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Importance and Classification of Selaginella Plants
- 1. BIRSA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY TOPIC- Importance, Classification, Design values and general cultivation aspects of selaginellas. Subject : Ornamental Horticulture Submitted to: Dr. Monika Patel Submitted by: Vibha Kumari(23)
- 2. Importance and Classification of Selaginella
- 4. Nutritional Value • Selaginella bryopteris is a lithophyte with remarkable resurrection capabilities. • Several species of Selaginella are also used as food (raw vegetables) • The aqueous extract of S. bryopteris possesses growth- promoting activity as well as protective action against stress- induced cell death in a number of experimental cell systems including mammalian cells. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
- 5. • Selaginella Extract may possess anti-stress and antioxidant activities that could be responsible for the observed effects. • Chemical analysis shows that Selaginella Extract contains hexoses and proteins. • S. bryopteris extract may help in stress-induced complications including those due to heat shock
- 6. Selaginella extracts used for various dietary supplements
- 7. Medicinal Value • Relief from heat stroke and the burning sensation during urination. • Restoring menstrual irregularities to normal. • Helping in easy delivery of pregnant women in minimizing the labor pain. • In the treatment of Jaundice. • Anti-protozoal activity. • In the treatment of HIV infection. • Growth promoting and protective activity.
- 8. • Improvement of learning and memory. • In dehydration. • Increases endurance to oxidative stress Scientific name Medical Uses Selaginella opaca Wounds, Menstruation Selaginella plana Heart disease, Stroke, Tonic for malaria patients Selaginella argentea Headache and high fever Selaginella delicatula Gastric illness Selaginella exaltata Spleen disease and stomach ache Selaginella deoderleinii Anti-cancer Selaginella involvens Wounds, Menstruation
- 9. Ornamental Value Some species of Selaginella are also used during Christmas festival as grassland and various type of table decoration e.g. : Selaginella martensii
- 10. Others • Species like Selaginella lepidophylla also well known as “Rose of Jerico” is a spiritual plant with amazing abilities and uses. • In spiritual practices, its believed to have spiritual energy which brings peace, prosperity and abundance to home or business. • Protects against illness and all types of negative energies and vibrations. • Used as Holy water to bless people.
- 11. • According to Hindu mythology, ‘Sanjeevani’ is a magical herb which has the power to cure any malady. • In the Ramayana poet Tulsidas, mentioned the description of wonder herb, ‘Sanjeevani’ (ie. Selaginella bryopteris) when, Lakshmana fell unconscious, near death, hit by an arrow from Ravana, Sushena (Lankan Royal Physician) asked Hanuman to bring four plants: MYTHOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
- 12. • Hanuman, not able to identify them from the multitude and brought back with entire hill and Lakshmana was revived. • Thus it is likely that Sanjeevani had properties capable of awakening or rejuvenating. It is also likely that owing to similarities of the syndrome of this stage with that of death, story tellers have termed the herb as a ‘life giver’. *Mrutha sanjeevani (restorer of life) * Vishalyakarani (remover of arrows) *Sandhanakarani (restorer of the skin) *Savarnyakarani (restorer of skin colour) from Dronagiri Hills.
- 13. • Provide a bulk of biomass in some tropical forests. • Some species like Selaginella densa is very resistant to drought if the roots are not disturbed hence, ecological balance is maintained. • Large number of spore formation makes it evergreen trailing plant used in making wreaths ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE .
- 14. Scientific Classification: CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta Division Lycopodiophyta Class Lycopodiopsida Order Selaginellales Family Selginellaceae Genus Selaginella
- 15. Sub-generic Classification Selaginella subg. Selaginella Selaginella subg. Rupestrae Selaginella subg. Lepidophyllae Selaginella subg. Gymnogynum Selaginella subg. Saltatae Selaginella subg. Ericetorum Selaginella subg. Stachygynandrum
- 16. SOME SPECIES OF SELAGINELLA Selaginella apoda Selaginella uncinata Selaginella rupestris
- 19. Design Value of Selaginella in Landscaping
- 20. • Desirable Plant Features • Ornamental Foliage • Plant & Root zone Preference - Tolerance • Fertile Loamy Soils, Waterlogged Soils (Drains Site), Acidic (low pH) Soils, Easy to Grow, Disease / Pest Resistant, Moist Soils • Landscape Uses • General, Terrarium, Container Planting, Interiorscape/ Indoor Plant LANSCAPING AND DESIGNING FEATURES
- 21. • Thematic Landscaping • Bioswales / Sunken Garden, Naturalistic Garden • Usage Hazard - Cons • Invasive / Potentially Invasive • Selaginella plants are very diverse in their size and in the ways they grow. • Many can be found growing wild in tropical America, Asia, China, Japan, North America, Mexico, South Africa and Australia. • S. martensii has thick, multi-branched stems filled with small green leaves.
- 22. • When S. lepidophylla, a native of desert and semi-desert regions, doesn’t get enough water, the leaves roll into tight brown balls (a phenomenon known as cespitose) and the plant becomes totally dormant generally used in xeriscaping. • Once this Selaginella gets some moisture, the leaves open up, turn green, and the plant starts to grow again. This is why the Selaginella lepidophyllagets is called the “Resurrection Plant.” • Selaginella, depending upon the variety, may be a creeping, climbing, or trailing plant. Selaginella kraussiana, which is also called Spreading Club Moss or Trailing Moss, grows about ½ inch high and has a limitless spread and according to that the designing is done and species are selected.
- 23. • During dry weather in its native habitat, its stem curl into a tight ball, uncurling only when exposed to moisture as we can see in below gif
- 24. • They are flattened to the stem. The strobili at the ends of the stems can be up to 3 or 4 centimeters long. This compact groundcover plant protects the soil from erosion and can be used in landscaping for that purpose. • S. kraussiana has very small bright green leaves that overlap on trailing jointed stems designed for hanging baskets . • Selaginella martensii is a small bushy plant that grows about 7-9” tall and just as wide designed for groundcover.
- 25. • Interiorscaping, as one might surmise, is “landscaping” an indoor space. Interiorscaping means more than bringing some green indoors. • Interiorscaping is the art and science of growing and arranging plants indoors. It involves the selection, placing and maintenance of plants to improve and enhance the appearance of indoor environment. INTERIORSCAPING
- 27. • Bioswales are channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution. • Bioswales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater. • Bioswales are typically vegetated, mulched, or xeriscaped. • Bio-retention swale have selaginellas, ferns and other vegetation as they require shade. BIOSWALE
- 28. BIOSWALE
- 29. • A formal garden set below the main level of the ground surrounding it. • Areas prone to dry, arid conditions, such as desert climates, are popular sites for creating sunken gardens. • Sunken gardens help conserve or divert water, alleviating runoff and allowing water to soak into the ground. SUNKEN GARDENS
- 30. They also provide adequate cooling for plant roots. Since water runs down hill, sunken gardens are created to “catch” available moisture as water runs down the edges and onto the plants below Sunken garden (Lewis Ginter garden),United States Sunken garden (The Butchart garden), Canada.
- 31. • Naturalistic gardens are those in which the gardener partners with nature, observing and learning from her teachings. • They can be low maintenance, but they can also be exceedingly high maintenance, depending on what the gardener has in mind. • To provide a naturalistic view few species are propagated using division and they cover the ground giving it a natural look NATURALISTIC GARDENS
- 33. • As ornamentals these plants hold most promise in xeriscaping, a water conserving form of landscaping that has gained acceptance in desert. Examples of the of ferns and Selaginella lepidophylla can be used. • Selaginella stauntoniana is another of the late plantsman Don Jacobs's introductions that thrive throughout the summer, this small semi-deciduous spikemoss produces 8" tall upright green fronds about every inch from a short-spreading rhizome. Since it occurs in the wild on dry rocky cliffs, Selaginella stauntoniana adapts well to dry woodland gardens. XERISCAPING
- 34. Xeriscaping
- 35. • A terrarium is a glass vessel that contains plants and soil, creating a miniature ecosystem. • These low-maintenance indoor gardens are an attractive way to incorporate plants into either a home or office setting while providing a beautiful aesthetic and many other advantages. TERRARIUM GARDENS
- 38. Among all 700 species a number of Selaginella species are popular plants for cultivation, mostly tropical species. Some of the species popularly cultivated and actively available commercially include: • S. kraussiana: golden clubmoss • S. moellendorffii: gemmiferous spikemoss • S. erythropus: red selaginella or ruby-red spikemoss • S. uncinata: peacock moss • S. lepidophylla: resurrection plant • S. braunii: arborvitae fern
- 39. • The delicate nature of Selaginella kraussiana and its prostrate habit make it an ideal companion plant for cultivation in moist shaded areas. • If utilized as an outdoor plant, Selaginella kraussiana is best cultivated in the southern and eastern parts of the country with higher rainfall and a more temperate frost-free climate. • Cultivation in zones prone to frost should be avoided unless the plants are cultivated in protected areas. • S. kraussiana is a shade-loving plant and is best cultivated in shady conditions.
- 40. • The plants will, however, tolerate higher light intensities and exposure to periods of full sunlight, but the soils must then be kept wet. • The species will tolerate slightly dry conditions for short periods. When exposed to higher light intensities the plants tend to turn yellowish. Eg. Selaginella lepidophylla
- 41. • Selaginella kraussiana is also suitable for cultivation indoors. This is best done in smaller containers positioned in areas receiving good, but not direct sunlight. As with cultivation outdoors, the humus-rich growing medium should be kept moist at all times. • Selaginella kraussiana a can be cultivated under various conditions ranging from saturated clay soils to well-drained humus-rich soils, due to the weak and shallow root system of the plants. Available moisture and light levels will determine the successful cultivation of the species.
- 42. • Propagation of S. kraussiana is best done by vegetative means. • This may be done through layering or the splitting of established plants. Stems 15 cm or longer may also be laid on the ground and at intervals lightly covered with soil. • This is best done during summer, the active growing period of the plant. Until established the plants should be kept moist at all times
- 43. • Light: Indirect light; no direct sunlight • Water: Aim to keep the potting medium lightly moist at all times, but don't allow the plant to sit in water. Remember to always use room-temperature water for your tropical houseplants. • Humidity: High -- above 50% relative humidity. If the air is dry, mist the plant every morning or stand the pot on a tray of wet pebbles. Keep it in a terrarium to maintain humidity around it, or in a Wardian case CULTIVATION REQUIREMENT
- 44. Wardian Cases
- 45. Terrariums
- 46. Pots
- 47. • Temperature: Average room temperatures (65-75°F/18- 24°C). Try to maintain a steady temperature.Selaginella doesn't like it too cold or too hot. • Soil: Peat moss-based potting mix with perlite or horticultural sand added for good drainage. • Fertilizer: Feed monthly spring through fall with a balanced liquid fertilizer diluted by half. • Propagation: Take stem tip cuttings in spring or summer. Just give the stems contact with the soil and they'll take root as they grow, forming a spreading mat.
- 48. and as the tip cuttings contains male and female spores …here in this video we can se how they grow up further
- 49. • Growing animal-safe Selaginella on a (small) commercial scale is a rewarding challenge. • It requires years of improving efforts. A few proprietary tricks should be developed to ensure yields & quality stay high while straying far from the typical (pesticide-heavy) commercial production procedures. • Selaginella propagation cells are custom tailored to provide each species with it's ideal conditions for growth. CULTIVATION AT COMMERCIAL STAGE
- 50. • Depending on the specific species' grow cell, humidity ranges anywhere from 65-90% R/H, PAR levels range from 50-200µMol/M²S at plant level, and each features some form of scheduled air exchange. • Once established, the little Selaginella plants are removed from growth cells, placed on our typical plant racks, and grow-out from there. • Available plants are very well established (typically 2-5 months old) at the time of shipping. The available plants were grown on a blend of peat-heavy (acidic) organic potting soil, and the plants are sold-off before any supplemental nutrients (fertilizer) are required.
- 51. • Mother plants (which are propagated from every couple months) are fed a heavily diluted blend of balanced organic nutrients every 3-6 months to keep them thriving. • In a terrarium/vivarium environment, higher levels of humidity seems to be critically important, along with a fair amount of airflow. Different species have different terrarium lighting requirements.
- 52. • Species like kraussiana, uncinata, erythropus, and kraussiana all do best when planted as a ground-cover plant. Species like emmeliana, flabellata, kraussiana ,variegate and plana have a more ascendant growth pattern which does best when allowed to grow up & onto a surface. • Certain species are ultra sensitive to bright lights, while others will thrive in the brightest conditions. • Selaginella have a broad range of ideal growing conditions.
- 54. LARGE VIVARIUMS ARE USED FOR CULTIVATION