc spraying followed by etch priming to allow the paint to key, gives a very durable base for decorating. Wrought iron should not be grit blasted because this removes the protective layer of mill scale formed during its manufacture. Paint may be removed where necessary using chemicals such as dichloromethane (methylene chloride).

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Joinery Timber should be kept clean and well protected. It is best to take the paintwork right back to the timber if using modern paints because they do not always adhere to old paint types, however well prepared they may be. Be careful to use adequate protection when removing lead-based paints. Micro-porous paints are not suitable for use in glasshouses. While moisture can be drawn into the timber in the normal way, glasshouses heat up very quickly in the morning sunlight and the moisture cannot be expelled through the paint quickly enough, resulting in blistering. Linseed oil paints offer satisfactory alternatives to modern systems. Modern hand-applied paints are capable of giving a service life in excess of ten years. New timber decays much more rapidly than old timber because the Victorians could use ancient, slow-grown timber, usually from virgin forest in the Baltic. This timber contained a far smaller percentage of sapwood (white wood) and tighter growth rings. Modern plantations are sited in the most favourable conditions and are thinned to maximise growth, allowing the trees to be felled earlier. The timber therefore has wider growth rings and a greater proportion of sapwood, making it much more susceptible to decay. Douglas fir is the best substitute for the original red deal, and iroko is an excellent substitute for teak. Timber should always be ordered in the longest lengths available because it will be found that these timbers are generally taken from straighter, older trees. If splicing timbers together always try to obtain a good fit, use an appropriate glue and stainless steel or brass screws. Joints should always be pre-painted prior to assembly. recommended reading GF Chadwick, The Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, Architectural Press, London, 1961 J Hix, The Glasshouse, Phaidon, London, 1974 WJ May, Greenhouse Management for Amateurs, L Upcott Gill, London, 1885 M Woods & AS Warren, Glass Houses: A History of Greenhouses, Orangeries and Conservatories, Rizzoli, New York, 1988 English Heritage Practical Building Conservation: Glass and Glazing, Ashgate 2011 English Heritage Practical Building Conservation: Metals, Ashgate 2011 English Heritage Practical Building Conservation: Timber, Ashgate 2011 RoBeRt Jameson studied agricultural engineering and rural estate management. his interest in the restoration of historic oakframed buildings subsequently led to the formation of Jameson Joinery limited and the re-establishment of Foster and Pearson limited (see page 141). both companies employ traditional joinery and metalwork skills. his role includes advising clients and producing technical drawings.

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conseRVatoRies & glasshouses

Structure & Fabric : external WorkS

FOR THE FINEST CONSERVATORIES, ORANGERIES AND ROOFLIGHTS

Malbrook c o n s e r v a t o r i e s

CONSERVATORY COLLECTION please telephone for a brochure or design consultation malbrook conservatories limited 2 crescent stables upper richmond road london sw15 2tn tel: london 020 8780 5522 â&#x20AC;˘ cotswolds 01386 700648 e-mail: info@malbrook.co.uk www.malbrook.co.uk

+44(0)1476 564433 www.valegardenhouses.com

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conseRVatoRies & glasshouses continued

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◾ euRa conseRVation ltd unit h2, halesfield 19, telford, shropshire tf7 4Qt tel 01952 680218 fax 01952 585044 email enquiries@eura.co.uk www.eura.co.uk

clocKs

Conservation Clockmakers Thwaites & Reed™ Established 1740

CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF GLASSHOUSES: See also: display

entry in Metalwork, page 132.

Royal Courts of Justice

◾ haddonstone limited the forge house, east haddon, northampton nn6 8dB tel 01604 770711 fax 01604 770027 email info@haddonstone.co.uk www.haddonstone.com CAST STONE: Follies, temples, pavilions, belvederes, orangeries and pergola. Columns and balustrading also available. Bespoke service available. See also: display entry in Cast Stone, page 91.

Lantern 17th C

◾ malBRooK conseRVatoRies ltd 2 crescent stables, upper Richmond Road, Putney, london sW15 2tn tel 020 8780 5522 fax 020 8780 3344 email info@malbrook.co.uk www.malbrook.co.uk BESPOKE CONSERVATORIES: Malbrook specialises in the design, production and installation of fine buildings in timber and glass. Particular attention is paid to the architectural details of the property, and the traditional joinery methods of construction are well suited to providing quality double-glazed structures for restoration and refurbishment projects. The experienced staff at Malbrook offer a full design service to assist clients and their architects in order to ensure the best possible solution. This attention to detail is maintained by close supervision throughout the installation process including all the finishing touches on site. See also: display entry in this section, page 141.

Derelict

Restored Turret – Church – Public – Domestic – UK – International

Thwaites & Reed P.O. Box 51 Rottingdean Brighton BN2 8YQ England tel : 0845 230 1740 – email : thwaitesandreed@aol.com www.thwaites-reed.co.uk – fax 0845 230 1740

gates & Railings ◾ the cleft Wood comPanY the old dairy, Pond farm, calvert Road, steeple claydon, Buckingham mK18 2hd tel 01296 730930 email enquiries@cleftwood.com www.cleftwood.com CLEFT OAK GATES,CLEFT OAK POST AND RAIL AND PALING FENCING:

See also: profile entry in Timber Suppliers, page 117.

Metalwork, page 133.

◾ PuBlic clocKs ltd unit 31, Wexham Business Village, Wexham Road, slough sl2 5hf tel/fax 01753 573332 email info@publicclocks.co.uk TOWER CLOCK MAINTENANCE AND RESTORATION: Complete restoration and overhaul for mechanical church clock movements. Sympathetic manufacture and fitting of automatic winding systems. Wheels, arbors and damaged parts manufactured inhouse. New clock systems designed, supplied and fitted. Complete dial restoration establishing original design and layout where possible. An annual maintenance service covering a large happy client base across London, the Home Counties and the South.

gaRden & stReet fuRnituRe ◾ haddonstone limited the forge house, east haddon, northampton nn6 8dB tel 01604 770711 fax 01604 770027 email info@haddonstone.co.uk www.haddonstone.com CAST STONE: Classical, traditional and contemporary planters, statuary, sundials, fountains, pool surrounds, seats, landscape structures and balustrading. Bespoke service available. See also: display entry in Cast Stone, page 91.

Metalwork, page 133.

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landscaPe aRchitects

ecologists

We provide bespoke, pragmatic and innovative ecological solutions

www.accessecology.co.uk

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS: Award-winning historic landscape consultants with many years experience of the conservation, restoration and sensitive design development of nationally important parks and gardens of all grades. Services offered include Conservation Management Plans, Parkland Plans and design development. HLF funded projects include Saltaire (World Heritage Site), Birkenhead Park, Wentworth Castle and Stainborough Park (Civic Trust Award 2008), Handsworth Park and Battersea Park (Civic Trust Award 2006). Conservation plans include Shotover Park, Calke Abbey, Belton Park and Studley Royal and Fountains Abbey. Clients include local authorities, private owners, National Trust and conservation trusts.

Structure & Fabric : external WorkS

◾ hilaRY taYloR landscaPe associates ltd 4 tattershall drive, the Park, nottingham ng7 1BX tel 0115 947 5277 email hilary-taylor@htla.co.uk www.htla.co.uk

Ecological project management for the built environment

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◾ l u c (land use consultants) 43 chalton street, london nW1 1Jd tel 020 7383 5784 fax 020 7383 4798 ▪ 37 otago street, glasgow g12 8JJ tel 0141 334 9595 fax 0141 334 7789 ▪ 14 great george street, Bristol Bs1 5Rh tel 01179 291997 fax 01179 291998 28 stafford street, edinburgh eh3 7Bd tel 0131 202 1616 email luc@landuse.co.uk www.landuse.co.uk

Telephone: 0114 258 7819 Email: info@accessecology.co.uk

◾ l u c (land use consultants) 43 chalton street, london nW1 1Jd tel 020 7383 5784 fax 020 7383 4798 email luc@landuse.co.uk www.landuse.co.uk ▪ Branch offices in Bristol, edinburgh and glasgow

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS: LUC is an award-winning multi-disciplinary practice of over 100 professional consultants with core skills in landscape architecture, landscape management, planning and ecology. Based in London, Glasgow, Bristol and Edinburgh, LUC has over 35 years experience as specialists in the conservation, restoration and management of historic landscapes. Clients include the Royal Parks Agency, English Heritage, National Trust, local authorities, private and corporate owners. LUC has worked on landscapes dating from the 12th to the 20th centuries, with projects including Russell Square, London; Heligan Gardens, Cornwall; Stowe Gardens, Buckinghamshire; Lowther Castle, Cumbria and Trentham Gardens, Stoke on Trent. In the Landscape Institute Awards the company consistently wins awards in the Heritage and Conservation category.

ECOLOGISTS: See also: profile entry on this page.

THE BUILDING CONSERVATION DIRECTORY Like what you see?

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GENERAL SUPPLIERS Antique Buildings Limited Best Demolition Brickfind (UK) Chalk Down Lime Ltd Cornish Lime Company Ltd Hirst Conservation Inspire Conservation Ltd John Boddy Timber Ltd The Lime Centre Nostalgia Ransfords Weldon Contracts Limited Westland London Whippletree Hardwoods Womersley’s Limited

144 144 89 160 160 69 101 117 160 172 144 181 172 117 161

as as as

as as as as

antique Buildings limited DunsfolD, surrey • Tel: 01483 200477

sp sp sp sp sp sp

We specialise in reclaimed:

oak Beams, Barn frames, HanDmaDe Peg Tiles, Bricks & WiDe oak floorBoarDs

sp sp

KEy General suppliers as architectural salvage sp specialist/general supplies

geneRal Building mateRials ◾ tRaditional technologies llP Parks farm, cambridge, gloucestershire gl2 7aR tel 01453 899121 fax 01453 899121 email info@tradtech.net www.tradtech.net CONTRACTING, TRADITIONAL MATERIALS AND CONSULTANCY: Traditional Technologies LLP is founded upon 25 years experience of historic building repair and maintenance by the single-minded use and study of the most appropriate materials. The company can prove the validity of these materials and their technical superiority over modern materials for the new requirements of sustainable building solutions. All types of lime works undertaken, including lime render, lime plaster and lime wash. Supplier of truly traditional lime-putty mortars and limewash by appointment. Small, very specialist contract render team.

WHiDleys Barn – circa 1700

is just one example of the splendid, carefully dismantled oak framed buildings which we have available for re-erection. We have immense stocks of ancient oak beams, ceiling joists, wide oak floorboards, reclaimed peg tiles, handmade bricks, floor tiles, etc., etc. We are 40m SW of London on the Surrey/Sussex border

www.antiquebuildings.com

aRchitectuRal salVage ◾ Best demolition harcourt lodge Buildings, Burwash Road, heathfield, east sussex tn21 8Ra tel 01435 862381/866170 fax 01435 867203 www.bestdemolition.co.uk

ARCHiTECTuRAL SALVAgE ARCHiTECTuRAL STONE BRiCkS BRiCk SPECiALS BuiLdiNg STONE CHimNEY POTS COPiNg STONES dOg gRATES dOORS dOOR FuRNiTuRE ELm FLOORiNg FiREPLACES HEARTHS gRANiTE SETTS HANd FORgEd LATCHES ANd HiNgES OAk BEAmS OAk dOORS OAk FLOORiNg PiER CAPS PiNE dOORS PiNE FLOORiNg POST BOx QuARRY TiLES RAiLWAY SLEEPERS RAdiATORS ROOFiNg SLATES ANd FiTTiNgS ROOFiNg TiLES ANd FiTTiNgS SANiTARY WARE STAddLE STONES STREET LAmPS WALL COPiNg YORk STONE

ARCHITECTURAL SALVAGE: Best Demolition was formed over 50 years ago and is now one of the leading demolition and salvage companies in the South East. The company’s emphasis is now on care of the environment, it has saved many old and interesting architectural objects as well as recycled other materials which otherwise would have gone to landfill. These materials are a valuable resource for many building schemes, for major conservation projects to small extensions and conversions. Best Demolition always has a large, well stocked yard full of reclaimed bricks, tiles, stone and timber to fireplaces, doors, sanitary ware and garden ornaments.

◾ nostalgia holland’s mill, shaw heath, stockport, cheshire sK3 8Bh tel 0161 477 7706 fax 0161 477 2267 email info@nostalgia-uk.com www.nostalgia-uk.com RECLAIMED ANTIQUE FIREPLACES: Nostalgia restores and supplies antique fireplaces and chimneypieces. See also: profile entry in Fireplaces, page 172.

Ransfords Conservation & Reclaimed Building Supplies is one of the largest independent suppliers of reclaimed and traditional building materials used in conserving Britain’s heritage. Tel 01327 705310 Email sales@ransfords.com www.ransfords.com

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Locally sourced raw materials for making daub, as used by wattle and daub specialist Peter Cockerell Photo: Edmund Harris

Chapter 4 Services & treatments

4.1 ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

DAMP & DECAY B T Preservation Ltd Brick-Tie Ltd Bullen Conservation Ltd Burrows Davies Limited C & D Restoration Ltd Cathedral Works Organisation Charterbuild Ltd Demaus Building Diagnostics Ltd George East, Master Thatcher The Floyd Consultancy Fugro Aperio Ltd Heritage Testing Ltd Hutton + Rostron Environmental Investigations International Fire Consultants Limited J P Ladell Ltd Martin Ashley Architects Martin Thomas Associates Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Period Property Solutions Building Conservation Peter Cox Ltd Plaster Restorations (UK) Ltd Ian Russell St Astier Ltd Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stonewest Limited T R A C Structural Ltd T R A D A Technology Ltd Timber Framing and Conservation Twyford Lime Products Ward & Dale Smith Chartered Building Surveyors William Taylor Stonemasons Andrew PK Wright

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KEY Damp & decay dd damp & decay treatment (non-destructive) ec environmental control er epoxy resin repairs ie insect & pest eradication nd non-destructive investigations tt structural timber testing PAINTS & DECORATIVE FINISHES Bennie Historic Conservation Between Time Ltd (Conservation Builders) Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd C & D Restoration Ltd Carthy Conservation Ltd Cathedral Works Organisation (Chichester) Limited Chalk Down Lime Ltd Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Conservation Building Services Ltd Cornish Lime Company Ltd Crick Smith Conservation Dunne and Co Ltd E I Flood & Sons H J Chard & Sons Hare & Humphreys Ltd Helen Hughes Historic Interiors Research & Conservation Heritage Cob & Lime Heritage Testing Ltd Hirst Conservation Inspire Conservation Ltd The Lime Centre Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Lisa Oestreicher Architectural Paint Analysis Richard Ireland Plaster & Paint The Scagliola Company Stonewest Limited The Traditional Lime Co Traditional Technologies LLP Twyford Lime Products V A Conservation The Wall Paintings Workshop Welsh Lime Works William Taylor Stonemasons Womersley’s Limited

Pg 63 63 64 99 100 65 160 153 65 160 177 66 185 160 170 177 160 48 160 101 160 160 162 188 184 71 161 144 161 153 176 161 105 161

KEY Paints & decorative finishes Products lw limewash pd paints & decorative finishes pg pigments Services pa paint analysis

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MORTARS & RENDERS A V V Solutions Limited Andrew Doyle Past Plastering Services Aura Conservation Between Time Ltd Bleaklow Industries Ltd Boden & Ward Stonemasons Ltd Bonsers (Nottingham) Limited Bosence Building Conservation Bosence & Co Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd The Bulmer Brick and Tile Company Burrows Davies Limited C & D Restoration Ltd C E L Ltd Carrek Limited Cathedral Works Organisation Chalk Down Lime Ltd Charterbuild Ltd Chiverton Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Cornish Lime Company Ltd D B R (London) Limited Dunne and Co Ltd E I Flood & Sons George East, Master Thatcher Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Four Walls Building Company Ltd H J Chard & Sons H K Askew & Son Hall Construction Limited Heritage Cob & Lime Herts Renovation Hirst Conservation Materials Ltd Historic Brick Pointing Ltd Ingram Consultancy Ltd Inspire Conservation Ltd Kestell and Lewis The Lime Centre Lime Technology Ltd Magenta Building Repair Ltd Mather & Ellis Ltd Mather & Smith Ltd/M J Allen Group Mathias Restoration Ltd Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Milestone Lime Plastering Multi Marque Production Engineering Ornate Interiors Limited Owlsworth I J P Paye Stonework Period Property Solutions R J Smith & Co R W Armstrong Recclesia Ltd S J Specialist Brickwork Sally Strachey Conservation St Astier Natural Hydraulic Limes Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stone Edge Limited Stonewest Limited The Traditional Lime Co Traditional Technologies LLP Twyford Lime Products V A Conservation Valley Builders Ltd Welsh Lime Works Whippletree Hardwoods William Taylor Stonemasons Womersley’s Limited KEY Mortars & renders Products 1 lm lime, non-hydraulic (lime putty) hy lime, hydraulic 2 ag aggregates pz pozzolanic additives re hair & fibre reinforcement 3 cp stone consolidants es cob & earth materials 4 mt mortar tools & mixers Services 5 pn lime pointing sw stucco wd wattle & daub

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Pg 152 185 162 63 159 99 63 185 45 64 89 99 99 64 159 65 160 155 65 153 160 153 66 185 84 66 68 160 68 69 160 91 153 162 40 101 187 160 161 70 101 133 92 160 187 162 187 70 151 72 72 72 104 92 104 161 105 103 71 161 144 161 104 74 161 117 105 161

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Services pn sw pn sw pn pn wd

pn wd pn pn pn pn pn pn wd wd pn pn wd pn sw pn pn pn pn pn pn sw pn pn pn sw wd pn pn pn pn pn

4.1 Pg 151 152 159 162 63 89 152 99 99 64 152 170 159 100 65 39 160 155 153 100 65 177 153 66 170 160 40 101 101 153 160 153

Prods Services mc ac mc ac mp pp mc mc ac mc ac mc mc mc mp pp mc ac mc mc ac ac

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KEY Masonry cleaning Products mp masonry cleaning products & equipment pp paint removal products/poultices Services ac air/water abrasive cleaning cc chemical cleaning gf graffiti protection & removal ls laser cleaning mc masonry cleaning pr paint removal & poulticing sc steam cleaning wt low pressure water/nebulous spray cleaning

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187 70 153 151 102 129 152 92 104 72 105 103 105 153 71 151 110 73 153 105 62 105

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FIXINGS & STRUCTURAL REPAIR Avon Stainless Fasteners Limited B Antoniw Joinery B T Preservation Bakers of Danbury Ltd Between Time Ltd (Conservation Builders) Boshers (Cholsey) Ltd Brick-Tie Ltd Britannia Architectural Metalwork Ltd Bronzework Busby’s Builders C & D Restoration Ltd C E L Ltd Carrek Limited Cathedral Works Organisation Chalk Down Lime Ltd Charterbuild Ltd Chiverton Cintec International Limited Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Conservation Building Services Ltd Country House Renovations Limited D B R (London) Limited Dunne and Co Ltd George East, Master Thatcher Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Fisher Bullen Fortis & Hooke Glasgow Steel Nail Co Ltd Grosvenor Construction Ltd H & W Sellors Ltd H K Askew & Son Hall Construction Limited Inspire Conservation Ltd Ivinghoe Building Services Ltd J & J W Longbottom Ltd J & W Kirby Kierson Sash Window and Timber Restoration McCurdy & Co Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Oakwrights Limited Owlsworth I J P Paye Stonework Period Property Solutions Peter Cox Ltd Peter S Neale Blacksmiths Plaster Restorations (UK) Ltd R J Smith & Co R W Armstrong Richard Coles Builders Ltd S J Specialist Brickwork Sandy & Co (Contractors) Ltd Splitlath Building Conservation Ltd St Astier Ltd Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stonewest Limited T R A C Structural Ltd Timber Framing and Conservation The Traditional Lime Co Treasure & Son Ltd Twyford Lime Products Valley Builders Ltd William Anelay Ltd William Taylor Stonemasons

Pg 154 117 154 62 63 64 155 131 132 64 99 64 159 65 160 155 65 155 153 65 65 153 66 84 66 66 118 154 68 101 68 68 101 69 86 58 118 58 160 58 70 151 72 154 134 188 72 72 73 92 73 71 72 105 71 155 58 161 73 161 74 62 105

Products fx

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ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

MASONRY CLEANING A F Jones Stonemasons Ltd A V V Solutions Limited Anglia Lime Company Aura Conservation Bonsers (Nottingham) Limited Brickfind (UK) Bullen Conservation Ltd Burrows Davies Limited C & D Restoration Ltd C E L Ltd C Ginn Building Restoration Limited Campbell Smith & Co Ltd Carrek Limited Carthy Conservation Ltd Cathedral Works Organisation Catherine Woolfitt Associates Ltd Chalk Down Lime Ltd Charterbuild Ltd Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Coe Stone Ltd Conservation Building Services Ltd Crick Smith Conservation D B R (London) Limited Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Hare & Humphreys Ltd Hirst Conservation Ingram Consultancy Ltd Inspire Conservation Ltd Mather & Ellis Ltd McAllister Masonry Limited Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Nimbus Conservation Limited O’Reilly Period Cornice Restoration & Cleaning Owlsworth I J P Paye Stonework Peelaway Pierra Restoration Ltd Recclesia Ltd Restorative Techniques Ltd S J Specialist Brickwork Sally Strachey Conservation St Astier Ltd Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stone Edge Limited Stone Restoration Services Ltd Stonehealth Limited Stonewest Limited Strippers Paint Removers Taylor Pearce Restoration Services Triton Conservation V A Conservation Wells Masonry Services Ltd William Anelay Ltd William Taylor Stonemasons

er er er

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KEY Fixings & structural repair Products fx stainless steel fixings zt traditional nails zw wall ties & plates Services er epoxy resin repairs rp structural repair & stabilisation tb timber repairs

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STEAM CLEANING DAVID ODGERS

he cleaning of historic buildings has been and continues to be a subject that attracts considerable debate; on the one extreme there are the exponents who believe that cleaning is a necessary part of any conservation process and, at the other end are those that hold that cleaning only causes damage and should be avoided. Of course the answer lies not in any pre-determined prejudices but rather in a proper assessment of the building and a well thought out conclusion as to what is in its best interest. PrinciPles Although it is sometimes thought that the cleaning of external elevations of buildings will slowly become unnecessary due to reduction in sulphur dioxide levels, there is a corresponding increase in nitrous oxides which can act as a catalyst for other reactions including the deposition of sulphates. It is inevitable therefore that resoiling will continue and correspondingly unlikely that the debate on cleaning buildings will cease. What is clear is that methodology for cleaning masonry and brickwork can have a lasting effect on the ongoing behaviour – and indeed survival – of the substrate. In some cases wholly inappropriate methods (such as sand blasting) have been used with obvious damage to the stone; such interventions are at the heart of the continued reluctance to clean sandstone buildings in Scotland. Even well intentioned cleaning programmes can have a long-term effect that might not be foreseen. Schaffer (writing in 1932 – see Recommended Reading, below) reports on the benefit of regular water washing with water and cites the example of Goldsmiths Hall in Gresham Street, then being washed twice a year: ‘the clean appearance and good condition of the Portland stone’ he states, ‘are unquestionable’. And yet recent assessment of some of the public monuments in London (including the Cenotaph, illustrated on the next page) has shown that regular maintenance cleaning has led to the excavation of the surface pores and colonisation by microbiological growths that are very difficult if not impossible to remove. A decision to clean on aesthetic grounds is rarely sufficient. In all cases, before any decision on cleaning is made, a thorough assessment should take place to: • identify the substrate, its condition, and its vulnerability to cleaning • understand the nature of the soiling remembering that this will differ according to location, orientation and local environment

A small industrial unit being used to clean carved stonework. The run-off is being collected using a sponge. In enclosed spaces the increase in humidity may become an issue. (Photo: Humphries & Jones)

•

decide whether the soiling is superficial or ingrained • establish whether the soiling is causing damage to the substrate • ascertain whether cleaning is necessary to allow other treatments. Once these issues are understood, further consideration must be given to what the advantages and disadvantages of the removal of soiling might be, including the likelihood and rates of re-soiling. Even after all this, it is also essential that small scale, well documented cleaning trials take place to identify the appropriate methods and to allow all parties to understand what result can be achieved without damage to the substrate. Since the rather uncontrolled cleaning blitz of the 1960s and 1970s where it was customary to see thousands of gallons of water being poured indiscriminately down the elevations of buildings, there have been considerable developments in the techniques and materials available for cleaning masonry.

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The oPTions The cleaning techniques broadly fall into four categories; mechanical, water-based, chemical and laser radiation. In practice a combination of techniques is often useful, and most buildings would require more than one method to deal with the different types of soiling. Mechanical cleaning includes simple brushing and vacuuming but principally refers to specialised forms of abrasive cleaning. The most commonly used types are micro-air abrasive, dry air abrasive or wet air abrasive. All of these rely on the use of compressed air and aggregate; the latter also includes water. The parameters of all these constituents can be varied (for example air pressure, size and nature of aggregate) so the method is sufficiently versatile to deal with many different types of soiling. In practice, it is used mostly for brittle soiling and coatings on limestone, sandstone, brick, concrete and granite but it is generally not advisable for polished surfaces.

4.1

sTeam cleaning meThods Of the methods mentioned above perhaps the most accessible and most widely used is steam cleaning. Steam cleaners have been in use since the early part of the 20th century. Shaffer refers to the use of steam cleaners to clean a ‘blackened frontage’ and goes on to say “…the steam process is unlikely to cause any more damage than washing with water or scrubbing with stiff brushes”. In truth, it is now recognised that steam cleaners cause much less damage than those methods. There are however many different types of steam cleaner available and they should be distinguished from hot water washers. Hot water has a lower surface tension than cold and thus is more likely to clean more deeply and faster. This principle is at the heart of hot water washers which have diesel fuelled boilers and a pump that delivers water at

The results of steam cleaning on a typically soiled section of Bath stone; the steam has removed surface dirt and the flexible microbiological materials but the more brittle sulphation layers remain. (Photo: OCC)

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

Water based cleaning includes steam cleaning, sponging, intermittent nebula sprays (which create a fine mist to slowly soften the dirt layer), water/clay poultices, rinsing and pressure washing. Water is an effective solvent and can be used hot or cold, and as a liquid or vapour. It is suitable, in limited quantities, for most substrates, and it is particularly useful for removing sulphate crusts from limestone, for some coatings, for superficial deposits and surface biological growths. The simplicity of water-based cleaning can be appealing but the use of too much water can lead to substantial risks of residual staining, mobilisation and re-crystallisation of salts, and corrosion of hidden metal cramps. Chemical cleaning agents include acids, alkalis, solvents, chelating agents, biocides and detergents. They can be delivered to the surface either as liquids, gels or poultices, the advantage of the latter being that there is a longer contact time. All chemicals rely on breaking down the bonds within the soiling or between the substrate and the soiling. There has been considerable investment in developing targeted combinations of chemicals that deal with specific types of soiling on particular substrates. All of these must be used with care, and most of them require neutralisation or rinsing with water afterwards: this factor must be taken into account when specifying their use. Their effect on adjacent materials (for example glass, metals and timber) must also be considered. Laser cleaning is beginning to have a wider impact in the UK although the machinery remains expensive. The method works on the principle that the dirt absorbs enough energy from the beam to lose cohesion and vaporise; so laser cleaning is most effective when there is a contrast between the dark soiling and pale substrate. No matter how benign the technique and methodology chosen, it is always necessary to carry out a thorough initial assessment and trials. As with all other areas of conservation, it is of course not the machinery or the materials that are the ultimate reason for successful cleaning but rather the skills of the person using them.

As a nationally important monument, the Cenotaph is regularly maintained. The grey appearance at the top is not surface dirt but dead microbiological material that now lies deep within surface pores that have been excavated by repeated cleaning with pressurised water. (Photo: Odgers Conservation Consultants (OCC))

temperatures up to 90°C through a restrictive nozzle which increases the velocity of the water. This results in pressures of between 60 and 150 bar and water-use of between 5 and 20 litres per minute. These can be used in conjunction with detergents or other chemicals but in reality, this is rare for historic buildings. More often than not, hot water washers are the method of choice for rinsing after chemical cleaning and for removing algae and other materials from paving. Some of the machines used in hot water washing can result in quite aggressive cleaning because of the high water pressure and volume they can deliver. Apart from these, other parameters which can provide some control include the design of the nozzle, the angle of spray to the surface being treated, distance of the spray to the surface and the duration of contact. All of these can be manipulated by the operator so it is possible to carry out careful cleaning using lower pressures, keeping the nozzle at a greater distance from the substrate and ensuring the nozzle spray angle is above 35°. Steam cleaners can broadly be divided into small industrial/domestic units and the larger machines (such as Doff and ThermaTech) that are commonly encountered in building conservation. small uniT sysTems The domestic steam cleaner units that are available at the local DIY store come with a variety of attachments (including brushes and nozzles). These however have been devised mostly for upholstery cleaning and tend not to be sufficiently robust or to develop a consistent temperature of steam. They do

A trial area of paint removal from faience; steam cleaning was used to soften and remove most of the paint from the substrate. This was followed up with a paint softener (on the right hand side of the panel) and a final rinse with steam. (Photo: Restorative Techniques)

however have some similarities with the small industrial steam units (see title illustration) that are used in conservation; these emit very small quantities of water (typically 3 to 4 litres per hour) at a pressure of 4 to 6 bar through handheld nozzles. They are used for cleaning intricate carved detail, sculpture and monuments. They are effective on marble but can dull the surface; they should not be used on alabaster. Most of these machines produce wet steam in which there are also droplets of hot water. The pressure comes from the steam generation process itself. As the vapour is generated, the pressure inside the vessel builds up; steam at 160°C remains a liquid as long as the pressure in the container is above about 7 bar. When the pressure is released on opening the nozzle, the liquid water will vaporize into steam and cool to the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure (100°C). In doing so, it will expand by about 1.5 times; this expansion occurs in the nozzle and helps to provide the pressure of the steam. The temperature of steam will tend to drop quickly after the vapour exits the nozzle and some of it will condense into water droplets. Steam cleaning using these small machines is effectively a combination of mostly steam but including some droplets of hot water; there tends to be some water run-off that will need to be

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A large steam cleaner being used to clean ashlar with a 45° fan nozzle (Photo: OCC)

The use of a vacuum head which collects the steam and the dirt; this is very useful for large areas of flat ashlar particularly inside buildings. (Photo: Restorative Techniques)

collected usually by means of a sponge held beneath the nozzle. There are now small machines that generate ‘dry steam’. These heat water up to higher temperatures (180°C) which under pressure means that water has effectively become a gas which is invisible as it exits the nozzle. Although there will be some conversion to vapour and a small amount of condensation on the surface being cleaned, the heat of the dry steam is sufficient to convert that liquid to vapour; as a result, there is very little run-off. large uniT sysTems The larger steam cleaning machines have been designed for site use and operate using an

150

electric pump to pressurise the water and a diesel-fired heat exchanger to heat the water. The resulting combination of superheated water and steam has a temperature typically between 120° and 150°C and a flow in the range of 3 to 10 litres per minute, with a nozzle pressure of 30 to 150 bar. Although this is similar to hot water pressure washers, the use of an atomizing nozzle that diffuses the jet of steam can result in a very low pressure at the surface being cleaned. In general, the wider the spray angle, the lower the pressure at the substrate and a spray angle of 40° is standard (see illustration above). A narrower angle can result in greater pressure that can be sufficient to cause damage to soft or decayed limestone and sandstone. Nozzle selection plays an important part in the way in which the steam cleaner works. A range of spray shape and angle is available; commonly used might be solid cone (suitable for carved surfaces) and fan shape (suitable for cleaning larger areas of flat ashlar). But these nozzles also have different properties in terms of the diffusion temperature of the jet of steam; for example a standard nozzle might lose sharpness at temperatures above 140°. This variable can be used to control the precision and effectiveness of the jet. Although some steam cleaners come with the option of adding chemicals or detergents, control of the amounts is difficult and in most cases chemicals require a certain dwell time to work and this is not provided by including them in a jet of steam. relaTive meriTs Steam cleaning is simple and safe as long as appropriate precautions are taken. The advantage of steam is its heat; it can be used generally for flexible materials such as microbiological growth (algae for example) and paint coatings. It also has the advantage over hot water washers that less water is used and therefore the process is easier to control. However, it is not generally suitable for brittle

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soiling such as calcium sulphate which, in any case, is less soluble in hot water than in cold. There are some drawbacks to the use of steam cleaners. Anybody who has tried to take a picture of a steam cleaner in use will realise that the steam generated can also make it difficult for the operator to see the result of their work. In closed spaces, the increase in humidity may be an issue so good ventilation is normally essential. However, there have recently been developments in the use of vacuum heads that both deliver the steam to the surface and collect the residue (see illustration below left); this enables use in sensitive environments and allows the operator to see what is happening. The larger machines will also generate fumes from the diesel so this too needs to be taken into consideration when choosing a system. The way in which a steam cleaner is used by the operator can make all the difference to its effectiveness. In many cases, the need for speed can lead to the nozzle being held too close to the surface; this can result in damage to the surface and uneven cleaning. In many cases, the best cleaning is achieved using a double-pass technique. The first pass is at lower pressure and will soften the soiling; after a period (which might be up to a few hours) to allow this softening to happen, a second pass will allow the soiling to be removed more completely and without the need for the nozzle to be held close to the surface. In all cases, the operator should carry out trials to ascertain the optimum parameters (such as pressure, temperature and nozzle type) that best suit the condition of substrate and the type of soiling. Steam cleaning is an important element in the range of options that are available for cleaning masonry and brickwork. Even as the machinery gets more refined, there still remains the fundamental need to understand the likely short and long-term effects of the cleaning on the substrate. Each case must be treated on its merits and always there must be an underlying criteria to ‘do no harm’. recommended reading English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Stone, Ashgate, 2012 Nicola Ashurst, Cleaning Historic Buildings, Donhead 1994 RJ Schaffer, Weathering of Natural Building Stones, 1932 (Donhead reprint, 2004) david odgers trained at Wells cathedral under Professor robert baker. he was a founder of nimbus conservation ltd in 1984 and its managing director from 1991 to 2005, during which time he was responsible for repair and conservation works to many important historic buildings, monuments and sites. since 2005 he has been an independent consultant on all aspects of conservation works to stone and plaster. he was the editor for the Stone volume of english heritage’s Practical Building Conservation series. he is senior tutor for the building conservation diploma at West dean and is an accredited conservator.

4.1

PainT removal

REFERENCES The system has been used on the following buildings since 1981: British Museum – cast iron railings Greenwich Palace – ornate plaster ceilings New Horticultural Hall, Westminster – painted concrete ceilings and walls Charterhouse School – stonework and timber doors and panelling Royal Hospital, Chelsea – carved woodwork The Peel Away® paint removal system has also been tested and approved by: The Paint Research Association, London The National Preservation Institute, Washington, Columbia University, Dept. of Architecture, New York, The Auckland Institute and Museum, New Zealand The system has also been used for projects involving: English Heritage National Trust Building Conservation Trust

STONE

BRICK

ORNATE PLASTER

WOOD

METAL

The Peel Away® paint removal system is designed to remove accumulated layers of paint completely, with up to 32 coats of paint removed in one application. The system comprises a ready mixed paste that is spread or sprayed over a painted surface. A special laminated polyethylene and fibrous tissue cover is then left over the paste until all the paint is emulsified. The emulsified paint is absorbed back into the paste as it dries on the cover. The cover is then removed, complete with paint and paste, and the stripped surface is washed down. Peel Away® and its residue is water soluble. The Peel Away® system is particularly suited to surfaces with carvings and mouldings, such as ornate plaster ceilings and stonework, carved or turned woodwork, or intricate ironwork where a reversed mould of the stripped surface can appear on the laminated cover. We’ve 30 years’ experience of helping to restore fine surfaces with newer and safer formulations.

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

The Poultice Paint Removal System

Peel Away 1® is most often used for restoration projects involving multi-layers of oil-based paints. Our newest formula, Peel Away 7®, is a water and solvent-based paste that does not require neutralising. Created to remove more modern water-based coatings, it’s effective in a wide range of applications and is very safe to use.

We can provide advice, site visits and referrals to experienced applicators. For more details: Email: simondormon@peelaway.co.uk Telephone: 07973 822302 For samples and to find the nearest Peel Away® suppliers, please contact our UK distributor Barrettine on: sales@barrettine.co.uk or call 01179 600060. Peel Away® products are sold under licence from Peel Away Ltd.

www.peelaway.co.uk

◾ aura conservaTion dunham house, 181 Wellington road north, stockport, cheshire sK4 2PB Tel 0161 442 9850 email enquiries@auraltd.co.uk www.auraltd.co.uk

◾ sTriPPers PainT removers Po Box 6, sudbury, suffolk co10 6TW Tel 01787 371524 Fax 01787 313944 email info@stripperspaintremovers.com www.stripperspaintremovers.com

RESTORATION OF LISTED/HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CHURCHES: See also:

ago to develop effective products and systems for removing paint. The company has pioneered many techniques which have become standard practice in building conservation and renovation. The company’s range of specialist products can remove virtually any paint or coating from virtually any surface.

display entry in Stone, page 98.

See also: display entry on the inside front cover and profile entry in Building Contractors, page 69.

◾ Paye sToneWorK stationmaster’s house, mottingham station approach, london se9 4el Tel 020 8857 9111 Fax 020 8857 9222 email robertgreer@paye.net www.paye.net MASONRY CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR SPECIALIST: See also: display entry

in Stone, page 102 and profile entry in Masonry Cleaning, page 153.

PAINT REMOVAL: Strippers Paint Removers was founded over 30 years

masonry cleaning ◾ a F Jones sTonemasons lTd 33 Bedford road, reading, Berkshire rg1 7eX Tel 0118 957 3537 Fax 0118 957 4334 email angus@afjones.co.uk www.afjones.co.uk MASTER STONEMASONS: See also: display entry and profile entry in Stone,

page 98.

◾ aura conservaTion dunham house, 181 Wellington road north, stockport, cheshire sK4 2PB Tel 0161 442 9850 email enquiries@auraltd.co.uk www.auraltd.co.uk RESTORATION OF LISTED/HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CHURCHES: See also:

display entry in Stone, page 98.

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www.restorativetechniques.co.uk Restorative Techniques is an innovative supplier and manufacturer of surface cleaning systems and restoration products, with a high level of technical expertise, based on professional knowledge and significant, long experience in the field. The company is far more than simply a supplier. It provides technical support, training, CPDs and consultancy services to practitioners, architects and specifiers, involved with demanding conservation and restoration contracts, to help attain successful project results. Being experts in the use of safe and effective cleaning and coating removal techniques, the company can be engaged to test and produce on-site trials, reports and aid decision making in specification and implementation. Those using, or specifying the Restorative Techniques range of equipment and products, are supported with full technical expertise, from members within its team. Purchasers of machinery are supported and provided with periodical, free update training, to ensure their operators are kept informed of changes in regulations, best practice and to assist them in continuing to sensitively achieve, the appropriate and desired standards.

Project by Nimbus Conservation

T: 0044 (0) 1454 417831 info@restorativetechniques.co.uk

RIBA rps no. 27199

Practical Solutions - Professional, Technical Expertise & Project Support

A V V Solutions Ltd 14 Watford Enterprise Centre, 25 Greenhill Crescent , Watford, Herts WD18 8XU

◾ Bullen conservaTion lTd lowerhouse Works, lowerhouse street, oldham, lancashire ol1 3nn Tel 0161 633 6528 Fax 0161 633 7064 email sales@bullenconservation.co.uk www.bullenconservation.co.uk BUILDING CONTRACTORS, STONE, TERRACOTTA AND MASONRY CLEANING:

See also: display entry in Building Contractors, page 65 and profile entry in Stone, page 99.

♦ Specialists in property restoration on listed and heritage properties ♦ Façade cleaning of brick, stone, terracotta, marble, granite, slate, wood and metal ♦ Jos/Torc and Doff cleaning systems ♦ Latex, poulticing and paint removal ♦ ThermaTech super-heated water system ♦ Hydraulic lime render and stucco ♦ Construction of brick and stone, match repairs and re-pointing ♦ Pre-cast mouldings ♦ Surveying and consultancy services

◾ c ginn Building resToraTion limiTed unit 11, millside industrial estate, lawson road, dartford, Kent da1 5BW Tel 01322 290505 Fax 01322 284839 email c.ginnbuildingrestoration@btinternet.com www.stonecleaning-restoration.com MASONRY CLEANING AND RESTORATION: C Ginn Building Restoration has a proven track record for the repair and cleaning of exterior fabrics such as stone, stucco, faience, terracotta and brickwork. The company is experienced at supplying and fixing natural and precast stone details and is willing to undertake surveys and prepare cost estimates for all aspects of work within its field. While undertaking large projects the company is always available for smaller projects and offers the same level of service throughout.

Tel: 01923 255355 www.avvsolutions.com

Q A S I N T E R N AT I O N A L

Accredited Contractor

ISO 9001:2008

REGISTERED FIRM Certificate No A11137

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STONEHEALTH Supplier of Products for Conservation & Restoration Supplier of Products for Conservation & Restoration

SCULPTURE, STONE AND MASONRY CLEANING: See also: display entry and

profile entry in Stone, page 100.

◾ d B r (london) limiTed 104a consort road, london se15 2Pr Tel 020 7277 7775 Fax 020 7635 0556 email mail@dbrlimited.com www.dbrlimited.com contact adrian attwood MASONRY CLEANING: See also: profile entry and display entry in Building Contractors, pages 66 and 67.

◾ hirsT conservaTion maTerials lTd laughton, sleaford, lincolnshire ng34 0he Tel 01529 497517 Fax 01529 497518 email materials@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

◾ cliveden conservaTion WorKshoP lTd south east, head office – The Tennis courts, cliveden estate, Taplow, maidenhead, Berkshire sl6 0Ja Tel 01628 604721 Fax 01628 660379 ▪ West, Bath office – home Farm, ammerdown estate, Kilmersdon, Bath, somerset Ba3 5sn Tel 01761 420300 Fax 01761 420400 email info@clivedenconservation.com ▪ east and north, houghton office – The old coach house, houghton, norfolk Pe31 6Ty Tel 01485 528970 Fax 01485 529336 email enq.houghton@clivedenconservation.com www.clivedenconservation.com

STONE CLEANING AND RELATED SERVICES: See also: display entry on the inside front cover and profile entry in Building Contractors, page 69.

◾ mcallisTer masonry limiTed The stoneyard, haresfield, gloucestershire gl10 3eQ Tel 01452 723723 Fax 01452 724499 email ronthestone@tesco.net www.mcallistermasonryltd.co.uk contact ron mcallister MASONRY CLEANING: See also: profile entry in Stone, page 104.

◾ nimBus conservaTion limiTed eastgate, christchurch street east, Frome, somerset Ba11 1Qd Tel 01373 474646 Fax 01373 474648 email enquiries@nimbusconservation.com www.nimbusconservation.com

DOFF Superheated Water

Torque ² (also torc) 1884. [f. L. torquere to twist.] Physics. The twisting or rotary force in a piece of mechanism (as a measurable quantity); the moment of a system of forces producing rotation.

Operates the TORC & DOFF ‘Approved Register List’

STONE CONSERVATION AND MASONRY: See also: display entry and profile

Check the training and induction authenticity of an Operator Prior to commencement of a project, to safeguard results

◾ Paye sToneWorK stationmaster’s house, mottingham station approach, london se9 4el Tel 020 8857 9111 Fax 020 8857 9222 email robertgreer@paye.net www.paye.net

Wide Product Range Includes:

entry in Stone, pages 102 and 104.

MASONRY CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR SPECIALIST: Specialising in the cleaning, conservation and repair of the built heritage, Paye Stonework is skilled in working with stone, faience, terracotta, stucco, brickwork, render and lime plaster. The company is able to act as principal contractor and manages specialist related trades such as stained glass, leadwork and decorations. It also has a division operating within the high specification internal flooring sector. See also: display entry in Stone, page 102.

◾ v a conservaTion Falcon house, 643 stratford road, Birmingham B11 4dy Tel 07522 347543 email info@vaconservation.com www.vaconservation.com STONE CLEANING, ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AND RELATED SERVICES: See also: display entry in Stone, page 104.

Paint Softeners Stone Repair Product Stain Removal Sacrificial Protectants Stone Treatments Latex Cleaning Gum Repellants etc...

STONEHEALTH LIMITED Bowers Court, Broadwell, Dursley, Gloucestershire GL11 4JE Tel: 01453 540600 & Fax: 01453 540609 www.stonehealth.com & info@stonehealth.com

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damP & TimBer decay

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

◾ B T PreservaTion unit 10, lancaster close, sherburn in elmet, leeds ls25 6ns Tel 0800 591541 www.btpreservation.co.uk DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TIMBER INFESTATIONS AND DAMP ISSUES:

B T Preservation has a team of qualified specialist surveyors and is a full member of the Property Care Association with 27 years of successful trading. Listed building and period properties are a speciality and the company can provide non-destructive timber surveys to suspect structural timbers by micro-drilling. The company also specialises in environmental monitoring for humidity and mould detection. Dampproofing, basement waterproofing, dry rot and infestation treatment by City & Guilds qualified technicians with safety a priority at all times.

See also: display entry in Building Contractors, page 65 and profile entry in Stone, page 99.

◾ demaus Building diagnosTics lTd stagbatch Farm, leominster, herefordshire hr6 9da Tel 01568 615662 email info@demaus.co.uk www.demaus.co.uk NON-DESTRUCTIVE TIMBER TESTING AND BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS: Demaus Building Diagnostics specialises in the location and assessment of fungal decay, insect attack and fire damage in structural timber using non-destructive techniques. See also: profile entry in Non-destructive Investigations, page 18.

◾ huTTon + rosTron environmenTal invesTigaTions limiTed netley house, gomshall, surrey gu5 9Qa Tel 01483 203221 Fax 01483 202911 email ei@handr.co.uk www.handr.co.uk effective expertise covering biodeterioration, fungal decay, insect attack, timber strength grading, damp, environmental health, energy efficiency, non-destructive surveying, building monitoring systems and historic building consultancy. H+R carries out independent site and laboratory investigations providing specifications for remedial work or conservation. Expert witness work is also undertaken. H+R operates the Rothound® dry rot search dogs and installs Curator® electronic moisture and structural monitoring systems. Resurgam®, a division of H+R, specialises in building conservation. Clients include The Royal Household, National Trust, English Heritage, national and local government, architects, engineers, surveyors, developers, contractors and property owners. See also: Resurgam® profile entry in Heritage Consultants, page 41.

◾ PeTer coX lTd aniseed Park, Broadway Business Park, chadderton, manchester ol9 9Xa Tel 0800 789 500 Fax 0161 684 8305 email marketing@petercox.com www.petercox.com DAMP AND TIMBER DECAY: See also: profile entry in Building Contractors,

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INDEPENDENT AND INTEGRATED ADVICE FROM HISTORIC BUILDING CONSULTANTS: Identification and resolution of timber and damp related

problems using measures that seek to minimise disturbance to buildings. Services include surveys, advice on causes and alternative approaches, specifications, obtaining tenders and contract administration etc. Expert witness work. See also: profile entry in Surveyors, page 47.

environmenTal moniToring ◾ huTTon + rosTron environmenTal invesTigaTions limiTed netley house, gomshall, surrey gu5 9Qa Tel 01483 203221 Fax 01483 202911 email ei@handr.co.uk www.handr.co.uk CONSULTANTS ON BUILDING FAILURES AND ENVIRONMENTS: See also:

profile entry on this page, and Resurgam profile entry in Heritage Consultants, page 41.

ePoXy resin rePairs ◾ PeTer coX lTd aniseed Park, Broadway Business Park, chadderton, manchester ol9 9Xa Tel 0800 789 500 Fax 0161 684 8305 email marketing@petercox.com www.petercox.com EPOXY AND RESIN REPAIRS: See also: profile entry in Building Contractors,

CONSULTANTS ON TIMBER DECAY, BUILDING MATERIAL FAILURES AND ENVIRONMENTS: Simple solutions to common problems with cost-

page 71.

◾ Ward & dale smiTh limiTed, charTered Building surveyors The Walker hall, market square, evesham, Worcestershire Wr11 4rW Tel 01386 446623 Fax 01386 48215 email peter.rhodes@wds.gb.com www.wds.gb.com contact Peter rhodes Frics dipBldgcons

page 72.

nails ◾ glasgoW sTeel nail co lTd lowmoss, Bishopbriggs, glasgow g64 2hX Tel 0141 762 3355 Fax 0141 762 0914 email glasgowsteelnail@compuserve.com www.glasgowsteelnail.com NAILS: Manufacturer of traditional cut nails in mild steel, wrought iron

or bronze.

general FiXings & FasTeners ◾ avon sTainless FasTeners unit 10, riverside Business Park, st anne’s, Bristol Bs4 4ed Tel 0117 972 8560 Fax 0117 972 8570 email sales@avonstainlessfasteners.co.uk www.avonstainlessfasteners.co.uk STAINLESS FASTENINGS: Full range of stainless steel fasteners (nuts, bolts, screws, woodscrews, coach screws, coach bolts, studding, plate washers, nails, tying wire, plain bar etc) for the timber building and conservation industries. Product guide available on request.

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sTrucTural rePairs & sTaBilisaTion

sTrucTural TimBer TesTing

4.1 ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

◾ BricK-Tie limiTed unit 10, lancaster close, sherburn in elmet, leeds ls25 6ns Tel 0800 591541 www.bricktie.net SPECIALIST STRUCTURAL REPAIRS: A leading specialist in the structural

repair of masonry based in the North of England. 27 years experience stabilising bulging walls and cracked structures using advanced and traditional methods. Approved by Helifix and Cintec for the Helifix range of wall ties and reinforcement, plus the Cintec anchoring system. Works include York City Walls, Riber Castle and many listed and period properties. Free advice and sympathetic solutions including lime grouting of rubble walls, plastic stone repairs and stitching work.

◾ charTerBuild lTd 7 starboard view, south Woodham Ferrers, chelmsford cm3 5gr Tel 01245 425050 Fax 01245 325443 email peter@charterbuild.co.uk www.charterbuild.co.uk STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND STABILISATION: Charterbuild is an experienced specialist contractor using traditional and modern skills to restore integrity and stability to historic buildings and structures, from foundations upwards. The company has earned approved installer status from Helifix and Cintec, and is an approved user of DOFF and JOS cleaning systems. Charterbuild is experienced with lime-based pointing, enabling the company to undertake complete repair and restoration if required. Full details are available on the website. Almost any structural or restoration work is undertaken. No-obligation advice is available by telephone. See also: display entry on this page.

◾ cinTec inTernaTional lTd 11 gold Tops, newport, south Wales nP20 4Ph Tel 01633 246614 Fax 01633 246110 email hqcintec@cintec.co.uk www.cintec.co.uk STRUCTURAL CONSERVATION, REPAIR AND STABILISATION: Cintec

International Ltd based in Newport, South Wales was formed in 1984 to take advantage of a newly patented anchoring and reinforcing system of that name. The system is ideal in providing a discreet and effective method of structural stabilisation and repair for a diverse range of applications including churches, castles, houses, listed buildings and ancient monuments and civil engineering. The Cintec system has been specified by English Heritage, Cadw and Historic Scotland for use on their own properties.

◾ PeTer coX lTd aniseed Park, Broadway Business Park, chadderton, manchester ol9 9Xa Tel 0800 789 500 Fax 0161 684 8305 email marketing@petercox.com www.petercox.com STRUCTURAL REPAIRS AND STABILISATION: See also: profile entry in

Building Contractors, page 72.

◾ The Floyd consulTancy 14 church street, hagley, stourbridge, West midlands dy9 0na Tel 01562 885806 mobile 07762 614364 email info@thefloydconsultancy.co.uk www.thefloydconsultancy.co.uk SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF HISTORIC TIMBER BUILDINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS: Building condition or defect is assessed through: site

◾ T r a c sTrucTural limiTed 23 Belvoir road, st andrews, Bristol Bs6 5dQ Tel 0117 924 0224 Fax 0117 924 8574 email info@trac.demon.co.uk www.trac-structural.co.uk STRUCTURAL REPAIR AND STABILISATION: Helifix approved installer (masonry repair) and Rotafix recommended contractor (structural timber repair); both systems have been used extensively on listed buildings and historic structures.

investigation, analyses of materials/environments/bio-deterioration organisms and archival research, known colloquially as damp, timber decay and building fabric surveys. Structural assessment, strength grading of timber, installation of environmental monitoring systems and retrieval/analysis of data are also specialities. The principal is Timothy Floyd MSc (Architectural Materials Science) MRICS and RICS accredited expert witness. See website for further details.

◾ huTTon + rosTron environmenTal invesTigaTions limiTed netley house, gomshall, surrey gu5 9Qa Tel 01483 203221 Fax 01483 202911 email ei@handr.co.uk www.handr.co.uk CONSULTANTS ON BUILDING FAILURES AND ENVIRONMENTS: See also:

profile entry in Damp & Timber Decay, page 154, and Resurgam profile entry in Heritage Consultants, page 41.

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LIME HARLING CRAIG FREW

ime harling is a thrown, or cast-on, finish consisting of a slaked lime and coarse aggregate mortar, and it usually has a rough-textured surface. It is the most common type of traditional surface finish found in Scotland on masonry buildings of solid wall construction. South of the border it is known as roughcast and is widely found in vernacular architecture. In Ireland it is known as wet dash. Like other forms of lime render, harling provides both a weather protective and decorative coating, commonly covering what was perceived to be poor quality rubble stone or brickwork. This article contains general advice on materials and methods for undertaking lime harling and associated works. “The principal purpose for which any of these processes (‘outside plastering’ including harling) is adopted on the outside wall of a cottage is, to keep them dry; and a second purpose is, to render them ornamental, either by imitating stone, or producing a surface more curious or agreeable to the eye, than the rude materials concealed behind it.” (JC Loudon, Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa Architecture, 1833) Perceptions and fashions change over time, and Loudon’s appreciation for the finish was not shared by later Victorians. In the late 19th century external harling and render was commonly stripped from the exterior of older buildings in favour of exposing the underlying stone or brick, and this practice is still all too common in some areas today. The vast majority of pre-Victorian era buildings constructed of rubble stone, certainly in Scotland, were generally plastered, harled and/or limewashed externally. There are some exceptions, such as rear and side elevations to many Georgian properties which were often flush pointed and lined out like ashlar. The term ‘harling’ is generally understood to derive from the action of hurling wet mortar at a wall – hence the terms roughcast and wet dash used elsewhere in the UK. In Scottish vernacular architecture, harling was almost exclusively applied as a cast finish and not onto a floated base coat, as is common in England (see Recommended Reading) and on modern cement roughcast work such as pebbledash. Cast-on textured finishes will generally give better adhesion than trowel-applied coatings, particularly on rough or uneven surfaces, and those with low suction properties. Cast-on coatings also provide better weather resistance, as the mortar is generally better compacted and more uniform throughout

Craigievar Castle, Aberdeenshire: hand-cast ‘hot lime’ harling and pigmented limewash (Photo: LTM Group)

its thickness than trowelled-on coatings. Like most other traditional materials and techniques, knowledge and experience were passed down through generations and adapted to suit the local environment, materials and labour availability. Typically though in Scotland, pre-Victorian lime harling would consist of a hand-cast, thin coating, usually no more than around 10mm in overall thickness, applied as a single coat or maybe two coats at most. As with the vast majority of traditional building limes, quicklime would be mixed with coarse, varied aggregates, slaked with water and used while still warm as a ‘hot lime’ mortar. It was typically the same mix as that used for the masonry bedding mortar, but a wetter mix.

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It was the size and shape of the larger aggregate particles, allied to the degree of preparation and straightening carried out to the wall, in advance of application of the finish coat, which dictated the characteristics of the harling finish. The most commonly used traditional finish for harling was ‘as cast’, as this was the quickest and most efficient option. There are, however, some historic examples where the cast finishes were gently pushed back to remove the high-spots, or floated back to give a flatter finish. Flat finishes were often lined out to provide a more formal finish – the best examples imitating a high quality ashlar stone facade. Such finishes became more common on town buildings and

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country houses throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Limewash finishes were typically, but not exclusively, applied over the harling surface, as a protective and decorative finish, often using natural earth pigments. Like many traditional building materials, lime harling and other forms of lime-based renders and coatings are vapour permeable to some degree and can help to manage the effects of moisture on mass masonry walls. The additional layer generally reduces the depth of rainwater penetration through the masonry, while the inherent permeability of the lime promotes evaporation from the underlying wall fabric and from the harling itself under drying conditions. The damage which can be caused to traditional solid-wall buildings by the use of inappropriate cementbased and other impermeable coatings is now well recognised. If correctly specified and used, lime harling can provide an attractive and durable, weather-protective coating to most traditional buildings. general PrinciPles As a basic principle, lime harling and other external coatings should generally be weaker than the background material over which they are applied, and each successive coat should be weaker and thinner than the preceding one. The exception is in areas of severe exposure where it may be advantageous to maintain consistency throughout the thickness. In most instances, however, weaker lime mortars are best, as they generally provide greater flexibility and vapour permeability. An appropriate method of work allied to an appropriate specification for materials and mix design is critical in achieving the best outcome for the building or structure. When harling onto an existing masonry wall, several factors require careful consideration before deciding on a suitable approach and specification. It is important to establish the function of the coating; is it to improve the appearance of a building, to protect vulnerable underlying masonry, or to help dry out a damp building

New, lightly pressed back lime harling and limewash finish at Brodie Castle, Forres

or wall? The specification of both the materials and methodology for undertaking the work can be designed to achieve a particular outcome, and where appropriate address several, or all of the foregoing. The type and condition of the substrate will also have a significant bearing on the specification. Most importantly, any coating must achieve an adequate bond with its background. Where loose, friable substrate materials exist, remedial repairs and/or consolidation of this will be essential before any lime coating can be applied. In some instances, a few applications of diluted limewash can be helpful on a weak substrate. Adequate bonding may be achieved solely through a well-controlled suction bond, a mechanical key, or a combination of both. Inappropriate suction control is a significant cause of failures in mortar coatings – over-wetting as well as insufficient damping down will adversely affect the bond between the existing wall surface and the new coating. Where the wall contains both dense impervious stone and highly porous mortar, there is a need to thoroughly dampen the mortar joints, while ensuring that the stone surfaces are dry to the touch, prior to applying any lime coating. A ‘pricking-up’ or ‘bonding’ coat may be helpful on difficult backgrounds – this is typically a thin, binder-rich, gritty coating which provides a good bond with the substrate and can help to even out the background suction across variable substrates. A non-hydraulic lime mortar (aggregate and lime putty) may work well when applied to a relatively dry wall, but would be at risk of failure on a wet wall as saturated lime mortars will not carbonate, and therefore not harden. A hydraulic lime mortar would also be at risk if saturated, in frosty conditions. Despite its initial hydraulic set, it relies on carbonation to achieve full strength and frost resistance. To avoid failure, any damp, uncarbonated lime must therefore be protected from frosts through the winter. At the risk of stating the obvious, frost requires moisture, so

a dry mortar in freezing conditions will not become damaged by frost action. When contemplating winter working, bear in mind that colder temperatures will slow down the curing process (as with cement mortars), so greater care must be exercised in planning the works to ensure adequate protection. Scaffolding must be enclosed and protected and background heating may be required. Where walls are found to be damp, as is often the case where a cement-based coating has just been removed, specialist advice on materials selection should be sought. The time of working, length of contract and level of protection possible (for working and curing) are all important factors which must be considered at specification stage.

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

Lime harling which is at least 150 years old on an old church in Orkney

aPPlicaTion Process There is no ‘standard’ methodology for harling an existing masonry wall, as there are so many variables. However, the works can generally be divided into the following applications: 1. Substrate preparation 2. Dubbing (daubing/flushing) out 3. Pricking-up (tack/scud) coat 4. Straightening coat 5. Finish coat 6. Limewash substrate preparation This will generally involve repairing any defects and filling any voids or cracks in the masonry. All masonry must be clean and free from dust or debris; soft friable stone should be brushed back to a relatively sound surface and in some instances these may need to be consolidated, either with diluted limewash applications, or the masonry repaired by some other method to ensure a satisfactory background. dubbing out This is the process of filling previously prepared open joints, building out the mortar until flush with the face of the masonry. As with most filling of rubble stone masonry joints, pinning stones are incorporated where necessary to avoid large volumes of mortar accumulating. The mortar must be well compacted to fill any voids and can be finished fairly rough ‘off the

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Hand-cast harling – note the flat trowel used to throw the harl. (Photo: LimeRich Stonemasonry & Plastering)

Applying harling by mechanical spray: in some circumstances this method may be appropriately used for the pricking up or straightening coat, prior to the application of a hand-cast finishing coat. (Photo: LimeRich Stonemasonry & Plastering)

Inchnadamph Church, Assynt: mechanical spray applied lime harling and plain limewash

trowel’ to take up its initial stiffening. Prior to hardening, the mortar is compressed back with a trowel to ensure a tight bond with the adjacent stone. Suction control as previously described is critical in achieving a good bond between stone and mortar. Finally, the

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dubbing out coat can be scraped back with the edge of a trowel to open up the surface to aid the curing process, and also to provide a good key for the pricking-up coat. The dubbing out should bring the wall face to a suitable level for application of a thin harling coat. In certain circumstances, where the wall face is relatively sound and flat, a single application of harling will be sufficient, omitting the pricking-up and straightening coat. Pricking-up coats These are applied in a similar manner to the harling, either by the traditional method of hand casting the mortar using a specially shaped trowel, or with mechanical spray equipment (where appropriate). Pricking-up coats generally comprise a thin, binder-rich and gritty coating which acts to even out the background suction levels. This is particularly important where high capillarity lime mortars exist alongside impervious stones. It also provides a good mechanical ‘key’ for the subsequent harling, hence the requirement for this mix to contain a sharp, gritty sand. No attempt is made to ‘straighten’ the wall faces with harling at this stage (this should have been done as part of the dubbing out process) as variable thicknesses can lead to an inconsistent appearance in the finished work and can impact on its performance.

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straightening coat This may be required where the background masonry is particularly uneven and/or where a flatter finish is required. It is important to bear in mind that the final finish coat will be a relatively thin coating of consistent thickness, so will not mask any unevenness in the background. Typically this coat is cast or sprayed on, for the best adhesion, scraping the mortar from the high points (a plasterer’s straight edge can be used) and filling the low points as work progresses – it is important not to overwork or ‘move’ the mortar around too much on the wall as this can weaken its bond with the background. Finish coat Finally, the harl is applied to a consistent thickness and texture. Careful planning is required for large elevations without natural breaks such as internal or external returns or string courses. Visible day joints can be avoided by ‘fairing’ out the harling (gradually reducing its thickness) in a wave like shape (not a straight line) and blended in the following day. It is also essential that the scaffolding is designed specifically for the purposes of harling with removable inner boards to avoid the risk of ‘lift lines’ in the finish. Fairing into vertical faces of returns and reveals is a typical, traditional detail, and harling is normally faired out at the base of the wall to discourage moisture retention. The number of coats and relative thicknesses of harling will vary from building to building depending on the type and condition of the substrate, and the type of finish and appearance desired. Similarly the timing between coats for curing and drying will vary depending on the materials selection, number of coats and thickness of coats. Individual coats of harl should generally be no thicker than about 10mm – often traditional Scottish lime harling is less than this in overall thickness. Once the lime harling is complete, it should be allowed additional drying time, after curing. Any patchiness in the moisture levels across the harling may lead to an inconsistent appearance when limewashing. This will be more pronounced when using stronger pigmented limewash. The sTaTe oF The arT Reinstatement of previously stripped harling finishes to traditional and historic buildings is now becoming more prevalent. One of the challenges over the last two decades has been re-learning the almost lost traditions in terms of both materials and methods. Much of the early ‘lime-revival’ harling work carried out in the early 1990s was founded on the practices employed in the application of cement harling/ pebbledash or plasterwork, where float applied base and straightening coats were commonly used. Today, much of the harling work carried out utilises excessively-strong modern hydraulic limes to over-compensate for some of these earlier failures, as the mechanisms involved in the application of lime mortars, along with the properties of the range of binders now available are still to be fully disseminated and applied across the industry. Mechanical spray application of lime harling is also becoming more

morTars & renders

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

Wardlaw Mausoleum, Kirkhill: typical surface weathering of ten-year-old lime harling and limewash

commonplace. There are advantages of spray application in that a lower water content is required for application, minimising the risk of drying shrinkage and creating a more compacted mortar finish. The action of spraying under pressure also helps to ensure a good contact between the substrate and the lime coating. However, if re-instating a harl finish to a traditional or historic property, it can be difficult, if not impossible, for a sprayed-on coating to match the texture and appearance of a traditional hand-cast finish. In such circumstances, a hand-cast finish should be specified for the finish coat, even if the underlying coats are to be mechanically sprayed. Many of the materials and methods used for lime harling over the past two decades bear little resemblance to traditional lime harl coatings. We still have much to re-learn from traditional practice. Harling which has survived for over a century on many of our traditional and historic buildings can tell us much about what we should be doing today, and it is through organisations such as the Building Limes Forum that we can share experience and understanding of traditional building limes. Further information Building Limes Forum www.buildinglimesforum.org.uk. The BLF exists to encourage expertise and understanding in the appropriate use of building limes and education in the standards of production, preparation, application and after-care. It is a charitable organisation with no commercial ties, and has about 350 members in the UK and overseas, the majority being actively concerned with either the repair of historic buildings or the use of lime in new build. Courses Several organisations provide short practical courses in the use of lime, including the Scottish Lime Centre Trust. See page 195 for details. recommended reading Technical Advice Note 15: External Lime Coatings in Scotland, Historic Scotland (available free to view at http://conservation.historicscotland.gov.uk/publication-detail.htm?pubid=8544) English Heritage, Practical Building Conservation: Mortars, Plasters and Renders, Ashgate, Farnham, 2011 craig FreW msc ihbc is sole principal at craig Frew building conservation ltd. he has 12 years building conservation experience with a focus on traditional masonry and lime mortars, having previously worked with the scottish lime centre trust and laing traditional masonry group. email: craig@frewconservation.co.uk

4.1

Bleaklow Industries Ltd, Hassop Avenue, Hassop, Bakewell, Derbyshire DE45 1NS Tel: 01246 582284 Fax: 01246 583192

sales@bleaklow.co.uk www.bleaklow.co.uk

◾ anglia lime comPany Fishers Farm, Belchamp Walter, sudbury, suffolk co10 7aP Tel 01787 313974 Fax 01787 313944 email info@anglialime.com www.anglialime.com LIME PRODUCTS: The last 25 years have seen the use of building

limes develop from what was regarded as a quaint eccentricity to an understanding that they are a central element of building conservation. Anglia Lime Company supplies best quality lime products, including bespoke ready-mixed mortars, alongside technical advice on all aspects of the use of lime.

See also: display entry in Stone, page 98.

◾ carreK limiTed 1 st andrew street, Wells cathedral, Wells, somerset Ba5 2un Tel 01749 689000 Fax 01749 689089 email enquiries@carrek.co.uk www.carrek.co.uk HISTORIC BUILDING REPAIRS: See also: profile entry in Building

Contractors, page 65.

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◾ h J chard & sons 1 cole road, Bristol Bs2 0ug Tel 01179 777681 Fax 0117 9719802 LIME PUTTY AND RELATED PRODUCTS: H J Chard & Sons manufactures for sale direct to the trade and retail users lime putty from best quality Buxton non-hydraulic white quicklime. Lime putty is used in the production of a wide range of sand-lime mortars, including hair mortars. Other products available include pigments, tallow, linseed oil, PFA, HTI powder and French hydraulic lime.

◾ heriTage coB & lime coates road, Bideford Business Park, east-the-Water, Bideford, devon eX39 4gd Tel 01237 477431 Fax 01271 344089 email mail@heritagecobandlime.com www.heritagecobandlime.com LIME MORTAR: Heritage Cob & Lime manufactures and supplies

premium lime mortars. The basis of all these lime mortars is mature fatty lime putty which is slaked from Buxton quicklime before being mixed with a high grade sand. In addition to competitively priced mortars, the company also offers a popular bespoke pointing mix, fine skim plaster, lime washes, casein paints, waxes, varnishes, cob blocks and various tools. Heritage Cob & Lime prides itself on offering a friendly, professional service with free advice, and also runs practical courses at the company’s warehouse overlooking the Taw and Torridge estuary in beautiful North Devon. Please visit the company’s website for more information.

◾ hirsT conservaTion maTerials lTd laughton, sleaford, lincolnshire ng34 0he Tel 01529 497517 Fax 01529 497518 email materials@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com CONSERVATION MATERIALS: The company produces lime putty, renders, daubs, grouts, limewashes, coatings and paints for historic building repair. A range of other conservation materials is also supplied. All products are supported by technical and practical guidance. Analysis and research services are available enabling historic materials to be closely matched where required. Supplies can be delivered anywhere in Europe. This company is a subsidiary of Hirst Conservation which can provide a team of specialists to apply the materials, giving a single source of responsibility. See also: entry on the inside front cover.

◾ The lime cenTre long Barn, hazeley road, Winchester, hampshire so21 1lZ Tel 01962 713636 Fax 01962 715350 email info@thelimecentre.co.uk www.thelimecentre.co.uk

Mature Lime Putty Ready Mixed Lime Mortars St. Astier And Ionic Natural Hydraulic Limes Prompt Natural Cement Limewash And Lime Paints Breathable Paints And Finishes Breathable Insulation Systems Sands And Aggregates Lightweight Aggregates Friendly, Professional Advice And Back Up Training Courses Cornish Lime Company Ltd is part of the Ionic Group

LIME PRODUCTS, ADVICE AND TRAINING: The Lime Centre at Winchester was opened in 1990 to provide information and training on the use of lime in historic building conservation. The centre advises on suitable products, specifications, application, mortar colour matching and analysis as well as an onsite consultancy service. The Lime Centre supplies St Astier Natural Hydraulic Lime, aggregates, lime putty, ready mixed mortars, plasters and renders, limewash, riven lath, animal hair and specialist tools. The centre supplies and delivers to south east England. Please telephone or visit The Lime Centre website for more information.

◾ miKe Wye & associaTes lTd Buckland Filleigh sawmills, Buckland Filleigh, Beaworthy, devon eX21 5rn Tel 01409 281644 Fax 01409 281669 email sales@mikewye.co.uk www.mikewye.co.uk NATURAL HYDRAULIC LIME, LIME PUTTY, LIME MORTARS AND PLASTERS, TADELAKT, POLISHED VENETIAN PLASTERS AND LIMEWASH:

Mike Wye & Associates manufactures the finest quality building limes at sensible prices and supplies a comprehensive range of traditional building and decorating materials. Visit the company’s website for latest offers, limewash colour charts, guidesheets, seminars and practical courses programmes.

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…for your peace of mind From pure Limestone/silica deposits, a range of Natural Hydraulic Limes to suit all applications. No soluble salts, low shrinkage. High vapour exchange qualities. Early resistance to adverse weather, good workability and sand colour reproduction.

Supplying Natural Hydraulic Lime Mortar to conservation and new–build projects of all sizes. Lime Technology’s expert staff have a combined 40 years’ experience in lime mortar and can offer the best possible advice for your project.

nhL 2

nhL 3.5

nhL 5

Obtain the required mortar strength without blending or gauging. Use products renowned for constant quality, easy to mix and requiring little curing.

0845 603 1143 info@limetechnology.co.uk www.limetechnology.co.uk

Tr u st in p ro d u cts u sed sin ce 1851

For more information

ServiceS & TreaTmenT : ProTecTion & remedial TreaTmenT

St Astier natural hydraulic limes (nhl)

www.stastier.co.uk or phone The Lime Line

0800 783 9014

Distributed in the UK solely through a network of companies specialising in lime mortars for conservation and restoration, who are happy to assist with mortar design, aggregate choice and training.

◾ TWyFord lime ProducTs 11 norwood road, Tiverton, devon eX16 6Bd Tel 01884 255407 mobile 07747 024558 email limewashman@fhsinternet.com

THE TRADITIONAL LIME Co.

MORTARS AND RENDERS: Manufacturer of lime putty, lime mortars, plasters and lime washes, skills for the repair and maintenance of historic buildings, conservation and repair of cob buildings.

◾ Welsh lime WorKs Bryn celyn, llantrisant road, Pontypridd cF37 1lP Tel 01443 405250 email info@welshlimeworks.com www.welshlimeworks.com LIME MORTARS: See also: profile entry in Plasterwork, page 188.

◾ Womersley’s limiTed Walkley lane, heckmondwike, West yorkshire WF16 0Pg Tel 01924 400651 Fax 01924 403489 email markwomersley@aol.com www.womersleys.co.uk

● matured lime putties ● mortars ● renders ● plasters ● lime washes ● pigments ● hydraulic limes ● ready-mixed limecrete ● lime paints ● riven and sawn laths and battens ● mortar analysis and technical support facility ● lime training days

LIME MORTARS AND ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS

Church Farm, Leckhampton Cheltenham, Glos GL53 0QJ Telephone: (01242) 525444 Fax: (01242) 237727 Email: info@traditionallime.co.uk Website: www.traditionallime.co.uk

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PainTs & Finishes

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The widesT range of Pan Mixers in The Uk

The 2013 Liner DM100 Roller Pan Mixer ◆ 3 static roller Pan mixers 50 litres to 220 litres mixing capacity. 110 volt, 240 volt and 415 volt electric ◆ 2 road towable roller Pan mixers 110 litres and 220 litres. Petrol or diesel engines ◆ 3 static Forced action Pan mixers 60 litres to 300 litres. 110 to 415 volt electric ◆ 4 road towable Forced action mixers. 110 volt, petrol or diesel ◆ 2 multi Purpose Pan mixers 100/150 litres capacity, petrol or diesel ◆ Wide range of ancillaries, conveyors, barrows, etc.

designed and manufactured in the Uk multi marque Production engineering ltd, Wakefield, West yorkshire t. 01924 290231 F. 01924 382241 e. enquiries@multi-marque.co.uk

www.multi-marque.co.uk PoinTing

◾ lisa oesTreicher esher lodge, chaucer road, Bath, somerset Ba2 4Qy Tel 01225 466374 mobile 07809 014939 email lisa.oestreicher@historicpaint.com www.historicpaint.com ARCHITECTURAL PAINT RESEARCH: Lisa Oestreicher provides a full range

of analytical skills and techniques for the study of paint and decorative finishes within historic buildings. These include the identification of pigments and media as well as archival research. Full reports are prepared to provide a detailed insight into the historical development of interior and exterior schemes, for documentation purposes, conservation or accurate restoration. Assistance can also be given in the design and implementation of historically informed interior decoration schemes. Past clients include the National Trust, Victoria & Albert Museum, architects, conservators and owners. See also: display entry in Paint Research, page 177.

◾ Womersley’s limiTed Walkley lane, heckmondwike, West yorkshire WF16 0Pg Tel 01924 400651 Fax 01924 403489 email markwomersley@aol.com www.womersleys.co.uk NATURAL AND BREATHABLE HISTORIC PAINT RANGES

display entry in Stone, page 98.

◾ hisToric BricK PoinTing lTd 21 crown road, Billericay, essex cm11 2ae Tel/Fax 01277 656010 mobile 07956 885031 email info@historicbrickpointing.co.uk www.historicbrickpointing.co.uk

Bird & PesT conTrol ◾ aura conservaTion dunham house, 181 Wellington road north, stockport, cheshire sK4 2PB Tel 0161 442 9850 email enquiries@auraltd.co.uk www.auraltd.co.uk RESTORATION OF LISTED/HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND CHURCHES: See also:

display entry in Stone, page 98.

TUCKPOINTING SPECIALISTS: Historic Brick Pointing (HBP) is a historic

brickwork and tuckpointing specialist on listed and period buildings. Contact HBP for free samples and advice about lime mortar pointing, new build with natural hydraulic lime and any other brickwork issues. Visit the company’s website for further information.

◾ s J sPecialisT BricKWorK 70 all saints road, lowestoft, suffolk nr 33 0Jn Tel 01502 560916 mobile 07876 348109 email sjbrickwork@aol.com www.specialist-brickwork.com

◾ PeTer coX lTd aniseed Park, Broadway Business Park, chadderton, manchester ol9 9Xa Tel 0800 789 500 Fax 0161 684 8305 email marketing@petercox.com www.petercox.com BIRD AND PEST CONTROL: See also: profile entry in Building Contractors,

page 72.

TRADITIONAL BESPOKE SERVICE: An experienced traditional bespoke

masonry service for all properties, including heritage/period and listed buildings. Specialists in the use of all lime mortars, S J Specialist Brickwork can advise you on an appropriate mortar to suit your property. The firm’s craftsmen have an outstanding reputation for quality of workmanship and service. See also: profile entry in Brick Services, page 92.

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KEY Fire protection & security Products fb fire resistant coatings & barriers fp fire protection systems sx security products

Pg Products

123 65 120 26 46 57 86 163 123 166

sx sx

Services lp fs fs fs fs

lighTing consulTanTs

lp lp lk

Services fs fire safety consultants lp lightning protection lk locksmiths se security services

1 2 3 4 BUILDING SERVICES & ENVIRONMENT Pg A R P L Architects 23 vc Andrews Building Conservation Ltd 45 vc Brock Carmichael Architects LLP 24 vc Busby’s Builders 64 ht Chalk Down Lime Ltd 160 il Charles Knowles Design 25 vc Cornish Lime Company Ltd 160 il Fisher Bullen 66 sv The Floyd Consultancy 155 ec Hoare Lea Lighting 163 lc Hutton+Rostron Environmental 154 ec Investigations Inspire Conservation Ltd 101 il Johnston and Wright 28 vc Jupiter Heating Systems Ltd 166 ht Light & Design Associates Ltd 163 lc Martin Ashley Architects 29 ec Martin Thomas Associates 166 be ec lc Mike Wye & Associates Ltd 160 il Nash Partnership 29 vc P D P Green Consulting 30 vc Purcell 31 vc Ramboll 51 be Resurgam 41 ec Robin Kent Architecture & Conservation 32 vc Smiths Gore 33 vc KEY Building services & environment lc lighting consultants 1 il insulation 4 sv services engineers 2 be building services consulting engineers vc sustainable design consultants ec environmental control 3 ht heating engineers

WELL CONSIDERED, SYMPATHETIC LIGHTING DESIGN FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS

4.2 ServiceS & TreaTmenT : HeaTing & LigHTing ServiceS

FIRE & SECURITY Bramah Carrek Limited Crittall Windows Donald Insall Associates Ltd Gibbon, Lawson, McKee Limited Heritage Stone Access High Level Maintenance (Lancashire) Ltd International Fire Consultants Limited MBL Martin Thomas Associates

BRISTOL • LONDON • MANCHESTER • OXFORD lighting@hoarelea.com 01454 201 020 • 020 7890 2500 w w w . h o a r e l e a l i g h t i n g . c o m

Fire ProTecTion ◾ inTernaTional Fire consulTanTs limiTed 20 Park street, Princes risborough, Buckinghamshire hP27 9ah Tel 01844 275500 Fax 01844 274002 email ifc@intfire.com www.ifcgroup.com INDEPENDENT FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERS: IFC is a team of approaching

40 full time staff offering a professional service to its clients. IFC has extensive independent knowledge and experience in dealing with fire safety and building conservation issues in a sympathetic manner. IFC’s Engineers have detailed knowledge and are able to offer clients full architectural standard outputs. Services include: negotiations with authorities, building surveys, fire risk assessment, design and specification advice, means of escape, alarm and detection, testing, fire safety management, emergency planning and staff training. IFC has worked for the Parliamentary Estates Directorate, English Heritage, The Historic Royal Palaces Agency and National Trust as well as many private owners of historic and listed properties.

Independent Architectural Lighting Designers Our recent commissions include Salisbury Cathedral, Ripon Cathedral St Martin in the Fields and Sherborne Abbey

insurance ◾ la Playa offices in london, cambridge, new york Tel 01223 200650 email matt.mullee@laplayainsurance.com www.laplayainsurance.com contact matthew mullee, Private client director SPECIALIST INSURANCE FOR PERIOD/LISTED PROPERTY: Award-winning

independent broker La Playa offers specialist insurance for period and listed properties, unoccupied properties and renovation/restoration projects. La Playa also provides insurance for contents, including art, antiques and jewellery collections. Advice you can trust from an expert who understands you. Contact La Playa for advice on specialist policies; risk management/security issues; use of craftsmen and specialist repairers/ suppliers and valuations for art, antiques and jewellery collections.

For further information please visit our website or contact us on

020 7403 4700

Studio G7, Lafone House, The Leathermarket Weston Street, London SE1 3ER Email: design@lightanddesign.co.uk

www.lightanddesign.co.uk

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SENSIBLE HEATING

Balancing energy consumption, comfort and conservation TIM BOWDEN

alancing the conflicting requirements of occupant comfort, protection of historic fabric and energy consumption can be challenging. This article considers the key issues and gives examples of how they can be addressed in a number of historic building types. ProTecTion oF hisToric FaBric and conTenTs Historic buildings are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. This is particularly true in those that contain organic materials in their construction or contents such as furniture, pictures, timber panelling and leather components such as those found in church organs. The most important environmental parameter in a historic building is relative humidity (RH), which should ideally be in the 40–65 per cent range. When RH is too low, cracks can form in organic materials and furniture joints tend to become loose. When RH is too high there is an increased risk of mould growth, dry rot and insect infestation. Understanding the prevailing conditions in a building is key to providing effective control. Therefore, monitoring temperature and humidity in the main spaces, ideally over at least a full year, is important to provide an understanding of the current conditions and allow the impact of any proposed changes to be monitored against a base case. Factors such as moisture entering the building due to poor maintenance of rainwater disposal systems will affect the internal environment. Only when the existing conditions in the building have been established can the impact of operational changes such as increased use or the addition of a café, with its associated moisture generation, start to be understood.

TemPeraTure, humidiTy and comForT Temperature and humidity are linked. If a volume of air is cooled, its relative humidity will rise up to the point of 100 per cent RH, which is known as its dew point, and further cooling will cause the water vapour to condense out. This is demonstrated when warm air touches a cold single glazed window in the winter months and condensation forms on the surface of the glass. The external environment changes during the seasons, being generally cold in winter with lower RH and warm in summer with higher RH. When buildings are heated in winter to make them more comfortable for the occupants, the general RH in the space is

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Nostell Priory, Wakefield uses a conservation heating approach. By heating the internal space so that it is a few degrees above the external ambient air temperature, the internal relative humidity can be maintained within a suitable range for the preservation of the historic interior and the significant collection of Chippendale furniture.

reduced below the ideal humidity range for conservation and this presents an increased risk to organic contents and fabric. conTrolling risK To conTenTs The temperature and humidity in a space can be controlled by mechanical systems (air conditioning) but this is expensive in terms of capital cost, space requirements, maintenance and energy consumption. Air conditioning is therefore only appropriate for very specific conservation applications, such as in archive stores that meet British Standard BS5454 and some museums and galleries where temperature and humidity must be kept within narrow parameters. One approach that is often used in historic buildings is ‘conservation heating’. It has been found that heating the internal space of a building to a few degrees above the external ambient air temperature generally maintains the internal relative humidity within the ideal range. Using this method, the heating devices are required to raise the temperature by only a few degrees (rather than the 20oC for a conventional heating system, assuming 0oC external temperature and 20oC internal comfort temperature). The heat output from the heating devices is low and therefore energy consumption is minimised. To fully influence the internal humidity this type of heating must be employed constantly. Also, in summer when the external RH is high (>65%RH), to reduce the internal

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RH levels the temperature in the space needs to rise further. Applying heating when external temperatures are high should only take place when it is essential. For normal applications a fixed maximum temperature should be agreed above which no further heating will be applied. RH levels outside the ideal range are likely to occur and are acceptable for limited periods. Thermal inerTia Buildings themselves can also moderate changes to the internal environment. According to the principle of thermal mass, a building acts as a sponge absorbing thermal energy when the surroundings are higher in temperature and releasing it when the surroundings are cooler. This is also applicable to moderating changes to the building’s moisture content. Smaller items such as furniture and pictures that are not part of the building structure are likely to show signs of unfavourable conditions more quickly due to their low thermal/hygroscopic mass. Sustained heating of a building to occupant comfort levels will gradually reduce the RH in the building. Intermittently heating a space and having wide swings in internal temperature (and therefore humidity) with items of low thermal/hygroscopic mass is likely to lead to cracking. Generally the building temperatures that give the ideal conservation conditions are lower than the comfort requirements of occupants.

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Remains of a Roman heating system in Chester which used the radiant effect of warm walls and floors to heat ‘leaky’ and poorly insulated buildings. Probably the first services engineers, much can be learned from Roman approaches to providing comfort conditions in historic buildings.

Liverpool Cathedral has recently undertaken improvements to the heating system to provide enhanced comfort conditions at events held in the winter months. An original underfloor labyrinth system which had not been used since the 1950s was brought back into operation.

comForT condiTions Heat is transferred by conduction (from the heat source to a body in contact with it), radiation (from the heat source to another body or surface without heating the medium in between) and convection (from the heat source to the surroundings through the mixing of heated air). Radiation is a major influence on comfort in buildings with exposed internal masonry surfaces. Occupants lose heat by radiation to the surrounding cold stonework of a building. Even during periods of warm weather when the internal air temperature in spaces is higher, occupants can feel cold due to the cold radiation effect. This heat transferred by radiation does not heat the air; heat is exchanged between the body and surrounding surfaces. Under these conditions the occupants are often more tolerant of lower internal air temperatures with higher air leakage when the surface temperatures of the building envelope are higher. The diagrams below show the mechanisms affecting comfort involved.

conditioning are only rarely used in historic buildings. Energy consumption will be influenced by the following factors: • the relative importance of conservation of the building/contents and occupant comfort • activity within the space and comfort levels expected • hours of use • thermal performance of the building fabric including airtightness • volume/scale of the spaces being heated • efficiency and mode of heating distribution to the building • efficiency of the heating energy source • heating control including management by the occupants.

The mechanisms to maintain thermal comfort these can be summarised as: • occupant clothing • occupant activity • air temperature • surface temperatures (radiant effects) • air movement (drafts) • humidity (impacts on the ability to sweat). The combination of these mechanisms will dictate whether occupants are comfortable. Comfort is very subjective and normally conditions are said to be comfortable if 80 per cent of the occupants have that view. Usually it is comfort conditions in the cold winter months that are of concern, but occasionally where historic buildings are used for offices, high levels of occupancy and associated IT equipment can result in high internal summertime temperatures. energy consumPTion While considering energy consumption, we have assumed that only heating is provided to the building since comfort cooling or air

Mechanisms affecting comfort: Even though the air temperature may be appropriate, adjacent cold surfaces such as walls, windows and floors act like cold ‘radiators’. Their effect depends on their surface temperature, area and distance from the occupant. This radiant effect is similar to the exposure of a body to direct sunlight. At the same air temperature, a person exposed to direct solar radiation will be far less comfortable than a person in the shade.

aPProaches To heaTing hisToric Buildings (a) conservation trust property This class of building primarily consists of ‘show spaces’ with significant fabric such as wallpaper, curtains and other valuable furnishings. Conservation of the fabric and objects is the primary focus. Conservation heating is provided to show spaces to maintain suitable RH levels. Low internal temperature in winter to show spaces with associated poor occupant comfort is acceptable but adequate humidity levels are maintained for conservation. Ideally offices and rest rooms where good occupant comfort are required should be located in less sensitive areas of the building where the provision of heating is likely to cause less risk to fabric. These spaces should be limited in area and, where possible, have improved fabric performance. The provision of separate heating systems for show spaces and back-ofhouse should be provided due to the different demands/output requirements.

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ServiceS & TreaTmenT : HeaTing & LigHTing ServiceS

(b) converted georgian town-house In this example, the building is assumed to have been converted to offices. These might be occupied during the normal working week but not at weekends. The significant historic fabric is non-organic, such as fireplaces and tiled floors. Occupant comfort is the primary focus. Improvements to the fabric should be made as far as possible. After the walls and roof, generally the most significant source of heat loss will be the single glazed windows, which should be improved if possible. Original timber shutters are often available internally and arrangement should be made to close these at the end of the day to reduce heat loss. External doors may open directly into the building and so a draught lobby might be provided, if possible. The provision of carpets within the building will reduce the cold radiant effect from stone or tiled floors and improve comfort, but on a solid ground floor they must still allow the floor to breathe. (c) church converted for community use There are often intermittent and variable hours of use in this type of building. The significant historic fabric may include timber elements such as choir stalls. The best approach is to minimise the number of areas where continuous heating is required for occupant comfort and provide these as insulated spaces with controlled ventilation. The main space is likely to have poor fabric performance, airtightness and radiant cold surfaces. Consideration should be given to options which improve fabric performance, although these may be limited, and which provide a barrier between occupants and cold surfaces such as the provision of carpet. The occupants may have to accept a compromise in comfort conditions, with colder rooms, but a radiant heating system is likely to be the most effective and will minimise drying of timber elements if suitably positioned. conclusion Maintaining an appropriate environment for people, building fabric and objects is a delicate balance. In relation to fabric and objects the effect of poor environmental conditions often takes time to manifest itself whereas people are usually quick to complain if they are uncomfortable. The monitoring of environmental conditions, particularly identifying and responding to trends, enables sensible approaches to be adopted which take into account the effect on historic fabric and objects but at the same time allows the sustainable use of existing buildings. Tim BoWden is a chartered engineer and director for ramboll. he leads engineers involved in the assessment and design of electrical and mechanical services in historic buildings. recent projects include heating improvements at liverpool cathedral and the replacement of electrical services at cragside, northumberland. he is a member of the sPab’s casework panel and the cibse heritage group.

‘Jupiter Heating Systems has developed a pioneering dry floor underfloor heating system which could revolutionise the approach to flooring installation in historic and listed buildings.’ Church Building Magazine 2009 www.noneedtoscreed.com 01276 859066

Building services consulTing engineers ◾ marTin Thomas associaTes suite 3, chatmohr estate, crawley hill, West Wellow, hampshire so51 6aP Tel 01794 324725 Fax 01794 324726 email general@mtassoc.co.uk www.mtassoc.co.uk CONSULTING ENGINEERS: Registered low-carbon consultants, specialising in mechanical and electrical services for historic and cultural buildings. Providing mechanical, electrical, lighting and public health engineering for private and public sector clients covering domestic, institutional, commercial and cultural applications. The company has a genuine interest in preserving historic fabric and a wide experience of integrating modern services with minimal intervention. The challenges of aesthetics and the quest for service voids are acknowledged and the conflict between comfort, conservation and environmental control is well understood. Clients include English Heritage, the National Trust, local authorities, conservation trusts, Exeter, Winchester, St David’s and Wakefield cathedrals and many private clients.

Having shutters to windows and closing them at night reduces heat loss and improves security.

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Scagliola repairs at Stamford Old Town Hall, Connecticut â&#x20AC;&#x201C; see article, page 182 Photo: Hayles and Howe

Chapter 5 Interiors

5 INTERIORS

InterIor DecoratIon anD DesIgn

Acanthus Clews Architects Ltd Anthony Short and Partners LLP Antony Gibb Ltd Bates Zambelli Between Time Ltd (Conservation Builders) Brock Carmichael Architects LLP Campbell Smith & Co Ltd Carden & Godfrey Architects Carthy Conservation Ltd Chiverton Christopher Rayner Architects Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Clough Harris Limited Conservation Building Services Ltd Country House Renovations Limited Crick Smith Conservation Donald Insall Associates Ltd E I Flood & Sons Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Feilden & Mawson LLP Fortis & Hooke Franklin Upholstery Gilmore Hankey Kirke Ltd Hare & Humphreys Ltd Helen Hughes Historic Interiors Research & Conservation Heritage Testing Ltd Heritage Tile Conservation Ltd Hesp & Jones Hirst Conservation Howell & Bellion Inspire Conservation Ltd Johnston and Wright Jonathan Rhind Architects Knowles & Son (Oxford) Ltd Luard Conservation Limited MRDA Martin Ashley Architects Lisa Oestreicher Architectural Paint Analysis Ornate Interiors Limited Owlsworth I J P The Perry Lithgow Partnership Purcell R W Armstrong Resurgam Richard Crooks Partnership Richard Ireland Plaster & Paint Richard Rogers Conservation Ltd Sally Strachey Conservation The Scagliola Company Smiths Gore Stonewest Limited Stuart Page Architects Treasure & Son Ltd Twyford Lime Products V A Conservation W P D Productions The Wall Paintings Workshop keY Interiors consultants & conservators ic interiors conservators & decorators id interior designers & consultants pa paint analysis pw paint effects (eg wood graining) wa wall painting conservation

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Chalk Down Lime Ltd Cornish Lime Company Ltd Crick Smith Conservation Hirst Conservation Materials Ltd Inspire Conservation Ltd Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Lisa Oestreicher Architectural Paint Analysis Stonewest Limited Traditional Technologies LLP Womersley’s Limited keY wallpapers & paints pd paints & decorative finishes wl wallpaper conservators

tImber FloorIng

Antique Bronze Ltd Best Demolition Chalk Down Lime Ltd The Cleft Wood Co John Boddy Timber Ltd Vastern Timber Co Ltd Weldon Contracts Limited Whippletree Hardwoods keY timber flooring as reclaimed timber ti floorboards tp parquet flooring

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Plasterwork

A D Holden Plastering A V V Solutions Limited Alba Plastercraft Andrew Doyle Past Plastering Services Artisan Plastercraft Ltd Bennie Historic Conservation Between Time Ltd (Conservation Builders) Bosence Building Conservation Bosence & Co Bullen Conservation Ltd C R Crane & Son Ltd C S Interiors Carthy Conservation Ltd Carvers & Gilders Ltd Chalk Down Lime Ltd Chiverton The Cleft Wood Co Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Conservation Building Services Ltd Cornish Lime Company Ltd Crittall Windows D B R (London) Limited Dunne and Co Ltd E G Swingler & Sons E I Flood & Sons England’s Ornamental Plastering Fairhurst Ward Abbotts Farthing & Gannon FBFX Ltd Fine Art Mouldings G Cook & Sons Ltd Hall Construction Limited Hayles and Howe Ltd Heritage Cob & Lime Hirst Conservation Historic Brick Pointing Ltd Inspire Conservation Ltd Ivinghoe Building Services Ltd Kestell and Lewis Locker & Riley Fibrous Plastering Ltd Luard Conservation Limited Magenta Building Repair Ltd Michael Major Sculpture Restoration Mike Wye & Associates Ltd Milestone Lime Plastering Nimbus Conservation Limited O’Reilly Period Cornice Restoration & Cleaning Ornate Interiors Limited Owlsworth I J P Paye Stonework Period Property Solutions Plaster Me Plaster Restorations (UK) Ltd R W Armstrong Recclesia Ltd Richard Ireland Plaster & Paint Sally Strachey Conservation Sandy & Co (Contractors) Ltd The Scagliola Company Simon Swann Associates Ltd Stevensons of Norwich Limited Stonewest Limited Taliesin Conservation The Traditional Lime Co Traditional Technologies LLP Treasure & Son Ltd Twyford Lime Products V A Conservation W P D Productions Welsh Lime Works Sean Wheatley Whippletree Hardwoods Womersley’s Limited keY Plasterwork pf plasterwork, fibrous pl plasterwork, lime bt battens, lath & pegs mm mould making services pm papier-mâché re hair & fibre reinforcement sa scagliola sw stucco

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INTERIORS CONSULTANTS & CONSERVATORS Pg 98 178 116 83 110 144 99 179 170 100 178 65 179 178 172 177 171 186 177 154 101 91 170 169 171 169 101 69 170 133 109 130 172 176 134 171 179 179 120 71 171 178 176 105 172

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By Appointment to Her Majesty the Queen Decorators and Gilders Clough Harris Ltd.

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CLOUGH HARRIS LIMITED D E C O R AT O R S , G I L D E R S & R E S T O R E R S

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Mumford House, Church Hill, Kingsnorth, Ashford, Kent TN23 3EG

Tel: 01233645555 Fax; 01233645556 E-mail: clough-harris@btconnect.com

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keY Interior fittings & furnishings 1 an antique/furniture restoration cb cabinet makers fr french polishers 2 jp timber panelling conservation mv mirrors ve veneers 3 fa fine art conservation fi fire surrounds 4 ra radiators & stoves gc glass & crystalware restoration 5 li light fittings, antique & decorative 6 gi gilders le leather conservation 7 ts textile suppliers tx textile conservators

Floor & wall tIles

Aldershaw Handmade Clay Tiles Ltd Antique Bronze Ltd C & D Restoration Ltd Carthy Conservation Ltd Cathedral Works Organisation Cliveden Conservation Workshop Ltd Coleford Brick & Tile Co Ltd Crick Smith Conservation Heritage Project Management Heritage Tile Conservation Ltd Inspire Conservation Ltd The Jackfield Conservation Studio Ltd The Mosaic Restoration Company Shaws of Darwen Limited Stone Central (NW) Ltd Stonewest Limited Taylor Pearce Restoration Services Trevor Caley Associates Limited The Wall Paintings Workshop West Meon Pottery Westland London The York Handmade Brick Company keY Floor & wall tiles ce ceramics conservators ft floor & wall tile suppliers mg marble & granite suppliers mo mosaics

CONSERVATORS & RESTORERS

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INTERIORS

InterIor FIttIngs & FurnIshIngs

A D Calvert Architectural Stone Supplies A T Cronin Workshop Agrell Architectural Carving Aldershaw Handmade Clay Tiles Ltd Antique Bronze Ltd Best Demolition Boden & Ward Stonemasons Ltd British Antique Furniture Restorers’ Association Campbell Smith & Co Ltd Carthy Conservation Ltd Carvers & Gilders Ltd Cathedral Works Organisation Charles Oldham Fine Woodcarving Clive Beardall Restorations Ltd Cliveden Conservation Workshop Crick Smith Conservation Francis Downing ACR Farthing & Gannon Franklin Upholstery Glasgow Steel Nail Co Ltd Grinshill Stone Quarry Haddonstone Limited Hare & Humphreys Ltd Hesp & Jones Hirst Conservation Howell & Bellion Inspire Conservation Ltd Knowles & Son (Oxford) Ltd Luard Conservation Limited Mather & Smith Ltd/M J Allen Group Michael Major Sculpture Restoration Norgrove Studios Ltd Nostalgia The Perry Lithgow Partnership Peter S Neale Blacksmiths Richard Rogers Conservation Ltd Romark Interiors Rupert Harris Conservation Sash Restoration Co (Hereford) Ltd Stonewest Limited V A Conservation W Thomas Restorations Ltd The Wall Paintings Workshop Weldon Stone Enterprises Ltd Westland London

◾ HESP & JONES LTD The Cedars, Beningbrough, York YO30 1BY Tel 01904 470256 Fax 01904 470937 Email enquiries@hespandjones.co.uk www.hespandjones.co.uk SPECIALIST DECORATORS AND CONSERVATORS: Charles Hesp heads a small

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team of skilled craftsmen which carries out decoration and restoration work in stately homes, churches and large private houses throughout England and Europe. Over the past few years contracts have included Harewood House, Alnwick Castle, Syon House, the British Embassy in Paris and Prague, St Paul’s Cathedral and numerous National Trust stately homes. Hesp & Jones is skilled in all aspects of decoration with an emphasis on trompe l’oeil work, marbling, graining and gilding. The company also advises and writes reports for historic colour schemes.

◾ HOWELL & BELLION 66a High Street, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1EE Tel 01799 522402 Fax 01799 525696 Email howellandbellion@btconnect.com CHURCH INTERIOR DECORATION, CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: Howell & Bellion has many years experience of the decoration of churches and other fine buildings. Projects undertaken throughout the country have resulted in a prestigious client list, from local churches to buildings of national importance. Works include the cleaning and conservation of existing decorative schemes, restoration of lost or damaged decoration and the execution of new work such as gilding, stencilling, heraldry, hand painted ornament and the application of traditional materials. To provide a comprehensive service to clients projects often include associated small works such as repairs to carving, joinery, metalwork, stonework and the refurbishment of church metalware. Angels for riddel posts also supplied. Colour leaflets illustrating recent work are available upon request.

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InterIors consultants & conserVators continued

INTERIORS

33986_Royal Citation

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Hare& Humphreys

(Established 1873)

ByAppointment Appointment to By to Her Queen HerMajesty Majesty The Queen Decorators Gilders Decorators and and Gilders Hare Ltd Hare&&Humphreys Humphreys Ltd

Decorations to the highest standard since 1873 Winners of the Painting & Decorating Association

Overall Excellence Award 2010

Marbling, graining, stenciling, gilding and special decorative effects carried out by fully trained experienced craftsmen. Principal contractors for restoration projects.

40 years’ experience in the restoration and redecoration of historic buildings gilding, marbling, french polishing and traditional fine crafts conservation of historic decoration and historic paint research consultants and principal contractors for listed buildings 156–158 Grays Inn Road, London WC1X 8EU www.hare-humphreys.co.uk tel: + 44 (0)20 7833 8806 fax + 44 (0)20 7837 3650

97–99 Fleet Road, Fleet, Hampshire GU51 3PJ Tel 01252 618000 Fax 01252 618001 Unit N0002, Westminster Business Square, 1–45 Durham Street, Vauxhall, London SE11 5JH Tel: 020 7587 3755 Fax: 020 7582 8826 E-mail campbells@cousinsgroup.co.uk

www.campbellsmithandco.co.uk

PAINTERS & DECORATORS

◾ LUARD CONSERVATION LIMITED 67B Sellons Avenue, London NW10 4HJ Tel 020 8961 7544 Mobile 07973 741117 Email info@luardconservation.com www.luardconservation.com CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF STRUCTURAL WOOD, CARVINGS, LIME PLASTER, PANELLING AND ASSOCIATED FINISHES: Luard Conservation

provides a comprehensive service from enquiry to completion. Contracts include conservation of Grinling Gibbons carvings at Hampton Court, Windsor Castle, St James’ Palace, Burghley House and St James’ church Piccadilly; fire damaged carvings from Stationers Hall; Thomas Paty carvings at Redland Chapel, Bristol; restoration of Wren panelling in many City Churches and conservation of ceiling plaster at St Mary’s Church, Ingestre. Conditional reports and specifications for tender documents undertaken. Conditional reports and specifications for tender documents undertaken. David Luard teaches timber conservation and is Historic Timber Consultant to the London Diocesan Advisory Committee.

◾ W P D PRODUCTIONS 28 Durlston Road, London E5 8RR Tel 020 8806 8257 Email sibylle.heil@btinternet.com www.wpdproduction.com PAINTERS AND DECORATORS: Specialising in traditional painting and decorating services for historic properties and heritage sites throughout London and the surrounding counties, this team of skilled craftsmen works with mineral paints, lime plaster, lime washes and hangs paper and paper-backed textile wall coverings, including hand-painted silk. The company can match original materials and uses traditional work methods where appropriate. WPD Productions also offers consultancy and project management services. Please see the website for further details.

◾ RICHARD ROGERS CONSERVATION LIMITED Unit 2, Mole Business Park, Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7BA Tel 01372 805751 Workshop 01372 388222 Email richard@rrconservation.co.uk www.rrconservation.co.uk CONSERVATION OF METALWORK AND FINE ART OBJECTS: See also: profile

entry in Fine Art Conservators, page 171.

◾ V A CONSERVATION Falcon House, 643 Stratford Road, Birmingham B11 4DY Tel 07522 347543 Email info@vaconservation.com www.vaconservation.com INTERIORS CONSULTANTS AND CONSERVATORS: See also: display entry in

Stone, page 104.

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When contacting companies listed here, please let them know that you found them through

The Building Conservation Directory

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FINE ART CONSERVATORS

RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF PAINTINGS: Each painting is an

individual work requiring specialised care and consideration when cleaning and conserving. The studio was established in 1976 to clean and conserve paintings and paintwork in oil, tempera and acrylic, on canvas, panel and wood structures to the highest standards of conservation for private clients, stately homes, churches, museums and galleries. With photographs and detailed reports prepared during the work, ensuring that ethical guidelines are recorded at every stage. X-ray, infrared, ultra-violet and chemical analyses are used to aid examination. However, there is generally no charge for initial examinations or quotations. With full professional indemnity insurance, the practice covers the UK and Europe. Francis Downing also works as a forensic conservator and investigator for police, auctioneers and insurance companies. Over 40 years experience of art conservation, research and recovery. See also: display entry on this page.

Francis W Downing

INTERIORS

◾ FRANCIS W DOWNING AIFCA 203 Wetherby Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG2 7AE Tel 01423 886962 Email francisdowning@msn.com www.francisdowning.com

Restoration and Conservation of Paintings

e studio was established in 1976 to clean and restore paintings and paintwork in oil, tempera and acrylic, on canvas, panel and wood structures to the highest standards of conservation for private clients, stately homes, churches, museums and galleries. • Full professional indemnity insurance • Full UK and European coverage • Francis Downing is an Accredited Member of the Institute of Conservation Francis Downing also works as a forensic conservator and investigator for police, auctioneers and insurance companies.

Francis W Downing ACR 203 Wetherby Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG2 7AE Tel: 01423 886962 Email: francisdowning@msn.com www.francisdowning.com

◾ RUPERT HARRIS CONSERVATION Studio 5, No 1 Fawe Street, London E14 6PD Tel 020 7515 2020 Fax 020 7987 7994 Email mail@rupertharris.com www.rupertharris.com CONSERVATORS OF FINE METALWORK AND SCULPTURE: See also: display

entry in Bronze Statuary, page 110 and profile entry in Metalwork, page 134.

CONSERVATION OF METALWORK AND FINE ART OBJECTS: Richard

Rogers Conservation Ltd is a conservation company providing the highest quality professional conservation and restoration service. Richard Rogers Conservation specialises in the following areas: conservation and restoration of metalwork, fine art objects and interiors, conservation projects, condition reports and collection surveys, bespoke joinery, exhibition object mounting, display and installation. Richard Rogers carries out work for individual private clients, corporate bodies, national institutions, local authorities, insurance companies, architects and main contractors.

◾ V A CONSERVATION Falcon House, 643 Stratford Road, Birmingham B11 4DY Tel 07522 347543 Email info@vaconservation.com www.vaconservation.com ART CONSERVATORS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATERIALS WITH POLYCHROME, MONOCHROME AND GILDED SURFACES: See also: display

entry in Stone, page 104.

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FIREPLACES

INTERIORS

WESTLAND LONDON EC2 ANTIQUE & PRESTIGIOUS CHIMNEYPIECES

FIREGRATES

12294. A well carved Neo Classical chimneypiece in the manner of Robert Adam.

ST MICHAEL’S CHURCH LEONARD STREET, LONDON, EC2A 4QX

(OFF GREAT EASTERN ST) TUBE: OLD STREET, EXIT 4

ORNAMENTATION

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

12280. A large carved pine chimneypiece in the mid 18th century, Palladian manner.

PLEASE VIEW OUR FULL COLLECTION AT:

www.westlandlondon.com AT ST MICHAEL’S CHURCH

TEL: +44 (0) 207 739 8094 e-mail: westland@westlandlondon.com OPEN: MON - FRI 9 - 6, SAT 10 - 5.

THE Building ConsErvaTion dirECTory now available free online

FIREPLACES: See also: display entry and profile entry in Stone, page 100.

◾ NOSTALGIA Holland’s Mill, Shaw Heath, Stockport, Cheshire SK3 8BH Tel 0161 477 7706 Fax 0161 477 2267 Email info@nostalgia-uk.com www.nostalgia-uk.com RECLAIMED ANTIQUE FIREPLACES: Nostalgia is a specialist supplier of reclaimed antique fireplaces in marble, stone, cast iron, wood and slate. With over 2000 items in stock, dating from 1750 to 1920, it has one of the largest collections in the country. The showroom and warehouse are open Wednesday to Saturday and by appointment. Please visit the company’s website to see a large selection of stock or contact them with your requirements.

The Building Conservation Directory is now available online as a flipping-page book at Buildingconservation.com to make it available to an even wider UK and international audience.

◾ V A CONSERVATION Falcon House, 643 Stratford Road, Birmingham B11 4DY Tel 07522 347543 Email info@vaconservation.com www.vaconservation.com SCULPTURE, STONE AND DECORATIVE ARTS CONSERVATION SPECIALISTS:

See also: display entry in Stone, page 104.

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01747 871717 bcd@cathcomm.co.uk www.buildingconservation.com

5 INTERIORS

19th-CENTURY RADIATORS AND HEATING SYSTEMS BRIAN ROBERTS

his article provides an illustrated outline of heating systems during Victorian and Edwardian times. Its aim is to provide a simple guide to help investigators of historic buildings recognise some of the types of early heating equipment which may still exist. The investigation of historical heating equipment generally starts on site when the building itself is being altered, restored or demolished. A major problem is often to understand what survives, assess its significance and make informed decisions about what to do next. Options range from reuse, retention in situ, to removal to a safer site or, regrettably in some circumstances, to thoroughly record before destruction. Investigators faced with this choice may include the owner or occupier, architects, builders, services consultants or contractors, and local government officers (especially conservation officers), none of whom may have the necessary specialist expertise. One possible solution is to seek advice from a person or organisation knowledgeable in this field, where such a person can be found. The other approach, often restricted by commercial and time constraints, is to search for all related documents and drawings. Information may be available locally, regionally or at national level, in libraries, record offices or specialist websites. The following sources may assist in identifying the age, type, manufacturer and importance of various heating equipment: • architectural and engineering design, construction or record drawings • documents relating to tender specifications and enquiries, cost sheets, site reports and correspondence, commissioning records, and operating and maintenance instructions • nameplate details – maker and serial numbers with reference to manufacturers’ catalogues • patent numbers – refer to Patent Office records • contemporary photographs which, on close inspection, may reveal important details • transactions, proceedings, magazines and journals of relevant professional institutions such as The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), trade associations such as The Heating & Ventilating Contractors’ Association (which in •

Catalogue featuring the saddle boiler, Hartley & Sugden, Halifax, 1872 (All illustrations: CIBSE Heritage Group Archives)

March 2012 became the Building & Engineering Services Association) and various industry publications companies’ histories which can be rich sources of information on their products, clients, projects and activities. HEATING EqUIPMENT The number of firms engaged in the manufacture and installation of heating equipment and accessories during the Victorian and Edwardian periods was considerable. The number of models or patterns of a particular item, for example

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radiators, often runs into many hundreds. The most basic type of heating (other than open fires) is the stove. The earliest Victorian stoves were made of cast iron, with a door into which a solid fuel, usually coal, could be fed. A low-level ash pit door enabled ash, stones and other residue to be removed. Smaller stoves could be moved and placed in position in one piece, requiring only the connection of a flue pipe leading outdoors. These stoves were freestanding within the space to be heated. Larger stoves would be assembled in sections. Other stoves were installed in a separate chamber with a cold air inlet and with the

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5 INTERIORS

warmed air discharged directly, or through masonry ducts, to the space served. Examples of both types may still be found, often in cathedrals and churches. Some are still in use having been converted to oil or gas firing. A heating system (as opposed to a standalone appliance such as a stove) requires a form of heat producing apparatus (usually a boiler), a means of distributing the heat (pipes or ducts) and heat emitters in the space it serves. Types of heating system in the 19th century included steam, low-pressure hot water and high- or medium-pressure hot water. Hot water heating boilers were manufactured in quantity from around 1860 onwards (see first illustration). The first room heaters were pipe coils, often housed in decorative cases. Radiators were introduced in the 1880s.

Haden stove front, now serving as a private letter box, near Bristol (All photos on this page: Frank Ferris, CIBSE Heritage Group)

Gurney warm-air stove in Tewkesbury Abbey, installed c1875, converted to gas-firing in 1987

Grundy warm-air stove, St Paul’s Church, Deptford, London

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HEATING STOVES Masonry stoves of brick, earthenware and porcelain have been used for over a thousand years in northern Europe. Closed metal stoves were devised in what is now Germany in the 15th century and improved over the next 200 years, spreading across continental Europe. But Britain preferred its open fires. In England, around 1609, the first metal stoves were imported from Holland to heat the orange houses of the nobility (the word ‘stove’ may be of Dutch origin and the first English heated greenhouses were in fact called stoves.) In the 1790s, Count Rumford devised a metal stove, while William Strutt with Charles Sylvester installed his Cockle (or Belper) stove at Derby Infirmary. This Cockle stove consisted of a circular iron pot with a rounded dome. Fuel was consumed on a grate at the bottom of the furnace, coal or coke being added through a charging door at the side. Air for combustion was supplied through a duct to a chamber below the grate. A forced warm-air furnace was patented by Benford Deacon in 1812, using a fan powered by a descending weight, and used at the Old Bailey. In the latter part of the 19th century, ventilating and other improved grates (the distinction between grates and stoves is not always clear) were introduced by Sir Douglas Galton, George Jennings (London grate), T Elsey (Lloyd’s patent ventilating grate), DO Boyd (Hygiastic grate) and the firm of Shorland (Manchester grate). In 1818, the Marquis de Chabannes introduced his Calorifere stove (air-warming furnace) from France. Just before this, in 1816, the firm of G & J Haden set up in business in Trowbridge to erect the steam engines of Boulton & Watt in the West Country. Within a few years Haden was manufacturing heating stoves for churches and the country houses of the gentry. Between 1824 and 1914 they manufactured and installed nearly 7,000 stoves (top left). Atkins & Marriot introduced their Thermo-regulated stove in 1825, followed by the Thermometer stove of Dr Neil Arnott (Physician Extraordinary to Queen Victoria) in 1834. The 1830s also saw the development of the famous Tortoise stove (p176) by Charles Portway who went on to manufacture some 17,000 units. Use of the warm-air stove grew

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considerably from the middle of the 19th century with the tremendous wave of Victorian church building and the construction of many and varied institutions – prisons, hospitals, schools, workhouses and asylums. Around this time Dr Goldsworthy Gurney brought out the large stove which bears his name (middle left). It was later sold by the London Warming and Ventilating Company which in 1897 claimed it had been used to warm 22 cathedrals and over 10,000 churches, schools and other buildings (cathedrals heated by Gurney stoves include Chester, Exeter, Gloucester, Lincoln, Salisbury and St Paul’s). London Warming was also the agent for the Choubersky, Salamandre and similar continuous burning stoves, which only needed refuelling once a day. Other stoves of the later Victorian period included Saxon Snell’s Thermhydric, Mr George’s Calorigen, Dr Bond’s Euthermic, the Manchester stove of Shorland and the Convoluted stove of Joseph Constantine. Another notable manufacturer was John Grundy (bottom left) of London who founded the Tyldesley Ironworks, Manchester (Grundy was the first president of the Institution of Heating & Ventilating Engineers in 1898). Grundy products included the Helios and Sirius smoke-consuming grates and the Hestia warming and ventilating stove. However, the increasing use of hot water heating systems and the introduction of the radiator soon caused a marked decline in the use of warm-air stoves. RADIATORS The term ‘radiator’ is a misnomer since for column radiators some 70 per cent of the heat output is by convection (from the circulation of warm air), not radiation. The development and mass production of radiators was an American phenomenon, the first patents dating from around 1841. Early radiators were variously shaped ‘heat distributors’, a mixture of pipes and metal plates. Then came the introduction of vertical wrought-iron welded tubes fixed between horizontal top and bottom headers. These were followed by the ‘looped tube’ type, an inverted-U, fixed to a base plate, used for both steam and hot water. Tasker in Philadelphia patented a primitive sectional radiator in 1858. It is the factory mass production of radiator sections that could be connected together that distinguishes them from pipe coils. Another pioneer was Joseph Nason who had spent time working in England with AM Perkins. It was Perkins who devised a high-pressure system of hot-water heating in 1831 which used a solid-fuel-fired brick furnace or metal chamber containing a sinuous coil of small-bore seam-welded wrought iron pipe. With a 6mm thick wall, the pipes were capable of operating at temperatures approaching 170°C and pressures close to 15 times atmospheric pressure. The system gained rapid acceptance and was installed in many important buildings but the concerns of insurance companies led to the system being operated at lower temperatures and pressures and it was later largely discontinued. However, modified systems,

5 INTERIORS

Cast-iron radiator enclosure with marble top at Lanhydrock House, Cornwall (Photo: Frank Ferris, CIBSE Heritage Group)

Perkins system heating pipes in the parish church of Bruton, Somerset (Photo: Jonathan Taylor)

converted to oil-firing can still be found in a number of churches and chapels (above). The small bore pipe was distributed around the space to be heated, sometimes rising in banks of concertinaed coils like a modern radiator. Until 1892 numerous American manufacturers produced a variety of designs, many highly ornamental, but in that year the three principal manufacturers merged to form the American Radiator Company. This firm, trading in Britain as the National Radiator Company, opened a factory in Hull in the early 1900s where they manufactured Ideal radiators. During the 1890s, radiators of American manufacture were imported into Britain, but from the turn of the century the domestic radiator manufacturing industry became predominant. Radiators were often housed in decorative casings (top right). Early British patents for hot-water radiators include those of Keith (1882 and 1884), Waters (1882), Cannon (1887) and Heap (1887). At the end of the 19th century, one expert claimed that British radiator design had fallen behind the current American offerings. However, this opinion was based on external appearance and not on the technical performance. British designs were generally plain, although there were exceptions. American ones were ornate. Gradually, improvements in foundry technology enabled more elaborate castings to be made. Radiators having one, two and then three columns became available. By 1917, radiators with four columns were being used. Although probably developed some 50 years earlier, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the ventilating radiator was gaining acceptance. The idea was to remedy the lack of ventilation afforded by the ordinary ‘direct’ radiator. Essentially, the lower part of the radiator was blanked off against the entry of room air, and fresh air was fed into the base of the radiator by a channel in the wall behind it. These were sometimes

A hot-water heater with decorative vertical tubes by Vincent Skinner found in a Bristol church (Photo: Frank Ferris, CIBSE Heritage Group)

Radiators, coils and coil-cases from the 1900 catalogue of Mackenzie & Moncur, Edinburgh

termed ‘indirect’ radiators when located outside the room being warmed. In 1904, claims and counterclaims relating to the introduction of radiators into Britain abounded. Acknowledging that steam radiators were of American origin, the firm of Longden in Sheffield claimed to have played a major part in introducing hot-water radiators to the British market. Rosser & Russell of London claimed to be the original inventors of the ventilating radiator, but did not give a date. Other claimants include The Thames Bank Iron Company and Weekes & Company. The case remains unproven, but one of the earliest is the ventilating radiator introduced by Walter Jones in 1881. His radiator design was awarded a silver medal in the same year. The number and variety of radiator styles and pattern names available as the Victorian era came to a close is overwhelming (bottom left). In 1891, Keith was advertising both the Universal and the Ornamental, while the Coalbrookdale Co listed its Hydro-Caloric (Heap’s Patent). By 1897, the American Radiator Co was promoting in London their National Single Column and Rococo designs. H Munzing in London was importing a variety of American radiators including Royal Union, Coronet, Union, and Walworth Patent.

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Longden of Sheffield featured the Sunbeam (Leed’s Patent). Wontner-Smith Gray of London had the Finsbury, while the Meadow Foundry of Mansfield made the Count and the Peer. Other British companies merely advertised their radiators as ‘ornamental’ or ‘special,’ including firms like Haden of Trowbridge, Williams of Reading, and Thames Bank Iron and WG Cannon, both in London. Other early British manufacturers include Beeston, Crane, Hartley & Sugden, Lumbys, National Radiator (later Ideal Standard), Vincent Skinner (bottom right) and Wm Graham. In 1906, the London catalogue for the American Radiator Company listed: Astro Hospital Swinging, Circular, Colonial Wall, Corner, Curved, Detroit, Excelsior, Italian, National, Peerless, Perfection, Primus, Rococo, and Sanitary Pin. Many of these came in a choice of heights, widths, column numbers/ arrangements, and in ‘flue’, ‘ventilating’ and ‘non-ventilating’ designs. (See Recommended Reading for sources of further information on makes and styles of Victorian and Edwardian radiators and stoves). PRESERVATION Early radiators and heating systems are of special historic significance both in their

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INTERIORS

entry and profile entry in Stone, page 100.

◾ HIRST CONSERVATION Laughton, Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 0HE Tel 01529 497517 Fax 01529 497518 Email materials@hirst-conservation.com www.hirst-conservation.com CONSULTANTS AND CONSERVATORS: See also: display entry on the inside

front cover and profile entry in Building Contractors, page 69.

Portway Patent Tortoise slow-combustion stove preserved in St Leonard’s Church, Rodney Stoke in Somerset (Photo: Frank Ferris, CIBSE Heritage Group)

own right and as part of the character and significance of a building. If the building is listed, the permission of the local authority (listed building consent) will be required for any alterations which affect the character of the building as a listed building. This could include the removal of any part of the heating system, including the boiler itself, but it does not mean that the building must continue to be heated by an antiquated or inefficient system. The importance of sustainability is well recognised, and the use of efficient heat generation is a key element in the sustainable adaptation of historic buildings. In some cases it may be possible to adapt an existing system to accommodate a new and more efficient heat source. In other cases it may be necessary to leave the existing appliances in situ, and run a new system alongside it, maintaining the existing ducts and appliances. Whichever approach is taken, it is vital to seek professional advice from a qualified consultant who is used to dealing with historic fabric. Heating equipment should only be operated, opened up or dismantled by competent engineers familiar with health and safety procedures and having appropriate tools and equipment. Needless to say, rotating equipment, high-pressure pipelines, fuel systems, steam and electrical systems may be hazardous. recommended reading NS Billington and BM Roberts, Building Services Engineering: A Review of its Development, Pergamon Press, London, 1982 B Roberts, The Quest for Comfort, CIBSE, London, 1997 B Roberts, Heating & Ventilation: Historic Building Engineering Systems & Equipment, English Heritage, London, 2008 The following books are available on the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Heritage Group Website (www.hevac-heritage.org, see under ‘Electronic Books’): · Radiator Retrospective · A Parcel of Boilers · Records & Documentation · Building Services Heritage See also the following links on the hevac-heritage home page: ‘Buildings with Historical Equipment’, ‘Historical Equipment’ and ‘Victorian Heating Engineers’ eur ing BRIAN ROBERTS ceng honFcibse, now retired, has some 50 years of experience in the building services industry, having served as chair of the cibse heritage group for 27 years. he has written over 100 books and technical papers.

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◾ THE PERRY LITHGOW PARTNERSHIP 1 Langston Lane, Station Road, Kingham, Oxfordshire OX7 6UW Tel 01608 658067 Fax 01608 659133 Email office@perry-lithgow.co.uk www.perry-lithgow.co.uk CONSERVATORS OF WALL PAINTINGS AND OTHER POLYCHROME DECORATION: Established in 1983, the partnership operates throughout

the UK and Eire specialising in wall paintings, panel paintings and paintings on canvas and stone. Clients include English Heritage, the National Trust, leading conservation architects, cathedrals, local government bodies, parish churches and private individuals. Richard Lithgow and Mark Perry are Accredited Conservator-Restorers with extensive experience on 12th to 20th century schemes. In addition to practical conservation treatment they provide a full range of services including project consultancy, condition surveys, monitoring and technical analysis and photographic and digitised graphic recording. The partnership is included on the Conservation Register.

See also: profile entry in Plasterwork, page 188.

◾ THE WALL PAINTINGS WORKSHOP Arte Conservation, 69 South Road, Faversham, Kent ME13 7LX Tel 01795 538750 Studio 01227 752228 Mobile 07770 722201 Email thomasorgan@me.com www.wallpaintingsworkshop.co.uk CONSERVATORS OF WALL PAINTINGS, PAINTINGS, HISTORIC INTERIORS AND DECORATIVE ARTS: The Wall Paintings Workshop (part of Arte

Conservation) is an independent team of consultants and conservators specialising in the conservation and restoration of all forms of painted and applied decoration on plaster, canvas, stone and wood as well as mosaics. Clients include English Heritage, the National Trust, cathedrals, churches, museums, public and private owners of historic buildings. Projects have included the conservation of works of art dating from the 6th to the 21st century. Conservation services include condition surveys, specifications, historical research and paint analysis as part of a comprehensive approach to dealing with conservation problems. The Wall Paintings Workshop operates throughout the UK and has been involved in a number of prestigious conservation projects abroad.

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PAINT RESEARCH

LISA OEStrEIchEr A rc h I t E c t U r A L PA I N t r E S E A rc h

INTERIORS

PROVIDING A COMPLETE CONSERVATION SERVICE FROM INITIAL SURVEY TO AUTHENTIC RECREATION

w w w.historicpaint .com V& A t r ained spe ci a lis t in t he i nve s t i g a t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s o f historic painted decoration and othe r de cor ative f inishe s

Paint research and analysis

Det ailed repor ts produced to enable informed decisions for conser vation , restor ation and archaeologic al document ation

Historic interiors consultancy Environmental and condition surveying

Paint research and analysis Site investigations colour scheme consultancy Archival research

Applied conservation treatments and full decorative reinstatements Conservators of historic objects, monuments and artefacts Full project management.

Esher Lodge, chaucer road, Bath BA2 4QY lisa.oestreicher@historicpaint.com

Phone: 01522 895051 / 835051 Fax: 01522 895119 Email: info@cricksmith.co.uk Web: www.cricksmith.co.uk

Studio: 01225 466374 Office: 01747 871717 Mobile: 07809 014939

◾ CRICK SMITH CONSERVATION

◾ LISA OESTREICHER

University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN1 3BP Tel 01522 895051 Fax 01522 895055 Email n.crick@cricksmith.co.uk www.cricksmith.co.uk

Tel 01225 466374 Mobile 07809 014939 Email lisa.oestreicher@historicpaint.com www.historicpaint.com

INTERIORS CONSULTANTS AND CONSERVATORS: Architectural paint analysts

4627.1 Crick Smith Advert 2.indd 1 & Conservation of Historic Decoration, 27/09/2012 12:17 Institute forART Research Esher Lodge, Chaucer Road, Bath, Somerset BA2 4qY

and consultant conservators of historic decorative interiors. Established in 1996 the consultancy undertakes paint research on historic properties to achieve a better understanding of buildings or for informing future decoration. The company’s portfolio includes buildings such as St Pancras Chambers, Kew Palace and Osborne House, historic A5 milestones and Clay Mills pumping station. Crick Smith has a uniquely experienced team of conservators offering advice and applied treatments for a range of materials to include gilded surfaces, tiles, wallpaper and painted surfaces. See also: display entry on this page.

◾ HELEN HUGHES HISTORIC INTERIORS RESEARCH & CONSERVATION 5 Fulbrook Mews, London N19 5EN Tel 020 7263 5916 Mobile 07917 070119 Email helen@helenhughes-hirc.com www.helenhughes-hirc.com ARCHITECTURAL PAINT RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT:

Helen Hughes – Historic Interiors Research & Conservation (HIRC) offers an understanding of the decorative history of historic buildings by combining paint analysis, building analysis and documentary research. Findings are provided in straightforward, jargon-free reports and can be presented to clients in PowerPoint format. Advice is provided on conservation and redecoration options for all types of historic interiors and architectural elements, from palaces to bridges and garden gates. Interactive training courses are available on the creation of conservation management plans/statements, assessing value and significance in line with PPS5 and the new NPP framework. For more details see the company’s website.

ARCHITECTURAL PAINT RESEARCH: Lisa Oestreicher provides a full range

TEXTILES & UPHOLSTERY ◾ FRANKLIN UPHOLSTERY 69 Three Elms Road, Hereford, Herefordshire HR4 0RH Tel 01432 268842 Email sales@franklinupholstery.co.uk www.franklinupholstery.co.uk SPECIAILST UPHOLSTERY AND FABRIC-WALLING: Stephen Franklin is an

upholsterer with over 38 years of experience in all aspects of upholstery and specialist fabric-walling both nationally and internationally. He provides high quality upholstery services including restoration and conservation of upholstered antique furniture together with individually commissioned and contemporary pieces using both traditional and modern methods and suitable materials. Bespoke items, including tented ceilings, headboards, daybeds and bed draperies, can be made to suit individual requirements. Stephen Franklin is a director of the Association of Master Upholsterers (AMU) as well as being an AMU accredited tutor and assessor.

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ANTIqUE & FURNITURE RESTORERS

6323_Cronin_Ad_v1_Layout 1 24/04/2012 14:10 Page 1

INTERIORS

A T CRONIN WORKSHOP

UPHOLSTERERS AND CURTAIN MAKERS

We SPeCialiSe in tHe reStoration and ConServation oF Fine Period FUrnitUre • Traditional Hand French Polishing

Curtain making

• Wax Polishing

Upholstery

• Re-upholstery

Fabric walling

• Marquetry

Carving Gilding

• Carving

French polishing

• Gilding

Fabrics and trimmings reproduced from original samples

• Leather Desk Lining • Rush and Cane Seating • Bespoke Cabinet Making

For further information please contact Ian Block

shown here a fine quality mid-18th century italian serpentine fronted kingwood commode

T: 020 8749 2995 F: 020 8740 0508

THE BR IT

the

–

62A Valetta Road London W3 7TN

ON ATI CI

ANTIQ ISH

RS' ASSO RE

NITURE RES FUR TO UE

E: ianblock@atcronin.co.uk

Accredited MeMber of british Antique furniture restorers’ AssociAtion Listed in the conservAtion register

104B HigH Street Maldon eSSex CM9 5et

tel (01621) 857890 Fax (01621) 850753

Photograph reproduced by kind permission of Burghley House

info@clivebeardall.co.uk www.clivebeardall.co.uk

GILDERS ◾ CARVERS & GILDERS LTD Unit 44, Spaces Business Centre, Ingate Place, London SW8 3NS Tel 020 7498 5070 Fax 020 7498 1221 Email bcd@carversandgilders.com www.carversandgilders.com CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION: Specialists in fine water gilding.

See also: profile entry in Wood Carvers, page 116.

◾ FARTHING & GANNON Filey Cottage, Mounts Lane, Newnham, Northamptonshire NN11 3ES Tel/Fax 01327 310146 Email kevin@farthingandgannon.com www.farthingandgannon.com CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF SCAGLIOLA, HISTORIC PLASTERWORK AND APPLIED ORNAMENT: See also: profile entry in

Plasterwork, page 186.

◾ W THOMAS RESTORATIONS LTD 201 Avro House, Havelock Terrace, London SW8 4AS Tel 020 7627 4001 Fax 020 7627 4241 Mobile 07957 482266 Email info@thomasrestorations.com www.thomasrestorations.com WOOD CARVING AND GILDING: Founded in the 1920s, W Thomas Restorations Ltd has over 90 years of experience and expertise in the restoration and conservation of the finest woodcarving and gilding. Using traditional techniques and materials the company works closely with clients in order for their designers, carvers and gilders to achieve the finest results, creating items that will last for generations to come. In 2003 the company was granted the Royal Warrant from Her Majesty the Queen.

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◾ A T CRONIN WORKSHOP 62A Valetta Road, London W3 7TN Tel 020 8749 2995 Fax 020 8740 0508 Email ianblock@atcronin.co.uk www.atcronin.co.uk TEXTILES AND UPHOLSTERY: See also: display entry in Textiles &

Upholstery on this page.

◾ CLIVE BEARDALL RESTORATIONS LTD Workshop and Showroom, 104b High Street, Maldon, Essex CM9 5ET Tel 01621 857890 Fax 01621 850753 Email info@clivebeardall.co.uk www.clivebeardall.co.uk ANTIQUE FURNITURE RESTORATION AND TRADITIONAL HAND FRENCH POLISHING: Established 1982, Clive Beardall’s attention to detail and

authenticity of restoration and materials have earned him and his skilled team of craftsmen many prestigious commissions and a first class reputation. The team is experienced in all aspects of the antique furniture trade including furniture restoration and conservation, traditional hand French polishing, re-upholstery, marquetry, carving, gilding, leather desk lining, rush and cane seating, decorative finishes, valuations and madeto-order furniture, interior polishing, including panelling, staircases, floors etc. Clive Beardall is an accredited member of The British Antique Furniture Restorers Association and his workshops are included on the Conservation Register. See also: display entry on this page.

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INTERIORS

Antique &Furniture Restorers

1 THE BRITISH ANTIqUE FURNITURE

RESTORERS’ ASSOCIATION The Old Rectory, Warmwell, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8Hq Tel/Fax 01305 854822 Email headoffice@bafra.org.uk www.bafra.org.uk Nationally recognised authority in Britain on the conservation and restoration of antique furniture.

2 CHARLES OLDHAM FINE WOOD CARVING

25 Vicarage Street, Frome, Somerset BA11 1PU Tel 01373 300152/01373 469888 www.charlesoldhamwoodcarving.co.uk

Carved ornament for furniture and interiors, carved and gilded mirror frames, letter cutting, heraldic carving.

3 CLIVE BEARDALL RESTORATIONS LTD

Workshop and Showroom, 104b High Street, Maldon, Essex CM9 5ET Tel 01621 857890 Fax 01621 850753 Email info@clivebeardall.co.uk www.clivebeardall.co.uk

Antique furniture restoration and traditional hand French polishing. See display and profile entries on page 178.

4 FRANKLIN UPHOLSTERY 69 Three Elms Road, Hereford, Herefordshire HR4 0RH Tel 01432 268842 Email sales@franklinupholstery.co.uk www.franklinupholstery.co.uk

Stephen Franklin provides high quality upholstery services including restoration of upholstered antique furniture and fabric wall coverings. See profile entry in Textiles & Upholstery on page 177.

5 ROMARK INTERIORS

19 Hipkins, Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 4DY Tel 0800 6899 468 Email info@romarkinteriors.co.uk www.romarkinteriors.com

1 6

Cabinetmakers, panelling specialists and antique furniture restorers.

6 RUPERT HARRIS CONSERVATION

Studio 5, No 1 Fawe Street, London E14 6PD Tel 020 7515 2020 Fax 020 7987 7994 Email mail@rupertharris.com www.rupertharris.com

Conservators of fine metalwork and sculpture. See display entry in Bronze Statuary, page 110 and profile entry in Metalwork, page 134.

Regional designation is according to office location. Many firms operate nationally.

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MOSAICS

INTERIORS

Heritage Tile Conservation Ltd speCiALisT resTorATion of CerAMiC fLoor & WALL TiLes, fAienCe AnD MosAiC. ConserVATion reporTs & surVeys unDerTAken

◾ THE MOSAIC RESTORATION COMPANY LIMITED Verwood House, High Street, West Haddon, Northamptonshire NN6 7AP Tel 01788 510000 Email info@mosaicrestoration.co.uk www.mosaicrestoration.co.uk MOSAIC RESTORATION SPECIALISTS: Operating throughout the UK with over 20 years experience in marble, ceramic and glass. The workshop holds an extensive range of salvaged materials used for sympathetic repairs. Also available are condition surveys and advice on appropriate methods to conserve or restore floor and wall mosaics.

◾ TREVOR CALEY ASSOCIATES LIMITED High Street, Woodgreen, Fordingbridge, Hampshire SP6 2AU Tel 01725 512320 Fax Email trevor@tcamosaic.co.uk www.tcamosaic.co.uk

One of eight mosaic medallions, removed, restored and reinstated at One New Change, London EC4

Clients include: Victoria & Albert Museum • Lichfield Cathedral Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust • Wolverhampton City Council The Highland Council • Leeds City Council • The British Museum

The Studio, Cwm Gweld, Wall under Heywood, Church Stretton, Shropshire SY6 7DS Tel & Fax: 01694 771527 E-mail: heritagetile@msn.com Web: www.heritagetile.co.uk

◾ HERITAGE TILE CONSERVATION LTD The Studio, Cwm Gweld, Wall under Heywood, Church Stretton, Shropshire SY6 7DS Tel 01694 771527 Mobile 07817 704583 Email heritagetile@msn.com www.heritagetile.co.uk

MOSAIC DESIGN AND CONSERVATION: In addition to meticulous mosaic conservation work incorporating non-invasive, injection-consolidation methods, Trevor Caley Associates custom designs and executes new mosaics in a wide range of styles for private individuals or major publicsector contracts. Winners of the RICS Building Conservation Award 1999 for mosaic work on London’s Albert Memorial for English Heritage. More recent conservation works include St Paul’s Cathedral and St Pancras Station. The design and execution of new mosaics by Trevor Caley includes projects at Westminster Cathedral, London, St Patrick’s Cathedral, Melbourne and the Royal Albert Hall. A family-run company offering an efficient, friendly service.

CARPET & TAPESTRY CONSERVATORS ◾ THE TETLEY WORKSHOP 3 Rewlea Cottages, Ashburton, Devon Tq13 7EL Tel 01364 649020 Email info@tetleyworkshop.co.uk www.tetleyworkshop.co.uk

ARCHITECTURAL CERAMICS: See also: display entry on this page.

TIMBER FLOORING

◾ THE JACKFIELD CONSERVATION STUDIO LTD Jackfield Tile Museum, Ironbridge, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7LJ Tel/Fax 01952 883720 Email lesley@jackfield.fsbusiness.co.uk

◾ WELDON CONTRACTS LIMITED The Grange, Norton Disney, Lincolnshire LN6 9JP Tel 01636 894838 Fax 01636 894839 ▪ 158 Walton Street, London SW3 2JL Tel 0203 0110 455 Email floors@weldon.co.uk www.weldon.co.uk

CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF ARCHITECTURAL CERAMICS:

Consultancy reports and surveys are carried out by an accredited conservator. The studio has a wide range of skills, expertise and experience in the conservation and restoration of architectural tile schemes dating from the medieval period through to the 1970s. Member of IHBC and PACR accredited. Established in 1990, recent clients include Palace of Westminster, EH Medieval Tile Project, Royal Courts of Justice, Harrogate Turkish Baths, Warwick Castle, National Trust, New College in Oxford and Osgoode Hall in Toronto. Reviewer for the Getty Foundation. High quality conservation and restoration work is offered in the custom built workshops or on-site locations.

HARDWOOD FLOORING: Weldon’s fine parquetry, marquetry, antique

and boarded floors are a defining feature of elegant private residences, historic public buildings and royal palaces across the British Isles, Europe and the Middle East. The skill and attention to detail of the company’s craftspeople is matched only by the breadth and scale of the projects undertaken. A Weldon floor reflects both the quality of the finest natural materials and the precision and care of the hands that prepare and lay each piece. Leading-edge design and quality control technology ensure that even the most complex designs are accurately and consistently realised. See also: display entry in this section.

◾ WHIPPLETREE HARDWOODS Milestone Farm, Barley Road, Flint Cross, nr Royston, Hertfordshire SG8 7qD Tel 01763 208966 www.whippletree.co.uk TIMBER FLOORING: Suppliers of English Oak wide-board traditional floor

boards. See also: display entry in Timber Suppliers, page 117.

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THE FINEST FLOORING

CO.UK WWW.WELDON.CO

5 INTERIORS

SCAGLIOLA

DAVID HARRISON

he term scagliola (pronounced scălliōla, with a silent g) derives from the Italian ‘scaglia’, a local name used in the Italian Alps for limestone (Oxford English Dictionary, 2012). Scagliola is a form of plaster, traditionally gypsum, which imitates decorative stone and has been widely used for the decoration of walls, columns, floors, fireplaces and table tops. Artificial forms of decorative stone based on gypsum or lime plaster have a long history and were widely used in the ancient world. Recipes for their production can even be found in the works of the great Roman architect, Vitruvius. The technique was rediscovered in the Renaissance and flourished on the continent in the Baroque and Rococo periods as a medium for the imitation of exotic marble and precious stone inlays. First introduced to Britain during the 17th century, rare surviving examples include a fireplace in the Queen’s Closet at Ham House, Surrey. In Britain, however, the use of scagliola is more commonly associated with the imitation of the finest marbles on a much larger scale, without any joints or defects, and for columns and pilasters in particular. This use reached its zenith in the Regency period, typified by the extravagant bright scarlet and imitation lapis lazuli columns introduced by John Nash at Buckingham Palace in the 1820s (illustrated overleaf) and by the spectacular staircase hall of Charles Barry’s Reform Club, London in the 1830s. In the latter part of the 19th century marezzo scagliola was developed in the US. It advanced the traditional methods of making scagliola by using Keene’s cement, a gypsum-based cement patented in 1838, rather than plaster. Both marezzo scagliola and traditional scagliola in America was prolific in the 19th century, although their use was generally confined to public buildings, such as state capitols, courthouses, churches and railway stations. RECOGNITION The difference between marble and scagliola can be established by feeling the surface – if it is cold, it is likely to be marble. Scagliola also produces a hollow ring when tapped. In appearance, marble is more translucent, although scagliola sometimes has pieces of alabaster or other semi-precious stones added to the mix to give localised translucence. Looking carefully at any damage holes or at the rear surface if this is accessible, a marble piece will look like marble throughout, whereas scagliola will have a distinct plaster backing behind the colour coat. The presence of masonry joints would also normally indicate

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Wyatt’s spectacular Egyptian dining room at Goodwood Park, which was completed by 1806 and covered up in 1906, reputedly following the objections of Edward VII. The scheme was preserved behind panelling and over-painting, and has recently been restored. (Photo: Courtesy of the Trustees of the Goodwood Collection)

marble, as scagliola is often used expressly to create continuous surfaces. Scagliola can also be identified if the surface has hairline cracks. Chemical analysis may be used to confirm whether or not the material is made of gypsum, but it should be borne in mind that it will reveal information about the current material as it is now, rather than what it was. Mass spectrometry for example will reveal whether it is a gypsum plaster by showing up calcium, sulphate and oxygen. In the case of with Keene’s cement, there will also be a percentage of aluminium, potassium, sulphur and oxygen. Chemical analysis would also reveal the presence of pigments, animal glue, isinglass, linseed oil or some other organic material. CARE AND MAINTENANCE Scagliola is vulnerable to water ingress. Being made of gypsum, it will quickly return to its natural state when water is added. Water running over the surface will etch runs and pitting as it washes out the gypsum. If soaked, salt crystals will effloresce on the surface of the scagliola as it dries, as crystals of calcium sulphate migrate and form on the surface. Water will also loosen the bond between the surface and deeper layers of the build-up, leading to delamination and an abnormally hollow sound when tapped. Prolonged exposure to moisture will eventually weaken and destroy scagliola. Scagliola is quite brittle. Because it is made up of many separate elements joined by variable strengths of adhesion, scagliola

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A 17th century scagliola fireplace in the Queen’s Closet at Ham House, Surrey: this is one of the earliest known examples of the technique in Britain.

is not a structural material and will crack along the line of least resistance. Care should be taken to allow tolerance for thermal expansion and contraction when restoring a piece, for example between a scagliola column and the superstructure. Cracking caused by compression is often seen in columns and frequently occurs at the base. Superficial cracking can be considered to be part of the patina of age, which gives scagliola part of

Pink Regency scagliola which had later been painted to look like Sienna marble

The restored lapis lazuli scagliola columns in the Music Room at Buckingham Palace

its attractiveness as a finish. It is important to identify the type and extent of cracking and to determine whether the cracks indicate pieces have delaminated and are ready to detach, or whether it is just superficial ‘crazing’. Establishing a benchmark for future comparison in this regard is one of the most useful conservation techniques. As the skills required for the manufacture of scagliola had largely died out by the 1930s, a number of fine examples have been inappropriately restored using plain plaster or other fillers and by painting in the colour. Care needs to be taken not to expose such patches, by abrasion for example, unless this is the

MANUFACTURE In order to conserve and maintain this sensitive material, it is useful to have a general knowledge of the methods of construction. The first and older technique is described as fine or traditional scagliola, the other is referred to as marezzo or American scagliola (the latter because of the large amount of marezzo scagliola seen in the US). With fine or traditional scagliola which imitates marble, the craftsman tried to imagine how the earth compressed, broke and twisted the various elements to produce the appearance of a particular type of stone. Geological processes which took millions of years were recreated on the bench by making large lumps of soft marble which are arranged to reflect the required brief and then allowed to set. This method is further expanded to produce a mix of soft material with lumps of the hard set material within it. The simplest example of this is a Porphyry type scagliola which is made by mixing a thick slurry of red pigment with small chips of hardened plaster. A Verte Antique scagliola is made by combining lumps of set plaster and pieces of alabaster into a slurry mix. An experienced scagliolist will have many different recipes and techniques for creating different types of decorative stone. Marezzo scagliola is made wet, getting the effects required by fixing the flow of pigments and plaster mixes at a particular stage in the manufacture. Marbling and veining is produced by dipping tangled lengths of silk thread in a liquid pigmentation then stretching them over a bench. Over these coloured silk threads a thin skin of coloured Keene’s cement is poured or spattered, transferring the pigment from the silk threads to the thin skin of cement. This form of scagliola is usually made to the required thickness right from the start, and this is often as little as one eighth of an inch thick. Both traditional and marezzo scagliola are finally cut back to expose the different colour changes within the body of the material, then smoothed and polished with progressively finer abrasives. Finally, the surface was usually sealed and polished with oil or a mixture of oil, wax and sometimes other materials. VISUAL INSPECTION Inspection should include a close examination of the surface, noting any efflorescence, signs of mould or runs of varnish, and identifying the various coatings that may have been added such as polyurethane. At this point the careful removal of a surface sample should help to determine the most appropriate treatment. It is essential to make sketches and scale drawings to record the condition of the piece so that any defects can be measured and recorded accurately with comments. Attention should be paid to the thickness of the colour coat, as this is often not great

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and may already have been polished to negligible thickness. Further polishing may result in non-reversible blank patches. Chemical analysis of both the surface and the substrate can help, but there is no substitute for a trained eye in identifying a particular scagliola recipe. A knowledge of the pigments, materials and techniques available when a particular piece was made will aid both an understanding of how it was made and how it could be replicated. With experience, a scagliola piece can be sounded with a gentle tap to identify the differences between delaminated and firmly attached areas. As scagliola is a surface application it has a variable thickness, usually physically keyed into the background by scratching and application of a slip of plaster, if this adhesion is failing, sounding will give a different tone. To a trained ear this can help determine whether cracks go right through the piece or are superficial. When the sounding is complete, it is helpful to use the drawing as a map to indicate suspect areas. This should give an indication of how much of the piece is still securely attached to the substrate. It is important to treat the inspection as part of an ongoing maintenance programme, providing a snapshot of the condition at a particular time. This allows others following on to gauge rates of deterioration and the success or otherwise of any intervention.

INTERIORS

intention. Where over-painting has disguised the presence of a decorative finish, extensive damage has often been caused by contractors who are unaware of the sensitive nature of the underlying material. The filling of cracks with inflexible fillers can also lead to deterioration if done in such a way as to restrict movement.

CONSERVATION As with the conservation of any historic material, the intervention should always be fail-safe and should only be attempted after non-invasive testing and close inspection, or preferably a full condition survey, including visual inspection, sounding and historical research. Where surface delamination has occurred it may be possible to re-attach the layers by injecting one of a variety of specialist modern adhesives, selected according to the properties required, such as gap filling, reversibility and, of course, adhesion. Different depths of separation need different treatments, but the principle is to clean out the void either by flushing or blowing, inject a suction-reducer (which may be water or diluted adhesive) and then inject sufficient liquid adhesive to reattach the surface layer to the substrate. Any holes made in the process are then plugged with appropriately coloured material prior to refinishing and polishing. Colour fading can occur when heat sources are too close to scagliola or where regularly exposed to bright sunlight. Fading is usually almost impossible to reverse, although minor surface fading can be rectified by cutting back the surface and refinishing. Scagliola has often been over-painted at some time, either to match a new colour scheme in the room or because the client disliked the original colour. To revive a scagliola surface, for example after paint stripping, it is advisable to carefully start with a small trial area to find the best restoration method for a particular scagliola. Most chemical strippers can erode gypsum, lime or Keene’s cement very quickly if applied in the wrong concentration.

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INTERIORS Marezzo marble columns at Stamford Old Town Hall, Connecticut: over-painting has been stripped and the underlying surfaces are being cleaned and repaired prior to polishing.

When the most suitable cleaning and restoration methods have been chosen and the paint removed, the surface can be inspected again for further defects. At this stage any hidden filling will come to light. Dirt on the original surface can now be carefully removed. If the decision has been made to cut back the surface of the scagliola and restore it, the next step is to start cutting back the surface with a coarse abrasive paper, gradually moving to fine. As the work proceeds, all loose and friable material is removed, and damaged areas are repaired with fresh scagliola mix to match. These repairs must be done wet to reduce suction and to enable adhesion. Once set, the process of cutting back restarts, gradually moving to the finer grit and even finer powders if required, retracing the final finishing process of the original manufacture as far as can be determined. This cycle is repeated as many times as necessary until a sheen starts to appear, before carefully and delicately applying the specified finish. Matching the highly polished surface of scagliola requires careful selection of abrasives with the appropriate particle size for each stage of the procedure, as well as a suitable polish. The abrasives range from very rough plaster planes of 80 grit through to 1600 grit, finishing with fine powders. French polish, linseed oil, milk and a number of modern waxes have all been used to achieve a high gloss. Sadly, modern urethane coatings have also been widely used in the past, and these may need chemical removal. The stunning lapis lazuli scagliola columns in the Music Room at Buckingham Palace posed a very interesting problem. The columns which were originally made in 1836 by William Croggon and his team included a mix of filings of brass, tin and copper, to give a gold and silver flecked appearance to the blue sheen. The filings immediately began to corrode and expand, blowing pits in the surface. This process continued slowly for 150 years, but when the Palace State Rooms were recently opened to the public, the decay began to accelerate as a result of the additional moisture generated by visitors. To restore the columns to Nash’s original design it was decided that a treatment using beeswax mixed with some rare, specially selected pigment and finished with a lighter grade of wax to give a shine would protect the columns without obscuring them from view.

◾ HAYLES AND HOWE LTD ORNAMENTAL PLASTERERS Templegate, Mead Rise, Bristol BS3 4RP Tel 0117 972 7200 Fax 0117 971 2232 Email info@haylesandhowe.co.uk www.haylesandhowe.co.uk

PAPIER MÂCHÉ ◾ FARTHING & GANNON Filey Cottage, Mounts Lane, Newnham, Northamptonshire NN11 3ES Tel/Fax 01327 310146 Email kevin@farthingandgannon.com www.farthingandgannon.com CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF SCAGLIOLA, HISTORIC PLASTERWORK AND APPLIED ORNAMENT: See also: profile entry in

Plasterwork, page 186.

recommended reading A Zecchini, Arte Della Scagliola sul Lario, Editore U Hoepli, 1997 Geoffrey Beard, Craftsmen and Interior Decoration in England 1660–1820, Bloomsbury Books, London 1986 William Millar, Plastering Plain and Decorative, 1st Edition 1897, facsimile edition, 1998 Donhead, Shaftesbury Giles Worsley, ‘Buckingham Palace, London’ – Country Life 5th August 1993 DAVID HARRISON is managing director of hayles and howe ltd in the uK and hayles and howe inc in the us (see page 187). Working in traditional fibrous plaster as well as specialist scagliola enables the two companies to provide a wide range of design specifications and finished products. a book by his colleague david hayles, The Magic of Scagliola, is currently being prepared for publication.

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PLASTERWORK

hISTORIC PLASTERWORK

FIBROUS PLASTERWORK, ALSO SAND/CEMENT MOULDINGS: Providing

accurate, high quality craftsmanship, working on projects of all sizes across the UK. 39 years experience in restoration and specialist refurbishment work for commercial, public, private and listed buildings. Manufacturing and fixing mouldings, working from existing pieces, salvaged fragments, models, drawings or photographs. The company’s services are supplied to the main plastering contractors at Lloyds Register of Shipping, London, and also at Windsor Castle and Uppark after the extensive fires. Offering a wide range of mouldings, some most unusual, creating classical, period and themed styles in new-build properties as well. Projects completed for: councils, National Trust, Wimpey (UK) Ltd, Costain, Granada Hotels, Kier Southern, the film industry, many smaller builders and private owners. Members of the Craft Plasterers Guild.

◾ ANDREW DOYLE PAST PLASTERING SERVICES 7 High Terrace, Boat of Garten, Inverness-shire PH24 3BW Tel 01479 831356 Mobile 07784 742000 Email andy@pastplastering.co.uk www.pastplastering.co.uk PLASTERING SERVICES: Past Plastering Services provides restoration and

conservation of historic plasterwork throughout Scotland and offers a friendly and professional service with realistic rates and efficiency. Past Plastering specialises in internal and external plasterwork, using traditional fat and hydraulic limes. In-situ, fibrous, cornice and decorative work, contemporary ceilings and fireplace designs, scagliola restoration and new works, eco plasters, clays and hemp, ashlars, various stuccos and harling. The company repairs and restores monuments, mirrors and frames and offers a gold leaf service. Quotations and advice are free of charge.

◾ BOSENCE BUILDING CONSERVATION Unit 4 Barcombe Business Units, Sewells Farm, Barcombe, Lewes, East Sussex BN8 5FH Tel 07971 433865 Email info@bosence.co.uk www.bosence.co.uk

INTERIORS

◾ ALBA PLASTERCRAFT 12 Russell Road, Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire PO13 9HP Tel 023 9255 3027 Fax 023 9279 9290 Contact Alan Bailey MCPG

SPECIALISING IN REPAIR AND RENEWAL OF PLASTERWORK TO: HISTORIC BUILDINGS CHURCHES LISTED BUILDINGS TIMBER FRAMED BUILDINGS AND BUILDINGS OF ARCHITECTURAL INTEREST RIVEN OAK/CHESTNUT/SOFT WOOD LATH WORK HAIRED LIME PUTTY PLASTERS TO MATCH EXISTING WATTLE AND DAUB PANELS PERIOD CORNICE WORK LIMEWASH/DISTEMPER PROJECTS INCLUDE: BISHOP’S PALACE, CHICHESTER GOODWOOD HOUSE, CHICHESTER ST PETER’S CHURCH, TITCHFIELD THE MERCHANT’S HOUSE, MARLBOROUGH, GRADE II* ST CROSS HOSPITAL,WINCHESTER, GRADE I WHITTAKERS COTTAGE, WEALD AND DOWNLAND MUSEUM and many listed buildings throughout the South of England

18 ThE LEyS, SINGLETON ChIChESTER, WEST SUSSEx TEL: 01243 811863 MOb: 07775 981985

CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC PLASTERWORK: Bosence specialises in the

repair of traditional lime and earthen materials. Skilled in all aspects of plastering: plain, ornate and in situ run mouldings. Bosence also covers all traditional masonry skills including: renders, mortars, cob, daub, chalk mud, Roman cement, terracotta, brick and stone masonry.

Artisan Plastercraft specialise in architectural plasterwork for heritage, residential and commercial environments.

SCULPTURE, STONE AND PLASTERWORK: See also: display entry and profile

entry in Stone, page 100.

◾ E I FLOOD & SONS Unit 13A, Douglas Road Industrial Park, Kingswood, Bristol BS15 8PD Tel 0117 961 8040 Mobile 07802 795541 Email enquiries@eiflood.co.uk www.eiflood.co.uk

Supply & fit | Restoration | Bespoke work | Lath & plaster | Exterior works

CONSERVATION AND ORNAMENTAL PLASTERING SPECIALISTS: This family

business was established in 1959 and all staff are time-served craftsmen with a reputation for high quality work. There are no facets of the plasterers’ craft beyond the expertise of E I Flood & Sons, including limework, external and internal in situ running, mouldings, rendering, conservation, GRC casting and fibrous plasterwork. Lectures and teaching. NVQ3 apprenticeship and assessment centre. CSCS Heritage Skills accreditation.

Telephone: 01959 571135 | Email: info@artisanplastercraft.com Artisan Plastercraft - Holmshaw Business Park, Layhams Road, Keston, Kent

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INTERIORS

◾ ENGLAND’S ORNAMENTAL PLASTERING 79 North Street, Portslade, Sussex BN41 1DH Tel 01273 311428 Email info@englandsornamental.co.uk www.englandsornamental.co.uk

for all your plaster moulding needs

Work from Architects Specification or Original Plasterwork Extensive Portfolio of Work Wide Range of Designs Reliable Service & Realistically Priced

ORNAMENTAL PLASTERING: High quality traditional lime plaster (internal and external), ornamental mouldings, sculpture and historic building restoration since 1972. England’s Ornamental Plastering (EOP Ltd) holds a collaborative museum collection of Regency and Victorian moulds collected from projects over the years and from the old Jackson’s of London collection. Core skills include: flat and ornamental lime, modelled and fibrous ornament, in situ cornice runs, moulded elements, stone restoration, sculpture commissions, stone and plaster cleaning, restoration of composition marble, stone fireplaces and sculpture. Clients include: Brighton Royal Pavilion, Claremont School, Kensington Palace Gardens, West Dean House, Knepp Castle, Coates Castle and Sir John Soane’s Museum.

moulding, casting, mouldmaking and free hand modelling in lime, gypsum, papier-mâché and composition. New works and restoration of scagliola. Consolidation and stabilisation of ceiling and wall plaster. Consultancy with full material analysis and detailed reports. CS Interiors, Unit D, 30 Commerce Rd Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8LE Tel: 0208 232 8712 Fax: 0208 232 8713 cs_interiors@btconnect.com www.cs-interiors.co.uk

◾ FINE ART MOULDINGS Unit 6, Roebuck Road Trading Estate, 15–17 Roebuck Road, Hainault, Ilford, Essex IG6 3T Tel 020 8502 7602 Fax 020 8502 7603 Email enquiries@fineartmouldings.co.uk www.fineartmouldings.co.uk SPECIALISTS IN FIBROUS PLASTERING: Established in 1982, Fine Art

RESTORATION

Mouldings has gained vast experience in the renovation and replication of all plaster features. From drawing and modelling, all works are carried out in the company’s workshops. Fine Art Mouldings is very sympathetic to the wider use of limes and is competent in their use. Maintaining and consolidating existing historically important plasterwork is another speciality. Past contracts include the Palace of Westminster and St James’ Palace. The company is proud to have carried out moulding works to the Grade II Connaught Hotel in Mayfair, photographs of which can be viewed on the company’s website.

◾ G COOK & SONS LTD 3 Dencora Business Centre, Nuffield Road, Cambridge CB4 1TG Tel 01223 420144 Fax 01223 420266 Email raydeeks@georgecook.co.uk www.georgecook.co.uk SPECIALISTS IN FIBROUS PLASTERWORK AND TRADITIONAL LIME PLASTER:

Worldwide specialists in the restoration of lime and fibrous plaster www.lockerandriley.com

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Founded in 1887, this family business has a reputation for high quality workmanship based on sound traditional principles gained over many years working in the Cambridge Colleges and surrounding country houses. Past projects have included Uppark and Ightham Mote for the National Trust, the new gallery for the Gilbert Collection at Somerset House and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The company has recently completed the restoration of the lime plasterwork to St George’s Church, Hanover Square and Jesus College, Cambridge. Continuity of experience has enabled the company to pass on the traditional skills of the craft and today it offers a highly trained work force capable of undertaking the most demanding work in plain or decorative plasterwork and external rendering.

+44 (0) 1245 322 022

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milestonelimeplastering 85mmx125mm copy.pdf

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INTERIORS

◾ HAYLES AND HOWE LTD ORNAMENTAL PLASTERERS Templegate, Mead Rise, Bristol BS3 4RP Tel 0117 972 7200 Fax 0117 971 2232 Email info@haylesandhowe.co.uk www.haylesandhowe.co.uk ▪ HAYLES AND HOWE INC ORNAMENTAL PLASTERERS 2700 Sisson Street, Baltimore 21211, Maryland, USA Tel (001) 410 462 0986 Fax (001) 410 462 0989 Email info@haylesandhowe.com

5 21:

CRAFTSMEN IN THE CONSERVATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLASTERWORK: This successful and award-winning international ornamental plaster company combines traditional skills with up to the minute technology to provide an outstanding service. Hayles and Howe specialises in the conservation and restoration of both scagliola and ornamental plasterwork in private C and prestigious public buildings including theatres and churches. This highly experienced company offers advice on any aspect of ornamental M or lime plasterwork and scagliola. Please contact the UK office for a Y catalogue or information regarding design, conservation, restoration, certification, safety or insurance claims for any of the plasterwork withinCM your property. See Scagliola page 182. MY

◾ KESTELL AND LEWIS LTD CY 6 Heath Gardens, Bromley Heath, South Gloucestershire BS16 6HE CMY Tel 0117 907 6612 Mobile 07773 319308 Email enquiries@kestellandlewis.com www.kestellandlewis.comK CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN ALL AREAS OF PLASTERWORK: Kestell

and Lewis is a Bristol based company. Having been in the business for 25 years the firm offers expertise, knowledge and high standards in its workmanship. The team of qualified City and Guild plasterers provides a wide range of plastering services which includes ornamental, internal or external in situ running and lathing. A full list of work can be found in the services section of the company’s website.

◾ LOCKER & RILEY Capital House, 42–50 Bancrofts Road, South Woodham Ferrers, Chelmsford, Essex CM3 5Uq Tel 01245 322022 Fax 01245 322033 Email enquiries@lockerandriley.com www.lockerandriley.com FIBROUS AND LIME PLASTER: Locker & Riley is an award-winning

specialist in lime and fibrous plaster. Services include the design, sculpture, production and installation of quality plasterwork. The team at Locker & Riley uses techniques and production methods passed down through generations to recreate and restore plaster mouldings. Locker & Riley has worked in many listed buildings throughout the UK and often works closely with conservation practices and English Heritage. Projects can vary from delicate minor repairs to full reinstatement. Recent projects include the restoration of decorative plasterwork at the London Hippodrome, London Palladium and St Pancras Renaissance Hotel. See also: profile entry in this section, page 186.

ornateinteriors Fibrous Plasterers GRG & Restoration Specialists

◾ O’REILLY PERIOD CORNICE RESTORATION & CLEANING 141 Pennine Drive, London NW2 1NG Tel 020 8458 5917 Fax 020 8450 8081 Email nuala@oreilly1173.freeserve.co.uk PERIOD CORNICE RESTORATION AND CLEANING: Mouldings cleaned,

repaired, replicated, fitted and expertly restored to original condition by craftsmen. Accumulated experience of father and son in fibrous and solid lime hair lath plasterwork using both traditional and compatible contemporary methods. Plain face cornice run in situ, enriched mouldings remodelled, replicated and matched to existing, multiple layers of paint removed in situ using steam. The firm has many satisfied clients.

◾ PLASTER ME LTD Blackgrove Barn, Blackgrove Road, quainton, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP22 4AH Tel 07765 400200 Wayne Preston Tel 07973 221489 Tim Massa Tel 07763 855664 Ryan Smith Email info@plaster-me.co.uk www.plaster-me.co.uk TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PLASTERERS: Formerly Preston & Massa,

Plaster ME Ltd specialises in lime plasterwork and renders as well as modern lime-based applications including insulating plasters such as hemp lime. Based in Buckinghamshire, recent projects include the restoration of Prebend House for Buckingham University. The principals are Associates of the Worshipful Company of Plaisterers. Plaster ME Ltd is among the contractors for Tŷ-Mawr Lime, demonstrating techniques required for both traditional and modern lime applications. On site tuition is available by arrangement.

WINNERS Plaisterers Award

specialists in lime plasterwork and decorative plaster mouldings replicated from architects’ drawings or existing plasterwork For a no obligation consultation (distance no object) please contact:

ornate interiors, acorn Works, 534 broad lane, stanningley, Pudsey, West yorkshire ls28 6Pa T +44(0)113 236 0864 F +44(0)113 236 3706

E sales@ornateinteriors.co.uk www.ornateinteriors.co.uk

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INTERIORS

◾ RICHARD IRELAND PLASTER & PAINT Tel (UK) 07900 584230 Tel (Ireland) +353 (0)87 616 0169 Email R.Ireland01@gmail.com www.richardirelandplasterandpaint.co.uk HISTORIC PLASTERWORK AND POLYCHROMATIC DÉCOR CONSERVATION: Richard Ireland operates principally as an independent consultant and practitioner but also advises for public bodies including English Heritage, Historic Royal Palaces, the Office of Public Works Ireland, National Trust, Historic Scotland and ecclesiastical organisations. Specialising in plain and decorative plaster, internal and external finishes, paint analysis, and the reinstatement of historic schemes, projects typically involve a combination of structural and archaeological investigation, scientific analysis and contextual historic research. Contracts are undertaken throughout the UK, Ireland and overseas from small scale projects to large commissions varying from the British Museum and Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem to smaller domestic interiors.

Plaster Restorations can sympathetically reproduce original plasterwork, either by hand-crafted manufacture or working purely in-situ. We’ve also developed a unique and cost-effective system for re-securing loose ornamental ceilings back to their original fixings, which retains the original plasterwork while maintaining the historic integrity of the building. Plaster Restorations can provide surveys and budgets and welcomes the opportunity of visiting your offices or projects to discuss our system in more detail.

Plaster Restorations (UK) Ltd Shepherd House, 14 Chestnut Way, Adel, Leeds LS16 7TN Tel/Fax: 0113 261 4388 Mobile: 07812 189959 Contact: Julian Shepherd Email: julian@plasterrestorations.com www.plasterrestorations.com

◾ STEVENSONS OF NORWICH LIMITED Roundtree Way, Norwich NR7 8Sq Tel 01603 400824 Fax 01603 405113 Email info@stevensonsofnorwich.com www.stevensonsofnorwich.com SPECIALIST PLASTERWORK: Stevensons of Norwich specialises in the conservation and repair of interior and exterior decorative work. Lime plasterwork is a speciality. The design, manufacture and installation of plain and decorative work for all types of building are undertaken. Surveys, reports and technical advice are also offered. Current and recent projects include: The National Gallery; a private residence, Park Lane, London; a private residence, California, and retail premises in New York. The company has significant manufacturing capacity and resources to operate throughout the UK and overseas. See also: display entry on this page.

◾ WELSH LIME WORKS Bryn Celyn, Llantrisant Road, Pontypridd CF37 1LP Tel 01443 405250 Email info@welshlimeworks.com www.welshlimeworks.com PLASTERWORK: Welsh Lime Works specialises in lime plastering, lime

rendering, lime washing and lime pointing. The company handles all types, sizes and ages of building that would benefit from its materials and expertise. The company’s skilled craftspeople restore and revive historic/listed buildings, providing aesthetically pleasing results that will last for generations to come. Welsh Lime Works manufactures its own lime putty plasters and mortars which have unique anti-crack properties and can stop perennial damp problems. Welsh Lime Works can provide consultancy, specification, materials supplies or on site application.

◾ SEAN WHEATLEY Fircombe, Coney Park Lane, Combe Martin, Devon EX34 0LR Tel 01271 883349 www.seanwheatley.co.uk PLASTERING SPECIALIST: Sean Wheatley has worked full time as

a plasterer for 31 years, starting with modern materials but now concentrating on traditional methods and materials and decorative plasterwork. Projects have included an elliptical domed ceiling in a private house and many repairs to National Trust and listed properties. Sean has also been involved in the preparation of reports regarding the conservation of historic ceilings and plasterwork in listed and historic buildings. Sean gives demonstrations and teaching sessions on RICS/ SPAB courses and is committed to passing on his knowledge; he has now put five apprentices through college, three of whom still work with him.

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Ian Angus of Carden & Godfrey Architects leads a site visit at Kenwood House, Hampstead, London, as part of the SPABâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2012 Autumn Repair Course Photo: Edmund Harris

Chapter 6 Useful information

6 UsefUl InformatIon

Building TradiTional SkillS kaTe gunThorpe

his article reviews recent initiatives to tackle shortages in traditional building skills.

Meeting the challenge One in five buildings in the UK pre-dates 1919. The size of our traditionally constructed building stock creates a need for traditional building skills for the conservation, repair and maintenance of this built heritage. The first organisations to respond to this challenge in England were English Heritage and CITB-ConstructionSkills, the sector skills council and industry training board for the construction industry. In 2003 these two organisations created the National Heritage Training Group (NHTG), a specialist skills development group with a UK-wide remit. In 2005, the NHTG published Traditional Building Craft Skills: Assessing the Need, Meeting the Challenge, which quantified the scale of skills shortages and gaps. This report and further research in 2008 showed that only around one third of the workforce then employed on pre-1919 buildings had the skills needed to work with traditional building materials. This skills gap is of particular concern as the research estimated that the repair and maintenance of traditional buildings accounts for nearly half the output of the construction industry. In response to these concerns, a pioneering partnership was formed between Cadw, ConstructionSkills, English Heritage, NHTG and the National Trust, pooling resources, expertise and funding, to take action and meet these challenges. The Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme (TBSBS) for England and Wales was established against this backdrop in 2005 with the aim of addressing these gaps and shortages in traditional building skills. achieveMents so far Between 2006 and 2012 the TBSBS delivered a wide range of paid on-site training placements. The partner organisations worked together with the support of £1.7 million of Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) funding to deliver 138 placements. A broad range of companies and organisations offered these upskilling placements. A contractor would act as a host for a trainee, who learned as he or she worked alongside experienced craftspeople. The trainees worked successfully with small and medium-sized companies and particularly effectively with sole traders, where a strong working relationship could develop between trainer and trainee.

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Lisa Ferguson was a painting and decorating trainee under the Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme with Angel Interiors Ltd, where she continues to work part-time (Photo: Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme)

The scheme, however, did face challenges. While some building skills such as stonemasonry, solid plastering and carpentry attracted plenty of placement providers and trainees, other skills such as traditional roofing, leadwork and fibrous plastering failed to attract placement providers or trainees. In part this may be due to these trades being perceived by practitioners as less heritagefocussed and consequently as trades which do not require specific conservation training to work on traditional buildings. Overall, however, the scheme has been an outstanding success. From 2006 to 2012 the scheme covered a wide range of trades rather than a single discipline and was delivered across England and Wales with the cooperation of five main partners. Its success can be demonstrated both quantitatively, as the scheme exceeded the target number of placements, and qualitatively by the high standard of learning experience provided to the trainees by a wide range of placement providers. Simon Doyle, for example, undertook a 12-month placement with the TBSBS, followed by training with the National Heritage Ironwork Group (NHIG) bursary scheme. He has now set up a heritage blacksmiths company with a fellow ex-NHIG trainee,

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uniting the traditional skills and conservation awareness they have learned. He believes that his exposure to realistic situations and dilemmas that needed practical solutions through work-based training was beneficial: ‘I not only honed my blacksmithing skills, but I learned to deal with historic metalwork using a conservation approach, adapting my techniques as necessary’. Alice Midmore, another trainee, has continued to develop her carpentry and joinery skills with two organisations, Handspring Designs in Sheffield and Felin Uchaf on the Lleyn Peninsula in North Wales. Alice said: ‘This has given me training opportunities I wouldn’t normally have got. It’s given me the time to build up my skills and experience on a variety of projects’. There were benefits for the placement providers as well. John Guest of Oxford Lime Mortars Ltd hosted a placement for trainee Oskar Newadzi who he now employs. John said: ‘Working with the scheme has helped my business select, recruit and support a trainee who I can invest time and effort in, which has in turn helped develop them and my company’. Following this positive experience, he has taken on another trainee under the Building Traditional Skills (BTS) scheme, which is now up and running.

6 UsefUl InformatIon

Building Traditional Skills Scheme trainee Martin Burgess (left), who is undertaking a 12-month stone-fixing placement with Heritage Consolidation (Photo: Building Traditional Skills)

Building on these achieveMents In summer 2012, the TBSBS secured a further £760,000 of HLF funding which will enable it to continue until 2015 under a new banner, the Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme for Displaced Apprentices. It will target displaced apprentices throughout England and Wales who, in the current economic climate, no longer have host organisations where they can continue their training. It will include opportunities to work with and learn from the highly skilled and experienced National Trust and Cadw direct labour teams. The lessons learned from the TBSBS have also been used to design the BTS scheme, which was launched in early 2012. The scheme aims to reach more potential participants with a wider range of opportunities. With £1.3 million of HLF funding this project is the largest and most complex project in the current HLF Skills for the Future Programme. The scheme is delivered by the NHTG through a network of regional coordinators in England. This means that the project can make the most of local knowledge and contacts, work closely with local companies and provide on-the-ground support to trainees and placement providers. There are opportunities for 60 paid and supported site-based placements which follow the best practice model developed by the TBSBS. In addition, there is a range of opportunities from short introductory courses through to NVQ Level 4 senior crafts qualifications. The scheme supports the wide range of training and qualifications developed specifically for this sector including heritage specialist apprenticeships and foundation degrees in building conservation. There are also opportunities for experienced craftspeople from a mainstream construction background to qualify in ‘understanding the principles of repair and maintenance of traditional (pre-1919) buildings’ at NVQ Level 3 via two-day modular training courses. Under this scheme, Aimee Henderson has embarked on a 12-month placement to achieve her NVQ Level 3 in Construction Site Management (Conservation). She is working with Heritage Project Management on Manchester’s Town Hall Complex Transformation Programme. Aimee says: ‘This is such an exciting project to work on, partly because of its scale and ambition but also because of the new challenges it is presenting

Alex Rose-Deacon working at Gloucester Cathedral: after gaining an advanced diploma in stonemasonry at the Building Crafts College, Stratford, and a 12-month placement at Gloucester Cathedral, she is now a full-time member of the Cathedral Works Department. (Photo: Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme)

me with, like justifying expenditure to important stakeholders or planning the work schedule for a whole team of people. I know I’ll leave the placement feeling far more confident as well as more professionally equipped for the real world’. challenges and opportunities As with the Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme, the emphasis of the Building Traditional Skills scheme is on promoting the training and accreditation of a skilled workforce. To date, 44 per cent of trainees from the TBSBS have gained their NVQ Level 3 Diploma in Heritage Skills. By successfully completing a health and safety test, trainees can then go on to gain their Heritage Skills Construction Skills Certification Scheme (CSCS) card. Building surveyors and other professionals procuring conservation, repair and maintenance work on traditional buildings who ask for this card (for example at the pre-qualification questionnaire stage) can reduce the risks that come with contractor selection. It gives the professional team and their clients proof that a contractor has the right skills to work on traditional buildings and has achieved the appropriate standards in their work. The partners in both schemes are committed to promoting equality and diversity in the sector. While women make up just two per cent of the labour force in hands-on construction, the TBSBS granted 15 per cent of its placements to women. However, it has failed to attract significant numbers of ethnic minority candidates, with only 3 per cent of trainees from outside the home countries and 0.6 per cent being non-white. To ensure the sector draws from the widest possible pool of talent BTSS is launching a more proactive and focussed marketing campaign at regional level. It aims to provide 15 per cent of its bursaries to women and 5 per cent to ethnic minorities. It is too early to make a meaningful

analysis of BTS performance in this area but there are some interesting opportunities developing. In Stratford, London, the scheme is working with the Building Crafts College on delivering introductory courses for a local women’s group. In the North West, the scheme is working with the Bolton All Souls Project to offer opportunities among the predominantly Muslim local community. securing the future Reflecting on the TBSBS, Clara Willett, the scheme manager, commented: ‘We are now seeing the success of the scheme through the achievements of the trainees. Not only are they gaining excellent work experience, but 78 per cent of them carry on working in the heritage sector and over half of them have gained their Heritage Skills NVQ. This is great news for these individuals and the sector’. The success of these schemes is due in large part to the partnership established between the leading heritage organisations, the support of the HLF and the commitment of placement providers in a difficult economic climate. At the centre of this are the keen and highly motivated individuals who have an opportunity to learn and develop skills that will stand them in good stead for their future careers. The more trainees who acquire these skills, the safer the future of our precious built heritage. Further information Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme for Displaced Apprentices www.buildingbursaries.org.uk National Heritage Training Group Building Traditional Skills scheme www.nhtgskills.org Traditional Building Skills Bursary Scheme Evaluation Report 2012 www.buildingbursaries.org.uk/about.html Kate gunthorpe Mrics Mciob bcas is a senior building surveyor at english heritage.

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courses & training

UsefUl InformatIon

BUILDING CONSERVATION Department of the Built Environment

MSc Conservation of Buildings

Post-Graduate Diploma Course at the Architectural Association School of Architecture

Are you… n n n n

A Property, Surveying or Architecture Graduate? A Non-Cognate Graduate with Heritage Experience? A Professionally Qualified Property Specialist? Passionate about Heritage and developing your career in Conservation?

Then this is the course for you, covering: n Conservation and Legislation – Geography & Geology n Facilities Maintenance of Historic Buildings n The Science & Economics of Historic Buildings n Surveying the Historic Building – Chronology, Design & Interpretation Two-year part-time study with September and January starts.

For further Click: www.anglia.ac.uk/conservation12 information: Email: FST-Answers@anglia.ac.uk Call: 0845 271 3333

A two-year course for architects and professionals from other, related disciplines. The course takes place on Fridays during the academic year. Courses beginning in October For an application form or further details, please view online at www.aaschool.ac.uk/bc or contact: Admissions, Building Conservation Architectural Association School of Architecture 36 Bedford Square, London   Telephone    Fax    Email conservation@aaschool.ac.uk www.aaschool.ac.uk/bc The School is run by the Architectural Association (Inc.), a Registered (Educational) Charity.

ARCHAEOLOGY AT INTERESTED IN CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE MANAGEMENT? MSc Conservation of the Historic Environment • • • • •

Focus on the conservation of historic buildings and landscapes Develop skills, understanding and sensitivity necessary to care for our rich and diverse cultural heritage Become a member of RICS and/or IHBC Enhance your career and develop specialist expertise to add to your business Retrain in an exciting new profession

Established links with the National Trust, English Heritage and Prince’s Foundation for Architecture and the Built Environment. To further your career call 0800 019 969, email courses@cem.ac.uk or visit our website. Follow us on Twitter @CEM1919

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Whatever your experience or interests, there has never been a better time to join one of the top archaeology departments in the country. Achieved top ratings for teaching in recent national surveys (QAA and NSS). One of the top ten research institutions in Britain (RAE 2008). International reputation in cultural heritage and architectural conservation. CPD, short courses and part time options for those who have to balance their studies with other commitments. Access to the wealth of resources and professional expertise that the city of York has to offer.

Dept. of Archaeology t: +44 (0) 1904 323903 f: +44 (0) 1904 323963 University of York King’s Manor archaeology@york.ac.uk York YO1 7EP UK www.york.ac.uk/archaeology

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course listings

◾ the college of estate ManageMent Whiteknights, reading rg6 6aW tel 0118 921 4696 freephone 0800 019 9697 fax 0118 921 4620 email courses@cem.ac.uk www.cem.ac.uk

postgraduate courses

MSC/PGDIP IN CONSERVATION OF THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT (UNIVERSITY OF READING): See also: display entry in this section, page 192.

◾ oXford BrooKes universitY and universitY of oXford c/o department of planning, oxford Brookes university, oxford oX3 0Bp tel 01865 483400 email planning-enquiry@brookes.ac.uk www.brookes.ac.uk/pg-planning HISTORIC CONSERVATION COURSE: Established in 1990, the course is the

product of collaboration between the two major institutions of higher education in Oxford. The course aims to be not only relevant to the role of the conservation officer working within the planning system, but also to meet the needs of a wider range of professionals working within the public, private and voluntary sectors of the heritage industry. The modular construction of the course enables full or part-time study for a PG Diploma or an MSc in Historic Conservation, or part-time study for a Certificate in Historic Conservation. There are further opportunities for MPhil or PhD research.

◾ universitY college london centre for sustainable heritage, central house, 14 upper Woburn place, london Wc1h 0nn tel 020 3108 9038 email kalliopi.fouseki@ucl.ac.uk www.ucl.ac.uk/sustainableheritage MSC IN SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE: An innovative interdisciplinary course

for a new generation of heritage leaders. This course by the Centre for Sustainable Heritage provides today’s professionals with the skills and mindset to deliver the heritage programmes and projects of the future. It brings together all aspects of cultural heritage combined with the best preventive conservation policies and practices to create leaders who apply the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development within cultural heritage projects. Students engage with leading international professionals and work on real case studies. The course is accredited by RICS.

◾ universitY of Bath department of architecture and civil engineering, Bath Ba2 7aY tel 01225 386447/01225 386252 email fac-eng-pgt-admissions@lists.bath.ac.uk contact graduate school admissions MASTERS DEGREE IN THE CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS (MSc):

The course provides technical training within an academic framework including the teaching of classical architecture and the philosophy of conservation. Teaching units include: structural conservation; materials, construction and skills; history and theory; and the law relating to conservation and heritage management. Taking place within the world heritage city of Bath, the course may be taken over one year full time or two years part time. Architects, engineers, surveyors, conservation officers, art historians and suitably qualified candidates from other fields with first degree or equivalent are eligible.

◾ Weald and doWnland open air MuseuM singleton, chichester, West sussex po18 0eu tel 01243 811464 fax 01243 811475 email courses@wealddown.co.uk www.wealddown.co.uk CONSERVATION TRAINING, SERVICES AND SUPPLIES: The Museum has a well-established reputation as a provider of specialist training in historic building conservation, winning the 2011 Europa Nostra Grand Prix award in the education, training and awareness-raising category. The 50 historic buildings reconstructed on the site give the museum an unrivalled teaching resource in this specialised field. Courses for surveyors, architects, conservation officers and craftspeople are eligible for CPD certificates. MSc programmes in Building Conservation and Timber Building Conservation are validated by the University of York. The exciting and innovative Downland Gridshell building provides workshop space and artefact storage. Research library designed for professional use. Specialist bookshop.

anglia ruskin university Tel 0845 271 3333 architectural association, School of architecture Tel 020 7887 4067 university of Bath Tel 01225 386447 Tel 01225 383977 university of Birmingham, ironbridge international institute for Cultural heritage Tel 01952 432751 Bishop grosseteste university College, lincoln Tel 01522 527347 Camberwell College of arts Tel 020 7514 6427 university of Central lancashire Tel 01772 893210 Centre for Sustainable heritage, university College london Tel 020 7679 5965 City and guilds of london art School Tel 020 7735 2306 College of estate Management Tel 0800 019 9697 Courtauld institute of art Tel 020 7848 2645 university College dublin Tel +353 (0)1716 2771 edinburgh College of art, university of edinburgh Tel 0131 651 5789 School of architecture, design & Construction Tel 020 8331 9100 heriot Watt university, School of the Built environment Tel 0131 451 4424 institute of archaeology, university College london Tel 020 7679 7499 kingston university, london Tel 020 8417 7266 university of lincoln Tel 01522 837171 university of northumbria at newcastle Tel 0191 243 7059 oxford Brookes university Tel 01865 483684 oxford university Tel 01865 280356 university of plymouth Tel 01752 585150

MSc Conservation of Buildings pgdip Conservation of historic Buildings

2 yrs + pT dissertation 2 yrs pT

Mphil architectural history and Theory MSc Conservation of historic Buildings MSc Conservation of historic gardens and Cultural landscapes pgCert heritage Management* Ma heritage Management* pgdip heritage Management* Ma historic environment Conservation pgdip historic environment Conservation Ma/pgdip/pgCert heritage education

1 yr 2 yrs pT 1 yr 2 yrs pT 1 yr 2/4 yrs pT

Ma Conservation

2 yrs

12 mnths FT 24 mnths pT 2 yrs pT 24 mnths pT 18 mnths pT 15 mnths 3 yrs pT

MSc/pgdip/pgCert Building Conservation 1 yr FT & regeneration 2 yrs pT MSc Sustainable heritage

1 yr FT 2 yrs pT

pgdip architectural Stone Carving pgdip Conservation pgdip ornamental Wood Carving and gilding pgdip Conservation of the historic environment MSc Conservation of the historic environment Ma Conservation of Wall painting

1–2 yrs FT 1 yr FT 2 yrs pT 1–2 yrs FT

Master of urban and Building Conservation (MuBC) MSc architectural Conservation

1 yr FT 2/4 yrs pT 12 mnths FT 24 mnths pT

MSc Building rehabilitation

1 yr FT 2 yrs pT

MSc/pgdip Building Conservation (Technology and Management)

2–7 yrs*

Ma principles of Conservation Ma Cultural heritage Studies

1 yr FT 2 yrs pT 1 yr FT 2 yrs pT

MSc Building Conservation

1 yr FT 2 yrs pT

Ma Conservation of historic objects pgdip Conservation Studies Ma preventive Conservation

1 yr 2 yrs pT 1 yr FT 2 yrs pT 1 yr FT 2 yrs pT*

pgCert historic Conservation MSc/pgdip historic Conservation dphil in architectural history postgraduate Certificate in architectural history pgdip architectural Conservation

1 yr pT 1 yr 2 yrs pT 5 yrs pT 1 yr pT

2 yrs pT 3 yrs pT 3 yrs

2 terms FT 2 yrs pT 1 yr 3 yrs pT 2 yrs

Ma architectural Conservation graduate Fellowships in Sustainable architecture and urbanism Ma Conservation and regeneration

1 yr

MSc Building Conservation MSc Timber Building Conservation

2 yrs pT 2 yrs pT 1 yr FT

Tel 01243 811301

Ma/pgdip in a range of conservation subjects pdd Conservation of Buildings, interiors and Sites Ma Conservation Studies

university of York Tel 01904 434987 Tel 01904 433963

Ma Stained glass Conservation and heritage Management Ma Cultural heritage Management

Tel 01904 433997

Ma Conservation Studies (historic Buildings)

The prince’s Foundation Tel 020 7613 8500 university of Sheffield Tel 0114 222 0399 Weald & downland open air Museum Tel 01243 811464 West dean College Tel 01243 818219 Tel 01243 811301

UsefUl InformatIon

courses & training continued

2 yrs pT

1–5 yrs pT 36 weeks FT + 10 weeks 2 yrs FT 1 yr 2–3 yrs pT 1 yr FT 2–3 yrs pT

* by distance learning

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course listings continued

UsefUl InformatIon

craft training

Buildings archaeologY courses university of leicester Tel 0116 252 2772 university of York Tel 01904 433963

Ma/pgdip archaeology and heritage pgCert archaeology of Standing Buildings Ma archaeology of Buildings

2 yrs pT 8 mnths pT 1 yr 2–3 yrs pT

undergraduate courses Bishop grosseteste university College, lincoln Tel 01522 527347 Buckinghamshire new university Tel 01494 522141 Building Crafts College Tel 020 8522 1705 university of Cambridge, institute of Continuing education Tel 01223 746226/237 City and guilds of london art School Tel 020 7735 2306 College of estate Management Tel 0800 019 9697 herefordshire College of Technology Tel 0800 032 1986 kingston university, london Tel 020 8417 7266 university of lincoln Tel 01522 837171 Swansea Metropolitan university Tel 01792 481117 Weymouth College, Construction Sector Tel 01305 764733

Ba (hons) heritage Studies

3 yrs FT

Ba (hons) Furniture Conservation and restoration

1 yr FT 2 yrs pT

Fd degree, historic Building Conservation Certhe historic Building Conservation

2 yrs pT

dip architectural Stonecarving dip ornamental Woodcarving Ba (hons) Conservation Studies BSc (hons) Building Surveying

3 yrs FT 3 yrs FT 3 yrs FT 4 yrs pT

Ba (hons) artist Blacksmithing

3 yrs FT

pT – enrols every 2 yrs

historic Building Conservation FdSc 2 yrs FT historic Building Conservation BSc (hons) 1 yr 2 yrs pT top-up Ba (hons) Conservation and restoration 3 yrs FT Ba (hons) glass

3 yrs < 6 yrs pT

FdSc applied architectural Stonework and Conservation

2 yrs 3–4 yrs pT

Miscellaneous courses The attingham Trust Tel 020 7253 905 Brick-Tie preservation ltd Tel 0113 265 2752 The Chippendale international School of Furniture Tel 01620 810680 european Centre for heritage Crafts and professions Tel +39 0445 372329 european restoration institute (istituto europeo del restauro) Tel +39 081 333 4536 hornemann institute of the university of applied Sciences and arts Tel +49 (0) 5121 408174 international academic projects Tel 020 7380 0800 The Society for the protection of ancient Buildings Tel 020 7377 1644 Tom philips Stonecraft Tel 07765 432271 The Traditional Building Bursary Scheme enquiries@ buildingbursaries.org.uk

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The country house and its collections – residential courses Various stone carving workshops

Varies

Furniture design, making and restoration course

30 weeks

Various intensive craft and conservation courses

Varies

Various heritage conservation and restoration courses

Varies

Various online conservation courses

Varies

professional development courses in conservation, collections care, archaeology and museum studies William Morris Craft Fellowship: craft training for qualified craftsmen or women SpaB Scholarship: programme for young qualified architects, surveyors etc Various stone carving workshops

usually 3–5 days

Building crafts bursary placements

Varies

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Varies

City of Bath College Tel 01225 312191

Craft diploma or nVQ2 Stonemasonry

2 yrs FT incl 26 wks Br* Craft diploma or nVQ3 Stonemasonry 1 yr FT incl 12 wks block rel nVQ3 architectural Stone Conservation, 36 wks FT heritage Skills level 3 Building Crafts College range of joinery and shopfitting 1 yr FT Tel 020 8522 1705 courses from nVQ to advanced Modern 1–2 yrs pT apprenticeship C&g advanced Stonemasonry diploma 1 yr FT range of stonemasonry courses 2 yr FT or 1 yr (iCa, aCa, nVQ levels 2 and 3) per level pT City and guilds of london art diploma in ornamental Wood Carving 3 yrs FT School and gilding Tel 020 7735 2306 diploma in architectural Stone Carving Craven College nVQ 3 heritage Skills – plastering 8 mnths Tel 01756 708934 nVQ 3 heritage Skills – Bricklaying and 8 mnths Masonry nVQ 3 heritage Skills – Joinery 8 mnths City of glasgow College Stonemasonry (pda level 6) Block pT Tel 0141 566 6222 release SVQ level 2&3 pT Stonemasonry (pda level 7) Block 1–2 yrs release advanced Cert pT hnC/d architectural Conservation Conservation of Masonry (npa) herefordshire College of Blacksmithing and Metalwork (level 3) 2 yrs Technology extended diploma Tel 0800 032 1986 Blacksmithing and Metalwork 1 yr FT level 2 dip lead Sheet association ltd QCF l3 heritage leadwork 1 yr Tel 01622 872432 level 2 & 3 Specialist apprentice l2 2 yrs programme in lead or in hard metals l3 3 yrs Moulton College level 2 dip architectural Banker Masonry 2 yrs FT Tel 01604 491131 2 yrs Br* apprenticeship/nVQ 2 architectural Banker Masonry apprenticeship/nVQ 3 architectural 1 yr Br* Banker Masonry 2 yrs dr* The prince’s Foundation Building Crafts apprenticeships 8 months Tel 020 7613 8500 South Coast roof Training heritage roofing nVQ diploma level 30 days Tel 0845 678 0065 3 Sap Warwickshire College BTeC Blacksmithing & Metalworking 1 yr FT Tel 01926 318319 Weymouth College, level 3 dip Stonemasonry 1 yr FT Construction Sector level 2 dip Stonemasonry 1 yr + 1 term FT Tel 01305 208808 nVQ 2 Stonemasonry (Br*) 2 yrs pT Stonemasonry nVQ level 3 (Br*) 1 yr pT York College nVQ 2–3 Stonemasonry app: 2 yrs Tel 01904 770400 (Banker Masons) apprenticeships and advanced ad app: 1 yr apprenticeships (Br*) nVQ 3 Stonemasonry 8 weeks Br* (Conservation and restoration) nVQ 2–3 Stonemasonry l2: 48 weeks pT; (Banker Masons) l3: 36 weeks pT Br* Block release dr* day release

3 blocks of 2 mnths FT 9 mnths FT Varies

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

course listings continued abey Smallcombe Tel 01647 281295 university of Birmingham, ironbridge international institute for Cultural heritage Tel 01952 435969 The Brooking Collection Tel 020 8331 9312 Burngate Stone Centre Tel 01929 557336 Bursledon Brickworks Conservation Centre Tel 01489 576248 Conservation Technologies – national Museums liverpool Tel 0151 478 4916 Cornish lime Company ltd Tel 01208 79779

short courses one-day practical courses on the use of cob Short Cpd courses in building conservation, building recording, timber conservation, estates, parks and gardens etc Master classes: the history of the english door, window (1650–1950), and other period details Courses in masonry, carving and letter cutting Various short courses in building conservation, traditional materials and trade techniques an introduction to laser Cleaning in Conservation

lime courses and Cpd sessions on mineral paints and other appropriate products for breathable buildings Craven College Various short courses in construction Tel 01756 708934 and heritage skills dorset Centre for rural Skills lime, cob and sustainable building Tel 01747 811099 technology courses ecole d’avignon Centre Various traditional craft and heritage Tel +33 (0)490 855 982 conservation courses european Centre for heritage architectural heritage conservation Crafts and professions courses (stone, wood, metals, stucco and Tel +39 (0)445 372329 wall paintings) Fleur kelly intensive short courses, run on demand, Tel 01373 814651 on a variety of fresco and panel painting techniques. The Flintman Company Five flint-related courses per year Tel 01273 556827 historic Buildings & Various short courses in traditional Conservation, building skills essex County Council Tel 01245 437672 iCCroM (international Various conservation training courses Centre for the Study of the preservation and restoration of Cultural property, rome) Tel +39 (0)6 585531 lambeth College advanced craft skills courses in Tel 020 7501 5000 plastering, carpentry and joinery, decorating and stonemasonry lead Sheet association ltd leadwork seminars for architects, Tel 01622 872432 surveyors etc introductory leadworking course including basic welding and bossing advanced C&g leadworker’s Certificate (module 5) C&g 6055 leadworker’s Certificate (modules 1–4) leadwork – decorative Casting The lime Centre Bespoke courses on lime in traditional Tel 01962 713636 building low-impact living initiative Various craft and eco courses – Tel 01296 714184 straw-bale building, lime, hemp building, cob, clay plasters etc Memorial arts Charity Short courses in calligraphy and (lettering and letter carving in stone and wood Commemorative arts) Tel 01728 688393 Mike Wye & associates ltd practical course in the use of Tel 01409 281644 venetian polished plasters, tadelakt and marmorino practical course in the use of traditional lime mortars north of england Civic Trust Various practical heritage skills courses Tel 0191 232 9279 throughout the north east, north Yorkshire and Cumbria Technical course in built environment conservation old house Store ltd practical courses in building Tel 0118 969 7711 conservation orchard Barn Care and repair for your Tel 01473 658193 Traditional home orchard Barn green oak timber-framing courses Tel 01473 658193 The orton Trust practical CiTB-approved courses in all Tel 01536 711600 aspects of stonemasonry oxford Brookes university Various short courses relating to Tel 01865 483560 planning for professionals The portland Sculpture and introductory and advanced courses in Quarry Trust stone carving, sculpture, architectural Tel 01305 826736 detail, letter cutting and stonemasonry

1 day 2 days

½–1 day

The penicuik house preservation Trust Tel 01383 872722 Scottish lime Centre Trust Tel 01383 872722 The Society for the protection of ancient Buildings Tel 020 7377 1644

Varies 1 day 2 days ½–1 day Varies

Steve Sherriff Stained and leaded glass Specialists Tel 01202 882208 Sturge Conservation Studio Tel 01604 717929 Ty-Mawr lime ltd Tel 01874 658005

1, 2 or 5 days Varies Varies 5 days or 2 weeks 1 day or varies 1–3 days

Varies

10 weeks 1 day 3–5 days 15 days 35 days 5 days 1–3 hours

upkeep Tel 020 7256 7646 Weald & downland open air Museum Tel 01243 811464 West dean College Tel 01243 811301 university of the West of england, School of the Built and natural environment Tel 0117 328 3210 Weymouth College, Construction Sector Tel 01305 208808 Wheathills Tel 01332 824819 Womersley’s limited Tel 01924 400651 Woodchester Mansion Trust Tel 01453 861541

university of York Tel 01904 433997 Tel 01904 434987 Yorkshire Sculpture park Tel 01924 832528

Building conservation and traditional building skills courses

1–5 days

Building conservation and traditional building skills courses SpaB Faith in Maintenance course for volunteers who care for historic places of worship The repair of old Buildings Course: an introduction to the SpaB conservation approach SpaB seminars and masterclasses Short and long courses in stained glass for local authorities, colleges and private owners Courses designed to individual requirements Various courses including leather conservation techniques Various short courses in building skills such as lime in building, lime plastering, natural paints and colour choice, dry stone walling and thatching riBa-accredited Cpd seminars on the use of lime Short courses on building construction services, repairs and maintenance Various short courses in building conservation and traditional crafts and skills a range of building conservation masterclasses delivered in collaboration with english heritage heritage assets: alterations and extensions to historic buildings

1–5 days

Stone carving and letter cutting courses

6 weeks

antique restoration study days lime plastering Short courses on aspects of building conservation Various short courses including dry stone walling pointing and conservation, stone carving and stained glass workshop and creative architectural drawing Various short courses in the conservation of historic buildings and places Various Cpd courses Various craft and sculpture courses

1 day 2 days 1 day

1 day 5 days

UsefUl InformatIon

short courses

up to 1 day Varies Varies 1–3 days Varies (usually 1–2 days)

Varies 1–5 days 1–4 days FT 1 day

Varies

2–3 days Varies Varies

Varies 1–5 days

1 day 1 day ½–5 days 24 days over 2 yrs 1 day 3 days Varies 3 days (Fri–Sun) Varies Varies

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events

UsefUl InformatIon

January January 11–12 January 14–16

January 24–25

conservation plans How to write successful and useful conservation management plans venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) practice and theory: Managing change in historic Buildings The objective of the course is to provide participants with a better understanding of broader conservation processes and expand awareness and understanding of current principles and practices in the conservation of the built heritage venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) lime plaster, run Mouldings and pargetting A two-day course covering lime plastering, mouldings run in situ and pargetting – no experience needed venue: Cressing Temple Barns contact: Essex County Council (see below)

February February 1

February 1–2

February 2

February 4–6

February 4–7

February 6

February 7

February 8–9

February 15

February 16

February 21

February 21–22

February 22–23

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introduction to lime pointing This one-day workshop is aimed at those who would like to undertake repointing works as part of a renovation project or simply as general maintenance to traditional masonry structures venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) February 26–27 flint Walling Practical two-day course covering the sorting, selection, preparation and knapping of flints; different styles of flint-laying and the use of lime mortars venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) February 28 traditional leadwork part 1 This course will address various aspects of the design, specification, and handling of lead sheet that will involve both technical presentations and practical hands-on sessions venue: Penicuik House, Midlothian contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) 28 Feb –1 March Making and using traditional lime Mortars This practical workshop will provide attendees with a strong understanding of lime technology, how to approach re-pointing work in traditional buildings and the correct materials to use venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) February 23

specifying Mortar for repair, restoration and new Build This introduction to specifying mortar includes guidance on the performance of mortar in different environments and seasons and includes case studies which will help attendees avoid mortar failure venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) from spaces to places: Building with earth This two-day Earth Building UK conference and AGM will highlight best practice in the construction of new earth structures and the conservation of existing ones venue: Dartington Hall, Devon contact: Website www.ebuk.uk.com/index.php/2013–conference introduction to Maintaining traditional Buildings The course will outline the maintenance that traditional buildings require and attendees will gain an understanding of traditional building techniques and the correct materials to use when undertaking repairs venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) Masonry Building and conservation: principles and techniques This three-day workshop aims to provide confidence in the relevant repair principles, materials and techniques for traditional masonry buildings, covering mortar mixes, practical repair methods, and aftercare of lime-based materials venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) conservation and repair of architectural and structural Metalwork This course covers the conservation of structural metalwork, architectural features and statuary and includes both ferrous and non-ferrous metals venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) forwards and Backwards: architecture in inter-war england A free public lecture by Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage, on a critical period in the debate about conservation and development in England venue: Museum of London contact: James Franklin Tel 020 7831 0575 Email enquiries@gresham.ac.uk heritage statements and impact assessments This seminar will look at the policy framework for heritage statements, how they should be structured and what they should include venue: Cressing Temple Barns, Braintree contact: Essex County Council (see below) understanding British Buildings A two-day course exploring the buildings of Britain, from vernacular cottages to mansions, castles to churches, Modern Movement buildings to industrial warehouses venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) sash and case Window repair for contractors This half-day course looks at the repair of traditional timber sash and case windows venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) introduction to sash and case Window repairs This practical course begins with a short history of the development of windows before looking at components and repairs venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) retrofitting historic and traditional Buildings for improved energy performance This talk will explore the various means of improving the environmental performance of traditionally built and historic buildings venue: Cressing Temple Barns, Braintree contact: Essex County Council (see below) introduction to Masonry repairs in traditional Buildings This workshop provides an introductory guide to the use of a range of mortars for the effective conservation and repair of traditional masonry buildings venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) disaster Management and heritage Management This two-day course will cover some of the essentials of disaster management in relation to historic buildings venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below)

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March March 1

March 4–7

March 5–6

March 6

March 6 March 7 March 11

March 11

March 11–15

March 13 March 18–22 March 21

March 23

traditional leadwork part 2 This course will address various aspects of design, specification, and handling of lead sheet that will involve both technical presentations and practical hands-on sessions venue: Penicuik House, Midlothian contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) conservation of stone surfaces and detail A course designed for craftsmen, contractors and specifiers with experience of basic masonry conservation techniques, who wish to acquire specialist skills to tackle more difficult jobs venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) fortifications at risk 2 This symposium will consider how fortifications can be reused without the structures losing their historical integrity and includes speakers from heritage bodies in the UK and overseas as well as from local groups involved with specific fortifications venue: National Army Museum, London contact: Register online at www.fsgfort.com english architecture in the post-war era A free public lecture by Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage, on the post-war language of architecture and the public response to it venue: Museum of London contact: James Franklin Tel 020 7831 0575 Email enquiries@gresham.ac.uk timber: identification of species Introduction to the identification of timber species venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) traditional timber-frame construction One-day course on traditional systems of timber framing venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) historic Buildings and regulation: part l (conservation of fuel and power) This half-day course covers Part L of the Building Regulations including exemptions relating to historic buildings, how to make improvements without harming the building and how to work with conservation officers and control bodies to achieve the best results venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) historic Buildings, regulation and accessibility: part M (access to and use of buildings) This half-day course considers the impact of Part M of the Building Regulations on work to pre1919 buildings venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) conservation Masonry intensive training and assessment This intensive training and assessment week combines courses C1 Making and Using Traditional Mortars and C2 Traditional Masonry Repair with continued assessment to allow those attending to gain SQA National Units 1, 2 and 3 in Conservation Masonry within five days. venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) understanding historic timber frame design Exploring the design of traditional timber-framed buildings venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) oak timber framing: Jowl posts Students will frame up the principal timbers of a traditional Sussex timber-framed building venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) tour of a traditional Brickworks and guided Walk through Bury st edmunds A rare opportunity to visit Bulmer Brick & Tile Company’s brickworks and Bury St Edmunds in the company of one of the country’s leading traditional brick-makers venue: Bulmer Brick & Tile Company contact: Essex County Council (see below) introduction to lime pointing This one-day workshop is aimed at those who would like to undertake repointing works as part of a renovation project or simply as general maintenance to traditional masonry structures venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below)

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

events continued

March 25–28

March 27

Jointing, pointing and re-pointing of historic Brickwork The historical development of jointing and pointing, and considerations for successful re-pointing venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) specifying conservation Works This course covers the specification of conservation works from inception to final account and post-contract debrief and shows how to compile clear, unambiguous specifications, accurately tailored to a building’s needs venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) repair of timber-framed Buildings Day school including a lecture and a workshop session venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below)

April 30

30 April–2 May

May May 1

april April 5–6

April 15

April 16

April 17 April 18

April 19

April 19 April 19–20

April 22–25

April 22–26

April 23 April 23–24

April 27

April 29–30

the use of lime in historic Buildings A hands-on course based in a former limeworks, including essential skills for specifying mixes and applying mortars in the form of plastering, pointing and limewashing venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) schiften day school: an introduction to german roof carpentry One-day workshop focussing on the German carpenters’ craft of lining out a hipped roof venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) Making, pigmenting and applying limewash This halfday course will cover all aspects of working with limewashes including how to determine suitable finishes for a range of background types venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) recording vernacular Buildings day 1: observing and sketching Including improving the accuracy of rapid sketches, the geometry of construction and using string lines venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) an introduction to dating timber-framed Buildings Dating timber-framed buildings based on stylistic evidence venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) introduction to leadwork for specifiers and installers A foundation course for those with little or no experience of working with lead, concentrating on design and specification venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) grouting and Masonry consolidation This half-day course will enable you to choose the right materials and prepare and apply lime-based grouts in a range of contexts including flat ashlar work, cornices, pinnacles and string courses – good tool skills are required venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) practical leadwork Follows on from ‘Introduction to Leadwork for Specifiers and Installers’ (April 18) venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the conservation and repair of stone A background to Britain’s building stones, their qualities and availability as well as understanding causes and mechanisms of decay and a palette of repair options venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) conservation and repair of Brick, terracotta and flint Masonry This course will provide an understanding of and basic skills in the conservation and repair of traditional brick, terracotta and flint masonry and includes guidance on how to assess the condition of walls, prepare the repair schedule and specification, and carry out high standard remedial work venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) oak timber framing: Braces and studs Students will line out, cut and fit the braces and studs of a traditional Sussex timberframed building venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) recording vernacular Buildings day 2: imposing a grid Including setting up a plan grid, setting up levels and recording a structure venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) rendering with lime This practical course will enable attendees to apply a variety of lime render finishes to a wide range of backgrounds including matching to existing finishes venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) introduction to traditional harls and renders This introductory course will give those who own or are responsible for a traditional building an understanding of traditional external finishes when considering the repair or reinstatement of harls and renders venue: Charlestown Workshops contact: The Scottish Lime Centre (see below) tool sharpening Two-day course for students with little or no previous tool-sharpening experience venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below)

recording vernacular Buildings day 3: studio techniques Basic equipment and materials, technical conventions, threedimensional visualisation and drawing for publication venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the natural stone show 2013 The event focuses exclusively on natural stone and directly related products and services venue: ExCel, London contact: Tel 0115 945 3889 Email stoneshow@qmj.co.uk

May 3–4

May 7–10

May 13–15 May 13–16

May 13–17

May 14 May 15

May 16

May 17–18

May 20–24 May 28–31

31 May - 1 June

UsefUl InformatIon

March 25–26

the vernacular house: Medieval houses in town and country This one-day course provides an introduction to 12th–15th century dwellings from a wide social range, and considers regional variation, design and construction venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the conservation of structural Metals This workshop looks at the historical background of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, their methods of production, causes of decay and appropriate conservation techniques venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) conservation and repair of Masonry ruins This course includes assessment of the structural and surface condition of masonry walls, identification of traditional materials, fault diagnosis, removal and control of organic growth, consolidation and treatment, specification of mortars and grouts and the preparation and placing of mortar venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) introduction to gauged Brickwork Exploring the art of gauged brickwork venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) Managing Wildlife on historic Monuments The course will consider the flora and fauna of historic structures and their surroundings, grasslands on archaeological sites and the use of vegetation to protect ruined wall-tops venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) spaB spring repair course Five-day programme of lectures by leading building conservation professionals and visits to building repair projects venue: SPAB, 37 Spital Square, London contact: Tel 020 7377 1644 Email education@spab.org.uk Wattle and daub Insights into the historic use of wattle and daub, and its repair and conservation venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the vernacular house: tudor and Jacobean This one-day course will show how people adapted from the Medieval to the ‘modern’ way of life and how they used new materials such as glazing, and features like fireplaces to indicate their status venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) english Brickwork: tudor to edwardian The historical development of bricks, mortars and their uses in Tudor, Jacobean, Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian brickwork including causes of failure and conservative repairs venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the conservation of 20th-century Buildings Two days based in Birmingham looking at innovations in 20th-century architecture and materials with recent conservation project case studies venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) oak timber framing: rafters Students will fabricate a gable and a hip roof, lining out, cutting and fitting common, hip and jack rafters venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) conservation and repair of plasters and renders This course covers the history, documentation, condition survey, repair options, specifications, execution and quality control of remedial works to lime, gypsum and cement-based internal and external wall plasters and renders, with practical workshop exercises venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) ceramic Building Materials Using Jackfield Tile Museum and Blists Hill Victorian Town, this course will cover the background to and repair of brick, terracotta, faience and tiles venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below)

June June 3 June 4

June 4

historic roof coverings The care and repair of historic and traditional roof coverings venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the vernacular house: georgian This one-day course looks at the classical forms of Georgian architecture in town and country and their tendency to suppress regional traditions and other earlier styles venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) limewash, distemper and linseed-based paints Learn how these traditional finishes were mixed and applied, with expert demonstrations and hands-on opportunities venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below)

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UsefUl InformatIon

June 10–12 June 12 June 13 June 14–15

June 17–19 June 19

June 20

June 20–21 June 20–22 June 24–27

repair of traditionally constructed Brickwork Includes principles of repair and causes of failure and decay venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) practical thatching A hands-on day thatching with straw on a model roof using traditional tools and techniques venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) lime Mortars for traditional Brickwork Lectures and practical demonstrations on the traditional preparation and uses of lime and lime mortars venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the conservation of timber in Buildings Historic joinery will be covered in day one with an analysis of repair techniques for timber framed buildings on day two venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) introduction to timber repairs Three-day practical workshop on in situ timber repairs venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) fire and traditional Buildings An informative day considering the issues relating to fire and historic buildings, including the spread of fire, fire insurance claims and fire safety interventions venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the vernacular house: victorian This one-day course will explore the social and architectural history behind the variety of ways in which the Victorians were housed according to their needs, status, aspiration and wealth in both urban and rural environments venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the vernacular house: 20th century This one-day course will explore the 20th century death and rebirth of vernacular architecture including the influence of Modernism venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) practical scarf repairs An introduction to the different types of scarfs and the tools and techniques used when scarfing new oak to old venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) ihBc annual school 2013 Heritage Skills venue: Carlisle (details tbc) contact: Carmen Moran Tel 0131 662 0366 Email booking@ihbc.org.uk Masonry cleaning A comprehensive course for architects, surveyors and practitioners which covers the aesthetic, technical and practical issues involved in cleaning masonry, including removal of paint and biological growth from masonry and options for surface treatment following cleaning venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below)

July July 4 July 5–6 July 19–20

July 28–29

the roofing square Students will use the square to carry out simple practical exercises, then to line out rafter pitch boards and rafter patterns venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) the conservation of historic interiors Understanding and conserving the historic interior venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) the introduction to traditional estates, parks and gardens The history and management of historic parks and gardens including listing/scheduling and funding issues venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) recording historic Buildings This two-day practical course in recording techniques for standing buildings will be useful to those commissioning work or wishing to undertake it themselves venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below)

sepTeMber the structural repair of historic Buildings The programme covers inspecting, monitoring and repair works ranging from pointing and grouting to tying and underpinning, and includes practical exercises, demonstrations and trials of equipment venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) September 13–14 the use of lime in historic Buildings A hands-on course based in a former limeworks, covering the essential skills for specifying mixes and applying mortars in the form of plastering, pointing and limewashing venue: Ironbridge Institute contact: Ironbridge Institute (see below) September 14 homeowners’ day Aimed at the owners and guardians of historic homes and including everyday maintenance, relevant regulations, and sources of advice and training venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) September 16–19 conservation of concrete This course is intended for architects, surveyors, engineers, contractors and conservators involved in the repair, conservation and maintenance of architecturally or historically significant structural or decorative concrete venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) September 2–5

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September 16–20 oak timber framing: Jowl posts Students will frame up the principal timbers of a traditional Sussex timber-framed building venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) September 23 architectural terracotta A theoretical and practical course exploring the processes and traditional craft techniques involved in the manufacture and repair of historic terracotta venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) 30 Sept–3 Oct conservation and repair of stone Masonry This course provides an overview of the issues involved in the conservation and repair of stonemasonry, including practical exercises, stone identification, diagnosis of decay, repair techniques and cleaning options venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) ocTober October 7 October 14–17

October 16

October 21–25

conference: Medieval roofs An exploration of the magnificent roofing structures which were developed during the Middle Ages venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) conservation and repair of timber An intensive introduction to historic timber-framed structures which begins by examining the original methods of framing and construction, and then concentrates on problems, failures and methods of repair venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) timber decay and its treatment The main causes of decay in hardwoods and softwoods, fungal and insect damage, conservative treatments and building monitoring venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) oak timber framing: Braces and studs Students will line out, cut and fit the braces and studs of a traditional Sussex timberframed building venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below)

noveMber flint Walling Two-day course covering the sorting, selection, preparation and knapping of flints, different styles of flint-laying and the use of lime mortars venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) November 18–21 Mortars for repair and conservation A detailed study of traditional mortars, including a brief history of their use, investigation and basic analytical techniques, and the recognition and diagnosis of typical failures venue: West Dean College contact: West Dean College (see below) November 25–29 oak timber framing: rafters Students will fabricate a gable and a hip roof, lining out, cutting and fitting common, hip and jack rafters venue: WDOAM contact: WDOAM (see below) November 5–6

conTacTs essex county council Katie Seabright, Historic Buildings and Conservation, Essex County Council, County Hall, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1QH Tel 01245 437672 Fax 01245 437213 Email traditional.buildingskills@essex.gov.uk the ironbridge institute Harriet Devlin, The Ironbridge Institute, Coalbrookdale, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DX Tel 01952 435969 Fax 01952 435937 Email h.devlin@bham.ac.uk the scottish lime centre The Scottish Lime Centre Trust, Rocks Road, Charlestown, Fife KY11 3EN Tel 01383 872722 Fax 01383 872744 Email admin@scotlime.org Weald and downland open air Museum Diana Rowsell, WDOAM, Singleton, Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0EU Tel 01243 811464 Fax 01243 811475 Email courses@wealddown.co.uk West dean college West Dean, nr Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0QZ Tel 01243 818219 Email cpd@westdean.org.ukJ

See www.buildingconservation.com for the latest events information.

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

puBlications

UsefUl InformatIon

Practical Building conservation series

English Heritage has revised and updated its highly regarded series of conservation handbooks, for publication in 2012 and 2013. The original handbooks by John and Nicola Ashurst were published in 1988 and have become the standard reference texts for those caring for historic buildings large and small, considered essential reading for architects, surveyors and building managers, as well as conservators and homeowners.The new series has been updated to cover the latest techniques and materials; it is greatly expanded and copiously illustrated.

• Essential reference texts for those caring for historic • 10 volumes - Glass & Glazing; Metals;Timber; Stone; buildings. Mortars, Renders & Plasters; Building Environment; Roofing; Conservation Basics; Earth, Brick and Terracota; Concrete. • Published by Ashgate - For more information on each book • Priced at £65 per book or £500 for the set of 10 books. including sample pages, contents and reviews visit us online www.ashgate.com/pbc • Each volume written by internationally renowned experts. ‘They offer considerable information and advice on many aspects of conservation… solutions are found, methods described and practical tips freely given.’ Jane Jones-Warner RIBA SCA AABC IHBC, Member RIBA Conservation Group

receive an additional 10% discount by placing your order online at www.ashgate.com/pbc

The Building Conserva ConservaTion direCTory

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RP BCD ad_RP BCD ad 01/08/2012 10:56 Page 1

puBlications continued

UsefUl InformatIon

The leading journal covering the refurbishment, restoration and maintenance sectors of the UK building industry, valued at £34 billion in 2012. Tel: 0208 504 1661 Fax: 0208 505 4336 Email: refurb@sheenpublishing.co.uk Web: www.refurbprojects-online.com

I N STITUTE · OF · H I STO RI C · B U I LD I N G · C O N S E RVATI O N The IHBC comprises professional members who provide advice to the public on the conservation and repair of historic buildings and their surroundings. Most members are with local council planning departments acting as specialist Conservation Officers. Other like-minded professionals such as specialist architects, surveyors, building contractors and conservators have also now joined this influential organisation.

◾ the Building conservation directorY cathedral communications limited high street, tisbury, Wiltshire sp3 6ha tel 01747 871717 fax 01747 871718 email bcd@cathcomm.co.uk www.buildingconservation.com BUILDING CONSERVATION RESOURCE CENTRE: Since 1993, this directory has been the leading source of information for the care and conservation of the historic built environment in the United Kingdom. The directory and its website www.buildingconservation.com are used daily by thousands of active specifiers for new ideas and sources of specialist products and services for historic homes, buildings, churches and monuments in their care. Please contact Cathedral Communications for advertising or subscription information for the next edition. See also: display entry in this section, page 199.

Along with complete members listings, this prestigious 5,000 copy circulation Yearbook includes essential information on the Institute and the conservation industry, and features useful editorial articles and other information for front-line conservation and urban regeneration professionals.

◾ the college of estate ManageMent Whiteknights, reading rg6 6aW tel 0118 921 4696 freephone 0800 019 9697 fax 0118 921 4620 email courses@cem.ac.uk www.cem.ac.uk

Context, the journal of The Institute of Historic Building Conservation, now goes out to all IHBC members five times a year. Keep in touch with the latest news and views and keep your finger on the pulse of professional building conservation.

CPD STUDY PACKS: Structural Failures in Traditionally Built Domestic Buildings; Party Walls: The Law and the Surveyors Role; The House – UK Domestic Construction from Medieval Times to the Present Day; Structures: The Structural Failures, Repair and Re-use of Georgian, Victorian and 20th Century Buildings. COURSES: The College provides an MSc/PGDip in Conservation of the Historic Environment (University of Reading) by distance learning. See also: display entry in Courses & Training, page 192.

To subscribe, order a copy or to request advertising details please contact

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6 UsefUl InformatIon

readerS’ Top Ten arTiCleS, 1993–2013 daVid BoulTing

nuMBer ❼

roM FilMs to see before you die to must-read novels, ‘best of’ lists seem to have become a national hobby. Top ten lists are almost always controversial but that, of course, is the point. Arguing the relative merits of things we value is always enjoyable, perhaps because it’s an opportunity to work out what we like and why. Readers will no doubt have their own favourites from among the 450 articles we have published in The Building Conservation Directory (BCD) and its special reports over the past 20 years. Hopefully you’ll find some of yours in the top ten countdown below, which was compiled according to the number of viewings the articles have received on our website Buildingconservation.com.

ten Ways to ruin an old Building Jonathan Taylor, BCD 1998 A top ten list of a rather different sort, this countdown of conservation catastrophe highlights some of the most common and damaging treatments and approaches to historic fabric. From using impermeable cement mortars to employing non-specialist contractors, the Directory’s editor explained what not to do to your treasured historic building. The article concludes with an outline of the ‘careful alternative’: a sensitive, informed and flexible conservation approach.

nuMBer ❻

nuMBer ❿ the Myth in the Mix Gerard Lynch, BCD 2007 Master bricklayer and historic brickwork consultant Gerard Lynch investigates lime mortar mixes in this article from the 2007 edition. Having progressed from apprentice to skilled craftsman and finally to PhDqualified consultant, few people are as well versed in the technology and practice of their craft, or as well placed to spot the common mistakes made by specifiers and craftsmen. This article looks at the principles behind the commonly specified proportion of one part lime to three parts sand and explains why it is not good practice to adopt a routine approach to mortar specification.

From the first edition of The Building Conservation Directory, Fred Coote’s article on leadwork is still one of our top ten articles online.

sash Windows: painting and draught-proofing David Wrightson, BCD 2001 Sash windows, ripped out of British homes in their thousands in the name of energy efficiency, are a sadly undervalued element of our built heritage. Their contribution to the character of a historic facade is often not appreciated until they have been replaced with uPVC units. David Wrightson’s article was significantly ahead of the curve in pointing out, back in 2001, that draughtproofed and weather-stripped sash windows not only looked better but often made better financial sense than double glazed windows, which are typically only guaranteed for ten years but often take 60–100 years to pay back the replacement cost.

nuMBer ❾

nuMBer ❺

repairs to lead sheet roofing and flashings Fred Coote, BCD 1993 From the very first edition of the Directory, this article on the survey and repair of lead roofing is as relevant today as it was 20 years ago. It shows that while some aspects of building conservation are regularly transformed by technological advances, others simply need a methodical, well-informed approach combined with a good inspection regime.

geometric and encaustic tiled floors Peter Thompson, BCD 2004 Encaustic floor tiles once decorated Victorian buildings from one end of the British Isles to the other, from the grandest church to the humblest terraced home. While many of these beautiful and durable floors were covered over in the 1960s and 70s, it is heartening to see that they are enjoying something of a revival. Peter Thompson shared his unrivalled experience (he has overseen around 1,000 tiled floor restoration projects) in an article which is still essential reading for anyone considering restoring – or simply cleaning and sealing – their longneglected and newly appreciated Victorian tiled floor.

nuMBer ❽ early casement Window furniture Linda Hall, BCD 2001 You would be forgiven for thinking ‘early

A detail from Linda Hall’s study of early casement window furniture in 2001

casement window furniture’ a very niche subject indeed but the high hit rate garnered by the online version of this article suggests otherwise. Historians, homeowners, conservators and indeed anyone with an interest in design will find something of interest in this finely illustrated feature. Introducing the reader to the ‘vertical woodman catch’ and the ‘tulip leaf handle’, it is worth reading for its evocative terminology alone.

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6 UsefUl InformatIon

3.3

RISING DAMP R

On the left, a well-painted window, showing reasonable overpainting of the glass. Above, a similar example, but here the painter did not understand the difference between the frame and the sash: there is an arbitrary line across the top of the muntins (which are in the same plane as the other outer linings). He has also not returned the frame colour round the lining returns, which has resulted in a slightly insubstantial appearance.

STRUCTURE & FABRIC Metal, Glass & Wood

and at nuMBer ❶ …

SASH WINDOWS : PAINTING AND DRAUGHT-PROOFING DAVID WRIGHTSON

he sliding sash window has been with us for over three centuries and the operating principle has remained almost unchanged throughout that time. Some of the components, such as the staff bead and the parting bead can still be bought off the shelf. Sash windows are made in such a way that they can be easily dismantled for repair or for replacing broken sash cords. Many people fail to realise this when they encounter problems and think that the only sensible option is replacement – in some cases, with plastic ones – which is simply not the case. Some timber windows have lasted for centuries because they have been properly maintained and painted regularly. Plastic windows (PVCu) by comparison, cannot be dismantled and repaired so easily, and the components cannot be made by any competent joiner. They have not been tested by time and there are already signs of failure. Plastic windows, which usually come with double glazed sealed units are generally only guaranteed for ten

years and are expensive to replace if they fail. Furthermore, they are constructed in such a way that they cannot reproduce the mouldings and details characteristic of traditional timber windows. They are, almost without a single exception, completely unsuitable for use in any historic context. The problems most likely to be encountered with traditional timber sashes are sticking, failure of joints, failure of putty, wet rot, rattling, and draughts. The first four of these are the result of poor maintenance and the lack of a good protective coat of paint. Rattling and draughts can be dealt with in a number of ways, which we will examine later.

MAINTENANCE You should aim to inspect your windows every year (and, ideally, get a qualified professional to inspect the whole house every four or five years). Typical sash window problems likely to be encountered include: • Cracked and flaking paintwork: the

•

• •

•

outside of the windows should be repainted at intervals of five to eight years, normally. Sticking windows: usually the result of either careless replacement of staff bead, following repair or re-cording, which is easily remedied, or a build up of paint which needs to be removed. Failed putty and broken glass panes: these are relatively easy to replace. Broken cords: in former times people re-corded their own windows – the cords and sash weights were available at any ironmongers (and still are at some). Timber decay, particularly to the bottom rail: fillers are invaluable for minor decay and surface imperfections where the strength of the timber is unaffected; loose corner joints can be strengthened by means of corner brackets which can then be painted over; and more significant repairs can be carried out by any competent joiner. the building conservation directory 2001

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David Wrightson’s article at number 6

rising damp Tim Hutton, BCD 1998 Given the remedial treatment industry’s influence, it is perhaps not surprising to learn that thousands of anxious homeowners have been busy Googling ‘rising damp’. The fact that Tim Hutton’s eminently sensible article has generated the highest hit rate of any of our online articles is a perfect demonstration of the value of both the Directory and Buildingconservation.com. This article explains how often rising damp is misdiagnosed and, as a result, how often inappropriate and potentially damaging ‘treatments’ are specified. Hopefully it has helped many readers to avoid unnecessary damage and expense.

nuMBer ❷

need-to-KnoW inforMation These articles provide just a glimpse of the range of topics covered by technical and advisory articles in The Building Conservation Directory and BCD Special Reports Historic Churches and Historic Gardens. Key topics such as listed building legislation are regularly covered from one edition to another, so the website provides only the most recent articles on some subjects. However, most articles that we publish provide entirely new information, and there are always fresh subjects to investigate. For example, in this current edition of the Directory you will find a number of subjects covered that we have not previously looked at in isolation. These include: • scheduled monument consents (page 15) • corrugated iron (page 35) • enabling development (page 43) • traditional slate roof details (page 77) • sandstone geology and characteristics (page 94) • sandstone conservation (page 106) • cleaning stained glass (page 124) • steam in masonry cleaning (page 148) • harling and traditional roughcast render (page 156) • 19th-century heating systems (page 173) • scagliola (page 182). Over the years we have been fortunate to have had the support of many of the leading authorities in their field, and we are extremely grateful that they have been so generous with their time and expertise as authors and advisors.

chimneys and flues Russell Taylor, BCD 1999 Russell Taylor’s illuminating article follows a tried and tested pattern. Having outlined the historical development of chimneys and the construction methods and materials associated with different stages of that development, the article goes on to identify common defects and the remedial alternatives. Using this simple structure,

Who reads Bcd articles online? When it was first launched in 1997, Buildingconservation.com was one of very few online providers of conservation information. It now welcomes around 50,000 unique visitors per month, most of whom are regular visitors. Unsurprisingly, articles are particularly popular with conservation course tutors and their students. According to statistics provided by our

nuMBer ❹ lighting in the victorian home Jonathan Taylor, BCD 2000 The majority of Directory articles focus either on the on-site, practical end of conservation or on the science, technology or ethics that underpin it. A handful, like this one, provide concise historical overviews of a kind and quality that you would be hard pushed to find elsewhere. ‘Lighting in the Victorian Home’ takes the reader from candles to the advent of electric lighting in a concise and accessible article. An earlier article looked at light fittings in Georgian and early Victorian homes. Both provide a useful insight into restoration approaches.

nuMBer ❸ structural Movement: is it really a problem? Clive Richardson, BCD 1996 The words ‘structural movement’ can strike terror into the heart of any homeowner and may have an even more alarming effect on the owners and managers of precious historic buildings. Clive Richardson’s article pointed out that old buildings do move, and that not all cracks are significant. Indeed, some remedial treatment can actually be counterproductive. This rational and well-reasoned article will doubtless have ‘stabilised’ some over-anxious readers.

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the article manages to pack a wealth of historical and technical information into just three pages, still finding room for a handy list of recommended technical guides and regulations.

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Tim HuTTon

rising Damp at empress place, singapore: an extreme example due to poor ground drainage and internally (left) due to the dry, air-conditioned atmosphere.

ising damp is widely misdiagnosed in existing buildings, based on the incorrect interpretation of visual evidence and the readings of moisture meters. Because of a highly successful sales campaign over the last 20 years by specialist remedial contractors installing injected ‘chemical damp-proof courses’, this misdiagnosis of rising damp has also become synonymous with a diagnosis of a lack of an ‘injected chemical damp-proof course’. Although this has been very good for business, it has often resulted in a waste of the clients’ money and resources; original plasters and finishes have been destroyed in the process of installation, and unnecessary damage has been caused to original structures by the drilling of irrigation holes. In addition, money that might have been spent on more cost-effective maintenance or repair works has been wasted. Whilst injected chemical damp-proof courses may provide useful short to medium term protection for certain types of structure if properly specified, their general application is rarely the most cost-effective way of controlling damp problems in buildings, and may be wrongly specified and ineffective.

areas such as defects in an impermeable paint finish, then salt deposition is concentrated, forming thick crystalline deposits with the appearance of small flowers; hence the term ‘efflorescence’. When evaporation occurs within the material, salts can be deposited within the pores. The expanding salt crystals in these locations may result in fractures forming in the material and spalling of the surface. This type of decay may be seen in porous brickwork or masonry. When there has been a long-term problem with moisture penetration, evaporation at the edge of the damp area leads to a distinctive ‘tide mark’ as a result of salt deposition. Where this occurs at the base of a wall, the tide mark is often taken as a typical diagnostic feature of ‘rising damp’. However, these salt accumulations may remain even when the water penetration that originally caused them has long gone. Similarly, water penetration may have occurred from causes other than ‘rising damp’. The most common source of moisture in the base of the walls of buildings is from defective ground and surface drainage. This is present to some degree in almost every building in the country, due to a combination of such factors as rising ground levels, the failure of ground drainage systems, and the increased use of concrete or tarmacadam finishes around buildings without proper consideration of drainage slopes. The accumulation of ‘moisture reservoirs’ in the foundations may also arise as the result of chronic plumbing leaks or floods from catastrophic plumbing or drainage defects. Damp conditions at the foot of walls may be greatly increased by condensation. This occurs when warm moisture-laden air cools to due point (the temperature at which moisture condenses) against a cold surface. Such cold surfaces commonly occur when the insulation value of the external wall is reduced by water penetration, as described above. Intermittent

CAuSE AnD EFFECT Rising damp actually describes the movement of moisture upward through permeable building materials by capillary action. It becomes a problem if the moisture penetrates vulnerable materials or finishes, particularly in the occupied parts of a building. This moisture will dissolve soluble salts from the building materials such as calcium sulphate, and may also carry soluble salts from its source. If the moisture evaporates through a permeable surface, these salts will be left behind and form deposits on or within the evaporative surface. Where there is a large evaporative surface, salt crystals are deposited as a harmless flour-like dusting on the surface. If evaporation is restricted to localised 38

occupancy with intermittent heating provides the conditions for condensation of further water on these cold damp surfaces, particularly in ground floor bedrooms. These phenomena are the main causes of damp in the base of walls rather than ‘rising damp’ alone. Damp masonry at the base of walls may lead to a number of problems: ◆ The moisture content of the structure may rise to a level at which decay organisms may grow, or the materials themselves may be adversely affected. For example, timber skirting boards or built-in bonding timbers along the base of walls may become infected and decayed by dry rot, wet rot, weevils or woodworm. ◆ In very damp conditions, the inorganic materials themselves may lose their structural strength. This occurs most spectacularly with walls made of cob (earth) soaked with water.

Dry rot fruiting boDies: (top) at the base of a damp wall where tiling has prevented natural drying and (below) on distempered stonework.

The Building Conservation Directory 1998

Tim Hutton’s article on rising damp from 2008 is still our most popular article

host Clara.net, 70 per cent of the traffic comes direct to the website without being referred from other sites, and most of the remaining 30 per cent of traffic comes via internet search engines such as Google. What’s more, most of these visits are made by people who have bookmarked the site or added it to their favourites. The website is well known and respected throughout an international community of conservation professionals and historic building owners who are repeat users of the site, regularly consulting it for information and advice. Recent statistics indicate that the website is particularly popular in North America. looKing ahead Around 30 new articles appear each year in our in-house publications and the majority of them are later reproduced on Buildingconservation.com, so the readers’ top ten will continue to change and evolve. You can keep an eye on its progress at buildingconservation.com/articles/ top10articles.htm. david Boulting is deputy editor of The Building Conservation Directory.

6 UsefUl InformatIon

VaT updaTe Julian poTTS

n the 2012 Budget on 21 March it was announced that the zero rate for approved alterations to protected buildings would be removed with effect from 1 October 2012. This measure affects works to listed residential dwellings and certain other listed buildings used for qualifying charitable and residential purposes. Approved alterations are alterations that both require and have listed building consent but do not include works or alterations carried out for the purposes of repair and maintenance. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) gave the following reasons for removing this measure: 1) it removes ‘the perverse incentive to change listed buildings rather than repair them’ 2) it removes the need to consider the borderline between determining what works are zero rated alterations and what are standard rated repair and maintenance works – an area that leads to high levels of uncertainty and to potential errors. HMRC also released a consultation document at the time of the Budget entitled VAT: Addressing Borderline Anomalies seeking responses to various questions and a summary of responses was released on 28 June 2012. This document confirmed the changes would be implemented despite considerable resistance from charities, heritage bodies, businesses and churches. In summary the new rules are as follows: 1) where listed building consent was applied for before 21 March 2012, or where a contract was entered into before that date, a construction project will continue to qualify for zero rated treatment on approved alterations up until 30 September 2015 2) construction projects where listed building consent was applied for after 21 March 2012 will qualify for zero rated treatment on approved alterations up until 1 October 2012 3) the zero rating for the sale of substantially reconstructed protected buildings will continue but in future will only apply where the protected building is reconstructed from a ‘shell’. Substantial reconstruction projects where more than 10 per cent (by reference to cost) was already completed prior to 21 March 2012 will qualify as zero rated sales under the existing rules (see www.hmrc.gov.uk/manuals/ vconstmanual for details) 4) legislation will be introduced to prevent forward payments being made to take advantage of the zero rating before its removal.

listed places of Worship grant scheMe The Listed Places of Worship Grant Scheme currently provides a partial refund of VAT for eligible repair works to qualifying listed places of worship. The government has announced that from 1 October 2012, following abolition of the zero rate for alteration works, the scheme will be extended to allow for refunds of VAT on standard rated approved alteration works in addition to the eligible repair works. Additional funding will also be made available to the scheme. What to do neXt 1) Check the date listed building consent was applied for – if it is before 21 March 2012 then zero rating can still apply to a project up to October 2015. Minor changes to a pre-21 March consent made after the cut-off date are also acceptable providing they are minor or relate to unforeseen issues not identified at the time of the original application. 2) Check the date the contract was signed for construction works – if it is before the 21 March 2012 then zero rating can still apply to a project. Minor changes to a pre-21 March consent made after the cut-off date are also acceptable providing they are minor or relate to unforeseen issues not identified at the time of the original application. 3) Developers planning to sell a reconstructed protected building should assess whether ten per cent of any reconstruction had been completed before 21 March 2012. 4) Generally ensure zero-rating on altered protected buildings is maximised on past and present building contracts.

Retrospective adjustments can be made up to four years after the works are carried out. For example, if a contractor wrongly charged 20 per cent VAT on works they could be approached and asked for a repayment of the over-collected VAT amount. It is also worth remembering that lower VAT rates still exist for the following types of construction project irrespective of whether the building is listed: Zero rating 1) the construction of new build dwellings including a scenario where a pre-existing building is demolished apart from a single facade or a double facade (on a corner site) where its retention is a condition or requirement of statutory planning consent or similar condition 2) certain adaptations for disabled persons. reduced 5 per cent rate 1) conversions which result in a change in the number of dwellings, including a conversion from a non-residential building to a new dwelling or dwellings 2) renovation of a dwelling that has not been lived in for at least two years 3) installation of certain energy saving materials including solar panels, ground source or air source heat pumps, draught proofing windows and doors. It is important to note that some items will always remain 20 per cent rated for VAT such as fitted furniture other than kitchen furniture, certain gas and electrical appliances and carpets. For each VAT relief there are also various conditions to meet in terms of the type of dwelling concerned and the planning status. special refund scheMes It is also worth remembering that self builders and converters can reclaim VAT they have incurred on the creation of a new dwelling constructed or converted for private occupation. As before, there are numerous conditions to be considered in order for a claim to be successful.

Alterations to listed buildings are no longer to be zero-rated, although listed places of worship will continue to benefit from a grant scheme.

Julian potts is a director of property tax consultancy landmark Pt ltd, which has offices in bath and london. he specialises in offering vat planning advice for private individuals, building contractors and property developers. his publications include vat in Property & construction published by rics books. email julian@ landmarkpt.com

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useful contacts

UsefUl InformatIon

action for MarKet toWns 5 Baxter Court, Higher Baxter Street, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 1ES Tel 01284 756567 www.towns.org.uk alMshouse association Billingbear Lodge, Maidenhead Road, Wokingham, Berkshire RG40 5RU Tel 01344 452922 www.almshouses.org aMBerleY MuseuM and heritage centre Amberley, Arundel, West Sussex BN18 9LT Tel 01798 831370 www.amberleymuseum.co.uk ancient MonuMents societY St Ann’s Vestry Hall, 2 Church Entry, London EC4V 5HB Tel 020 7236 3934 www.ancientmonumentssociety.org.uk the arch foundation (art restoration for cultural heritage) Söllheimer Strasse 16, 5101 Salzburg-Bergheim, Austria Tel +43 6628 33340 www.arch.at archaeologY scotland Suite 1a, Stuart House, Eskmills, Station Road, Musselburgh EH21 7PB Tel 0845 872 3333 www.archaeologyscotland.org.uk architects accredited in Building conservation No 5 The Parsonage, Manchester M3 2HS Tel 0161 832 0666 www.aabc-register.co.uk

the architectural heritage fund Alhambra House, 27–31 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H 0AU Tel 020 7925 0199 www.ahfund.org.uk

association of diocesan and cathedral archaeologists c/o Church Buildings Council, Church House, Great Smith Street, London SW1P 3AZ Tel 020 7898 1875 www.britarch.ac.uk/adca

the architectural heritage societY of scotland The Glasite Meeting House, 33 Barony Street, Edinburgh EH3 6NX Tel 0131 557 0019 www.ahss.org.uk

the association for industrial archaeologY AIA Liaison Office, The Ironbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX Tel 01325 359846 www.industrial-archaeology.org

architecture and design scotland Bakehouse Close, 146 Canongate, Edinburgh EH8 8DD Tel 0131 556 6699 www.ads.org.uk the art loss register ltd UK Head Office, First Floor, 63–66 Hatton Garden, London EC1N 8LE Tel 020 7841 5780 www.artloss.com association for Building conservation ManageMent Englemere, Kings Ride, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TB Tel 01344 630700 www.ciob.org.uk the association of Building engineers Lutyens House, Billing Brook Road, Weston Favell, Northampton NN3 8NW Tel 01604 404121 www.abe.org.uk

association of sMall historic toWns and villages 8 Alexanders Close, Meare, Glastonbury, Somerset BA6 9HP Tel 01458 860040 www.ashtav.org.uk association for studies in the conservation of historic Buildings 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7720 4764 www.aschb.org.uk

Llanfigael, Anglesey by Ray Edgar

association of toWn centre ManageMent 1 Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster, London SW1H 9BT Tel 020 7222 0120 www.atcm.org

The AMS and The Friends have been working together since 1980 to: •

protect and study historic buildings of all ages and types •

publish an annual volume of Transactions covering many aspects of architectural history, and three 60 page Newsletters •

own 47 places of worship, dating from the 13th to the 20th centuries, in England and Wales. The photo shows one •

organize a series of architectural visits

For just £30 a year you can join both societies. Do join us. St Ann’s Vestry Hall, 2 Church Entry, London EC4V 5HB T: 020 7236 3934 E: office@ancientmonumentssociety.org.uk www.ancientmonumentssociety.org.uk www.friendsoffriendlesschurches.org.uk Registered Charities: AMS No 209605, The Friends of Friendless Churches No 1113097

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

the association for preservation technologY international 3085 Stevenson Drive, Suite 200, Springfield, Illinois IL 62703, USA Tel +1 217 529 9039 www.apti.org

association of technical lightning & access specialists 6–8 Bonhill Street, London EC2A 4BX Tel 0844 249 0026 www.atlas.org.uk

ANCIENT MONUMENTS SOCIETY THE FRIENDS OF FRIENDLESS CHURCHES

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the association of local governMent archaeological officers Cornerstone, Forbes, Alford, Aberdeenshire AB33 8QH Tel 01975 564071 www.algao.org.uk

the attinghaM trust 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7253 9057 www.attinghamtrust.org avoncroft MuseuM of historic Buildings Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire B60 4JR Tel 01527 831363 www.avoncroft.org.uk the Bat conservation trust Quadrant House, 250 Kennington Lane, London SE17 5RD Tel 08451 300228 www.bats.org.uk

British architectural liBrarY RIBA, 66 Portland Place, London W1B 1AD Tel 020 7580 5533 www.architecture.com British artist BlacKsMiths association Anwick Forge, 62 Main Road, Anwick, Sleaford, Lincolnshire NG34 9SU Tel 01526 830303 www.baba.org.uk the British BricK societY 19 Woodcroft Avenue, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 3PT Tel 020 8954 4976 www.britishbricksoc.free-online.co.uk British geological surveY Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Tel 0115 936 3143 www.bgs.ac.uk the British institute of interior design 109–111 The Chambers, Chelsea Harbour, London SW10 0XF Tel 020 7349 0800 www.biid.org.uk British institute of non-destructive testing Newton Building, St George’s Avenue, Northampton NN2 6JB Tel 01604 893811 www.bindt.org the British MuseuM, prehistorY and europe departMent Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG Tel 020 7323 8625 www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk British societY of Master glass painters PO Box 15, Minehead, Somerset TA24 8ZX Tel 01643 862807 www.bsmgp.org.uk British standards institution 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL Tel 020 8996 9001 www.bsigroup.co.uk British sundial societY 4 Sheardhall Avenue, Disley, Cheshire SK12 2DE Tel 01663 762415 www.sundialsoc.org.uk British WaterWaYs – see canal & river trust (england and Wales) or scottish canals The Brooking Collection Tel 01483 274203 www.thebrookingcollection.com the Building of Bath collection Countess of Huntingdon’s Chapel, The Vineyards, The Paragon, Bath BA1 5NA Tel 01225 333895 www.bath-preservation-trust.org.uk

BeaMish MuseuM Beamish, County Durham DH9 0RG Tel 0191 370 4000 www.beamish.org.uk

the Building conservation directorY Cathedral Communications Limited, High Street, Tisbury, Wiltshire SP3 6HA Tel 01747 871717 www.buildingconservation.com

Big lotterY fund 1 Plough Place, London EC4A 1DE Tel 020 7211 1800 www.biglotteryfund.org.uk

the Building liMes foruM The Glasite Meeting House, 33 Barony Street, Edinburgh EH3 6NX www.buildinglimesforum.org.uk

the BricK developMent association The Building Centre, 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT Tel 020 7323 7030 www.brick.org.uk

Building research estaBlishMent Bucknalls Lane, Watford, Hertfordshire WD25 9XX Tel 01923 664200 www.bre.co.uk

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useful contacts continued

Buildings at risK register for scotland Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, John Sinclair House, 16 Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NX Tel 0141 221 1466 www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk Built environMent foruM scotland 9 Manor Place, Edinburgh EH3 7DN Tel 0131 220 6241 www.befs.org.uk cadW Plas Carew, Unit 5–7 Cefn Coed, Parc Nantgarw, Cardiff CF15 7QQ Tel 01443 336000 www.cadw.wales.gov.uk canal & river trust Head Office, First Floor North, Station House, 500 Elder Gate, Milton Keynes MK9 1BB Tel 0303 040 4040 www.canalrivertrust.org.uk capel, the chapels heritage societY 5 Cuffnell Close, Liddell Park, Llandudno LL30 1UX Tel 01492 860449 www.capeli.org.uk the carBon trust 6th Floor, 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3BF Tel 020 7170 7000 www.carbontrust.co.uk cast Metals federation National Metalforming Centre, 47 Birmingham Road, West Bromwich, West Midlands B70 6PY Tel 0121 601 6390 www.castmetalsfederation.com castles of scotland preservation trust Stoneheap Farm Office, Stoneyburn, Edinburgh EH47 8EH Tel 01501 763497 www.cospt.org.uk cathedral architects association c/o St Ann’s Gate Architects, St Ann’s Gate, The Close, Salisbury SP1 2EB Tel 01722 555200 cathedral coMMunications liMited High Street, Tisbury, Wiltshire SP3 6HA Tel 01747 871717 www.buildingconservation.com centre for earthen architecture, universitY of plYMouth School of Architecture Design & Environment, Roland Levinsky Building, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA Tel 01752 585163 chartered institute of architectural technologists 397 City Road, London EC1V 1NH Tel 020 7278 2206 www.ciat.org.uk the chartered institute of pluMBing and heating engineering 64 Station Lane, Hornchurch, Essex RM12 6NB Tel 01708 472791 www.ciphe.org.uk

the chartered institution of Building services engineers 222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS Tel 020 8675 5211 www.cibse.org chiltern open air MuseuM Newland Park, Gorelands Lane, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire HP8 4AB Tel 01494 871117 www.coam.org.uk the church of england, cathedral and church Buildings division Church House, Great Smith Street, London SW1P 3AZ Tel 020 7898 1866 www.churchcare.co.uk the church MonuMents societY c/o The Society of Antiquaries, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BE Tel 01837 851483 www.churchmonumentssociety.org the churches conservation trust 1 West Smithfield, London EC1A 9EE Tel 020 7213 0660 www.visitchurches.org.uk the cineMa theatre association 45 Arnold Road, London E3 4NU Tel 020 8981 7844 www.cta-uk.org the circa trust (construction industrY resource centre archive) Kimmins Mill, Meadow Lane, Dunbridge, Stroud, Gloucestershire GL5 5JP Tel 0117 968 7850 civic trust for Wales Suite 1 West Wing, Windsor House, Windsor Lane, Cardiff CF10 3DE Tel 02920 343336 www.civictrustwales.org civic voice Unit 101, 82 Wood Street, The Tea Factory, Liverpool L1 4DQ Tel 0151 708 9920 www.civicvoice.org.uk the concrete repair association Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU Tel 01420 471615 www.cra.org.uk conference on training in architectural conservation The Building Crafts College, Kennard Road, Stratford, London E15 1AH Tel 020 8522 1705 www.cotac.org.uk the conservation accreditation register for engineers Institution of Civil Engineers, 1 Great George Street, London SW1P 3AA Tel 020 7665 2102 www.ice.org.uk/care the conservation register Unit 1.5 Lafone House, The Leathermarket, Weston Street, London SE1 3ER Tel 020 3142 6799 www.conservationregister.com

construction historY societY c/o Library and Information Service, The Chartered Institute of Building, Englemere, Kings Ride, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TB Tel 01344 630741 www.constructionhistory.co.uk copper developMent association 5 Grovelands Business Centre, Boundary Way, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire HP2 7TE www.copperinfo.co.uk corpus of roManesque sculpture in Britain and ireland Centre for Computing in the Humanities, King’s College London, 26–29 Drury Lane, London WC2B 5RL Tel 020 7848 1421 www.crsbi.ac.uk corrosion prevention association Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU Tel 01420 471614 www.corrosionprevention.org.uk council for British archaeologY St Mary’s House, 66 Bootham, York YO30 7BZ Tel 01904 671417 www.britarch.ac.uk the council for British archaeologY, Wales c/o Dept. of Archaeology and Numismatics, National Museum Cardiff, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP Tel 029 2057 3238 www.britarch.ac.uk/cbacymru courtauld institute of art Somerset House, Strand, London WC2R 0RN Tel 020 7848 2645 www.courtauld.ac.uk creative and cultural sKills Lafone House, The Leather Market, Weston Street, London SE1 3HN Tel 020 7015 1800 www.ccskills.org.uk departMent for Business, innovation and sKills 1 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0ET Tel 020 7215 5555 www.bis.gov.uk departMent for coMMunities and local governMent Eland House, Bressenden Place, London SW1E 5DU Tel 0303 444 0000 www.communities.gov.uk departMent for culture, Media and sport 2–4 Cockspur Street, London SW1Y 5DH Tel 020 7211 6000 www.culture.gov.uk departMent for environMent, food and rural affairs Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR Tel 08459 335577 www.defra.gov.uk departMent for transport Great Minster House, 76 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DR Tel 0300 330 3000 www.dft.gov.uk

docoMoMo (documentation and conservation of Buildings, sites and neighborhoods of the Modern Movement) uK 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7253 6624 www.docomomo-uk.co.uk the east anglian earth Buildings group Ivy Green, London Road, Wymondham, Norfolk NR18 9JD Tel 01953 601701 www.eartha.org.uk

UsefUl InformatIon

Building research estaBlishMent scotland Orion House, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, East Kilbride, Glasgow G75 0RD Tel 01355 576200 www.bre.co.uk

ecclesiastical architects and surveYors association c/o Thomas Ford and Partners, 177 Kirkdale, Sydenham, London SE26 4QH Tel 020 8659 3250 www.easanet.co.uk english heritage 1 Waterhouse Square, 138–142 Holborn, London EC1N 2ST Tel 020 7973 3000 www.english-heritage.org.uk archives The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 2EH Tel 01793 414600 www.englishheritagearchives.org.uk countY atlases of Building stone British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Tel 0115 936 3143 www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/ mines/stones/EH_atlases.html east of england Brooklands, 24 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge CB2 8BU Tel 01223 582700 east Midlands 44 Derngate, Northampton NN1 1UH Tel 01604 735400 iMages of england The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 2EH Tel 01793 414600 www.imagesofengland.org.uk london 1 Waterhouse Square, 138–142 Holborn, London EC1N 2ST Tel 020 7973 3000 national MonuMents record centre The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 2EH Tel 01793 414600 www.english-heritage.org.uk/nmr north east Bessie Surtees House, 41–44 Sandhill, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3JF Tel 0191 269 1200 north West Canada House, 3 Chepstow Street, Manchester M1 5FW Tel 0161 242 1400 south east Eastgate Court, 195–205 High Street, Guildford, Surrey GU1 3EH Tel 01483 252000 south West 29 Queen Square, Bristol BS1 4ND Tel 0117 975 0700 West Midlands The Axis, 10 Holliday Street, Birmingham B1 1TG Tel 0121 625 6820 YorKshire and huMBer 37 Tanner Row, York YO1 6WP Tel 01904 601901

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useful contacts continued

UsefUl InformatIon

english stone foruM Channel Business Centre, Ingles Manor, Castle Hill Avenue, Folkestone, Kent CT20 2RD www.englishstone.org.uk entrust Head Office, 60 Holly Walk, Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire CV32 4JE Tel 01926 488300 www.entrust.org.uk europa nostra Lange Voorhout 35, 2514 EC The Hague, The Netherlands Tel +31 7030 24050 www.europanostra.org european confederation of conservator-restorers’ organisations 70, Coudenberg, 1000 Brussels, Belgium www.ecco-eu.org the fire protection association London Road, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 0RH Tel 01608 812500 www.thefpa.co.uk the follY felloWship 35 Queensfields West, Bognor Regis, West Sussex PO21 5SG www.follies.org.uk the fountain societY High House, Bucknell, Shropshire SY7 0AA www.fountainsoc.org.uk friends of friendless churches St Ann’s Vestry Hall, 2 Church Entry, London EC4V 5HB Tel 020 7236 3934 www.friendsoffriendlesschurches. org.uk funds for historic Buildings The Architectural Heritage Fund, 9th Floor, Alhambra House, 27–31 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H 0AU Tel 020 7925 0199 www.ffhb.org.uk the furniture historY societY 1 Mercedes Cottages, St John’s Road, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH16 4EH Tel 01444 413845 www.furniturehistorysociety.org

heritage alliance Clutha House, 10 Storeys Gate, London SW1P 3AY Tel 020 7233 0500 www.theheritagealliance.org.uk heritage conservation trust 2 Chester Street, London SW1X 7BB Tel 020 7259 5688 www.hha.org.uk the heritage council Aras na hOidhreachta, Church Lane, Kilkenny, Republic of Ireland Tel +353 5677 70777 www.heritagecouncil.ie the heritage crafts association Thornleigh, Rowton Lane, Rowton, Chester CH3 6AT Tel 01244 335308 www.heritagecrafts.org.uk the heritage education trust Bishop Grosseteste University College, Lincoln LN1 3DY Tel 01522 583695 www.heritageeducationtrust.org.uk heritage ireland Office of Public Works, Unit 20, Lakeside Retail Park, Claremorris, Co Mayo, Republic of Ireland Tel +353 1647 6000 www.heritageireland.ie heritage lotterY fund 7 Holbein Place, London SW1W 8NR Tel 020 7591 6000 www.hlf.org.uk heritagesKillshuB Greenfield Farm, Greenfield Lane, Milltown, Ashover, Derbyshire S45 0HT Tel 01509 225800 www.heritageskillshub.org historic Buildings advisorY council for Wales Plas Carew, Unit 5–7 Cefn Coed, Parc Nantgarw, Cardiff CF15 7QQ Tel 01443 336065 www.cadw.wales.gov.uk

the garden historY societY 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7608 2409 www.gardenhistorysociety.org

historic Buildings council (northern ireland) Room G-07, Waterman House, 5–33 Hill Street, Belfast BT1 2LA Tel 028 9054 3050 www.hbcni.gov.uk

the garden historY societY in scotland The Glasite Meeting House, 33 Barony Street, Edinburgh EH3 6NX www.gardenhistorysociety.org

historic chapels trust St George’s German Lutheran Church, 55 Alie Street, London E1 8EB Tel 020 7481 0533 www.hct.org.uk

geffrYe MuseuM 136 Kingsland Road, London E2 8EA Tel 020 7739 9893 www.geffrye-museum.org.uk

historic farM Buildings group 129 Hoblands, Haywards Heath, West Sussex RH16 3SB www.hfbg.org.uk

the georgian group 6 Fitzroy Square, London W1T 5DX Tel 0871 750 2936 www.georgiangroup.org.uk

historic gardens foundation 34 River Court, Upper Ground, London SE1 9PE Tel 020 7633 9165 www.historicgardens.org

gloBal heritage fund 625 Emerson Street, Suite 200, Palo Alto, California CA 94301, USA Tel +1 650 325 7520 www.globalheritagefund.org greenspace Caversham Court, Church Road, Reading RG4 7AD Tel 0118 946 9060 www.green-space.org.uk

206

the guild of architectural ironMongers 8 Stepney Green, London E1 3JU Tel 020 7790 3431 www.gai.org.uk

historic scotland Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH Tel 0131 668 8600 www.historic-scotland.gov.uk

the landMarK trust Shottesbrooke, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6 3SW Tel 01628 825920 www.landmarktrust.org.uk

historic toWns foruM PO Box 22, Bristol BS16 1RZ Tel 0117 975 0459 www.historictownsforum.org

the landscape institute 33 Great Portland Street, London W1W 8QG Tel 020 7299 4500 www.landscapeinstitute.org

hMso – see the office of puBlic sector inforMation Homes and Communities Agency 110 Buckingham Palace Road, Victoria, London SW1W 9SA Tel 0300 123 4500 www.homesandcommunities.co.uk iccroM (international centre for the study of the preservation and restoration of cultural property, rome) Via de San Michele, 13, I-00153 Rome, Italy Tel +39 0658 5531 www.iccrom.org the institute of conservation Unit 1.5 Lafone House, The Leathermarket, Weston Street, London SE1 3ER Tel 020 3142 6799 www.icon.org.uk industrial rope access trade association Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU Tel 01420 471619 www.irata.org institute for archaeologists SHES, Whiteknights, The University of Reading, PO Box 227, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AB Tel 0118 378 6446 www.archaeologists.net institute of historic Building conservation Jubilee House, High Street, Tisbury, Wiltshire SP3 6HA Tel 01747 873133 www.ihbc.org.uk institution of civil engineers/ panel for historical engineering WorKs 1 Great George Street, Westminster, London SW1P 3AA Tel 020 7665 2043 www.ice.org.uk institution of structural engineers 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X 8BH Tel 020 7235 4535 www.istructe.org.uk international council on MonuMents and sites uK 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7566 0031 www.icomos-uk.org the international institute for conservation of historic and artistic WorKs 6 Buckingham Street, London WC2N 6BA Tel 020 7839 5975 www.iiconservation.org

historic houses association 2 Chester Street, London SW1X 7BB Tel 020 7259 5688 www.hha.org.uk

international societY for the Built environMent 29 The Nortons, Caldecotte, Milton Keynes MK7 8HQ Tel 01908 370887 www.isbeltd.com

historic roYal palaces Surveyor of the Fabric Department, Hampton Court Palace, Surrey KT8 9AU Tel 020 3166 6380 www.hrp.org.uk

irish georgian societY 74 Merrion Square, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland Tel +353 1676 7053 www.igs.ie

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

lead sheet association Unit 10, Archers Park, Branbridges Road, East Peckham, Tonbridge, Kent TN12 5HP Tel 01622 872432 www.leadsheet.co.uk local authoritY Building control 3rd Floor, 66 South Lambeth Road, London SW8 1RL Tel 020 7091 6860 www.labc.uk.com the london parKs and gardens trust Duck Island Cottage, c/o The Store Yard, St James’s Park, London SW1A 2BJ Tel 020 7839 3969 www.londongardenstrust.org the london stained glass repositorY 9 Montague Close, London Bridge, London SE1 9DD Tel 020 7403 6652 www.worshipfulglaziers. com/The-London-StainedGlass-Repository-11.htm Maintain our heritage Weymouth House, Beechen Cliff Road, Bath BA2 4QS Tel 01225 482228 www.maintainourheritage.co.uk Master carvers association Unit 2, 15b Vandyke Road, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire LU7 3HG Tel 01525 851594 www.mastercarvers.co.uk Master locKsMiths association 5d Great Central Way, Woodford Halse, Daventry, Northamptonshire NN11 3PZ Tel 01327 262255 www.locksmiths.co.uk Men of the stones 1 Steele’s Yard, North Street, Stamford PE9 2ZS Tel 01952 850269 www.menofthestones.org.uk Metal roofing contractors association Unit 2, Oak Cottages, County Oak Way, Crawley, West Sussex RH11 7ST Tel 01293 614662 www.mrca.org.uk the Milestone societY Hollywell House, Hollywell Lane, Clows Top, Kidderminster, Worcestershire DY14 9NR Tel 01299 832338 www.milestonesociety.co.uk MonuMental Brass societY Lowe Hill House, Stratford St Mary, Suffolk CO7 6JX www.mbs-brasses.co.uk the MuseuM of doMestic design and architecture Middlesex University, Cat Hill, Barnet, Middlesex EN4 8HT Tel 020 8411 5244 www.moda.mdx.ac.uk MuseuM of garden historY Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7LB Tel 020 7401 8865 www.gardenmuseum.org.uk

useful contacts continued the national thatching straW groWers association Laurel Farm, Skinners Lane, Starston, Harleston, Norfolk IP20 9PX www.ntsga.org.uk

national association of decorative and fine arts societies NADFAS House, 8 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DA Tel 020 7430 0730 www.nadfas.org.uk

the national trust Heelis, Kemble Drive, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 2NA Tel 01793 817400 www.nationaltrust.org.uk

national churches trust 31 Newbury Street, London EC1A 7HU Tel 020 7600 6090 www.nationalchurchestrust.org national council for the conservation of plants and gardens (aka plant heritage) 12 Home Farm, Loseley Park, Guildford, Surrey GU3 1HS Tel 01483 447540 www.plantheritage.com the national federation of Builders 3/5 Rough Hey Road, Grimsargh, Preston, Lancashire PR2 5AR Tel 08450 578160 www.builders.org.uk national federation of roofing contractors ltd Roofing House, 31 Worship Street, London EC2A 2DY Tel 020 7638 7663 www.nfrc.co.uk national heritage ironWorK group Lyndhurst, Carlton Husthwaite, Thirsk, North Yorkshire YO7 2BJ Tel 01845 501072 www.nhig.org.uk national heritage MeMorial fund 7 Holbein Place, London SW1W 8NR Tel 020 7591 6044 www.nhmf.org.uk the national heritage roofing contractors’ register Roofing House, 31 Worship Street, London EC2A 2DY Tel 020 7638 7663 www.nfrc.co.uk/nfrc/searchmembers/heritage-roofer national MonuMents record Kemble Drive, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 2GZ Tel 01793 414700 www.english-heritage.org.uk national MonuMents record of Wales Crown Building, Plas Crug, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 1NJ Tel 01970 621200 www.rcahmw.gov.uk national piers societY Ridge Cottage, Stockland, Honiton, Devon EX14 9EN Tel 01404 831335 www.piers.org.uk national preservation office The British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB Tel 020 7412 7612 www.bl.uk/npo national records of scotland HM General Register House, 2 Princes Street, Edinburgh EH1 3YY Tel 0131 535 1314 www.nrscotland.gov.uk national societY of Master thatchers Warringtons, Gelsmoor Road, Coleorton, Leicestershire LE67 0QU Tel 01530 222954 www.nsmtltd.co.uk

national trust for scotland Hermiston Quay, 5 Cultins Rd, Edinburgh EH11 4DF Tel 0844 493 2100 www.nts.org.uk natural england Foundry House, 3 Millsands, Riverside Exchange, Sheffield S3 8NH Tel 0845 600 3078 www.naturalengland.org.uk the neWcoMen societY The Science Museum, London SW7 2DD Tel 020 7371 4445 www.newcomen.com northern ireland asseMBlY Communications Office, Parliament Buildings, Ballymiscaw, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3XX Tel 028 9052 1137 www.niassembly.gov.uk northern ireland environMent agencY, Built heritage directorate Waterman House, 5–33 Hill Street, Belfast BT1 2LA Tel 028 9054 3095 www.ni-environment.gov.uk the office of puBlic sector inforMation 102 Petty France, London SW1H 9AJ Tel 020 8876 3444 www.opsi.gov.uk open spaces societY 25A Bell Street, Henley on Thames, Oxfordshire RG9 2BA Tel 01491 573535 www.oss.org.uk the orton trust 7 Drake Close, Rothwell, Northamptonshire NN14 6DJ Tel 01536 711600 www.ortontrust.org.uk passive fire protection federation Kingsley House, Ganders Business Park, Kingsley, Bordon, Hampshire GU35 9LU Tel 01420 471621 www.pfpf.org planning officers societY PO Box 842, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire HP20 9DY Tel 01296 422161 www.planningofficers.org.uk the prince’s regeneration trust 14 Buckingham Palace Road, London SW1W 0QP Tel 020 3262 0560 www.princes-regeneration.org professional accreditation of conservator-restorers Institute of Conservation, Unit 1.5 Lafone House, The Leathermarket, Weston Street, London SE1 3ER Tel 01626 824510 www.icon.org.uk puBlic MonuMents and sculpture association 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7490 5001 www.pmsa.org.uk

railWaY heritage trust 1 Eversholt Street, London NW1 2DN Tel 020 7904 7354 www.railwayheritagetrust.co.uk regional developMent agencies Advantage West Midlands 3 Priestley Wharf, Holt Street, Aston Science Park, Birmingham B7 4BN Tel 0121 380 3500 www.advantagewm.co.uk east Midlands Apex Court, City Link, Nottingham NG2 4LA Tel 0115 988 8300 www.emda.org.uk east of england Victory House, Vision Park, Chivers Way, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9ZR Tel 01223 713900 www.eeda.org.uk north West PO Box 37, Renaissance House, Centre Park, Warrington WA1 1QN Tel 01925 400100 www.nwda.co.uk one north east Stella House, Goldcrest Way, Newburn Riverside, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 8NY Tel 0191 229 6200 www.onenortheast.co.uk south West Sterling House, Dix’s Field, Exeter, Devon EX1 1QA Tel 01392 214747 www.southwestrda.org.uk YorKshire forWard Victoria House, 2 Victoria Place, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS11 5AE Tel 0113 394 9600 www.yorkshire-forward.com london region London Development Agency, Palestra, 197 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8AA Tel 020 7593 9000 www.lda.gov.uk roYal archaeological institute c/o Society of Antiquaries of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BE www.royalarchinst.org roYal coMMission on the ancient and historical MonuMents of scotland John Sinclair House, 16 Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NX Tel 0131 662 1456 www.rcahms.gov.uk roYal coMMission on the ancient and historical MonuMents of Wales Crown Building, Plas Crug, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 1NJ Tel 01970 621200 www.rcahmw.org.uk roYal horticultural societY 80 Vincent Square, London SW1P 2PE Tel 0845 260 5000 www.rhs.org.uk

roYal institution of chartered surveYors, Building conservation foruM Professional Groups and Forums, 12 Great George Street, Parliament Square, London SW1P 3AD Tel 0870 333 1600 www.rics.org roYal societY of architects in Wales 4 Cathedral Road, Cardiff CF11 9LJ Tel 029 2022 8987 www.architecture-wales.com

UsefUl InformatIon

the national archives Kew, Richmond upon Thames, Surrey TW9 4DU Tel 020 8876 3444 www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

roYal societY of ulster architects 2 Mount Charles, Belfast BT7 1NZ Tel 028 9032 3760 www.rsua.org.uk roYal toWn planning institute 41 Botolph Lane, London EC3R 8DL Tel 020 7929 9494 www.rtpi.org.uk salvo PO Box 4111, Bath BA1 0FL Tel 01225 422300 www.salvo.co.uk save Britain’s heritage 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7253 3500 www.savebritainsheritage.org scottish canals Canal House, 1 Applecross Street, Glasgow G4 9SP Tel 0141 332 6936 www.scottishcanals.co.uk the scottish civic trust The Tobacco Merchant’s House, 42 Miller Street, Glasgow G1 1DT Tel 0141 221 1466 www.scottishcivictrust.org.uk the scottish governMent, Built environMent directorate Planning Division, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh EH6 6QQ Tel 0131 244 7888 www.scotland.gov.uk scottish ironWorK foundation 42 Randolph Rd, Stirling, Scotland FK8 2AR www.scottishironwork. org/contactus.htm scottish liMe centre trust Charlestown Workshops, Rocks Road, Charlestown, Fife KY11 3EN Tel 01383 872722 www.scotlime.org the scottish redundant churches trust 4 Queen’s Gardens, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TA Tel 01334 472032 www.srct.org.uk sir John soane’s MuseuM 13 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3BP Tel 020 7405 2107 www.soane.org societY of architectural historians of great Britain c/o RCAHMS, 16 Barnard Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NX www.sahgb.org.uk

roYal incorporation of architects in scotland 15 Rutland Square, Edinburgh EH1 2BE Tel 0131 229 7545 www.rias.org.uk

societY of architectural illustration Rosemary Cottage, Bletchinglye Lane, Rotherfield, East Sussex TN6 3NN Tel 01892 852578 www.sai.org.uk

roYal institute of British architects 66 Portland Place, London W1B 1AD Tel 020 7580 5533 www.architecture.com

the societY for the protection of ancient Buildings 37 Spital Square, London E1 6DY Tel 020 7377 1644 www.spab.org.uk

T w e n T i e T h a n n i v e r s a r y e d i T i o n t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

207

useful contacts continued

UsefUl InformatIon

the societY for the protection of ancient Buildings in scotland The Glasite Meeting House, 33 Barony Street, Edinburgh EH3 6NX Tel 0131 557 1551 www.spab.org.uk/spab-in-scotland solid fuel association 7 Swanwick Court, Alfreton, Derbyshire DE55 7AS Tel 0845 601 4406 www.solidfuel.co.uk stained glass MuseuM The South Triforium, Ely Cathedral, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB7 4DL Tel 01353 660347 www.stainedglassmuseum.com steel WindoW association 42 Heath Street, Tamworth, Staffordshire B79 7HJ Tel 0844 249 1355 www.steel-window-association.co.uk stone federation great Britain Channel Business Centre, Ingles Manor, Castle Hill Avenue, Folkestone, Kent CT20 2RD Tel 01303 856123 www.stone-federationgb.org.uk stone roofing association Ceunant, Caernarfon, Gwynedd LL55 4SA Tel 01286 650402 www.stoneroof.org.uk street pride Unit 101, 82 Wood Street, The Tea Factory, Liverpool L1 4DQ Tel 0151 708 9920 www.civicvoice.org.uk/ campaigns/street-pride

the tWentieth centurY societY 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7250 3857 www.c20society.org.uk uK association of preservation trusts 9th Floor, Alhambra House, 27–31 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H 0AU Tel 020 7930 1629 www.ukapt.org.uk uK cast stone association 15 Stone Hill Court, The Arbours, Northampton, Northamptonshire NN3 3RA Tel 01604 405666 www.ukcsa.co.uk ulster architectural heritage societY 66 Donegall Pass, Belfast BT7 1BU Tel 028 9055 0213 www.uahs.org.uk upKeep 22–25 Finsbury Square, London EC2A 1DX Tel 020 7256 7646 www.upkeep.org.uk urBan design group 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7250 0892 www.udg.org.uk vernacular architecture group c/o Linda Hall, 3 Church Row, Redwick, Newport, Monmouthshire NP26 3DE www.vag.org.uk

the theatres trust 22 Charing Cross Road, London WC2H 0QL Tel 020 7836 8591 www.theatrestrust.org.uk

the victorian societY 1 Priory Gardens, Bedford Park, London W4 1TT Tel 020 8994 1019 www.victoriansociety.org.uk

the tile association Forum Court, 83 Copers Cope Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 1NR Tel 020 8663 0946 www.tiles.org.uk

the vivat trust Wellbrook Manor, Garden Barn, Peterchurch, Hereford HR2 0SS Tel 0845 090 0194 www.vivat-trust.org

tiles & architectural ceraMics societY c/o The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Bethesda Street, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire ST1 3DW www.tilesoc.org.uk

Wallpaper historY societY c/o Old Moat Barn, Ardenrun, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6LN www.wallpaperhistorysociety.org.uk

tiMBer research and developMent association Stocking Lane, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP14 4ND Tel 01494 569600 www.trada.co.uk the tiMBer trade federation The Building Centre, 26 Store Street, London WC1E 7BT Tel 020 3205 0067 www.ttf.co.uk the tools and trades historY societY Southay, Trull, Taunton, Somerset TA3 7EX www.taths.org.uk toWn and countrY planning association 17 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AS Tel 020 7930 8903 www.tcpa.org.uk traditional Building sKills BursarY scheMe PO Box 1179, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6WR www.buildingbursaries.org.uk

208

the traditional paint foruM c/o Tina Sitwell, The National Trust, Heels, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2NA www.traditionalpaintforum.org.uk

War MeMorials trust 42a Buckingham Palace Road, London SW1W 0RE Tel 020 7233 7356 www.warmemorials.org Weald & doWnland open air MuseuM Singleton, Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0EU Tel 01243 811363 www.wealddown.co.uk Welsh governMent Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NQ Tel 0845 010 3300 (English) or 0845 010 4400 (Welsh) www.wales.gov.uk

www.buildingconservation.com has a new page design, an improved search function and faster access to information Buildingconservation.com, the UK’s leading website for built heritage conservation, was established in 1994 by Cathedral Communications Limited, publisher of The Building Conservation Directory. It’s now used by around 50,000 unique visitors per month and includes: P 300 technical articles by the top experts P 1,200 suppliers of specialist products and services P 400 educational institutions and skills training providers P links to all the industry’s key organisations.

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the WilliaM Morris societY Kelmscott House, 26 Upper Mall, Hammersmith, London W6 9TA Tel 020 8741 3735 www.morrissociety.org World MonuMents fund Britain 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7251 8142 www.wmf.org.uk the Worshipful coMpanY of glaZiers and painters of glass Glaziers Hall, 9 Montague Close, London Bridge, London SE1 9DD Tel 020 7403 6652 www.worshipfulglaziers.com

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

cathedral communications limited 01747 871717 info@buildingconservation.com

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

specialists indeX a d Calvert architectural Stone Supplies ltd ..........98 a d holden plastering ................................................ 185 a F Jones Stonemasons ltd ................................98, 151 a k S Ward lister Beare..................................................49 a l r ltd ............................................................................83 a r p anthony richardson & partners ................23, 57 a r p l architects ............................................................23 a r T ltd ............................................................................63 a T Cronin Workshop .................................................. 178 a V V Solutions limited .............................................. 152 aaron evans architects ltd ..........................................23 acanthus Clews architects ltd ....................................23 access ecology ltd ...................................................... 143 adrian Cox associates....................................................49 agrell architectural Carving...................................... 116 alba plastercraft ........................................................... 185 aldershaw handmade Clay Tiles ltd .........................82 The alumasc group ........................................................87 ancient Monuments Society .................................... 204 anderson & glenn ..........................................................23 andrew doyle past plastering Services .................. 185 andrews Building Conservation ltd ..........................45 anelays – William anelay ltd..........62, 83, 91, 99, 117 anglia lime Company ................................................ 159 anglia ruskin university ............................................ 192 anthony Short and partners llp ................................23 anthony Swaine architecture ltd ..............................24 antique Bronze ltd ..................................................... 110 antique Buildings ltd ................................................. 144 antony gibb ltd..............................................................39 anwick Forge ................................................................ 131 archaeology South-east ................................. 14, 18, 39 architects 4 listed Buildings........................................24 architectural association, School of architecture ............................................ 192 The architectural history practice limited........14, 39 architectural Metal designs limited ...................... 131 arctic Surveys ltd ...........................................................18 arrol & Snell ltd ..............................................................24 artisan plastercraft ltd ............................................... 185 ashgate publishing ltd .............................................. 199 aura Conservation ................. 91, 92, 98, 151, 159, 162 avon Stainless Fasteners limited ............................ 154

B B antoniw Joinery ....................................................... 117 B T preservation ltd .................................................... 154 Bailey partnership ..........................................................45 Bakers of danbury ltd ............................................62, 99 Bardsley & Brown............................................................84 Bare, leaning & Bare ......................................................47 Barley Studio ltd.......................................................... 127 Barr & grosvenor ltd................................................... 131 Barry Stow architect ltd ...............................................24 Bates Zambelli ..........................................................24, 57 Beacon planning ltd ......................................................49 Bennie historic Conservation ...............................62, 63 Best demolition ........................................................... 144 Between Time ltd....................................................62, 63 Blackett-ord Conservation architecture...................24

Blackett-ord Conservation limited............................49 Bleaklow industries ..................................................... 159 Boden & Ward Stonemasons ltd ................................99 Bonsers (nottingham) ltd ............................................63 Bosence .......................................................................... 185 Bosence & Co ...................................................................45 Boshers (Cholsey) ltd ....................................................64 Brading Butt Chartered Quantity Surveyors ............47 Bramah ........................................................................... 123 Brick development association ..................................89 Brickfind (uk) ...................................................................89 Brick-Tie limited .......................................................... 155 Bristol Foundry ............................................................. 131 Britannia architectural Metalwork ltd ................... 131 British antique Furniture restorers’ association .. 179 Brock Carmichael associates .......................................24 Bronzework ................................................................... 132 Brundell Woolley.............................................................47 The Budgen partnership ...............................................49 The Building Conservation directory ..................... 199 Building research establishment ltd ........................39 Bullen Conservation ltd................ 64, 92. 99, 152, 154 The Bulmer Brick and Tile Company ..........................89 Burrows davies limited ................................................99 Busby’s Builders ..............................................................64 Butler hegarty architects ltd ......................................24

Clague llp ........................................................................26 The Cleft Wood Co ........................................82, 117, 142 Clifford g durant & Son .............................................. 127 Clive Beardall restorations ltd........................ 178, 179 Cliveden Conservation Workshop ltd ............................ 48, 91, 100, 109, 153, 172, 176, 185 Clough harris limited................................................. 169 Coe Stone ltd ............................................................... 100 Coleford Brick & Tile Co ltd ..........................................90 College of estate Management .............. 192, 193, 200 Collins & Curtis Masonry ltd ..................................... 100 Conisbee ...........................................................................50 Conservation architecture & planning ......................26 Conservation Building Services ltd ...........................65 Conservation pd ltd ......................................................26 The Conservation Studio ..............................................39 Cornish lime Company ltd ....................................... 160 The Cotswold Casement Company ......................... 120 Country house renovations limited ..................65, 81 Court design and Conservation ..................................45 Crawford Surveying Services .......................................45 Crick Smith Conservation .......................................... 177 Crittall Windows .................................................. 120, 121 Cube property Surveyors & architects ......................45 Curtins Consulting engineers ......................................50

UsefUl InformatIon

c C & d restoration ltd.....................................................99 C e l ltd.............................................................................64 C ginn Building restoration limited ...................... 152 C J l designs ................................................................. 127 C r Crane & Son ltd......................................65, 117, 118 C S interiors ................................................................... 186 Calibre Metalwork .............................................. 131, 132 Campbell Smith & Co ltd........................................... 170 Capstone Consulting engineers ltd...........................49 Carden & godfrey architects .......................................24 Caroe & partners .............................................................25 Caroe architecture ltd ..................................................25 Carrek limited ........................................65, 99, 117, 159 Carthy Conservation ltd ............................................ 100 Carvers & gilders ltd.......................................... 116, 178 Castaway Cast products and Woodware ................ 132 The Cathedral Studios ................................................ 127 Cathedral Works organisation (Chichester) ltd ..................................................65, 100 Catherine Woolfitt associates ltd...............................39 Cazenove architects.......................................................25 Chalk down lime ltd ................................................. 160 Charles Collinge hinges ............................................. 123 Charles knowles design................................................25 Charles lightfoot ltd .................................................. 128 Charles oldham Fine Woodcarving................ 116, 179 Charterbuild ltd........................................................... 155 Chedburn dudley ...........................................................25 Chiverton ..........................................................................65 Chris Topp & Co ltd ..................................................... 132 Christopher rayner architects ....................................25 Church Building & heritage review........................ 200 Cintec international limited ..................................... 155

d B r (leadwork) limited ......................................81, 86 d B r (london) limited .........................66, 67, 100,153 daedalus Conservation .................................................66 david le lay architects .................................................26 demaus Building diagnostics ltd ............18, 154, 155 alan dickinson Chartered Building Surveyor ..........45 donald insall associates ltd ........................................26 douglas Willis associates limited ..............................45 Francis W downing aiFCa ......................................... 171 drury Mcpherson partnership .....................................40 dunne and Co Building & restoration.......................66

e e g Swingler & Sons ................................................81, 82 e i Flood & Sons ............................................................ 185 ellis & Moore Consulting engineers ...........................50 england’s ornamental plastering ............................ 186 english leadworks & Conservation roofing ..................................................................................82, 83 envirosash ltd .............................................................. 118 eura Conservation ltd ...............42, 110, 132, 133, 142

f F B F X ltd .........................................................................18 Fabco Sanctuary ltd ................................................... 121 Fairhurst Ward abbotts .................................................66 Farthing & gannon .................................... 178, 184, 186 Feilden & Mawson llp ...........................................26, 57 Ferguson Mann architects ...........................................26 Fine art Mouldings...................................................... 186 Fisher Bullen ....................................................................66

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specialists indeX

UsefUl InformatIon

The Floyd Consultancy .........................................45, 155 Fortis & hooke .............................................................. 118 Foster and pearson limited ...................................... 141 Fothergill...........................................................................50 Four Walls Building Company ltd...............................68 Franklin upholstery............................................ 177, 179 Friends of Friendless Churches................................. 204 The Fringe Workshop .................................................. 101 Fugro aperio ltd .............................................................18

g g Cook & Sons ltd ....................................................... 186 george east, Master Thatcher ......................................84 george James & Sons, Blacksmiths ......................... 133 gibbon, lawson, Mckee ltd .................................27, 46 giles Quarme & associates ...........................................27 gilmore hankey kirke ltd .............................................27 glasgow Steel nail Co ltd .......................................... 154 grinshill Stone Quarry ................................................ 101 grosvenor Construction ltd .........................................68 grosvenor, Meehan & laing associates ltd .....................................................40, 133 grover lewis associates limited.................................49

h h & W Sellors ltd.......................................................... 101 h g Matthews ................................... outside back cover h J Chard & Sons .......................................................... 160 h k askew & Son .............................................................68 haddonstone limited.........................91, 101, 110, 142 hall & ensom Chartered Building Surveyors............46 hall Construction limited......................................68, 69 hare & humphreys ltd ............................................... 170 hayles and howe ......................................................... 187 helen hughes historic interiors research & Conservation ....................................... 177 heritage Cob & lime ................................................... 160 heritage project Management....................................57 heritage restoration ltd...............................................68 heritage Stone access ...................................................57 heritage Surveys limited .............................................46 heritage Testing ltd .......................................................48 heritage Tile Conservation ltd ................................. 180 herts renovation ............................................................91 hesp & Jones................................................................. 169 hibbs and Walsh associates .........................................27 high level Maintenance (lancashire) ltd ................86 hilary Taylor landscape associates ltd.................. 143 hirst Conservation .............................inside front cover, 14, 48, 69, 110, 151, 153, 160, 162, 171, 176 historic Brick pointing ltd ......................................... 162 historic Building advisory Service ......................40, 46 historic Churches BCd Special report.................... 200 historic Metalwork Conservation Consultancy ..................................... 133 hoare lea lighting ...................................................... 163 hockley & dawson Consulting engineers ltd .........50 hodkinson Mallinson ltd..............................................46 howell & Bellion........................................................... 169 huntley Cartwright ........................................................47

210

hurst peirce & Malcolm llp .........................................50 hutton + rostron environmental investigations limited .............................18, 154, 155

i i h B C Yearbook/Context........................................... 200 illumin glass Studio .................................................... 127 ingram Consultancy limited ................................40, 46 innoglaze ltd ................................................................ 122 inspire Conservation ltd............................................ 101 institute for archaeologists ..........................................14 international Fire Consultants limited................... 163 ivinghoe Building Services ltd....................................69

J J & J W longbottom ltd ................................................86 J & W kirby ........................................................................58 J h porter & Son ltd .................................................... 133 J p F Built heritage .........................................................40 J p ladell ltd ....................................................................70 J rigg Construction ltd ..........................................70, 83 The Jackfield Conservation Studio ltd ................... 180 James Brennan associates ...........................................18 Jim Budd Stained glass .............................................. 128 John Boddy Timber ltd .............................................. 117 John C goom architects ...............................................28 John Corley aCr Stained glass Studio.................... 128 John d Clarke architects ...............................................28 John Wardle limited ......................................................50 John Williams & Co ltd ..................................................81 John Yeo Stained glass ............................................... 128 Johnston and Wright .....................................................28 Jonathan rhind architects ...........................................28 Joseph giles, Croydon ................................................ 123 Jupiter heating Systems ltd ..................................... 166

K k S p Consultancy llp....................................................48 kathryn Sather & associates ........................................40 kB2 Consulting Civil & Structural engineers llp .....50 kent Conservation and restoration ltd ............................................69, 91, 101 kestell and lewis ......................................................... 187 kierson Sash Window and Timber restoration .... 118 kingsland Surveyors limited .......................................18 knowles & Son (oxford) ltd .........................................69 knox-McConnell architects..........................................28

l l u C (land use Consultants) ..............................48, 143 la playa .......................................................................... 163 lambs Bricks & arches............................................90, 91 lambs Sussex Sandstone .......................................... 102 lambs Terracotta ............................................................92 lathams ............................................................................28 lee evans partnership llp............................................28 light & design associates ltd .................................. 163

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

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The lime Centre ........................................................... 160 lime Technology ltd................................................... 161 lloyd evans prichard ......................................................28 locker & riley Fibrous plastering ltd...................... 187 The london Crown glass Company ltd ................. 130 longden.......................................118, inside back cover luard Conservation limited...................................... 170 The lumen rooflight .....................................................84 gerard C J lynch .............................................................91

M M B l ............................................................................... 123 M r d a ..............................................................................29 T C r MacMillan-Scott....................................................28 Magenta Building repair ltd .......................................70 Malbrook Conservatories.................................. 141, 142 Mann Williams .................................................................51 Marsh Brothers engineering Services ltd.............. 134 Martin ashley architects...............................................29 Martin Thomas associates......................................... 166 Mather & ellis ltd ................................................ 101, 102 Mather & Smith ltd/M J allen group .......133, 134, 142 Mathias restoration ltd ................................................92 Mcallister Masonry limited ............................. 104, 153 McCurdy & Co ..................................................................58 Mcgregor Bowes.............................................................29 Mcgregor patterns ...................................................... 133 Mel Morris Conservation...............................................41 Michael heaton heritage Consultants ......................14 Michael Major Sculpture restoration ..................... 109 Mike Wye & associates ltd ........................................ 160 Mildred, howells & Co ...................................................48 Milestone lime plastering ......................................... 187 The Morton partnership ltd.........................................51 The Mosaic restoration Company limited ........... 180 Multi Marque production engineering ltd ........... 162 Mumford & Wood ........................................................ 119

n n g M Surveys llp ..........................................................46 nash partnership ............................................................29 nicholas Jacob architects .............................................29 nicholson price associates ...........................................41 nick Bayliss (architectural glass) ltd ...................... 128 nick Cox architects.........................................................30 nick Joyce architects .....................................................30 nigel Saunders Windows ........................................... 122 nimbus Conservation limited ............................................91, 102, 104, 109, 110, 153 norgrove Studios ltd ......................................... 129, 130 northcot Brick limited ..................................................90 northwest lead...............................................................83 nostalgia ............................................................... 144, 172 nye Saunders Chartered architects ...........................30

o oakwrights limited........................................................58 odgers Conservation Consultants ltd.......................41

specialists indeX robin kent architecture & Conservation ..................32 rodney Melville & partners ..........................................32 roger Mears architects .................................................32 romark interiors .......................................................... 179 The rooflight Company ................................................85 rundum Meir ................................................................ 122 rupert harris Conservation ..... 109, 110, 134, 171, 179 ian russell .........................................................................51

The Traditional lime Co.............................................. 161 Traditional oak Carpentry ............................................58 Traditional Technologies llp .................................... 144 Treasure & Son ltd..........................................................73 Trevor Caley associates limited ............................... 180 Triton Conservation........................................................73 Turley associates.............................................................42 Twyford lime products .............................................. 161

UsefUl InformatIon

lisa oestreicher................................................... 162, 177 oliver West and John Scott architects limited .......30 o’reilly period Cornice restoration & Cleaning ... 187 ornate interiors limited............................................. 187 owlsworth i J p................................................................70 oxford Brookes university ......................................... 193

p p d p green Consulting .................................................30 p W p architects ..............................................................30 p Webb roofing & Building Services ltd ..................82 paul Bradbury architectural and decorative glass ....................................................... 129 paul Tanner associates ..................................................51 paxton restoration ltd ............................................... 119 paye Stonework ..........................70, 102, 104, 151, 153 peelaway ........................................................................ 151 pembrokeshire Thatch & Carpentry Services ...........84 penybryn engineering...................................................74 peregrine Bryant llp .....................................................30 period property Solutions Building Conservation limited .................................................72 The perry lithgow partnership ................................ 176 peter Codling architects ...............................................30 peter Cox ltd .........................................72, 154, 155, 162 peter S neale Blacksmiths ......................................... 134 pierra restoration ........................................................ 102 plaster Me ltd ............................................................... 187 plaster restorations (uk) ltd .................................... 188 press & Starkey ................................................................48 priory heritage ltd ..................................................41, 46 public Clocks ltd .......................................................... 142 purcell ................................................................................31

r r gilbertson .....................................................................82 r J Smith & Co..................................................................72 r M a heritage.................................................................41 r V M & associates ..........................................................57 r W armstrong ................................................................72 radley house partnership ............................................31 ramboll .............................................................................51 ransfords Conservation and reclaimed Building Supplies ..................................................... 144 recclesia ltd ................................................................. 104 recclesia Stained glass ..................................... 128, 129 rees Bolter architects....................................................31 refurb-a-Sash ............................................................... 118 refurbishment projects Journal............................... 200 reliable effective research...........................................14 restorative Techniques .............................................. 152 resurgam..........................................................................41 richard Coles Building & project Management ......73 richard Crooks partnership..........................................31 richard griffiths architects ltd ...................................31 richard ireland plaster & paint ........................ 176, 188 richard rogers Conservation ltd.....110, 134, 170, 171 rickards Conservation ...................................................46 robert kilgour architects ltd ......................................32 robert Seymour Conservation ....................................32

S F k Consulting ..............................................................51 S J Specialist Brickwork .................................................92 Saint-gobain paM uk limited .....................................86 Salisbury Cathedral Stained glass ........................... 128 Sally Strachey Conservation............................. 104, 109 Sandtoft roof Tiles .........................................................82 Sandy & Co (Contractors) ltd.......................................73 Sash restoration Company Co (hereford) ltd ...... 120 Sash Window Consultancy ........................................ 120 Sawyer & Fisher ...............................................................48 The Scagliola Company.............................................. 184 Scotts of Thrapston ..................................................... 119 Selectaglaze ltd ........................................................... 122 Shaws of darwen ltd ....................................... 91, 92, 93 Timothy J Shepherd historic Brickwork Specialist....................................................92 Shepley engineers limited........................................ 134 Simon Swann ................................................................ 109 Smithbrook Building products ltd .............................82 Smiths gore...............................................................33, 46 Soul architects ................................................................33 Splitlath Building Conservation ltd ....................58, 71 St ann’s gate architects llp.........................................33 St astier ltd ......................................................................72 St astier natural hydraulic limes ............................ 161 The Standard patent glazing Co limited ..................84 Steel Window Service and Supplies ltd ........ 120, 121 Steve Sherriff Stained and leaded glass Specialists ......................................... 129 Stevensons of norwich limited ............................... 188 Stone Central (nW) ltd .............................................. 105 Stone edge limited ..................................................... 103 Stonehealth limited ................................................... 153 Stonewest limited .........................................................71 Stow and Beale Conservation architects llp ..........33 Stride Treglown plc .................................................33, 46 Strippers paint removers ltd ................................... 151 Stuart little ......................................................................47 Stuart page architects ...................................................34

t T F T Woodexperts ltd ...................................................42 T r a C Structural ltd .................................................. 155 T r a d a Technology ltd ..............................................47 Taliesin Conservation.....................................................72 Tatra glass (uk) ............................................................ 130 Taylor pearce restoration Services limited........... 110 Thackway & Cadwallader Builders limited ..............73 Thwaites & reed .......................................................... 142 Timber Framing and Conservation ............................58

u r S ltd ............................................................................51 university College london ........................................ 193 university of Bath ........................................................ 193 university of York ......................................................... 192

v V a Conservation ................................ 104, 105, 109, 153, 170, 171, 172 Vale garden houses ltd .................................... 122, 141 Valley Builders ltd ..........................................................74 Vastern Timber Co ltd ................................................ 117 Verity & Beverley .............................................................34

W W C p (Whitworth Co-partnership llp)..............34, 47 W p d productions ....................................................... 170 W r dunn & Co ltd ........................................... 34, 47, 57 W Thomas restorations ltd ............................. 116, 178 The Wall paintings Workshop ................................... 176 Ward & dale Smith limited .................................47, 154 Watson Bertram & Fell ltd .....................................34, 47 Weald & downland open air Museum ................................................................14, 58, 117, 193 Weldon Contracts limited................................ 180, 181 Weldon Stone enterprises ltd .................................. 105 Wells Masonry Services ltd ....................................... 105 Welsh lime Works............................................... 161, 188 Wessex Thatchers ...........................................................84 West Meon pottery..................................................82, 92 West Waddy adp ............................................................34 Westland london ........................................................ 172 Sean Wheatley .............................................................. 188 Whippletree hardwoods................................... 117, 180 Wiles and Maguire ltd...................................................34 William J gowar & Company ltd.............................. 122 William Taylor Stonemasons ...............................74, 105 Willow Tiles ltd ...............................................................82 robin Wolley Chartered architect ..............................34 Womersley’s limited.......................................... 161, 162 Woodhall planning & Conservation ltd ....................42 Woodhead heritage.......................................................74 andrew pk Wright ..........................................................14 www.buildingconservation.com ............................. 208

Y The York glaziers Trust ................................................ 130 The York handmade Brick Company limited ..........90

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suBJect indeX Bold page references indicate principal section entries.

UsefUl InformatIon

a access consultants 57, 86, 76 advisory organisations 204 aerial access 57, 86, 76 aggregates 162, 146 air conditioning 154, 146 anniversary 4 anti-graffiti systems 151, 146 antique restoration 179, 168 archaeologists 14, 12 architects 23, 12 architectural historians 14, 12 architectural metalwork 131, 111 architectural salvage 144, 144 architectural terracotta 92, 88 art conservation 171, 176, 179, 168

B Balustrades 91, 98, 117 Baths 144 Bats 143 Battens 117, 168 Bird control 162, 146 Blacksmiths 131, 111 Bollards 131, 142, 135 Brass 123, 131, 111 Brick services 89, 162, 88 Bricks 89, 88 Bronze statuary 110, 111 Bronze windows 120, 111 Builders merchants 144 Building contractors 62, 56 Building services consultants 163, 166

c Cabinet makers 117, 111 Carving, stone 98, 88 Carving, wood 112, 116, 111 Cast iron 131, 111 Cast stone 91, 88 Chimney consultants 163 Chimneypieces 172, 163, 169 Clay chimney pots 82, 76 Clay roof tiles 82, 76 Clocks 142, 135 Coade stone 109, 88 Cob & earth 159, 146 Conservation policy 15, 23, 39, 43, 12 Conservatories 136, 141, 135 Consulting engineers 49, 52, 12 Contract management 57, 56 Copper roofing 81, 83, 76 Corrugated iron 35 Courses & training 190, 192 Course listings 193

d damp & decay 154, 146 decorative & stained glass 124, 127, 111 decorative finishes 159, 162, 177, 182, 146 decorators 169, 168 dendrochronologists 14, 12 digital lighting controls 163 disabled access 23, 39, 12 distemper 159, 162, 146 door & window fittings 122, 123, 111 doors & windows 118, 120, 111 dry rot treatment 154, 146

e ecologists electrical enabling development encaustic tiles engineers, services engineers, structural

212

143, 135 166, 163 43 180, 169 166, 163 49, 52, 12

environmental monitoring & control 154, 146 epoxy resin repairs 154, 146 events & exhibitions 196 extensions 19, 23

f Fabrics Faience Fine art conservators Fire protection Fire safety consultants Fireplaces Fixings & fasteners Flagstones Flintwork Floor & wall tiles Floor boards Foundries French polishers Furniture restoration

178, 169 92, 88 171, 168 163 163 172, 169 154, 147 98, 135 98, 88 180, 169 180, 168 131, 111 178, 169 178, 169

g garage doors 122 garden & street furniture 131, 142, 135 gates 131, 142, 135 general supplies 144 gilders 178, 169 glass, stained glass 124, 127, 111 glass, window glass 130, 111 glasshouses 136, 141, 135 gold & silversmiths 131, 179, 111 graffiti protection & removal 151, 147 granite 98, 89 gutters 86, 76 h hair & fibre reinforcement 159, 146 harling 156, 146 health & safety 23, 39, 12 heating 164, 172, 173, 163 heritage consultants 39, 12 heritage protection 15, 19, 43, 12 historical researchers 14, 12 horological engineers 142, 135 horticultural consultants 143, 135 hydraulic lime 159, 146

i insects insulation insurance interior decorators interior designers interiors consultants ironmongery ironwork

162, 146 144, 163 163 169, 168 169, 168 169, 168 123, 111 131, 123, 111

J Joinery

58, 112, 117, 111

l landscape architects 143, 135 lantern lights 84, 76 laser scanning 18, 12 laths 159, 168 leaded lights 127, 111 leadwork, decorative 82, 86, 131, 111 leadwork, roofing 81, 83, 76 leather conservation 178, 169 legislation 15, 19, 43, 203 lighting consultants 163 lighting controls 163 lightning protection 86, 76 lime mortars 159, 146 limewash 159, 146 listed building consent 15, 19, 43, 12 locksmiths 123, 111

t h e b u i l d i n g c o n s e r vat i o n d i r e c t o r y 2 0 1 3

M Marble 98, 172, 89 Marine engineering 42, 12 Masonry 52, 98, 88 Masonry cleaning 151, 147 Masonry ties 154, 147 Materials analysts 48, 12 Materials, general suppliers 144 Measured surveys 18, 12 Mechanical engineers 74, 56 Metal sheet roofing 81, 83, 76 Metal windows 120, 111 Metalwork 131, 111 Millwrights 74, 56 Mortar analysis 48, 159, 146 Mortar tools 162, 146 Mortars & renders 159, 146 Mosaics 180, 169 Mouldings, cast stone 91, 88 Mouldings, plaster 185, 168 Mouldings, timber 112, 116, 111

n nppF 43 nails 154, 147 non-destructive investigations 18, 12

o oak oak shingles organisations

117, 111 117, 76 204

p paint analysis 177, 168 paint removal 151, 147 painters & decorators 170, 168 paintings 171, 168 paints & decorative finishes 159, 162, 146 papier mĂ˘chĂŠ 184, 168 parquet flooring 180, 168 paving 98, 135 photogrammetry 18, 12 pigments 159, 162, 146 planning consultants 48, 12 plasterwork 185, 168 plasterwork, lime 159, 185, 168 pointing 91, 162, 146 polish 178, 146 pozzolanic mortar additives 159, 146 project managers 57, 56 publications 199, 201 pulhamite 109, 88

47, 12 98, 89

173, 163 131, 142, 135 86, 76 144 144 91, 88 18, 12 154, 147 86, 76 84, 76 81, 155, 76 82, 76 81, 76 77, 76 57, 86, 76

s Salvage Sandstone

TwenTieTh anniversary ediTion

144 94, 106, 89

23, 39, 12 204

v Varnish VaT

r radiators railings rainwater systems reclaimed materials reconstructed buildings reconstructed stone rectified photography resin repairs roof drainage roof lights roof ties & plates roof tiles, clay roofing contractors roofing slates rope access

t Terracotta 92, 88 Terracotta, tiles 180, 169 Textiles & upholstery 178, 169 Thatchers 84, 76 Tile pegs 117, 76 Tiles, floor & wall tiles 180, 169 Tiles, roofing 82, 76 Timber decay/preservation 154, 146 Timber flooring 180, 168 Timber frame builders 58, 56 Timber mouldings 112, 116, 111 Timber suppliers 117, 111 Timber testing, structural 59, 155, 146 Timber windows 118, 111 Training 190, 192, 193

urban designers useful contacts

q Quantity surveyors Quarries

Sash fittings 123, 111 Sash windows 118, 111 Scagliola 182, 184, 168 Sculpture 109, 110, 88 Secondary glazing 122, 111 Security fixings 123, 111 Services engineers 163 Shellac 162, 178, 169 Shingles 117, 76 Signage 131, 142, 135 Significance 15, 19, 43 Skylights 84, 76 Slate roofing 77, 81, 76 Stained glass 124, 127, 111 Stainless steel ties & fixings 154, 147 Stairs 98, 117 Statuary 91, 109, 110, 88 Steam cleaning 148, 147 Steeplejacks 83, 86, 76 Stone 98, 88 Stone carving 98, 88 Stone cleaning 151, 147 Stone masons 98, 88 Street furniture 131, 142, 135 Structural engineers 49, 52, 12 Structural metal ties & fixings 154, 147 Structural timber repairs 58, 59, 155 Structural timber testing 59, 155, 146 Subsidence 62, 56 Surveyors 45, 52, 12 Surveyors, quantity 47, 12 Surveys, damp & decay 154, 146 Surveys, measured 18, 12

162, 178, 146 203

W Wall painting conservators 176, 168 Wall ties 154, 147 Wall tiles 180, 169 Wallpapers 169, 168 Water management 143, 135 Wattle & daub materials 159, 146 Wet rot treatment 154, 146 Window & door fittings 123, 111 Window glass 130, 111 Window grilles 122, 111 Windows, metal 120, 111 Windows, timber 118, 111 Wood 117, 111 Wood carving 112, 116, 111 Woodwork 112, 117, 111 Woodworm treatment 154, 146 Wrought iron 123, 131, 111

Beautiful Since 1838

The Longden range of solid timber panelled doorsets manufactured

Other prestigious projects include Fettes College, Sheffield

in Britain, have been no stranger to opulence and splendour for well

City Hall, The Belgian Embassy and the beautifully renovated

over a hundred and seventy years.

Connaught and Stafford hotels.

Longden doorsets were chosen to hang alongside the period features

For further information on bespoke panelled doorsets visit:

at St Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s College of the University of Cambridge.

www.longdendoors.co.uk/heritage

55 Parkwood Road, Sheffield S3 8AH Telephone: 0114 270 6330 Fax: 0114 270 6331 Email: enquiries@longdendoors.co.uk www.longdendoors.co.uk

H.G.Matthews is proud to offer a unique range of hand-made, wood-fired bricks and tiles, ideal for authentic conservation work on pre-19th century buildings

H.G.Matthews Traditional brickmaking sinceâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;1923

Tel: 01494 758212 Fax: 01494 758077 The Brick Works, Bellingdon, Chesham, Bucks HP5 2UR E-mail: info@hgmatthews.com www.hgmatthews.com