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Scientific name: Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus 1753
Synonyms: Pinus binatofolio Gilib., Pinus borealis Salisb., Pinus cretacea Kalen., Pinus ericetorum Thore, Pinus erzeroomica Calvert ex Gordon, Pinus fominii Kondr., Pinus fominii subsp. cretacea (Kalen.) L.V.Orlova, Pinus frieseana Wich., Pinus genevensis Carrière, Pinus genovensis Garsault, Pinus hagenaviensis K.Koch, Pinus krylovii Serg. & Kondr., Pinus lapponica (Hartm.) Mayr, Pinus montana Hoffm., Pinus mughus Jacq., Pinus resinosa Savi, Pinus rigensis Loudon, Pinus rubra Mill., Pinus scariosa Lodd. ex Loudon, Pinus sylvestris subsp. amurensis L.V.Orlova, Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestris, Pinus tartarica Mill.
Infraspecific taxa: Pinus sylvestris var. hamata Steven 1838, Pinus sylvestris var. lapponica Hartm. 1849, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. 1905
Common names: Scots pine, Scotch pine, European red pine, Baltic pine, Riga pine, Norway pine
Tree to 30(-40) m tall, shorter in arid regions or shrubby near the alpine tree line. Trunk to 1(-1.7) m tall, often forked or leaning. Bark bright reddish orange, smooth, and peeling in papery flakes on the upper trunk and branches, breaking up into gray, scaly, interrupted ridges separated by broad, reddish brown furrows on the lower trunk. Crown variably conical, through cylindrical, to nearly spherical, with contorted horizontal to upraised branches densely clothed with foliage only at the tips. Twigs greenish yellow to orange, hairless, slightly grooved between the bases of the scale leaves. Buds 5-8(-11) mm long, resinous. Needles in bundles of two (or three), each needle (0.5-)4-7(-12) cm long, somewhat flexible but straight, conspicuously twisted, very broad for their height (about two to three times as broad as high), prickly, lasting 2-3(-9) years, usually bluish green. Individual needles with numerous, conspicuous lines of stomates on both faces, a two-stranded midvein, and (2-)6-10(-22) resin canals touching the needle surface all around the periphery. Sheath 9-12 mm long, weathering to 3-6 mm and persisting and falling with the bundle. Pollen cones (2-)3-6(-8) mm long, pink or yellow. Seed cones (1.5-)3-5(-7) cm long, egg- to broadly egg-shaped, with 70-100 seed scales, green before maturity, ripening shiny or dull yellowish brown to reddish brown to grayish brown, opening widely to release the seeds and then falling with the slender, short, curved stalk (2-)4-12(-15) mm long. Seed scales variably paddle-shaped, the exposed face unequally diamond-shaped, flat to conically protruding, especially near the base on the side away from the twig, crossed by a distinct ridge topped by a flat, small umbo bearing an inconspicuous, blunt prickle. Seed body (2-)3-5 mm long, the easily detachable wing another 10-15 mm longer.
Discontinuously distributed all the way across Eurasia from near the Atlantic Ocean in Norway, Scotland, and northwestern Spain to the Pacific (Sea of Okhotsk) in Russia, with its broadest latitudinal distribution in western Eurasia from about 37°N in Spain and Turkey to above 70°N in Norway but mostly confined to a broken band between about 50°N and 65°N across central and eastern Eurasia to about 142°E. Forming immense, pure forests (hence the scientific name, Latin for “of forests”), mixed with birches and other boreal trees, or confined to isolated groves in the steppes south of the boreal forest in Siberia, on substrates ranging from dry sands to bogs; 0-2,100(-2,600) m, generally at lower elevations in the north and higher elevations in the south.
Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern
This is the most widespread of all pines, occupying many millions of hectares across Eurasia. Its tremendous distribution and large population size leads to an assessment of Least Concern.
More than 50 botanical varieties have been described for this species. Farjon (2010), only recognizes three of these. The typical variety is very widespread, from Scotland to Russian Far East. Pinus sylvestris var. hamata Steven is restricted to the Ukraine, Caucasus and Turkey. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. is found in northern China, Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in Siberia. None of the varieties are considered to be threatened and are hence not assessed separately.
Across its enormous range Pinus sylvestris grows naturally in a variety of habitats, the common denominator of which is deficiency of nutrients in the soil. Thus on the Atlantic seaboard with high levels of precipitation it occupies ancient igneous or metamorphic rocks with little or no soil in Scotland and Norway up to 70º N, while south of the Baltic Sea it grows on podzolized glacial sands left after the Ice Age. In the central Alps it is restricted to the drier slopes and valleys below other conifers like Larix and Picea, while in the Caucasus it ascends to 2,600 m on rocky outcrops and scree. In much of Siberia it occupies the drier sites, but in Scandinavia and NE Europe it often borders acidic peat bogs. In the steppes of Russia and Mongolia it occurs only along stream courses. Pinus sylvestris most commonly forms open pine forests and woodlands but in many areas it is associated with conifers like Picea, Larix, Juniperus and with broad-leaved trees, especially Betula spp. and Populus tremula. In old growth stands there is often a well-developed ground cover of Vaccinium spp. or Empetrum nigrum in Atlantic regions, and such pine forests are rich in mycorrhizal fungi.
Pinus sylvestris forests in countries such as the United Kingdom (Scotland) have historically been heavily exploited and in some areas have been considerably reduced. Throughout most of its range, however, logging and forest conversion for agriculture or for plantations have had a much less of an impact.
Scots pine is an important timber tree, but most of the production goes to the paper industry. In the past it was more often put to use as mining props and for interior construction; such uses are still common in E Europe. Most of the 'pine' used for furniture in W Europe is actually spruce (Picea abies), which has a smoother grain and is less resinous, but often has more and darker 'knots', which are the discarded lower branches on the trunks of densely planted trees. Other uses of Scots pine wood are (or were) street paving blocks, railway sleepers, fencing, crates, pallets, boxes, laminated wood, particleboard, fibreboard, and various wood-based materials. In Russia and Scandinavia resin is extracted by 'destructive distillation' from the stumps and roots of felled trees to produce 'Stockholm tar' which is used as a wood preservative. In much of western Europe it is a widely planted forestry tree for timber; it was introduced in the USA for similar purposes and for growing as Christmas trees. Scots pine is or was also used to stabilize dunes, but not those close to the sea as it is not very resistant to salt-laden winds. In Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark such plantations have led to massive spontaneous spread of pines onto heathland and the last remaining inland dune areas, and while the old plantations have in many places matured to mixed woodland now managed as 'multiple use' or even nature reserves, the invasiveness onto Calluna heathland is seen as a menace to biodiversity and an ancient semi-natural landscape.
In horticulture a large number of cultivars are known, including dwarf forms; the species is being planted as an amenity tree in many countries. The bark of the tree can be ground to make a flour which is used as an emergency food and a vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood. A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles and a orange dye from the cones.
It is used medicinally in the treatment of chest and urinary complaints, rheumatism and arthritis. It is used in various forms, such as the turpentine from the resin and oil from the seed and leaves. The leaves and young shoots are considered antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant and are harvested in spring and dried for later use. Leaves can also be added to bath water for treating fatigue, sleeplessness and skin irritations. It is used in aromatherapy for its invigorating properties. The oil from the leaves is also used in perfumery. A fibre from the bark has been used to produce ropes and the leaves as a packing material. The roots are resinous and can be used as a candle substitute and the wood use as a fuel.
In horticulture a large number of cultivars is known, including dwarf forms from witches brooms; the species is being planted as an amenity tree in many countries.
As this species has such a wide range and is relatively common, it is present in numerous protected areas such as the Cozia National Park in Romania and 29 other Natura 2000 sites (EUNIS 2014). However, few of these include the more isolated subpopulations that often occur at the margins of its range or in more extreme habitats and probably represent reservoirs of genetic adaptability. Most ex-situ conservation activities such as seed banks and seed orchards are orientated towards tree breeding for timber production rather than broad genetic representation. A more comprehensive strategy is required to conserve the full range of genetic variability and the range of habitat types that this species characterises.
Pinus sylvestris ’104T’ Pinus sylvestris ’Adirondack’ Pinus sylvestris ’Alba’ Pinus sylvestris ’Alba Picta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Albospicata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Albyn’ Pinus sylvestris ’Albyn’s Prostrate’ Pinus sylvestris ’Alderly Egde’ Pinus sylvestris ’Alhorn’ Pinus sylvestris ’Altaica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Andenken an Vater Böhlje’ Pinus sylvestris ’Andorra’ Pinus sylvestris ’Angara HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Anguina’ Pinus sylvestris ’Anny’s Wintersun’ Pinus sylvestris ’Arctic’ Pinus sylvestris ’Argentea’ Pinus sylvestris ’Argentea Compacta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Argentea Variegata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Arrowhead’ Pinus sylvestris ’Aurea’ Pinus sylvestris ’Aurea Nana’ Pinus sylvestris ’Aurea Nisbet’ Pinus sylvestris ’Aurea PG’ Pinus sylvestris ’Aureopicta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Austrian Hills’ Pinus sylvestris ’Auvergne’ Pinus sylvestris ’Baba’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bailey’s Upright’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bakony’ Pinus sylvestris ’Balatka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Balenice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Banický Rytíř’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barabits Aureovariegata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barabits Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barabits Bonsai’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barabits Compact’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barabits Globus’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barney Gumball’ Pinus sylvestris ’Barry Bergman’ Pinus sylvestris ’Baxel WB-SDL’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bayeri’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beacon Hill’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beata HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beauvronensis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bedgebury WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beissneriana’ Pinus sylvestris ’Belchatow’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beleznay’ Pinus sylvestris ’Belgian’ Pinus sylvestris ’Belle Aire’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bennett Compact’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bennett Mini Leaf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bennett’s Short Leaf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bergman’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beskid 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beskidy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Beuvronensis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bexel Seedling’ Pinus sylvestris ’Białogon’ Pinus sylvestris ’Big Boy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Black Money’ Pinus sylvestris ’Blatenka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Blue Column’ Pinus sylvestris ’Blue Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Blue Sky’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bluth’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bobo’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bócsa 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bócsa 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Boersma’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bonna’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bonnie Bergman’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bonsai’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bonzaj’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bór’ Pinus sylvestris ’Borkovice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Boroví’ Pinus sylvestris ’Brentmoor Blonde’ Pinus sylvestris ’Brdo’ Pinus sylvestris ’Brdo 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Breburda’ Pinus sylvestris ’Brevifolia’ Pinus sylvestris ’Brevifolia’ Pinus sylvestris ’Broadley’ Pinus sylvestris ’Browsk’ Pinus sylvestris ’Brunka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Buchanan’s Gold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Budziszewice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bugatti’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bujotii’ Pinus sylvestris ’Bundle’ Pinus sylvestris ’Burdan’ Pinus sylvestris ’Burghfield’ Pinus sylvestris ’Burgund Paprocany’ Pinus sylvestris ’Byst Witch’s Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Calle’ Pinus sylvestris ’Candlelight’ Pinus sylvestris ’Cechy WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Cerik’ Pinus sylvestris ’Cert' Pinus sylvestris ’Chantry Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Chris’s Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Chybie’ Pinus sylvestris ’Clumber Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Clumber Hump’ Pinus sylvestris ’Columnaris’ Pinus sylvestris ’Columnaris Compacta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Compact’ Pinus sylvestris ’Compressa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Conica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Corley’ Pinus sylvestris ’Cuha’ Pinus sylvestris ’Cutty Sark’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ćwiklice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Daisy 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dąbrowa L’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dalešice Gold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Danbe’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dano WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Daria’ Pinus sylvestris ’David Beskydy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Denny Boy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dereham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dilworth Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dobbels’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dobrá Voda’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dolní Paseky’ Pinus sylvestris ’Doone Valley’ Pinus sylvestris ’Doubravčice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Drath’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dubina’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dubinka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dunice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dvojník’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dvorce 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dvorce 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dymokury’ Pinus sylvestris ’Dwarf Strybing’ Pinus sylvestris ’Edwin Hillier’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ema Maňovice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Erecta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fairy Nuff’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fastigiata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fastigiata Draht’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fastigiata Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fastigiata Glauca’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fastigiata Gotellii’ Pinus sylvestris ’Feuchtner’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fjell-Teppich’ Pinus sylvestris ’French’ Pinus sylvestris ’French Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’French Dark Green’ Pinus sylvestris ’Frensham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Filip's Blue Globe’ Pinus sylvestris ’Filip's Silver Surprise’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fritsche WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Frühling’s Gold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fulton No. 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fulton No. 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Fulton Weeper’ Pinus sylvestris ’Galkow 24’ Pinus sylvestris ’Galkow 32’ Pinus sylvestris ’Galkow 33’ Pinus sylvestris ’Gaker’s Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Genevensis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Genolier’ Pinus sylvestris ’Girard Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Girard Fastigiate’ Pinus sylvestris ’Girard’s Fastigiate’ Pinus sylvestris ’Girard Pyramid’ Pinus sylvestris ’Glauca’ Pinus sylvestris ’Glauca Compacta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Glauca Draht’ Pinus sylvestris ’Glauca Globosa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Glauca Nana’ Pinus sylvestris ’Glauca Pyramidalis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Globosa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Globosa Aurea’ Pinus sylvestris ’Globosa Nana’ Pinus sylvestris ’Globosa Variety’ Pinus sylvestris ’Globosa Viridis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Globus’ Pinus sylvestris ’Gold Coin’ Pinus sylvestris ’Gold Medal’ Pinus sylvestris ’Grand Rapids’ Pinus sylvestris ’Green Flare’ Pinus sylvestris ’Green Globe’ Pinus sylvestris ’Greg’s Glauca’ Pinus sylvestris ’Green Goblin’ Pinus sylvestris ’Greg’s Friend’ Pinus sylvestris ’Greg’s Gold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Greg’s Variegated’ Pinus sylvestris ’Gronkow HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Guadarama’ Pinus sylvestris ’Gwydyr Castle’ Pinus sylvestris ’Haguenan Variety’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hajný 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hale’s Prostrate’ Pinus sylvestris ’HB Burdan’ Pinus sylvestris ’HB Kolodziej’ Pinus sylvestris ’HB Lewandowski’ Pinus sylvestris ’Heavy Trunk’ Pinus sylvestris ’Heit’s Pygmy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Helen Bergman’ Pinus sylvestris ’Helga’ Pinus sylvestris ’Helgen’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hella’ Pinus sylvestris ’Helms’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hensley’s Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hersley Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hesley Hall’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hett’s Pygmy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hex Gold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hexenbesen Diesteldorf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hexguld’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hibernica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hibernica Nana’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hillside Creeper’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hillside Gem’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hillside Weeper’ Pinus sylvestris ’Holenice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Holenice 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Holzbecher’ Pinus sylvestris ’Holzbecherii’ Pinus sylvestris ’Homole’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hora’ Pinus sylvestris ’Horndal’ Pinus sylvestris ’Horní Hrad’ Pinus sylvestris ’Horní Hrad Seedling’ Pinus sylvestris ’Horstmann’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hory’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hošť’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hoste Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hrabyně’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hradec’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hranovnica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hřeben’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hrock WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Humble Pie Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hůrka 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Hůrka 7’ Pinus sylvestris ’Husín 4’ Pinus sylvestris ’Iceni’ Pinus sylvestris ’Inna’ Pinus sylvestris ’Inverleith’ Pinus sylvestris ’Inops’ Pinus sylvestris ’Irkusk’ Pinus sylvestris ’Isaszeg’ Pinus sylvestris ’Istvándi’ Pinus sylvestris ’J. Holzbecher’ Pinus sylvestris ’Jade’ Pinus sylvestris ’Jakutsk’ Pinus sylvestris ’Janssen Witch’ Pinus sylvestris ’Jaworzno’ Pinus sylvestris ’Jeleń’ Pinus sylvestris ’Jensen’s Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Jeremy’ Pinus sylvestris ’John Boy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Juto’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kalinow’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kaltha Norwegen’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kámon Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kárané’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kartuzy’ Pinus sylvestris ’KBN Gold Sport’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kelly’s Variegated’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kelpie’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kenwith’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kielcza’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kladska’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kluis Pyramid’ Pinus sylvestris ’Knop’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kobiór’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kocanďák’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kopa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kopáče’ Pinus sylvestris ’Korong’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kowno Pyramidalis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kozlov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kozov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Körtvélyes’ Pinus sylvestris ’Krásná louka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kremnica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kret’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kristick’s Witches Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Krubski Młyn’ Pinus sylvestris ’Krzysiek’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ksawerów’ Pinus sylvestris ’Księżna Anhalt’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kurznadelig’ Pinus sylvestris ’Kvenangen’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lake Superior Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lakeside Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Laponica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Laponum’ Pinus sylvestris ’Laponum Old Rybn #2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Laponum Ols Rybnick’ Pinus sylvestris ’Laponum Schuch’ Pinus sylvestris ’Larchwood’ Pinus sylvestris ’Le Claire’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ledce’ Pinus sylvestris ’Leningrad’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lettland’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski 13’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski 16’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski 27’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski 39 M’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski Fastigiate’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski HB 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lewandowski M’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lipetsk 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lipetsk 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lipetsk 4’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lipník’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lithuanica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Little Ann’ Pinus sylvestris ’Little Brolly’ Pinus sylvestris ’Little Orphan’ Pinus sylvestris ’Litwa HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lodge Hill’ Pinus sylvestris ’Longmoor’ Pinus sylvestris ’Los Verdes’ Pinus sylvestris ’Loučeň’ Pinus sylvestris ’Lupie Dos’ Pinus sylvestris ’Makow 22’ Pinus sylvestris ’Makow 23’ Pinus sylvestris ’Maks HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Manschurian’ Pinus sylvestris ’Maple Grove’ Pinus sylvestris ’Maria’ Pinus sylvestris ’Marosz’ Pinus sylvestris ’Marshall Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Martham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mećek’ Pinus sylvestris ’Meffengold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Melechov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mętków’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mętków Bagno’ Pinus sylvestris ’Miba’ Pinus sylvestris ’Michałkowski’ Pinus sylvestris ’Microphylla’ Pinus sylvestris ’Milan’ Pinus sylvestris ’Milenecká Alej’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mini Globe’ Pinus sylvestris ’Minima’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mitsch’s Weeping’ Pinus sylvestris ’Močál’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mölln’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mongolia’ Pinus sylvestris ’Moseri’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mossen’ Pinus sylvestris ’MPH Darány’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mrzkovice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mstislavice 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mstislavice 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mt. Vernon’ Pinus sylvestris ’Mt. Vernon Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Munches Blue’ Pinus sylvestris ’Naftobaza’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nana’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nana Compacta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nana Compressa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nana Glauca’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nana Michaud’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nana WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Neaost’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nejlepší’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nesbitt’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nidiformis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nigra Pygmy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nigrescens’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nineva’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nisbet Aurea’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nisbet’s Gem’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nivea’ Pinus sylvestris ’Norske’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nové Mitrovice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Nymans’ Pinus sylvestris ’Obelisk’ Pinus sylvestris ’Oberbozen’ Pinus sylvestris ’O. D. Branky’ Pinus sylvestris ’Oden WB SDL’ Pinus sylvestris ’Oppdal’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ostrata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Otavožaty’ Pinus sylvestris ’Otradovice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ovčáry’ Pinus sylvestris ’Padrt’ Pinus sylvestris ’Paprotnia’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pavlíkov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pardubice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pelnik’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pelnik 1998’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pelnik 1999’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pelnik HB 2001’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pepino’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pasfield’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pavlíkov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Peklo’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pendula’ Pinus sylvestris ’Perkeo’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pevé Hamert’ Pinus sylvestris ’Piasek’ Pinus sylvestris ’Piask Gorka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pierson’s Ridge’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pinkasák 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pinkasák 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Piskowitz’ Pinus sylvestris ’Piwko’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pixie’ Pinus sylvestris ’Podmoky’ Pinus sylvestris ’Polesie’ Pinus sylvestris ’Polo’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pom Pom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Poodle Pine’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pořešín’ Pinus sylvestris ’Prairie Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Prairie Dwarf Seedling’ Pinus sylvestris ’Příkosov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Prostrata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pulham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pumila’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pygmaea’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pygmaea Microphylla’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pyramidalis Compacta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Pyramidalis Glauca’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rabštejn’ Pinus sylvestris ’Radenice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Radošice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Radostín’ Pinus sylvestris ’Radotice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ramapo’ Pinus sylvestris ’Raraflora Seedling’ Pinus sylvestris ’Raraflora Brevifolia’ Pinus sylvestris ’Red House’ Pinus sylvestris ’Reedham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Reflexa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rejčkov’ Pinus sylvestris ’Repanda’ Pinus sylvestris ’Repandens’ Pinus sylvestris ’Repens’ Pinus sylvestris ’Riga’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rita’ Pinus sylvestris ’Riverside Gem’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rockton’ Pinus sylvestris ’Roger Doger’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rogów’ Pinus sylvestris ’Route 6’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rowe’s Broom’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rudna Góra’ Pinus sylvestris ’Rustica’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ryderz’ Pinus sylvestris ’Saidi’ Pinus sylvestris ’Salina’ Pinus sylvestris ’Šárka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Saxatilis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sayville’ Pinus sylvestris ’Scotland’ Pinus sylvestris ’Scotland Spey Valley’ Pinus sylvestris ’Scott’s Dwarf’ Pinus sylvestris ’Scrubby’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sé’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sedlice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Seitzii’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sentinel’ Pinus sylvestris ’Shandringham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Shaped’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sherwood’ Pinus sylvestris ’Siegert’ Pinus sylvestris ’Silver Column’ Pinus sylvestris ’Silver Globus’ Pinus sylvestris ’Skiabloba’ Pinus sylvestris ’Skjak 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Skjak 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Skjak 11’ Pinus sylvestris ’Skogbygdi’ Pinus sylvestris ’Slim Jim’ Pinus sylvestris ’Slotwiny’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sojovice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sonny WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sopley WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sopron’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sosnowski’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sosní’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sovony’ Pinus sylvestris ’Spaan’s Fastigiate’ Pinus sylvestris ’Spaan’s Slow Column’ Pinus sylvestris ’Spanish’ Pinus sylvestris ’Spiralis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sport of Riverside Gem’ Pinus sylvestris ’Sq. Rg. 4’ Pinus sylvestris ’St. George’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ståle Sørensen H.B.’ Pinus sylvestris ’Stasiak’ Pinus sylvestris ’Straver’ Pinus sylvestris ’Štrba 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Štrba 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Strych’ Pinus sylvestris ’Studce’ Pinus sylvestris ’Studzienice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Stvořidla 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Supergold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Suz’ Pinus sylvestris ’Svéd’ Pinus sylvestris ’Swan Oy’ Pinus sylvestris ’Świerczyniec’ Pinus sylvestris ’Szutowicz HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tabuliformis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tage’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tajná’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tanya’ Pinus sylvestris ’Terra Cotta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tesar WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tilhead’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tilshead’ Pinus sylvestris ’TM21 WB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tinsdal’ Pinus sylvestris ’Točilka’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tomszak’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tortuosa’ Pinus sylvestris ’Treasure’ Pinus sylvestris ’Trefrew Quarry’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tremba’ Pinus sylvestris ’Trenton Pendula’ Pinus sylvestris ’Trenton Weeping’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tristis’ Pinus sylvestris ’Troll’ Pinus sylvestris ’Trollguld’ Pinus sylvestris ’Trooper’ Pinus sylvestris ’Truba’ Pinus sylvestris ’Truba 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Truba 11’ Pinus sylvestris ’U Branky’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ulan Ude’ Pinus sylvestris ’Tulsfelder Zwerg’ Pinus sylvestris ’Turkey’ Pinus sylvestris ’Typ Norske’ Pinus sylvestris ’Twiggy’ Pinus sylvestris ’U branky’ Pinus sylvestris ’U jezirka’ Pinus sylvestris ’U Krize’ Pinus sylvestris ’Ukrainian’ Pinus sylvestris ’Umbraculifera’ Pinus sylvestris ’Umbrella’ Pinus sylvestris ’Understock’ Pinus sylvestris ’Upper Glade’ Pinus sylvestris ’Valdštĕjn 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vanilla Sky’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vargguld’ Pinus sylvestris ’Variegata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vera Hayward’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vilémovice 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vilémovice 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vinney Ridge’ Pinus sylvestris ’Virgata’ Pinus sylvestris ’Viridis Compacta’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vlkancice’ Pinus sylvestris ’Vršek’ Pinus sylvestris ’W & M’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wartham’ Pinus sylvestris ’Watereri’ Pinus sylvestris ’Watereri HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wawerly’ Pinus sylvestris ’WB SDL’ Pinus sylvestris ’Westonbirt’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wielkanocna’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wintergold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wittichenau’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wolf Gold’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wolski HB’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wolski HB2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wroclaw’ Pinus sylvestris ’Wyry’ Pinus sylvestris ’Xavery’ Pinus sylvestris ’Xawery 1’ Pinus sylvestris 'Yellow Wola' Pinus sylvestris ’Yin i Yang’ Pinus sylvestris ’Yola’ Pinus sylvestris ’Zabor’ Pinus sylvestris ’Záborčí 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Żakowice 1’ Pinus sylvestris ’Żakowice 2’ Pinus sylvestris ’Żakowice 3’ Pinus sylvestris ’Zatec’ Pinus sylvestris ’Zoelen’ Pinus sylvestris ’Zrůbek’ Pinus sylvestris ’Żwaków’
Copyright © Aljos Farjon, James E. Eckenwalder, IUCN, Conifers Garden. All rights reserved.
