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Scientific name: Pinus mugo Turra 1764
Synonyms: Pinus applanata (Booth ex Loudon) Willk., Pinus carpathicus auct., Pinus digenea Wettst., Pinus echinata Carrière, Pinus fischeri Booth ex P.Lawson, Pinus magellensis Schouw, Pinus montana Mill., Pinus mugho Laichard., Pinus mughus Scop., Pinus mugo subsp. mughus (Scop.) Domin, Pinus mugo subsp. pumilio (Haenke) A.E.Murray, Pinus mugo subsp. mugo, Pinus mugo var. arborea (Tubeuf) Hyl., Pinus mugo var. compacta D.Hill, Pinus mugo var. mughus (Scop.) Zenari, Pinus mugo var. nana Loudon ex Gordon, Pinus mugo var. pumilio (Haenke) Domin, Pinus mugo var. pumilio (Haenke) Zenari, Pinus pumilio Haenke, Pinus pumilio (Haenke) Franco, Pinus rostrata K.Koch, Pinus rubriflora Loudon ex Gordon, Pinus squamosa Bosc ex Loudon, Pinus sudeticus auct., Pinus uncinata var. pumilio (Haenke) Mathieu, Pinus wettsteinii Fritsch
Infraspecific taxa: Pinus uncinata subsp. rotundata (Link) Janch. & H.Neumayer 1942
Common names: Dwarf Mountain pine, European mountain pine, Mugo pine (English), Pin de montagne (French), Bergkiefer (German), Mugo (Italian)
Shrubs to 5 m tall, main branches ascending to erect, sometimes a small erect tree. Bark breaking into small, rectangular plates and sometimes curling scales on larger stems, grey. Foliage branches slender, smooth with prominent ribs, glabrous, at first light greenish brown, later reddish brown to greyish black. Buds cylindrical, acute, strongly resinous, 10-15 mm long. Leaves in fascicles of 2, rarely 3, held in 10-18 mm long, later much shorter, basal fascicle sheaths, densely set on branches, directed forward, persisting (2-)4-9(-10) years, (2.3-)3-7(-8) cm long, slightly curved and rigid, often twisted, 1.5-2.2 mm wide, dark or light green. Margins minutely serrulate, apex more or less pungent; stomata in fine lines on all sides. Pollen cones clusterd at base of new shoots, spirally arranged, short cylindrical, 10-12 mm long, 5 mm wide, yellow or red. Seed cones solitary or in whorls of 2-3 on short peduncles below shoot apex, or sometimes more in a cluster near its base and subsessile, patent or more or less reflexed, falling at maturity or persisting up to 4 years, (obliquely) ovoid, 2-6 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide when opened, with an asymmetrical or symmetrical, flattened base. Seed scales thin woody, rigid, oblong, spreading wide, reddish or blackish brown, apophyses nearly flat to prominently raised, gibbous or transversely keeled, on the outer, sun-exposed side of cone sometimes larger and recurved or longitudinally ridged, lustrous yellowish or reddish brown. Umbo dorsal, small, depressed, flat or conical, central or excentric, armed with a minute, often breaking prickle. Seeds small, 3-4 mm long; wing articulate, 10-13 mm long.
Pinus mugo and Pinus uncinata have been treated as either two species, or as two subspecies of Pinus mugo, for most of the past 200 years; there has never been clear agreement on this point. Formerly morphological, and now molecular analyses have established that they are sister species; moreover their natural hybrid, Pinus × rotundata Link (Businský 1998), is common. Recent comprehensive reviews of the conifers by Eckenwalder (2009) and Debreczy and Racz (2011) maintain subspecies status for Pinus uncinata, while Farjon (2010) grants it species status.
This is a montane species with concentrations in the Alps and Carpathians. This pine is recorded from the French Alps, northern and central Italy (with an isolated population in the central Italian Apennines), Austria, Switzerland, southern Germany, Czech Republic, southern Poland and Slovakia. In southeastern Europe it is found in northern Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, western Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and east to Ukraine; 600(-1,000)-2,300(-2,700) m.
Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern
This species has received more names than any other conifer, some of these are still in use especially in eastern Europe. the typical subspecies, Pinus mugo subsp. mugo and Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata. The closely related species Pinus uncinata is treated as distinct at that rank. The typical subspecies (subsp. mugo) is relatively widespread and is not regarded as threatened. However, subsp. rotundata has a more restricted distribution and is confined to mid-elevation peat bogs. Draining and afforestation have reduced its area of occupancy to such an extent that it has been assessed separately.
The species has two principal growth forms, commonly recognized as distinct taxa: a shrub-like, sometimes nearly decumbent form (subsp. mugo) and an upright shrub or erect tree (subsp. rotundata), which occupy different habitats. The shrubby form grows on mountain slopes and ridges generally from about 1,000 m to 2,300 m a.s.l. in the mountain ranges of Europe most exposed to storms associated with depression systems in the North Atlantic. Especially in the Carpathians, it forms dense mat-like thickets above montane forests dominated by Fagus or Picea; in the western Alps the upright form (subspecies) dominates on nutrient poor slopes. Pinus mugo in the eastern Alps may have replaced original Larch-Arolla pine woods which were disturbed by human activities and grazing of their animals. The species often occurs on dolomite limestone, but is in fact indifferent to soil type; this prevalence probably has historical reasons.
No significant, range-wide threats have been identified for this species or for Pinus mugo. Tourist and recreation-related developments (e.g. ski resorts and ski runs) could have some effect at a very localized level and acid rain in the eastern parts of its range may also be a problem.
The shrubby subspecies (mugo) of Dwarf Mountain pine has been used in some parts of northern Europe to stabilize drifting sand dunes and as initial shelter belts for plantations with Scots pine in similar sandy areas. In horticulture it is mainly planted in spaces created by roundabouts and other types of road intersection, both in Europe and in the USA. For gardens many cultivars that remain more dwarfish than the subspecies mugo have been and are being selected, and some of these are suitable in larger rock gardens as they grow very slowly. For this reason, this species has also been used in bonsai culture. The tree form (subsp. rotundata) is too uncommon and also grows too slowly to be of importance as a timber tree. Its horticultural interest is limited to arboreta, where it is often labelled as a distinct species (Pinus uncinata) and can grow into an erect small tree. Hybrids have been described between subsp. mugo and subsp. rotundata, and such plants may also occasionally be in cultivation.
As with other pines, this species produces a resin that has some medicinal uses. The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pines is considered antiseptic and diuretic. It is used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic disorders. In the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers it is also used for respiratory complaints such as coughs and colds and a variety of skin problems, such as sores and boils. An essential oil obtained from the young twigs is used medicinally and also in woody perfumeries. A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood. Pitch could also be obtained from the resin and a tan or green dye obtained from the needles and the wood has reportedly been used to make shoes. A herbal tea is also made from the needles in Bulgaria.
This pine is very common at and above the treeline in montane areas and the population is inferred to be large and stable. This species is recorded from more than 50 Natura 2000 protected areas throughout its range (EUNIS 2014), such as the Tatry National Park in Poland. It has been planted ornamentally and it is conserved ex situ in 154 botanic gardens worldwide (BCGI 2013). Seed is conserved in seedbanks, such as in Paver, Italy (ENSCO 2014).
Pinus mugo ‘Abel’ Pinus mugo ‘Abendrot’ Pinus mugo ‘Absolut’ Pinus mugo ‘Adam’ Pinus mugo ‘Adamec’ Pinus mugo ‘Adima’ Pinus mugo ‘Agatka’ Pinus mugo ‘Agave’ Pinus mugo ‘Agnieszka’ Pinus mugo ‘Albospicata’ Pinus mugo ‘Albovariegata’ Pinus mugo ‘Albovariegata Panoch’ Pinus mugo ’Allen’ Pinus mugo ’Allgau’ Pinus mugo ’Almhütte’ Pinus mugo ’Alpenglow’ Pinus mugo ‘Alpenhexe’ Pinus mugo ‘Alpenstar’ Pinus mugo ‘Alpenzwerg’ Pinus mugo ‘Amália’ Pinus mugo ‘Amber Gold’ Pinus mugo ’Arneson’s Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Anderegg’ Pinus mugo ‘Andrzej’ Pinus mugo ‘Anita’ Pinus mugo ‘Annemarie’ Pinus mugo ‘Antika’ Pinus mugo ‘Apache’ Pinus mugo ‘Aries’ Pinus mugo ’Árpád’ Pinus mugo ’Aurea’ Pinus mugo ‘Aurea Plzen’ Pinus mugo ’Aureovariegata’ Pinus mugo ‘Aureovariegata Panoch’ Pinus mugo ‘Baby’ Pinus mugo ‘Bahno’ Pinus mugo ‘Balbinka’ Pinus mugo ‘Blanka’ Pinus mugo ‘Balaisbac’ Pinus mugo ‘Benjamin’ Pinus mugo ‘Beran’ Pinus mugo ‘Berhal’ Pinus mugo ’Big Tuna’ Pinus mugo ‘Binzig’ Pinus mugo ‘Blanka’ Pinus mugo ‘Blanke-Tatry’ Pinus mugo ‘Blue’ Pinus mugo ‘Blue Form’ Pinus mugo ‘Blue Dick Bush’ Pinus mugo ’Blue Globe’ Pinus mugo ‘Bochánek’ Pinus mugo ’Bohlkens Zwerg’ Pinus mugo ‘Bohlkens Zwerg’ Pinus mugo ‘Bonita’ Pinus mugo ’Bonsai’ Pinus mugo ‘Bonsai Kramer’ Pinus mugo ‘Borkovice 7’ Pinus mugo ‘Botanic Garten Dresden’ Pinus mugo ’Bozi Dar’ Pinus mugo ‘Bráška’ Pinus mugo ‘Brevifolia’ Pinus mugo ‘Brevifolia Mini’ Pinus mugo ’Brownie’ Pinus mugo ’Bubikopf’ Pinus mugo ‘Bublava’ Pinus mugo ‘Bublina’ Pinus mugo ’Bucco’ Pinus mugo ‘Bultinck Compact Creeper’ Pinus mugo ‘Buřinka’ Pinus mugo ‘Butternut’ Pinus mugo ‘Cameleon’ Pinus mugo ‘Caravanek’ Pinus mugo ‘Čarodějnice’ Pinus mugo ‘Carovjenik’ Pinus mugo ’Carsten’s Wintergold’ Pinus mugo ‘Čekanka’ Pinus mugo ‘Červené Blato’ Pinus mugo ‘Cesta’ Pinus mugo ‘Chameleon’ Pinus mugo ’Champ’ Pinus mugo ‘Chroust’ Pinus mugo ‘Cinovec’ Pinus mugo ‘Citron’ Pinus mugo ‘Columbo’ Pinus mugo ’Columnaris’ Pinus mugo ‘Columnaris Feiler’ Pinus mugo ’Compacta’ Pinus mugo ‘Congesta’ Pinus mugo ’Contorta’ Pinus mugo ’Corley’s Mat’ Pinus mugo ‘Crackerjack’ Pinus mugo ‘Dacan’ Pinus mugo ‘Dana Makrlíková’ Pinus mugo ‘Dářko’ Pinus mugo ‘Dave’s Choice Pinus mugo ‘David’ Pinus mugo ‘Denny’s Dwarf’ Pinus mugo ‘Dezembergold’ Pinus mugo ‘Didiček’ Pinus mugo ‘Dlouhá Louka’ Pinus mugo ‘Dolly’s Choice’ Pinus mugo ‘Dolomiten’ Pinus mugo ‘Donau Carpet’ Pinus mugo ‘Donaukrapfen’ Pinus mugo ‘Donna’s Mini’ Pinus mugo ‘Drak’ Pinus mugo ‘Drygalla’ Pinus mugo ‘Dunajec’ Pinus mugo ‘Dwarf Form’ Pinus mugo ‘Dwarf Wilson’ Pinus mugo ‘East Side’ Pinus mugo ‘Echiniformis’ Pinus mugo ‘Echiniformis Concord’ Pinus mugo ‘Echiniformis Poplze’ Pinus mugo ‘Echiniformis Špaček’ Pinus mugo ‘Echiniformis Vurbs’ Pinus mugo ‘Ecker’ Pinus mugo ‘Eiselt’ Pinus mugo ‘Eishöhle’ Pinus mugo ‘Elegance’ Pinus mugo ‘Electra’ Pinus mugo ‘Elektra’ Pinus mugo ‘Elemér’ Pinus mugo ‘Elfengreen’ Pinus mugo ‘Ellie B.’ Pinus mugo ‘Elmwood’ Pinus mugo ‘Emerald Tower’ Pinus mugo ‘Emi’ Pinus mugo ‘Enci’ Pinus mugo ‘Enkhuizen’ Pinus mugo ‘Eschrich’ Pinus mugo ‘Esveld Select’ Pinus mugo ‘Etlas’ Pinus mugo ‘Etz’ Pinus mugo ‘Eva’ Pinus mugo ‘Excellence’ Pinus mugo ‘Faraon’ Pinus mugo ‘Fastigiate’ Pinus mugo ‘Fešák’ Pinus mugo ‘Filigran’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip’s Crown Jewel’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip's Gold Dust’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip's Little Amigo’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip’s Lucky Star’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip's Mini Me’ Pinus mugo ‘Filip's Summer Sun’ Pinus mugo ‘Fischleinboden’ Pinus mugo ‘Fischleiboden WB’ Pinus mugo ‘Fish Hook’ Pinus mugo ‘Fisherii’ Pinus mugo ‘Flaming’ Pinus mugo ‘Flanders Belle’ Pinus mugo ‘Flat Top’ Pinus mugo ‘Fradavo’ Pinus mugo ‘Frank’ Pinus mugo ‘František Dobrota’ Pinus mugo ‘Frisby’ Pinus mugo ‘Frisia’ Pinus mugo ‘Fritsche’ Pinus mugo ‘Frodo’ Pinus mugo ‘Frohling’s Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Fructata’ Pinus mugo ‘Fructata Poplze’ Pinus mugo ‘Frühling’s Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Gallica’ Pinus mugo ‘Germer’ Pinus mugo ‘Gerringong’ Pinus mugo ‘Glauca Compacta’ Pinus mugo ‘Glendale’ Pinus mugo ‘Glenn’ Pinus mugo ‘Gletscherblick’ Pinus mugo ‘Globus’ Pinus mugo ‘Golden Glow’ Pinus mugo ‘Glow Mound’ Pinus mugo ‘Gluss HB’ Pinus mugo ‘Gnom’ Pinus mugo ‘Gnom Findling’ Pinus mugo ‘Gold Medal’ Pinus mugo ‘Gold Spire’ Pinus mugo ‘Gold Star’ Pinus mugo ‘Goldcoin Weis’ Pinus mugo ‘Golden Flash’ Pinus mugo ‘Golden Globe’ Pinus mugo ‘Golden Skiiper’ Pinus mugo ‘Goldspitze’ Pinus mugo ‘Gordon Bentham’ Pinus mugo ‘Gotika’ Pinus mugo ‘Gödöllő’ Pinus mugo ‘Granát’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Alps’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Candle’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Column’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Creeper’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Globe’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Mountain’ Pinus mugo ‘Green Shadow’ Pinus mugo ‘Grüne Teppich’ Pinus mugo ‘Grüne Welle’ Pinus mugo ‘Groš’ Pinus mugo ‘Halada’ Pinus mugo ‘Halže’ Pinus mugo ‘Hana’ Pinus mugo ‘Hastrman’ Pinus mugo ‘Hecko’ Pinus mugo ‘Hedgehog’ Pinus mugo ‘Heinis Triumpf’ Pinus mugo ‘Helvetica’ Pinus mugo ‘Henry’ Pinus mugo ‘Hera’ Pinus mugo ‘Hereygers’ Pinus mugo ‘Hermes’ Pinus mugo ‘Herynek’ Pinus mugo ‘Hesse’ Pinus mugo ‘Hejtman’ Pinus mugo ‘Hennerbichler’ Pinus mugo ‘Hillier Compacta’ Pinus mugo ‘Hnízdo’ Pinus mugo ‘Hoersholm’ Pinus mugo ‘Honeycomb’ Pinus mugo ‘Honza’ Pinus mugo ‘Honzík’ Pinus mugo ‘Horní Halže Pinus mugo ‘Horstmann Dwarf’ Pinus mugo ‘Hostýn Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Hrma’ Pinus mugo ‘Hrobeček’ Pinus mugo ‘Hrobeček’ Pinus mugo ‘Hubenon’ Pinus mugo ‘Hulk’ Pinus mugo ‘Humpy’ Pinus mugo ‘Humpy Bal’ Pinus mugo ‘Humpy Jos’ Pinus mugo ‘Humpy Mini’ Pinus mugo ‘Humpy Neu W.B.’ Pinus mugo ‘Humpy WB’ Pinus mugo ‘Hunicum’ Pinus mugo ‘Hvozdany’ Pinus mugo ‘Hwozdany WB’ Pinus mugo ’Ikarus’ Pinus mugo ’Irena K’ Pinus mugo ’Ironside’ Pinus mugo ’Iseli Big Tuna’ Pinus mugo ’Iseli Flat Top’ Pinus mugo ’Iseli White Bud’ Pinus mugo ’Iseli Umbraculifera’ Pinus mugo ’Jakobsen’ Pinus mugo ’Jalub’ Pinus mugo ’Jalubi’ Pinus mugo ’Janovsky’ Pinus mugo ’Jarin’ Pinus mugo ’Jarka’ Pinus mugo ’Jarmila’ Pinus mugo ’Jasoň’ Pinus mugo ’Jeddeloh’ Pinus mugo ’Jelenova’ Pinus mugo ’Ježek‘ Pinus mugo ’Jim’s Dwarf‘ Pinus mugo ’Jiří Šourek‘ Pinus mugo ’Jitka‘ Pinus mugo ’Jizerka‘ Pinus mugo ’Jižní‘ Pinus mugo ’Johanki’ Pinus mugo ’Josephine Leney’ Pinus mugo ’Káča’ Pinus mugo ‘Kafumbi’ Pinus mugo ‘Kaja’ Pinus mugo ’Kajo Schommer’ Pinus mugo ’Kaktus’ Pinus mugo ’Kalous’ Pinus mugo ’Kamila’ Pinus mugo ’Kaňáková’ Pinus mugo ’Kapitán’ Pinus mugo ’Kapličky’ Pinus mugo ’Karel’ Pinus mugo ’Karfiol’ Pinus mugo ’Karsten’s Wintergold’ Pinus mugo ’Katja’ Pinus mugo ’Kevin’ Pinus mugo ’Kiril’ Pinus mugo ’Kissen’ Pinus mugo ’Kladsko 3’ Pinus mugo ’Klajnerprim’ Pinus mugo ’Kleiner Prinz’ Pinus mugo ’Kleiner Roszutec’ Pinus mugo ’Kleiner Wimbachii’ Pinus mugo ’Klostergrün’ Pinus mugo ’Klosterkotter’ Pinus mugo ’Klubíčko’ Pinus mugo ’Knajpa’ Pinus mugo ’Knapenburg’ Pinus mugo ’Knapenburg Skórka’ Pinus mugo ’Ko – Mops WB’ Pinus mugo ’Kobold’ Pinus mugo ’Koemans’ Pinus mugo ’Koemans-Franz’ Pinus mugo ’Kohout’ Pinus mugo ’Kokarde’ Pinus mugo ’Kolos’ Pinus mugo ’Komeniczna’ Pinus mugo ’Komorowice’ Pinus mugo ’Kopienica’ Pinus mugo ’Kopienica Minima’ Pinus mugo ’Korál’ Pinus mugo ’Kórnik 1’ Pinus mugo ’Kórnik 2’ Pinus mugo ’Koruna’ Pinus mugo ’Kostelníček’ Pinus mugo ’Kostelníček typ C’ Pinus mugo ’Kovářská typ D’ Pinus mugo ’Kouty’ Pinus mugo ’Kovářská 3’ Pinus mugo ’Kovářská typ D’ Pinus mugo ’Krakus’ Pinus mugo ’Kramer Bonsai’ Pinus mugo ’Krásný Krejčí’ Pinus mugo ’Krauskopf’ Pinus mugo ’Krca’ Pinus mugo ’Křáp’ Pinus mugo ’Krejčí Super’ Pinus mugo ’Křesťan’ Pinus mugo ’Krivak’ Pinus mugo ’Krkavec’ Pinus mugo ’Kroc’ Pinus mugo ’Kronprinz’ Pinus mugo ’Krüger’s Lilliput’ Pinus mugo ’Křemelná’ Pinus mugo ’Krzywaczka’ Pinus mugo ’Kubec’ Pinus mugo ’Kuck’s Minimops’ Pinus mugo ’Kudrnac’ Pinus mugo ’Kulihrášek’ Pinus mugo ’Kuratko’ Pinus mugo ’Kváča’ Pinus mugo ’Laarheide’ Pinus mugo ’Lacabaňas’ Pinus mugo ’Lakeview’ Pinus mugo ’Lang Holz’ Pinus mugo ’Lapacík’ Pinus mugo ’Laurin’ Pinus mugo ’Lemon’ Pinus mugo ’Lenka’ Pinus mugo ’Leucolike’ Pinus mugo ’Lew Hill’ Pinus mugo ’LF Seedling’ Pinus mugo ’Lída’ Pinus mugo ’Lilliput’ Pinus mugo ’Lindenau’ Pinus mugo ’Litomyšl’ Pinus mugo ’Little Beauty’ Pinus mugo ’Little Boy’ Pinus mugo ’Little Delight’ Pinus mugo ’Little Gold Star’ Pinus mugo ’Little Green’ Pinus mugo ’Little Lady’ Pinus mugo ’Little Willie’ Pinus mugo ’Loki’ Pinus mugo ’Lokomotiva’ Pinus mugo ’Loučky 1’ Pinus mugo ’Loučky 2’ Pinus mugo ’Lucka’ Pinus mugo ’Madla’ Pinus mugo ’Magdalena Hexe’ Pinus mugo ’Maikönig’ Pinus mugo ’Maja’ Pinus mugo ’Majela David Compressa’ Pinus mugo ’Majela Římsa’ Pinus mugo ’Majela Terasa’ Pinus mugo ’Majela Vejce’ Pinus mugo ’Mala Falica’ Pinus mugo ’Maleton’ Pinus mugo ’Malicek’ Pinus mugo ’Malik Hexe’ Pinus mugo ’Mamut’ Pinus mugo ’Marand’ Pinus mugo ’Maramor’ Pinus mugo ’Marcela’ Pinus mugo ’March’ Pinus mugo ’Marci’ Pinus mugo ’Mařenka’ Pinus mugo ’Margareta’ Pinus mugo ’Margot’ Pinus mugo ’Maria’ Pinus mugo ’Marie’ Pinus mugo ’Mariella’ Pinus mugo ’Martin’ Pinus mugo ’Maruschka’ Pinus mugo ’Maszlaterasa’ Pinus mugo ’Maus’ Pinus mugo ’May’ Pinus mugo ’Mażda’ Pinus mugo ’Mažice’ Pinus mugo ’May’ Pinus mugo ’Mayfair Dwarf’ Pinus mugo ’Mažice’ Pinus mugo ’Medvědí hora’ Pinus mugo ’Mercedes’ Pinus mugo ‘Meylan’ Pinus mugo ’Míč’ Pinus mugo ’Míček’ Pinus mugo ’Michael’ Pinus mugo ’Michał’ Pinus mugo ’Michelle’ Pinus mugo ’Mikołaj’ Pinus mugo ’Mikolasovice’ Pinus mugo ’Milky Way’ Pinus mugo ’Mini Globus’ Pinus mugo ’Mini Meylan’ Pinus mugo ’Mini Mops’ Pinus mugo ’Mini Mops Tomszak’ Pinus mugo ’Miniglobus’ Pinus mugo ’Minikin’ Pinus mugo ’Minima Jenner’ Pinus mugo ’Minima Kalouš’ Pinus mugo ’Mini Mini’ Pinus mugo ’Minutifolia’ Pinus mugo ’Mísa’ Pinus mugo ’Mister Wood’ Pinus mugo ’Misty’ Pinus mugo ’Mitsch Mini’ Pinus mugo ’Monophylla’ Pinus mugo ’Montana’ Pinus mugo ’Monte Pain’ Pinus mugo ’Moppet’ Pinus mugo ’Mops’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Brno’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Cyrzan’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Dlouhý’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Gee Broom’ Pinus mugo ‘Mops Gold’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Halada’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Hexenbesen’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Honza’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Horstmann’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Hvožďany’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Kohout’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Komorowice’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Krejčí’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Kváča’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Lot’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Meylan’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Michl’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Midget’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Mopslík’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Podaný’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Průhonice’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Pudełek’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Sněžná’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Sport’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Švihov’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Švýcarsko’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Top North’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Top South’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Verkade’ Pinus mugo ’Mops West Side’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Witches Broom’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Wolski’ Pinus mugo ’Mops Zwerg’ Pinus mugo ’Mopslík’ Pinus mugo ’Morsoone’ Pinus mugo ’Mountain Muffin’ Pinus mugo ’MPH Csepp’ Pinus mugo ’MPH Verseg’ Pinus mugo ’Mr. Wood’ Pinus mugo ’Mumpitz’ Pinus mugo ’Mutaticy’ Pinus mugo ’Mutation’ Pinus mugo ‘Na kolenou’ Pinus mugo ‘Naďa’ Pinus mugo ‘Naháč’ Pinus mugo ‘Nana’ Pinus mugo ‘Nana Balcanica Aurea’ Pinus mugo ‘Nana Kalous’ Pinus mugo ‘National Arboretum’ Pinus mugo ‘Natur’ Pinus mugo ‘Navrátil Koryto’ Pinus mugo ‘Navrátil Skalka’ Pinus mugo ‘Nebraska’ Pinus mugo ‘Nepalense’ Pinus mugo ‘Nerost’ Pinus mugo ‘Nerost WB’ Pinus mugo ‘New Yellow Flush’ Pinus mugo ‘Newport’ Pinus mugo ‘Niva’ Pinus mugo ‘Norenberg’ Pinus mugo ‘Nova’ Pinus mugo ‘Novák’ Pinus mugo ‘Nový Dvůr’ Pinus mugo ‘Nr. 370’ Pinus mugo ‘Nymphenburg’ Pinus mugo ‘Nymphenburg Horstmann’ Pinus mugo ‘Oldenburg Broom’ Pinus mugo ‘Olga K’ Pinus mugo ‘Okac’ Pinus mugo ‘Omlaceny’ Pinus mugo ‘Ophir’ Pinus mugo ‘Orange Sun’ Pinus mugo ‘Oregon Jade’ Pinus mugo ‘Oregon Pixie’ Pinus mugo ‘Ošklivý’ Pinus mugo ‘Ostravice’ Pinus mugo ‘P. Vereyken’ Pinus mugo ‘Paka’ Pinus mugo ‘Pal Maleter’ Pinus mugo ‘Palmarino’ Pinus mugo ‘Palouse’ Pinus mugo ‘Panoch’ Pinus mugo ‘Paradekissen’ Pinus mugo ‘Paul’s Dwarf’ Pinus mugo ‘Paul’s Select’ Pinus mugo ‘Pavel’ Pinus mugo ‘Pawlinka’ Pinus mugo ‘Pecen’ Pinus mugo ‘Peklo’ Pinus mugo ‘Pendula’ Pinus mugo ‘Pendulina’ Pinus mugo ‘Pepino’ Pinus mugo ‘Per Golden’ Pinus mugo ‘Permoník’ Pinus mugo ‘Pešek’ Pinus mugo ‘Peterle’ Pinus mugo ‘Petrle’ Pinus mugo ‘Peve Room’ Pinus mugo ‘Pici’ Pinus mugo ‘Picobello’ Pinus mugo ‘Piggelmee’ Pinus mugo ‘Pincushion’ Pinus mugo ‘Pincushion’ Pinus mugo ‘Pinie’ Pinus mugo ‘Pipi’ Pinus mugo ‘Pjatra Krajluj’ Pinus mugo ‘PLN19’ Pinus mugo ‘Pluto’ Pinus mugo ‘Pomeranč’ Pinus mugo ‘Popelka’ Pinus mugo ‘Poseidon’ Pinus mugo ‘Pot o’ Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Prďola’ Pinus mugo ‘Prerov’ Pinus mugo ‘Přerov’ Pinus mugo ‘Přilba’ Pinus mugo ‘Přimda’ Pinus mugo ‘Prostrata’ Pinus mugo ‘Prostrata Domske’ Pinus mugo ‘Pudelek’ Pinus mugo ‘Pudgy’ Pinus mugo ‘Puhlheim’ Pinus mugo ‘Pumilio Esveld Select’ Pinus mugo ‘Pumilo’ Pinus mugo ‘Pumilo Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Pygmy’ Pinus mugo ‘Pyramidalis’ Pinus mugo ‘Račková’ Pinus mugo ‘Radka’ Pinus mugo ‘Rarášek’ Pinus mugo ‘Rautal’ Pinus mugo ‘Reher’ Pinus mugo ‘Rejvíz’ Pinus mugo ‘Repens Widaj’ Pinus mugo ‘Rezek’ Pinus mugo ‘Říčany’ Pinus mugo ‘Rigi’ Pinus mugo ‘Rio’ Pinus mugo ‘Rita’ Pinus mugo ‘Robusta Poplze’ Pinus mugo ‘Rock Garden’ Pinus mugo ‘Rock Island Compact’ Pinus mugo ‘Roger’s Weeping’ Pinus mugo ‘Rogów’ Pinus mugo ‘Rokoko’ Pinus mugo ‘Rolava’ Pinus mugo ‘Rolwaling’ Pinus mugo ‘Roman’ Pinus mugo ‘Romulus’ Pinus mugo ‘Rondello’ Pinus mugo ‘Rositech’ Pinus mugo ‘Rozsutec’ Pinus mugo ‘Rubín’ Pinus mugo ‘Rushmore’ Pinus mugo ‘Ryzovna’ Pinus mugo ‘SaKt’ Pinus mugo ‘San Sebastian’ Pinus mugo ‘Sandy’ Pinus mugo ‘Sárgatarka’ Pinus mugo ‘Savojské Alpy 1’ Pinus mugo ‘Savojské Alpy 2’ Pinus mugo ‘Schafeck’ Pinus mugo ‘Schilcherhaus’ Pinus mugo ‘Schneeberg’ Pinus mugo ‘Schöne Ilse’ Pinus mugo ‘Schulz’ Pinus mugo ‘Schweizer Tourist’ Pinus mugo ‘Seedling No.1.’ Pinus mugo ‘Seedling No.2.’ Pinus mugo ‘Select Lapa’ Pinus mugo ‘Selektion I.’ Pinus mugo ‘Selektion II.’ Pinus mugo ‘Senzační’ Pinus mugo ‘Sereda’ Pinus mugo ‘Severní Terasa’ Pinus mugo ‘Sherwood Compact’ Pinus mugo ‘Sherwood Dwarf’ Pinus mugo ‘Shina’ Pinus mugo ‘Shon Ilse’ Pinus mugo ‘Short Needle’ Pinus mugo ‘Shorty’ Pinus mugo ‘Silvanus’ Pinus mugo ‘Silvanus Tarka’ Pinus mugo ‘Silvestr’ Pinus mugo ‘Sisi’ Pinus mugo ‘Skalka WB’ Pinus mugo ‘Skórka’ Pinus mugo ‘Skórka Staw’ Pinus mugo ‘Skylands’ Pinus mugo ‘Sláma’ Pinus mugo ‘Slavinii’ Pinus mugo ‘Šlehačka’ Pinus mugo ‘Slezky Dom’ Pinus mugo ‘Sljezsky Dam’ Pinus mugo ‘Slowmound’ Pinus mugo ‘Smaragd’ Pinus mugo ‘Smrťák’ Pinus mugo ‘Sněhurka’ Pinus mugo ‘Sněžná’ Pinus mugo ‘Snina’ Pinus mugo ‘Sonneberg’ Pinus mugo ‘Sonneburg’ Pinus mugo ‘Sowerk’ Pinus mugo ‘Spaan’ Pinus mugo ‘Spaan’s Pygmy’ Pinus mugo ‘Špendlík’ Pinus mugo ‘Sponi’ Pinus mugo ‘Sporný’ Pinus mugo ‘Špunt’ Pinus mugo ‘Stapeley’ Pinus mugo ‘Starini’ Pinus mugo ‘Starkl’ Pinus mugo ‘Stegosaurus’ Pinus mugo ‘Strang’ Pinus mugo ‘Sturley’s Dabster’ Pinus mugo ‘Subrt’ Pinus mugo ‘Suburban’ Pinus mugo ‘Suk’ Pinus mugo ‘Suncrest Broom’ Pinus mugo ‘Sunshine’ Pinus mugo ‘Supermops’ Pinus mugo ‘Susse Perle’ Pinus mugo ‘Suzi’ Pinus mugo ‘Suzi Hexe’ Pinus mugo ‘Svaleklint’ Pinus mugo ‘Světlana’ Pinus mugo ‘Swiss Dwarf’ Pinus mugo ‘Svršek’ Pinus mugo ‘Sylvia’ Pinus mugo ‘Syra’ Pinus mugo ‘Talerzyk’ Pinus mugo ‘Talíř’ Pinus mugo ‘Tamara’ Pinus mugo ‘Tannenbaum’ Pinus mugo ‘Tatry’ Pinus mugo ‘Teeny’ Pinus mugo ‘Temelín’ Pinus mugo ‘Theo’ Pinus mugo ‘Thomas’ Pinus mugo ‘Thomas Hesse’ Pinus mugo ‘Tini’ Pinus mugo ‘Tinnefeld’ Pinus mugo ‘Tirol’ Pinus mugo ‘Tojás’ Pinus mugo ‘Toman’ Pinus mugo ‘Top’ Pinus mugo ‘Top Gun’ Pinus mugo ‘Triangl’ Pinus mugo ‘Troja David’ Pinus mugo ‘Trompenburg’ Pinus mugo ‘Trumf’ Pinus mugo ‘Tuffet’ Pinus mugo ‘Tyller’ Pinus mugo ‘Typ Tirol’ Pinus mugo ‘Tyrol’ Pinus mugo ‘Tyrolean’ Pinus mugo ‘Uelzen’ Pinus mugo ‘Uliński’ Pinus mugo ‘Umbraculifera’ Pinus mugo ‘Uplazy’ Pinus mugo ‘Uprostřed’ Pinus mugo ‘Uschi’ Pinus mugo ‘Úterý’ Pinus mugo ‘Valenci’ Pinus mugo ‘Valenta’ Pinus mugo ‘Valenta Filigrán’ Pinus mugo ‘Valley Cushion’ Pinus mugo ‘Valley Cushion WB’ Pinus mugo ‘Vallmond’ Pinus mugo ‘Varella’ Pinus mugo ‘Variegata’ Pinus mugo ‘Velikonoce’ Pinus mugo ‘Verda’ Pinus mugo ‘Vereijken’ Pinus mugo ‘Verkade’s WB’ Pinus mugo ‘Veverka’ Pinus mugo ‘Virgata’ Pinus mugo ‘Virgil’ Pinus mugo ‘Vrchol’ Pinus mugo ‘Všejany’ Pinus mugo ‘Výsluní’ Pinus mugo ‘Vysoké Tatry‘ Pinus mugo ‘Vysoký’ Pinus mugo ‘Walch’ Pinus mugo ‘Well’s Columnar’ Pinus mugo ‘Well’s Prostrate’ Pinus mugo ‘White Bud’ Pinus mugo ‘White-Green’ Pinus mugo ‘White Tip’ Pinus mugo ‘Wies Blue’ Pinus mugo ‘Winchester Compact’ Pinus mugo ‘Winter Gold’ Pinus mugo ‘Winter Gold Blažek W.B.’ Pinus mugo ‘Winter Sun’ Pinus mugo ‘Winter Sun II.’ Pinus mugo ‘Wintersonne’ Pinus mugo ‘Winzig’ Pinus mugo ‘Wolf’ Pinus mugo ‘Wolferl’ Pinus mugo ‘Wood’s Pillar’ Pinus mugo ‘Wüstemeyer’ Pinus mugo ‘Wüstra’ Pinus mugo ‘Xenie’ Pinus mugo ‘Yaffle Hill’ Pinus mugo ‘Yellow Marble’ Pinus mugo ‘Yellow Point’ Pinus mugo ‘Yellow Tip’ Pinus mugo ‘Žatec 1’ Pinus mugo ‘Žatec 2’ Pinus mugo ‘Zelená’ Pinus mugo ‘Zelenáč’ Pinus mugo ‘Zelíčko’ Pinus mugo ‘Zenie’ Pinus mugo ‘Zeus’ Pinus mugo ‘Zmrzlina’ Pinus mugo ‘Zoelen’ Pinus mugo ‘Zundert’ Pinus mugo ‘Zwerg’ Pinus mugo ‘Zwergkugel’ Pinus mugo ‘Zwergkugel Sport’
Copyright © Aljos Farjon, James E. Eckenwalder, IUCN, Conifers Garden. All rights reserved.
